id
stringlengths 15
20
| title
stringlengths 1
116
| document
stringlengths 629
523k
| question
stringlengths 15
100
| long_answers
list | short_answers
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-4854481769175022585
|
Tomb Raider (film)
|
Tomb Raider ( film ) - wikipedia Tomb Raider ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2018 film starring Alicia Vikander . For the 2001 film starring Angelina Jolie , see Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . Tomb Raider Theatrical release poster Directed by Roar Uthaug Produced by Graham King Screenplay by Geneva Robertson - Dworet Alastair Siddons Story by Evan Daugherty Geneva Robertson - Dworet Based on Tomb Raider by Crystal Dynamics Starring Alicia Vikander Dominic West Walton Goggins Daniel Wu Kristin Scott Thomas Music by Tom Holkenborg Cinematography George Richmond Edited by Stuart Baird Michael Tronick Production companies Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Warner Bros. Pictures GK Films Square Enix Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) ( Berlin ) March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) ( United Kingdom ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $90 - 106 million Box office $263.2 million Tomb Raider is a 2018 action - adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Alastair Siddons , from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson - Dworet . It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name , with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics , and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series . The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft , in which she embarks on a perilous journey to her father 's last - known destination , hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance . Dominic West , Walton Goggins , Daniel Wu , and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles . Principal photography took place from January to June 2017 at the Warner Bros. Studios in the United Kingdom and in Cape Town , South Africa . The first Tomb Raider film not to be distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released in the United Kingdom on March 14 , 2018 and in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures in RealD 3D , IMAX 3D and IMAX . It has grossed $262 million worldwide , making it the 10th highest - grossing film of 2018 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , with some criticizing the plot as `` paint - by - numbers '' but others praising the grittiness and realistic take on the franchise . While Vikander 's performance was praised , the characterization of Croft drew a polarized response ; some described her as a `` capable , powerful and unobjectified heroine '' while others called her bland and a `` punching bag and onlooker . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Following the disappearance of her father Richard Croft , Lara Croft makes a living as a bike courier . When she is arrested after a bike accident involving a police car , Richard 's business partner Ana Miller posts her bail and warns her that if she does not claim her inheritance , her father 's estate will be sold off . Lara reluctantly accepts and gains access to her father 's office . There she finds a pre-recorded message from Richard detailing his research into Himiko , the mythical Queen of Yamatai who was said to command the power over life and death . Richard warns Lara to destroy all of his research but Lara decides not to so she can investigate further . Lara travels to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren , captain of the ship Endurance , to sail into the Devil 's Sea to the island of Yamatai . The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious . She is revived by Mathias Vogel , the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko 's tomb . The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organisation called Trinity that seeks to harness and weaponise Himiko 's power . Vogel takes Lara prisoner , claiming that he killed her father and intends to use Richard 's research to continue his expedition . Lara escapes with the help of Lu Ren , who also survived the storm and has been put to work with the local fishermen digging for Himiko 's tomb . She evades capture but is seriously wounded in the process and passes out from her injuries . Lara regains consciousness after nightfall and is forced to kill a Trinity guard when she is nearly discovered . She follows a mysterious figure wandering the island and discovers that the figure is her father , who himself had been held captive on Yamatai . After Lara convinces him that she is real , Richard treats her injuries . Despite his protests , Lara sets off to recover his research from Vogel 's camp . Lara makes contact with Lu Ren , and he , along with the fishermen , stage distractions that allow Lara to infiltrate the Trinity camp and recover her father 's research . In the ensuing chaos , Richard makes his way to the Himiko 's tomb and is captured by Vogel , who persuades Lara to open the tomb . The party navigates a series of booby traps and locates Himiko 's sarcophagus . Two Trinity soldiers attempt to remove her corpse but become infected by Himiko 's `` power , '' which is actually a disease so potent that mere physical contact triggers immediate bodily disintegration . Vogel shoots the infected soldier , concluding that he can not remove Himiko 's body . He instead settles for detaching a finger , which he seals in a pouch . In the confusion , Lara and Richard overpower the remaining soldiers , though Vogel escapes and Richard becomes infected . Knowing there is no cure , Richard proposes destroying Himiko 's tomb to prevent the virus from spreading across the world . Lara gives chase to Vogel as Richard sets off a bomb , killing himself and sealing the tomb . Lara confronts Vogel and the two fight . Lara overpowers him and force - feeds him Himiko 's severed finger before kicking him down a deep chasm just as the infection takes over . She is rescued by Lu Ren and the fishermen , who then commandeer a Trinity helicopter to escape Yamatai . Lara returns to London , where she formally accepts her inheritance and inadvertently discovers that Trinity 's front company is actually a subsidiary of Croft Holdings . She proceeds to investigate Trinity further among her father 's files and begins to suspect that Ana Miller is one of its agents who manipulated her into accepting her inheritance in order to have Lara sign over control of Croft Holdings ' business operations to her when Richard Croft stopped cooperating with Trinity . Having witnessed Trinity 's ruthlessness firsthand , she prepares for her next adventure to thwart their future plans . Cast ( edit ) Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft Maisy De Freitas as 7 - year - old Lara Emily Carey as 14 - year - old Lara Dominic West as Lord Richard Croft , Lara 's archaeologist father . Walton Goggins as Mathias Vogel , a rival archaeologist of Richard Croft and a member of Trinity , a shadowy organization . Daniel Wu as Lu Ren , the ship captain who helps Lara in searching for her father . Kristin Scott Thomas as Ana Miller , an associate at Richard Croft 's company , Croft Holdings . Derek Jacobi as Mr. Yaffe , an associate at Croft Holdings . Nick Frost as Max , pawn shop owner and gun salesman . Jaime Winstone as Pamela , Max 's wife . Hannah John - Kamen as Sophie , Croft 's close friend . Antonio Aakeel as Nitin Ahuja , a shy friend of Lara . Duncan Airlie James as Terry , the Mixed Martial Arts club operator . Additionally , Annabel Wood portrays Rose , Lara 's opponent at the Mixed Martial Arts club , Shekhar Varma and Rekha John - Cheriyan appear as Nitin 's parents . Josef Altin portray Bruce , Lara 's boss . Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog , Lara 's co-workers and opponents at the race . Michael Obiora portray Baxter , Croft Holdings 's receptionist . Keenan Arrison portray Rocket , a Trinity guard , and Alexandre Willaume is Trinity 's lieutenant . Production ( edit ) GK Films first acquired the rights to the film in 2011 . Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015 and Alicia Vikander was announced to be the new Lara Croft in April 2016 . Deadline Hollywood had previous reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role at one point , though she later claimed in an interview that it was just a `` crazy rumor '' . Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016 . Much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 23 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa and ended on June 9 , 2017 at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden . Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor . Release ( edit ) Tomb Raider premiered on March 2 , 2018 in Berlin , Germany at an exclusive preview with invited guests and cosplaying fans . It was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures , days after the fifth anniversary of the franchise 's video game reboot . The film gets an IMAX 3D and a RealD 3D release . Outside the US , the film was released in most territories between March 8 -- 16 , 2018 , whereas Japan will receive the film on March 21 , 2018 and Poland on April 6 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 8 , 2018 , Tomb Raider has grossed $55.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $208.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $263.2 million . In order to break even , the film needs to gross at least $275 million worldwide . In the United States and Canada , Tomb Raider was released alongside Love , Simon and I Can Only Imagine , and is projected to gross $23 -- 29 million from 3,854 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $9.1 million on its first day ( including $2.1 million from Thursday night previews ) . It went on to open to $23.5 million , finishing second at the box office behind Black Panther ( $27 million in its fifth week ) . It fell 55 % to $10.6 million in its second weekend , finishing 5th at the box office . It grossed $4.9 million in its third weekend , falling 51 % and finishing seventh . Internationally the film opened in nine Asian countries a week prior to its United States debut . It made $14.2 million over the weekend , with Korea 's $2.9 million being the biggest market . The film opened in China on March 16 , 2018 and made $12.3 million the first day . It was the fifth - highest grossing day for a Warner Bros. movie , opening 6 % higher than Wonder Woman ; it went on to debut to $41 million . As of 8 April 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $77 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $9.4 million ) , France ( $9 million ) , and the Russian Commonwealth ( $7.3 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 50 % , based on 232 reviews , and an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Tomb Raider reboots the franchise with a more grounded approach and a star who 's clearly more than up to the task -- neither of which are well served by an uninspired origin story . '' It is the best - reviewed live - action video game film in the history of the site . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by the 2001 film ; PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 70 % positive score . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said , `` The Lara Croft reboot Tomb Raider is n't half bad for an hour . Then there 's another hour . That hour is quite bad . It 's no fun watching your action heroine get shoved , punched and kicked to the sidelines of her own movie , while the menfolk take over and take turns overacting before expiring . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review , criticizing the story but praising Vikander , writing , `` When all the one - dimensional supporting characters and familiar action moves fall by the wayside , the one thing left standing is Vikander ... The film strains credulity even for a vid - game fantasy by letting the leading lady recover awfully quickly from bad injuries , but other than that Vikander commands attention and is the element here that makes Tomb Raider sort of watchable . '' Matt Bobkin of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 score , writing `` Tomb Raider is at its best when delivering mindless action , but do n't bother trying to glean any sort of deeper , subversive meaning . '' Jerome Maida of PhillyVoice compared Alicia Vikander negatively to Jolie , writing `` She never comes across as having an ounce of sex appeal and , at times , looks like she could be 16 . Toss in the lack of curves and Warner Brothers could have decided to gender bend and make a film titled ' Luke Croft ' - and it would have come across the same way . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film saying that `` The exciting surprise of the new Tomb Raider , directed by the Norwegian genre specialist Roar Uthaug , is that it does n't tamp down Vikander 's inner flame , or the three - dimensionality of her talent ; it does n't fold and insert her into an overly gymnastic and CGI - happy thrill ride . The movie is full of vine - swinging , bow - and - arrow - shooting , ancient - spirit - meeting action , but most of it is staged on a convincing human scale , one that 's been expertly tailored to its star 's understated directness . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said `` this is a beautifully crafted and unpretentious piece of action cinema , with a number of sequences that are as gorgeous as they are thrilling , and a female hero who 's as elegant as she is deadly : an ass - kicking Audrey Hepburn . '' Future ( edit ) Producer Adrian Askarieh told IGN in an interview that he may oversee a film universe with Just Cause , Hitman , Tomb Raider , Deus Ex , and Thief . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian , Daniel ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` '' Tomb Raider `` : Das war die exklusive Preview mit Alicia Vikander '' . DVD-Forum.at ( in German ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOMB RAIDER - Premierenclip Deutsch HD German ( 2018 ) '' . Warner Bros. DE . YouTube . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOMB RAIDER ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Departed ' & ' The Town ' Producer Plans ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot For 2013 '' . The Film Stage . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Finds Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Vikander to Star as Lara Croft in ' Tomb Raider ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Is ' Star Wars ' Daisy Ridley Being Eyed As Lara Croft In ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 73 Questions With Daisy Ridley '' . Vogue . YouTube . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Casts Walton Goggins as Villain Opposite Alicia Vikander ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider reboot movie is like Raiders of the Lost Ark according to bad guy actor Walton Goggins '' . GamesRadar+ . Future Publishing . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : Walton Goggins on His `` Confused '' , `` Angry '' , and `` Desperate '' Villain `` . Collider . Future Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Adds ' Into the Badlands ' Star Daniel Wu ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic West Joins Alicia Vikander in ' Tomb Raider ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hannah John - Kamen Joins ' Tomb Raider ' Cast ; Andre Royo Steps Into Amazon 's ' Beautiful Boy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` New Tomb Raider Movie Filming Has Begun ! '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider Reboot Begins Shooting in January 2017 '' . MovieWeb . Watchr Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myles , Sarah ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider Movie Is About To Head Into Production '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` New Tomb Raider Movie Wraps Production '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) : Filming & Production '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Vikander 's ' Tomb Raider ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CS ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Opens with $12.3 Million on first day in China '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 46 Video Game Movies Ranked by Tomatometer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' review : Alicia Vikander is a craftier Croft but vanishes in second half of movie '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bobkin , Matt ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siebert , Valerie ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Film critic slams Tomb Raider 's Alicia Vikander for ' lack of curves ' '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Tomb Raider ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Tomb Raider Movie Review and Summary '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Just Cause Movie Will Take Cues from Just Cause 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Tomb Raider on IMDb Tomb Raider Lara Croft Video games Main titles First series Tomb Raider ( 1996 ) II III The Last Revelation Chronicles The Angel of Darkness Second series Legend Anniversary Underworld Third series Tomb Raider ( 2013 ) Rise of the Tomb Raider Shadow of the Tomb Raider Spin - offs Handheld series Tomb Raider ( GBC ) Curse of the Sword The Prophecy Lara Croft series Guardian of Light Temple of Osiris Relic Run Go Films Lara Croft : Tomb Raider Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life Tomb Raider Other media Revisioned : Tomb Raider Tomb Raider ( comic ) Corporate Square Enix Square Enix Europe Crystal Dynamics Eidos Montréal Square Enix Montreal Core Design Related List of media Toby Gard Book Films directed by Roar Uthaug Cold Prey ( 2006 ) Magic Silver ( 2009 ) Escape ( 2012 ) The Wave ( 2015 ) Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_Raider_(film)&oldid=835632361 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films British films British 3D films American films American 3D films British action thriller films British coming - of - age films American action thriller films American action adventure films American coming - of - age films Films directed by Roar Uthaug Films scored by Junkie XL Films set in London Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Japan Films set on islands Films set on oceans Films shot in London Films shot in England Films shot in South Africa IMAX films Live - action films based on video games Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Reboot films Tomb Raider films Works based on Square Enix video games Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who plays laura croft in tomb raider 2018
|
[
"Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name, with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics, and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series. The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft, in which she embarks on a perilous journey to her father's last-known destination, hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance. Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles."
] |
[
"Alicia Vikander"
] |
-1935662500921845455
|
List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma
|
List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma - wikipedia List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma Rohit Sharma has scored 24 centuries in Test cricket , One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals . Rohit Sharma is an Indian cricketer and a right - handed top order batsman . He has made 24 centuries in international cricket -- 18 in One Day Internationals ( ODI ) , 3 in Test cricket and 3 in T20I cricket -- as of July 2018 . Rohit made his ODI debut against Ireland in June 2007 . He scored his first century in 2010 when he made 114 against the Zimbabwe at Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo . He made his Test cricket debut against the West Indies in 2013 and scored his first Test century , thus became the 14th Indian to score his century in debut test match . He made back to back centuries in that series and won man of the series . His highest score of 264 , which is an all - time record in ODIs as of December 2017 , was made against Sri Lanka at the Eden Gardens , Kolkata , in November 2014 . In December 2017 , he became the first player to score three double centuries in ODIs when he scored 208 not out against the same team . On 2 October 2015 Rohit Sharma became the second Indian to make a century in T20I cricket . He is the first batsman for India and second overall to score three centuries in T20Is . Contents 1 Key 2 Test centuries 3 One Day International centuries 4 Twenty - 20 International centuries 5 References Key ( edit ) Symbol Meaning * Remained not out Man of the match Captained the Indian cricket team Match Match of his career Balls No. of deliveries faced in the innings Pos . Position in the batting order Inn . The innings of the match S / R Strike rate during the innings H / A / N Venue was at home ( India ) , away or neutral Date Match starting day Lost The match was lost by India Won The match was won by India Drawn The match was drawn Home The match was played in India Away The match was played in opponent 's country Neutral The match was played neither in India nor in the opponent 's country Test centuries ( edit ) Test centuries scored by Rohit Sharma No . Score Against Pos . Inn . Test Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 177 West Indies 6 1 / 2 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 6 November 2013 Won 111 * West Indies 6 2 / 2 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 14 November 2013 Won 102 * Sri Lanka 6 2 / 3 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 24 November 2017 Won One Day International centuries ( edit ) ODI centuries scored by Rohit Sharma No . Score Against Pos . Inn . S / R Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 114 Zimbabwe 95.79 Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo Away 28 May 2010 Lost 101 * Sri Lanka 101.00 Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo Neutral 30 May 2010 Won 141 * Australia 114.63 Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Home 16 October 2013 Won 209 Australia 132.27 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 2 November 2013 Won 5 264 Sri Lanka 152.60 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 13 November 2014 Won 6 138 Australia 99.28 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Away 18 January 2015 Lost 7 137 Bangladesh 108.73 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Neutral 19 March 2015 Won 8 150 South Africa 112.78 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 11 October 2015 Lost 9 171 * Australia 104.90 WACA Ground , Perth Away 12 January 2016 Lost 10 124 Australia 97.63 The Gabba , Brisbane Away 15 January 2016 Lost 11 123 * Bangladesh 95.34 Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham Neutral 15 June 2017 Won 12 124 * Sri Lanka 85.51 Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele Away 27 August 2017 Won 13 104 Sri Lanka 118.18 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 31 August 2017 Won 14 125 Australia 114.67 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Nagpur Home 1 October 2017 Won 15 147 New Zealand 106.52 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 29 October 2017 Won 16 208 * Sri Lanka 135.94 Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Home 13 December 2017 Won 17 115 South Africa 91.26 St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth Away 13 February 2018 Won 18 137 * England 120.17 Trent Bridge , Nottingham Away 12 July 2018 Won Twenty - 20 International centuries ( edit ) T20I centuries by Rohit Sharma No . Score Against Pos . Inn . S / R Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 106 South Africa 160.60 HPCA Stadium , Dharamsala Home 2 October 2015 Lost 118 Sri Lanka 274.41 Holkar Stadium , Indore Home 22 December 2017 Won 100 * England 178.57 Bristol County Ground , Bristol Away 8 July 2018 Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rohit Sharma '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sahni , Jaspreet ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Rohit Sharma 14th Indian to hit Test century on debut '' . CNN - News18 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Is it time to drop Rohit Sharma from the Test squad ? Archived 2016 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . - IBNLive 5 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Rohit Sharma : India batsman hits 264 , the highest ODI score '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohit Sharma Becomes Second Indian to Score Century in T20I Archived 2016 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . - NDTV Sports 2 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Rohit hits the joint - fastest T20I century '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / RG Sharma / Test matches / Hundreds '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test , West Indies tour of India at Kolkata , Nov 6 - 8 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test , West Indies tour of India at Mumbai , Nov 14 - 16 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test , Sri Lanka tour of India at Nagpur , Nov 24 - 27 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / RG Sharma / One - Day Internationals / Hundreds '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Match , Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Bulawayo , May 28 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Match , Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Bulawayo , May 30 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , Australia tour of India at Jaipur , Oct 16 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7th ODI ( D / N ) , Australia tour of India at Bengaluru , Nov 2 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI ( D / N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Kolkata , Nov 13 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Match ( D / N ) , Carlton Mid One - Day International Tri-Series at Melbourne , Jan 18 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Quarter - Final ( D / N ) , ICC Cricket World Cup at Melbourne , Mar 19 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI , South Africa tour of India at Kanpur , Oct 11 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI , India tour of Australia at Perth , Jan 12 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of Australia at Brisbane , Jan 15 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Semi-final , ICC Champions Trophy at Birmingham , Jun 15 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of Sri Lanka at Kandy , Aug 27 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo , Aug 31 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5th ODI ( D / N ) , Australia tour of India at Nagpur , Oct 1 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd ODI ( D / N ) , New Zealand tour of India at Kanpur , Oct 29 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Chandigarh , Dec 13 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5th ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of South Africa at Port Elizabeth , Feb 13 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI , India tour of Ireland and England at Nottingham , Jul 12 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / RG Sharma / Twenty20 Internationals '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( N ) , South Africa tour of India at Dharamsala , Oct 2 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I ( N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Indore , Dec 22 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd T20I ( N ) , India tour of England at Bristol , Jul 8 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . List of international cricket centuries International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 100 ) Ricky Ponting ( 71 ) Kumar Sangakkara ( 63 ) Jacques Kallis ( 62 ) Virat Kohli ( 58 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 54 ) Hashim Amla ( 54 ) Brian Lara ( 53 ) Rahul Dravid ( 48 ) AB de Villiers ( 47 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 42 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 41 ) Younis Khan ( 41 ) Matthew Hayden ( 40 ) Chris Gayle ( 40 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 39 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 39 ) Mark Waugh ( 38 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 38 ) Virender Sehwag ( 38 ) Graeme Smith ( 37 ) Alastair Cook ( 37 ) Michael Clarke ( 36 ) Ross Taylor ( 36 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 35 ) Viv Richards ( 35 ) Desmond Haynes ( 35 ) Steve Waugh ( 35 ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 35 ) Herschelle Gibbs ( 35 ) David Warner ( 35 ) Gary Kirsten ( 34 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 33 ) Kevin Pietersen ( 32 ) Javed Miandad ( 31 ) Aravinda de Silva ( 31 ) Saeed Anwar ( 31 ) Steve Smith ( 31 ) Gordon Greenidge ( 30 ) Allan Border ( 30 ) Don Bradman ( 29 ) Mohammad Azharuddin ( 29 ) Kane Williamson ( 29 ) Graham Gooch ( 28 ) Greg Chappell ( 27 ) Marvan Atapattu ( 27 ) Nathan Astle ( 27 ) Andrew Strauss ( 27 ) Garfield Sobers ( 26 ) David Boon ( 26 ) Marcus Trescothick ( 26 ) Ian Bell ( 26 ) Joe Root ( 26 ) David Gower ( 25 ) Note : Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level World Cup centuries World T20 centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Twenty20 International cricket centuries Women 's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_cricket_centuries_by_Rohit_Sharma&oldid=855488875 '' Categories : Lists of international cricket centuries by player Indian cricket lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how many centuries of rohit sharma in international cricket
|
[
"Rohit Sharma is an Indian cricketer and a right-handed top order batsman.[1] He has made 24 centuries in international cricket—18 in One Day Internationals (ODI), 3 in Test cricket and 3 in T20I cricket—as of July 2018.\n"
] |
[
"24"
] |
3927791153055745900
|
The Mind and the Matter
|
The Mind and the Matter - wikipedia The Mind and the Matter Jump to : navigation , search `` The Mind and the Matter '' The Twilight Zone episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 27 Directed by Buzz Kulik Written by Rod Serling Featured music Stock Production code 173 - 3659 Original air date May 12 , 1961 Guest appearance ( s ) Shelley Berman Jack Grinnage Chet Stratton Episode chronology ← Previous `` Shadow Play '' Next → `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) ( season 2 ) List of The Twilight Zone episodes `` The Mind and the Matter '' is episode 63 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone . It originally aired on May 12 , 1961 on CBS . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening narration 2 Plot 3 Closing narration 4 Cast 5 References 6 External links Opening narration ( edit ) `` `` A brief if frenetic introduction to Mr. Archibald Beechcroft . A child of the 20th century , a product of the population explosion , and one of the inheritors of the legacy of progress . Mr. Beechcroft again , this time Act Two of his daily battle for survival , and in just a moment our hero will begin his personal one - man rebellion against the mechanics of his age , and to do so he will enlist certain aides available only in the Twilight Zone . '' '' Plot ( edit ) Mr. Archibald Beechcroft , who has had an insufferable time getting to work , becomes annoyed when an errand boy named Henry spills coffee all over his suit . Taking some aspirin in the bathroom , he encounters his boss , Mr. Rogers , who advises him that he needs to keep fit to avoid headaches . Annoyed , Beechcroft says he 's fed up with the crowded conditions at the office and wants to eliminate all the people of the world . Later Henry , still feeling guilty about spilling the coffee , saves Beechcroft a seat in the cafeteria . He also presents Beechcroft a book titled The Mind and the Matter , which deals with the ultimate in concentration . The book intrigues Beechcroft as he starts to leaf through it in the cafeteria , and he continues to read it on the subway ride home . In his apartment , he reads the last page , and then concludes that the authors are indeed correct that concentration is the greatest power in the universe . It then occurs to him that he can use concentration to realize his dream of eliminating people . He tests his theory out on his landlady , whom he successfully makes disappear . The next day , Beechcroft concentrates while in the subway and all the other commuters disappear . Beechcroft walks into the office to find it totally empty . Though he takes satisfaction in his newfound peace and quiet , he soon grows extremely bored with being the last person in existence . After trying out diversions such as an earthquake or electrical storm , Beechcroft goes home for the night . To overcome his loss of purpose , Beechcroft comes up with the idea of repopulating the world in his image . This proves to be an even bigger mistake , since everybody else ends up being as anti-social , rude and cranky as Beechcroft . The people even look and sound like him . Beechcroft returns the world to the way it used to be , now convinced that , for all its nuisances , it is the best of all possible worlds . Henry spills coffee on Beechcroft again , then asks him if he enjoyed reading The Mind and the Matter . Beechcroft pretends to dismiss the book as `` totally unbelievable . '' Closing narration ( edit ) `` `` Mr. Archibald Beechcroft , a child of the twentieth century , who has found out through trial and error -- and mostly error -- that with all its faults , it may well be that this is the best of all possible worlds . People notwithstanding , it has much to offer . Tonight 's case in point -- in the Twilight Zone . '' '' Cast ( edit ) Shelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft Jack Grinnage as Henry Chet Stratton as Mr. Rogers Robert McCord as Elevator Operator Jeane Wood as Landlady References ( edit ) DeVoe , Bill . ( 2008 ) . Trivia from The Twilight Zone . Albany , GA : Bear Manor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 136 - 0 Grams , Martin . ( 2008 ) . The Twilight Zone : Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic . Churchville , MD : OTR Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703310 - 9 - 0 External links ( edit ) `` The Mind and the Matter '' on IMDb `` The Mind and the Matter '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) episodes Season 1 `` Where Is Everybody ? '' `` One for the Angels '' `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' `` The Sixteen - Millimeter Shrine '' `` Walking Distance '' `` Escape Clause '' `` The Lonely '' `` Time Enough at Last '' `` Perchance to Dream '' `` Judgment Night '' `` And When the Sky Was Opened '' `` What You Need '' `` The Four of Us Are Dying '' `` Third from the Sun '' `` I Shot an Arrow into the Air '' `` The Hitch - Hiker '' `` The Fever '' `` The Last Flight '' `` The Purple Testament '' `` Elegy '' `` Mirror Image '' `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' `` A World of Difference '' `` Long Live Walter Jameson '' `` People Are Alike All Over '' `` Execution '' `` The Big Tall Wish '' `` A Nice Place to Visit '' `` Nightmare as a Child '' `` A Stop at Willoughby '' `` The Chaser '' `` A Passage for Trumpet '' `` Mr. Bevis '' `` The After Hours '' `` The Mighty Casey '' `` A World of His Own '' Season 2 `` King Nine Will Not Return '' `` The Man in the Bottle '' `` Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room '' `` A Thing About Machines '' `` The Howling Man '' `` The Eye of the Beholder '' `` Nick of Time '' `` The Lateness of the Hour '' `` The Trouble with Templeton '' `` A Most Unusual Camera '' `` The Night of the Meek '' `` Dust '' `` Back There '' `` The Whole Truth '' `` The Invaders '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' `` Twenty Two '' `` The Odyssey of Flight 33 '' `` Mr. Dingle , the Strong '' `` Static '' `` The Prime Mover '' `` Long Distance Call '' `` A Hundred Yards Over the Rim '' `` The Rip Van Winkle Caper '' `` The Silence '' `` Shadow Play '' `` The Mind and the Matter '' `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' `` The Obsolete Man '' Season 3 `` Two '' `` The Arrival '' `` The Shelter '' `` The Passersby '' `` A Game of Pool '' `` The Mirror '' `` The Grave '' `` It 's a Good Life '' `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' `` The Midnight Sun '' `` Still Valley '' `` The Jungle '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` Five Characters in Search of an Exit '' `` A Quality of Mercy '' `` Nothing in the Dark '' `` One More Pallbearer '' `` Dead Man 's Shoes '' `` The Hunt '' `` Showdown with Rance McGrew '' `` Kick the Can '' `` A Piano in the House '' `` The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank '' `` To Serve Man '' `` The Fugitive '' `` Little Girl Lost '' `` Person or Persons Unknown '' `` The Little People '' `` Four O'Clock '' `` Hocus - Pocus and Frisby '' `` The Trade - Ins '' `` The Gift '' `` The Dummy '' `` Young Man 's Fancy '' `` I Sing the Body Electric '' `` Cavender Is Coming '' `` The Changing of the Guard '' Season 4 `` In His Image '' `` The Thirty - Fathom Grave '' `` Valley of the Shadow '' `` He 's Alive '' `` Mute '' `` Death Ship '' `` Jess - Belle '' `` Miniature '' `` Printer 's Devil '' `` No Time Like the Past '' `` The Parallel '' `` I Dream of Genie '' `` The New Exhibit '' `` Of Late I Think of Cliffordville '' `` The Incredible World of Horace Ford '' `` On Thursday We Leave for Home '' `` Passage on the Lady Anne '' `` The Bard '' Season 5 `` In Praise of Pip '' `` Steel '' `` Nightmare at 20,000 Feet '' `` A Kind of a Stopwatch '' `` The Last Night of a Jockey '' `` Living Doll '' `` The Old Man in the Cave '' `` Uncle Simon '' `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' `` The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms '' `` A Short Drink from a Certain Fountain '' `` Ninety Years Without Slumbering '' `` Ring - a-Ding Girl '' `` You Drive '' `` The Long Morrow '' `` The Self - Improvement of Salvadore Ross '' `` Number 12 Looks Just Like You '' `` Black Leather Jackets '' `` Night Call '' `` From Agnes -- With Love '' `` Spur of the Moment '' `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' `` Queen of the Nile '' `` What 's in the Box '' `` The Masks '' `` I Am the Night -- Color Me Black '' `` Sounds and Silences '' `` Caesar and Me '' `` The Jeopardy Room '' `` Stopover in a Quiet Town '' `` The Encounter '' `` Mr. Garrity and the Graves '' `` The Brain Center at Whipple 's '' `` Come Wander with Me '' `` The Fear '' `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mind_and_the_Matter&oldid=812285333 '' Categories : 1961 American television episodes The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) episodes Solitude in fiction Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
twilight zone the mind and the matter cast
|
[
"\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n",
"\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n",
"\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n",
"\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n",
"\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n"
] |
[
"Shelley Berman",
"Jack Grinnage",
"Chet Stratton",
"Robert McCord",
"Jeane Wood"
] |
2580342383119000938
|
America's Got Talent
|
America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) . America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 302 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- present ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/ America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom . This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . The series has been renewed through its fourteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 in seasons 1 to 7 , or 4 from season 8 onwards ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts Quarterfinalist Reached Semifinals Reached Finals Fifth Place Fourth Place Third Place Runner - up Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five and after the season ended , became the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal , was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was placed third . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 111 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( 2nd Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' ' The X Factor ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' Guys With Kids ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( First Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brooklyn DA ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Million Second Quiz ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Tues ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Weds ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Off ' Adjusted Down ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will get slimed ? '' . SheKnows . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Announced '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Teen Choice Awards Nominations Led By Breaking Dawn & Snow White '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , Justin Bieber Lead 2012 Teen Choice Award Nominations '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees ! '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 Nominees : ' Catching Fire , ' One Direction , Katy Perry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 Nominations -- Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nominations -- Jennifer Lawrence & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Chad . `` Q&A with Jackie Evancho '' , Nashville Parent , June 9 , 2015 ( reprinted here ) Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Got Talent ' Kid Jackie Evancho Makes Chart Impact '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith . `` Under the Covers with Unconventional Stars '' , Billboard magazine , October 20 , 2012 , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; and `` The Nielsen Company & Billboard 's 2011 Music Industry Report '' ( Press Release ) . Nielson Soundscan . Business Wire . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` Mumford Holds at No. 1 , Muse 's 2nd Law Leads Multiple Debuts On Billboard 200 Chart '' , Billboard.biz , October 10 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' Archived September 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2nd week sales 22,654 , Hits Daily Double , October 16 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 3rd week sales 13,173 , Hits Daily Double , October 23 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 4th week sales 9,682 , Hits Daily Double , October 30 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 5th week sales 9,044 , Hits Daily Double , November 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Jackie Evancho Arrives with Awakening '' , Prometheus Global Media , October 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho -- Awakening '' , AcousticSounds.com , October 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of January 7 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed April 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Classical Albums , the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , April 11 , 2017 ; Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 ; and Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Spends Lucky 13th Week At No. 1 , Lindsey Stirling Bows At No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ; `` '' Mi música es para liberarse `` , aseguró la bailarina y violinista que es furor en Youtube '' . LaCapital.com.ar . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; and `` Lindsey Stirling chart history '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Tenors Album & Song Chart History -- Classical Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grace VanderWaal '' , Austin City Limits Music Festival , accessed May 9 , 2017 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` The Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' , Billboard , December 11 , 2016 ( 52,000 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 16 , 2016 ( 14,687 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 23 , 2016 ( 18,972 units ) ; and Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Josh Groban 's Noel & Michael Buble 's Christmas Albums Return '' , Billboard , November 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke . `` What Happened to Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . -- Recent News & Updates '' , The Gazette Review ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) , May 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. : Chart History '' , Billboard , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Clobbers Akon , Takes Albums Chart News '' . VH1.com . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 2 Most Successful Independent In Sales -- Heavyweight Dj Forums -- Los Angeles '' . Heavyweightdj.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Danny ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Cas Haley ( interview ) '' . MalibuMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Notches Ninth Week At # 1 On Billboard -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moen , Nancy . `` MIZZOU Magazine -- Heartland star '' . Mizzoumag.missouri.edu . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex . `` In Full : ' Britain 's Got Talent ' Top 40 '' . DigitalSpy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young opera singer who stunned America with her voice wins Romania 's Got Talent '' . Romania - Insider . Business Insider SRL . June 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia World 's Got Talent ( cancelled ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( TBA ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( TBA ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( 2018 ) Making It ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( TBA ) Rise ( 2018 ) VIAF : 182955646 LCCN : no2009048452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=811725898 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series America 's Got Talent American television series based on British television series American variety television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what does the golden buzzer do on americas got talent
|
[] |
[] |
6513017034803421208
|
War (Bob Marley song)
|
War ( Bob Marley song ) - wikipedia War ( Bob Marley song ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Derek R Bullamore ( talk contribs ) at 15 : 42 , 20 July 2017 ( Improved referencing ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 15 : 42 , 20 July 2017 by Derek R Bullamore ( talk contribs ) ( Improved referencing ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Bob Marley & Faliyo song . For the 1998 painting by Chris Ofili , see No Woman No Cry ( painting ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` War '' Single by Bob Marley & the Wailers from the album Rastaman Vibration Released 1976 Recorded 1976 Genre Reggae Length 3 : 36 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Credited to Carlton Barrett , Allan Cole Bob Marley & the Wailers singles chronology `` Night Shift '' ( 1976 ) `` War '' ( 1976 ) `` Rat Race '' ( 1976 ) `` Night Shift '' ( 1976 ) `` War '' ( 1976 ) `` Rat Race '' ( 1976 ) `` War '' is a song recorded and made popular by Bob Marley . It first appeared on Bob Marley and the Wailers ' 1976 Island Records album , Rastaman Vibration , Marley 's only top 10 album in the USA . ( In UK it reached position 15 May 15 , 1976 . ) The lyrics are almost literally derived from a speech made by Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I before the United Nations General Assembly on 4 October 1963 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Songwriting Controversy 2 Background 3 Lyrics 4 The Song 5 Haile Selassie version 6 Cover versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Songwriting controversy ( edit ) `` War '' is credited to Allen `` Skill '' Cole ( idea ) and Carlton Barrett ( music ) ; the music was an extension of the one - drop drumming style , which Carlton Barrett had developed and refined , if not invented . The lyrics are a near - exact repetition of a speech in the UN by the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie . However , the two simple guitar chords and the semi-improvised , spirited melody put to Selassie 's words is unmistakably Marley 's . According to Stephen Davis ' biography `` Bob Marley , '' it also appears that Marley had credited several of his multi-million selling 1974 - 1976 songs to close friends and relatives because he was under an unfavorable publishing contract , signed in April 1968 with Cayman Publishing , that would have otherwise deprived him of much of his songwriting royalties . Crediting close friends , such as football player Allen `` Skill '' Cole or Wailers drummer Carlton `` Carly '' Barrett therefore enabled Bob Marley to circumvent the law until new , more favorable agreements were made . This practice , along with the practice of rewarding friends who contributed to compositions by crediting them -- even if they only contributed with ideas -- and Marley 's sudden death without leaving a will all combined to create confusion about the copyright status of several songs , including `` War '' . Barrett 's brother , Wailer musician Aston `` Family Man '' Barrett ( who created the bass line , key to the song 's efficiency ) has since brought lawsuits against the Marley estate ( in practice , the widow Rita Marley ) for unpaid royalties and credit for songs such as `` War '' that were claimed to have been either written by others and not by Bob Marley , or in collaboration with Marley . One such suit reached a settlement in 1994 in which Barrett was paid $500,000 . Barrett later continued to pursue legal action , seeking £ 60 million ( $113.6 million at the time ) in a suit against the Island - Universal record label and the Marley family , but the case was dismissed on the grounds that the earlier settlement proscribed any further claim on the estate Bob Marley was a talented song writer , but during the ska - , rocksteady - and the primitive reggae era , only Peter Tosh could play the guitar in The Wailers . Carlton Barrett was considered the most promising young reggae drummer in Jamaica when he belonged to Lee `` Scratch '' Perry 's studio band The Upsetters , and when Marley , Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer broke with Perry in 1972 , they took the Barrett brothers with them . The Barrett Brothers have a very large part in the development of Bob Marley 's special sound , that does not sound like other reggae music . When Tosh and Wailer left 1973 , it was Aston Barrett 's idea to rearrange the band 's music room , to create a rehearsal room , and set it up like a little demo studio to tape the new concept of lyrics , melodies , and music . Bob Marley and the Wailers started to prepare themselves much better musically before they were ready to go into the studio . The first work was the album called Natty Dread 1974 ( where `` No Woman No Cry '' and `` Rebel Music '' can be found , and the second album was Rastaman Vibration with the songs `` War '' and `` Want More '' ( Aston Barrett ) . After Marley 's death , it was not easy to determine who did what in creating music . The songs grew naturally through rehearsals , etc. , but when it came to Bob Marley and the Wailers , the band members were convinced that they were led by a prophet who inspired them all . Bob Marley was extremely charismatic , and after his death in 1981 many of the band members had difficulties making a living , sometimes due to depression and personal crises . The royalty battles are really deeply tragic , but the situation has improved in many ways since Marley 's sons David ( Ziggy ) and Stephen took over the heritage , the copyrights and the responsibility . Background ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Selassie 's Address to the United Nations As taught by the Original Gong , Leonard P Howell , Marley , along with fellow Rastafari , worship Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia as the incarnation of God , and refer to him as `` Ras Tafari , '' `` Jah '' or `` The Lion of Judah '' which Marley does in many of his songs . To him , Selassie was not only one of the most prominent African leaders of his time , he was also identified as God returning to earth as `` King of Kings , Lord of Lords '' ( Revelation 19 , 16 ) , imperial titles born both by Selassie I and Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II before him . It was Menelik II , however , who created this self - styled imperial title in the late 19th Century after he succeeded in uniting his country , later known as Ethiopia . Marley did however accept Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity 8 months before his passing . Haile Selassie I gave the `` War '' speech on October 4 , 1963 , calling for world peace at the 1963 U.N. Conference in New York City . This historical speech was spoken a few weeks after the Organization of African Unity ( OAU ) was founded in Ethiopian capital city Addis Ababa where Selassie chaired a summit meeting gathering almost every African head of state ( The King of Morocco had declined the invitation ) . This U.N. speech resounded even louder as Haile Selassie I had made a name for himself on the international scene in 1936 , when he spoke at The League of Nations in Geneva . It was there that Selassie warned the world that if member state Ethiopia was not militarily supported by other member states to fight the fascist Italian invasion of his country then taking place , as the League of Nations statute guaranteed , the League would then cease to exist as a matter of fact and the rest of the member states were to suffer the same fate as his country . Three years later World War II broke out . This visionary speech granted Selassie much respect around the world , eventually leading to British military support , which helped freeing his country in 1941 . Addressing the world again in 1963 , Selassie 's words bore full weight . In picking this utterance for lyrics , Bob Marley thus projected two dimensions of the Ethiopian Emperor : the head of state as well as the Living God Rastafarian see with him . Lyrics ( edit ) Although credited to Emperor Haile Selassie I , whose Christian name is Tafari Makonen , the real author of the text remains uncertain . It is sometimes believed that it was written by Lorenzo Tazaz , a close contributor who wrote many of the Ethiopian leader 's most important speeches , including a historic one given in 1935 to the League of Nations . But Tazaz died in 1947 , over fifteen years before the 1963 U.N. utterance . Spoken in Ethiopia 's official Amharic language at the U.N. , the 1963 speech was published in English in Important Utterances of H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I 1963 - 1972 . The book gave permission to freely use its contents : `` Any portion of this book could be reproduced by any process without permission . '' The song uses part of Selassie 's speech that calls for equality among all without regard to race , class , or nationality in his hymnal cry for peace . It also asserts , quoting Selassie directly , that until the day of an equal society , there will be war . In the original speech , Selassie urged U.N. officials and country representatives to disarm nuclear weapons , and to end international exploitation ( specifically with Africa ) . The song honors Haile Selassie I while calling for action against racial inequality and international injustice . The part of the speech used by Bob Marley was preceded by the following words : Last May , in Addis Ababa , I convened a meeting of Heads of African States and Governments . In three days , the thirty - two nations represented at that Conference demonstrated to the world that when the will and the determination exist , nations and peoples of diverse backgrounds can and will work together . In unity , to the achievement of common goals and the assurance of that equality and brotherhood which we desire . On the question of racial discrimination , the Addis Ababa Conference taught , to those who will learn , this further lesson : Here is the part of Haile Selassie 's speech put to music by Marley in his original song `` War '' ( Bob Marley slightly modified the original words , changing each `` that until '' to `` until '' and added the word `` war '' several times ) : That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned ; That until there are no longer first - class and second - class citizens of any nation ; That until the color of a man 's skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes ; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race ; That until that day , the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion , to be pursued but never attained ; And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola , in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed ; Until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self - interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good - will ; Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings , equal in the eyes of all men , as they are in the eyes of Heaven ; Until that day , the African continent will not know peace . We Africans will fight , if necessary , and we know that we shall win , as we are confident in the victory of good over evil . -- Haile Selassie I Here are the lyrics from the Bob Marley and the Wailers at the album Rastaman Vibration : Until the philosophy which hold one race superior / And another / Inferior / Is finally / And permanently / Discredited / And abandoned / - Everywhere is war - / Me say war . That until there no longer / First class and second class citizens of any nation / Until the colour of a man 's skin / Is of no more significance / than the colour of his eyes / - Me say war . That until the basic human rights / Are equally guaranteed to all , / Without regard to race / - Dis a war . That until that day / The dream of lasting peace , / World citizenship / Rule of international morality / Will remain in but a fleeting illusion to be pursued , / But never attained / - Now everywhere is war - / War . And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes / that hold our brothers in Angola , / In Mozambique , / South Africa / Sub-human bondage / Have been toppled , / Utterly destroyed / - Well , everywhere is war - / Me say war . War in the east , / War in the west , / War up north , / War down south - / War - war - / Rumours of war . / And until that day , / The African continent / Will not know peace , / We Africans will fight - we find it necessary / - And we know we shall win / As we are confident / In the victory Of good over evil - / Good over evil , yeah ! / Good over evil - / Good over evil , yeah ! / Good over evil - / Good over evil , yeah ! A different mix , which includes a different horn arrangement , released as a bonus track in the Deluxe Edition ( 2002 ) of the Rastaman Vibration album , revealed that Marley had recorded an extra verse also adapted from the original speech : Until bigotry and prejudice , malicious and inhuman self - interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good will , yeah , war . Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings equal in the eyes of the almighty , war . Everywhere is war . In his speech to the U.N. , Selassie reminded his listeners that these are only words ; their value depends wholly on our will to observe and honor them and give them content and meaning . The song ( edit ) `` War '' War audio sample Problems playing this file ? See media help . The original version of `` War '' was recorded at Harry J 's studio in Kingston , Jamaica , by engineer Sylvan Morris . It includes Aston `` Family Man '' Barrett on Fender Jazz bass , his brother Carlton ' Carly ' Barrett on drums , Earl `` Chinna '' Smith on guitar , Alvin `` Seeco '' Patterson on percussion and Tyrone Downie on keyboards . Marcia Griffiths , Judy Mowatt and Rita Marley sing harmony vocals as the I Three . It was produced by Bob Marley & The Wailers and mixed at Miami 's Criteria studio by Aston `` Family Man '' Barrett and Chris Blackwell with engineer Alex Sadkin . With such potent and meaningful lyrics , the song soon became one of Bob Marley 's greatest classics , carrying the Rastafari message to the world in Haile Selassie I 's own words . As from 1977 , when Bob Marley & The Wailers embarked for their first major world tour in June , `` War '' was sung at most concerts until Marley 's last show on September 23 , 1980 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Two live recordings of the song have since been released officially by Tuff Gong / Island Records . The first one was issued on the 1978 `` Babylon by Bus '' album recorded live at the Pavillon de Paris in Paris , France on June 26 , 1978 . The second was recorded at the Rainbow Theatre in London , England on June 4 , 1977 , and was issued on the 2001 Deluxe Edition of the Exodus album . Predating these two is another version , recorded on May 26 , 1976 and released in 2003 on Live at the Roxy . Haile Selassie version ( edit ) Two other hit versions of the song featuring Bob Marley & the Wailers can also be heard . A vinyl single released in Jamaica on Bruno Blum 's Human Race label in December 1997 includes samples of Bob Marley 's voice saying `` Rastafari is the prince of Peace . '' But most importantly , the song features the original recording of Haile Selassie I 's Amharic speech done in 1963 , overdubbed on a new rhythm track played by Wailers original members . The B - side offers a welcome English translation of the speech by Bruno Blum , whose spoken rendition of War includes the second part of the speech not used by Bob Marley : The basis of racial discrimination and colonialism has been economic , and it is with economic weapons that these evils have been and can be overcome . In pursuance of resolutions adopted at the Addis Ababa summit conference , African states have undertaken certain measures in the economic field which , if adopted by all member states of the United Nations , would soon reduce intransigeance to reason . I ask , today , for adherence to these measures by every nation represented ( here ) which is truly devoted to the principles enunciated in the charter . We must act while we can , while the occasion exists to exert those legitimate pressures available to us lest time run out and resort be had to less happy means . The great nations of the world would do well to remember that in the modern age even their own fates are not wholly in their hands . Peace demands the united efforts of us all . Who can foresee what spark might ignite the fuse ? The stake of each one of us is identical - life or death . We all wish to live . We all seek a world in which men are freed of the burdens of ignorance , poverty , hunger and disease . And we shall all be hard - pressed to escape the deadly rain of nuclear fall - out should catastrophe overtake us . The problems which confront us today are , equally , unprecedented . They have no counterparts in human experience . Men search the pages of history for solutions , for precedents , but there are none . This then , is the ultimate challenge . Where are we to look for our survival , for the answers to the questions which have never before been posed ? We must look , first , to the Almighty God , Who has raised man above the animals and endowed him with intelligence and reason . We must put our faith in Him , that He will not desert us or permit us to destroy humanity which He created in His image . And we must look into ourselves , into the depth of our souls . We must become something we have never been and for which our education and experience and environment have ill - prepared us . We must become bigger than we have been : more courageous , greater in spirit , larger in outlook . We must become members of a new race , overcoming petty prejudice , owing our ultimate allegiance not to nations but to our fellow men within the human community . A second mix of this new recording was also released , charting at the # 1 spot in the U.K. Echoes magazine in April 1998 . This time it featured samples of Bob Marley & the Wailers ' song Selassie Is the Chapel ( adapted from Crying in the Chapel ) , where Bob and Rita Marley 's voices can be heard on a sizeable part of the record , as well as Selassie 's original `` foundation lead vocal , '' creating a virtual duet between Haile Selassie I and his apostle Bob Marley . Both new versions were recorded at Kingston Musick Studio in Kingston , Jamaica , engineered by Rudy Thomas . They include Wailers survivors Aston `` Family Man '' Barrett on bass guitar and piano , Mikey `` Boo '' Richards '' on drums and Earl `` Wire '' Lindo on keyboards , along with guitar and backing vocals by Bruno Blum . Percussionist Norbert `` Nono '' Nobour and backing singer Tatiana Prus were later added . The sessions were produced by Bruno Blum and mixed by Thierry Bertomeu at AB Studio in St. Denis , France . Released in Europe on Blum 's Rastafari label in early 1998 , both `` War '' and `` War / Selassie Is the Chapel '' were successful singles contributing to the `` new roots '' reggae scene where Rastafari themes sung by the likes of Garnett Silk , Luciano and Dennis Brown were popular again after more than a decade of decline . Several singles derived from this new recording were subsequently issued on the label , including Buffalo Bill 's War / Warmongers , Big Youth 's We No Want No War and Joseph Cotton 's Conflicts backed by Doc Reggae 's spoken French version Guerre . A full length CD album entitled The War Album , including all versions , was issued in Europe on the Rastafari label in 2001 . A vinyl album was released in Jamaica on the Human Race label in 2004 , and the full War Album was reissued in 2010 as part of the Human Race label double CD anthology . Cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican versions ( different compositions ) based on the `` War '' rhythm include Dillinger 's King Pharaoh Was a Baldhead , Big Youth 's We No Want No War , Joseph Cotton 's Conflicts and Buffalo Bill 's Warmongers . Washington , DC hardcore punk band Soulside covered `` War '' on their 1988 Dischord Records release , Trigger . This song was later included on the Soulside partial discography , Soon Come Happy , released in 1990 . The Catalan band Sopa de Cabra recorded a Catalan rock and roll version of War - `` Guerra '' - in the live album Ben endins ( 1991 ) . In 1992 Ruth Joy recorded War on her debut album Pride And Joy . In 1992 Sinéad O'Connor performed War a cappella on Saturday Night Live with slightly modified lyrics , referring to child abuse rather than racism . At the end of this performance , she tore up a photograph of Pope John Paul II to protest child abuse by Catholic priests . In 2005 O'Connor released a studio version of `` War '' on her album Throw Down Your Arms . Alpha Blondy song `` La Guerre '' is a direct translation of `` War '' in French , available on the 1994 EMI album Dieu . In 1996 the song was covered by the Brazilian thrash metal band Sepultura ( appeared on Ratamahatta single , the Blood Rooted rarities compilation and the re-issued version of the Roots album ) . Brazilian band Tribo de Jah also have recorded a Brazilian Portuguese version featuring O Rappa 's lead singer Marcelo Falcão . Buffalo Bill , a roots reggae singer from Trench Town , Kingston , Jamaica , covered the song on a 1998 Bruno Blum produced single released in the European Union ( Rastafari Records ) . All the Blum - produced War versions are available on the Human Race ( Patch Work , 2011 ) double CD anthology of Blum 's Jamaican label Human Race Records . Music played by The Wailers . In 1997 Bruno Blum released a spoken English version of `` War '' which includes a large part of the original full length speech , available on the now deleted Jamaican `` War '' vinyl single by Haile Selassie I ( Human Race Records ) and on The War Album ( Rastafari Records , 2001 ) , also deleted . All Blum - produced War versions are available on the Human Race ( Patch Work , 2011 ) double CD anthology of Blum 's Jamaican label Human Race Records . Music played by The Wailers . In 1998 Bruno Blum released a spoken French version available on The War Album ( Rastafari Records , 2001 ) as well as the B - side of Joseph Cotton 's Conflicts vinyl single ( Rastafari Records , 2010 ) . All Blum - produced War versions are available on the Human Race ( Patch Work , 2011 ) double CD anthology of Blum 's Jamaican label Human Race Records . Music played by The Wailers . Ben Harper and the Innocent Criminals covered `` War '' along with their own song `` With My Own Two Hands '' on their DVD Live at the Hollywood Bowl . 2007 : Dispatch : Zimbabwe : July 13 -- 15 , a 3 night reunion concert for Dispatch with special quests Bongo Love and the African Children 's Choir . Was a benefit concert to help Zimbabwe with poverty , disease , and famine . In memory of Elias a friend of theirs from Zimbabwe who died because he did not receive the medical attention that he needed . Dispatch played `` War '' but they were not able to put it on the CD of the show because they did n't have legal rights . Lauryn Hill occasionally performed the song live , along with the other compositions of Bob Marley , during her shows circa 2007 and 2008 . Uruguayan band El Congo recorded a Spanish version of the song on a 1999 album . 2009 : War / No more trouble played by street musicians around the world for the `` Playing for Change '' project. ( 1 ) In 2009 American metal band Shadows Fall released their album `` Retribution '' which has a rendition of the song on it . The song is not a pure cover , but utilizes about 70 % of the lyrics . In 2014 the industrial hip hop group Tackhead covered the song for their album For the Love of Money . Alicia Keys regularly performs the song at her shows , and has performed the song at least once with Marley 's son Julian Marley . See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Mark and Blum , Bruno , Sur la route avec Bob Marley , page 97 . Scali , France , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bandmate of Marley loses suit '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Obrecht , Jas ( 2011 ) `` Aston `` Family Man '' Barrett : A New Interview About Bob Marley , Peter Tosh , and The Wailers '' i Jas Obrecht Muic Archive , 14 feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Important Utterances of H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I 1963 - 1972 , The Imperial Ethiopian Ministry of Information , Addis Ababa , 1972 Jump up ^ `` A sample of the hit version of War featuring Haile Selassie I 's voice '' ( MP3 ) . Docreggae.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` English rendition of `` War '' by Bruno Blum '' ( MP3 ) . Docreggae.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` French rendition of Guerre by Bruno Blum '' ( MP3 ) . Docreggae.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Discography : For the Love of Money '' . tackhead.com. 2004 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Bob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley ( outline ) Peter Tosh Bunny Wailer Other vocalists : Junior Braithwaite Cherry Smith Beverley Kelso Constantine Walker Rita Marley Marcia Griffiths Judy Mowatt Musicians : Aston Barrett Carlton Barrett Earl Lindo Tyrone Downie Alvin Patterson Al Anderson Earl Smith Donald Kinsey Junior Marvin Studio albums Early The Wailing Wailers ( 1965 ) Soul Rebels ( 1970 ) Soul Revolution ( 1971 ) The Best of The Wailers ( 1971 ) Island Catch a Fire ( 1973 ) Burnin ' ( 1973 ) Natty Dread ( 1974 ) Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ) Exodus ( 1977 ) Kaya ( 1978 ) Survival ( 1979 ) Uprising ( 1980 ) Confrontation ( 1983 ) Compilations Island Legend ( 1984 ) Rebel Music ( 1986 ) Natural Mystic ( 1995 ) One Love ( 2001 ) Gold ( 2005 ) Africa Unite ( 2005 ) Others African Herbsman ( 1973 ) Rasta Revolution ( 1974 ) Other albums Live Live ! ( 1975 ) Babylon by Bus ( 1978 ) Talkin ' Blues ( 1991 ) Live at the Roxy ( 2003 ) Live Forever ( 2011 ) Uprising Live ! ( 2014 ) Easy Skanking In Boston ' 78 ( 2015 ) Remix Chances Are ( 1981 ) Chant Down Babylon ( 1999 ) B Is for Bob ( 2009 ) Box set Songs of Freedom ( 1992 ) The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967 -- 1972 ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Performances Catch a Fire Tour ( 1973 ) Burnin ' Tour ( 1973 ) Natty Dread Tour ( 1975 ) Rastaman Vibration Tour ( 1976 ) Smile Jamaica Concert ( 1976 ) Exodus Tour ( 1977 ) One Love Peace Concert ( 1978 ) Kaya Tour ( 1978 ) Babylon by Bus Tour ( 1979 ) Survival Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Uprising Tour ( 1980 ) Associated acts The Skatalites The Upsetters The I Threes Word , Sound and Power The Wailers Band The Original Wailers Related people Chris Blackwell Errol Brown Allan Cole Coxsone Dodd Vincent Ford Neville Garrick Joe Higgs Lee Jaffe Arthur Jenkins King Sporty Leslie Kong Johnny Nash Jimmy Norman Lee `` Scratch '' Perry Mortimer Planno Karl Pitterson Alex Sadkin Related articles Discography Band members Marley Natural Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Tribute to the Legend : Bob Marley Marley ( soundtrack ) Hall of Fame : A Tribute to Bob Marley 's 50th Anniversary Time Will Tell : A Tribute to Bob Marley One Love : The Bob Marley Musical Book Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_(Bob_Marley_song)&oldid=791484707 '' Categories : Anti-war songs Rastafari movement Bob Marley songs Sinéad O'Connor songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Works involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from April 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2009 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
until the philosophy which hold one race superior bob marley lyrics
|
[] |
[] |
7944530596983034677
|
List of Blue Mountain State episodes
|
List of Blue Mountain State episodes - wikipedia List of Blue Mountain State episodes This is the list of episodes of Blue Mountain State , an American comedy series that premiered on Spike on January 11 , 2010 . All three of the seasons of the show were aired on Spike TV . The series follows the players on the football team of the fictional university , Blue Mountain State , and its rather awkward team `` The Goats '' as they explore the freedoms of college life , including football , scoring with women , drinking binges , wild partying , and hazing . The series was created by Chris Romano , who also stars in the series , and Eric Falconer . As of November 30 , 2011 , a total of 39 episodes have been shown . The series was renewed for a second season in February 2010 . A sneak peek of the second episode of season two aired on October 16 ; the season premiere was on October 20 , 2010 . Blue Mountain State was renewed for a third season and it premiered on September 21 , 2011 with back - to - back episodes . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 3 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 4 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) March 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) 13 October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 13 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` It 's Called Hazing , Look It Up '' Brian Robbins Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) N / A Three incoming freshmen on the Blue Mountain State University football team try to adapt to a new world of college life full of football , girls , and hazing . All of the freshmen must engage in questionable hazing rituals . Sammy feels left out so he tries to become the mascot . While Alex and Craig deal with Thad 's hazing rituals , Sammy opts for a darker approach : blackmailing the current BMS mascot so that he can steal the job from him without having to earn it . Sammy becomes successful in his blackmail and becomes the new mascot . `` Promise Ring '' Lev L. Spiro Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 12 ) N / A With Denise leaving town for the weekend , Craig is forced to wear a `` promise ring '' to remind him to be faithful towards her ... or else . When Craig loses the ring during a night of partying at a strip club however , Alex must help him find it before Denise returns . Meanwhile Alex tries to have sex with Thad 's half - sister from Bosnia , which turns out a little different than Alex had in mind . `` Pocket Pussy '' Brian Robbins Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) N / A The team is punished for playing badly , and a curfew is put in place shortly before their most important game of the season . To cope with the curfew hampering their social lives , the players steal Thad 's personal sex toy for their own usage . The players are immediately hooked on Thad 's sex toy and schedule a time table for when each player can use it . The sex toy ends up going missing due to Craig which enrages Thad . Thad explains that the sex toy is so important to him because it belonged to his dead father . Thad vows revenge upon Alex unless he can find it . `` Rivalry Weekend '' Lev L. Spiro Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) N / A The Goats are about to face Overland University , their most storied rivals and not to mention , their first televised game of the season . However , their starting quarterback , Travis McKenna , is suspended by the dean for soliciting a prostitute . Despite the pleas of Coach Daniels , the Dean sticks by his decision to suspend McKenna , leaving Alex as the team 's starting quarterback . Unable to handle the pressure of starting , Alex searches for a way to get the McKenna reinstated . He visits the transvestite prostitute in hopes she will drop the charges ; however , she refuses -- Unless Craig allows her to perform fellatio on him . Denise is OK with the proposition , but Craig is not , making Alex search for another way to bring McKenna back . Meanwhile , Overland U 's cheerleaders have abducted Sammy and the Goats ' mascot , a goat named Billy . The Goat 's abduction makes headlines but Sammy 's disappearance is yet to be noticed . When Sammy accidentally kills the Billy the goat , he brings it to the field on game - day where the heated blame is immediately pinned on Overland U , which Sammy is glad to play along with . Inspired by the murdered mascot , Alex realizes he 's been selfishly looking for solutions that only benefit him and not his team . The Dean refuses to stand by and watch his team lose after the opposition 's ruthless mutilation of Billy the Goat and reverses his decision at game time , allowing Travis McKenna to start instead of Alex . However , unaware of the Dean 's reversal , Craig tries to take the solution into his own hands , and allows the prostitute her wish . 5 5 `` There 's Only One Second Best '' Jeff Melman Drew Hancock & JD Ryznar February 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) 0.887 Alex purposely starts to suck at football and is excited to get demoted to 3rd string quarterback . Being in 3rd string means you practice with special teams . At the goat house , Alex is forced to party in a secluded room with 3rd stringers , special teams and not so attractive girls . Alex realizes he made a terrible mistake and competes in a quarterback competition to gain his second string spot back . Meanwhile , Craig suspects Denise is cheating on him and Sammy convinces the cheerleaders get revenge on the football team . 6 6 `` The Drug Olympics '' Clark Mathis Eric Falconer , Chris Romano February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) N / A Recent losses inspire Thad to hold a special lock - in at the Goat House as part of a drug - fueled team building exercise . Each player on the team picks a random drug out of a helmet to then take , except for Craig who is given one picked out by Thad . But the night takes a bizarre turn when Alex reveals that the drug taking is all a ruse . The plan was really to drug Craig because he is the only teammate who has not slept with the teams booster , better known as `` The Cougar '' . Thad gets the team 's female booster , known as `` The Cougar '' to have sex with Craig while he is drugged in order to break the losing streak . 7 7 `` The Legend of the Golden Arm '' John Fortenberry Brian Burns February 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 16 ) 0.810 A player - recruitment weekend brings out Batman Barstow , a running back who poses a threat to both Craig 's position and relationship with Denise , while Alex competes with Thad to enlist Matt Parker , the top high - school quarterback , for Blue Mountain State . 8 8 `` LAX aka The Truce '' Clark Mathis Chip Hall February 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) N / A Alex accidentally breaks a 24 - year - old truce between the BMS football and lacrosse teams , when he is seduced by the neglected girlfriend of the lacrosse team 's captain . A cruel prank war breaks out , which could only be stopped with Alex offering up a willing virgin `` sacrifice '' ( Sammy 's new girlfriend ) for the Lacrosse team to have sex with . Meanwhile , Denise instructs the lacrosse team 's girlfriends in the art of withholding sex , as she teaches them to stand up for themselves against their egomaniac boyfriends . 9 9 `` Midterms '' Ken Whittingham Drew Hancock & J.D. Ryznar March 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) N / A The academic performance of Alex and some of his teammates comes under scrutiny as result of dismal grades and GPA 's . They eventually resort to providing sexual favors for the professor 's 83 - year - old mother , played by Cloris Leachman , to avoid failing off the team . 10 10 `` Marathon Monday '' Jay Chandrasekhar Chip Hall March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) N / A During `` Marathon Monday '' , a BMS drinking tradition where the whole campus parties from 6 a.m. Monday to 6 a.m. Tuesday , Alex meets and hooks up with the girl of his dreams , Jill , who turns out to be just like him . Also Craig breaks up with Denise 11 11 `` Ransom '' Clark Mathis Chip Hall March 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) 0.734 A deranged father stalks Alex to get him to hook up with his daughter . Thad questions Alex 's team spirit because Alex refuses to slap him on the butt . Craig finally musters the courage to confront Denise and have sex with her . 12 12 `` Piss Test '' John Fortenberry Drew Hancock & J.D. Ryznar March 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 23 ) 0.750 Thad forces the team to use his ' oil change ' method to pass the NCAA drug test . Sammy takes advantage of his mascot costume to score with the ladies . 13 13 `` Bowl Game '' Jeff Melman Brian Burns March 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) 0.630 Although finishing the season with a 9 -- 3 record , BMS is picked to play the fictional Cypress Bowl against Clementine University , in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . Upon arrival in Baton Rouge , the team is placed under strict rules by Coach Daniels -- no interaction with the media . The Pre-Bowl Game festivities consists of sabotage attempts by both teams , causing Thad to place some of his own rules on the team : no eating unless the food is prepared by themselves ( to avoid intentional food poisoning ) and a strict 10 PM `` Lights Out '' curfew . However , when Craig falls victim to Clementine 's sabotage and is accused of rape , Thad , Alex , and Sammy must break their own rules and spend the night out in an attempt to rescue him from prison . Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Blue Mountain State averaged 949,000 viewers through the first six episodes of season one while improving on the time slot by 165 % among men 18 -- 24 . In February 2010 it was renewed for a second season . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The Fingering '' Lev L. Spiro Eric Falconer , Chris Romano October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) 1.094 Thad sets off an investigation after being sodomized during a practice when he tried returning an interception despite most of the team trying to stop him . Sammy meets a former BMS mascot from the 1990s who is now homeless and has been watching practices . 15 `` Controversy '' Lev L. Spiro Drew Hancock October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) N / A The Cheerleaders institute Hell Week , Alex and Radon compete for the starting quarterback position . 16 `` Born Again '' Fred Savage J.D. Ryznar October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) N / A Because of bad reputation the team is forced to do a PR tour . In doing so , they set up a charity football game with the church . Before the event , Thad has a dream where God ( Brian Bosworth ) tells Thad that he will go pro if he stays celibate . While Thad is testosteroned up he starts playing incredible football during practice . Thad impresses the coaching staff so much that the coach enforces a rule that the whole team must become celibate . This causes turmoil as the entire team attempts celibacy as a way to improve their performance but it does not produce the desired outcome . As a result the charity event back fires and the players lose control of themselves . Moran meanwhile fights temptation to hook up with Sammy 's sister . 17 `` Pay for Play '' Fred Savage Chip Hall November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) N / A After becoming unhappy with Coach Daniels ' income , Radon and Thad employ Alex and Sammy to be their middle - men with talent agents . Things soon spiral out of control as the power goes to Sammy 's head . 18 5 `` Pregnant '' Rob Schrab Heather Flanders November 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) N / A A mystery call to the Goathouse sparks a campus - wide search of a girl who has fallen pregnant as a result of one of the players . The players frantically try to figure out who the call was for as well as who the girl was . The whole team finds girls from their past to make sure they are not pregnant . Meanwhile , Sammy get involved in an abusive relationship . 19 6 `` Nerds '' Clay Weiner Drew Hancock November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 1.23 When Sammy 's bullying of one of the team 's `` nerds '' leads to Sammy 's victim being rendered comatose , the entire athletic program finds itself cut off from the students who do all of the homework for the jocks . While Thad tries desperately to salvage the working relationship between the jocks and the nerds in order to keep the new Dean from exposing the widespread academic fraud , Alex must prepare a presentation for a paper that his `` nerd '' wrote for him sight - unseen . 20 7 `` Debra '' Clay Weiner J.D. Ryznar December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) N / A Alex pursues Coach Daniels ex-wife Debra. he becomes successful . Thad tells coach Daniels that Alex is sleeping with his ex-wife . Coach Daniels forces Alex to continue seeing his wife , but in doing so Alex becomes used between coach Daniels and Debra as a messenger between the two . Meanwhile Radon creates his own show called `` Dreams '' where people call in for advice . 21 8 `` Vision Quest '' Clark Mathis Drew Hancock December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) N / A Considering his future , Thad takes copious drugs to try to decide whether he should leave the school and go pro a year early , or stay at BMS to complete his tenure . 22 9 `` The Badger '' Rob Schrab Kristofor Brown December 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 22 ) N / A To boost morale for their upcoming game with Overland , Thad kidnaps the Overland badger and plans to castrate and feast on its balls , which go awry when the badger escapes and begins attacking tailgaters . Meanwhile Mary Jo is put in charge of Billy the Goat after Sammy hung Billy the First last year . Radon spends the night before the game with coach Marty because of a threat to take his right arm which he instigated . A final confrontation between Billy the Goat and the Overland badger leaves Thad and Alex with only one option to restore the teams morale . 23 10 `` Hockey '' John Fortenberry Chip Hall December 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) N / A Alex gets an idea to join the hockey team to get out of conditioning for football . This causes other players to follow suit . But as the football players help the hockey players become more social . Tension arise and the hockey team takes over the goat house . 24 11 `` Drunk Tank '' Jay Chandrasekhar Drew Hancock January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) N / A Thad gets the entire team arrested at a goat house party to teach the team about motivation , and Mary Jo grasps the opportunity to finally score with Alex . 25 12 `` Trap Game '' John Fortenberry Kristofor Brown January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) N / A BMS has an 11 -- 0 record . The final game is coming up and they can go for a perfect season but then Radon gets hit during practice and thinks he is injured . When Radon is injured , Alex is skeptical at first . But then realizes that he can score more girls if he wins the game for BMS as the starting quarterback . Sammy `` meets '' Chuck Liddell . Chuck teaches him to fight . Sammy later finds out that Chuck Liddell was actually a hallucination from eating expired candy . 26 13 `` Riot '' Jay Chandrasekhar Ryan Ridley January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) N / A BMS wins the game giving them a perfect 12 -- 0 season . After the victory a riot breaks out and the fans try to hang Sammy , the team mascot . Coach Daniels gets back together with his ex-wife Debra . Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Aired on Spike No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 27 `` The Captain '' Clark Mathis Eric Falconer September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 0.891 Alex adjusts to becoming the starting quarterback and team captain , Thad awaits word on his future with the team after his drug related arrest following BMS ' loss in last season 's championship game . Following the arrival of a new offensive coordinator , Marcus Gilday ( Anthony Lemke ) with a desire and scheme to take BMS head coach Marty Daniels ' job , Coach Daniels finds an unlikely ally in ex-wife Debra . New England Patriots wide receiver Chad Ochocinco makes a guest appearance , coming to campus to take part in a bizarre captain induction ceremony for Alex . Thad is eventually let back on the team once serving a one game suspension . 28 `` Dic Pics '' John Fortenberry JD Ryznar September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) N / A Alex and Thad deal with the ramifications of a pornographic photo that Thad sent from Alex 's phone after it makes its way around campus . As the dick pick makes national news , Alex admits that its Thads picture . This causes more drama and the whole football team becomes a mockery on campus . Coach Daniels and Debra also start sending pornographic photos to each other , and one is mistakenly sent to Harmon , giving him the wrong idea . To fix the mockery the team makes a huge billboard of the whole team naked . 29 `` Thad 's Back '' Clark Mathis Heather Flanders September 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 0.884 Thad makes some big changes in his life after he realizes his career is in trouble . Alex acts like Thad to motivate the team . Sammy thinks he 's met the perfect girl until he hears what her voice sounds like . Thad changes his lifestyle back to the way he was before his suspension and becomes captain again . 30 `` The Peak '' Jay Chandrasekhar Drew Hancock October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 0.871 Alex and Sammy have a falling out when Alex plays the best game in his career and accepts it as the peak in his life . Meanwhile , Daniels and Jon Jon have mixed feelings about a job offer that Jon Jon received . 31 5 `` Training Day '' Eric Appel Heather Flanders October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 0.852 Thad offers to help Alex to become a local celebrity . Alex refuses but after Thad saves him from making a mistake with a female , Alex gives in . Thad teaches Alex to be a jerk , but in turn makes people hate Thad more . Alex ignores Thad 's ways . Meanwhile , Mary Jo tries to impress Coach Daniel 's wife , Debra . The episode is a clear spoof of the movie Training Day , with subtle references from the movie referenced in the episode . 32 6 `` Blackout '' John Fortenberry Kristofor Brown October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 0.645 A campus blackout postpones the football game and Alex becomes obsessed with trying to settle a score with a cheerleader from the rival team that he lost his virginity to . We find out that Alex wants redemption with the rival cheerleaders since she told everyone he had sex with the couch instead . Alex and Thad challenge the rival team to a game of beer pong to settle their differences . Thad makes an unexpected new friend during it . The coaches of both teams have a poker game with high stakes . 33 7 `` Superstition '' Jay Chandrasekhar Kristofor Brown October 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) 0.884 Harmon seeks out new rituals to restore his kicking skills ; Sammy checks out career opportunities . 34 8 `` Fun Facts '' Eric Appel J.D. Ryznar November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 0.944 Thad copes with secrets from Coach Daniel 's past while Alex makes a new connection with Coach Daniels as he prepares to be inducted into the College Hall of Fame . 35 9 `` The C - Word '' Dean Holland Chris Romano November 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 05 ) N / A Thad suffers a concussion , which affects his behavior and becomes an issue for Coach Daniels . New offensive coordinator Coach Marcus Gilday tries to get Coach Daniels fired . Sammy becomes trapped in the basement of the Goat House . 36 10 `` One Week '' Dean Holland Ryan Ridley November 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) N / A A television camera crew follows the team and coaches , and records the tension between Alex and new offensive coordinator Marcus Gilday . The episode also showcases Daniels ' insecurities and Thad 's pursuit of an acting career . 37 11 `` Death Penalty '' Eric Appel Drew Hancock November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) N / A The team finds out they will be playing for the National Championship against Blackwell , but a scandal threatens to disqualify BMS and award the title to Blackwell by default . However , after some negotiations , the NCAA decided that BMS will play against Blackwell . Unfortunately , Coach Daniels , Thad , Alex , and most of the Goats ' starting roster are barred from the lineup . 38 12 `` The Corn Field '' Alex Winter Story by : Eric Falconer Teleplay by : Kristofor Brown , Chris Romano November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) TBA After the depleted BMS squad is destroyed in the national title game , Thad has an epiphany which causes him to build a football stadium on a cornfield outside of town . Blackwell is invited to play the unofficial national title game . 39 13 `` The Corn Field 2 '' Alex Winter Story by : Eric Falconer Teleplay by : Kristofor Brown , Chris Romano November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) TBA Continuation from `` The Corn Field '' . BMS and Blackwell play an unsanctioned game . The series finale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Umstead , Thomas ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Spike 's ` Blue Mountain State ' Scores Second Season Pickup -- College Football - Themed Series Averaging Nearly 1 Million Viewers '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Broadcast & Cable Finals , Plus Lost 15 Min . Breakdown '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State : Spike TV Show Renewed for Season Two '' . tvseriesfinale.com . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Southland ; And More Cable Finals '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` '' Justified '' Drops 15 % from Premiere , Still Tops Tuesday Night Cable `` . tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Updated : `` Justified '' Falls Hard ; `` Law & Order : CI '' returns , Plus More ... `` . tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : Southpark Down ; Terriers Has Fallen and it Ca n't Get Up & Much More '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPIKE TV Schedule Wed Jan 12 '' . Spike TV . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPIKE TV Schedule Wed Jan 19 '' . Spike TV . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State : Dic Pics '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Schedule ( 28 September ) '' . Spike . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Schedule ( 5 October ) '' . Spike . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Mountain State Season 3 guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) List of Blue Mountain State episodes on IMDb List of Blue Mountain State episodes at TV.com List of Blue Mountain State episodes at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blue_Mountain_State_episodes&oldid=848387442 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 16 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
what beer do they drink on blue mountain state
|
[] |
[] |
7161402088816491751
|
List of Prime Ministers of India
|
List of Prime Ministers of India - Wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of India Jump to : navigation , search Narendra Modi is the current ( 14th ) Prime Minister of India , since 26 May 2014 . The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India . In India 's parliamentary system , the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure , but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers . Appointed and sworn - in by the President , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's Parliament . Since 1947 , India has had fourteen Prime Ministers , fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role . The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party , who was sworn - in on 15 August 1947 , when India gained independence from the British . Serving until his death in May 1964 , Nehru remains India 's longest - serving prime minister . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri , whose 19 - month term also ended in death . Indira Gandhi , Nehru 's daughter , succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country 's first woman premier . Eleven years later , she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party , whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister . After he resigned in 1979 , his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later . Indira Gandhi 's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984 , when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards . That evening , her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn - in as India 's youngest premier , and the third from his family . Thus far , members of Nehru -- Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days . Rajiv 's five - year term ended with his former cabinet colleague , V.P. Singh of the Janata Dal , forming the year - long National Front coalition government in 1989 . A six - month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed , after which the Congress party returned to power , forming the government under P.V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991 . Rao 's five - year term was succeeded by four short - lived governments -- the Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996 , a year each under United Front prime ministers H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral , and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998 -- 99 . After Vajpayee was sworn - in for the third time , in 1999 , he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government to a full five - year term , the first non-Congressman to do so . Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh , the first Sikh premier , whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014 . The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP - led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India 's first non-Congress single party majority government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers of India 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Key ( edit ) Colour key for party of the prime ministers Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress designated Indian National Congress ( I ) 1977 -- 1996 Janata Dal Janata Party Janata Party ( Secular ) Samajwadi Janata Party Other key No : Incumbent number Assassinated or died in office Returned to office after a previous term Resigned Resigned following a no - confidence motion Prime Ministers of India ( edit ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Appointed by Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Indian freedom fighter Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 7003613000000000000 ♠ 16 years , 286 days Lord Mountbatten Rajendra Prasad -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 7002581000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 216 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 24 March 1977 7003407700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 59 days V.V. Giri Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 126 days B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 6 Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 7003175200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 291 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 7 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 2 December 1989 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 32 days Zail Singh 8 Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days R. Venkataraman 9 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days R. Venkataraman 10 Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 7003179100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 330 days R. Venkataraman 11 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 12 Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 13 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 14 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 22 May 7003225600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 64 days K.R. Narayanan 15 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 26 May 2014 7003365600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 4 days A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil 16 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 7003132300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 227 days Pranab Mukherjee Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991 , but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him . Timeline See also ( edit ) Government of India portal India portal Prime Minister 's Office List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity List of Presidents of India References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Former Prime Minister 's of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . `` Gallery of Prime Ministers '' . Press Information Burea . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Brass , Paul R. ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521459709 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand Publishing . 2003 . ISBN 9788121922036 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers Prime Minister of India '' . www.pmindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` In India , next generation of Gandhi dynasty '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Ankit Panda , The . `` BJP , Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers '' . PM India . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister , swearing in on May 26 '' . The Times of India . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India&oldid=819239492 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of India Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
prime minister list of india from 1947 to 2013
|
[] |
[] |
7303444280108901064
|
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
|
List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes - wikipedia List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series . Its premise was originated with Ryan Seacrest , who additionally serves as an executive producer . The series focuses on sisters Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé Kardashian . It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian , their mother Kris Jenner , their step - parent Bruce Jenner ( now known as Caitlyn Jenner ) , their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kourtney 's now ex-boyfriend , Scott Disick . Khloé 's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season , though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons , and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé . In seasons eight and nine , Caitlyn 's children Brody and Brandon , and Brandon 's wife , Leah became recurring cast members . Keeping Up with the Kardashians is often criticized for emphasizing the `` famous for being famous '' concept and appearing to fabricate aspects of its storyline . The series has produced the spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Khloé & Lamar , Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons , Dash Dolls , I Am Cait , Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian , Rob & Chyna , and Life of Kylie . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 2.11 Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.12 Season 12 ( 2016 ) 2.13 Season 13 ( 2017 ) 2.14 Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.15 Season 15 ( 2018 ) 2.16 Season 16 ( 2019 ) 3 Specials 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 11 March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) 12 March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) 11 November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) 5 12 August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) 6 16 June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) 7 19 May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 8 21 June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 9 20 January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 10 17 March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 11 13 November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 12 21 May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 13 14 March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 14 19 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 15 TBA August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) TBA 16 TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` I 'm Watching You '' October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) Bruce and Kris Jenner celebrate their anniversary . Kim And Tommy Davis buys them a stripper pole as a gift , and the youngest Jenner plays on it . Kim appears on The Tyra Banks Show . Kourtney deals with relationship drama . `` Managing Mom '' October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) Kim and Kris , her manager , argue over the management of Kim 's appearances and schedule . Meanwhile , Kris hires a nanny , Bree , who is not as appropriate and nanny - decent as she hoped . `` Brody in the House '' October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) Kourtney , Kim and Khloé go to Mexico for a Girls Gone Wild photo shoot without telling Bruce , afraid that he would disapprove . When he finds out , he leaves his son Brody Jenner to look after Kylie and Kendall while he heads to Mexico to confront them . Unfortunately , leaving Brody with his daughters creates even more chaos . `` Birthday Suit '' November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) Playboy magazine contacts Kris , asking her to tell Kim that they want her to be on the cover of their December 2007 issue . Kim is hesitant at first , but Kris encourages her . To show Kris what a difficult decision it is , Kim proposing trading places and plays Kris ' manager and setting her mom up for a semi-nude shoot . Kim gets the skimpiest outfit she can . Kris 's best picture is her topless , in an American flag towel / blanket . Kris enjoys the shoot , surprising Kim . 5 5 `` Remembering Dad '' November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) The family remembers Robert Kardashian on his death anniversary . Khloé , not dealing well with the anniversary , gets drunk and ends up arrested for a DUI . 6 6 `` You Are So Pregnant Dude '' November 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) Kourtney , Kim and Khloé are about to leave for Las Vegas when Kourtney has a pregnancy scare . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie ask their dad for a puppy , which causes a disagreement between their parents . 7 7 `` Helping Hand '' November 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) Rob gets set up on a date but catches his sisters spying on him . Khloé and Kourtney find out that a homeless man , Shorty , is living behind their store D-A-S-H , and clean up his appearance . 8 8 `` The Price of Fame '' December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) Scandalous photos of Kourtney surface , scaring and humiliating Kim , who already feels like she really messed up with her sex tape . Season 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 9 `` Kim becomes a Diva '' March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) The family think that Kim is slowly becoming a diva . Kourtney finds shocking texts in Scott 's Blackberry . 10 `` Rob 's New Girlfriend '' March 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Rob falls in love with pop star Adrienne Bailon , a Cheetah Girl , but is left depressed when she leaves for India for three months to shoot a film . After consulting a nutritionist , Kris decides to build a chicken coop so the family will have healthier eggs from chickens they raise themselves . 11 `` Khloé Wants to Act '' March 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) Despite Kim 's disapproval , Khloé decides to pursue an acting career . Meanwhile , Bruce receives a fashion makeover . 12 `` Kris the Cheerleader '' March 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) Members of the Old School Crew contact Kris : they want her to be a cheerleader . Kris is worried about auditioning , especially after a knee injury . Meanwhile , Khloé has a woman - to - woman talk with Kendall , with help from Kim , Kourtney , and Kylie . 13 5 `` Khloé 's Blind Dates '' April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) Kim and Kourtney , worried about Khloé being single , start an online - dating profile for her . Khloé gets angry but goes along with the speed dates . Meanwhile , Bruce teaches Kendall about doing chores and earning her own money but Kendall hires a handyman and takes the money and the credit for his work . 14 6 `` Learning Self - Defense '' April 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) After D-A-S-H is vandalized , Kourtney , Kim and Khloé take self - defense classes . Rob considers dropping out of USC to pursue professional modeling . 15 7 `` Kardashian Civil War '' April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) Kim battles against Kourtney and Khloé after she purchases a Bentley . Kris gets drunk with a friend and gets a tattoo . Bruce experiences a mid-life crisis . 16 8 `` Kardashian Family Vacation '' May 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 04 ) Bruce thinks a family ski - trip to Colorado will ease some of the family chaos , but first it intensifies his midlife crisis as he spends time with guys who are Rob 's age . Meanwhile , the family gangs up on Kim , claiming she 's not joining in the family quality time . Kim , feeling hurt , leaves Colorado , but an apology message from Khloé persuades her to return . The clan enjoys the rest of their vacation together . 17 9 `` Kim 's Calendar for Reggie '' May 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) Kim shoots a sexy calendar for Reggie , but Kris distributes it for public sale . Kim gets back at her mom by selling the nude poster from Season 1 . Bruce hopes to inspire Kourtney and Khloé , and earn their respect , by taking them to one of his motivational speeches . 18 10 `` New Perspective in New Orleans '' May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) When the girls visit New Orleans for a charity pool tournament organized by Reggie , they meet a family devastated by Hurricane Katrina . Meanwhile , Kris ' cousin CiCi crashes Bruce 's plans for a romantic weekend . 19 11 `` Junk in the Trunk '' May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob share their favorite moments and outtakes from the series . Season 3 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 20 `` Free Khloé '' March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) Kris is furious at Khloé when she goes to jail for violating her probation . Kris believes her meltdown might have something to do with the upcoming anniversary of Robert Kardashian 's death . Kris talks to her mom about her feelings and visits her late ex-husband's grave . 21 `` Kourt 's First Cover '' March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) Kourtney hires Kris as her manager after 944 Magazine asks her to do a cover shoot . However , Kris does not do well managing both Kourtney and Kim , who must go to Comic - Con and promote her new film , Disaster Movie . Rob and Adrienne encounter problems when they move in together . 22 `` I 'd Rather Go Naked ... Or Shopping '' March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) Khloé faces pressure about her weight when she decides to do PETA 's `` I 'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur '' campaign . Kris and Kourtney confront Kim about her shopping addiction . 23 `` Pussycat Vision '' March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) Kim gets LASIK eye surgery after struggling to see herself in a mirror at a dance rehearsal with Pussycat Dolls creator Robin Antin . Bruce is anxious to talk to Kendall and Kylie about his colonoscopy . Kim performs with the Pussycat Dolls on the Las Vegas Strip . 24 5 `` All for One and One for Kim '' April 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 05 ) Kim 's perfume line causes friction with Kris , Khloé , and Kourtney . Kris , not feeling so connected to Bruce anymore , searches for a common interest with him . 25 6 `` Cinderella Story '' April 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) Khloé gets a DNA test to see if Kris is her real mother , which upsets Kris . After Rob borrows Kim 's car and gets a new tattoo , his unusual behavior causes concern among the family . 26 7 `` The Two Year Itch '' April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) Kourtney and Scott get in another argument after she accuses him of cheating again . Meanwhile , Khloé secretly gets a biopsy for skin cancer , which scares Kris after she finds out . 27 8 `` Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder '' May 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) Khloé goes to New York to host a fashion show and becomes interested in moving there to open a second D-A-S-H store . Kim 's focus on her career forces her to choose between it and Reggie . 28 9 `` Leaving the Nest '' May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) Khloé looks for apartments in New York , which upsets Kris , who does not want her to leave L.A. Kourtney and Kim get Kris a chimpanzee after she expresses a desire to have another baby . 29 10 `` Meet the Kardashians '' May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) The family goes on a camping trip to meet Adrienne 's family . Meanwhile , Bruce undergoes plastic surgery to fix the mistakes that were made during his treatments in earlier years to fix injuries that occurred during his sporting career . 30 11 `` What 's Yours is Mine '' May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) Kourtney borrows Kim 's personal belongings without her permission . Bruce struggles with Kylie wearing `` grownup '' clothes and too much makeup for her age . Rob breaks up with Adrienne and moves in with Kim . 31 12 `` Double Trouble '' May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) Khloé 's new boyfriend Rashad McCants cheats on her . Kourtney catches Scott with another girl and starts to think that Scott may not be the best guy for her . Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 32 `` The Wedding '' November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) Khloé and Lamar Odom get married . Rob attempts to rekindle his relationship with his ex-girlfriend Adrienne Bailon . Kim realizes she misses her boyfriend Reggie Bush , and Kourtney and Scott try to improve their relationship . 33 `` Scott on the Rocks '' December 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 13 ) Kourtney and Scott find themselves pitted against her family , especially Khloé , because they disapprove of him . 34 `` Hot Cup of Love '' December 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 20 ) When Khloé slaps Scott , Kourtney will not talk to her until she takes an anger - management class . A friend gives Kris a male - enhancement drug and she tries it on Bruce by slipping it into his coffee but Rob accidentally gets that coffee cup and lands in the hospital because of what follows . 35 `` Baby Blues '' December 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) Khloé gets excited when she thinks she 's pregnant , but it turns out that she is not . When Kim lies to everyone to get out of doing things , Kris and Bruce get upset , but she may learn a lesson when she lies to Kendall and Kylie . 36 5 `` Shape Up or Ship Out '' January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) Scott fails to take Kourtney 's pregnancy seriously , so she threatens to end their relationship . Kris upsets Bruce by not letting him buy a helicopter toy or make any financial decisions . Khloé pays Bruce to do jobs for her . Kris buys a $4000 dress for 1 event and Kim , Khloé , and Bruce play `` scavenger hunt '' by hiding the dress until Kris gives Bruce his ATM card to buy the helicopter toy . Rob tries to rekindle his relationship with Adrienne after seeing her at Khloé 's wedding , seeming to stalk her by calling her 24 / 7 . When he plans to visit her in New York , he receives an e-mail from her new boyfriend that informs him that it 's over between them . He 's heartbroken but decides to try to move on . 37 6 `` Must Love Dogs '' January 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) Dog - non-lover Kim finds herself taking in , and loving , a stray Chihuahua until she must give up `` Princess '' because of medical problems . Bruce pressures Rob to move out of the house , and he gets a job developing his own skin - care line with Kourtney 's help . 38 7 `` Body Blows '' January 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) Bruce goes to a charity event for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé were set to attend , but to his disappointment , they do not show . He decides to hold a charity boxing event for the American Heart Association and the people they fight turn out to be harmful for them . When Kourtney babysits for a friend , she realizes she is not prepared to have her own baby . 39 8 `` Weekend From Hell '' January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé take a weekend trip to Santa Barbara , California to have one final trip before the baby arrives , but Kim and Khloé leave Kourtney out of everything and get drunk , upsetting Kourtney , who must abstain from alcohol . Meanwhile , Kendall signs a modeling contract and Kylie gets jealous . 40 9 `` I Want Your Sex '' February 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 14 ) Khloé makes a `` love tape '' for husband Lamar Odom while he 's on the road . Scott and Rob saw the tape with Lamar which made Khloé embarrassed . Kourtney misses intimacy with Scott , but is afraid to have sex because she does not want to hurt the baby . She later takes a Sex During Pregnancy class with Scott 41 10 `` Blame It on The Alcohol '' February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) During the one - hour special , the family travels to Las Vegas to celebrate Kim 's birthday and attend an important business meeting . Kim bothered her mother for not caring about her birthday , while Scott gets violently drunk . He subsequently gets into a scuffle with his buddy , Rob Kardashian , who is also drunk . Their unruly behavior sets the tone for the remainder of the night . After Kris is able to break up the fight , she and Kourtney think that they are able to subdue Scott and leave him in the hotel room to sober up . To everyone 's surprise , Scott shows up to the dinner where his boss is present . After using foul language , embarrassing himself and making everyone in attendance uncomfortable , Scott gets in an argument with the waiter and shoves a $100 bill in his mouth . The drama continues to unfold as Kourtney ends her relationship with Scott because of his unforgivable actions . 42 11 `` Delivering Baby Mason '' February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) Scott returns to the house to apologize to Kris , but she refuses to give him another chance . Worried about never seeing Kourtney again and possibly never meeting his child , he frantically sends text and voice - mail messages until Kourtney grants him a chance to explain himself in person . She finally reconciles with him , and the whole family comes back together at her baby shower . Kim faints from exhaustion and takes 2 weeks off , deciding that when she does resume working , she will not take on so many responsibilities . After Kourtney delivers her son , Mason Dash Disick , she announces that she will be returning to Miami to hire new girls at the store , as only 2 are currently working there . Khloé says she will go too although she would rather stay in L.A. with Lamar ; she compromises that she will not be there 24 / 7 . Scott is also going , to visit friends and open a nightclub . Kris is upset that Kourtney and Scott will be taking Mason along , and Bruce tells Khloé her marriage is more important than going to Miami . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Kim 's House Party '' August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) 4.67 Kim buys a new house after her split with Reggie Bush . Kris thinks Kim is acting too protective of her house , so she decides to throw a house party to break Kim 's house in much to Kim 's chagrin . Meanwhile , Khloé and Kourtney disagree on whether Scott is welcome in Khloé and Lamar 's house after his awful stunts from last season . 44 `` Blind Date '' August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) 3.57 Kris sets up a blind date for Kim with an Armenian professional athlete . Khloé 's family pesters her for Laker - game tickets , which upsets her . When none of them get tickets , they watch the game from the comfort of Khloé 's home . 45 `` The Missing Ring '' September 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 05 ) 2.87 Khloé loses her 7 - carat engagement ring and worries that Lamar will freak out , but Rob finds it . Meanwhile , Bruce and Kris fight about the new garage : Bruce feels Kris is taking over `` his '' only space in the house ; she thinks he does not appreciate all the work she has put into their home . The friction makes Kendall and Kylie worry that their parents will divorce , but the parents manage to resolve their petty issues and end up sleeping in the garage together . 46 `` My Bodyguard '' September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 2.60 Kim develops a schoolgirl crush on her new Australian bodyguard despite the fact that they both wanted to keep the relationship strictly professional . Kim drinks a little too much and kisses her bodyguard goodnight . Later she tries to fix the problem to make things less awkward around them . Meanwhile , Khloé teaches Lamar how to swim . 45 5 `` Botox and Cigarettes '' September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) 2.92 Kim receives another round of Botox injections after Kris says she has lines around her eyes . Khloé goes along for moral support , and Kim suffers the side effects of Botox : the skin around her eyes start turning purple . After this incident , Kim swears that she will never get another injection . Meanwhile , Kris is discovered smoking and Kourtney , Kendall , and Kylie try to get her to quit ; Kourtney plots to make Kris think that Kendall is smoking because of her example . Kourtney buys nicotine - free cigarettes ( honey and marshmallow ) and Kris decides to stop smoking . 48 6 `` Kourt Goes A.W.O.L. '' September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) 3.77 When nobody in Kourtney 's family makes an effort to attend Scott 's birthday party in Las Vegas , Kourtney house - hunts in New York City . Her family soon finds out , and Kris plots a belated surprise party for Scott . Meanwhile , Bruce struggles with getting Kim 's dog , Rocky , neutered . 49 7 `` Match Made in Hell '' September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 3.43 When Khloé constantly jokes that Rob is dating her best friend Malika , they decide to pretend that they are . Meanwhile , Kris ponders managing the pop band BG5 , and after she decides , she wonders if she made the wrong decision . 50 8 `` No Boys Allowed '' October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 3.43 As Mason goes in for his 6 - month check - up , Kourtney realizes she wants another baby so her kids will be close in age like she and Kim were , but when she obsesses about getting pregnant , Scott thinks she 's taking all the fun out of the process of trying . Meanwhile , Bruce has a hard time accepting that 12 - year - old Kylie has male friends , and there 's tension when she breaks the rule about inviting a boy up to her room . 51 9 `` Kris `` The Cougar '' Jenner '' October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 3.09 Unhappy about getting older , Kris hires a personal trainer , Storm , to help her get back into shape . Bruce becomes concerned when Storm arrives at the house and starts hitting on Kris , but Kris dismisses his feelings until others point out that she might be going too far with Storm . Kim 's competitive nature gets her into trouble when she loses to Kourtney during poker night and is forced to serve her needs for a day . 52 10 `` Dash No More '' October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 2.90 Kim meets football star Miles Austin . Kourtney thinks about expanding D-A-S-H by moving to New York but her sisters are against the idea . Meanwhile Scott and Bruce bond , but Bruce still insists on behaving like a rodent to Scott , despite Scott trying his best to change his ways . 53 11 `` The Kardashians Take NYC '' October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 4.06 Khloé celebrates her birthday in New York City with her family and friends , while Kourtney continues to weigh the pros and cons of opening up a new store there . Meanwhile , Kris decides she 's fed up with Bruce 's homebody attitude and leaves him behind in Los Angeles , but Rob gets him to let loose during a night out in a club with his friends and the BG5 girls . Bruce later gets earrings and a haircut . Also , Kim parties with football player Miles Austin ( with the paparazzi not far behind ) , and her ex Reggie Bush becomes jealous when he finds out that she has moved on . Miles later breaks up with Kim at the end of the episode . 54 12 `` Junk in the Trunk 2 '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) N / A The Kardashians look back at their favorite moments from the series and view some previously - unaired footage . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 55 `` Family VS Money '' June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.50 Khloé is not happy with Kim 's new boyfriend ( Kris Humphries ) . Kourtney gets the family together and things do not go as planned 56 `` Kim Becomes A Stage Mom '' June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.75 Kim tries to help Kendall with her modeling career , but pushes her too hard . Meanwhile , Kris , Kourtney , and Scott butt heads over a house key . 57 `` The Former Mrs. Jenner '' June 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) 2.70 Kris decides to change her last name back to Kardashian , much to Bruce 's dismay . Kim takes action to prove that her butt is real . 58 `` Out of Wedlock '' July 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) 2.60 Kourtney contemplates having another child out of wedlock . Kris acts as the minister for her minister 's wedding . 59 5 `` Thicker Than Water '' July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) 3.14 Kris thinks Bruce is losing his hearing . Rob admits to Kourtney why they do n't hang out anymore , which is because of Scott . 60 6 `` Kendall Goes on Birth Control '' July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 2.79 Bruce is concerned when he discovers Kendall is taking birth control . Kim develops a rash on her body , and realizes she has inherited psoriasis from her mother . 61 7 `` The Have and Have Nots '' July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) 2.74 Bruce tries to get his daughters to see how blessed they are . Kris ' toilet troubles affects her family , mainly Kourtney . 62 8 `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' August 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) 3.15 Scott goes to Vegas , and Kourtney is afraid that he will return to his old ways . Kylie and Kendall think their mother Kris is meddling in their lives . 63 9 `` Talk to My Agent '' August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) 3.16 Kris gets mad at Scott when he tries to become Kylie and Kendall 's manager , and Kim does not know how to dance so she gets embarrassed . 64 10 `` The Family Vacation '' August 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) 3.62 Kris and Bruce take a vacation to Bora Bora to renew vows and also as a family vacation . 65 11 `` Getting to Know You '' August 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 28 ) 2.88 Kris has self - image issues that threaten the anniversary celebration in Bora Bora ; and Kourtney tries to get Scott and Rob to reconcile . Kourtney learns the truth about Scott 's drinking . 66 12 `` Trouble in Paradise '' September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) 3.53 Rob feels insecure about not having a career and it causes him to lash out at Kim while they are in Bora Bora . Meanwhile , Kourtney gives Scott an ultimatum and Kris asks Bruce for his stepdaughter Kim 's hand in marriage . 67 13 `` The Proposal '' September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 3.30 Kris Humphries plans to ask Kim to marry him , but an argument between the two makes him wonder if he is proceeding too quickly . 68 14 `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event -- Part 1 '' October 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 4.39 Preparations for Kim and Kris ' wedding are featured , with a whole lot of drama . 69 15 `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event -- Part 2 '' October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 3.98 Khloé and Kim get into an argument , and Kim disinvites Khloé to the wedding . Kim thinks that Khloé is taking it too seriously , then Kim receives a surprise from her in Las Vegas . The wedding of Kim and Kris is shown . Guest includes Demi Lovato , Ciara , The - Dream , Lindsay Lohan , NBA players , Eva Longoria , Avril Lavigne , George Lopez , Larsa Pippen , and Mario Lopez . 70 16 `` Kendall 's Sweet 16 '' December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) 1.93 The Kardashians celebrate Kendall 's sweet 16 and Kendall gets her driver 's license . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 71 `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 2.85 Kris decides to pursue a DNA test to prove Khloé 's paternity . Kourtney angers Kim when she takes over relocating DASH & Bruce goes to extremes to get the family 's attention . 72 `` Momager Dearest '' May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 1.76 Kourtney takes her grudge against Kris to a new level . Kim wants payback after Bruce forces her to overcome her fear of spiders , and Kendall and Kylie start working for Seventeen magazine . 73 `` Everybody 's Wigging Out '' May 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) 2.21 Kim starts wearing wigs ; Rob hurts Bruce 's feelings when he says he never had a male role model growing up ; Kris gives in to road rage . 74 `` The Family That Plays Together '' June 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 10 ) 2.03 Bruce tries to get Kris to sign his son , Brandon , to her music - management company ; Kourtney rebuffs Scott 's romantic gestures ; Kris attempts to get the whole family to play tennis . 75 5 `` The Man In The Memoir '' June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 2.51 Kris runs into the man she had an affair with more than 20 years ago and considers arranging a meeting with him . Meanwhile , Kim and Scott hang out together , much to Kourtney 's dismay ; and Kendall and Kylie ruin their mom 's carpet . 76 6 `` The Dominican Republic -- Part 1 '' June 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 24 ) 3.48 The family 's Dominican Republic vacation gets off to a rocky start when Kourtney causes herself , Kim and Scott to miss their flight . Meanwhile , Bruce is still at odds with Scott for ditching him at the race track . 77 7 `` The Dominican Republic -- Part 2 '' July 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) 3.67 While still in the Dominican Republic , Kris wakes up with a mysterious medical condition , and Scott begins to feel like an outcast . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie decide to film a family music video . 78 8 `` Sometimes You Need to Adjust -- Part 1 '' July 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) 2.52 Khloé returns to Los Angeles and deals with increasing demands from her family to spend time with them . Meanwhile , Scott tries to behave when he attends a sweet 16 birthday party in New York ; and Bruce tries to reconnect with Kendall and Kylie . 79 9 `` Sometimes You Need to Adjust -- Part 2 '' July 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) 2.59 Kim is reluctant to talk about her relationship with Kanye West ; Khloé continues to feel pressure from her family and must decide whether to travel to New York and attend the opening of Scott 's restaurant . 80 10 `` The Royal Treatment '' July 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) 2.92 Scott wants to become royalty on a trip to London and believes he has become a Lord -- but fails to realize if he wants respect , he has to give respect . Meanwhile , Kim fills her time in London with public appearances and starts to neglect her bestie Jonathan -- who finally confronts her . Plus , Bruce reveals a darker side of his personality when he , Kris and Khloé take a trip to Boston . 81 11 `` Affairs of the Everhart '' July 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) 2.53 Rob moves back in with Khloé and Lamar . Kris thinks Bruce is cheating on her . Rob and Khloé have a fight over him storing his things at her place . Kris decides to meet up with Todd Waterman . 82 12 `` Parent Trapped '' July 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 29 ) 3.03 Kris can not prove her innocence to Bruce after meeting up with Todd Waterman . After years of not going Khloé makes Lamar go to the dentist and Lamar ends up wanting to go to the dentist every day . Rob thinks he is losing his hair so he buys a laser hair growth tool . 83 13 `` Mothers And Daughters '' August 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 05 ) 3.00 The girls urge Kris to visit her sick mother in San Diego . Kourtney investigates water birth . Bruce checks into a sleep clinic . 84 14 `` Tales From the Kardashian Krypt '' August 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 19 ) 2.74 Kim and Khloé buy Mason a fish . Kris tells the family that she wants to plan her funeral . Kim gets upset when she finds out that Khloé would be Mason 's guardian if anything happened to Kourtney and Scott . 85 15 `` Kardashian Therapy -- Part 1 '' August 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 26 ) 3.37 Oprah comes to the house to interview the family . Kim 's desire to explore life as an individual threatens her sisters . Rob breaks down during a family therapy session . 86 16 `` Kardashian Therapy -- Part 2 '' September 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 02 ) 2.54 Conclusion . Kim tries to work out issues with her sisters . Kendall and Kylie ask to be homeschooled . Kim joins Khloé and Lamar on a trip to Queens . 87 17 `` Cuts Both Ways '' September 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 09 ) 3.03 Kris goes to get her breast implants replaced while Scott considers a vasectomy after finding out Kourtney wants more children . Kim and Khloé visit a fertility clinic . 88 18 `` Baby , Baby , Baby '' September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 3.56 In the Season Finale , the family welcomes Kourt 's new baby into the world ; Khloé looks into why she can not conceive . Kim freezes her eggs . 89 19 `` Dishing It Out '' October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 1.46 The Kardashians show never before seen footage and share some of their favorite moments from the series . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 90 `` We 're Having a Baby '' June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 3.02 In the season eight premiere , Kim learns the sex of her baby . 91 `` Enough is Enough '' June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 2.46 Rumors surrounding Kris has risen , which leads Khloé , Kim and Kourtney to help their mother through it all . Rob has gained some weight , and Kim steps in to assist him in slimming down . Brody begins to open up about his issues with Bruce . 92 `` Agree to Disagree '' June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) 2.13 While working out the details of her divorce , Kim is rushed to the hospital with a health issue . Bruce and Kris disagree regarding having guns in the home . 93 `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) 2.28 Bruce deals with his hearing loss . Scott learns of a woman with cancer who wants to meet him . Khloé and Lamar bring a puppy to the family and Kris is concerned that she might have a stalker . 94 5 `` I Will Fix You '' June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) 2.34 Kris notices the difference in Rob and works to fix things . Khloé acts as the mediator to try and fix Kylie and Kendall 's relationship . Scott faces his fears in order to advance his racing career . 95 6 `` Some Moms Just Wanna Have Fun '' July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) 2.55 Kim and Kourtney spend time discussing babies , which leaves Khloé feeling left out . Leah encounters some issues while completing her and Brandon 's newest single . Kris deals with more problems regarding her bladder . Kris and Khloé tee - pee Kim 's house . 96 7 `` Home Is Where Your Mom Is '' July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 2.54 Kim learns that the renovation on her new home will not be complete by the time her baby is born . Bruce and Brandon get competitive . Scott offers to help Kim prepare for her baby , which bothers Kourtney . 97 8 `` Greece Is The Word '' July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 2.67 Brody and Kris disagree over some things , which threatens to ruin the family trip to Greece . Khloé and Scott concoct a surprise for Kourtney . Kim receives more news regarding her divorce . 98 9 `` Greece Him Up '' July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 2.82 While in Greece , Kris gets overly - friendly with Brody , who finally confronts her about unfinished business . Meanwhile , Khloé and Kourtney decide to face their fears and make the vacation one to remember . 99 10 `` Opa ! '' August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 2.78 Scott arrives to the vacation with only one day remaining . Kendall becomes tired of feeling left out . Back in Calabasas , Bruce has an idea of installing a putting green at the house . 100 11 `` Life 's a Beach ( House ) '' August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 2.85 Brody and Brandon begin constructing the putting green at the house . Khloé does a acrobatic latex photoshoot for her husband . Kris shuts down Kendall 's idea of renting a beach house for the summer . 101 12 `` Kris 's Mother - In - Law '' August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 2.74 After visiting Bruce 's mother , Kris begins to worry . Kim helps Kylie start her fashion blog . The family collaborates on a surprise for Kris . 102 13 `` The Kardashian Chainsaw Massacre '' August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 2.24 Kim plans to get back at her judgmental family by secretly attempting to feed them placenta . Rob shocks everyone when he takes up chainsaw art in Khloé 's backyard . Jimmy Fallon 's jokes get under Bruce 's skin . 103 14 `` Backdoor Bruiser '' September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 2.31 Kris is confused when Kendall starts spending more time with the Jenner side of the family . The kids attempt to embarrass Bruce by recreating his and Kris 's lost sex tape . Khloé tries to figure out her memory issues . 104 15 `` Baby Shower Blues '' September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 1.79 Khloé and Kourtney are surprised when Kim reveals that she does not want to have a baby shower . Kylie and Kris devise a plan to get Bruce 's gun out of the house . Khloé feels self - conscious about her body . 105 16 `` More to the Story '' October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 2.26 After Khloé 's numerous attempts to conceive a child , Kim discusses the possibility of adoption with her . Kris thinks that Scott sold a scooter that she gave to him as a gift . Bruce trains Khloé 's dog without her knowledge . 106 17 `` Paparazzi & Papas '' October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 2.18 Growing tired of the constant presence of the paparazzi , Kim creates a plan to throw them off her trail once she goes into labor . Kourtney and Khloé attempt to set up a blind date for their grandma . 107 18 `` All Signs Point to North '' October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 2.28 Kim learns that she will be giving birth sooner than she thought . Kris continues to prepare for the baby . Bruce receives some wise words from Brody and Khloé attempts to restore peace within the family . 108 19 `` Close Encounters of the Kardashian Kind '' November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 1.94 Bruce takes the family out for a camping trip , and Khloé uses the trip to hunt for aliens . Kris is preparing to launch her talk show and asks for everyone 's support . 109 20 `` Kylie 's Sweet 16 '' November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 2.33 Kris is tasked with babysitting a pig . After Kris becomes overly controlling with Kylie 's birthday planning , this causes drama between the two and Kylie plans her birthday by herself . Rob and Khloé talk about their current living situation . 110 21 `` A Very Merry Christmas '' December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 1.96 The family celebrates Christmas by gathering together for the annual photo holiday card , and exchanging gifts . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 111 `` Loving and Letting Go '' January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 2.56 Bruce and Kris discuss their future while Khloé and Lamar 's relationship continues to decline . Kris and Bruce decide to separate , but not divorce , and the Jenner and Kardashian children acknowledge the effect that the separation will have on Kendall and Kylie . 112 `` How To Deal '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 Scott starts taking karate lessons . Khloé is displeased with an interview that took her words out of context . Kris tries to get Jonathan away from Kim . 113 `` And All That Jazzzzzzz '' January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 1.72 Rob tells Khloé that she has the option of moving in with him . Kris thinks about going on Broadway . Scott leaves for Las Vegas for a business trip , but when Kourtney sees an advertisement that says he 's hosting a party at a club in Las Vegas , she surprises him by traveling there , and finds out that he was lying about the business trip . Scott learns that while she does not expect a lot , Kourtney expects him to be honest . 114 `` A Surprise Engagement -- Part 1 '' February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 2.37 Kanye 's assistant tells Kris that Kanye has a surprise for Kim 's birthday . Kris is tired of having Kim take over her house , and Kendall and Kylie are tired of Kim making changes to the many comforts in it , and they confront Kim about it when they find out that she will be staying with them for months more , because the house will not be ready soon . Kourtney and Khloé get some revenge on Kim when she continues criticizing them on what they wear . 115 5 `` A Surprise Engagement -- Part 2 '' February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) 2.57 The family flies to San Francisco , where Kanye has set up a birthday surprise for Kim at AT&T Park . Everyone is shocked once Kanye proposes to Kim . Scott deals with his mother 's deteriorating health . 116 6 `` 2 Birthdays and A Yard Sale '' February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 2.07 Kourtney wants to have a Kardashian yard sale . Kendall starts planning for her 18th birthday celebration and Kris and Bruce clash when Kendall expresses her desire on moving out . Bruce feels that his upcoming birthday does not need to be acknowledged . 117 7 `` The Courage to Change '' March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 2.32 Khloé decides that she has to choose where she wants her relationship with Lamar to go . After having to deal with the news of his mother , Kourtney plans a vacation for her and Scott to help him with his parents ' deaths . Rob gets himself checked out from the doctor after his weight concerns the family . 118 8 `` Let It Go '' June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 2.42 The family begins to worry as Kourtney is showing a lack of emotions . Khloé 's house has sold and it 's time for her to move out . Kris tries to show Kim that she still has what it takes to be a good mom and manager . 119 9 `` Color Me Lonely '' June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 2.19 Now that Kris and Bruce do not live under the same roof , Kris reaches out to him because she feels he is getting lonely . Kourtney learns that Scott 's late parents have left a painting , which is thought to be an original Modigliani . 120 10 `` Doggy Blu 's '' June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 2.19 Scott sets up his own mobile office . Kendall finding her way in the modeling world by traveling finds it hard to take care of her dog , who ends up in Kris ' care . Khloé notices her negative influence towards her younger sisters and mother and tries to change . 121 11 `` The Vienna Incidents '' June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) 2.06 Kris and Kim arrive in Vienna . Kourtney wants the moving date to their new house to be as delayed as it can be . 122 12 `` Playing Dirty '' July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) 2.34 Khloé and Kim get competitive by taking part in a mud - run . Scott recruits in his helicopter plans , which are to put a helipad in his brand new house 's backyard . 123 13 `` Move It or Lose It '' July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 2.30 While Khloé anticipates her move , she realizes that she has been burglarized . Bruce encourages Brody for a golf tournament . Kourtney , Kim and Khloé head to the Big Apple to do a surprise DASH drop - by . 124 14 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 1 '' July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 2.29 Kourtney , Rob and Scott decide to miss the family vacation . Brody is put in an awkward situation because of Kim . Bruce and Kris find it hard to bond . 125 15 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 2 '' July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 2.50 Khloé becomes annoyed with the family . Kendall and Kylie prank their family by being ' missing ' . Brody seeks some revenge after the family continuously teases him . 126 16 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 3 '' August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 2.36 The family travels to a local orphanage , where Kim becomes close with a young girl . Brandon and Brody work to improve Khloé 's mood . 127 17 `` Design For Disaster '' August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 2.20 Kris hopes to end her mother 's crucial pains by giving her Medical cannabis . Scott ends up drunk yet again while on a trip to Miami . Khloé is willing to let Kourtney be her interior designer , but changes her mind once she realizes that her sister designs at a high price . 128 18 `` Secrets of a Double Life '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 2.43 When Kourtney and Kim discover that Khloé has been hanging out with a new crowd , they intend to dig deeper into her life . Kris and Kim 's arguments about Kim 's wedding causes her to move out and live with Kourtney . 129 19 `` Rocking the Cradle '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) 2.84 Kendall and Kylie published their new book `` Rebels '' . Kourtney tells Scott that she is pregnant again . Kris throws Kim a surprise wedding shower . 130 20 `` Kim 's Journey To The Altar '' September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 2.10 Kim prepares for her wedding to Kanye with friends and family . A problem arises with the bridesmaid dresses for Kourtney , Khloé , Kendall , and Kylie . The family travel to Paris and Florence , however , Rob decides not to attend the wedding , causing tension among the family . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 131 `` The New Normal '' March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 2.55 The Kardashian family struggle to cope with Kris and Bruce 's divorce , which is made even more difficult when a rumor that Bruce is rebounding with one of Kris 's best friends . 132 `` Someone Over The Cuckoo 's Nest '' March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 2.08 Kris finds it hard to be back in the dating scene after 25 years . Khloé has to deal with the aftermath of a controversial Instagram post . Kim fights fire with fire once she plans to recruit Kourtney for her video game . 133 `` The Carfather '' March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1.89 Kris is concerned she 's made a mistake by putting Kourtney in charge of her living will . Scott is accused of acting shady . Kim helps Bruce spend his money wisely . 134 `` No Retreat '' April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 1.84 Rob is in crisis and the family intervenes , but when Rob refuses help , Kris is at the end of her rope ; Khloé leads a Dash teambuilding retreat ; Kim learns that getting pregnant again might not be in the cards . 135 5 `` On The Road '' April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 1.79 Malika finds herself in the crossfire when Khloé ends her relationship with French Montana . After week of fighting , Kris forces Kylie to go on a mother - daughter bonding trip to San Diego . Kim talks at a Silicon Valley tech conference to prove that her skills extend beyond the world of beauty and fashion 136 6 `` Do n't Panic ! '' April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 2.22 Kim goes undercover to spy on the DASH , New York store in order to solve a theft problem . Kourtney does a photoshoot before it 's time for baby no . 3 . Scott convinces Kris to celebrate her birthday at a nightclub . 137 7 `` Special Delivery '' April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 2.07 Kim travels to Miami to promote her paper magazine cover shoot . Scott has to deal with anxiety over whether he is emotionally stable enough to deal with everything going on in his life . Kris 's suspicions about a stalker following the Kardashian family around is no longer a suspicion , but a fact . 138 8 `` Buggy Boo '' May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 1.93 Now that Kourtney has given birth to Reign , Scott spirals out of control which leads Khloé to get Bruce on his case . Kim and Khloé teach Kylie about all of the responsibilities that come with being a homeowner when she considers purchasing a $2.7 million mansion . 139 9 `` Lip Service '' May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 2.09 Kylie launches her first solo project , her hair extension line , but when the media asks her about her lips ; Kylie feels insecure when she reveals she had temporary lip fillers . Kim and Khloé decide to go to the doctors . When Scott hires Kourtney as an interior designer for the homes he is selling , he soon worries that he made a mistake when the lines between work and pleasure get blurred . 140 10 `` About Bruce -- Part 1 '' May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 2.92 Bruce opens up about becoming a woman to his family , Kris , Khloé and Kendall have a meltdown about Bruce 's transition . Kourtney worries about how it will affect her kids . 141 11 `` About Bruce -- Part 2 '' May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) 2.55 The family supports Bruce on his decision to transform into a woman , especially Kim . 142 12 `` Moons Over Montana '' May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 1.87 Kim plans a ski trip to Montana for the younger Kardashian clan . However when Kylie insists to be alone , Khloé attempts to connect with Kylie by doing all the athletic activities that Kylie usually does with Bruce . 143 13 `` In The Blink Of An Eye ... '' May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 2.37 The family prepares to look forward to Bruce 's transition to become a woman . Kris and Kendall make their way to France . 144 14 `` Mother Armenia '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.29 Khloé and Kim go on a trip to Armenia to learn more about their ancestors . Kourtney wants to discover why Kylie is acting distant . 145 15 `` It Feels Good To Be Home '' September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.66 Kanye plays a surprise public concert to say thank you to Armenia ; Kim arranges to have North baptized in Israel 's oldest Armenian Church ; Back in LA , everyone responds differently to having Caitlyn in their lives , with Kris taking it the hardest . 146 16 `` Vanity Unfair '' October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 1.61 Caitlyn comes out in her first big magazine interview and states things the family considers hurtful , Kim does her best to pick up the pieces ; Khloé has to decide how much emotional support she can afford to give to Lamar . 147 17 `` The Last Straw '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 1.70 In this season finale , Kourtney attempts to keep it together as Scott 's behavior spins out of control ; Khloé decides to meet face to face with Caitlyn to try to salvage their relationship ; Kris finally gives Corey boyfriend status . Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 148 `` That Was Then This Is Now '' November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 2.48 Kourtney and Scott break up ; the sisters try to find ways to deal with the aftermath of Caitlyn 's transition . Khloé does a very revealing photoshoot ... 149 `` The Price You Pay '' November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 1.55 Kourtney attempts to find a new status quo with Scott ; a business trip to Australia has Khloé thinking twice about how much she does for her sisters ; Kim and Kanye prepare to move back in with Kris . 150 `` Rites of Passage '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 1.98 Kris decides to throw an extra-special graduation party for Kendall and Kylie ; Kim 's pregnancy cravings take her halfway around the world , but it could be putting her at risk ; Khloé responds to a presence in her house by getting in touch with her psychic side . 151 `` All Grown Up '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 2.31 Kris has a reason to meet Caitlyn for the first time at Kylie 's 18th birthday ; Kim takes over Kris 's home in preparation for baby number two ; Khloé takes steps to move forward . 152 5 `` Lions and Tigers and Texts '' December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 2.05 After moving forward with her divorce , Khloé seeks solace in Mexico City at the big cat rescue foundation with Kendall ; Kris has on her own separate correspondence with Lamar ; Kylie makes her first appearance as an adult in a club in Montreal . 153 6 `` Non-Bon Voyage '' December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 1.89 The family flies to St. Barths to forget their troubles , but drama follows them ; Kourtney gets disturbing news about Scott ; Kendall has beef with Kylie for bringing her boyfriend Tyga ; Kris struggles to get back on Kim and Khloe 's good side . 154 7 `` Return From Paradise '' January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) 2.54 Kendall feels neglected when Kylie continues to give Tyga all her attention . Kim and Khloe make it their mission to make Kourtney feel good . An unexpected visit from Scott triggers a whirlwind of emotions when the family finally sits down with Scott to discuss the mistakes he made . 155 8 `` The Big Launch '' January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 2.05 The Kardashian and Jenner girls travel to New York to launch their new apps . 156 9 `` Fear of the Unknown '' January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 2.15 Kris wants the girls to take a genetic test to know their risks for cancer , but not everyone is on board ; Kendall has a hard time finding a balance in her relationship with Caitlyn ; the family helps Scott as he hits a low point . 157 10 `` Miscommunication '' January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 1.99 Kris decides the family needs Communication Therapy ; Kylie is ready to celebrate her new home but her family 's bossy ways get in the way of her plans ; Khloé struggles to finish her book . 158 11 `` The Great Kris '' January 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.89 Kim leads the planning for a grand 60th birthday party for Kris but is afraid she may have taken on too much at nine months pregnant ; Scott finally goes into rehab , but only time will tell if he is ready to change . 159 12 `` Family First '' February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 1.69 The girls remake a legendary family video for Kris 's epic 60th birthday bash ; Khloé has a hard time finding a balance between supporting Lamar and returning to her daily life ; Kendall gets an amazing opportunity . 160 13 `` Unforeseen Future '' February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 1.90 Kim learns that her house construction is delayed even further , leaving her living situation in limbo ; Scott comes back from rehab ready to prove he is a changed man ; Kylie confronts Kendall about being a team . Season 12 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 161 `` Out With the Old , In With the New '' May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 3.19 News that Rob is dating Tyga 's ex is met with shock from the family . Meanwhile , Khloé rearranges her life to make sure that Lamar has proper care and a house of his own ; Scott hopes some lifestyle changes could win Kourtney back ; at the same time , Kourtney tries to embrace this new chapter of her life . 162 `` A New York Family Affair '' May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 1.56 Kanye takes some of the whole family to New York for the launch of Yeezy Season 3 . Lamar decides to go with the family making his first public outing . He is met with cheers from the crowd . Khloé and Caitlyn start to resolve their feud . 163 `` Significant Others and Significant Brothers '' May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 1.77 Khloé is shocked when she learns Rob has a house of his own and questions Kris into whether she was responsible for buying it . Rob returns and moves into his new home with support from the rest of the family except Khloé . The family start to notice Kourtney 's diva ways especially since appearing on the cover of Architectural Digest . Kim also notices her budding friendship with Corey and confronts her about it . 164 `` All About Meme '' May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 1.55 The girls start to make peace with Rob 's new relationship , but feelings get hurt when Rob starts making jokes on social media . Meanwhile Kris and Kim reach their breaking points as housemates and Kendall struggles with feeling left out . 165 5 `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 1.78 Kendall , Kylie and Khloé get prosthetic makeovers in hopes of having a normal day out ; Scott feels insecure about his place in the family ; Kris resists Corey 's idea of fun . 166 6 `` The Kardashian Curse '' June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 1.53 Khloé travels to Napa with Kourtney and Kris , where she needs to make a decision about her divorce ; Scott tries to rid himself of the alleged Kardashian Curse . 167 7 `` Snow You Did n't -- Part 1 '' June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 1.27 Kris surprises the family with a Vail , Colo. vacation ; the family learns that Rob has proposed to Blac Chyna ; Kourtney worries about Scott 's behavior . 168 8 `` Snow You Did n't ! -- Part 2 '' June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 1.23 The family continues their vacation in Vail , while taking in the news of Rob 's engagement ; Scott tries to stay on his best behavior for the rest of the trip . 169 9 `` Oh Baby ! '' July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) 1.51 After the announcement of his engagement , Rob has another piece of news that will change the family forever ; Kylie struggles with anxiety from being in the spotlight . 170 10 `` Iced Out '' July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 1.44 Kim feels like she is being pulled in different directions as she tries to cater to both her sister and her husband during a trip ; Scott tries to decide if he should surprise Kourtney by showing up in Iceland . 171 11 `` Got MILF ? '' July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 1.37 Kim feels that Kanye is constantly misunderstood and unfairly vilified and ca n't decide whether to publicly take a stand for him ; Kim prepares for her sexy cameo in Fergie 's music video . 172 12 `` Havana Good Day '' July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.39 The girls head off on an unforgettable trip to the once - restricted country of Cuba ; Kourtney fights with family members ; Kris loses it when she ca n't speak to the girls overseas . 173 13 `` Havana Good Night '' August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.17 The Kardashian trip to Cuba continues . A disagreement results from Kim 's commitment to her work engagements on Mother 's Day ; Scott comes down with a major case of FOMO ; and tensions rise over Kylie 's Puma endorsement . 174 14 `` The Digital Rage '' August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.43 Drama between Rob and the family flares up when Chyna launches an app they find questionable ; Scott is on a mission to prove that Kourtney 's allergies are n't real . 175 15 `` Blood , Sweat , and Fears '' August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 0.866 When Kris sees Khloé is struggling , she urges Rob to reconnect with his sister ; Kourtney worries that she will give Scott mixed messages ; Kris pushes herself too far in order to keep up with her daughters ' workouts . 176 16 `` Love at First Fight '' September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 1.52 When Rob and Chyna get in a fight , it 's up to the sisters to help repair their relationship ; the family tries to give Khloé a good birthday ; and Kourtney is nervous when she has to do a press tour all by herself . 177 17 `` Khloé 's New Breast Friends '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 1.45 Kim upsets her mother after helping Cait get ready for the ESPY awards ; Khloe tests out her new features ; Scott finds a healthier way to keep himself busy . 178 18 `` Lord Disick Returns '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 1.10 MJ 's birthday is celebrated , but Rob does n't show up and disappears after a fight with Chyna ; The Kardashians want Scott to have more fun , which leads to the return of `` Lord Disick '' ; Kim has trouble doing North 's hair . 179 19 `` Lord of the Cougars '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1.12 Kendall 's sleep paralysis takes a toll on work and travel ; Kim tries to control her anxiety ; Scott becomes friends with Kris and her girlfriends . 180 20 `` Controversies & Legacies '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1.22 Kim is trying anything for a third child ; Kendall is afraid of backlash from supporting stricter gun control ; Kris has a hard time realizing her mother wo n't be around forever . She sets up an interview where she and her kids ask her mother questions . Kris breaks down . 181 21 `` No Good Deeds '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1.14 A baby shower is planned for Rob and Chyna , but a fight ruins the occasion ; Kris gets in a car accident . Season 13 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 182 `` Time to Dash '' March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1.48 During a trip to Miami , a major department store makes an offer to purchase Dash ; Kourtney struggles to enjoy herself while in Scott 's presence ; Khloe keeps Kim in the dark about her new relationship . 183 `` Paris '' March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1.58 Kourtney is eager to experience Paris Fashion Week with Kim and see Kendall walk the runway for the first time , but their trip to the city of light takes a dark turn when Kim is robbed at gunpoint . 184 `` The Aftermath '' March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1.41 In the aftermath of Paris , Kim struggles to cope with frightening reminders of the robbery , Kendall wrestles with her decision to prosecute an unstable trespasser and Kris makes it her mission to heighten security for the entire family . 185 `` Kim 's Last Ditch Effort '' April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 1.16 Kim undergoes one final procedure on her uterus in an attempt to carry another baby , but suffers from dangerous complications ; Khloe worries about her business successes ; Rob must learn to ignore criticism from his family . 186 5 `` When It Rains , It Pours -- Part 1 '' April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 1.26 Kim begins to ease back into her public life , but is blindsided by some upsetting news about Kanye ; Khloe is pressured to mend her strained relationship with Cait ; the family speculates about Kourtney and Scott ; Rob welcomes his first baby . 187 6 `` When It Rains , It Pours -- Part 2 '' April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 1.17 After receiving some troubling news about Kanye while in New York for the Angel Ball , Kim rushes home to his aid ; Kendall worries that a bad review from Vogue could jeopardize her modeling career ; Khloe clashes with Malika over priorities . 188 7 `` The Ex Files '' April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 1.47 After a fight between Rob and Chyna , the sisters feel a duty to protect their brother ; Kris tries to rebuild her relationship with Cait ; Kim tries to convince Khloe to hold onto her old mementos by making an ex-box 189 8 `` Guilt Trip '' April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 1.34 Scott becomes devasted when he hears a rumor about Kourtney ; Kim returns to work and fears she might not be cut out for her public lifestyle ; Kendall gets upset with Caitlyn when her efforts to spend time with her dad are taken for granted . 190 9 `` Family Trippin ' -- Part 1 '' May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 1.25 The family is surprised that Kourtney is allowing Scott on the family trip to Costa Rica , but when the sisters discover Scott has invited a girl to join him in Costa Rica , they decide it 's about time for Kourtney to confront the father of her children . 191 10 `` Family Trippin ' -- Part 2 '' May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.37 After the family confronts Scott about his unwelcome guest in Costa Rica , Kourtney must inform him that he 's ruined any chance of them ever getting back together . Meanwhile , Khloe is fed up with her family 's bad attitude . 192 11 `` Classic Cars and Vintage Eggs '' May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 1.33 Kim and Kourtney force Khloe to take a sentimental sister trip to Palm Springs to relive some of their fondest childhood memories . Meanwhile , Rob meets with a life coach to save his failing relationship ; and Kris receives an outrageous proposition from a royal family for her eggs . 193 12 `` Decisions , Decisions '' May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.97 Rob struggles to find a way to be civil with Chyna for the sake of their daughter ; Khloe puts Kourtney through a series of silly tests in hopes of curing her indecisiveness ; and Kim jets to New York with Kylie for Kanye 's Yeezy fashion show . 194 13 `` Loyalties and Royalties '' June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 1.43 Kim becomes torn over maintaining a relationship with Cait ; she confirms that her mom 's reasons for cutting ties is valid ; Kendall introduces her sisters to the first openly gay royal ; Rob implements his own time of the month . 195 14 `` Sister Surrogacy '' June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 1.40 Khloe explores the possibility of becoming Kim 's surrogate but receives some shocking news in the process ; the sisters pressure Kourtney to step up her flirting game ; Rob threatens to bail on his 30th birthday . Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 196 `` Cleveland Show '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.44 Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé 's private life in Cleveland . Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project . The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news . 197 `` MILFs Gone Wild '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.40 Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday . Meanwhile Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet . 198 `` Cheers To That '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.26 Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico . Khloé 's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother - daughter bonding . Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life . 199 `` Clothes Quarters '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1.13 Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall . Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé 's wardrobe . 200 5 `` Catch Me If You Cannes '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.89 Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney 's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest . Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant . The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood . 201 6 `` Fan - Friction '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.15 Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan . The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes . Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change . 202 7 `` Beauty Queen '' November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.01 Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line . Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude . Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan 's upcoming move to LA . 203 8 `` Close To Home '' November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 0.77 Kim is shocked to learn about the rising rate of homelessness in LA and sets out to bring awareness to the growing crisis . Meanwhile Kris hires a scribe to document her every word . 204 9 `` Dog Tired '' December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 0.96 Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection . Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo . Kim ca n't handle her rambunctious new puppy . 205 10 `` Baby One More Time '' December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.06 Kim gets some big news about the future of her family . The girls wonder if Kourtney sees a future with her current beau . Kim and Khloé compete to win Kris 's affection . 206 11 `` Press Pass '' December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.03 Khloé and Kourtney butt heads over the design of their fitness line . Kim thinks the family needs media training to learn to handle controversial topics . 207 12 `` My Mother 's Keeper '' January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.05 Khloé struggles to keep her explosive temper under control . Kris plants a secret tracking device on her mother and Kim wonders if Kourtney 's gluten - free diet is truly healthy . 208 13 `` Mime Over Matter '' January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.44 A guilt - ridden Kourtney must decide whether to take a trip to Egypt without her kids . Khloé recognizes that the stress of dealing with six kids is weighing on Kris , so she hires a mime to cheer her mom up . 209 14 `` Bun In The Oven '' January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 1.33 Khloé has some big news to share with her family , but her strained relationship with Corey threatens to overshadow the big reveal . Kris gets a complex about her sagging earlobes . 210 15 `` Diamonds Are Forever '' January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.16 Scott 's behavior takes a turn for the worse after he learns that Kourtney has a boyfriend . Kourtney struggles to find her career passion . Kris comes up with a creative way to preserve her memory long after she 's gone . 211 16 `` A Tangled Web '' February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 1.14 Kim fears for her surrogate 's safety when sources begin exposing her personal information . Kris keeps a watchful eye on Scott during Fashion Week . Kourtney deals with a scary infestation . 212 17 `` Kris Jenner 's Legacy '' February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 1.05 Scott sets out to make Kris a commemorative legacy video . Kendall 's anxiety strikes again right before Milan Fashion week . Khloé attempts to rebuild her friendship with Malika after a falling out . 213 18 `` Trimester Trouble '' February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 1.01 Khloé attempts to keep her pregnancy a secret while dealing with some complications . Kourtney questions whether she is done having children . Kris debuts a loud new hairdo . 214 19 `` The Gender Reveal '' March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 1.29 The girls take one last sister getaway to San Francisco before their babies arrive , but they quickly tire of Kourtney 's bad attitude . Kim wants to include her family in the surrogacy process . Khloé anxiously awaits news of her baby 's gender . Season 15 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 215 `` Photo Shoot Dispute '' August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 1.36 A fight about the family Christmas card escalates into a major family feud . Scott feels guilty for moving on to a new relationship with Sofia Richie . 216 `` The Art of the Prank '' August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) TBD Kim and Khloé try to get to the root of Kourtney 's bad attitude , which ignites another huge fight between the girls . Meanwhile Kim makes Kendall a promise she ca n't keep , and Khloe and Scott formulate an elaborate plan to prove Kris is n't the art expert she claims to be . 217 `` Drop Dead Gorgeous '' August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) TBD Kris worries that pregnant Khloe is taking her healthy lifestyle too far and putting her baby at risk . Meanwhile Scott 's business trip to Miami takes a wild turn , jeopardizing an exciting new business venture , and Kim takes her morbid fascination to the next level by studying mortuary cosmetology . 218 `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) TBD After an intense few weeks of fighting with her sisters , Kourtney considers spending the holidays away from her family . Meanwhile , Khloé hides from the critical public eye until her pregnancy announcement , and Kris fears she 's being poisoned . 219 5 TBA September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBD 220 6 TBA September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) TBD 221 7 TBA September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) TBD 222 8 TBA September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) TBD 223 9 TBA September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) TBD 224 10 TBA October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) TBD Season 16 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Specials ( edit ) No. of special Season aired in Title Aired between / after Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Junk in the Trunk '' `` New Perspective in New Orleans '' `` Free Khloé '' May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) N / A Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob share their favorite moments and outtakes from the series . 5 `` Junk in the Trunk 2 '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) N / A The Kardashians look back at their favorite moments from the series and view some previously - unaired footage . 7 `` Dishing It Out '' October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) N / A The Kardashians show never before seen footage and share some of their favorite moments from the series . 14 `` 10th Anniversary Special '' `` Sister Surrogacy '' `` Cleveland Show '' September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.26 Ryan Seacrest sits down with Kris , Kourtney , Kimberly , Khloe , Kendall and Kylie to reflect back on the most monumental events in their lives . 5 14 `` A Very Kardashian Holiday '' `` Close To Home '' `` Dog Tired November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.04 The Kardashians prepare for the holiday season bigger and better than ever before . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer `` Khloé Kardashian Odom and Lamar Odom Are in Couples Therapy '' People.com , November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , Rubicon , Mad Men , Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Records for True Blood + The Glades , Rubicon , Mad Men & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Glades Down a Little ; Rubicon , Mad Men Moreso '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Boise St. Vs. Va . Tech Dominates ; ' The Closer & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Get Bigger & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Sunday For Cable Ratings : True Blood , VMAs , Jersey Shore , Iron Chef , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Premieres ; ' Rubicon ' Still Struggling + The Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Falls ; ' Rubicon ' Stays Low + Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Mostly Stable ; ' Rubicon ' Still Tiny ; Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Plunges ; ' Rubicon ' Up ; Mad Men , Kardashians , MLB Playoffs & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardarshians Lead ; ' Mad Men ' Finale Up ; ' Rubicon ' Finale Down ; ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Sonny with a Chance ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardashians Finale Way Up ; Boardwalk Empire , Dexter , Swamp People & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Returns to Ratings Slip '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' True Blood ' & ' Falling Skies , ' + ' Kardashians , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Bounces Back , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Women 's World Cup , ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Slips , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' The Glades ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Shark Week , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Kardashians , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : 49ers / Steelers Powerful , Even With Outages + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' Ridiculousness , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumber ... Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - Who 's Your Daddy , Episode 1 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - Momager Dearest , Episode 2 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - Everybody 's Wigging Out , Episode 3 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals , ' Hatfields & McCoys ' ' WWE Raw ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - The Family That Plays Together , Episode 4 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Longmire ' , ' The Client List ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - The Man in the Memoir , Episode 5 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' + NASCAR & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - The Dominican Republic , Part One , Episode 6 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Glades ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - The Dominican Republic , Part Two , Episode 7 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' + ' True Blood ' , European Football , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - Sometimes You Need to Adjust , Episode 8 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Walking Dead Ma ... Jump up ^ Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episode Guide 2012 Season 7 - Sometimes You Need to Adjust : Part Two , Episode 9 TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bunheads , ' ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' & More - ... Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Breaking Bad ' Premiere , + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Very Funny News ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Falling Skies ' & Mo ... Jump up ^ Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` True Blood '' Tops Demos , `` Longmire '' Leads Viewers TheFutonCritic.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Political Animals ' , ' Longmire ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumb ... Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Leverage ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Fallling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Leverage ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings : HBO 's `` True Blood '' Wraps Season on Top TheFutonCritic.com Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : NASCAR Wins Night , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Married to Jonas ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Archived 2012 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Breaking Amish ' & More - Ratings ... Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Wins Night , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More ... Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Archived 2012 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + Sprint Cup Racing , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Skywire Live ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Sprint Cup ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' & ' Megalodon : The Monster Shark Lives ' Win Night , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Big , ' Talking Bad ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & ' Thursday Night Football : Special Edition ' Tie for Lead + ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Homeland , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Rules Again + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Killing Kennedy ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Soul Train Awards ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , NBA All Star Game , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Leads Night + World Cup Soccer , ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Witches of East End ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Going Clear ' , ' Killing Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : MLB Baseball & ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Top Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondologjy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.24. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' starts well for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' gets a ' Walking Dead ' bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Leftovers ' finale rises , ' Into the Badlands ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' on top , plus ' Jill & Jessa ' premiere , ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' rises with finale , ' Into the Badlands ' hits season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' rises in week 2 , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.31. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little lower , NBA All - Star Game up slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' steady , ' RHOA ' and ' Shameless ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` 3 - Day Ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Still Going Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-8-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-15-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-22-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-5-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-12-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-19-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-26-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-3-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-10-2016.html Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power ' Season 3 premiere sets a record for Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-31-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-7-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-21-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-Sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-28-2016.html Jump up ^ `` Showbuzz Dailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 9.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 10 30 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 11 6 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 11 13 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little , ' Feud ' slips '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday cable originals - network finals 4 2 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' ends with season high , ' Casey Anthony ' strong for ID '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' premiere improves , NBA playoffs dominate '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Silicon Valley ' suffers without ' Game of Thrones ' as lead - in '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' has decent premiere on Starz '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-7-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-14-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-21-2017.html Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' tops a down day '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/sunday-cable-ratings-june-4-2017// Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ties low , ' Claws ' has decent premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale steady ( but also down ) , NCLS on top again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.03. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episodes Spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Life of Kylie ( 2017 ) Related The Princes of Malibu ( 2005 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) Bromance ( 2008 ) Kris ( 2013 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 ) Kocktails with Khloé ( 2016 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Kingin ' with Tyga ( 2015 ) Hollywood Divas ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians_episodes&oldid=854593658 '' Categories : Keeping Up with the Kardashians Lists of American reality television series episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
keeping up with the kardashians house season 1
|
[] |
[] |
-3146086489669425417
|
Star formation
|
Star formation - wikipedia Star formation Jump to : navigation , search Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Accretion Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space , sometimes referred to as `` stellar nurseries '' or `` star - forming regions '' , collapse and form stars . As a branch of astronomy , star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium ( ISM ) and giant molecular clouds ( GMC ) as precursors to the star formation process , and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products . It is closely related to planet formation , another branch of astronomy . Star formation theory , as well as accounting for the formation of a single star , must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stellar nurseries 1.1 Interstellar clouds 1.2 Cloud collapse 2 Protostar 3 Observations 3.1 Notable pathfinder objects 4 Low mass and high mass star formation 5 See also 6 References Stellar nurseries ( edit ) Hubble telescope image known as Pillars of Creation , where stars are forming in the Eagle Nebula . Interstellar clouds ( edit ) A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars , stellar remnants , and a diffuse interstellar medium ( ISM ) of gas and dust . The interstellar medium consists of 10 to 10 particles per cm and is typically composed of roughly 70 % hydrogen by mass , with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium . This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime . Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds , or diffuse nebulae , where star formation takes place . In contrast to spirals , an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years , which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies . In the dense nebulae where stars are produced , much of the hydrogen is in the molecular ( H ) form , so these nebulae are called molecular clouds . Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low - mass stars , observed first in the infrared inside the clouds , then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate , while giant molecular clouds , which are generally warmer , produce stars of all masses . These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm , diameters of 100 light - years ( 9.5 × 10 km ) , masses of up to 6 million solar masses ( M ) , and an average interior temperature of 10 K . About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds , each with more than 100,000 M. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula , 1,300 ly ( 1.2 × 10 km ) away . However , lower mass star formation is occurring about 400 -- 450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex . A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules ; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok . These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently . The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses . They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars . Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars . Assembly of galaxy in early Universe . Cloud collapse ( edit ) An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force . Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem , which states that , to maintain equilibrium , the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy . If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it , the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse . The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass . The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud , but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses . This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars , which is the end product of a collapsing cloud . ALMA observations of the Orion Nebula complex provide insights into explosions at star birth . In triggered star formation , one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse . Molecular clouds may collide with each other , or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger , sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds . Alternatively , galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces . The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters . A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus . A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active , emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet . This can limit further star formation . Massive black holes ejecting radio - frequency - emitting particles at near - light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies . However , the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation . Likewise , a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud . Dwarf galaxy ESO 553 - 46 has one of the highest rates of star formation of the 1000 or so galaxies nearest to the Milky Way . As it collapses , a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner , until the fragments reach stellar mass . In each of these fragments , the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy . As the density increases , the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy . This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation . The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos . Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence , macroscopic flows , rotation , magnetic fields and the cloud geometry . Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud . Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud , and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse . Protostar ( edit ) Main article : Protostar LH 95 stellar nursery in Large Magellanic Cloud . A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated . This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation . However , the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation , and the energy must be removed through some other means . The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60 -- 100 K , and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent . Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud . During the collapse , the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first . This occurs when the density is about 10 g / cm . A core region , called the First Hydrostatic Core , forms where the collapse is essentially halted . It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem . The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core . Composite image showing young stars in and around molecular cloud Cepheus B . When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K , the thermal energy dissociates the H molecules . This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms . These processes absorb the energy of the contraction , allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities . After the density of infalling material has reached about 10 g / cm , that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape . The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further . This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse -- a state called hydrostatic equilibrium . When this accretion phase is nearly complete , the resulting object is known as a protostar . N11 , part of a complex network of gas clouds and star clusters within our neighbouring galaxy , the Large Magellanic Cloud . Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc . When the density and temperature are high enough , deuterium fusion begins , and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows ( but does not stop ) the collapse . Material comprising the cloud continues to `` rain '' onto the protostar . In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig - Haro objects . This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled , allowing the star to continue to form . When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops , the star is considered a pre -- main sequence star ( PMS star ) . The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction , as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars . The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung -- Russell ( H -- R ) diagram . The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached , and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin -- Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable . Stars with less than 0.5 M thereafter join the main sequence . For more massive PMS stars , at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium , following the Henyey track . Finally , hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star , and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away . This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star 's main sequence phase on the H -- R diagram . The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M or less . In high mass stars , the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution , much shorter , and the process is not so well defined . The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution . Protostar Protostar outburst - HOPS 383 ( 2015 ) . Observations ( edit ) The Orion Nebula is an archetypical example of star formation , from the massive , young stars that are shaping the nebula to the pillars of dense gas that may be the homes of budding stars . Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical . The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC . Often , these star - forming cocoons known as Bok globules , can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas . Early stages of a star 's life can be seen in infrared light , which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light . Observations from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters . Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184 , FSR 1190 , Camargo 14 , Camargo 74 , Majaess 64 , and Majaess 98 . Star - forming region S106 . The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near - IR extinction maps ( where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky ) , continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules ; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range . The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths , as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum . This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth 's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm , with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm . Even outside this range , atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used . Young stars ( purple ) revealed by X-ray inside the NGC 2024 star - forming region . X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars , since X-ray emission from these objects is 100 -- 100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main - sequence stars . The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory . For low - mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection , while for high - mass O and early B - type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds . Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas , making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds . X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star - forming regions , given that not all young stars have infrared excesses . X-ray observations have provided near - complete censuses of all stellar - mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud . The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy , but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature . Initial research indicates star - forming clumps start as giant , dense areas in turbulent gas - rich matter in young galaxies , live about 500 million years , and may migrate to the center of a galaxy , creating the central bulge of a galaxy . On February 21 , 2014 , NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in the universe . According to scientists , more than 20 % of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs , possible starting materials for the formation of life . PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang , are widespread throughout the universe , and are associated with new stars and exoplanets . Notable pathfinder objects ( edit ) MWC 349 was first discovered in 1978 , and is estimated to be only 1,000 years old . VLA 1623 -- The first exemplar Class 0 protostar , a type of embedded protostar that has yet to accrete the majority of its mass . Found in 1993 , is possibly younger than 10,000 years ( 1 ) . L1014 -- An incredibly faint embedded object representative of a new class of sources that are only now being detected with the newest telescopes . Their status is still undetermined , they could be the youngest low - mass Class 0 protostars yet seen or even very low - mass evolved objects ( like a brown dwarf or even an interstellar planet ) . ( 2 ) IRS 8 * -- The youngest known main sequence star in the Galactic Center region , discovered in August 2006 . It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old ( 3 ) . Low mass and high mass star formation ( edit ) Star - forming region Westerhout 40 and the Serpens - Aquila Rift - cloud filaments containing new stars fill the region . Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms . The theory of low - mass star formation , which is well - supported by a plethora of observations , suggests that low - mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds . As described above , the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar . For stars with masses higher than about 8 M , however , the mechanism of star formation is not well understood . Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material . In the past , it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses . Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar . Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form . There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks . Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally . Of these , perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion , which suggests that massive protostars are `` seeded '' by low - mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud , instead of simply from a small local region . Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass . See also ( edit ) Accretion Champagne flow model Chronology of the universe Formation and evolution of the Solar System Galaxy formation and evolution List of star - forming regions in the Local Group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stahler , S.W. & Palla , F. ( 2004 ) . The Formation of Stars . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40559 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , C.R. `` Nebula '' . World Book at NASA . World Book , Inc . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . 195 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65065 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dupraz , C. ; Casoli , F. ( June 4 -- 9 , 1990 ) . `` The Fate of the Molecular Gas from Mergers to Ellipticals '' . Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions : Proceedings of the 146th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union . Paris , France : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Bibcode : 1991IAUS ... 146 ... 373D . Jump up ^ Lequeux , James ( 2013 ) . Birth , Evolution and Death of Stars . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4508 - 77 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williams , J.P. ; Blitz , L. ; McKee , C.F. ( 2000 ) . `` The Structure and Evolution of Molecular Clouds : from Clumps to Cores to the IMF '' . Protostars and Planets IV . p. 97 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9902246 . Bibcode : 2000prpl. conf ... 97W . Jump up ^ Alves , J. ; Lada , C. ; Lada , E. ( 2001 ) . Tracing H Via Infrared Dust Extinction . Cambridge University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78224 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sanders , D.B. ; Scoville , N.Z. ; Solomon , P.M. ( 1985 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Giant molecular clouds in the Galaxy . II -- Characteristics of discrete features '' . Astrophysical Journal , Part 1 . 289 : 373 -- 387 . Bibcode : 1985ApJ ... 289 ... 373S . doi : 10.1086 / 162897 . Jump up ^ Sandstrom , Karin M. ; Peek , J.E.G. ; Bower , Geoffrey C. ; Bolatto , Alberto D. ; Plambeck , Richard L. ( 2007 ) . `` A Parallactic Distance of 389 − 21 + 24 ( \ displaystyle 389_ ( - 21 ) ^ ( + 24 ) ) Parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 667 ( 2 ) : 1161 . arXiv : 0706.2361 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 667.1161 S . doi : 10.1086 / 520922 . Jump up ^ Wilking , B.A. ; Gagné , M. ; Allen , L.E. `` Star Formation in the ρ Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud '' . In Bo Reipurth . Handbook of Star Forming Regions , Volume II : The Southern Sky ASP Monograph Publications . arXiv : 0811.0005 . Bibcode : 2008hsf2. book ... 351W . Jump up ^ Khanzadyan , T. ; Smith , M.D. ; Gredel , R. ; Stanke , T. ; Davis , C.J. ( February 2002 ) . `` Active star formation in the large Bok globule CB 34 '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 383 ( 2 ) : 502 -- 518 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 383 ... 502K . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20011531 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Lee ( 2000 ) . Accretion Processes in Star Formation . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78520 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( 2004 ) . The Origin of Stars . Imperial College Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 501 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Witnesses Assembly of Galaxies in the Early Universe for the First Time '' . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwok , Sun ( 2006 ) . Physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium . University Science Books . pp. 435 -- 437 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 46 - 7 . Jump up ^ Battaner , E. ( 1996 ) . Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43747 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Captures Dramatic Stellar Fireworks '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jog , C.J. ( August 26 -- 30 , 1997 ) . `` Starbursts Triggered by Cloud Compression in Interacting Galaxies '' . In Barnes , J.E. ; Sanders , D.B. Proceedings of IAU Symposium # 186 , Galaxy Interactions at Low and High Redshift . Kyoto , Japan . Bibcode : 1999IAUS ... 186 ... 235J . Jump up ^ Keto , Eric ; Ho , Luis C. ; Lo , K. - Y. ( December 2005 ) . `` M82 , Starbursts , Star Clusters , and the Formation of Globular Clusters '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 635 ( 2 ) : 1062 -- 1076 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508519 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 635.1062 K . doi : 10.1086 / 497575 . Jump up ^ Gralla , Meg ; et al. ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` A measurement of the millimetre emission and the Sunyaev -- Zel'dovich effect associated with low - frequency radio sources '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Oxford University Press . 445 ( 1 ) : 460 -- 478 . arXiv : 1310.8281 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 445 ... 460G . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu1592 . Jump up ^ van Breugel , Wil ; et al. ( November 2004 ) . T. Storchi - Bergmann ; L.C. Ho ; Henrique R. Schmitt , eds . The Interplay among Black Holes , Stars and ISM in Galactic Nuclei . Cambridge University Press . pp. 485 -- 488 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0406668 . Bibcode : 2004IAUS ... 222 ... 485V . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921304002996 . Jump up ^ `` Size can be deceptive '' . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . pp. 198 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65937 - X . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Lee ( 2000 ) . Accretion Processes in Star Formation . Cambridge University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78520 - 0 . Jump up ^ Li , Hua - bai ; Dowell , C. Darren ; Goodman , Alyssa ; Hildebrand , Roger ; Novak , Giles ( 2009 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Anchoring Magnetic Field in Turbulent Molecular Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 704 ( 2 ) : 891 . arXiv : 0908.1549 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 704 ... 891L . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 704 / 2 / 891 . Jump up ^ Ballesteros - Paredes , J. ; Klessen , R.S. ; Mac Low , M. - M. ; Vazquez - Semadeni , E. `` Molecular Cloud Turbulence and Star Formation '' . In Reipurth , B. ; Jewitt , D. ; Keil , K. Protostars and Planets V. pp. 63 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2654 - 0 . Jump up ^ Longair , M.S. ( 2008 ) . Galaxy Formation ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . p. 478 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 73477 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Richard B. ( 1969 ) . `` Numerical calculations of the dynamics of collapsing proto - star '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 145 ( 3 ) : 271 . Bibcode : 1969MNRAS. 145 ... 271L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 145.3. 271 . Jump up ^ Salaris , Maurizio ( 2005 ) . Cassisi , Santi , ed . Evolution of stars and stellar populations . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 09220 - 3 . Jump up ^ C. Hayashi ( 1961 ) . `` Stellar evolution in early phases of gravitational contraction '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan . 13 : 450 -- 452 . Bibcode : 1961PASJ ... 13 ... 450H . Jump up ^ L.G. Henyey ; R. Lelevier ; R.D. Levée ( 1955 ) . `` The Early Phases of Stellar Evolution '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 67 ( 396 ) : 154 . Bibcode : 1955PASP ... 67 ... 154H . doi : 10.1086 / 126791 . Jump up ^ B.J. Bok & E.F. Reilly ( 1947 ) . `` Small Dark Nebulae '' . Astrophysical Journal . 105 : 255 . Bibcode : 1947ApJ ... 105 ... 255B . doi : 10.1086 / 144901 . Yun , Joao Lin ; Clemens , Dan P. ( 1990 ) . `` Star formation in small globules -- Bart BOK was correct '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 365 : L73 . Bibcode : 1990ApJ ... 365L ... 73Y . doi : 10.1086 / 185891 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Robert A. ; Churchwell , E. ; Babler , Brian L. ; Bania , T.M. ; Clemens , Dan P. ; Cohen , Martin ; Dickey , John M. ; Indebetouw , Rémy ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` GLIMPSE . I. An SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 115 ( 810 ) : 953 -- 964 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0306274 . Bibcode : 2003PASP ... 115 ... 953B . doi : 10.1086 / 376696 . Jump up ^ `` Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Majaess , D. ( 2013 ) . Discovering protostars and their host clusters via WISE , ApSS , 344 , 1 ( VizieR catalog ) Jump up ^ Camargo et al. ( 2015 ) . New Galactic embedded clusters and candidates from a WISE Survey , New Astronomy , 34 Jump up ^ Getman , K. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Core - Halo Age Gradients and Star Formation in the Orion Nebula and NGC 2024 Young Stellar Clusters '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 787 ( 2 ) : 109 . arXiv : 1403.2742 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 787 ... 109G . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 787 / 2 / 109 . Jump up ^ Preibisch , T. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The Origin of T Tauri X-Ray Emission : New Insights from the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 160 ( 2 ) : 401 -- 422 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0506526 . Bibcode : 2005ApJS ... 160 ... 401P . doi : 10.1086 / 432891 . Jump up ^ Feigelson , E.D. ; Decampli , W.M. ( 1981 ) . `` Observations of X-ray emission from T - Tauri stars '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 243 : L89 -- L93 . Bibcode : 1981ApJ ... 243L ... 89F . doi : 10.1086 / 183449 . Jump up ^ Montmerle , T. ; et al. ( 1983 ) . `` Einstein observations of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud - an X-ray Christmas tree '' . Astrophysical Journal , Part 1 . 269 : 182 -- 201 . Bibcode : 1983ApJ ... 269 ... 182M . doi : 10.1086 / 161029 . Jump up ^ Feigelson , E.D. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Overview of the Massive Young Star - Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-Ray ( MYStIX ) Project '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 209 ( 2 ) : 26 . arXiv : 1309.4483 . Bibcode : 2013ApJS ... 209 ... 26F . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 209 / 2 / 26 . Jump up ^ Getman , K.V. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project : Observations and Source Lists '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 160 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 352 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0410136 . Bibcode : 2005ApJS ... 160 ... 319G . doi : 10.1086 / 432092 . Jump up ^ Güdel , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The XMM - Newton extended survey of the Taurus molecular cloud ( XEST ) '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 468 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 377 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0609160 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 468 ... 353G . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20065724 . Jump up ^ `` Young Star - Forming Clump in Deep Space Spotted for First Time '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Rachel ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Need to Track Organic Nano - Particles Across the Universe ? NASA 's Got an App for That '' . NASA . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , M.A. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` A Chandra Observation of the Obscured Star - forming Complex W40 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 725 ( 2 ) : 2485 -- 2506 . arXiv : 1010.5434 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 725.2485 K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 725 / 2 / 2485 . Jump up ^ André , Ph. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF : Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518 : L102 . arXiv : 1005.2618 . Bibcode : 2010A&A ... 518L. 102A . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201014666 . Jump up ^ M.G. Wolfire ; J.P. Cassinelli ( 1987 ) . `` Conditions for the formation of massive stars '' . Astrophysical Journal . 319 ( 1 ) : 850 -- 867 . Bibcode : 1987ApJ ... 319 ... 850W . doi : 10.1086 / 165503 . Jump up ^ C.F. McKee ; J.C. Tan ( 2002 ) . `` Massive star formation in 100,000 years from turbulent and pressurized molecular clouds '' . Nature . 416 ( 6876 ) : 59 -- 61 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0203071 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 416 ... 59M . doi : 10.1038 / 416059a . PMID 11882889 . Jump up ^ R. Banerjee ; R.E. Pudritz ( 2007 ) . `` Massive star formation via high accretion rates and early disk - driven outflows '' . Astrophysical Journal . 660 ( 1 ) : 479 -- 488 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0612674 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 660 ... 479B . doi : 10.1086 / 512010 . Jump up ^ I.A. Bonnell ; M.R. Bate ; C.J. Clarke ; J.E. Pringle ( 1997 ) . `` Accretion and the stellar mass spectrum in small clusters '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 285 ( 1 ) : 201 -- 208 . Bibcode : 1997MNRAS. 285 ... 201B . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 285.1. 201 . Jump up ^ I.A. Bonnell ; M.R. Bate ( 2006 ) . `` Star formation through gravitational collapse and competitive accretion '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 370 ( 1 ) : 488 -- 494 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0604615 . Bibcode : 2006MNRAS. 370 ... 488B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2006. 10495. x . Jump up ^ I.A. Bonnell ; M.R. Bate ; H. Zinnecker ( 1998 ) . `` On the formation of massive stars '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 298 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9802332 . Bibcode : 1998MNRAS. 298 ... 93B . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 8711.1998. 01590. x . Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification O WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal GND : 4057364 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_formation&oldid=811459964 '' Categories : Star formation Stellar astronomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 19 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
a glowing cloud of hot interstellar gas inside of which stars are being formed is called a(n)
|
[
"A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, stellar remnants, and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10−4 to 106 particles per cm3 and is typically composed of roughly 70% hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime. Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds, or diffuse nebulae,[2] where star formation takes place.[3] In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies.[4]"
] |
[
"diffuse nebulae"
] |
-2595936725128127162
|
East India Company
|
East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English patna pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=807817739 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 08 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who established the first trade settlement of the english in india
|
[] |
[] |
9208310679756552398
|
Computer
|
Computer - wikipedia Computer Jump to : navigation , search `` Computer system '' redirects here . For other uses , see Computer ( disambiguation ) and Computer system ( disambiguation ) . Computer Computers and computing devices from different eras A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming . Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations , called programs . These programs enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks . Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices . This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls , factory devices such as industrial robots and computer - aided design , and also general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones . Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices . Since ancient times , simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations . Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks , such as guiding patterns for looms . More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century . The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II . The speed , power , and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then . Conventionally , a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) , and some form of memory . The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations , and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information . Peripheral devices include input devices ( keyboards , mice , joystick , etc . ) , output devices ( monitor screens , printers , etc . ) , and input / output devices that perform both functions ( e.g. , the 2000s - era touchscreen ) . Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-20th century 2.2 First computing device 2.3 Analog computers 2.4 Digital computers 2.4. 1 Electromechanical 2.4. 2 Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits 2.5 Modern computers 2.5. 1 Concept of modern computer 2.5. 2 Stored programs 2.5. 3 Transistors 2.5. 4 Integrated circuits 2.6 Mobile computers 3 Types 3.1 Based on uses 3.2 Based on sizes 4 Hardware 4.1 History of computing hardware 4.2 Other hardware topics 4.3 Input devices 4.4 Output devices 4.5 Control unit 4.6 Central processing unit ( CPU ) 4.7 Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) 4.8 Memory 4.9 Input / output ( I / O ) 4.10 Multitasking 4.11 Multiprocessing 5 Software 5.1 Languages 5.2 Application Software 5.3 Programs 5.3. 1 Stored program architecture 5.3. 2 Machine code 5.3. 3 Programming language 5.3. 3.1 Low - level languages 5.3. 3.2 High - level languages / third generation language 5.3. 4 Fourth - generation languages 5.3. 5 Program design 5.3. 6 Bugs 6 Firmware 7 Networking and the Internet 8 Unconventional computers 9 Unconventional computing 10 Future 10.1 Computer architecture paradigms 10.2 Artificial intelligence 11 Professions and organizations 12 See also 13 References 14 Notes 15 External links Etymology A computer , with microscope and calculator , 1952 According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first known use of the word `` computer '' was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait : `` I haue ( sic ) read the truest computer of Times , and the best Arithmetician that euer ( sic ) breathed , and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number . '' This usage of the term referred to a human computer , a person who carried out calculations or computations . The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century . From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning , a machine that carries out computations . The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of `` computer '' in the `` 1640s , ( meaning ) `` one who calculates , '' ; this is an `` ... agent noun from compute ( v . ) '' . The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean `` calculating machine '' ( of any type ) is from 1897 . '' The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the `` modern use '' of the term , to mean `` programmable digital electronic computer '' dates from `` ... 1945 under this name ; ( in a ) theoretical ( sense ) from 1937 , as Turing machine '' . History Main article : History of computing hardware Pre-20th century The Ishango bone Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years , mostly using one - to - one correspondence with fingers . The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick . Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi ( clay spheres , cones , etc . ) which represented counts of items , probably livestock or grains , sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers . The use of counting rods is one example . The Chinese Suanpan ( 算盘 ) ( the number represented on this abacus is 6,302,715,408 ) The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks . The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC . Since then , many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented . In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table , and markers moved around on it according to certain rules , as an aid to calculating sums of money . The ancient Greek - designed Antikythera mechanism , dating between 150 and 100 BC , is the world 's oldest analog computer . The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog `` computer '' , according to Derek J. de Solla Price . It was designed to calculate astronomical positions . It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to circa 100 BC . Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later . Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use . The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī in the early 11th century . The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus . A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy . An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear - wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in 1235 . Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe , an early fixed - wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear - wheels , circa 1000 AD . The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion , trigonometry , multiplication and division , and for various functions , such as squares and cube roots , was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery , surveying and navigation . The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage . A slide rule The slide rule was invented around 1620 -- 1630 , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm . It is a hand - operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division . As slide rule development progressed , added scales provided reciprocals , squares and square roots , cubes and cube roots , as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials , circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions . Slide rules with special scales are still used for quick performance of routine calculations , such as the E6B circular slide rule used for time and distance calculations on light aircraft . In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet - Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll ( automata ) that could write holding a quill pen . By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters , and hence different messages , could be produced . In effect , it could be mechanically `` programmed '' to read instructions . Along with two other complex machines , the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel , Switzerland , and still operates . The tide - predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters . It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location . The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel - and - disc mechanisms to perform the integration . In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators , but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball - and - disk integrators . In a differential analyzer , the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator , or a graphing output . The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work . Starting in the 1920s , Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers . First computing device A portion of Babbage 's Difference engine . Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer . Considered the `` father of the computer '' , he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century . After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations , in 1833 he realized that a much more general design , an Analytical Engine , was possible . The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom . For output , the machine would have a printer , a curve plotter and a bell . The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later . The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general - purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing - complete . The machine was about a century ahead of its time . All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand -- this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts . Eventually , the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding . Babbage 's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing , but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow . Nevertheless , his son , Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine 's computing unit ( the mill ) in 1888 . He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906 . Analog computers Sir William Thomson 's third tide - predicting machine design , 1879 -- 81 During the first half of the 20th century , many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers , which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation . However , these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers . The first modern analog computer was a tide - predicting machine , invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 . The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel - and - disc mechanisms , was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson , the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin . The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927 . This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H.W. Nieman . A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious . By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines , but analog computers remained in use during the 1950s in some specialized applications such as education ( control systems ) and aircraft ( slide rule ) . Digital computers It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Digital computer . ( Discuss ) ( May 2017 ) Electromechanical By 1938 , the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine . This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target . During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well . Replica of Zuse 's Z3 , the first fully automatic , digital ( electromechanical ) computer . Early digital computers were electromechanical ; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation . These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all - electric computers , originally using vacuum tubes . The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939 , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer . In 1941 , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world 's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer . The Z3 was built with 2000 relays , implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5 -- 10 Hz . Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard . It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects , pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers . Rather than the harder - to - implement decimal system ( used in Charles Babbage 's earlier design ) , using a binary system meant that Zuse 's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable , given the technologies available at that time . The Z3 was Turing complete . Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents , at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog . The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s , began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange . Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation five years later , converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system , using thousands of vacuum tubes . In the US , John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff -- Berry Computer ( ABC ) in 1942 , the first `` automatic electronic digital computer '' . This design was also all - electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes , with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory . Colossus was the first electronic digital programmable computing device , and was used to break German ciphers during World War II . During World War II , the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications . The German encryption machine , Enigma , was first attacked with the help of the electro - mechanical bombes . To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40 / 42 machine , used for high - level Army communications , Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus . He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus . After a functional test in December 1943 , Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park , where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February . Colossus was the world 's first electronic digital programmable computer . It used a large number of valves ( vacuum tubes ) . It had paper - tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data , but it was not Turing - complete . Nine Mk II Colossi were built ( The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total ) . Colossus Mark I contained 1,500 thermionic valves ( tubes ) , but Mark II with 2,400 valves , was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I , greatly speeding the decoding process . ENIAC was the first electronic , Turing - complete device , and performed ballistics trajectory calculations for the United States Army . The U.S. - built ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US . Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus , it was much faster , more flexible , and it was Turing - complete . Like the Colossus , a `` program '' on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches , a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later . Once a program was written , it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches . It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems . It could add or subtract 5000 times a second , a thousand times faster than any other machine . It also had modules to multiply , divide , and square root . High speed memory was limited to 20 words ( about 80 bytes ) . Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania , ENIAC 's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 . The machine was huge , weighing 30 tons , using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes , 1,500 relays , and hundreds of thousands of resistors , capacitors , and inductors . Modern computers Concept of modern computer The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1936 paper , On Computable Numbers . Turing proposed a simple device that he called `` Universal Computing machine '' and that is now known as a universal Turing machine . He proved that such a machine is capable of computing anything that is computable by executing instructions ( program ) stored on tape , allowing the machine to be programmable . The fundamental concept of Turing 's design is the stored program , where all the instructions for computing are stored in memory . Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper . Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation . Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores , modern computers are said to be Turing - complete , which is to say , they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine . Stored programs A section of the Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , the first stored - program computer . Early computing machines had fixed programs . Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine . With the proposal of the stored - program computer this changed . A stored - program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions ( a program ) that details the computation . The theoretical basis for the stored - program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper . In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored - program digital computer . His 1945 report `` Proposed Electronic Calculator '' was the first specification for such a device . John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945 . The Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , nicknamed Baby , was the world 's first stored - program computer . It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948 . It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube , the first random - access digital storage device . Although the computer was considered `` small and primitive '' by the standards of its time , it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer . As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design , a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer , the Manchester Mark 1 . The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1 , the world 's first commercially available general - purpose computer . Built by Ferranti , it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951 . At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957 , one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam . In October 1947 , the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers . The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951 and ran the world 's first regular routine office computer job . Transistors A bipolar junction transistor The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947 . From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs , giving rise to the `` second generation '' of computers . Compared to vacuum tubes , transistors have many advantages : they are smaller , and require less power than vacuum tubes , so give off less heat . Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer , indefinite , service life . Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space . At the University of Manchester , a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves . Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world , was operational by 1953 , and a second version was completed there in April 1955 . However , the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory , so it was not the first completely transistorized computer . That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955 , built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . Integrated circuits The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit . The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey W.A. Dummer . Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington , D.C. on 7 May 1952 . The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor . Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 , successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958 . In his patent application of 6 February 1959 , Kilby described his new device as `` a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated '' . Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby . His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby 's had not . Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor , it was made of silicon , whereas Kilby 's chip was made of germanium . This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor . While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious , partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term `` microprocessor '' , it is largely undisputed that the first single - chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor at Intel . Mobile computers With the continued miniaturization of computing resources , and advancements in portable battery life , portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s . The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones . These so - called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market , with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013 . Types Computers are typically classified based on their uses : Based on uses Analog computer Digital computer Hybrid computer Based on sizes Smartphone Microcomputer Workstation Personal computer Laptop Minicomputer Mainframe computer Supercomputer Hardware Main articles : Computer hardware , Personal computer hardware , Central processing unit , and Microprocessor Play media Video demonstrating the standard components of a `` slimline '' computer The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects . Circuits , computer chips , graphic cards , sound cards , memory ( RAM ) , motherboard , displays , power supplies , cables , keyboards , printers and `` mice '' input devices are all hardware . History of computing hardware Main article : History of computing hardware First generation ( mechanical / electromechanical ) Calculators Pascal 's calculator , Arithmometer , Difference engine , Quevedo 's analytical machines Programmable devices Jacquard loom , Analytical engine , IBM ASCC / Harvard Mark I , Harvard Mark II , IBM SSEC , Z1 , Z2 , Z3 Second generation ( vacuum tubes ) Calculators Atanasoff -- Berry Computer , IBM 604 , UNIVAC 60 , UNIVAC 120 Programmable devices Colossus , ENIAC , Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , EDSAC , Manchester Mark 1 , Ferranti Pegasus , Ferranti Mercury , CSIRAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC I , IBM 701 , IBM 702 , IBM 650 , Z22 Third generation ( discrete transistors and SSI , MSI , LSI integrated circuits ) Mainframes IBM 7090 , IBM 7080 , IBM System / 360 , BUNCH Minicomputer HP 2116A , IBM System / 32 , IBM System / 36 , LINC , PDP - 8 , PDP - 11 Desktop Computer Programma 101 , HP 9100 Fourth generation ( VLSI integrated circuits ) Minicomputer VAX , IBM System i 4 - bit microcomputer Intel 4004 , Intel 4040 8 - bit microcomputer Intel 8008 , Intel 8080 , Motorola 6800 , Motorola 6809 , MOS Technology 6502 , Zilog Z80 16 - bit microcomputer Intel 8088 , Zilog Z8000 , WDC 65816 / 65802 32 - bit microcomputer Intel 80386 , Pentium , Motorola 68000 , ARM 64 - bit microcomputer Alpha , MIPS , PA - RISC , PowerPC , SPARC , x86 - 64 , ARMv8 - A Embedded computer Intel 8048 , Intel 8051 Personal computer Desktop computer , Home computer , Laptop computer , Personal digital assistant ( PDA ) , Portable computer , Tablet PC , Wearable computer Theoretical / experimental Quantum computer , Chemical computer , DNA computing , Optical computer , Spintronics - based computer Other hardware topics Peripheral device ( input / output ) Input Mouse , keyboard , joystick , image scanner , webcam , graphics tablet , microphone Output Monitor , printer , loudspeaker Both Floppy disk drive , hard disk drive , optical disc drive , teleprinter Computer buses Short range RS - 232 , SCSI , PCI , USB Long range ( computer networking ) Ethernet , ATM , FDDI A general purpose computer has four main components : the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) , the control unit , the memory , and the input and output devices ( collectively termed I / O ) . These parts are interconnected by buses , often made of groups of wires . Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch . Each circuit represents a bit ( binary digit ) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a `` 1 '' , and when off it represents a `` 0 '' ( in positive logic representation ) . The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits . Input devices When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices , the data is processed and sent to output devices . The input devices may be hand - operated or automated . The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU . Some examples of input devices are : Computer keyboard Digital camera Digital video Graphics tablet Image scanner Joystick Microphone Mouse Overlay keyboard Real - time clock Trackball Touchscreen Output devices The means through which computer gives output are known as output devices . Some examples of output devices are : Computer monitor Printer PC speaker Projector Sound card Video card Control unit Main articles : CPU design and Control unit Diagram showing how a particular MIPS architecture instruction would be decoded by the control system The control unit ( often called a control system or central controller ) manages the computer 's various components ; it reads and interprets ( decodes ) the program instructions , transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer . Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance . A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter , a special memory cell ( a register ) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from . The control system 's function is as follows -- note that this is a simplified description , and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU : Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter . Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems . Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction . Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory ( or perhaps from an input device ) . The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code . Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register . If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete , instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation . Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device . Jump back to step ( 1 ) . Since the program counter is ( conceptually ) just another set of memory cells , it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU . Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program . Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as `` jumps '' and allow for loops ( instructions that are repeated by the computer ) and often conditional instruction execution ( both examples of control flow ) . The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program , and indeed , in some more complex CPU designs , there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer , which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen . Central processing unit ( CPU ) The control unit , ALU , and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit ( CPU ) . Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor . Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Main article : Arithmetic logic unit The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations : arithmetic and logic . The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction , or might include multiplication , division , trigonometry functions such as sine , cosine , etc. , and square roots . Some can only operate on whole numbers ( integers ) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers , albeit with limited precision . However , any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform . Therefore , any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation -- although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation . An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values ( true or false ) depending on whether one is equal to , greater than or less than the other ( `` is 64 greater than 65 ? '' ) . Logic operations involve Boolean logic : AND , OR , XOR , and NOT . These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic . Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs , allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously . Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices . Memory Main article : Computer data storage Magnetic core memory was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s , until it was replaced by semiconductor memory . A computer 's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read . Each cell has a numbered `` address '' and can store a single number . The computer can be instructed to `` put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357 '' or to `` add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595 . '' The information stored in memory may represent practically anything . Letters , numbers , even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease . Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information , it is the software 's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers . In almost all modern computers , each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits ( called a byte ) . Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers ( 2 = 256 ) ; either from 0 to 255 or − 128 to + 127 . To store larger numbers , several consecutive bytes may be used ( typically , two , four or eight ) . When negative numbers are required , they are usually stored in two 's complement notation . Other arrangements are possible , but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts . A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically . Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory . The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area . There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU . Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed . As data is constantly being worked on , reducing the need to access main memory ( which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units ) greatly increases the computer 's speed . Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties : random - access memory or RAM read - only memory or ROM RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it , but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes , therefore the CPU can only read from it . ROM is typically used to store the computer 's initial start - up instructions . In general , the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off , but ROM retains its data indefinitely . In a PC , the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer 's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset . In embedded computers , which frequently do not have disk drives , all of the required software may be stored in ROM . Software stored in ROM is often called firmware , because it is notionally more like hardware than software . Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM , as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable . It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however , so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary . In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories , which are slower than registers but faster than main memory . Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically , often without the need for any intervention on the programmer 's part . Input / output ( I / O ) Main article : Input / output Hard disk drives are common storage devices used with computers . I / O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world . Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals . On a typical personal computer , peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer . Hard disk drives , floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices . Computer networking is another form of I / O. I / O devices are often complex computers in their own right , with their own CPU and memory . A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics . Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I / O. A 2016 - era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry . Multitasking Main article : Computer multitasking While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory , in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously . This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn . One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt , which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead . By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt , the computer can return to that task later . If several programs are running `` at the same time '' . then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second , causing a program switch each time . Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception , it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant . This method of multitasking is sometimes termed `` time - sharing '' since each program is allocated a `` slice '' of time in turn . Before the era of inexpensive computers , the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer . Seemingly , multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly , in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running , but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input / output devices to complete their tasks . If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard , then it will not take a `` time slice '' until the event it is waiting for has occurred . This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss . Multiprocessing Main article : Multiprocessing Cray designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily . Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration , a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers , mainframe computers and servers . Multiprocessor and multi-core ( multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit ) personal and laptop computers are now widely available , and are being increasingly used in lower - end markets as a result . Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored - program architecture and from general purpose computers . They often feature thousands of CPUs , customized high - speed interconnects , and specialized computing hardware . Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once . Supercomputers usually see usage in large - scale simulation , graphics rendering , and cryptography applications , as well as with other so - called `` embarrassingly parallel '' tasks . Software Main article : Computer software Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form , such as programs , data , protocols , etc . Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions , in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . It is often divided into system software and application software ) ) Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . When software is stored in hardware that can not easily be modified , such as with BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible computer , it is sometimes called `` firmware '' . Operating system / System Software Unix and BSD UNIX System V , IBM AIX , HP - UX , Solaris ( SunOS ) , IRIX , List of BSD operating systems GNU / Linux List of Linux distributions , Comparison of Linux distributions Microsoft Windows Windows 95 , Windows 98 , Windows NT , Windows 2000 , Windows ME , Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 , Windows 10 DOS 86 - DOS ( QDOS ) , IBM PC DOS , MS - DOS , DR - DOS , FreeDOS Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS , macOS ( previously OS X and Mac OS X ) Embedded and real - time List of embedded operating systems Experimental Amoeba , Oberon / Bluebottle , Plan 9 from Bell Labs Library Multimedia DirectX , OpenGL , OpenAL , Vulkan ( API ) Programming library C standard library , Standard Template Library Data Protocol TCP / IP , Kermit , FTP , HTTP , SMTP File format HTML , XML , JPEG , MPEG , PNG User interface Graphical user interface ( WIMP ) Microsoft Windows , GNOME , KDE , QNX Photon , CDE , GEM , Aqua Text - based user interface Command - line interface , Text user interface Application Software Office suite Word processing , Desktop publishing , Presentation program , Database management system , Scheduling & Time management , Spreadsheet , Accounting software Internet Access Browser , Email client , Web server , Mail transfer agent , Instant messaging Design and manufacturing Computer - aided design , Computer - aided manufacturing , Plant management , Robotic manufacturing , Supply chain management Graphics Raster graphics editor , Vector graphics editor , 3D modeler , Animation editor , 3D computer graphics , Video editing , Image processing Audio Digital audio editor , Audio playback , Mixing , Audio synthesis , Computer music Software engineering Compiler , Assembler , Interpreter , Debugger , Text editor , Integrated development environment , Software performance analysis , Revision control , Software configuration management Educational Edutainment , Educational game , Serious game , Flight simulator Games Strategy , Arcade , Puzzle , Simulation , First - person shooter , Platform , Massively multiplayer , Interactive fiction Misc Artificial intelligence , Antivirus software , Malware scanner , Installer / Package management systems , File manager Languages There are thousands of different programming languages -- some intended to be general purpose , others useful only for highly specialized applications . Programming languages Lists of programming languages Timeline of programming languages , List of programming languages by category , Generational list of programming languages , List of programming languages , Non-English - based programming languages Commonly used assembly languages ARM , MIPS , x86 Commonly used high - level programming languages Ada , BASIC , C , C++ , C# , COBOL , Fortran , PL / 1 , REXX , Java , Lisp , Pascal , Object Pascal Commonly used scripting languages Bourne script , JavaScript , Python , Ruby , PHP , Perl Application Software Programs The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed . That is to say that some type of instructions ( the program ) can be given to the computer , and it will process them . Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language . In practical terms , a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions , as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example . A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second ( gigaflops ) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation . Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write , and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors . Stored program architecture Main articles : Computer program and Computer programming Replica of the Small - Scale Experimental Machine ( SSEM ) , the world 's first stored - program computer , at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester , England This section applies to most common RAM machine -- based computers . In most cases , computer instructions are simple : add one number to another , move some data from one location to another , send a message to some external device , etc . These instructions are read from the computer 's memory and are generally carried out ( executed ) in the order they were given . However , there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there . These are called `` jump '' instructions ( or branches ) . Furthermore , jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event . Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that `` remembers '' the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction . Program execution might be likened to reading a book . While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence , they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest . Similarly , a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met . This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention . Comparatively , a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses . But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time , with a near certainty of making a mistake . On the other hand , a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions . The following example is written in the MIPS assembly language : begin : addi $8 , $0 , 0 # initialize sum to 0 addi $9 , $0 , 1 # set first number to add = 1 loop : slti $10 , $9 , 1000 # check if the number is less than 1000 beq $10 , $0 , finish # if odd number is greater than n then exit add $8 , $8 , $9 # update sum addi $9 , $9 , 1 # get next number j loop # repeat the summing process finish : add $2 , $8 , $0 # put sum in output register Once told to run this program , the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention . It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second . Machine code In most computers , individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number ( its operation code or opcode for short ) . The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode ; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode , and so on . The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions ; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from , each with a unique numerical code . Since the computer 's memory is able to store numbers , it can also store the instruction codes . This leads to the important fact that entire programs ( which are just lists of these instructions ) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data . The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer 's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann , or stored program , architecture . In some cases , a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on . This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer . Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs , such as in CPU caches . While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers ( machine language ) and while this technique was used with many early computers , it is extremely tedious and potentially error - prone to do so in practice , especially for complicated programs . Instead , each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember -- a mnemonic such as ADD , SUB , MULT or JUMP . These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer 's assembly language . Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand ( machine language ) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler . A 1970s punched card containing one line from a Fortran program . The card reads : `` Z ( 1 ) = Y + W ( 1 ) '' and is labeled `` PROJ039 '' for identification purposes . Programming language Main article : Programming language Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run . Unlike natural languages , programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise . They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud . They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run , or translated directly at run time by an interpreter . Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques . Low - level languages Main article : Low - level programming language Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them ( collectively termed low - level programming languages ) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer . For instance , an ARM architecture computer ( such as may be found in a smartphone or a hand - held videogame ) can not understand the machine language of an x86 CPU that might be in a PC . High - level languages / third generation language Main article : High - level programming language Though considerably easier than in machine language , writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone . Therefore , most practical programs are written in more abstract high - level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently ( and thereby help reduce programmer error ) . High level languages are usually `` compiled '' into machine language ( or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language ) using another computer program called a compiler . High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language , and more related to the language and structure of the problem ( s ) to be solved by the final program . It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer . This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles . Fourth - generation languages Main article : Fourth - generation programming language Fourth - generation languages ( 4GL ) are less procedural than 3G languages . The benefit of 4GL is that they provide ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer . Program design This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem , collection of inputs , using the programming constructs within languages , devising or using established procedures and algorithms , providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable . As problems become larger and more complex , features such as subprograms , modules , formal documentation , and new paradigms such as object - oriented programming are encountered . Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies . The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge . Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult ; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge . Bugs Main article : Software bug The actual first computer bug , a moth found trapped on a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer Errors in computer programs are called `` bugs '' . They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program , or have only subtle effects . But in some cases , they may cause the program or the entire system to `` hang '' , becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes , to completely fail , or to crash . Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit , code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer 's proper execution . Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer . Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given , bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program 's design . Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 . Firmware Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer . This chip ( hardware ) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up ( software ) stored in it . Networking and the Internet Main articles : Computer networking and Internet Visualization of a portion of the routes on the Internet Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s . The U.S. military 's SAGE system was the first large - scale example of such a system , which led to a number of special - purpose commercial systems such as Sabre . In the 1970s , computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology . The effort was funded by ARPA ( now DARPA ) , and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET . The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved . In time , the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet . The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer . Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network , such as peripheral devices , stored information , and the like , as extensions of the resources of an individual computer . Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high - tech environments , but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web , combined with the development of cheap , fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous . In fact , the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally . A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information . `` Wireless '' networking , often utilizing mobile phone networks , has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments . Unconventional computers Main article : Human computer See also : Harvard Computers A computer does not need to be electronic , nor even have a processor , nor RAM , nor even a hard disk . While popular usage of the word `` computer '' is synonymous with a personal electronic computer , the modern definition of a computer is literally : `` A device that computes , especially a programmable ( usually ) electronic machine that performs high - speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles , stores , correlates , or otherwise processes information . '' Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer , especially if the processing is purposeful . Unconventional computing Further information : Unconventional computing Historically , computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors . However , conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything . For example , a computer can be made out of billiard balls ( billiard ball computer ) ; an often quoted example . More realistically , modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors . Future There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology , such as optical computers , DNA computers , neural computers , and quantum computers . Most computers are universal , and are able to calculate any computable function , and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed . However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems ; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms ( by quantum factoring ) very quickly . Computer architecture paradigms There are many types of computer architectures : Quantum computer vs. Chemical computer Scalar processor vs. Vector processor Non-Uniform Memory Access ( NUMA ) computers Register machine vs. Stack machine Harvard architecture vs. von Neumann architecture Cellular architecture Of all these abstract machines , a quantum computer holds the most promise for revolutionizing computing . Logic gates are a common abstraction which can apply to most of the above digital or analog paradigms . The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile , distinguishing them from calculators . The Church -- Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility : any computer with a minimum capability ( being Turing - complete ) is , in principle , capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform . Therefore , any type of computer ( netbook , supercomputer , cellular automaton , etc . ) is able to perform the same computational tasks , given enough time and storage capacity . Artificial intelligence A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to , without regard to efficiency , alternative solutions , possible shortcuts , or possible errors in the code . Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning . Artificial intelligence based products generally fall into two major categories : rule based systems and pattern recognition systems . Rule based systems attempt to represent the rules used by human experts and tend to be expensive to develop . Pattern based systems use data about a problem to generate conclusions . Examples of pattern based systems include voice recognition , font recognition , translation and the emerging field of on - line marketing . Professions and organizations As the use of computers has spread throughout society , there are an increasing number of careers involving computers . Computer - related professions Hardware - related Electrical engineering , Electronic engineering , Computer engineering , Telecommunications engineering , Optical engineering , Nanoengineering Software - related Computer science , Computer engineering , Desktop publishing , Human -- computer interaction , Information technology , Information systems , Computational science , Software engineering , Video game industry , Web design The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations , clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature . Organizations Standards groups ANSI , IEC , IEEE , IETF , ISO , W3C Professional societies ACM , AIS , IET , IFIP , BCS Free / open source software groups Free Software Foundation , Mozilla Foundation , Apache Software Foundation See also Information technology portal Glossary of computers Computability theory Computer insecurity Computer security Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computer science List of computer term etymologies List of fictional computers List of pioneers in computer science Pulse computation TOP500 ( list of most powerful computers ) References Jump up ^ `` computer , n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` computer ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ According to Schmandt - Besserat 1981 , these clay containers contained tokens , the total of which were the count of objects being transferred . The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book . In order to avoid breaking open the containers , first , clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers , for the count ; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks ; finally , the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals ; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers . Eventually ( Schmandt - Besserat estimates it took 4000 years Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ) the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count , and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count . Jump up ^ Robson , Eleanor ( 2008 ) , Mathematics in Ancient Iraq , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09182 - 2 . p. 5 : calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200 -- 3000 BCE , with commodity - specific counting representation systems . Balanced accounting was in use by 3000 -- 2350 BCE , and a sexagesimal number system was in use 2350 -- 2000 BCE . Jump up ^ The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project , The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . Jump up ^ Fuat Sezgin `` Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Institute for the History of Arabic - Islamic Science ( at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University '' , Frankfurt , Germany ) Frankfurt Book Fair 2004 , pp. 35 & 38 . Jump up ^ Charette , François ( 2006 ) . `` Archaeology : High tech from Ancient Greece '' . Nature . 444 : 551 -- 552 . doi : 10.1038 / 444551a . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio A. ; Maddison , Francis R. ( 1966 ) . `` Mechanical Universe : The Astrarium of Giovanni de ' Dondi '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . 56 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 1006002 . JSTOR 1006002 . Jump up ^ Price , Derek de S. ( 1984 ) . `` A History of Calculating Machines '' . IEEE Micro . 4 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 52 . doi : 10.1109 / MM. 1984.291305 . Jump up ^ Őren , Tuncer ( 2001 ) . `` Advances in Computer and Information Sciences : From Abacus to Holonic Agents '' ( PDF ) . Turk J Elec Engin. 9 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill ( 1985 ) . `` Al - Biruni 's mechanical calendar '' , Annals of Science 42 , pp. 139 -- 163 . Jump up ^ `` The Writer Automaton , Switzerland '' . chonday.com. 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Girvan , `` The revealed grace of the mechanism : computing after Babbage '' Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Scientific Computing World , May / June 2003 Jump up ^ Halacy , Daniel Stephen ( 1970 ) . Charles Babbage , Father of the Computer . Crowell - Collier Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 741370 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Babbage '' . Online stuff . Science Museum . 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's build Babbage 's ultimate mechanical computer '' . opinion . New Scientist. 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Modern History of Computing '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Zuse , Horst . `` Part 4 : Konrad Zuse 's Z1 and Z3 Computers '' . The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse . EPE Online . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Zuse , Konrad ( 2010 ) ( 1984 ) , The Computer -- My Life Translated by McKenna , Patricia and Ross , J. Andrew from : Der Computer , mein Lebenswerk ( 1984 ) , Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer - Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 08151 - 4 Jump up ^ Salz Trautman , Peggy ( 20 April 1994 ) . `` A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered , 50 Years On '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zuse , Konrad ( 1993 ) . Der Computer . Mein Lebenswerk ( in German ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 56292 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Crash ! The Story of IT : Zuse '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rojas , R. ( 1998 ) . `` How to make Zuse 's Z3 a universal computer '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 ( 3 ) : 51 -- 54 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.707574 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl . `` How to Make Zuse 's Z3 a Universal Computer '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ 15 January 1941 notice in the Des Moines Register , Jump up ^ Arthur W. Burks . The First Electronic Computer . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , Jack ( 2006 ) , Colossus : The Secrets of Bletchley Park 's Codebreaking Computers , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 101 -- 115 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 284055 - X Jump up ^ Bletchley 's code - cracking Colossus , BBC News , 2 February 2010 , retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Colossus -- The Rebuild Story '' . The National Museum of Computing . Jump up ^ Randell , Brian ; Fensom , Harry ; Milne , Frank A. ( 15 March 1995 ) , `` Obituary : Allen Coombs '' , The Independent , retrieved 18 October 2012 Jump up ^ Fensom , Jim ( 8 November 2010 ) , Harry Fensom obituary , retrieved 17 October 2012 Jump up ^ John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly , Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer , United States Patent Office , US Patent 3,120,606 , filed 26 June 1947 , issued 4 February 1964 , and invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand . Jump up ^ `` Generations of Computer '' . techiwarehouse.com . Jump up ^ Turing , A.M. ( 1937 ) . `` On Computable Numbers , with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem '' . Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . 2 . 42 ( 1 ) : 230 -- 265 . doi : 10.1112 / plms / s2 - 42.1. 230 . Jump up ^ `` von Neumann ... firmly emphasized to me , and to others I am sure , that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing -- insofar as not anticipated by Babbage , Lovelace and others . '' Letter by Stanley Frankel to Brian Randell , 1972 , quoted in Jack Copeland ( 2004 ) The Essential Turing , p22 . Jump up ^ Enticknap , Nicholas ( Summer 1998 ) , `` Computing 's Golden Jubilee '' , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society ( 20 ) , ISSN 0958 - 7403 , retrieved 19 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Early computers at Manchester University '' , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society , 1 ( 4 ) , Summer 1992 , ISSN 0958 - 7403 , retrieved 7 July 2010 Jump up ^ Early Electronic Computers ( 1946 -- 51 ) , University of Manchester , archived from the original on 5 January 2009 , retrieved 16 November 2008 Jump up ^ Napper , R.B.E. , Introduction to the Mark 1 , The University of Manchester , archived from the original on 26 October 2008 , retrieved 4 November 2008 Jump up ^ Computer Conservation Society , Our Computer Heritage Pilot Study : Deliveries of Ferranti Mark I and Mark I Star computers , archived from the original on 11 December 2016 , retrieved 9 January 2010 Jump up ^ Lavington , Simon . `` A brief history of British computers : the first 25 years ( 1948 -- 1973 ) '' . British Computer Society . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavington , Simon ( 1998 ) , A History of Manchester Computers ( 2 ed . ) , Swindon : The British Computer Society , pp. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Cooke - Yarborough , E.H. ( June 1998 ) , `` Some early transistor applications in the UK '' , Engineering and Science Education Journal , London , UK : IEE , 7 ( 3 ) : 100 -- 106 , doi : 10.1049 / esej : 19980301 , ISSN 0963 - 7346 , retrieved 7 June 2009 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cooke - Yarborough , E.H. ( 1957 ) . Introduction to Transistor Circuits . Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer '' Archived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , ( n.d. ) , ( HTML ) , Electronic Product News , accessed 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Kilby , Jack ( 2000 ) , Nobel lecture ( PDF ) , Stockholm : Nobel Foundation , retrieved 15 May 2008 Jump up ^ The Chip that Jack Built , ( c. 2008 ) , ( HTML ) , Texas Instruments , Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jack S. Kilby , Miniaturized Electronic Circuits , United States Patent Office , US Patent 3,138,743 , filed 6 February 1959 , issued 23 June 1964 . Jump up ^ Winston , Brian ( 1998 ) . Media Technology and Society : A History : From the Telegraph to the Internet . Routledge . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14230 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robert Noyce 's Unitary circuit , US patent 2981877 , `` Semiconductor device - and - lead structure '' , issued 1961 - 04 - 25 , assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Jump up ^ Intel 's First Microprocessor -- the Intel 4004 , Intel Corp. , November 1971 , archived from the original on 13 May 2008 , retrieved 17 May 2008 Jump up ^ The Intel 4004 ( 1971 ) die was 12 mm , composed of 2300 transistors ; by comparison , the Pentium Pro was 306 mm , composed of 5.5 million transistors , according to Patterson , David ; Hennessy , John ( 1998 ) , Computer Organization and Design , San Francisco : Morgan Kaufmann , pp. 27 -- 39 , ISBN 1 - 55860 - 428 - 6 Jump up ^ Chartier , David ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Global notebook shipments finally overtake desktops '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ IDC ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Growth Accelerates in the Worldwide Mobile Phone and Smartphone Markets in the Second Quarter , According to IDC '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Most major 64 - bit instruction set architectures are extensions of earlier designs . All of the architectures listed in this table , except for Alpha , existed in 32 - bit forms before their 64 - bit incarnations were introduced . Jump up ^ The control unit 's role in interpreting instructions has varied somewhat in the past . Although the control unit is solely responsible for instruction interpretation in most modern computers , this is not always the case . Some computers have instructions that are partially interpreted by the control unit with further interpretation performed by another device . For example , EDVAC , one of the earliest stored - program computers , used a central control unit that only interpreted four instructions . All of the arithmetic - related instructions were passed on to its arithmetic unit and further decoded there . Jump up ^ Instructions often occupy more than one memory address , therefore the program counter usually increases by the number of memory locations required to store one instruction . Jump up ^ David J. Eck ( 2000 ) . The Most Complex Machine : A Survey of Computers and Computing . AK Peters , Ltd. p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 128 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erricos John Kontoghiorghes ( 2006 ) . Handbook of Parallel Computing and Statistics . CRC Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 4067 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flash memory also may only be rewritten a limited number of times before wearing out , making it less useful for heavy random access usage . ( Verma & Mielke 1988 ) Jump up ^ Donald Eadie ( 1968 ) . Introduction to the Basic Computer . Prentice - Hall . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Arpad Barna ; Dan I. Porat ( 1976 ) . Introduction to Microcomputers and the Microprocessors . Wiley . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 05051 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jerry Peek ; Grace Todino ; John Strang ( 2002 ) . Learning the UNIX Operating System : A Concise Guide for the New User . O'Reilly . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 00261 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian M. Davis ( 2002 ) . Noise Reduction in Speech Applications . CRC Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0949 - 6 . Jump up ^ However , it is also very common to construct supercomputers out of many pieces of cheap commodity hardware ; usually individual computers connected by networks . These so - called computer clusters can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs . While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers , there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years . ( TOP500 2006 ) Jump up ^ Even some later computers were commonly programmed directly in machine code . Some minicomputers like the DEC PDP - 8 could be programmed directly from a panel of switches . However , this method was usually used only as part of the booting process . Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some non-volatile memory . Jump up ^ However , there is sometimes some form of machine language compatibility between different computers . An x86 - 64 compatible microprocessor like the AMD Athlon 64 is able to run most of the same programs that an Intel Core 2 microprocessor can , as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel Pentiums and Intel 80486 . This contrasts with very early commercial computers , which were often one - of - a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers . Jump up ^ High level languages are also often interpreted rather than compiled . Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly , while running , by another program called an interpreter . Jump up ^ It is not universally true that bugs are solely due to programmer oversight . Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations . For instance , the Pentium FDIV bug caused some Intel microprocessors in the early 1990s to produce inaccurate results for certain floating point division operations . This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alexander L. , III ( 16 April 1984 ) . `` The Wizard Inside the Machine '' . TIME . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Agatha C. Hughes ( 2000 ) . Systems , Experts , and Computers . MIT Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 08285 - 3 . The experience of SAGE helped make possible the first truly large - scale commercial real - time network : the SABRE computerized airline reservations system ... Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed , 2007 ) , the word computer dates back to the mid 17th century , when it referred to `` A person who makes calculations ; specifically a person employed for this in an observatory etc . '' Jump up ^ `` Definition of computer '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ II , Joseph D. Dumas ( 2005 ) . Computer Architecture : Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design . CRC Press . p. 340 . ISBN 9780849327490 . Notes Fuegi , J. ; Francis , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 ' notes ' '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2003.1253887 . Kempf , Karl ( 1961 ) . `` Historical Monograph : Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps '' . Aberdeen Proving Ground ( United States Army ) . Phillips , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` The Antikythera Mechanism I '' . American Mathematical Society . Retrieved 5 April 2006 . Shannon , Claude Elwood ( 1940 ) . `` A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . hdl : 1721.1 / 11173 . Digital Equipment Corporation ( 1972 ) . PDP - 11 / 40 Processor Handbook ( PDF ) . Maynard , MA : Digital Equipment Corporation . Verma , G. ; Mielke , N. ( 1988 ) . `` Reliability performance of ETOX based flash memories '' . IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium . Swade , Doron D. ( February 1993 ) . `` Redeeming Charles Babbage 's Mechanical Computer '' . Scientific American . 268 ( 2 ) : 89 . JSTOR 24941379 . Meuer , Hans ; Strohmaier , Erich ; Simon , Horst ; Dongarra , Jack ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` Architectures Share Over Time '' . TOP500 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Lavington , Simon ( 1998 ) . A History of Manchester Computers ( 2 ed . ) . Swindon : The British Computer Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 902505 - 01 - 8 . Stokes , Jon ( 2007 ) . Inside the Machine : An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture . San Francisco : No Starch Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59327 - 104 - 6 . Zuse , Konrad ( 1993 ) . The Computer -- My life . Berlin : Pringler - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 56453 - 5 . Felt , Dorr E. ( 1916 ) . Mechanical arithmetic , or The history of the counting machine . Chicago : Washington Institute . Ifrah , Georges ( 2001 ) . The Universal History of Computing : From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39671 - 0 . Berkeley , Edmund ( 1949 ) . Giant Brains , or Machines That Think . John Wiley & Sons . Cohen , Bernard ( 2000 ) . Howard Aiken , Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 53179 - 5 . Ligonnière , Robert ( 1987 ) . Préhistoire et Histoire des ordinateurs . Paris : Robert Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 05261 - 7 . Couffignal , Louis ( 1933 ) . Les machines à calculer ; leurs principes , leur évolution . Paris : Gauthier - Villars . Essinger , James ( 2004 ) . Jacquard 's Web , How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280577 - 0 . Hyman , Anthony ( 1985 ) . Charles Babbage : Pioneer of the Computer . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02377 - 9 . Cohen , Bernard ( 2000 ) . Howard Aiken , Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 53179 - 5 . Bowden , B.V. ( 1953 ) . Faster than thought . New York , Toronto , London : Pitman publishing corporation . Moseley , Maboth ( 1964 ) . Irascible Genius , Charles Babbage , inventor . London : Hutchinson . Collier , Bruce ( 1970 ) . The little engine that could 've : The calculating machines of Charles Babbage . Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 0043 - 9 . Randell , Brian ( 1982 ) . `` From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer : The Contributions of Ludgate , Torres , and Bush '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . External links Media related to Computers at Wikimedia Commons Wikiversity has a quiz on this article Warhol & The Computer BNF : cb119401913 ( data ) GND : 4070083 - 5 LCCN : sh85029552 NARA : 10636641 NDL : 00561435 Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Webcam Softcam Refreshable braille display Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Sound card Video card Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Digital electronics Components Combinational logic Integrated circuit ( IC ) Logic gate Sequential logic Theory Digital signal ( electronics ) Boolean algebra Logic synthesis Logic in computer science Computer architecture Digital signal ( signal processing ) Digital signal processing Circuit minimization Switching circuit theory Design Logic synthesis Register - transfer level Formal equivalence checking Synchronous logic Asynchronous logic Finite - state machine Applications Computer hardware Digital audio radio Digital photography Digital telephone Digital video cinema television Electronic literature Design issues Metastability Runt pulse Electronics Branches Analog electronics Digital electronics Electronic instrumentation Electronics engineering Microelectronics Optoelectronics Power electronics Printed electronics Semiconductor Schematic capture Thermal management Advanced topics Atomtronics Bioelectronics Failure modes of electronics Flexible electronics Low - power electronics Molecular electronics Nanoelectronics Organic electronics Photonics Piezotronics Quantum electronics Spintronics Electronic equipment Air conditioner Central heating Clothes dryer Computer / Notebook Dishwasher Freezer Home robot Home cinema Home theater PC Information technologies Cooker Microwave oven Refrigerator Robotic vacuum cleaner Tablet Telephone Television Water heater Washing machine Applications Audio electronics Automotive electronics Avionics Control Systems Consumer electronics Data acquisition E-health Electronic book Electronics industry Electronic warfare Embedded systems Home automation Integrated circuits Marine electronics Microwave technology Military electronics Multimedia Nuclear electronics Open hardware Radar and Radionavigation Radio electronics Terahertz technology Video hardware Wired and Wireless Communications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer&oldid=842887030 '' Categories : Computers Consumer electronics 1990s fads and trends 2000s fads and trends Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles to be split from May 2017 All articles to be split All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing video clips Articles with example code Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Romani Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 198 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when was the computer invented and by who
|
[] |
[] |
-8842021405444958663
|
Solomon's Temple
|
Solomon 's Temple - wikipedia Solomon 's Temple Jump to : navigation , search `` Templum Solomonis '' redirects here . For Crusader `` Templum Solomonis '' , see Al - Aqsa Mosque . `` First Temple '' redirects here . For the album by Closure in Moscow , see First Temple ( album ) . For other uses , see Solomon 's Temple ( disambiguation ) . Artist 's interpretation of the First Temple in Jerusalem According to the Hebrew Bible , Solomon 's Temple , also known as the First Temple , was the Holy Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ : Beit HaMikdash ) in ancient Jerusalem before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE and its subsequent replacement with the Second Temple in the 6th century BCE . The Hebrew Bible states that the temple was constructed under Solomon , king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah and that during the Kingdom of Judah , the temple was dedicated to Yahweh , and is said to have housed the Ark of the Covenant . Jewish historian Josephus says that `` the temple was burnt four hundred and seventy years , six months , and ten days after it was built '' , although rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and , based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE , 165 years later than secular estimates . Because of the religious sensitivities involved , and the politically volatile situation in Jerusalem , only limited archaeological surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted . No archaeological excavations have been allowed on the Temple Mount during modern times . Therefore , there are very few pieces of archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon 's Temple . An Ivory pomegranate which mentions priests in the house `` of -- - h '' , and an inscription recording the Temple 's restoration under Jehoash have both appeared on the antiquities market , but their authenticity has been challenged and they are the subject of controversy . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Tanakh 1.1 Architectural description 1.1. 1 Holy of Holies 1.1. 2 Hekhal 1.1. 2.1 Etymology 1.1. 2.2 Use in architecture 1.1. 3 Porch 1.1. 4 Chambers 1.1. 5 Courts 1.1. 6 Molten Sea 1.2 Dedication 2 Archaeology 3 Other contemporary temples 4 Freemasonry 5 Kabbalah 6 Islam 7 Popular culture 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links In the Tanakh ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In an artistic representation , King Solomon dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem ( painting by James Tissot or follower , c. 1896 -- 1902 ) The only source of information on the First Temple is the Tanakh . According to the biblical sources , the temple was constructed under Solomon , during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah . The Bible describes Hiram I of Tyre who furnished architects , workmen and cedar timbers for the temple of his ally Solomon at Jerusalem . He also co-operated with Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea . 1 Kings 6 : 1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple `` in the fourth year of Solomon 's reign over Israel '' . The conventional dates of Solomon 's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE . This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE . Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9 : 10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the Temple and his royal palace . The Temple itself finished being built after 7 years . During the united monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh , the God of Israel , and housed the Ark of the Covenant . Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and , based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE ( 3338 AM ) , 165 years later than secular estimates . The exact location of the Temple is unknown : it is believed to have been situated upon the hill which forms the site of the 1st century Second Temple and present - day Temple Mount , where the Dome of the Rock is situated . According to the Tanakh , the Temple was plundered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire king Nebuchadnezzar II when the Babylonians attacked Jerusalem during the brief reign of Jehoiachin c. 598 BCE ( 2 Kings 24 : 13 ) . A decade later , Nebuchadnezzar again besieged Jerusalem and after 30 months finally breached the city walls in 587 BCE , subsequently burning the Temple , along with most of the city ( 2 Kings 25 ) . According to Jewish tradition , the Temple was destroyed on Tisha B'Av , the 9th day of Av ( Hebrew calendar ) . Architectural description ( edit ) Plan of Solomon 's Temple , published 1905 Plan of Solomon 's Temple with measurements The Temple of Solomon is considered to be built according to Phoenician design , and its description is considered the best description of what a Phoenician temple looked like . The detailed descriptions provided in the Tanakh are the sources for reconstructions of its appearance . Technical details are lacking , since the scribes who wrote the books were not architects or engineers . Nevertheless , the descriptions have inspired modern replicas of the temple and influenced later structures around the world . Reconstructions differ ; the following is largely based on Easton 's Bible Dictionary and the Jewish Encyclopedia : Holy of Holies ( edit ) The Holy of Holies , or Kodesh haKodashim in Hebrew , ( 1 Kings 6 : 19 ; 8 : 6 ) , also called the `` Inner House '' ( 6 : 27 ) , ( Heb. 9 : 3 ) was 20 cubits in length , breadth , and height . The usual explanation for the discrepancy between its height and the 30 - cubit height of the temple is that its floor was elevated , like the cella of other ancient temples . It was floored and wainscotted with cedar of Lebanon ( 1 Kings 6 : 16 ) , and its walls and floor were overlaid with gold ( 6 : 20 , 21 , 30 ) amounting to 600 talents ( 2 Chr. 3 : 8 ) or roughly 20 metric tons . It contained two cherubim of olive - wood , each 10 cubits high ( 1 Kings 6 : 16 , 20 , 21 , 23 -- 28 ) and each having outspread wings of 10 cubits span , so that , since they stood side by side , the wings touched the wall on either side and met in the center of the room . There was a two - leaved door between it and the Holy Place overlaid with gold ( 2 Chr. 4 : 22 ) ; also a veil of tekhelet ( blue ) , purple , and crimson and fine linen ( 2 Chronicles 3 : 14 ; compare Exodus 26 : 33 ) . It had no windows ( 1 Kings 8 : 12 ) and was considered the dwelling - place of the `` name '' of God . The Kodesh haKodashim ( the Holy of Holies ) was prepared to receive and house the Ark ( 1 Kings 6 : 19 ) ; and when the Temple was dedicated , the Ark , containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments , was placed beneath the cherubim ( 1 Kings 8 : 6 ) . Hekhal ( edit ) The Hekhal , or Holy Place , ( 1 Kings 8 : 8 -- 10 ) , is also called the `` greater house '' ( 2 Chr. 3 : 5 ) and the `` temple '' ( 1 Kings 6 : 17 ) ; the word also means `` palace '' , was of the same width and height as the Holy of Holies , but 40 cubits in length . Its walls were lined with cedar , on which were carved figures of cherubim , palm - trees , and open flowers , which were overlaid with gold . Chains of gold further marked it off from the Holy of Holies . The floor of the Temple was of fir - wood overlaid with gold . The door - posts , of olive - wood , supported folding - doors of fir . The doors of the Holy of Holies were of olive - wood . On both sets of doors were carved cherubim , palm - trees , and flowers , all being overlaid with gold ( 1 Kings 6 : 15 et seq . ) Etymology ( edit ) The Hebrew noun hekhal ( Hebrew היכל ) in Classical Hebrew means `` a large building '' . This can be either the main building of the Temple in Jerusalem ( that is the nave , or sanctuary , of the Temple ) , or a palace such as the `` palace '' of Ahab , king of Samaria , or the `` palace '' of the King of Babylon . Hekhal is used 80 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible . Of these , 70 refer to the House of the LORD ( in Hebrew Bible בֵּית יְהוָה beit Yahweh ) , the other 10 are references to palaces . There is no reference to any part of the tabernacle using this term in the Hebrew Bible . `` In the year that king Uzziah died . I saw the LORD sitting upon a throne high and lifted up , and His train filled the hekhal ( sanctuary ) . '' Isaiah 6 : 1 . Use in Architecture ( edit ) In older English versions of the Bible , including the King James Version , the term `` temple '' is used to translate hekhal . In modern versions more reflective of archaeological research , the distinction is made of different sections of the whole Temple . Scholars and archaeologists generally agree on the structure of Solomon 's Temple as described in 1 Kings 6 : 3 -- 5 , with the main building , the hekhal , in English now sometimes called `` the sanctuary '' , the devir , the inner sanctuary , and finally the Holy of Holies . This main building was between the outer altar , where most sacrifices were performed , and inside at the far end was the entry to the Holy of Holies , originally containing the Ark of the Covenant . The main hekhal contained a number of sacred ritual objects including the seven branched candlestick , the inner altar for incense offerings ( also called the `` Golden Altar '' ) , and the table of the showbread . The same architectural layout of the temple was adopted in synagogues leading to the hekhal being applied in Sephardi usage to the Ashkenazi Torah ark , the equivalent of the nave . Porch ( edit ) The Ulam , or porch , acted as an entrance before the Temple on the east ( 1 Kings 6 : 3 ; 2 Chr. 3 : 4 ; 9 : 7 ) . This was 20 cubits long ( corresponding to the width of the Temple ) and 10 cubits deep ( 1 Kings 6 : 3 ) . ( ESV 2 Chr. 3 : 4 ) notes that this porch was 120 cubits high . The description does not specify whether a wall separated it from the next chamber . In the porch stood the two pillars Jachin and Boaz ( 1 Kings 7 : 21 ; 2 Kings 11 : 14 ; 23 : 3 ) , which were 18 cubits in height . Chambers ( edit ) Chambers were built around the Temple on the southern , western and northern sides ( 1 Kings 6 : 5 -- 10 ) . These formed a part of the building and were used for storage . They were probably one story high at first ; two more may have been added later . Courts ( edit ) According to the Bible , two courts surrounded the Temple . The Inner Court ( 1 Kings 6 : 36 ) , or Court of the Priests ( 2 Chr. 4 : 9 ) , was separated from the space beyond by a wall of three courses of hewn stone , surmounted by cedar beams ( 1 Kings 6 : 36 ) . It contained the Altar of burnt - offering ( 2 Chr. 15 : 8 ) , the Brazen Sea laver ( 4 : 2 -- 5 , 10 ) and ten other lavers ( 1 Kings 7 : 38 , 39 ) . A brazen altar stood before the Temple ( 2 Kings 16 : 14 ) , its dimensions 20 cubits square and 10 cubits high ( 2 Chr. 4 : 1 ) . The Great Court surrounded the whole Temple ( 2 Chr. 4 : 9 ) . It was here that people assembled to worship . ( Jeremiah 19 : 14 ; 26 : 2 ) . Molten Sea ( edit ) Main article : Molten Sea According to the Hebrew Bible , the Molten Sea or Brazen Sea ( ים מוצק `` cast metal sea '' ) was a large basin in the Temple for ablution of the priests . It is described in 1 Kings 7 : 23 - 26 and 2 Chronicles 4 : 2 - 5 . It stood in the south - eastern corner of the inner court . According to the Bible it was five cubits high , ten cubits in diameter from brim to brim , and thirty cubits in circumference . The brim was `` like the calyx of a lily '' and turned outward `` about an hand breadth '' ; or about four inches . It was placed on the backs of twelve oxen , standing with their faces outward . The Book of Kings states that it contains 2,000 baths ( 90 cubic meters ) , while Chronicles ( 2 Chr. 4 : 5 -- 6 ) states it can hold up to 3,000 baths ( 136 cubic meters ) and states that its purpose was to afford opportunity for the purification by immersion of the bodies of the priests . The fact that it was a wash basin which was too large to enter from above lends to the idea that water would likely have flowed from it down into a subcontainer beneath . The water was originally supplied by the Gibeonites , but was afterwards brought by a conduit from Solomon 's Pools . The molten sea was made of brass or bronze , which Solomon had taken from the captured cities of Hadarezer , the king of Zobah ( 1 Chronicles 18 : 8 ) . Ahaz later removed this laver from the oxen , and placed it on a stone pavement ( 2 Kings 16 : 17 ) . It was destroyed by the Chaldeans ( 2 Kings 25 : 13 ) . The lavers , each of which held `` forty baths '' ( 1 Kings 7 : 38 ) , rested on portable holders made of bronze , provided with wheels , and ornamented with figures of lions , cherubim , and palm - trees . The author of the books of the Kings describes their minute details with great interest ( 1 Kings 7 : 27 -- 37 ) . Josephus reported that the vessels in the Temple were composed of orichalcum in Antiquities of the Jews . According to 1 Kings 7 : 48 there stood before the Holy of Holies a golden Altar of Incense and a table for showbread . This table was of gold , as were also the five candlesticks on each side of it . The implements for the care of the candles -- tongs , basins , snuffers , and fire - pans -- were of gold ; and so were the hinges of the doors . Dedication ( edit ) 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 66 and 2 Chronicles 6 : 1 - 42 recount the events of the temple 's dedication . When the priests emerged from the holy of holies after placing the Ark there , the Temple was filled with an overpowering cloud which interrupted the dedication ceremony , `` for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord '' ( 1 Kings 8 : 10 -- 11 ; 2 Chronicles 5 : 13 , 14 ) . Solomon interpreted the cloud as `` ( proof ) that his pious work was accepted '' : The Lord has said that he would dwell in thick darkness . I have built you an exalted house , a place for you to dwell in forever . ( 1 Kings 8 : 12 - 13 ) The allusion is to Leviticus 16 : 2 : The Lord said to Moses : Tell your brother Aaron not to come just at any time into the sanctuary inside the curtain before the mercy seat that is upon the ark , or he will die ; for I appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat . Solomon then led the whole assembly of Israel in prayer , noting that the construction on the temple represented a fulfilment of God 's promise to David , dedicating the temple as a place of prayer and reconciliation for the people of Israel and for foreigners living in Israel , and highlighting the paradox that God who lives in the heavens can not really be contained within a single building . The dedication was concluded with sacrifices said to have included `` twenty - two thousand bulls and one hundred and twenty thousand sheep '' . Archaeology ( edit ) Because of the religious and political sensitivities involved , no archaeological excavations and only limited surface surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted since Charles Warren 's expedition of 1867 -- 70 . There is no archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon 's Temple , and the building is not mentioned in surviving extra-biblical accounts . Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that the first Jewish temple in Jerusalem was not built until the end of the 7th century BCE , around three hundred years after Solomon . They believe the temple should not really be assigned to Solomon , who they see as little more than a small - time hill country chieftain , and argue that it was most likely built by Josiah , who governed Judah from 639 to 609 BCE . An ostracon ( excavated prior to 1981 ) , sometimes referred to as the House of Yahweh ostracon , was discovered at Tel Arad , dated to 6th century BCE which mentions a temple which is probably the Temple in Jerusalem . A thumb - sized ivory pomegranate ( which came to light in 1979 ) measuring 44 millimetres ( 1.7 in ) in height , and bearing an ancient Hebrew inscription `` Sacred donation for the priests in the House of -- - h , ) '' , was believed to have adorned a sceptre used by the high priest in Solomon 's Temple . It was considered the most important item of biblical antiquities in the Israel Museum 's collection . However , in 2004 , the Israel Antiquities Authority reported the inscription to be a forgery , though the ivory pomegranate itself was dated to the 14th or 13th century BCE . This was based on the report 's claim that three incised letters in the inscription stopped short of an ancient break , as they would have if carved after the ancient break was made . Since then , it has been proven that one of the letters was indeed carved prior to the ancient break , and the status of the other two letters are in question . Some paleographers and others have continued to insist that the inscription is ancient , some dispute this so the authenticity of this writing is still the object of discussion . Another artifact , the Jehoash Inscription , which first came to notice in 2003 , contains a 15 - line description of King Jehoash 's ninth - century BCE restoration of the Temple . Its authenticity was called into question by a report by the Israel Antiquities Authority , which said that the surface patina contained microfossils of foraminifera . As these fossils do not dissolve in water , they can not occur in a calcium carbonate patina , leading initial investigators to conclude that the patina must be an artificial chemical mix applied to the stone by forgers . As of late 2012 , the academic community is split on whether the tablet is authentic or not . Commenting on a 2012 report by geologists arguing for the authenticity of the inscription , in October 2012 , Hershel Shanks ( who believes the inscription is genuine ) wrote the current situation was that most Hebrew language scholars believe that the inscription is a forgery and geologists that it is genuine , and thus `` Because we rely on experts , and because there is an apparently irresolvable conflict of experts in this case , BAR has taken no position with respect to the authenticity of the Jehoash Inscription . '' By 2006 , the Temple Mount Sifting Project had recovered numerous artifacts dating from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE from soil removed in 1999 by the Islamic Religious Trust ( Waqf ) from the Solomon 's Stables area of the Temple Mount . These include stone weights for weighing silver and a First Temple period bulla , or seal impression , containing ancient Hebrew writing which includes the name Netanyahu ben Yaush . Netanyahu is a name mentioned several times in the Book of Jeremiah while the name Yaush appears in the Lachish letters . However , the combination of names was unknown to scholars . In 2007 , artifacts dating to the 8th to 6th centuries BCE were described as being possibly the first physical evidence of human activity at the Temple Mount during the First Temple period . The findings included animal bones ; ceramic bowl rims , bases , and body sherds ; the base of a juglet used to pour oil ; the handle of a small juglet ; and the rim of a storage jar . Other contemporary temples ( edit ) There is archaeological and written evidence of three Israelite temples , either contemporary or of very close date , dedicated to Yahweh ( Elephantine temple , probably Arad too ) , either in the Land of Israel or in Egypt . Two of them have the same general outline as given by the Bible for the Jerusalem Temple . The Israelite temple at Tel Arad in Judah , 10th to 8th / 7th century BCE and possibly dedicated to Yahweh and Asherah . The Jewish temple at Elephantine in Egypt , already standing in 525 BCE The Israelite temple at Tel Motza , c. 750 BCE discovered in 2012 a few kilometres west of Jerusalem . Several Iron Age temples have been found in the region that have striking similarities to the Temple of King Solomon . In particular the Ain Dara ( archaeological site ) , Ain Dara temple in northern Syria with a similar age , size , plan and decorations . Freemasonry ( edit ) Rituals in Freemasonry refer to King Solomon and the building of his Temple . Masonic buildings , where Lodge members meet , are sometimes called ' temples ' ; an allegoric reference to King Solomon 's Temple . Kabbalah ( edit ) Kabbalah views the design of the Temple of Solomon as representative of the metaphysical world and the descending light of the creator through Sephirot of the Tree of Life . The levels of the outer , inner and priest 's courts represent three lower worlds of Kabbalah . The Boaz and Jachin pillars at the entrance of the temple represent the active and passive elements of the world of Atziluth . The original menorah and its seven branches represent the seven lower Sephirot of the Tree of Life . The veil of the Holy of Holies and the inner part of the temple represent the Veil of the Abyss on the Tree of Life , behind which the Shekhina or Divine presence hovers . Islam ( edit ) The Temple in Jerusalem is mentioned in verse 7 of the surah Al - Isra in the Quran ; commentators of Quran such as Muhammad al - Tahir ibn Ashur postulate that this verse refers specifically to the Temple of Solomon . Popular culture ( edit ) Solomon 's Temple appears in Solomon and Sheba ( 1959 ) and in the novel King Solomon 's Mines ( 1885 ) . It also appears in the video game Assassin 's Creed where the main character Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad deal with Robert de Sablé . It appears too on Assassin 's Creed Unity ( 2014 ) where the Knight Templar Jacques de Molay is burned and died . See also ( edit ) General Aish tamid Solomonic column Solomon 's shamir Temple Denial Persons Isaiah Jeremiah Hezekiah Yosef Elboim Zadok Places City of David Mount Moriah Siloam tunnel Siloam inscription Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Josephus , Jew . Ant. 10.8. 5 Jump up ^ `` Science & Nature -- Horizon '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dever , William G. Did God Have a Wife ? : Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel . Wm B. Eerdmans . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0802828521 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Marty E. ( 2006 ) , Temples , tithes , and taxes : the temple and the economic life of ancient Israel , Hendrickson Publishers , p. 3 , ISBN 1 - 56563 - 934 - 0 Jump up ^ Clifford Mark McCormick ( 2002 ) . Palace and Temple : A Study of Architectural and Verbal Icons . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017277 - 5 . Jump up ^ 1 Kings 6 : 38 Jump up ^ Achtemeier , Paul J. ; Boraas , Roger S. ( 1996 ) , The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary , San Francisco : HarperOne , p. 1096 Jump up ^ `` Temple In Rabbinical Literature '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yeisen , Yosef ( 2004 ) , Miraculous journey : a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present , Targum Press , p. 56 , ISBN 1 - 56871 - 323 - 1 Jump up ^ Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Ab , Ninth Day of '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ According to Finkelstein in The Bible Unearthed , the description of the temple is remarkably similar to that of surviving remains of Phoenician temples of the time , and it is certainly plausible , from the point of view of archaeology , that the temple was constructed to the design of Phoenicians . ^ Jump up to : De Vaux , Roland ; McHugh , John , ed. ( 1961 ) . Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions . NY : McGraw - Hill . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Peter Schäfer The Origins of Jewish Mysticism. 2011 . p. 59 : `` Scholars have long observed that this three - part structure resembles the structure of Solomon 's Temple as described in 1 Kings 6 : 3 , 5 : the hekhal ( sanctuary ) , the devir ( inner sanctuary ) or qodesh ha - qodashim ( Holy of Holies ) ... '' Jump up ^ Meir Ben - Dov , The Golden Age : Synagogues of Spain in History and Architecture , 2009 : `` Among Ashkenazic Jewry , even though these two were the main foci of the synagogue , the terms used for them were different . The hekhal ( literally , `` the Temple '' ) was known as the aron ha - kodesh ( literally , ... '' ^ Jump up to : Pulpit Commentary on 1 Kings 8 , accessed 2 October 2017 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 66 Jump up ^ Warren , Charles ( 1876 ) . Underground Jerusalem : An Account of Some of the Principal Difficulties Encountered in Its Exploration and the Results Obtained . With a Narrative of an Expedition through the Jordan Valley and a Visit to the Samaritans . London : Richard Bentley . Jump up ^ Langmead , Donald ; Garnaut , Christine ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats ( 3rd , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576071120 . Jump up ^ Handy , Lowell ( 1997 ) . The Age of Solomon : Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium . Brill . pp. 493 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10476 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Israel & Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts . Simon & Schuster . pp. 128 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 . Jump up ^ T.C. Mitchell ( 1992 ) . `` Judah Until the Fall of Jerusalem '' . In John Boardman ; I.E.S. Edwards ; E. Sollberger ; N.G.L. Hammond . The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume 3 , Part 2 : The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East , from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC . Cambridge University Press . p. 397 . ISBN 978 - 0521227179 . Jump up ^ Myre , Greg ( December 30 , 2004 ) . `` Israel Indicts 4 in ' Brother of Jesus ' Hoax and Other Forgeries '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ivory pomegranate ' not Solomon 's ' '' . BBC News . December 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Hershel ( November -- December 2011 ) . `` Fudging with Forgeries '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . 37 ( 6 ) : 56 -- 58 . ISSN 0098 - 9444 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Hershel ( November -- December 2012 ) . `` Authentic or Forged ? What to Do When Experts Disagree '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . First Person ( column ) . ISSN 0098 - 9444 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Building Remains From The Time Of The First Temple Were Exposed West Of The Temple Mount '' . Israel Antiquities Authority . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . a personal Hebrew seal made of a semi-precious stone that was apparently inlaid in a ring . The scarab - like seal is elliptical and measures c. 1.1 cm ( 0.4 in ) x 1.4 cm ( 0.6 in ) . The surface of the seal is divided into three strips separated by a double line : in the upper strip is a chain decoration in which there are four pomegranates and in the two bottom strips is the name of the owner of the seal , engraved in ancient Hebrew script . It reads : לנתניהו בן יאש ( ( belonging ) to Netanyahu ben Yaush ) . The two names are known in the treasury of biblical names : the name נתניהו ( Netanyahu ) is mentioned a number of times in the Bible ( in the Book of Jeremiah and in Chronicles ) and the name יאש ( Yaush ) appears in the Lachish letters . The name Yaush , like the name יאשיהו ( Yoshiyahu ) is , in the opinion of Professor Shmuel Ahituv , derived from the root או `` ש which means `` he gave a present '' ( based on Arabic and Ugaritic ) . It is customary to assume that the owners of personal seals were people that held senior governmental positions . It should nevertheless be emphasized that this combination of names -- נתניהו בן יאוש ( Netanyahu ben Yaush ) -- was unknown until now . Jump up ^ Shragai , Nadav ( October 19 , 2006 ) . `` Temple Mount dirt uncovers First Temple artifacts '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Temple Mount First Temple Period Discoveries '' . The Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Milstein , Mati ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Solomon 's Temple Artifacts Found by Muslim Workers '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ Avraham Negev & Shimon Gibson ( 2001 ) . Arad ( Tel ) . Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land . New York and London : Continuum . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1316 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mazar , Amihai . `` The Divided Monarchy : Comments on Some Archaeological Issues . '' pp. 159 -- 80 in The Quest for the Historical Israel : Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel ( Archaeology and Biblical Studies ) Society of Biblical Literature ( Sep 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 277 - 0 p. 176 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Sudan ~ Nubia : Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine : A Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Searching for the Temple of King Solomon '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lodge Chelmsford No 261 '' . Lodgechelmsford.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Invalid Input . `` Freemasons NSW & ACT -- Home '' . Masons.org.au . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ The Way of Kabbalah , Warren Kenton , Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi , Weiser Books , 1976 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Ibn Ashur , Muhammad al - Tahir . `` al - Tahrir wa'l - tanwir '' . Al - Dar Al - Tunasia Publication . Tunisia. 1984 . vol. 15 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Bowden , Oliver ( June 23 , 2011 ) . Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade . Penguin UK . p. 464 . ISBN 9780141966717 . Jump up ^ Dansereau , François ; Lowe , Ivan ; Nadiger , James ; Podar , Nitai ; Sutton , Megan ; Whelton - Pane , Johathan ; Wright , William ( November 2011 ) . Assassin 's Creed Encyclopedia . UbiWorkshop . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924006 - 03 - 0 . Jump up ^ Worley , Seth . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity ( Video Game Review ) '' . BioGamer Girl Magazine . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Oliver ( November 20 , 2014 ) . Assassin 's Creed : Unity . Penguin UK . p. 480 . ISBN 9781405918855 . References ( edit ) De Vaux , Roland ( 1961 ) . John McHugh , ed . Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions . NY : McGraw - Hill . Draper , Robert ( Dec 2010 ) . `` Kings of Controversy '' . National Geographic : 66 -- 91 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Finkelstein , Israel ; Neil Asher Silberman ( 2006 ) . David and Solomon : In Search of the Bible 's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4362 - 5 . Finkelstein , Israel ; Neil Asher Silberman . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision . Glueck , Nelson ( Feb 1944 ) . `` On the Trail of King Solomon 's Mines '' . National Geographic . 85 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 56 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Goldman , Bernard ( 1966 ) . The Sacred Portal : a primary symbol in ancient Judaic art . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . It has a detailed account and treatment of Solomon 's Temple and its significance . Hamblin , William ; David Seely ( 2007 ) . Solomon 's Temple : Myth and History . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25133 - 9 . Mazar , Benjamin ( 1975 ) . The Mountain of the Lord . NY : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04843 - 2 . Young , Mike . `` Temple Measurements and Photo recreations '' . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Temple , Solomon 's '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Temple of Solomon '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Further reading ( edit ) 21st century resources Barker , Margaret ( 2004 ) , Temple Theology , an introduction , London : The Society For Promoting Christian Knowledge , ISBN 028105634X . Vaughn , Andrew G. ; Killebrew , Ann E. , eds. ( 2003 ) , Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology : The First Temple Period , Society of Biblical Literature . Stevens , Marty E. ( 2006 ) , Temples , tithes , and taxes : the temple and the economic life of ancient Israel , Hendrickson Publishers , ISBN 1 - 56563 - 934 - 0 . Dever , William G. ( 2001 - 05 - 10 ) , What Did The Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It ? , Wm . B. Eerdmans . Jones , Floyd Nolen ( 1993 -- 2004 ) , The Chronology Of The Old Testament , New Leaf Publishing Group . Post-1945 resources Elizabeth Bloch - Smith , Who is the King of Glory ? : Solomon 's Temple and its Symbolism in Michael D. Coogan , J. Cheryl Exum , Lawrence E. Stager ( eds ) , `` Scripture and Other Artifacts : Essays in Honor of Philip J. King '' ( Westminster John Knox , 1994 ) Gershon Galil , `` The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah '' ( Brill , 1996 ) Joseph Blenkinsopp , `` Sage , Priest , Prophet : Religious and Intellectual Leadership in Ancient Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1995 ) Jeremy Hughes , `` Secrets of the times : myth and history in biblical chronology '' ( Sheffield Academic Press , 1990 ) Edwin R. Thiele , `` The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings '' ( Zondervan , 1983 ) Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard ( eds ) , `` Mercer Dictionary of the Bible '' ( Mercer University Press , 1990 ) Pre-1945 resources Paine , T.O. ( 1870 ) . Solomon 's temple : Including the tabernacle ; first temple ; house of the king , or house of the forest of Lebanon ; idolatrous high places ; the city on the mountain ... the oblation of the holy portion ; and the last temple . Boston : H.H. & T.W. Carter External links ( edit ) Media related to Temple of Solomon at Wikimedia Commons Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Solomon Family and reputed relations David Queen of Sheba Pharaoh 's daughter Naamah Rehoboam Menelik I Occurrences Solomon 's Temple Judgment of Solomon Solomon 's Pools Solomon 's shamir Solomon in Islam Reputed works Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Book of Wisdom Odes of Solomon Key of Solomon Lesser Key of Solomon Magical Treatise of Solomon Psalms of Solomon Testament of Solomon Prayer of Solomon Related articles Solomonic column Seal of Solomon Solomon 's knot United Monarchy Davidic line Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%27s_Temple&oldid=835889812 '' Categories : Solomon 's Temple 1st - millennium BC disestablishments in Israel 10th - century BC religious buildings 10th - century BC establishments 6th - century BC disestablishments Ancient Israel and Judah Books of Kings Destroyed temples Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles that may contain original research from August 2014 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 11 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what happened to the first temple in jerusalem
|
[] |
[] |
4479558544751777866
|
French and Indian War
|
French and Indian War - wikipedia French and Indian War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States . It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 -- 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 The origin of the name 2 North America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5. 1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links The origin of the name The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America , which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . North America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 -- 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . -- Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 -- 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to French and Indian War . The French and Indian War Website Map of French and Indian War . French and British forts and settlements , Indian tribes . French and Indian War Profile and Videos -- Chickasaw.TV The War That Made America from PBS FORGOTTEN WAR : Struggle for North America from PBS Seven Years ' War timeline Montcalm and Wolfe , by Francis Parkman online ebook Animated Map of the French and Indian War developed by HistoryAnimated.com Links to related articles History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Military history of Canada History of ... Colonial militia - ( Military of New France ) Crown & Forces Army Navy Air Force Conflicts Beaver Wars King William 's War Queen Anne 's War Father Rale 's War King George 's War Father Le Loutre 's War French and Indian War War of 1812 Fenian raids Red River Rebellion Wolseley Expedition North - West Rebellion Boer War First World War Russian Civil War Second World War Cold War Korean War Gulf War Afghanistan War Intervention in Libya Intervention against ISIL See also Canada in the American Civil War Mackenzie -- Papineau Battalion Canada and the Vietnam War Canada and the Iraq War Lists Bibliography Conflicts Operations Victories Peacekeeping Internment Camps WWI Internment Camps WWII Category Portal WikiProject Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Froberg mutiny ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land ) 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - Tahitian War ( 1844 -- 47 ) French conquest of Senegal ( 1854 ) Cochinchina Campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Second Opium War ( 1860 ) Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 67 ) Japan ( 1863 -- 64 ) Korea ( 1866 ) North Vietnam ( 1873 -- 74 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Madagascar ( 1883 ) Ivory Coast ( 1883 -- 98 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 86 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) North Vietnam ( 1886 -- 96 ) Leewards War ( 1888 -- 97 ) First Franco - Dahomean War ( 1890 ) Second Franco - Dahomean War ( 1892 -- 94 ) Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Second Madagascar expedition ( 1895 ) Voulet -- Chanoine Mission ( 1898 ) 20th century Boxer Rebellion ( 1901 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 36 ) Ouaddai War ( 1909 -- 11 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Zaian War ( 1914 - 1921 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 - 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 - 1917 ) Syria ( 1919 -- 21 ) Cilicia ( 1920 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Kongo - Wara rebellion ( 1928 -- 31 ) Franco - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) South Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) Malagasy Uprising ( 1947 -- 48 ) Tunisian independence ( 1952 -- 56 ) Algerian War ( 1954 -- 62 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Cameroonian Independence War ( 1955 - 1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_and_Indian_War&oldid=829800261 '' Categories : French and Indian War Anglo - French wars Seven Years ' War 1750s conflicts 1760s conflicts 1750s in Canada 1760s in Canada 1750s in New France 1760s in New France 1750s in the Thirteen Colonies 1760s in the Thirteen Colonies Colonization history of the United States Conflicts in New Brunswick Conflicts in Nova Scotia Events in New France Military history of Acadia Military history of New England Military history of the Thirteen Colonies Military history of Canada New France Wabanaki Confederacy Wars involving France Wars involving Great Britain Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America Wars involving the states and peoples of North America 18th century in Canada 18th century in New France 18th century in the British Empire 18th century in the French colonial empire 18th century in the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where did the french and indian war occur
|
[] |
[] |
6291668500725058058
|
Matthew 5:5
|
Matthew 5 : 5 - wikipedia Matthew 5 : 5 Jump to : navigation , search Matthew 5 : 5 depicted in the window of a Trittenheim church Matthew 5 : 5 is the fifth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . It is the third verse of the Sermon on the Mount , and also third of what are known as the Beatitudes . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : Blessed are the meek : for they shall inherit the earth . The World English Bible translates the passage as : Blessed are the gentle , for they shall inherit the earth . This well known verse is perhaps the most famous of the Beatitudes . Unlike the previous two , however , this one has no parallel in Luke 's Sermon on the Plain . Luke 's Sermon contains four Beatitudes and four Woes . There is considerable debate over whether this Beatitude was in Q , and Luke left it out , or if it is an original addition by the author of Matthew . Gundry 's theory is that the author of Matthew wanted to remove the woes for later use against the Pharisees in Matthew 23 , however he wanted to keep the same eightfold structure and thus needed to create four new sayings . He sees this verse as essentially just a rephrasing of Matthew 5 : 3 , this same wording is also found at Psalm 37 : 11 . Meek and poor , which can also be translated as humble , mean essentially the same thing . Schweizer feels meek should be understood as meaning powerless . Another perspective : In Strong 's Greek concordance # 4239 it refers to Praus as being mild or gentle but it is not suggesting weakness but instead the way power is handled . It is `` strength under control '' . It is demonstrating power without undue harshness . The English language does not have a word that translates conveying both gentleness and power together . Contents ( hide ) 1 Analysis 2 Cultural uses 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Analysis ( edit ) The phrase `` inherit the earth '' is also similar to `` theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven '' in Matthew 5 : 3 . Schweizer notes that two terms reflect the two different views of the end times current when Matthew was writing . One view was that the end of the world would see all the believers brought up to join the Kingdom of Heaven . The other view was that the end times would have God come down to directly rule Earth , and the chosen people would then be given dominion over the entire world . Hill does not see the two verses referring to different things . He does not feel that word `` earth '' means the physical world . Rather he notes that Deuteronomy 4 : 1 and Deuteronomy 16 : 20 both use the word inherit to refer to the Israelites taking possession of the Holy Land . Hill feels that earth , which can also be translated as land , is an allusion to the new Holy Land , which might not be on Earth . A refined meaning of this phrase has been seen to say that those that are quiet or nullified will one day inherit the world . Meek in the Greek literature of the period most often mean gentle or soft . Nolland writes that a more accurate interpretation for this verse is powerless Clarke notes how important and revolutionary this elevation of meekness was in the Mediterranean 's societies of the time that placed enormous stock in honour and status . This verse has been much praised , even by some non-Christians such as Mahatma Gandhi . Some have seen it less favourably . Baron d'Holbach felt that this verse , and those around it , reflected the interests of Christians when they were a small and powerless sect . He felt that whenever Christians gained power these views were inevitably abandoned . Friedrich Nietzsche was harshly critical over this verse , which to him embodied the `` slave morality '' of Jesus . It has also been criticized by James Joyce , William Blake , and Theodore Dreiser who all rejected a life without striving . Cultural uses ( edit ) As one of the most famous of Beatitudes , the meek shall inherit the earth has appeared many times in works of art and popular culture : The title of a song ( `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' ) , and the overall theme , of the Little Shop of Horrors musical The title of a song on the Frank Zappa album You Are What You Is ( `` The Meek Shall Inherit Nothing '' ) The songs `` Visions of the Night '' and `` Walking in your Footsteps '' by The Police each contain the line , `` They say the meek shall inherit the earth '' The theme of the Rush album 2112 An episode of the War of the Worlds television series J.B. Priestley 's Midnight of the Desert contains a discussion of this verse by the characters as does Arnold Bennett 's Anna of the Five Towns A rendering of the Beatitudes in Monty Python 's 1979 film Life of Brian includes the verse - `` How blest are those of gentle spirit . They shall have the earth for their possession . '' Don Pendleton 's Mack Bolan , when reminded that the `` meek shall inherit the earth '' , replied , `` Only after the violent have tamed it . '' A line rapped by Jay - Z in the song Lucifer from The Black Album . A line spoken by Rev. David Marshall Lee in the Larry Shue play The Foreigner . A line in the song The Geek by German band Wir sind Helden . The Simon & Garfunkel song `` Blessed '' , from their album Sounds of Silence . `` Try not to forget that the meek inherit earth '' is a quote from Staind 's song , `` How About You '' A line in the song `` Anything for Jah '' by Easy Dub All - Stars In the episode of The Outer Limits , The Vaccine , `` The meek shall inherit the Earth '' was used as the end quote . Welsh Indie Band Gorky 's Zygotic Mynci has a song titled `` Blessed are the Meek '' on their 1992 album Patio . A line in the song `` The Grind Date '' by De La Soul from their album The Grind Date . The title of a poem by Charles Bukowski . Title of 1980s album by jazz saxophonist Bobby Watson . In the song `` 1000 More Fools '' by Bad Religion in their album Suffer Comedian Eddie Izzard describes a scenario in his show Circle , in which the meek conclude that it 's about time they actually did inherit the earth , and proceed to do so in an organised , armed revolution . The poem `` Mushrooms '' by Sylvia Plath contains the lines `` we are meek ... we shall by morning , inherit the earth . '' The Firefly episode `` Our Mrs. Reynolds '' contain the following line in a deleted scene , spoken by Mal Reynolds encouraging Saffron to act decisively : `` More than 70 earths spinnin ' about the galaxy , and the meek have inherited not a one . '' In the 1989 film Dead Poets Society , John Keating ( Robin Williams ) says to the character Stephen Meeks `` Mr. Meeks , time to inherit the earth '' . J. Paul Getty once quoted `` The meek shall inherit the earth , but not the mineral rights . '' Used in the Lost episode The Moth Was spoken by Pridcilla Lapham portrayed by Luana Patten in the 1957 movie Johnny Tremain Referenced to in the song `` Ready Or Not '' from rapper Meek Mill 's Dreamchasers 2 mixtape : `` The meek shall inherit the earth , so I'mma own this bitch till I 'm buried in dirt . '' Spoken by the High Lama in the film `` Lost Horizon '' ( 1937 ) Morley Callaghan 's novel , They Shall Inherit the Earth ( 1935 ) The band Creature Feature used the line `` The Meek Shall Inherit The Earth '' as a song title The opening lyrics to the song `` Valley of Death '' off of rapper Rick Ross 's 2009 album Deeper Than Rap are `` The meek shall inherit the earth , that 's what the bible says '' In the Community episode `` Messianic Myths and Ancient Peoples '' Donald Glover ( as Troy Barnes ) raps a rhymed variation of the verse , beginning with `` Blessed be the peacemakers , word to the meek / The kingdom of heaven is open all week '' as a gesture to his devout Christian friend , Shirley Bennett ( Yvette Nicole Brown ) . In the `` My Morning Jacket '' song `` Victory Dance '' from the album `` Circuital '' ( 2011 ) , the lyrics state `` Power , hey do you know how it works / Hey do you know that the meek , They shall inherit the earth '' . In Hearthstone : Heroes of Warcraft , a daily quest is named `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' . The band Silent Planet has a song called `` Inherit the Earth '' on their 2016 album Everything Was Sound . See also ( edit ) Matthew 23 Psalm 37 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring , Eugene `` Gospel of Matthew . '' The New Interpreter 's Bible , volume 8 Abingdon , 1995 pg. 176 Jump up ^ Gundry , Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Jump up ^ Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Jump up ^ Nolland , John . The Gospel of Matthew : a commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 pg. 201 Jump up ^ Clarke , Howard W . The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers : A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Davids , Peter H. `` Meek Shall Inherit the Earth . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . External links ( edit ) BibRef Matthew 5 : 5 Preceded by Matthew 5 : 4 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5 Succeeded by Matthew 5 : 6 Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 Verse Matthew 5 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Terms Beatitudes Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_5:5&oldid=784009643 '' Categories : Matthew 5 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2017 , at 23 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth meaning
|
[] |
[] |
864161893686949497
|
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
|
Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) This is an old revision of this page , as edited by ClueBot NG ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 40 , 28 August 2017 ( Reverting possible vandalism by 50.115. 207.102 to version by Entranced98 . Report False Positive ? Thanks , ClueBot NG. ( 3112667 ) ( Bot ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 18 : 40 , 28 August 2017 by ClueBot NG ( talk contribs ) ( Reverting possible vandalism by 50.115. 207.102 to version by Entranced98 . Report False Positive ? Thanks , ClueBot NG. ( 3112667 ) ( Bot ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Theatrical release poster Directed by David Bowers Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Jeff Kinney David Bowers Based on Hard Luck , The Long Haul and Old School by Jeff Kinney Starring Jason Drucker Alicia Silverstone Tom Everett Scott Charlie Wright Owen Asztalos Narrated by Jason Drucker Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Troy Takaki Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Color Force Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $39.3 million Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers . It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series , and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series , The Long Haul and Old School , and one element based on the eighth book , Hard Luck about Meemaw . Despite not being a reboot , the original cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles . It was theatrically released on May 19 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $39.3 million on a $22 million budget , and was panned by critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Cultural references 4 Release 4.1 Trailer reactions 4.2 Box office 4.3 Critical response 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot 5 years after the previous film , while at the Corny 's family restaurant , the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw 's 90th birthday . However , after Greg rescues Manny , who got stuck inside a tube in the play area , Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand . He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet , leading Greg to be dubbed as ' Diaper Hands . ' Later , at the Heffley residence , Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw 's house in Indianapolis . Greg 's gaming star , Mac Digby , will be attending , and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so people will forget about his meme - age as Diaper Hands . He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents ' knowledge , however . The Heffley family hits the road , where Greg , Rodrick , Frank , and Manny 's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan , who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology - free . After arriving at a motel , Rodrick accidentally locks a pizza , which is for dinner , inside a mini-safe , mistaking it for a microwave . Discouraged , Greg and Rodrick are allowed to get in the hot tub , after another family ( which Greg nicknames the Beardo family ) have finished using it . But before that , Greg gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it discreetly . Later , when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub , Rodrick hears a notification from Greg 's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo . Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan , saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in . Liking the idea , Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo . Going to sleep , Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings , who playfully crash a trolley into a wall , and storms out of the room . He confronts them but Brandi , the eldest sibling , crashes the trolley into their car , leaving a huge scratch . Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room , Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him . Greg returns to his room , but the next morning , he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo , who chases him again , but he manages to escape from the motel with his family . The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig , but Mr. Beardo and his family notices them and begins chasing after Greg but manages to outrun again . Back at the road , the Heffleys , unable to take care of the pig , drop it off at the petting zoo , much to Manny 's dismay , but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention . Checking at the hotel room , Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw . However , after Frank and Susan sees their children on live TV , they go to get the boys themselves . Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition . Desperate to be in one of his videos , Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost . But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public , causing them to chant him . Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together , and she accuses Greg of not caring . Greg snaps back at Susan , saying that she does n't care about what he wants , which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place . Hurt by her son 's words , Susan hands her phone to Greg because she does n't care anymore . On the road again , the tarp on the boat that had been carrying the majority of their belongings , hitched to the car , flies off all across the road . The Heffleys recover their belongings when the Beardo van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes . They quickly pursue them into the motel room , where the Beardos occupied , and successfully retrieve their belongings . After encountering some trouble , the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw 's and get their car fixed , but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way . A Spanish - speaking man who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them , but none of the Heffleys can understand him , except Manny , who speaks in fluent Spanish to the man and explains their current situation . It 's implied that he learned this skill from a CD Susan put in during the road trip , which was a guide to learning Spanish . The man , Mr. Luis , tows their car , but Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is , and the two reunite . At the end , Greg explains that although the road trip was n't perfect , he still would n't change a thing . He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet , Rodrick was able to get a new van , and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family . Greg expresses excitement for where they 'll be going next year , but Susan steps in to say they will be flying . In a mid-credits scene , two girls take selfies with Greg , who they recognize as Diaper Hands . Cast Jason Drucker as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley , Greg 's little brother Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby , a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo , the main antagonist of the film Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's wife Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car Mimi Gould as Meemaw , Susan 's grandmother and Greg 's great - grandmother Production Development In 2012 , the series ' third entry , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise . In August 2012 , while doing press for the film , author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie , but did not dismiss the possibility entirely . Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel , stating , `` At present , we do n't have a fourth film in development , but you never know ! '' When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series , Gordon explained , `` Dog Days most likely will be the last movie . The main problem is ( the cast ) is getting older . You ca n't stop it . There 's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up . You know , that 's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless . '' In March 2013 , Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film . Previously , Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the 3rd novel , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw , instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film , stating in an interview , `` I hope that it gets made into an animated movie . but I 'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special . '' Pre-production On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced that a fourth live - action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production , and will have a completely different cast , as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles . Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley , with David Bowers returning as the director . Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg 's parents , Susan and Frank , and Charlie Wright portrays Greg 's older brother Rodrick . Filming Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20 , 2016 , in Atlanta , and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Cultural references The film somewhat acts as a parody film , referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds , where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls . The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act , where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower , which Greg is stuck in , which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him , and wet mud goes down the drain . Additionally , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet ? . Release The film was released on May 17 , 2017 , in the Philippines , May 19 , 2017 , in the United States , and May 20 , 2017 , in the United Kingdom . Trailer reactions On February 23 , 2017 , a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released , and the following month , the official trailer was released . Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters , most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick . To further express their outrage , the fans took to social media and started the hashtag `` # NotMyRodrick '' ( a parody of the `` # NotMyPresident '' trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump ) , which has spawned countless online memes . Other hashtags included `` # NotMyHeffleys '' and `` # NotMyRowley '' . Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences , and the official trailer received over 43 thousand dislikes , compared to only 8 thousand likes . Box office As of August 12 , 2017 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $17.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $38.2 million , against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . In North America , the film was released alongside Everything , Everything and Alien : Covenant , and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend . However , after grossing $2 million on its first day , projections were lowered to $7 million . It ended up finishing with $7.1 million , placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise . Critical response Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul has received mostly negative reviews . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 20 % based on 65 reviews and an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an all - new cast but the same juvenile humor , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested -- and largely unfunny -- development . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 8 , 2017 . References ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Alien : Covenant , ' No. 8 in the franchise , is poised to unseat ' Guardians ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid : new film confirmed for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon Talks `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' `` . ClevverTV. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Cavna ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film , ' Dog Days ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hiramine , Brie . `` YIKES : ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley '' . J - 14 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Official Trailer ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . www.youtube.com . 20th Century Fox . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1 M Opening , - 34 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline.com . May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Release Date , News & Reviews - Releases.com '' . www.releases.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . External links Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul on IMDb Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul at Tomatazos ( show ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Category ( show ) Films directed by David Bowers Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Astro Boy ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Long_Haul_(film)&oldid=797706358 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American sequel films American children 's comedy films American road movies Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) Films with live action and animation 20th Century Fox films Films directed by David Bowers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikiquote العربية Deutsch עברית Magyar Português Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
|
when does the new diary of a wimpy kid movie come out on dvd
|
[
"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017.[15][16]"
] |
[
"August 8, 2017"
] |
3960391384658007300
|
Ochoa
|
Ochoa - wikipedia Ochoa Ochoa or Otxoa is a Basque surname common throughout Spain , France , the Americas , and the Philippines . It is a surname of patronymic origin ; it was originally a given name in Medieval Spain . The name originated in the Basque Country and means `` wolf '' in the Basque language ( spelled otsoa or otxoa in Standard Basque ) . There was also a female given name Ochanda ( meaning `` female wolf '' , cf . the elegant tower in the old quarter of Vitoria - Gasteiz named after Ochanda , proper name of the daughter of a man responsible for revamping the tower in the 16th century ) and Ochotorena or Otxotorena , meaning `` son of Ochoto '' ( lit . `` small wolf '' ) . The Spanish version of this Basque given name was Lope , also appearing in the names of Gascon lords in the High Middle Ages . Persons ( edit ) The name may refer to : Alex Ochoa ( 1972 -- ) , American baseball player Arnaldo Ochoa ( 1930 -- 1989 ) , Cuban army general , executed for treason Baltazar Hinojosa Ochoa ( 1963 -- ) , Mexican politician , mayor of Matamoros , Tamaulipas Blanca Fernández Ochoa ( 1963 ) , Spanish alpine skier Carla Ochoa ( 1979 -- ) , Chilean fashion model Carlos Ochoa ( 1978 -- ) , Mexican football ( soccer ) player Carlos José Ochoa ( 1980 -- ) , Venezuelan cyclist Carlos M. Ochoa ( 1920 -- 2008 ) , Peruvian botanist Digna Ochoa ( 1964 -- 2001 ) , Mexican human - rights lawyer Eduardo López Ochoa ( 1877 -- 1936 ) , Spanish army general , Africanist , and Freemason Eliades Ochoa ( 1946 -- ) , Cuban guitarist and singer Ellen Ochoa ( 1958 -- ) , first Mexican - American astronaut Estevan Ochoa ( 1831 -- 1888 ) , Mexican - born American businessman and politician Eugenio de Ochoa ( 1815 -- 1872 ) , Spanish author and translator Fabio Ochoa Restrepo ( a.k.a. `` Don Fabio '' ) ( 1923 -- 2002 ) , Colombian businessman , father of the Ochoa brothers Francisco Fernández Ochoa ( 1950 -- 2006 ) , Spanish alpine skier Francisco Labastida Ochoa ( 1942 -- ) , Mexican economist and politician Gorka Otxoa ( 1979 -- ) , Spanish actor Guillermo Ochoa ( a.k.a. `` Paco Memo '' ) ( 1985 -- ) , Mexican football ( soccer ) player Israel Ochoa ( 1964 -- ) , Colombian cyclist Javier Otxoa ( 1974 -- ) , Spanish cyclist Jesús Ochoa ( footballer ) ( 1981 -- ) , Mexican - American football ( soccer ) player Jesús Ochoa ( actor ) ( 1959 -- ) , Mexican actor Ochoa brothers , Colombian brothers Jorge , Juan David and Fabio Ochoa , former members of the Medellín drug cartel Leire Martínez Ochoa ( 1979 -- ) , Spanish - Basque singer , vocalist of La Oreja de Van Gogh after Amaia Montero 's departure Leonorilda Ochoa ( 1939 -- 2016 ) , Mexican actress Lewis Ochoa ( 1991 - ) , English football ( soccer ) player Lorena Ochoa ( 1981 -- ) , Mexican golfer Paquito Ochoa , Jr. ( 1960 - ) , Filipino lawyer and politician Mariana Ochoa ( 1979 -- ) , Mexican actress and singer Raymond Ochoa ( 2001 -- ) , American actor and brother of Ryan Ochoa Richard Ochoa ( 1984 -- ) , Venezuelan track and road cyclist Ryan Ochoa ( 1996 -- ) , American actor Samuel Ochoa ( 1986 - ) , Mexican football ( soccer ) player Severo Ochoa ( 1905 -- 1993 ) , Spanish biochemist , Nobel Laureate , Medicine , 1959 Fictional characters ( edit ) Pablo Belisario Ochoa , one of the five genetic fathers of Agent 47 in the Hitman series Julio Ochoa , incumbent mayor of Liberty City in Grand Theft Auto IV Detective Miguel Ochoa , character in the Nikki Heat novels based on Castle character Detective Javier Esposito . Other ( edit ) Ochoa syndrome , rare congenital syndrome associated with facial expressions and hydronephrosis Surname list This page lists people with the surname Ochoa . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Ochoa All pages Living people WP search links Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ochoa&oldid=852994669 '' Categories : Surnames Basque - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
where does the last name ochoa come from
|
[] |
[] |
-3177961430145479294
|
Nitrogenous base
|
Nitrogenous base - Wikipedia Nitrogenous base Jump to : navigation , search A nitrogenous base , or nitrogen - containing base , is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base . The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together . A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom . Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds , pyrimidine and purine . They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity , planar . Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution . Role in nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Nucleobase In the biological sciences , nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA . A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides , which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA . These nitrogenous bases are adenine ( A ) , uracil ( U ) , guanine ( G ) , thymine ( T ) , and cytosine ( C ) . The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the `` twisted ladder '' or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides . Adenine is always paired with thymine , and guanine is always paired with cytosine . These are known as base pairs . Uracil is only present in RNA , replacing thymine . Pyrimidines include thymine , cytosine , and uracil . They have a single ring structure . Purines include adenine and guanine . They have a double ring structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. and Michael M Cox ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , ed. 5 , W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 272 . ISBN 071677108X . Jump up ^ Carey , Francis A. ( 2008 ) . Organic Chemistry , ed. 6 , Mc Graw Hill . p. 1206 . ISBN 0072828374 . Jump up ^ Angstadt , Carol N ( 1997 ) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism . library.med.utah.edu This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenous_base&oldid=842348176 '' Categories : Biochemistry Biochemistry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Eesti Español Esperanto Galego Italiano 日本 語 Occitan Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
cytosine is an example of a nitrogen base found on what acids
|
[
"In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the \"twisted ladder\" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure. [3]"
] |
[
"nucleic"
] |
-1159171493864257523
|
Joseph Breen
|
Joseph Breen - wikipedia Joseph Breen For the Canadian football player , see Joe Breen . Joseph Breen Joseph Ignatius Breen ( 1888 - 10 - 14 ) October 14 , 1888 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S. December 5 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 05 ) ( aged 77 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Resting place Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Nationality American Education Gesu Parish School Roman Catholic High School Alma mater Saint Joseph 's College Occupation Film censor , journalist Years active 1934 -- 1955 Spouse ( s ) Mary Dervin ( m . 1914 -- 1965 ) ; his death Children 6 Joseph Ignatius Breen ( October 14 , 1888 -- December 5 , 1965 ) was an American film censor with the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America who applied the Hays Code to film production . Contents 1 Early life and career 2 As film censor 2.1 1934 -- 1941 2.2 1941 -- 1954 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Breen was the youngest of three sons born to Mary and Hugh A. Breen in Philadelphia . His father had emigrated from Ireland and met his mother Mary in New Jersey . Breen was raised in a strict Roman Catholic home and attended Gesu Parish School until the eighth grade . He then attended Boys Catholic High School . He attended Saint Joseph 's College but dropped out after two years , after which he worked as a newspaper reporter for fourteen years in Philadelphia , Washington , D.C. , and Chicago . After working as a reporter , Breen worked for the United States Foreign Service for four years , serving in Kingston , Jamaica , and in Toronto , Canada . As film Censor ( edit ) 1934 -- 1941 ( edit ) Breen was a journalist and an `` influential layperson '' in the Catholic community . Breen worked for Will H. Hays as a `` troubleshooter '' as early as 1931 . In 1933 , the Roman Catholic National Legion of Decency was founded , and began to rate films independently , putting pressure on the industry . In 1933 and 1934 the Legion along with a number of Protestant and women 's groups launched plans to boycott films that they deemed immoral . The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America ( MPPDA ) had , up until then , enforced the motion picture industry 's own self - censorship standards , albeit not very seriously . Hays , who had been in charge of enforcing this voluntary code since 1927 , worried that the NLD 's efforts could weaken his own power and that of his office , and hurt industry profits . Hays appointed the `` tough Irish Catholic '' Breen to head the Production Code Administration ( PCA ) , a newly created department of the MPPDA , created to administer the Motion Picture Production Code . Unlike previous attempts at self - censorship , PCA decisions became binding -- no film could be exhibited in an American theater without a stamp of approval from the PCA . Any producer attempting to do so faced a fine of $25,000 . After ten years of unsuccessful voluntary codes and expanding local censorship boards , the studio approved and agreed to enforce the codes , and the nationwide production code was enforced starting on July 1 , 1934 . Liberty Magazine wrote in 1936 that Breen 's appointment gave him `` more influence in standardizing world thinking than Mussolini , Hitler , or Stalin . '' Breen has been accused of anti-Semitism because of a few personal letters he wrote in the early 1930s . In these letters , he lamented the immorality of the filmmakers . According to author Thomas Doherty , this outburst was likely a reaction to Breen 's sudden immersion in the alien Hollywood culture rather than an expression of deeply held beliefs , stating that `` The antisemitic bile erupted during the pre-Code era , when Breen , newly arrived in Hollywood , was shocked by the folkways of the locals and anguished by his inability to purify the screen . '' After 1934 , he was `` publicly and forthrightly anti-antisemitic . '' William Dudley Pelley , founder of the anti-Semitic organization the Silver Legion of America , believed that Jews controlled the movie industry , which he thought to be the `` most effective propaganda medium in America '' , during the 1930s . Hence he applauded the fact that Breen had assumed the power to censor Hollywood . Breen , who also expressed anti-Semitic views , was deeply worried that Jewish filmmakers would try to use Nazi mistreatment of Jews during the 1930s as a vehicle for propaganda . He was concerned that Germans would be offended by harsh depiction of Nazis . He specifically warned Hollywood producers to avoid the topic altogether , saying that `` ( t ) here is a strong pro-German and anti-Semitic feeling in this country ... and while those who are likely to approve of an anti-Hitler picture may think well of such an enterprise , they should keep in mind that millions of Americans might think otherwise . '' Breen claimed that plans to make such pictures were being coordinated through the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League , which he claimed was `` conducted and financed almost entirely by Jews '' . As a result of Breen 's anticommunist views , the censorship board pressured Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer to drop plans to film Sinclair Lewis 's anti-fascist novel , It Ca n't Happen Here . In 1938 , largely in response to Nazi activities in Germany , Pope Pius XI denounced anti-Semitism , stating that `` it is not possible for Christians to take part in anti-Semitism '' . In response to this encouragement , American Roman Catholics formed the Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism . The two authors of the Hays Code , Martin J. Quigley and the Rev. Daniel Lord , SJ , promoted the cause . Quigley asked Breen to help gather statements of support from Catholics in the Hollywood film industry . Breen did so , and issued a statement himself , which said , in part , `` In my judgement there is nothing more important for us Catholics to do at the present moment ( July 1939 ) than to use our energies in stemming the tide of racial bigotry and hostility . '' 1941 -- 1954 ( edit ) Breen retired from the PCA in April 1941 , announcing that his departure was due to overwork and exhaustion . Between 1941 and 1942 Breen was the general manager of RKO Pictures . He returned to the PCA in 1942 . By the mid-1950s , Breen 's power over Hollywood was diminishing . For instance , Samuel Goldwyn publicly insisted that the production code be revised . Around the same time , Howard Hughes , owner of RKO , released The French Line , featuring revealing images of actress Jane Russell in a bathing suit , despite the fact that Breen had refused to approve the picture for release . In 1951 , Breen 's office refused to approve Otto Preminger 's film The Moon Is Blue because of objections to the dialogue . United Artists backed Preminger in his decision to release the movie without Breen 's approval . In 1954 , the same year he retired , in responding to these events in an interview with Aline Mosby , Breen claimed that `` ( A ) fter the events of the past 10 months -- The French Line , The Moon is Blue and Goldwyn -- the code is more entrenched than ever before . Those events brought tremendous support from groups all over the country . '' Breen retired from the PCA and was replaced by Geoffrey Shurlock . On his retirement he was presented with an honorary Academy Award for `` his conscientious , open - minded and dignified management of the Motion Picture Production Code '' . Personal life ( edit ) Breen married Mary Dervin in February 1914 , with whom he had six children , three boys and three girls . Their son Joseph Breen , Jr. was a writer and director . One of their other children , Thomas , whose right leg was amputated due to a combat injury on Guam during World War II , was cast in a feature role in Jean Renoir 's 1950 film The River , playing a wounded war veteran . Renoir was not aware at the time that Thomas was Joseph Breen 's son . After his retirement , Breen moved to Phoenix , Arizona with his wife Mary . He suffered from poor health in his later years and eventually lost the use of his legs . He died at the age of 77 on December 5 , 1965 , at the Brentwood Convalescent Home in Los Angeles and was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City . Legacy ( edit ) After Breen 's death , Variety magazine wrote that Breen was `` one of the most influential figures in American culture '' and that `` more than any single individual , he shaped the moral stature of the American motion picture . '' The trade magazine went on to say that Breen enforced the PCA code `` with a potent mix of missionary zeal and administrative tenacity . '' In the 2004 film The Aviator , Breen was portrayed by Edward Herrmann . Biography portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Staff report ( December 8 , 1965 ) . Joseph I. Breen , Film Code Chief ; Watchdog of Movie Morals For Years Is Dead at 75 . New York Times Jump up ^ Doherty , Thomas ( 2009 ) . Hollywood 's Censor : Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration . Columbia University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 , 14 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14359 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Robbin Coons ( August 10 , 1934 ) . `` Film Censor Finds Censorship Begins at Home -- Breen Selects the Movies His Children See '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Thomas Patrick . Pre-Code Hollywood : Sex , Immorality , and Insurrection in American Cinema 1930 - 1934 . New York : Columbia University Press 1999 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11094 - 4 , pg. 9 ^ Jump up to : Leff , Leonard J. ( May 1991 ) . `` The Breening of America '' . PMLA. 106 ( 3 ) : 432 -- 445 . doi : 10.2307 / 462777 . JSTOR 462777 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Matthew Bernstein ( 2000 ) . Controlling Hollywood : Censorship and Regulation in the Studio Era . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0813527074 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Thomas ( August 3 , 1965 ) . `` Censors Bloomed With the Talkies '' . The Miami News . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pryors , Thomas S. ( October 15 , 1954 ) . `` Breen is Retired as Movie Censor ; At Own Request , Director of Code Leaves Office -- Chief Aide Successor '' , New York Times ; accessed May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory D. Black ( 1996 ) . Hollywood Censored : Morality Codes , Catholics , and the Movies . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521565928 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Leff , Leonard J. ; Simmons , Jerold L. ( 2001 ) . The Dame in the Kimono : Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0813190118 . Jump up ^ Wu , Tim ( 2010 ) . `` The Future of Free Speech '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . 57 ( 13 ) . Jump up ^ Jill Watts ( February 6 , 2007 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . HarperCollins . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051491 - 4 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Doherty ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Was Hollywood 's Famed Censor an Antisemite ? '' . The Jewish Daily Forward . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Birdwell ( February 1 , 2001 ) . Celluloid Soldiers : Warner Bros. 's Campaign Against Nazism . NYU Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9871 - 3 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was Hollywood 's Famed Censor an Antisemite ? '' . The Forward . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton R ... Koppes ; Gregory D. Black ( 2000 ) . Hollywood Goes to the War : Patriotism , Movies and the Second World War from Ninotchka to Mrs Miniver . Tauris Parke Paperbacks . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 605 - 8 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruce Kirle ( 2005 ) . Unfinished Show Business : Broadway Musicals As Works - in - Process . SIU Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 8857 - 8 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 , pp. 211 -- 12 Jump up ^ `` New Censor Sought by Movie Czar '' . The Telegraph - Herald . April 25 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Aline Mosby ( March 17 , 1954 ) . `` Hollywood Report '' . Oxnard Press - Courier . Jump up ^ Bob Thomas ( June 9 , 1953 ) . `` Movie Censorship Faces Strongest Challenge Now '' . Times Daily . Jump up ^ Fujiwara , Chris , The World and Its Double : The Life and Work of Otto Preminger . New York : Macmillan Publishers 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 86547 - 995 - X , pp. 140 - 42 Jump up ^ Bob Thomas ( June 1 , 1955 ) . `` Censors try tempering growing movie violence '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 p. 5 Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 p. 15 Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0106713/ Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 pp. 70 , 282 Jump up ^ Doherty 2009 pp. 346 -- 48 External links ( edit ) Joseph Breen on IMDb Joseph Breen at Find a Grave Academy Honorary Award 1928 -- 1950 Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin ( 1928 ) Walt Disney ( 1932 ) Shirley Temple ( 1934 ) D.W. Griffith ( 1935 ) The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson ( 1936 ) Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett ( 1937 ) J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings , Jan Domela , Devereaux Jennings , Irmin Roberts , Art Smith , Farciot Edouart , Loyal Griggs , Loren L. Ryder , Harry D. Mills , Louis Mesenkop , Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner ( 1938 ) Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund ( Jean Hersholt , Ralph Morgan , Ralph Block , Conrad Nagel ) / Technicolor Company ( 1939 ) Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson ( 1940 ) Walt Disney , William Garity , John N.A. Hawkins , and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information ( 1941 ) Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( 1942 ) George Pal ( 1943 ) Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien ( 1944 ) Republic Studio , Daniel J. Bloomberg , and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner ( 1945 ) Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. ( 1946 ) James Baskett / Thomas Armat , William Nicholas Selig , Albert E. Smith , and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine ( 1947 ) Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor ( 1948 ) Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief ( 1949 ) Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Gene Kelly / Rashomon ( 1951 ) Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games ( 1952 ) 20th Century - Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith ( 1953 ) Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell ( 1954 ) Samurai I : Musashi Miyamoto ( 1955 ) Eddie Cantor ( 1956 ) Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. `` Broncho Billy '' Anderson / Charles Brackett / B.B. Kahane ( 1957 ) Maurice Chevalier ( 1958 ) Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest ( 1959 ) Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills ( 1960 ) William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins ( 1961 ) William J. Tuttle ( 1964 ) Bob Hope ( 1965 ) Yakima Canutt / Y . Frank Freeman ( 1966 ) Arthur Freed ( 1967 ) John Chambers / Onna White ( 1968 ) Cary Grant ( 1969 ) Lillian Gish / Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1971 ) Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson ( 1972 ) Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx ( 1973 ) Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir ( 1974 ) Mary Pickford ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Margaret Booth ( 1977 ) Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film ( 1978 ) Hal Elias / Alec Guinness ( 1979 ) Henry Fonda ( 1980 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1981 ) Mickey Rooney ( 1982 ) Hal Roach ( 1983 ) James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts ( 1984 ) Paul Newman / Alex North ( 1985 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1986 ) Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada ( 1988 ) Akira Kurosawa ( 1989 ) Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy ( 1990 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1991 ) Federico Fellini ( 1992 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1993 ) Michelangelo Antonioni ( 1994 ) Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones ( 1995 ) Michael Kidd ( 1996 ) Stanley Donen ( 1997 ) Elia Kazan ( 1998 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1999 ) Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford ( 2001 ) Peter O'Toole ( 2002 ) Blake Edwards ( 2003 ) Sidney Lumet ( 2004 ) Robert Altman ( 2005 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2006 ) Robert F. Boyle ( 2007 ) Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis ( 2009 ) Kevin Brownlow / Jean - Luc Godard / Eli Wallach ( 2010 ) James Earl Jones / Dick Smith ( 2011 ) D.A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. ( 2012 ) Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi ( 2013 ) Jean - Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara ( 2014 ) Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands ( 2015 ) Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman ( 2016 ) Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda ( 2017 ) Marvin Levy / Lalo Schifrin / Cicely Tyson ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15704120x ( data ) GND : 133842622 ISNI : 0000 0000 4222 8055 LCCN : n87853806 SNAC : w6js9t93 SUDOC : 121208044 VIAF : 75053376 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Breen&oldid=861768022 '' Categories : 1888 births 1965 deaths Academy Honorary Award recipients American male journalists American journalists American people of Irish descent American Roman Catholics Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Censors Film censorship in the United States Writers from Philadelphia Saint Joseph 's University alumni American anti-communists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 21 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who was joseph breen and what were his concerns about casablanca
|
[] |
[] |
1076157266813476369
|
List of songs featured in Shrek
|
List of songs featured in Shrek - wikipedia List of songs featured in Shrek Jump to : navigation , search The Shrek Soundtracks are a collection of soundtracks from all four movies of the Shrek series , including separate editions for the movie score . Each soundtrack contains all songs that featured in their respective film , and the score soundtrack contains the music composed by Harry Gregson - Williams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Shrek ( 2001 ) 1.1 Background 1.2 Soundtrack 1.2. 1 Track listing 1.2. 2 Reception 1.2. 3 Chart positions 1.2. 4 Songs that appear in the film but not on the soundtrack album 1.2. 5 Songs in Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party ! 1.3 Score 1.3. 1 Track listing 2 Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) 2.1 Soundtrack 2.1. 1 Track listing 2.1. 2 Chart positions 2.1. 3 Songs from Far Far Away Idol 2.2 Shrek 2 : Party CD 2.2. 1 Track listing 2.3 Score 2.3. 1 Track listing 3 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) 3.1 Soundtrack 3.1. 1 Track listing 3.1. 2 Chart positions 3.1. 3 Songs that appear in the film but not the soundtrack album 3.2 Score 3.2. 1 Track listing 4 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 4.1. 2 Omitted tracks 4.1. 3 Chart positions 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track listing 5 Songs featured in Specials and Extra Shorts 5.1 Scared Shrekless 5.2 Shrek the Halls 5.3 Donkey 's Caroling Christmas - tacular 5.4 Thriller Night 6 Notes 7 References Shrek ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Shrek introduced a new element to give the film a unique feel ; the film used pop music and other oldies to make the story more forward . Covers of songs like `` On the Road Again '' and `` Try a Little Tenderness '' were integrated in the film 's score . As the film was about to be completed , Katzenberg suggested the filmmakers redo the film 's ending in order to `` go out with a big laugh '' ; instead of ending the film with a storybook closing over Shrek and Fiona as they ride off into the sunset , they decided to add the song `` I 'm a Believer '' by Smash Mouth and show all the fairytale creatures in the film . Although Rufus Wainwright 's version of the song `` Hallelujah '' appeared in the soundtrack album , it was John Cale 's version that appeared in the film . Wainwright was an artist for DreamWorks and John Cale was not , thus licensing issues prohibited Cale 's version from appearing in the soundtrack album . Soundtrack ( edit ) Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 15 , 2001 Recorded 1988 - 2001 Genre Alternative rock , pop , pop rock , soul Label DreamWorks Producer Ron Aniello , Joe Barresi , Jon Brion , Jimmy Harry , Oliver Leiber , Patrick Leonard , Michael Mangini , Eric Valentine , Pete Wingfield , Gavin Greenaway , Harry Gregson - Williams , John Powell , Steve Greenberg , Marylata E. Jacob Shrek chronology Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture ( 2001 ) Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2001 ) Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score 2001 Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture is the soundtrack of the 2001 Academy Award - winning and Golden Globe - nominated animated feature Shrek . The album was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music ( lost to the score of Moulin Rouge ! ) and the Grammy Award for `` Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media '' ( lost to the score of O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ) . The album has sold 2,475,000 copies in the US as of April 2014 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Stay Home '' ( Performed by Self ) Matt Mahaffey 3 : 31 2 . `` I 'm a Believer '' ( Performed by Smash Mouth ) Neil Diamond Eric Valentine 3 : 05 3 . `` Like Wow ! '' ( Performed by Leslie Carter ) Jimmy Harry , Sandra St. Victor Oliver Leiber , David Gamson 3 : 34 4 . `` It Is You ( I Have Loved ) '' ( Performed by Dana Glover ) Harry Gregson - Williams , John Powell , Gavin Greenaway , Dana Glover Gavin Greenaway , Harry Gregson - Williams 3 : 58 5 . `` Best Years of Our Lives '' ( Performed by Baha Men ) David Jaymes , Geoffrey Deane Michael Mangini , Steve Greenberg 2 : 58 6 . `` Bad Reputation '' ( Performed by Halfcocked ( Original version by Joan Jett used in the film ) ) Joan Jett , Kenny Laguna , Ritchie Cordell , Marty Kupersmith Joe Barresi 2 : 20 7 . `` My Beloved Monster '' ( Performed by Eels ) Jon Brion , E 2 : 10 8 . `` You Belong to Me '' ( Performed by Jason Wade ) Pee Wee King , Redd Stewart , Chilton Price Ron Aniello 2 : 41 9 . `` All Star '' ( Performed by Smash Mouth ) Greg Camp Eric Valentine 3 : 20 10 . `` Hallelujah '' ( Performed by Rufus Wainwright ) Leonard Cohen Patrick Leonard 4 : 08 11 . `` I 'm on My Way '' ( Performed by The Proclaimers ) Charlie Reid , Craig Reid Pete Wingfield 3 : 39 12 . `` I 'm a Believer ( Reprise ) '' ( Performed by Eddie Murphy ) Neil Diamond N / A 1 : 13 13 . `` True Love 's First Kiss '' ( Composed by Harry Gregson - Williams and John Powell ) Harry Gregson - Williams , John Powell Harry Gregson - Williams , John Powell 3 : 10 Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 9 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 19 French Albums ( SNEP ) 42 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 21 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 48 US Billboard 200 28 US Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Songs that appear in the film but not on the soundtrack album ( edit ) ( show ) Extra songs in the film but not the soundtrack album No . Title Length 1 . `` Meditation '' ( Performed by Antonio Carlos Jobim ) 2 . `` On the Road Again '' ( Performed by Eddie Murphy ) 3 . `` Friends '' ( Performed by Eddie Murphy ) 4 . `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' ( Performed by Rupert Holmes ) 5 . `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( Performed by Eddie Murphy ) 6 . `` Whipped Cream '' ( Performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass ) Songs in Shrek in the swamp karaoke Dance party ! ( edit ) These songs feature in the party at the end of the movie . `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel `` Like a Virgin '' by Madonna `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mix - a-Lot `` Feelings '' by Morris Albert `` YMCA '' by The Village People `` Do You Really Want to Hurt Me '' by Culture Club `` Stayin ' Alive '' by Bee Gees `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' by Baha Men `` Mustang Sally '' by Mack Rice `` Dance to the Music '' by Sly & The Family Stone `` Happy Together '' by The Turtles Score ( edit ) Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson - Williams and John Powell Released December 4 , 2001 Recorded 2000 - 01 Genre Score Length 44 : 16 Label Varèse Sarabande Shrek chronology Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture ( 2001 ) Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture 2001 Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 : The Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : The Motion Picture Soundtrack 2004 Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2001 Academy Award winning animated feature , Shrek . It is composed by Harry Gregson - Williams and John Powell and was the second soundtrack released from the film . It is also the third collaboration between Gregson - Williams and Powell for a DreamWorks animated film , the first two being Antz and Chicken Run . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Harry Gregson - Williams and John Powell . No . Title Length 1 . `` Fairytale '' ( Composed by Rolf Løvland ) 1 : 26 2 . `` Ogre Hunters / Fairytale Deathcamp '' 1 : 35 3 . `` Donkey Meets Shrek '' 2 : 37 4 . `` Eating Alone '' 1 : 17 5 . `` Uninvited Guests '' 2 : 09 6 . `` March of FarQuaad '' 0 : 38 7 . `` The Perfect King '' 1 : 17 8 . `` Welcome to Duloc '' 0 : 34 9 . `` Tournament Speech '' 0 : 51 10 . `` What Kind of Quest '' 2 : 22 11 . `` Dragon ! / Fiona Awakens '' 2 : 06 12 . `` One of a Kind Knight '' 1 : 19 13 . `` Saving Donkey 's Ass '' 0 : 43 14 . `` Escape from the Dragon '' 1 : 58 15 . `` Helmet Hair '' 2 : 08 16 . `` Delivery Boy Shrek / Making Camp '' 0 : 47 17 . `` Friends Journey to Duloc '' 2 : 42 18 . `` Starry Night '' 0 : 58 19 . `` Singing Princess '' 1 : 35 20 . `` Better Out Than In / Sunflower / I 'll Tell Him '' 2 : 10 21 . `` Merry Men '' 0 : 43 22 . `` Fiona Kicks Ass '' 0 : 28 23 . `` Fiona 's Secret '' 3 : 02 24 . `` Why Wait to Be Wed / You Thought Wrong '' 1 : 58 25 . `` Ride the Dragon '' 1 : 36 26 . `` I Object '' 1 : 51 27 . `` Transformation / The End '' 3 : 26 Total length : 44 : 16 Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Shrek 2 : Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 11 , 2004 Recorded 1979 - 2004 Genre Rock , alternative rock , pop rock , glam rock , experimental rock Length 47 : 35 Label DreamWorks , Geffen Producer Brad Jones , Brendan O'Brien , Gustavo Santaolalla , Guy Sigsworth , Eric Valentine , Tony Visconti , Andy Zulla , John Alagia , Andrew Sherman , Joseph Arthur , Robin Eaton , Harry Gregson - Williams , Ken Rich , Butterfly Boucher , Juan Campodónico , Mark Oliver Everett Various artists chronology Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2001 ) Shrek : Original Motion Picture Score 2001 Shrek 2 : Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score 2004 Singles from Shrek 2 : Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Accidentally in Love '' Released : July 2004 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Shrek 2 : Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the hit animated comedy film Shrek 2 and was released in May 2004 , to accompany the release of the film . The soundtrack reached the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Soundtrack Albums as well as topping the albums chart in Australia . The lead single , `` Accidentally in Love '' by the Counting Crows , reached the Top 10 of the Billboard Adult Top 40 , the Top 20 of singles charts worldwide and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song . The soundtrack also features two versions of the 1980s Bonnie Tyler hit `` Holding Out for a Hero '' . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Accidentally in Love '' Counting Crows 3 : 08 2 . `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Frou Frou 3 : 21 3 . `` Changes '' David Bowie & Butterfly Boucher 3 : 22 4 . `` As Lovers Go '' Dashboard Confessional 3 : 29 5 . `` Funkytown '' Lipps Inc . 3 : 59 6 . `` I 'm on My Way '' Rich Price 3 : 21 7 . `` I Need Some Sleep '' Eels 2 : 28 8 . `` Ever Fallen in Love '' Pete Yorn 2 : 32 9 . `` Little Drop of Poison '' Tom Waits 3 : 11 10 . `` You 're So True '' Joseph Arthur 3 : 53 11 . `` People Ai n't No Good '' Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds 5 : 39 12 . `` Fairy Godmother Song '' Jennifer Saunders 1 : 52 13 . `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Antonio Banderas & Eddie Murphy 3 : 24 14 . `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( Bonus track ) Jennifer Saunders 3 : 56 Total length : 47 : 35 `` Funkytown '' was originally produced by Lipps Inc. , but in the motion picture , Donna Summer 's remake was used . Eddie Murphy is briefly heard singing `` One '' and the theme song from `` Rawhide '' Ben Folds song `` Rockin ' the Suburbs '' was used in the trailer of the film but was not included on the soundtrack nor in the film . The first trailer features `` All Star '' by Smash Mouth When the messengers come to Shrek 's swamp , a trumpeter plays the melody of the Hawaii 5 - O Opening Theme by Morton Stevens . After Shrek 's friends start a party in Shrek 's House , Chic 's song Le Freak is heard . In the mid-credits scene , Eddie Murphy is heard singing `` Friends '' Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 61 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 98 French Albums ( SNEP ) 35 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 40 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 6 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 US Billboard 200 8 US Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Preceded by For All You 've Done by Hillsong Church Australian ARIA Albums Chart number - one album July 26 - August 1 , 2004 Succeeded by One Determined Heart by Paulini Songs from Far Far Away Idol ( edit ) See also : Shrek 2 § Far Far Away Idol This media article uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most of the original voice -- actors reprised their roles , with some performed by additional singers . `` Disco Inferno '' by The Trammps ; sung by Donkey ( Eddie Murphy ) `` Mr. Roboto '' by Styx ; sung by Pinocchio ( Cody Cameron ) `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' by Cyndi Lauper ; sung by Doris , The Ugly Stepsister ( Larry King ) `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' by Duran Duran ; sung by the Three Pigs ( Cody Cameron ) and the Big Bad Wolf ( Aron Warner ) `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by Right Said Fred ; sung by Prince Charming ( Randy Crenshaw ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' by Johnny Nash ; sung by The Three Blind Mice ( Randy Crenshaw ) `` Sugar Sugar '' by The Archies ; sung by Gingy ( Conrad Vernon ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' by Blue Swede ; sung by Captain Hook ( Matt Mahaffey ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walking '' by Nancy Sinatra ; sung by Puss in Boots ( Antonio Banderas ) `` What I Like About You '' by The Romantics ; sung by Shrek ( Mike Myers , singing voice by Michael Gough ) and Fiona ( Cameron Diaz , singing voice by Renee Sands ) `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra ; sung by Simon Cowell ( singing voice by Rick Riso ) Shrek 2 : party CD ( edit ) Shrek 2 : Party CD Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 5 , 2004 Recorded Genre Rock , alternative rock , pop rock , glam rock , experimental rock Length 33 : 06 Label DreamWorks , Geffen Producer Matt Mahffey , Mike Himelstein , Sunny Park Various artists chronology Shrek 2 : Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Motion Picture Soundtrack2004 Shrek 2 : Party CD ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score 2004 Shrek 2 : Party CD is a bonus CD released exclusively at US Walmart stores alongside the Shrek 2 film . The bonus CD features six songs taken from the Far Far Away Idol ending featured at the end of the film as well as six karaoke tracks of the same six songs . The songs are credited to the characters who sang the songs . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Disco Inferno '' Leroy Green , Ron Kersey Donkey 2 : 48 2 . `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' Lee Hazlewood Puss in Boots 2 : 25 3 . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Johnny Nash Three Blind Mice 2 : 26 4 . `` Hooked on a Feeling '' Mark James Captain Hook 2 : 18 5 . `` I 'm Too Sexy '' Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , Rob Manzoli Prince Charming 2 : 57 6 . `` What I Like About You '' Wally Palmar , Mike Skill , Jimmy Marinos Shrek & Fiona 3 : 21 7 . `` Disco Inferno '' ( Karaoke ) Green , Kersey 2 : 51 8 . `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Karaoke ) Hazlewood 2 : 27 9 . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( Karaoke ) Nash 2 : 41 10 . `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( Karaoke ) James 2 : 39 11 . `` I 'm Too Sexy '' ( Karaoke ) Fairbrass , Fairbrass , Manzoli 3 : 05 12 . `` What I Like About You '' ( Karaoke ) Palmar , Skill , Marinos 3 : 01 Total length : 33 : 06 Score ( edit ) Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson - Williams Released December 7 , 2004 Recorded 2003 - 04 Genre Score , classical Length 40 : 25 Label Varèse Sarabande Shrek chronology Shrek 2 : Party CD ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Party CD2004 Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third : The Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2007 ) Shrek the Third : The Motion Picture Soundtrack 2007 Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2004 animated feature , Shrek 2 , the sequel to the Academy Award winner Shrek . Unlike its predecessor , the score for Shrek 2 was only composed by Harry Gregson - Williams . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Harry Gregson - Williams . No . Title Length 1 . `` Prince Charming '' 2 : 05 2 . `` Leaving Home '' 1 : 12 3 . `` Far Far Away '' 1 : 44 4 . `` Family Dinner '' 2 : 10 5 . `` Fiona 's Room '' 1 : 01 6 . `` We Need to Talk '' 1 : 32 7 . `` The Poison Apple '' 1 : 20 8 . `` The Factory '' 1 : 40 9 . `` By the Ol ' Oak '' 2 : 02 10 . `` Annoying Talking Animal '' 2 : 56 11 . `` The Potion Room '' 3 : 08 12 . `` Deep Fried '' 2 : 02 13 . `` Not Meant to Be '' 2 : 49 14 . `` The Ball '' 1 : 09 15 . `` The Prince of Her Dreams '' 2 : 16 16 . `` Tonight on `` Knights '' '' 0 : 48 17 . `` Magic Tea '' 1 : 50 18 . `` The Mission '' 1 : 29 19 . `` Muffin Man '' 1 : 10 20 . `` Get the Wand '' 2 : 08 21 . `` All Is Revealed '' 3 : 16 22 . `` Dragon ! ! '' 0 : 38 Total length : 40 : 25 Footnotes : Jump up ^ Renee Sandstrom as credited Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Shrek the Third : Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 15 , 2007 Recorded 1970 - 2007 Genre Hard rock , rock , pop Length 46 : 50 Label Geffen Producer Ron Fair , Abraham Laboriel , Sr. , Thom Panunzio , Jack Joseph Puig , Philip White , The Underdogs , Harry Gregson - Williams , will.i.am , Tal Herzberg , Mark Oliver Everett , Jared Gosselin , Mateo Laboriel Shrek chronology Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2004 ) Shrek 2 : Original Motion Picture Score 2004 Shrek the Third : The Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2007 ) Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2007 ) Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score 2007 Shrek the Third : Motion Picture Soundtrack , the soundtrack for the film Shrek the Third was released on May 15 , 2007 on Geffen Records . A wide range of artists are featured in this soundtrack , including Paul McCartney & Wings , Led Zeppelin , Eels , The Ramones , pop / R&B singer Fergie , and Wolfmother . Eddie Murphy and Antonio Banderas perform another duet , a cover of Sly & the Family Stone 's `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Rolling Stone Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Royal Pain '' Eels 2 : 28 2 . `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' The Ramones 3 : 50 3 . `` Immigrant Song '' Led Zeppelin 2 : 25 4 . `` Barracuda '' Fergie 4 : 39 5 . `` Live and Let Die '' Paul McCartney & Wings 3 : 13 6 . `` Best Days '' Matt White 3 : 01 7 . `` Joker & the Thief '' Wolfmother 4 : 41 8 . `` Other Ways '' Trevor Hall 3 : 25 9 . `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' Harry Chapin 3 : 46 10 . `` Losing Streak '' Eels 2 : 50 11 . `` What I Gotta Do '' Macy Gray 3 : 09 12 . `` Thank You ( Falletin Me Be Mice Elf Again ) ( End Titles ) '' Eddie Murphy , Antonio Banderas 4 : 39 13 . `` Final Showdown '' Maya Rudolph , Rupert Everett 1 : 55 14 . `` Charming 's Plan '' Harry Gregson - Williams 2 : 49 Total length : 46 : 50 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 32 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 61 US Billboard 200 34 US Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Songs that appear in the film but not the soundtrack album ( edit ) `` 9 Crimes '' ( Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan ) -- 3 : 37 `` I Wanna Have Your Babies '' ( Natasha Bedingfield ) -- 4 : 25 `` Aria ( Sheep May Safely Graze ) '' ( Johann Sebastian Bach ) -- 5 : 39 `` I 've Never Been to Me '' ( Nancy Wilson ) `` Danse Macabre '' ( Camille Saint - Saëns ) `` I 'll Never Break Your Heart '' ( Backstreet Boys ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( Dionne Warwick and Friends ) Score ( edit ) Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson - Williams Released June 19 , 2007 Recorded 2006 - 07 Genre Score Length 37 : 13 Label Varèse Sarabande Shrek chronology Shrek the Third : The Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2007 ) Shrek the Third : The Motion Picture Soundtrack 2007 Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After : Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After : Motion Picture Soundtrack 2010 Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2007 animated feature Shrek the Third , the third movie in the Shrek series . It was composed by British composer Harry Gregson - Williams . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Harry Gregson - Williams . No . Title Length 1 . `` The Royal Treatment '' 2 : 31 2 . `` Fatherly Dreams '' 2 : 19 3 . `` The Frog King Dies '' 2 : 51 4 . `` Another Adventure '' 2 : 33 5 . `` Little Ogre Feet '' 1 : 53 6 . `` Worcestershiree ? '' 1 : 53 7 . `` Charmed & Dangerous '' 3 : 25 8 . `` Artie 's Sob Story '' 1 : 33 9 . `` A Warm & Fuzzy Navel '' 2 : 17 10 . `` The Campfire '' 1 : 34 11 . `` The Hook Attack '' 1 : 22 12 . `` Merlin '' 1 : 48 13 . `` The Trip Home '' 2 : 15 14 . `` Princess Resistance '' 2 : 26 15 . `` The Dressing Room '' 2 : 19 16 . `` The Show Begins '' 2 : 03 17 . `` King Arthur '' 3 : 30 18 . `` ( Almost ) Alone at Last '' 2 : 01 Total length : 37 : 13 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Shrek Forever After : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 18 , 2010 Recorded 1972 - 2010 Genre Soundtrack Length 60 : 13 Label DGC , Interscope Shrek chronology Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2007 ) Shrek the Third : Original Motion Picture Score 2007 Shrek Forever After : Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After : Original Motion Picture Score 2010 Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` It 's the Rumpelstiltskin Show ! '' ( skit ) 0 : 30 2 . `` Is n't It Strange '' Scissor Sisters 2 : 18 3 . `` Tough Love for Baba '' ( skit ) 0 : 12 4 . `` One Love '' Antonio Banderas 2 : 50 5 . `` Sunshine and Rainbows '' ( skit ) 0 : 19 6 . `` Top of the World '' The Carpenters 2 : 58 7 . `` Cupcake Party '' ( skit ) 0 : 19 8 . `` Rumpel 's Party Palace '' Mike Simpson 1 : 33 9 . `` Pinocchio Gets His Wish '' ( skit ) 0 : 39 10 . `` Click Click '' Light FM featuring Lloyd Hemmings 1 : 32 11 . `` Gingy 's Lil ' Sugar '' ( skit ) 0 : 20 12 . `` Darling I Do '' Landon Pigg and Lucy Schwartz 3 : 24 13 . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' Mike Simpson 1 : 34 14 . `` Hello '' Lionel Richie 4 : 08 15 . `` Birthday Bash '' ( skit ) 0 : 30 16 . `` Sure Shot '' Beastie Boys 3 : 19 17 . `` Hook 's Garrrrden '' ( skit ) 0 : 24 18 . `` Right Back Where We Started From '' Maxine Nightingale 3 : 13 19 . `` Wheezer Wig '' ( skit ) 0 : 16 20 . `` I 'm a Believer '' Weezer 2 : 59 21 . `` Home to Fifi '' ( skit ) 0 : 30 Total length : 33 : 47 Omitted tracks ( edit ) `` Wearing My Rolex '' by Wiley `` Orinoco Flow '' by Enya `` For Once in My Life '' by Stevie Wonder Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 35 Score ( edit ) Shrek Forever After : Original Motion Picture Score Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson - Williams Released May 25 , 2010 Recorded 2009 - 10 Genre Score Length 42 : 24 Label Varèse Sarabande Shrek chronology Shrek Forever After : Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After : Motion Picture Soundtrack 2010 Shrek Forever After : Original Motion Picture Score ( 2010 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots2011 Shrek Forever After : Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2010 animated feature Shrek Forever After , the fourth and final movie in the Shrek series . It was composed by British composer Harry Gregson - Williams . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Harry Gregson - Williams . No . Title Length 1 . `` Once ( More ) Upon a Time '' 1 : 59 2 . `` Rumpelstiltskin '' 3 : 30 3 . `` Same Day , Every Day '' 3 : 32 4 . `` Shrek Signs the Deal '' 3 : 36 5 . `` Rumpel 's Kingdom '' 4 : 21 6 . `` The Exit Clause '' 2 : 36 7 . `` Ogre Resistance '' 1 : 50 8 . `` '' Din Din ! `` '' 0 : 28 9 . `` Rumpel 's Announcement '' 3 : 17 10 . `` Planning the Attack '' 2 : 10 11 . `` Fiona Does n't Love Me '' 3 : 17 12 . `` Deal of a Lifetime '' 3 : 04 13 . `` The Main Event '' 1 : 49 14 . `` Rumpel 's Defeat '' 2 : 22 15 . `` His Day Is Up '' 2 : 43 16 . `` Never Been Better '' 1 : 31 Total length : 42 : 24 Songs featured in Specials and Extra Shorts ( edit ) Scared Shrekless ( edit ) Happy Together Shrek the Halls ( edit ) Summer Breeze Jingle Bells ( sung by Donkey ) Here We Come A-wassailing ( sung by Donkey ) Because We Can Jingo ( Gin Go La Ba ) Ride of the Valkyries The Twelve Days of Christmas Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town O Fortuna Christmas Wrapping Gonna Make You Sweat ( Everybody Dance Now ) Do n't Stop Believin ' Hello Ma Baby Hallelujah Chorus Deck the Halls The Stars Shine in the Sky Tonight Donkey 's Caroling Christmas - tacular ( edit ) It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year by Donkey Jingle Bells by Shrek , Fiona , the Ogre Babies & the Ogres Feliz Navidad ( as `` Fleas Navidad '' ) by Puss in Boots Jingle Bell Rock ( as Fairy Tale Rock ) by all the cast Thriller Night ( edit ) Thriller Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the song was performed John Cale in the film , it did n't appear on the soundtrack album due to licensing . Jump up ^ Uncredited plagiarism of the melody from the folk song `` Nocturne '' composed by Rolf Løvland , who was released in 1995 by the neo-classical band Secret Garden . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2003 ) . Makin ' Toons : Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies . Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neuwirth. 2003 . p. 33 Jump up ^ Lake , Kirk ( 2010 ) . There Will Be Rainbows : A Biography of Rufus Wainwright . Skyhorse Publishing Inc . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 0061988464 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek - Original Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : 10 Fun Facts About ' Frozen ' '' . Yahoo Music . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Shrek Original Soundtrack review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` -- `` So you 'd like to know more about Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah '' `` '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ List of songs featured in Shrek at AllMusic . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Shrek '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Soundtrack -- Shrek '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek - Fairytale vs. Secret Garden - Nocturne '' . Youtubedoubler.com . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . `` Shrek - Fairytale ( extended version ) '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . `` Secret Garden - Nocturne '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : allmusic ( ( ( Shrek 2 > Overview ) ) ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 - Original Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Far Far Away Idol ( Video 2004 ) - Full Cast & Crew '' . Internet Movie Database . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shrek 2 : Party CD Back liner note . 2004 DreamWorks , Geffen 14811 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Shrek-Party-Music-Surprise-Ending/dp/B007D9N7QU Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Shrek-2-Party-CD/dp/B000EHWOF8/ Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Shrek 2 ( Original Motion Pictute Soundtrack ) > Overview ) ) ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek the Third - Original Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Shrek the Third > Overview ) ) ) Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Kevin ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Shrek The Third : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek - the Third '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Shrek - the Third '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shrek the Third ( Original Motion Picture Score ) by Harry Gregson - Williams - Download Shrek the Third ( Original Motion Picture Score ) on iTunes ^ Jump up to : Shrek Forever After ( Music from the Motion Picture ) by Various Artists - Download Shrek Forever After ( Music from the Motion Picture ) on iTunes Jump up ^ `` Greekcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Shrek Forever After '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allmusic : Shrek Forever After Score Shrek Films Main films Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Spin - off films Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Shorts Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) TV series The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Attractions Shrek 4 - D Donkey 's Photo Finish Enchanted Airways Shrek 's Faire Faire Away Characters Shrek Donkey Princess Fiona Lord Farquaad Video games Shrek Treasure Hunt Hassle at the Castle Shrek Super Party Shrek 2 Shrek SuperSlam Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After DreamWorks Super Star Kartz Puss in Boots Miscellaneous Shrek ! by William Steig Shrek The Musical Music on the Internet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_featured_in_Shrek&oldid=807069058 '' Categories : Film soundtracks Shrek music Film and television discographies 2001 soundtracks 2004 soundtracks 2007 soundtracks 2010 soundtracks DreamWorks Records soundtracks Geffen Records soundtracks Interscope Records soundtracks Varèse Sarabande soundtracks Lists of songs 21st century - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from June 2015 Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who sang the song hallelujah in the movie shrek
|
[] |
[] |
5800636408771726759
|
Jacob wrestling with the angel
|
Jacob wrestling with the angel - wikipedia Jacob wrestling with the angel Jump to : navigation , search Gustave Doré , Jacob Wrestling with the Angel ( 1855 ) Jacob wrestling with the angel is an episode from Genesis ( 32 : 22 - 32 ; also referenced in Hosea 12 : 4 ) . The account includes the renaming of Jacob as Israel ( etymologized as `` contends - with - God '' ) . The `` angel '' in question is referred to as `` man '' ( אִישׁ ) in Genesis , while Hosea references an `` angel '' ( מַלְאָךְ ) , but the episode is also often referenced as Jacob 's `` wrestling with God '' . In the Genesis narrative , Jacob spent the night alone on a riverside during his journey back to Canaan . He encounters a `` man '' who proceeds to wrestle with him until daybreak . In the end , Jacob is given the name `` Israel '' and blessed , while the `` man '' refuses to give his own name . Jacob then names the place where they wrestled Penuel ( פְּנוּאֵל `` face of God '' or `` facing God '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical text 2 Interpretations 2.1 Jewish interpretations 2.2 Christian interpretations 2.3 Muslim interpretation 2.4 Other views 3 In arts 3.1 Visual arts 3.2 In music 3.3 In literature and theatre 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Biblical text ( edit ) The Masoretic text reads as follows : The same night he arose and took his two wives , his two female servants , and his eleven children , and crossed the ford of the Jabbok . He took them and sent them across the stream , and everything else that he had . And Jacob was left alone . And a man wrestled with him until the breaking of the day . When the man saw that he did not prevail against Jacob , he touched his hip socket , and Jacob 's hip was put out of joint as he wrestled with him . Then he said , `` Let me go , for the day has broken . '' But Jacob said , `` I will not let you go unless you bless me . '' And he said to him , `` What is your name ? '' And he said , `` Jacob . '' Then he said , `` Your name shall no longer be called Jacob , but Israel , for you have striven with God and with men , and have prevailed . '' Then Jacob asked him , `` Please tell me your name . '' But he said , `` Why is it that you ask my name ? '' And there he blessed him . So Jacob called the name of the place Peniel , saying , `` For I have seen God face to face , and yet my life has been delivered . '' The sun rose upon him as he passed Penuel , limping because of his hip . Therefore to this day the people of Israel do not eat the sinew of the thigh that is on the hip socket , because he touched the socket of Jacob 's hip on the sinew of the thigh . -- Genesis 32 : 22 - 32 The account contains several plays on the meaning of Hebrew names -- Peniel ( or Peniel ) , Israel -- as well as similarity to the root of Jacob 's name ( which sounds like the Hebrew for `` heel '' ) and its compound . The limping of Jacob ( Yaʿaqob ) , may mirror the name of the river , Jabbok ( Yabbok יַבֹּק sounds like `` crooked '' river ) , and Nahmanides ( Deut. 2 : 10 of Jeshurun ) gives the etymology `` one who walks crookedly '' for the name Jacob . The Hebrew text states that it is a `` man '' ( אִישׁ , LXX ἄνθρωπος , Vulgate vir ) with whom Jacob wrestles , but later this `` man '' is identified with God ( Elohim ) by Jacob . Hosea 12 : 4 furthermore references an `` angel '' ( malak ) . Following this , the Targum of Onkelos offers `` because I have seen the Angel of the Lord face to face '' , and the Targum of Palestine gives `` because I have seen the Angels of the Lord face to face '' . Interpretations ( edit ) The identity of Jacob 's wrestling opponent is a matter of debate , named variously as a dream figure , a prophetic vision , an angel ( such as Michael and Samael ) , a protective river spirit , Jesus , or God . Jewish interpretations ( edit ) In Hosea 12 : 4 , Jacob 's opponent is described as malakh `` angel '' : `` Yes , he had power over the angel , and prevailed : he wept , and made supplication to him : he found him in Bethel , and there he spoke with us ; '' . The relative age of the text of Genesis and of Hosea is unclear , as both are part of the Hebrew Bible as redacted in the Second Temple Period , and it has been suggested that malakh may be a late emendation of the text , and would as such represent an early Jewish interpretation of the episode . Maimonides believed that the incident was `` a vision of prophecy '' , while Rashi believed Jacob wrestled with the guardian angel of Esau ( identified as Samael ) , his elder twin brother . Zvi Kolitz ( 1993 ) referred to Jacob `` wrestling with God '' . As a result of the hip injury Jacob suffered while wrestling , Jews are prohibited from eating the meat tendon attached to the hip socket ( sciatic tendon ) , as mentioned in the account at Genesis 32 : 32 . Christian interpretations ( edit ) The interpretation that `` Jacob wrestled with God '' ( glossed in the name Isra - ' el ) is common in Protestant theology , endorsed by both Martin Luther and John Calvin ( although Calvin believed the event was `` only a vision '' ) , as well as later writers such as Joseph Barker ( 1854 ) or Peter L. Berger ( 2014 ) . Other commentaries treat the expression of Jacob 's having seen `` God face to face '' as referencing the Angel of the Lord as the `` Face of God '' . The proximity of the terms `` man '' and `` God '' in the text in some Christian commentaries has also been taken as suggestive of a Christophany . J. Douglas MacMillan ( 1991 ) suggests that the angel with whom Jacob wrestles is a `` pre-incarnation appearance of Christ in the form of a man . '' According to one Christian commentary of the Bible incident described , `` Jacob said , ' I saw God face to face ' . Jacob 's remark does not necessarily mean that the ' man ' with whom he wrestled is God . Rather , as with other , similar statements , when one saw the ' angel of the Lord , ' it was appropriate to claim to have seen the face of God . '' Muslim interpretation ( edit ) This story is not mentioned in the Quran , but is discussed in Muslim commentaries . The commentaries employ the story in explaining other events in the Hebrew Bible that are discussed in the Quran that have parallels , like Moses being attacked by an angel , and to explain Jewish eating customs . Like some Jewish commentators , Islamic commentators described the event as punishment for Jacob failing to give tithes to God but making an offering like a tithe to Esau . Other views ( edit ) In an analysis of Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch 's 1968 book Atheism in Christianity , Roland Boer says that Bloch sees the incident as falling into the category of `` myth , or at least legend '' . Boer calls this an example of `` a bloodthirsty , vengeful God ... outdone by cunning human beings keen to avoid his fury '' . The wrestling incident on the bank of a stream has been compared to the Greek mythology stories of Achilles ' duel with the river god Scamander and with Menelaus wrestling with the sea - god Proteus . It is also claimed the wrestling incident , along with other Old Testament stories of the Jewish Patriarchs , is based on Akhenaten - linked Egyptian mythology , where Jacob is Osiris / Wizzer , Esau is Set , and the wrestling match is the struggle between them . According to popular author Rosemary Ellen Guiley , `` This dramatic scene has spurred much commentary from Judaic , Catholic , and Protestant theologians , biblical scholars , and literary critics . Does Jacob wrestle with God or with an angel ? ... There is no definitive answer , but the story has been rationalized , romanticized , treated as myth , and treated symbolically . '' In Arts ( edit ) Visual Arts ( edit ) One of the oldest visual depictions is in the illustrated manuscript the Vienna Genesis . Many artists have depicted the scene . In sculpture Jacob Wrestling with the Angel is the subject of a 1940 sculpture by Sir Jacob Epstein on display at the Tate Britain . Paintings include : Rembrandt ( 1659 ) Eugène Delacroix ( 1861 ) Eugène Delacroix ( 1861 ) , ( detail ) Alexander Louis Leloir ( 1865 ) Léon Bonnat ( 1876 ) `` Jacob and the Angel '' by Gustave Moreau ( 1878 ) Paul Gauguin ( 1888 ) , Vision after the Sermon showing the episode envisioned by Breton villagers . In Music ( edit ) The Latin text of Genesis 32 : 30 ' Vidi dominum facie ad faciem ; et salva facta est anima mea ' ( I have seen the Lord face to face ) was set for the third nocturn at Matins on the second Sunday of Lent and was a popular medieval telling of the story of Jacob 's encounter with the angel . It is set as the tenor ( upper voice ) text of Machaut 's multi-text - layered Motet No. 15 Vidi dominum ( I have seen the LORD ) simultaneously with two secular French texts : `` Faux semblant m'a decü '' and `` Amours qui ha le pouvoir . '' Machaut musically contrasts God 's blessing in the Latin text with the disappointments of secular love in the French texts . Charles Wesley 's hymn `` Come , O Thou Traveller Unknown '' , often known as `` Wrestling Jacob '' , is based on the passage which describes Jacob wrestling with an angel . It is traditionally sung to the tune of St Petersburg . U2 's Bullet the Blue Sky , the 4th . track on their 1987 album The Joshua Tree includes the lyric `` Jacob wrestled the angel and the angel was overcome . '' In Literature and theatre ( edit ) The motif of `` wrestling with the angels '' occurs in several novels including Hermann Hesse 's Demian ( 1919 ) , Dodie Smith 's I Capture the Castle ( 1948 ) , Margaret Laurence 's `` The Stone Angel '' ( 1964 ) . In poetry the theme appears in Rainer Maria Rilke 's `` The Man Watching '' ( c. 1920 ) , Herman Melville 's poem `` Art , '' and Emily Dickinson 's poem `` A little East of Jordan '' ( Fr145B , 1860 ) . In theatre , wrestling with the angel is mentioned in Tony Kushner 's play Angels in America ( 1990 ) ; the version depicted on - screen was the 1865 version by Alexander Louis Leloir . Gustave Dore 's image is reenacted in Jean - Luc Godard 's Passion by a film extra dressed as an angel and Jerzy Radziwiłowicz . Also Maud Hart Lovelace 's Betsy 's Wedding ( 1955 ) , Stephen King 's novel It ( 1986 ) , Sheila Heti 's novel How Should A Person Be ? ( 2012 ) and David Fennario 's play Balconville ( 1979 ) . See also ( edit ) Angel of the Lord Theophany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Muddiman ( 2007 ) . Barton , John ; Muddiman , John , eds . The Oxford Bible Commentary ( illustrated , reprint , revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 577 . ISBN 9780199277186 . Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance H6439 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature -- ed . David L. Jeffrey -- 1992 Page 852 `` WRESTLING JACOB The account of Jacob wrestling with the angel at the ford of the Jabbok River is replete with Hebrew puns ( Gen. 32 : 24 -- 32 ) . Several of these relate to the root of Jacob 's name , ' qb ( '' heel `` ) , and its compound standing as a West Semitic diminutive of `` The LORD will pursue '' or `` The LORD preserves '' Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature - ed . David L. Jeffrey - 1992 Page 852 `` Jacob was forced to answer , Yaʿaqob , perhaps mirroring the name of the river , Yabbok , but meaning `` crooked '' ( Nahmanides , Deut. 2 : 10 of Jeshurun , gives this etymology for Jacob , `` one who walks crookedly '' ; after the thigh wound delivered ... '' Jump up ^ Meir Gertner Vetus Testamentum , International Organization of Old Testament Scholars , International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament 1960 -- Volume 10 - Page 277 : `` In Genesis it is a ' man ' with whom Jacob wrestled . Later in the story this ' man ' appears to be identified with God ( Gen. xxxii 29 , 31 ) . Talmud , Targum , Syriac and Vulgate take ' God ' here to be an angel . '' Jump up ^ Anthony Hanson The Prophetic Gospel : Study of John and the Old Testament 056704064X 2006 Page 76 `` The Targum of Onkelos offers ' because I have seen the Angel of the Lord face to face ' , 14 and the Targum of Palestine ' because I have seen the Angels of the Lord face to face '. i5 No doubt this substitution was facilitated by Hosea 12.4 , where Jump up ^ Green , Thomas A , ed. ( 2001 ) . Martial Arts of the World : An Encyclopedia ( illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 788 . ISBN 9781576071502 . Jump up ^ Ellens , J. Harold ; Rollins , Wayne G. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Psychology and the Bible : From Genesis to apocalyptic vision ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 77 . ISBN 9780275983499 . Jump up ^ `` the word is regarded as a gloss by many writers '' Myrto Theocharous Lexical Dependence and Intertextual Allusion in the Septuagint of the Twelve Patriarchs ^ Jump up to : Loades , Ann ; McLain , Michael , eds. ( 1992 ) . `` Wrestling with the Angel : A Study in Historical and Literary Interpretation '' . Hermeneutics , the Bible and Literary Criticism ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 9781349219865 . Jump up ^ Howard Schwartz ; Elliot K. Ginsburg ( 2006 ) . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism ( illustrated , reprint , annotated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 359 . ISBN 9780195327137 . Jump up ^ Shammai Engelmayer ; Joseph S. Ozarowski ; David Sofian ( 1997 ) . Lipman , Steve , ed . Common Ground : The Weekly Torah Portion Through the Eyes of a Conservative , Orthodox , and Reform Rabbi . Jason Aronson . p. 50 . ISBN 9780765759924 . Jump up ^ Zvi Kolitz ( 1993 ) . Confrontation : The Existential Thought of Rabbi J.B. Soloveitchik . KTAV Publishing House . p. 50 . ISBN 9780881254310 . Jump up ^ Ze'ev Maghen ( 2006 ) . After Hardship Cometh Ease : The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim Moderation ( reprint ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 117 . ISBN 9783110184549 . Jump up ^ John R. Kohlenberger ( 2004 ) . Kohlenberger , John R. , ed . The Essential Evangelical Parallel Bible : New King James Version , English Standard Version , New Living Translation , the Message . Oxford University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9780195281781 . Jump up ^ Tremper Longman ; David E. Garland ( 2008 ) . Longman , Tremper ; Garland , David E. , eds . Genesis - Leviticus ( revised ed . ) . Harper Collins . p. 255 . ISBN 9780310230823 . Jump up ^ Eli Yassif ( 2009 ) . The Hebrew Folktale : History , Genre , Meaning . Indiana University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 9780253002624 . Jump up ^ Joseph Barker ( 1854 ) . Seven Lectures on the Supernatural Origin & Divine Authority of the Bible . By J. Barker . Containing his reply to the Rev. Mr. Sergeant , etc . George Turner . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Peter L. Berger ( 2014 ) . Redeeming Laughter : The Comic Dimension of Human Experience ( 2 , reprint ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 88 . ISBN 9783110354003 . ^ Jump up to : Tremper Longman ; David E. Garland ( 2008 ) . Longman , Tremper ; Garland , David E. , eds . Genesis - Leviticus ( revised ed . ) . Harper Collins . pp. 255 -- 6 . ISBN 9780310230823 . Jump up ^ MacMillan , J. Douglas ( 1991 ) . Wrestling with God : Lessons from the life of Jacob . Evangelical Press of Wales . p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Ibn Kathir . `` The Story of Ya'qub ( Jacob ) '' . The Stories of the Prophets . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Noegel , Scott B. ; Brannon M. Wheeler . `` Jacob '' . The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism . Scarecrow Press . pp. 160 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4617 - 1895 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wheeler , Brannon M. ( 2002 ) . Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis . Psychology Press . p. 55 . ISBN 9780700716036 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brannon ( 2002 ) . Prophets in the Quran : An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis . A&C Black . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 9780826449566 . Jump up ^ Roland Boer ( 2007 ) . Criticism of Heaven : On Marxism and Theology . Brill . pp. 39 , 41 . ISBN 9789004161115 . Jump up ^ Donald H. Mills ( 2002 ) . The Hero and the Sea : Patterns of Chaos in Ancient Myth . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers . pp. 145 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86516 - 508 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bruce Louden ( 2011 ) . Homer 's Odyssey and the Near East . Cambridge University Press . pp. 114 -- 118 . ISBN 9781139494908 . Jump up ^ Stephen S. Mehler ( 2005 ) . From Light Into Darkness : The Evolution of Religion in Ancient Egypt ( illustrated ed . ) . Adventures Unlimited Press . pp. 131 -- 2 . ISBN 9781931882491 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Guiley ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Angels . Infobase Publishing . p. 195 . ISBN 9781438130026 . Jump up ^ Horst Woldemar Janson , Anthony F. Janson History of Art : The Western Tradition 2004 `` The Vienna Genesis ... ( In the center foreground , for example , we see him wrestling with the angel , then receiving the angel 's blessing . ) '' ( full page illustration ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Jacob Epstein : Jacob and the Angel '' . Tate . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Anne Walters Robertson Guillaume De Machaut and Reims : Context and Meaning in His Musical ... 2002 - Page 163 `` Drawn from the Genesis story of Jacob 's wrestling match with the angel , Vidi dominum is a favorite phrase for ... '' Jump up ^ Iain Fenlon Early Music History : Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music 2009 - Page 25 `` The text of the tenor for Machaut 's motet 15 comes from the third nocturn at Matins on the second Sunday of Lent . Its biblical provenance is Genesis 32 : 30 . Here Jacob , after having wrestled with the angel and received both a new name ( Israel ) and a divine blessing , exclaims : ' Vidi dominum facie ad faciem ; et salva facta est anima mea'25 ( I have seen the Lord face to face ; ... treatment ( motetus ) are opposed to Jacob 's wrestling with the angel that lead to his blessing and re-naming as Israel , ... '' Jump up ^ `` Come , O Thou Traveler Unknown '' . www.cyberhymnal.org . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Further reading ( edit ) Geller , Stephen A. ( 1982 ) . `` The Struggle at the Jabbok : the Uses of Enigma in a Biblical Narrative '' . Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society ( JANES ) . New Jork : Columbia University . 14 : 37 -- 60 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Also in : Geller , Stephen A. ( 1996 ) . `` 2 - THE STRUGGLE AT THE JABBOK . The uses of enigma in biblical religion ( pp. 9ff . ) '' . Sacred Enigmas . Literary Religion in the Hebrew Bible . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 41512771 - 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 41512 - 771 - 4 . ( I ) n the context of the wrestling bout , the name implies that Jacob won this supremacy , linked to that of God 's , by a kind of theomachy . ( ... ) By prevailing over God , he has won the name ' God rules ' ( p. 22 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Wrestling with the Angel . List of additional illustrations Article about Genesis story Wrestling With Angels chabad.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel&oldid=841985843 '' Categories : Christian iconography Jacob Book of Genesis Angelic apparitions in the Bible Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where does jacob wrestle with an angel in the bible
|
[
"Jacob wrestling with the angel is an episode from Genesis (32:22-32; also referenced in Hosea 12:4). The account includes the renaming of Jacob as Israel (etymologized as \"contends-with-God\"). The \"angel\" in question is referred to as \"man\" (אִישׁ) in Genesis, while Hosea references an \"angel\" (מַלְאָךְ), but the episode is also often referenced as Jacob's \"wrestling with God\".[1]"
] |
[
"Genesis"
] |
6274839387959177701
|
Great horned owl
|
Great horned owl - wikipedia Great horned owl Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Great horned owl Common great horned owl B. v. virginianus Coastal great horned owl , B. v. saturatus Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary , Delta , British Columbia , Canada Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Strigiformes Family : Strigidae Genus : Bubo Species : B. virginianus Binomial name Bubo virginianus ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Subspecies About one dozen , see text Global range ( all year ) of B. virginianus Synonyms Strix virginiana Gmelin , 1788 and see text The great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) , also known as the tiger owl ( originally derived from early naturalists ' description as the `` winged tiger '' or `` tiger of the air '' ) or the hoot owl , is a large owl native to the Americas . It is an extremely adaptable bird with a vast range and is the most widely distributed true owl in the Americas . Its primary diet is rabbits and hares , rats and mice and voles , although it freely hunts any animal it can overtake , including rodents and other small mammals , larger mid-sized mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and invertebrates . In ornithological study , the great horned owl is often compared to the Eurasian eagle - owl ( Bubo bubo ) , a closely related species which , despite the latter 's notably larger size , occupies the same ecological niche in Eurasia , and the red - tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , with which it often shares similar habitat , prey and nesting habits by day and is thus something of a diurnal ecological equivalent . The great horned owl is one of the earliest nesting birds in North America , often laying eggs weeks or even months before other raptorial birds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Physiology and measurements 1.2 Calls 1.3 Species identification 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4.1 Territoriality and movements 4.2 Hunting behavior 5 Prey and trophic ecology 5.1 Rodents 5.2 Lagomorphs 5.3 Other mammals 5.4 Birds 5.5 Other prey 5.6 Interspecific predatory relationships 6 Reproduction 7 Mortality and longevity 7.1 Longevity and natural mortality 7.2 Human - related mortality 7.3 Effect on conservation - dependent species 8 Iconography and myth 8.1 Provincial bird 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Description ( edit ) The great horned owl is generally colored for camouflage . The underparts of the species are usually light with some brown horizontal barring ; the upper parts and upper wings are generally a mottled brown usually bearing heavy , complex darker markings . All subspecies are darkly barred to some extent along the sides as well . Owl showing much of its camouflage pattern / color There is a variable sized white patch on the throat . The white throat may continue as a streak running down the middle of the breast even when the birds are not displaying , which in particularly pale individuals can widen at the belly into a large white area . South American horned owls typically have a smaller white throat patch , often unseen unless actively displaying , and rarely display the white area on the chest . There are individual and regional variations in overall color , with birds from the subarctic showing a washed - out , light - buff color , while those from the Pacific Coast of North America , Central America and much of South America can be a dark brownish color overlaid with blackish blotching . The skin of the feet and legs , though almost entirely obscured by feathers , is black . Even tropical great horned owls have feathered legs and feet . The feathers on the feet of the great horned owl are the second longest known in any owl ( after the snowy owl ) . The bill is dark gunmetal - gray , as are the talons . All great horned owls have a facial disc . This can be reddish , brown or gray in color ( depending on geographical and racial variation ) and is demarked by a dark rim culminating in bold , blackish side brackets . This species ' `` horns '' are tufts of feathers , called plumicorns . The purpose of plumicorns is not fully understood , but the theory that they serve as a visual cue in territorial and socio - sexual interactions with other owls is generally accepted . Physiology and measurements ( edit ) The eyes of great horned owls are amongst the largest and most powerfully acute in the animal kingdom . The great horned owl is the heaviest extant owl in Central and South America and is the second heaviest owl in North America , after the closely related but very different looking snowy owl . It is heavily built , with a barrel - shaped body , a large head and broad wings . Its size can vary considerably across its range , with interior Alaska and Ontario populations being largest and populations in California and Texas being smallest , though those from the Yucatán Peninsula and Baja California appear to be even smaller . Adult great horned owls range in length from 43 to 64 cm ( 17 to 25 in ) , with an average of 55 cm ( 22 in ) , and possess a wingspan of 91 to 153 cm ( 3 ft 0 in to 5 ft 0 in ) , with an average of 122 cm ( 48 in ) . Females are somewhat larger than males . Mean body weight is 1,608 g ( 3.545 lb ) for females and 1,224 g ( 2.698 lb ) for males . Depending on subspecies , maximum weight can reach 2,503 g ( 5.518 lb ) . The wing chord length is 297 -- 400 mm ( 11.7 -- 15.7 in ) . The wing loading , the measured wing area in cm calculated against grams of weight , is high , meaning the wings are relatively small in surface area for the bird 's weight ; the species ' wing loading has been described as proportionately the highest among raptors . The tail , being relatively short as is typical of most owls , is 175 to 252 mm ( 6.9 to 9.9 in ) long . Talons , legs and feet Great , Horned Owl ( Canada ) The legs , feet and talons are large and powerful . Tarsal length is 54 -- 80 mm ( 2.1 -- 3.1 in ) . The average foot span of a fully spread foot , from talon to talon , is around 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) , as compared to 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) in long - eared owls , 13 to 15 cm ( 5.1 to 5.9 in ) in barn owls and 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) in the great grey owl . Great horned owls can apply at least 300 pounds per square inch ( PSI ) of crushing power in their talons , a PSI considerably greater than the human hand is capable of exerting . In some big females , the gripping power of the great horned owl may be comparable to much larger raptor species such as the golden eagle . The hard , inflexible bill of the great horned owl is 3.3 -- 5.2 cm ( 1.3 -- 2.0 in ) long , although the culmen , the exposed bill portion as measured along the top of the beak , is only 2.1 to 3.3 cm ( 0.83 to 1.30 in ) . The outer ear openings , which are concealed by feathers on the sides of the head , are relatively smaller than that of the Eurasian eagle owl , being 2.3 cm ( 0.91 in ) in vertical axis , with the left ear slightly larger than the right . The great horned owl 's eyes , just slightly smaller than the eyes of a human being , are large even for an owl and rank proportionately among the largest eyes of all terrestrial vertebrates . They are visually highly adapted for nocturnal hunting and provide a wide , almost completely binocular field of view , a large corneal surface and a predominantly rod retina . Instead of turning its eyes , an owl must turn its whole head and the great horned owl is capable rotating its neck 270 degrees . The iris is yellow , except in the amber - eyed South American great horned owl ( B. v. nacurutu ) . Calls ( edit ) The great horned owl 's song is normally a low - pitched but loud ho - ho - hoo hoo hoo ( or also transcribed as bu - bubu booh , who - hoo - ho - oo or who - ho - o-o , whoo - hoo - o-o , whoo ) and can either last for five to four syllables . One transliteration is You still up ? Me too . The call is resonant and has warranted descriptions as varied as `` solemn '' and `` terrifying '' . The female 's call is higher and rises in pitch at the end of the call . Female vocalizations are higher in pitch because of a smaller syrinx in the larger sex . Calling seems to peak after rather than before midnight . Usually , territorial hooting decreases in February or March at the onset of egg laying . On occasion , this species exhibits `` an indescribable assemblage of hoots , chuckles , screeches and squawks , given so rapidly and disconnectedly that the effect is both startling and amusing '' . Descriptions of some of these odd sounds including a growling krrooo - ooo note pair , a laughing Whar , whah , wha - a-a-a - ah , a high - pitched ank , ank , ank ; a weak , soft erk , erk , a cat - like meee - owwwwww , a hawk - like note of ke - yah , ke - yah and a nighthawk - like peent . These vocalizations may be variously uttered when the birds are disturbed and angered at the nest ( frequently preceding an attack on an interloping human or other animal ) , represent the vocal development of young owls , or are given during courtship and during territorial disputes with other owls . Young owls still in the care of their parents make loud , persistent hissing or loud , piercing screeching sounds that are often confused with the calls of the barn owl . Species identification ( edit ) Illustrated comparison of a great horned owl , left , to its closest North American cousin , the snowy owl The combination of the species ' bulk , prominent ear - tufts and barred plumage distinguishes it through much of the range , but it may be easily confused with the lesser or Magellanic horned owl ( B. magellanicus ) , which may overlap in range . The Magellanic horned owl was once considered a subspecies of the great horned , but is now almost universally considered a distinct species , as is supported by genetic materials , with the great horned being the paraspecies . Overall coloration is similar , but the Magellanic is markedly smaller with smaller feet and a smaller head , with finer but more numerous brownish bars on the underside , rather than the blotchy irregular barring typical of great horned owls . Other eagle - owls may superficially be somewhat similar , but the species is generically allopatric with the exception of wintering snowy owls . More tropical species with ear tufts , the stygian owl ( A. stygius ) and striped owl ( Pseudoscops clamator ) , are much smaller . Other large owls lack ear tufts Great horned owl perched on the top of a Joshua Tree in the Mojave desert California , USA Taxonomy ( edit ) The great horned owl is part of the genus Bubo , which may include as many as 25 other extant taxa , predominantly distributed throughout Africa . The great horned owl represents one of the one to two radiations of this genus across the Bering Land Bridge to the Americas . Whereas the Magellanic horned owl clearly divided once the owl had spread through the Americas , the consensus seems to be that the snowy owl and the great horned owl divided back in Eurasia and the snowy then spread back over the Arctic through northernmost North America separately from the radiation of the horned owl . It has been proposed that the great horned and Eurasian eagle owls may in fact be conspecifics , based on similarities in life history , geographic distribution and appearance . In one case , a zoo - kept male great horned owl and female Eurasian eagle owl produced an apparently healthy hybrid ( although a case of a hybrid between the only distantly related great grey owl hybridized with a great horned owl is also on record ) . Genetic testing indicates that the snowy , not the Eurasian eagle owl , is the most closely related living species . Pleistocene Era fossils have been found of Bubo owls in North America , which may either be distinct species or paleosubspecies , from as far east as Georgia but predominantly in the Rocky Mountains and to the west of them . Almost all fossils indicate these owls were larger than modern great horned owls . Subspecies ( edit ) Coastal great horned owl ( B. v. saturatus ) at Grouse Mountain ( Vancouver , BC ) South American great horned owl ( B. v. nacurutu ) with its notably dark eyes Northern great horned owl ( B. v. subarcticus ) in Manitoba Californian great horned owl ( B. v. pacificus ) stretching , Bernal Hill Park , San Francisco A large number of subspecies , more than 20 altogether , have been named . However , many of these are not true races and only examples of individual or clinal variation . Subspecies differences are mainly in color and size and generally follow Gloger 's and Bergmann 's Rules : The most conservative treatments of great horned owl races may describe as few as 10 subspecies , although an intermediate number is typical in most writings . Common / eastern great horned owl , Bubo virginianus virginianus ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Eastern United States eastwards from at least as far west as Minnesota to Texas ; northeastwards in distribution to southern Quebec , southern Ontario , Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island . Resident all - year . The race B. v. mesembrinus from Central America south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , may be merely a southerly leg of this race , as its coloring is almost exactly the same as virginianus , although with rather smaller body size . However , mesembrinus type owls are discontinuous in range , with only paler owls from pallescens and mayensis found in the in - between range before the northern virginianus reappears back up in South Texas . The `` nominate race '' is a medium - hued form , neither darkly saturated nor strikingly pale . Darker gray or somewhat paler individuals are known . It tends to be richly tinged with rufous and barred distinctly blackish - brown below with rather soft contrast . The feet can range from tawny to buff to creamy and are the legs are typically barred dark to a moderate extent . The facial disc is often a solid cinnamon - red color . This is mid-to - large race , with a wing chord length of 319 -- 371 mm ( 12.6 -- 14.6 in ) , averaging 339 mm ( 13.3 in ) , in males and 343 -- 388 mm ( 13.5 -- 15.3 in ) , averaging 362.8 mm ( 14.28 in ) , in females . Unexpectedly , although it is not the longest - winged , the nominate is the heaviest known race as males weigh from 985 to 1,588 g ( 2.172 to 3.501 lb ) , averaging 1,318 g ( 2.906 lb ) , and females weigh from 1,417 to 2,503 g ( 3.124 to 5.518 lb ) , averaging 1,768.5 g ( 3.899 lb ) ; the prior figures originally from a huge sample around Michigan . In comparison , B. v. subarcticus , though averaging longer in wing length averages somewhat less heavy . On the contrary , in Costa Rica , within the range of the possibly synonymous mesembrinus , great horned owls average approximately 1,000 g ( 2.2 lb ) , the lightest average mass reported anywhere for this species . Other standard measurements of this race are a tail length of 190 to 235 mm ( 7.5 to 9.3 in ) , a tarsus length of about 56 to 58 mm ( 2.2 to 2.3 in ) and a bill length of 35 to 50 mm ( 1.4 to 2.0 in ) . B. v. virginianus also tends to have relatively the longest ear tufts on any race . South American great horned owl , Bubo virginianus nacurutu ( Vieillot , 1817 ) A lowland form occurring in disjunct populations from eastern Colombia to the Guyanas ; also from Brazil and Uruguay south of the Amazon Basin to Bolivia , the Buenos Aires Province in northern Argentina and western Paraguay ; resident all - year . Includes the proposed subspecies scotinus , elutus , and deserti . The status of this form , especially the relationships between the scattered subpopulations and with ssp . nigrescens and the Magellanic horned owl , deserves more study . Dull , earthy brownish color is typical ; birds from the semiarid interior of Brazil often have much white on uppertail - and ear - coverts against a dull gray background ( sometimes separated as deserti ) . This race is less fuscous than nigrescens . It is the only subspecies where the iris is amber , not yellow . The Magellanic horned owl , while somewhat similar in coloring , has yellow eyes like other horned owls , not amber eyes . B. v. nacurutu is a medium - sized race , smaller than most in North America but not as small as some of the Mexican races . The wing chord length is 330 -- 354 mm ( 13.0 -- 13.9 in ) in males and 340 -- 376 mm ( 13.4 -- 14.8 in ) in females . The tail in both sexes can range from 184 to 217 mm ( 7.2 to 8.5 in ) . Only three birds have had published weights , two males scaling 1,011 and 1,132 g ( 2.229 and 2.496 lb ) and one female weighing 1,050 g ( 2.31 lb ) . The most notable feature of this race is its large bill , at 43 to 52 mm ( 1.7 to 2.0 in ) , which is the biggest of any horned owl race despite the otherwise moderate size of B. v. nacurutu . Northern / subarctic great horned owl , Bubo virginianus subarcticus ( Hoy , 1852 ) Breeding range from Mackenzie , British Columbia region east to the southern Hudson Bay ; southern limit unclear but at least reaches to Montana and North Dakota . Non-breeding birds are regularly found south to latitude 45 ° S , i.e. Wyoming or South Dakota , occasionally ranging beyond this limit especially in years with low prey in the north . This race includes the birds described as occidentalis ( based on a wintering individual , as was the original subarcticus ) and sclariventris . The older name wapacuthu was occasionally used for this subspecies , but it can not with certainty be assigned to a recognizable taxon and is thus considered a nomen dubium . The population described as algistus is probably based on wandering individuals and / or various intergrades of subarcticus with other races . This is the palest form of horned owl , with the ground color essentially whitish with a faint buff tinge above ; black underside barring variable from indistinct to pronounced , being most often prominent on the upper chest amongst otherwise pale plumage . This race shows no little to no reddish coloration . B. v. subarcticus shows a very high degree of clinal variation , ranging from in the Contiguous United States where owls are often medium - grayish and more heavily marked to the Subarctic zone in Canada where very pale birds with almost non-existent markings are prominent . Very pale birds are similar to a young female snowy owl from a distance . In this race , the feet range from immaculate white to buff , with little or no mottling . In the west of Canada , subarcticus may hybridize with the dark saturatus and may do the same with this similarly dark heterocnemis in the east . In both cases , they may produce intermediate looking hybrids of reddish tone , like a virginianus but with sharper contrasting of colors . This is one of the largest - bodied subspecies . The wing chord length is 323 -- 372 mm ( 12.7 -- 14.6 in ) , averaging 346.7 mm ( 13.65 in ) , in males and 339 -- 390 mm ( 13.3 -- 15.4 in ) , averaging 362.5 mm ( 14.27 in ) , in females . Body mass ranges from 865 to 1,460 g ( 1.907 to 3.219 lb ) , averaging 1,196.5 g ( 2.638 lb ) , in males and from 1,112 to 2,046 g ( 2.452 to 4.511 lb ) , averaging 1,556 g ( 3.430 lb ) , in females . Tail length is 200 to 225 mm ( 7.9 to 8.9 in ) and 220 to 240 mm ( 8.7 to 9.4 in ) in males and females , respectively . Bill length is 35 to 43 mm ( 1.4 to 1.7 in ) in both and one bird had a tarsus of 66 mm ( 2.6 in ) . Californian great horned owl , Bubo virginianus pacificus ( Cassin , 1854 ) Central and southern California west of the Sierra Nevada except San Joaquin Valley , south to Northwestern Baja California , Mexico . Intergrades with pallescens in San Diego County , California ( see also below ) . Resident all - year . Very rich brown , dark underside barring distinct but less pronounced than in saturatus but more pronounced than in pallescens . Humeral area is black . Feet are mottled dark . The facial disc is often even darkly mottled . This is a fairly small - bodied race , in fact including the lightest wild great horned owl adult ever weighed . The wing chord length is 305 -- 362 mm ( 12.0 -- 14.3 in ) , averaging 332.5 mm ( 13.09 in ) , in males and 335 -- 375 mm ( 13.2 -- 14.8 in ) , averaging 351.4 mm ( 13.83 in ) , in females . Body mass ranges from 680 to 1,272 g ( 1.499 to 2.804 lb ) , averaging 991.7 g ( 2.186 lb ) , in males and from 825 to 1,668 g ( 1.819 to 3.677 lb ) , averaging 1,312.7 g ( 2.894 lb ) , in females . Tail length is 175 to 218 mm ( 6.9 to 8.6 in ) and 203 to 230 mm ( 8.0 to 9.1 in ) in males and females , respectively . Bill length is 34 to 41 mm ( 1.3 to 1.6 in ) and one bird had a tarsus of 57 mm ( 2.2 in ) . Coastal great horned owl , Bubo virginianus saturatus ( Ridgway , 1877 ) Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to northern California . Includes the previously described form of B. v. leucomelas . The often recognized race B. v. lagophonus , is often now considered a mere clinal variation of the same race from interior Alaska to Oregon , the Snake River , and northwestern Montana . These forms may be reported in winter as far south as Colorado and Texas , but these are in times of irruption . A dark and overall brownish form with heavily barred and mottled underside , with a dull tawny base . Inland birds ( lagophonus ) tend to have a more grayish base , the coastal owls being more richly brown . Otherwise , inland and coastal owls are practically the same . The facial disc can range from gray to reddish - gray to dark rufous . The feet are fairly dusky gray typically , although some buff - footed individuals are known , and legs are more prominently barred with black than in other North American races . This is a large race going on linear measurements , which in Alaskan owls outmatch those of all other races but for heterocnemis in Ontario ( which may itself be a discontinuous eastern wing of this race ) . The wing chord length is 330 -- 370 mm ( 13 -- 15 in ) , averaging 348.3 mm ( 13.71 in ) , in males and 339 -- 400 mm ( 13.3 -- 15.7 in ) , averaging 374.7 mm ( 14.75 in ) , in females . Tail length is 191 to 245 mm ( 7.5 to 9.6 in ) and 196 to 252 mm ( 7.7 to 9.9 in ) in males and females . In both sexes , known bill and tarsal lengths are 35 to 44 mm ( 1.4 to 1.7 in ) and 62 to 70 mm ( 2.4 to 2.8 in ) . No weights are known to have been published . North Andean great horned owl , Bubo virginianus nigrescens ( Berlepsch , 1884 ) Andes ; arid temperate and puna zones from Colombia to northwestern Peru . Resident all - year round . Presumably synonymous with the described columbianus . A dark , cold gray - brown form with heavy fuscous blotching . Arguably this is the darkest colored race on average , though it could be rivaled by individuals from saturatus and elachistus . This race has only minimally the rufous tinge seen in other darkish races , although some nigrescens may have a cinnamon facial disc . The largest winged race of owl in South America , this owl has a wing chord length of 345 -- 365 mm ( 13.6 -- 14.4 in ) in males and 350 -- 382 mm ( 13.8 -- 15.0 in ) in females . The tail in both sexes can range from 185 to 217 mm ( 7.3 to 8.5 in ) . Bill length is 40 to 50 mm ( 1.6 to 2.0 in ) , again relatively long as in nacurutu and one bird had a tarsal length of 80 mm ( 3.1 in ) , indicating relatively long legs in the race . No published weights are known . Apparently , despite its sizeable wing area , nigrescens is notably smaller overall when specimens are compared side - by - side with those from saturatus . Desert great horned owl , Bubo virginianus pallescens ( Stone , 1897 ) San Joaquin Valley southeastwards through arid regions of southeastern California and southern Utah eastwards to western Kansas and southwards to Guerrero and western Veracruz in Mexico ; intergrades with pacificus in San Diego County , if not elswhere ; vagrant individuals of saturatus and the Rocky Mountains population , which look similar to intergrades , also seem to occur in its range . Resident all - year . This race is likely synonymous with melanocercus . A pale dusky buff form with indistinct barring , especially on the underside . Darker individuals tend to have a deeper fulvous base to their upper sides . Humeral area is umber in color and the feathers of the feet are white and usually unmarked . A small race , it averages slightly larger in wing length than pacificus but weighs less on average . The wing chord length is 318 -- 367 mm ( 12.5 -- 14.4 in ) , averaging 337.2 mm ( 13.28 in ) , in males and 332 -- 381 mm ( 13.1 -- 15.0 in ) , averaging 348.9 mm ( 13.74 in ) , in females . Body mass ranges from 724 to 1,257 g ( 1.596 to 2.771 lb ) , averaging 914.2 g ( 2.015 lb ) , in males and from 801 to 1,550 g ( 1.766 to 3.417 lb ) , averaging 1,142.2 g ( 2.518 lb ) , in females . In both sexes , tail length is 190 to 235 mm ( 7.5 to 9.3 in ) and bill length is 33 to 43 mm ( 1.3 to 1.7 in ) . Yucatán great horned owl , Bubo virginianus mayensis ( Nelson , 1901 ) Endemic to the southern two - thirds of the Yucatán Peninsula . Resident all - year . A medium - pale form , fairly similar to pallescens in both hue and ventral markings . Going on linear measurements , B. v. mayensis is smaller than all North American horned owls , even the smallish pallescens , and is only slightly larger at median than the following race . This race has wing chord and tail lengths of 297 -- 340 mm ( 11.7 -- 13.4 in ) and 180 to 198 mm ( 7.1 to 7.8 in ) in males and 303 -- 357 mm ( 11.9 -- 14.1 in ) and 199 to 210 mm ( 7.8 to 8.3 in ) in females . In both sexes , the bill length is 39 to 41 mm ( 1.5 to 1.6 in ) and tarsal length is 54 to 65 mm ( 2.1 to 2.6 in ) . Baja California great horned owl , Bubo virginianus elachistus ( Brewster , 1902 ) Southern Baja California , Mexico . Resident all - year . Similar in color to pacificus but even darker and more heavily barred , like a miniaturized saturatus . It is considerably ( 5 -- 10 % ) smaller than pacificus linearly ; some size overlap does occur though . On average , it is the smallest known subspecies . Males have a wing chord length of 305 to 335 mm ( 12.0 to 13.2 in ) , tail length of 175 to 206 mm ( 6.9 to 8.1 in ) and bill length of 33 to 38 mm ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) . A single female had a wing chord of 330 mm ( 13 in ) and tail of 211 mm ( 8.3 in ) . Northeastern great horned owl , Bubo virginianus heterocnemis ( Oberholser , 1904 ) Breeds in eastern Canada ( northern Quebec , Labrador , Newfoundland ) . It southern breeding range seems to be delineated by the Saint Lawrence River . In winter , this race may disperses southwards throughout Ontario to as far as the Northeastern United States . This subspecies may be synonymous with saturatus , although it is distributed far to the east of that race . B. v. heterocnemis is surrounded by the much paler subarcticus to its west and quite differently marked virginianus to its south , the latter two overlap and possibly hybridize in some of the northeast . A fairly dark and grey , heavily barred form . Feet pale with dusky mottling . Going on median reported linear measurements ( since body mass is unknown ) , this is the largest bodied subspecies on average . Males have a wing chord length of 350 to 365 mm ( 13.8 to 14.4 in ) and females range from 370 to 390 mm ( 15 to 15 in ) . In both sexes , the tail is 220 to 250 mm ( 8.7 to 9.8 in ) and the bill is 38 to 48 mm ( 1.5 to 1.9 in ) . Rocky Mountains great horned owl , Bubo virginianus pinorum ( Dickerman & Johnson , 2008 ) The Rocky Mountains population breeds south of the Snake River in Idaho south to Arizona , New Mexico , and the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas . Westwards , it is presumed to occur to the Modoc Plateau and Mono Lake of California . This race was included in the presumed subspecies occidentalis , but recently first described and named as distinct subspecies and make up the missing piece in the once muddled distribution of great horned owls in the West and Rockies . Downslope movements into valleys occupied by pallescens might occur , but this needs study . A medium gray form , intermediate in coloring between saturatus and pallescens . Moderately barred and tinged buff or ochraceous on the underside . Feet mottled . This is a largish race , wing chord lengths being inexplicably greater in males , at 350 to 397 mm ( 13.8 to 15.6 in ) , than in females , at 327 to 367 mm ( 12.9 to 14.4 in ) . Tail length can range from 190 to 233 mm ( 7.5 to 9.2 in ) and a female weighed 1,246 g ( 2.747 lb ) . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Close eyes The breeding habitat of the great horned owl extends high into the subarctic of North America , where they are found up to the northwestern and southern Mackenzie Mountains , Keewatin , Ontario , northern Manitoba , Fort Chimo in Ungava , Okak , Newfoundland and Labrador , Anticosti Island and Prince Edward Island . They are distributed throughout most of North and very spottily in Central America and then down into South America south to upland regions of Argentina , Bolivia and Peru , before they give way to the Magellanic horned owl , which thence ranges all the way to Tierra del Fuego , the southern tip of the continent . It is absent or rare from southern Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica to Panama ( where only two records ) in Central America and the mangrove forests of northwestern South America . The species is also absent from the West Indies , the Queen Charlotte Islands and almost all off - shore islands in the Americas , its ability to colonize islands apparently being considerably less than those of barn owls and short - eared owls . Since the division into two species , the great horned owl is the second most widely distributed owl in the Americas , just after the barn owl . The great horned owl is among the world 's most adaptable owls or even bird species in terms of habitat . The great horned owl can take up residence in trees that border all manner of deciduous , coniferous , and mixed forests , tropical rainforests , pampas , prairie , mountainous areas , deserts , subarctic tundra , rocky coasts , mangrove swamp forests , and some urban areas . It is less common in the more extreme areas of the Americas . In the Mojave and Sonora Deserts , they are absent from the heart of the deserts and are only found on the vegetated or rocky fringes . Even in North America , they are rare in landscapes including more than 70 % old - growth forest , such as the aspen forest of the Rockies . They have only been recorded a handful of times in true rainforests such as the Amazon rainforest . In the Appalachian Mountains , they appear to use old - growth forest but in Arkansas are actually often found near temporary agricultural openings in the midst of large areas of woodland . Similarly in south - central Pennsylvania , the owls uses cropland and pasture more than deciduous and total forest cover , indicating preference for fragmented landscapes . In prairies , grasslands and deserts , they can successfully live year around as long as there are rocky canyon , steep gullies and / or wooded coulees with shade - giving trees to provide them shelter and nesting sites . In mountainous areas of North America , they are usually absent above the tree line , but great horned owls can be found up to 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) in California and 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) in the Rockies . In the Andean Mountains , on the other hand , they have adapted to being true montane species , often found at least 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) above sea level and are regularly recorded in treeless Puna grassland zones at 4,100 to 4,500 m ( 13,500 to 14,800 ft ) in Ecuador and Peru . They are generally rare in non-tidal wetland habitat , and are replaced in the high Arctic tundra by snowy owls . It prefers areas where open habitats , which it often hunts in , and woods , where it tends to roost and nest , are juxtaposed . Thus lightly populated rural regions can be ideal . This species can occasionally be found in urban or suburban areas . However , it seems to prefer areas with less human activity and is most likely to be found in park - like settings in such developed areas , unlike eastern and western screech owls ( Megascops asio & M. kennicottii ) which may regularly occur in busy suburban settings . On the contrary , though , one nest ( a large squirrel nest ) was reported in a tree in the middle of a college campus , under which no fewer than 3,000 - 4,000 people passed directly each day . All mated great horned owls are permanent residents of their territories , but unmated and younger birds move freely in search of company and a territory , and leave regions with little food in winter . Behavior ( edit ) Composite photo of great horned owl flight phases Great horned owls are typically sluggish and passive but aware during daytime . In most aspects of their behavior , great horned owls are typical of owls and most birds of prey . From experimentally raising young owls in captivity , Paul L. Errington felt that they were a bird of `` essentially low intelligence '' who could only hunt when partially wild and instinctually driven by hunger to hunt whatever they first encounter . He showed captive birds that were provided strips of meat from hatching , rather than having to hunt or to simulate hunting to obtain food , had no capacity to hunt . On the contrary , William J. Baerg compared his captive raised behaviorally great horned owls to parrots , which are famously intelligent birds , although not as often playful `` it knows its keeper and usually accepts whatever he wishes to do with a good deal of tolerance '' . Arthur C. Bent also noted the variability in temperaments of great horned owls to their handlers , some generally pleasant , though most are eventually aggressive . Most captive specimens , once mature , seem to resent attempts at contact and are often given to attacking their keepers . They will only follow cues when conditioned from an early age but rarely with the same level of success seen in some diurnal birds of prey trained for falconry or entertainment , although this does not necessarily correlate with intelligence as posited by Errington . Carl D. Marti also disagrees with Errington 's assessments , noting that their prey selection is not as `` completely random as Errington suggested '' ; while `` Great Horned Owls appeared to select their mammalian prey in general relation to the prey populations ... Cottontails , appeared to be selected as prey out of relation to their population status . '' Like most owls , the great horned owl makes great use of secrecy and stealth . Due to its natural - colored plumage , it is well camouflaged both while active at night and while roosting during the day . During the daytime it roosts usually in large trees ( including snags & large hollows but usually thick branches ) but may occasionally be in crevices or small caves in rocks or in dense shrubbery . Pine and other coniferous trees may be preferred where available since they are particularly dense and provide cover throughout the year . Typically , males have a favorite roosting site not far from the nest , sometimes used over successive years . While roosting , great horned owls may rest in the `` tall - thin '' position , where they sit as erect and hold themselves as slim as is possible . The kind of posture is well known as a further method of camouflage for other owls , like long - eared owls or great grey owls , especially if humans or other potential mammalian carnivores approach them . The Eurasian eagle owl rarely , if ever , assumes the tall - thin position . Outside of the nesting season , great horned owls may roost wherever their foraging path ends at dawn . Generally great horned owls are active at night , although in some areas may be active in the late afternoon or early morning . At dusk , the owl utters a few calls before flying to a more open sing - post , i.e. large bare branch or large rocks to deliver song . Normally several perches are used to mark occupied territory or to attract a female . Despite its camouflage and cryptic locations , this species can still sometimes be spotted on its daytime roosts , especially by American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) . Since owls are , next to red - tailed hawks , perhaps the main predator of crows and their young , crows sometimes congregate from considerable distances to mob owls and caw angrily at them for hours on end . When the owls try to fly off to avoid this harassment , they are often followed by the corvids . Territoriality and movements ( edit ) Typically , great horned owls are highly sedentary , often capable of utilizing a single territory throughout their mature lives . Although some species such as snowy owls , northern saw - whet owls , long - eared and short - eared owls are true migrants , most North American owls are not migratory and will generally show fidelity to a single territory year around . In great horned owls , mated pairs occupy territories year - round and long - term . Territories are established and maintained through hooting , with highest activity before egg - laying and second peak in autumn when juveniles disperse , and can range from an average of 16 km ( 6.2 sq mi ) in Yukon to an average of 2.1 km ( 0.81 sq mi ) in Wyoming . Most territorial defense is performed by males , but females frequently assist their partners in hooting contests with neighbors or intruders , even during incubation . On occasion , although territory borders may be successfully maintained via vocalizations alone without even seeing the competing owl , such confrontations may turn physical , with various levels of threats distinguished . The highest threat level involves the spreading of wings , bill - clapping , hissing , higher - pitched screams of longer duration , with general body poised to strike with its feet at intruder . If the intruder continues to press the confrontation , the defending owl will `` hop '' forward and strike it with feet , attempting to grasp and rake with claws . Territoriality appears to place a limit on the number of breeding pairs in a given area . Individuals prevented from establishing a territory live a silent existence as `` floaters '' . Radio - telemetry revealed that such floaters concentrate along boundaries of established territories . At Kluane in Yukon , incursions into neighboring territories were observed only twice -- by females when neighboring female had died or emigrated , suggesting that territorial defense may be sex specific . At least four dead great horned owls in Kluane were apparently killed by others of their own species in territorial conflicts . Owls killed by other horned owls are sometimes cannibalized , although the origin of the killing may have been territorial aggression . Northern populations occasionally erupt south during times of food shortage , but there is no annual migration even at the northern limits of the great horned owl 's range . Hunting behavior ( edit ) Closeup of great horned owl toes and talons Hunting activity tends to peak between 8 : 30 pm and 12 : 00 am at night and then can pick back up from 4 : 30 am to sunrise . Hunting activity tends to be most prolonged during winter by virtue of prey being more scarce . Those owls seen hunting by day over the dazzling light of snowbound fields were probably motivated to do so by great hunger . However , apparently great horned owls can learn to target certain prey during daylight in the afternoon when it is more vulnerable , such as eastern fox squirrels ( Sciurus niger ) while they 're building their leaf nests and chuckawallas ( Sauromalus ater ) apparently caught lazily sunning themselves on desert rocks . Owls hunt mainly by watching from a snag , pole or other high perch . During hunting forays , they often fly about 50 to 100 m ( 160 to 330 ft ) from perch to perch , stopping to survey for food at each , until they sense a prey item below . From such vantage points , owls dive down to the ground , often with wings folded , to ambush their prey . Effective maximum hunting distance of an owl from an elevated perch is 90 m ( 300 ft ) . Due to their short but broad wings , great horned owls are ideally suited for low speed and maneuverability . Despite reports that they do not hunt on the wing , they also sometimes hunt by flying low over openings on the ground , scanning below for prey activity . Great horned owls can fly at speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) in level flight . Hunting flights are slow , often quartering low above the ground where prey is likely to occur in open country or open woodland . Brief hovering flight ( for about 6 -- 18 seconds ) have been described , especially in windy areas . On occasion owls may actually walk on the ground in pursuit of small prey or , rarely , inside a chicken coop to prey on the fowl within . Rodents and invertebrates may be caught on foot around the base of bushes , through grassy areas , and near culverts and other human structures in range and farm habitat . The great horned owl is generally a poor walker on the ground ; it walks like a starling , with a pronounced side - to - side gait . They have even been known to wade into shallow water for aquatic prey , although this has been only rarely reported . Owls can snatch birds and some arboreal mammals directly from tree branches in a glide as well . The stiff feathering of their wings allows owls to produce minimal sound in flight while hunting . Almost all prey are killed by crushing with the owl 's feet or by incidentally stabbing of the talons , often instantly , though some may be bitten about the face as well . Prey is swallowed whole when possible . When prey is swallowed whole , owls regurgitate pellets of bone and other non-digestible bits about 6 to 10 hours later , usually in the same location where the prey was consumed . Great horned owl pellets are dark gray or brown in color and very large , 7.6 to 10.2 cm ( 3.0 to 4.0 in ) long and 3.8 cm ( 1.5 in ) thick , and have been known to contain skulls up to 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) in width inside them . However , not all prey can be swallowed at once , and owls will also fly with prey to a perch and tear off pieces with their bill . Most dietary studies correctly focus on pellets found under perches and around nests , since they provide a more complete picture of the diversity of prey consumed , but prey remains outside of pellets may provide clues to prey excluded from the pellets and a combination of both is recommended . Many large prey items are dismembered . A signature method when dealing with large prey for the great horned owl is to behead the victims before it takes to its nest or eating perch . In a study conducted in Kansas , out of 28 kills , 60 % of prey items were found to have been decapitated . The legs may also be removed , as may ( in some bird prey ) the wings . The great horned owl will also crush the bones of its prey to make it more compact for carrying . On occasion , the owls may return to the kill site to continue eating if the prey is too heavy to fly with even after dismemberment . Many owls will accrue a cache of prey , especially those who are nesting . Caches must be at a safe location , usually the crotch of a tall tree . In northern regions , where large prey is prevalent , an owl may let uneaten food freeze and then thaw it out later using its own body heat . Occasionally , the cached food may become rotten and is disregarded , most especially in times of plenty . In one extraordinary case , 113 brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) carcasses were found around a single owl roost , and all of the rats were relatively intact except that their skull had been cleaved open and their brains had been removed . Hunting success seems to require fairly open understory , and experimental testing of microhabitat proved that open areas provided more hunting success on five species of rodent , with cloudy nights and denser bush foliage both decreasing success . Prey and trophic ecology ( edit ) Painting by Louis Agassiz Fuertes depicting a great horned owl with one of its primary prey species , a snowshoe hare Prey can vary greatly based on opportunity . According to one author , `` Almost any living creature that walks , crawls , flies , or swims , except the large mammals , is the great horned owl 's legitimate prey '' . In fact , the great horned owl has the most diverse prey profile of any raptor in the Americas . Although some other owls may contain more prey diversity in their nests like the northern pygmy owl ( Glaucidium gnoma ) and barred owl per individual studies , as well as some diurnal raptors , due to its wide distribution , habitat adaptability , indiscriminate hunting and great size and power , the great horned owl easily outmatches other American raptorial birds in overall prey diversity . All told , over 500 species have been identified as great horned owl prey , with dozens more identified only to genus or general type ( especially numerous invertebrates ) and presumably several more unknown from their relatively little - studied populations in the neotropics . Mammals ( more than 200 species ) and , considerably secondarily in general , birds ( nearly 300 species ) make up the majority of their diet . When summarized , their diet in North America is made up of 87.6 % mammals , 6.1 % birds , 1.6 % reptiles and amphibians with the remaining 4.7 % being made up by insects , other assorted invertebrates and fish . Estimated mass of individual prey for the owls has ranged from as little as 0.4 g ( 0.014 oz ) to as much as 6.8 kg ( 15 lb ) Estimated mean weight of prey items found at nests and routine perches in various studies has ranged from 22.9 g ( 0.81 oz ) in one study from Washington , where the primary prey was Perognathus , to 610.4 g ( 1.346 lb ) in the Upper Midwest , where the primary prey was Sylvilagus . West of the Rocky Mountains , the biometric mean prey is typically under 90 g ( 3.2 oz ) , i.e. 22.9 to 90 g ( 0.81 to 3.17 oz ) , i.e. in Washington , California and Idaho , and over 90 g ( 3.2 oz ) at most points to the east and north of the Rockies in North America . Most prey is the range of 4 g ( 0.14 oz ) ( shrews ) to 2,300 g ( 5.1 lb ) ( jackrabbits ) . A single owl requires about 50 to 100 g ( 1.8 to 3.5 oz ) of food per day and can subsist on a large kill over several days . Despite the great diversity of prey taken by these predators , in most of the Continental United States from the East to the Midwest as well as Canada and Alaska , great horned owls largely live off just a handful of prey species : three species of lagomorph : the eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) , the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ) and the black - tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) ; two species of New World mice : the white - footed mouse and the North American deermouse ( Peromyscus leucopus & maniculatus ) , approximately three species of vole : the meadow , prairie and woodland voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus , ochrogaster & pinetorum ) and one introduced pest , the brown rat . Rodents ( edit ) A surprisingly large portion of the great horned owl 's food consists of small rodents , such as white - footed mice . Throughout the range , small rodents form the great majority of great horned owl prey by number . Weighing a mere 14 to 31.5 g ( 0.49 to 1.11 oz ) and 20 to 58 g ( 0.71 to 2.05 oz ) on average , the nine species of New World mice in Peromyscus and eight species voles in Microtus recorded in the diet would appear to be overly small to be as important as they are to a predatory bird of this size . The prominence of these genera is undoubtedly due to the abundance of both genera in the wooded edge habitats frequented by great horned owls . It is estimated that a family of owls with two offspring would need to take about a half dozen ( voles ) to a dozen ( mice ) of these rodents every night to satisfy their dietary requirements but apparently the accessibility and abundance of these foods is irresistible as their numeric dominance is indisputable . In 14 studies accumulated for comparison from across North America , Microtus and Peromyscus were each the most numerous prey in 5 of the studies ( together 10 out of 14 ) . By winter in areas that hold heavy snow , Peromyscus mice often come to outnumber the voles in the diet since the mice tend to travel over the surface of the snow while the voles make tunnels underneath the snow . Other owls , most notably the great grey owl , habitually crash into the surface of the snow to access voles in their tunnels , a habit only rarely recorded in great horned owls presumably due to its less refined hearing . Notably , the house mouse ( Mus musculus ) , of about as the same size as the Peromyscus ssp. , although taken readily when available , is a relatively minor aspect of the diet as they tend to live much closer to human development than the owls do . Brown rats , despite a similar association with humans and their habitat alterations , also occasionally settle along the fringes of farm fields and meadows and hold much more dietary significance than the house mouse , i.e. the rats were seven times more abundant in pellets from the Upper Midwest . In fact , a healthy family of great horned owls can decimate a colony of field rats , thus potentially performing a key role in controlling a highly destructive pest . In 2134 pellets collected from 17 counties in Pennsylvania , the brown rat was the most common prey species by number , making up to 24 % . Great horned owls living in the timbered fringes of garbage or refuse dumps may subsist mostly on rats . In the Rockies , California , the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico , the diversity of this species ' diet rises , in sync with the diversity of rodents . Especially important , from Colorado to Washington State is the northern pocket gopher ( Thomomys talpoides ) , although assorted other pocket gophers ( Geomys , Cratogeomys , Zygogeomys , Pappogeomys and other Thomomys ssp . ) are readily taken . While the northern weighs from 90 to 120 g ( 3.2 to 4.2 oz ) , other pocket gophers hunted average from 95 to 545 g ( 0.209 to 1.202 lb ) in mass . When hunting pocket gophers , as compared to the long - eared owl and barn owl , the great horned owl hunted the largest specimens available , while the other two mainly took smaller ( predominately younger ) gophers . From Washington to Baja California a very important food is the pocket mice , primarily the Great Basin pocket mouse ( Perognathus parvus ) . While the Great Basin species is a relative giant at 22 g ( 0.78 oz ) , other hunted pocket mice ( which may include both Perognathus and Chaetodipus ssp . ) can average nearly as light as 8 g ( 0.28 oz ) . In East Texas , the 159 g ( 5.6 oz ) hispid cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus ) is the most commonly recorded prey species . The same species constituted 75 % by number of a small sampling in Oklahoma . In semi-desert and other arid habitats , kangaroo rats become increasingly important prey , ten species have been reported in the diet but most prominently the Ord 's and Merriam 's kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys ordii & merriami ) , both being widespread , numerous and relatively diminutive ( at 42 and 48 g ( 1.5 and 1.7 oz ) . Eight known larger species of kangaroo rats , including the giant kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ingens ) averaging at 152 g ( 5.4 oz ) , are also taken . The squirrels , including ground squirrels , marmots ( Marmota ) , prairie dogs ( Cynomys ) , chipmunks and tree squirrels , are diurnal and so are largely unavailable to great horned owls as prey . Occasionally though , one will be caught from their leaf nest , nest hole or burrow entrance first thing in the morning or in the late afternoon and , amazingly , approximately 35 species have been successfully predated by these owls . In general larger sized than other rodent families , the species hunting range from the 62 g ( 2.2 oz ) gray - collared chipmunk ( Tamias cinereicollis ) to the 5,775 g ( 12.732 lb ) hoary marmot ( Marmota caligata ) ; thus , squirrels can be provide a very fulfilling meal . An even larger rodent is sometimes attacked as prey by great horned owls , the North American porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ) , in which average adults range from 4,500 to 9,000 g ( 9.9 to 19.8 lb ) . This has been determined from owls who have porcupine quills imbedded in them , sometimes resulting in death . On occasion , they are successful in killing porcupine , even adults as determined by the size of the quills left behind and prey remains at bloodied kill sites . Other rodents recorded as secondary prey in North America include flying squirrels ( Glaucomys ssp . ) , the golden mouse ( Ochrotomys nuttalli ) , red - backed voles & bog lemmings ( Myodes & Synaptomys ssp . ) , the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ) , the northern grasshopper mouse ( Onychomys leucogaster ) , the northern pygmy mouse ( Baiomys taylori ) and jumping mice ( Zapus & Napaeozapus ssp . ) . Lagomorphs ( edit ) Black - tailed jackrabbits are an important food source for western great horned owls . Although generally no match for rodents in sheer quantity of individuals , in terms of prey biomass , the most significant prey of North American great horned owls are hares and rabbits . Altogether , about a dozen lagomorphs species are known to be hunted by the owl , from the relatively tiny 420 g ( 0.93 lb ) pygmy rabbit to several hares weighing more than 2,000 g ( 4.4 lb ) . Two hare species , the black - tailed jackrabbit and snowshoe hare , are so important to the owls as a food source that the local owl populations sharply rise and fall in sync with the hares ' cyclical population trends . With adult weights of 800 to 1,900 g ( 1.8 to 4.2 lb ) in adult cottontails , 900 to 2,000 g ( 2.0 to 4.4 lb ) in snowshoe hares and 1,400 to 2,700 g ( 3.1 to 6.0 lb ) in black - tailed jackrabbits , these species are overall the largest regular prey for this species . In Utah , where great horned owls are dependent on the jackrabbits , average brood size rose from 2 at jackrabbit population lows to 3.3 when the jackrabbits were at their peak . At the peak of population cycle , jackrabbits accounted for 90.2 % and desert cottontails ( Sylvilagus audubonii ) for another 8.7 % of prey biomass . In the short - grass prairie of Colorado , mountain cottontail ( Sylvilagus nuttallii ) and black - tailed jackrabbits predominated in October to December , making up 42.9 % by number ( and nearly all the biomass ) , thence dropping to 9.3 % by number in April , while voles rose to 32.2 % peak in May , down to a minimum of 10.2 % by number in June . Further north in Colorado , in the absence of jackrabbits , the mountain cottontails falls to third place by number ( 12.9 % ) behind the northern pocket gopher ( 36.5 % ) and prairie vole ( 24.7 % ) but still dominates the biomass , making up about half . In central Utah , the lagomorphs ( black - tailed jackrabbit / desert cottontail ) and Ord 's kangaroo rat each made up 39 % of the food by number , respectively . The mountain cottontail dominates the biomass of prey in the Sierran foothills of California , making up 61.1 % of the biomass , although are numerically secondary to desert woodrat . Remarkably , in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area of Idaho , individual rodents ( 1159 counted ) were more than 10 times more numerous than lagomorphs ( 114 counted ) by quantity and yet the jackrabbit and mountain cottontail still made up approximately half of the biomass . The dependence on lagomorphs also extends into Mexico , as in Baja California about a quarter of identified prey was black - tailed jackrabbit and either desert or the larger Mexican cottontail ( Sylvilagus cunicularius ) . In the northern boreal forest , great horned owls are even more dependent on the snowshoe hare . At the peak of the 10 year hare cycle , snowshoe hares were by far the largest component of both summer and winter diets ( 77 -- 81 % and 90 -- 99 % , respectively , in Alberta ; 83 -- 86 % and 75 -- 98 % , respectively , in Yukon ) . At the lowest point of the hare 's cycle , summer diets consisted of only 0 -- 16 % snowshoe hare in Alberta and 12.7 % in Yukon . When hares were scarce , great horned owls in these regions fed mostly on large rodents , mice and voles , grouse and ducks . Because fewer of these alternative prey species are available in boreal forest during winter , owls had to emigrate or suffer high mortalities if they stayed . In Alberta , the local population of great horned owls can increase threefold from hare population lows to peaks . The dependency on the snowshoe hare by the great horned owl extends into Alaska as well . Other mammals ( edit ) Other mammals are taken readily as well . From both the tropics and the United States , several species of opossum may be taken , down to the size of the tiny dwarf fat - tailed mouse opossum ( Thylamys velutinus ) . In Brazil , white - eared opossum ( Didelphis albiventris ) were found in 12 % of pellets , but all specimens appeared to be juveniles each weighing about 1,000 g ( 2.2 lb ) . Quite differently , in Pennsylvania , Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginianus ) made up 6 % by number of prey but due to their large size ( approximately 2,500 g ( 5.5 lb ) ) and that all specimens were adults , they occupied the highest percentage of biomass of any species in a wide study from that state . At least eight species of shrews are taken by opportunity and make up the smallest mammalian prey taken by great horned owls , as specimens of least shrew ( Cryptotis parva ) or masked shrew ( Sorex cinereus ) have had an estimated weight of only 2 g ( 0.071 oz ) . One of the more regularly taken shrews , though , is the larger 19.5 g ( 0.69 oz ) northern short - tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ) , which was represented in more than 2 % of pellets in the Upper Midwest . Moles , of at least four or five species , are also widely but lightly reported as prey . Remnants of armadillo , presumably nine - banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) , have been found around owl nests in the south . 11 species of bat are known to be hunted by great horned owls . One pellet in Texas was found to be composed entirely of Mexican free - tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) . Smaller species of mammalian carnivore , such as ringtail ( Bassariscus astutus ) , American mink ( Neovison vison ) , black - footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes ) and various other small weasels ( Mustela ssp . ) , are sometimes taken as prey . Prey in the form of canids , like foxes or coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are often juveniles presumably snatched from the mouths of dens by night . Kit and swift foxes of up to adult size may taken . Surprisingly , at least two cases of a great horned owl preying on an adult raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) have been reported . One instance of an owl taking a bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) as prey was also reportedly observed . In one case , a great horned owl was the likely killer of an adult female fisher ( Martes pennanti ) , though young ones are typically taken . Occasionally , domestic carnivores are also prey . A few cases of young or small dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) and several of juvenile and adult cats ( Felis silvestris catus ) being killed by great horned owls have been reported . The most infamous predatory association amongst relatively larger carnivores is that with skunks . Due to their poor sense of smell , great horned owls are the only predators to routinely attack these bold mammals with impunity . All six skunk species found in North America are reported as prey , including adult striped skunks ( Mephitis mephitis ) , which is some case at least three times as heavy as the attacking owl . In one single nest , the remains of 57 different striped skunks were found . Due to the proclivity of skunk predation , great horned owls nests frequently smell strongly of skunk and occasionally will even stink so powerfully of skunk that they leave the smell at kill sites or on prey remains . Birds ( edit ) American coots are often a favored food source for great horned owls living near wetlands . After mammals , birds rank as the next most important general prey group . Birds are usually considerably secondary in the diet but outnumber the mammals in the diet by diversity , as more than 250 species have been killed in North America alone . Statistically , the most significant avian prey seems to be galliforms , of which they are known to have preyed on 23 species , basically consisting of all of the native species found in the United States . In the Upper Midwest , the ring - necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) and northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) were the fifth and sixth ( out of 124 identified species ) most significant prey species in 4838 pellets . Errington characterized the predatory pressure exerted on bobwhites by great horned owls as `` light but continuous pressure '' , which may be considered characteristic of the species ' hunting of all galliforms . Usually coveys of quail are partially protected by spending the night roosting communally in dense thickets but should a hunting owl be able to track down the communal roost , losses can be fairly heavy until the roost relocates . Similarly , owls may track down sleeping grouse , which also roost in vegetation but more openly than quail . Some grouse , such as greater prairie chicken ( Tympanuchus cupido ) , sharp - tailed grouse ( Tympanuchus phasianellus ) and greater sage - grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ) , may also been vulnerable to great horned owls while displaying conspicuously in openings on a lek first thing in the morning . In the boreal forest , especially in years where the snowshoe hare experiences population decreases , great horned owls prey fairly heavily ( approximately 25 % of biomass ) on ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) and spruce grouse ( Falcipennis canadensis ) , enough so in the earlier bird to possibly contribute to population reductions . Larger species of galliform are not immune to predation either . On Protection Island in Washington State , introduced common peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) are an important prey item . The wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) , 4 to 8 kg ( 8.8 to 17.6 lb ) on average between the sexes , is probably the largest bird the great horned owl hunts in which they kill adults . Both full - grown wild turkeys and adult domestic turkeys have been hunted and killed . Under normal circumstances , domestic chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) will be ignored in favor of wild prey . On occasion , individual owls , especially inexperienced juveniles , will become habitual fowl killers . These errant owls mainly hunt chickens , though will also take domestic guineafowl , turkeys and anything else available . In general , chickens kept in locked cages with enclosed tops overnight are safe from great horned owls ; not so chickens left free range or in open enclosures . While galliforms are widely reported , the few cases where great horned owls locally turn to birds as the primary food source over mammals , these may often be local responses to the abundance of breeding water birds or concentrations of roosting water birds , since they tend to roost in relatively open spots . They have been known to predate more than 110 different species of assorted water bird . In prairie wetlands of North Dakota , avian prey , primarily represented by ducks and the American coot ( Fulica americana ) came to represent 65 % by number and 83 % by biomass of the diet of the local owls , also including secondarily grebes , smaller rails and shorebirds as well as upland - based species like grey partridge ( Perdix perdix ) , sharp - tailed grouse and passerines. 77 % of the ducks in that study were juveniles , the largest duck being a male mallard ( Anas platyrhnychos ) weighing approximately 1,250 g ( 2.76 lb ) , but nearly all the coots were adults . On Protection Island , Washington , where they are no native land mammals , rhinoceros auklets ( Cerorhinca monocerata ) , both adults and nestlings , were the most numerous prey , present in 93 % of 120 pellets . Species as large as adult Canada geese , snow goose and great blue herons have been successfully killed . The nestlings of even larger species like trumpeter swans ( Cygnus buccinator ) , American white pelicans ( Pelecanus eryhtrorhynchos ) , brown pelicans ( Pelecanus occidentalis ) and sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) have also been killed by these owls . Other assorted birds are taken seemingly at random opportunity . The predatory effect of this species on other raptorial birds , which is often considerable , is explored in the following section . In Brazil , it was found in a small study that birds overall outnumbered mammals in pellets , although most were not determined to species and the ones that were shown a tremendously diverse assemblage of birds with no obvious dietary preference . Although not usually numerically significant , 86 species of passerine have been taken by great horned owls . Members from most North American families are known as prey , although among smaller types such as chickadees , warblers , sparrows , cardinals , wrens and most tyrant flycatchers only a few species from each have been recorded . Nonetheless , an occasionally unlucky migrant or local breeder is sometimes snatched . Fledgling songbirds are regularly taken in spring and summer . The smallest avian prey known for great horned owls are the 5.8 g ( 0.20 oz ) blue - gray gnatcatcher ( Polioptila caerulea ) and the 6.2 g ( 0.22 oz ) ruby - crowned kinglet ( Regulus calendula ) . Somewhat larger bodied families are more prominent , i.e. the corvids ( 14 species ) and icterids ( 14 species ) and , secondarily , the kingbirds ( Tyrannus ssp . ) , thrushes , mimids and European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) . This is likely due to the fact that the larger passerines usually roost in relatively open spots and have larger , more conspicuous nests . Crows and ravens tend to be grabbed off of their communal roosts by night . Other prey ( edit ) The great horned owl rarely misses an opportunity to hunt reptiles and amphibians . However , lizards are largely unavailable as prey due to their typically diurnal periods of activity . On the other hand , some snakes are partially or largely nocturnal , and more than a dozen species are hunted in North America . Snakes hunted range from small , innocuous garter snakes ( Thamnophis ssp . ) and night snakes ( Hypsiglena torquata ) to venomous species like cottonmouths ( Agkistrodon piscivorus ) and prairie rattlesnakes ( Crotalus virdis ) and formidable , large species like common king snakes ( Lampropeltis getula ) and black rat snakes ( Pantherophis obsoletus ) , which in mature specimens can rival the owl in mass and sheer predatory power . The capture of the hatchlings of very large reptiles such as loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) and American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) by great horned owls has been reported , in both cases likely when the baby reptiles are attempting to make their way to the security of water . On rare occasion , salamanders , frogs and toads are reported as prey . The highest frequency reported was the report of Leptodactylus frogs in 18 % of 85 pellets from Brazil . On rare occasions , fish are taken including goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) , bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) , bullheads ( Ameiurus ssp . ) , other catfish , suckers , sunfish , eels and dace and chub . Many types of invertebrates are recorded as prey . These include mainly insects , but also crayfish , crabs , spiders , scorpions and worms . The occasionally invertebrate prey taken largely consists of common , large insects such as various beetles , crickets , grasshoppers , water bugs and katydids , some of which the great horned owl has even reportedly caught via `` hawking '' , i.e. swooping at on the wing . One owl 's stomach in California included at least 43 Jerusalem crickets ( Stenopelmatus fuscus ) . In some cases , the content of insects in great horned owl pellets may actually be due to the owls eating other birds which have freshly eaten insects in their own stomachs . It is commonly believed that routine insectivory in great horned owls is mainly restricted to inexperienced young owls too unskilled to graduate to larger prey yet . It is clearly inefficient for owls of this size to attempt to raise young on a diet of foods as small as insects . Although rare , carrion - feeding has been recorded in great horned owls , especially ones wintering in Canada and other northern areas during harsh weather . Road kills are sometimes opportunistically eaten . A case of an owl scavenging a white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) carcass , ultimately tearing off the deer 's leg , was captured on a motion capture video camera set out to film wildlife . Interspecific predatory relationships ( edit ) An immature red - tailed hawk eats a vole , one of the many prey items that feed both the competing hawks and great horned owls . Due to their very broad dietary habits , the great horned owls share their prey with many other predators , including avian , mammalian and reptilian ones . Almost every study comparing the diets of North American owls illustrates the considerable overlap in the dietary selection of these species , as all species , besides the primarily insectivorous varieties , rely on many of the same small rodent species for most of their diet , extending from the small northern saw - whet owl and eastern screech owl to the great horned and great grey owls . In a long - term study of a block of Michigan , all nine species of accipitrid , falcon and owl that stayed to breed there were found to be primarily dependent on the same two rodent genera , the meadow vole and the two common Peromyscus species . In the Great Basin , the owls share black - tailed jackrabbit and desert cottontail as the primary prey with golden eagles , red - tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks ( Buteo regalis ) ; all four species had diets with more than 90 % of the biomass is made up of those lagomorphs . Of these , the great horned owl and golden eagle were able to nest most closely to one another because they had the most strongly dissimilar periods of activity . In California , when compared to the local red - tailed hawks and western diamondback rattlesnakes ( Crotalus atrox ) , the diets were most similar in that by number about 15 - 20 % of all three species ' diets depended on cottontails , but the largest portion was made up of ground squirrels in the hawk and the rattlesnake and desert woodrats and other assorted rodents in the great horned owl . In the boreal forests , the great horned owl 's prolificacy as a snowshoe hare hunter places it second only to the Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) among all predators . Although locally dependent on the hares as their main food , northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ) , red - tailed hawks and golden eagles apparently do not have as large of an impact on the hares . Nor do mammalian carnivore generalists that also kill many hares , like the fisher , bobcat , wolverine ( Gulo gulo ) , coyote and larger varieties ( i.e. wolves ( Canis lupus ) , cougars ( Puma concolor ) and bears ( Ursus ssp . ) ) . The relationship between great horned owls and other raptorial birds in its range is usually decidedly one - sided . While certain species , such as the red - tailed hawk and northern goshawk , might be seen as potential competition for the owls , most others seem to be regarded merely as prey by great horned owls . The great horned owl is both the most prolific and diverse predator in America of other birds of prey , with other accomplished raptor - hunters such as the goshawk and the golden eagle being more restricted in range , habitat and number in North America and thus having a more minor impact . 21 out of 22 accipitrids , 16 out of 18 owls , 6 out of 7 falcons and 1 out of 3 New World vultures found north of the border to Mexico are known to fall prey to great horned owls . This is not to say that raptors ever comprise a significant portion in any known study of this owl 's diet but predation can be seriously detrimental for such prey , as raptors tend to be territorial and sparsely distributed as a rule and thus can be effectively decimated by a small number of losses . In the gray hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) , for example , in a study of one breeding block of Arizona , the owls were observed to visit nests nightly until all the nestlings were gone . Raptorial birds in general tend to have large , conspicuous nests which may make them easier for a hunting owl to locate . The great horned owl gains an advantage by nesting earlier than any other raptor in its range ( indeed any bird ) , as it is able to exploit the other raptors as food while in a more vulnerable state as their own nestlings have become well developed . On average , great horned owls begin nesting about three weeks before red - tailed hawks begin to build nests , although some raptors may locally breed as much as two months after the owls . More so than diurnal varieties of raptor , fairly significant numbers of owls are hunted , as all species are to some extent nocturnal and thus their corresponding activity can attract the horned owl 's unwanted attention . The extent of predation on other owls depends on the habitat preferences of the other species . Eastern and western screech owls may be most vulnerable since they prefer similar wooded edge habitat . In a block of Wisconsin , great horned owls were responsible for the failure of 78 % of eastern screech owl 's nests . Long - eared owls and , to a lesser extent , barn owls tend to hunt in open , sparsely treed habitats more so than great horned owls , but since they may return to wooded spots for nesting purposes , they may be more vulnerable there . The long - eared owl and barn owls are often compared to the great horned owl as these medium - sized species often occur in abutting habitats and often hunt primarily the same vole and mice species , although the alternate prey of the great horned tends to be much larger , including the smaller owls themselves . In a pair of studies from Colorado , the average weight of prey for long - eared owls was 28 to 30 g ( 0.99 to 1.06 oz ) , 46 to 57.1 g ( 1.62 to 2.01 oz ) for barn owl and 177 to 220 g ( 6.2 to 7.8 oz ) for the great horned owl . Both young and adult great grey owls , despite their superficially superior size , are apparently hunted with impunity by great horned owls . In the boreal forests , both the northern hawk owl and great grey owl appear to be in greater danger of great horned owl predation in years where the snowshoe hare have low populations . Great horned owls were the leading cause of mortality in juvenile spotted owls ( 30 % of losses ) and juvenile great grey owls ( 65 % of losses ) . Less is known about relations with the snowy owl , which may compete with great horned owls for food while invading south for the winter . Anecdotally , both snowy and great horned owls have rarely been reported to dominate or even kill one another depending on the size and disposition of the individual owls , although the snowy 's preference for more open areas again acts as something of a buffer . The snowy may be the one North American owl too formidable for the great horned owl to consider as prey . Whereas owls of any age are freely attacked by great horned owls whether nesting or not , when it comes to diurnal raptors , great horned owls are mainly a danger around the nest . They are often hunt diurnal raptors when they come across their often relatively conspicuous active platform nests during hunting forays in spring and summer , taking numbers of both nestlings and brooding adults . Again , like owls , diurnal raptors are attacked depending on the relative similarity of their habitat preferences to the owl . Cooper 's hawks ( Accipiter cooperii ) and red - tailed hawks tend to be most vulnerable , as they prefer the same wooded edges frequented by great horned owls . Other diurnal raptors may be attracted to more enclosed wooded areas , such as sharp - shinned hawks ( Accipiter striatus ) or zone - tailed hawks ( Buteo albonotatus ) , or more open plain and meadow areas , such as hen harriers ( Circus cyaneus ) and ferruginous hawks , but this is almost never a total insurance against predation as all of these are recorded prey . In a study of red - shouldered hawks ( Buteo lineatus ) and broad - winged hawk ( Buteo brachyurus ) s breeding in New York , despite their nesting in deeper woods than those that host these owls , the main cause of nest failure was great horned owl predation . Similarly , the great horned owl was the primary cause of nesting failure for both desert - dwelling Harris 's hawks ( Parabuteo unicinctus ) and forest - dwelling northern goshawk in Arizona ( 39 % and 40 % of failures , respectively ) , wetland - inhabiting osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) in Delaware ( 21 % of failures ) and peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) in the Western United States ( 27 % of failures ) . The fact that many of the nests great horned owls use are constructed by accipitrids may lead to localized conflicts , almost always to the detriment of the hawks rather than the owls . While the young of larger diurnal raptors are typically stolen in the night , great horned owls also readily kill large adult raptors both in and out of breeding seasons , including osprey , northern goshawk and rough - legged buzzard . Great horned owls are frequently mobbed by other birds . Most accipitrids will readily mob them , as will falcons . Hen harriers , northern goshawks , Cooper 's hawks , Harris 's hawks , red - tailed hawks , Swainson 's hawks , ferruginous hawks , red - shouldered hawks , American kestrels , peregrine falcons , prairie falcons ( Falco mexicanus ) and common ravens ( Corvus corax ) are among the reported species who have been recorded diving on great horned owls when they discover them . In Arizona and Texas , they may be mobbed by Mexican and western scrub jays ( Aphelocoma wollweberi & californica ) and western and Cassin 's kingbirds ( Tyrannus verticalis & vociferans ) . The most infamous nemesis of this owl , however , is the American crow , who seems to regard it with great scorn . Several incidences have been recorded of dozens or even hundreds of crows appearing to mob a great horned owl . Such daytime flights normally cover short distances ; if the owl flies , it alights to the nearest secluded spot to escape its tormentors . If an owl alights on ground or on exposed branch or ledge , it may respond to swooping and stooping flights of corvids and raptors with threat display and raising of its wings . Reproduction ( edit ) Nestlings of the Rocky Mountains great horned owl ( B. v. pinorum ) in New Mexico Juveniles ( B. v. saturatus ) near Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge , Oregon , United States Great horned owls are some of the earliest - breeding birds in North America , seemingly in part because of the lengthy nightfall at this time of year and additionally the competitive advantage it gives the owl over other raptors . In most of North America , courtship is from October to December and mates are chosen by December to January . This species is strictly monogamous . Despite efforts to find examples of polygamy in an owl population , no such instances were detected . In a 293 km ( 113 sq mi ) area south of Bowling Green , Ohio , there were 37 males and 29 females , determined by their pitch of voice ; all 8 lone individuals were males . During courtship in late fall or early winter , the male attracts the attention of his mate by hooting emphatically while leaning over ( with the tail folded or cocked ) and puffing up his white throat to look like a ball . The white throat may serve as a visual stimuli in the low light conditions typical of when this owl courts . He often flies up and down on a perch , while approaching the potential mate . Eventually , he comes to approach the female and tries to rub his bill against hers while repeatedly bowing . If receptive , the female hoots back when the pair meet but is more subdued in both her hoot and display . The male may convince the female by bringing her freshly caught prey , which they will then share . While males often hoot emphatically for about a month or six weeks towards the end of the year , the period where females also hoot is usually only a week to ten days . Pairs typically breed together year after year and may mate for life , although they associate with each other more loosely when their young become mostly independent . Pairs rekindling their reproductive relationship in the winter may perform a milder courtship to strengthen pair bonds before producing young . Males select nesting sites and bring the females ' attention to them by flying to them and then stomping on them . Nests with open access , considering this birds large size , as opposed to enclosed with surrounding branches , are preferred . Like all owls , great horned owls do not build their own nest . They nest in a wider variety of nest sites than any other North American bird . Many nests are in cavernous hollows of dead trees or their branches , especially in southern states in large trees along the edge of old - growth lots . Hollows are more widely and commonly reported to be used by other North American owls , including long - eared owl , eastern screech owls , barn owls , and long - eared owls , all of which can obviously be accommodated by smaller hollows . In mountainous or hilly areas , especially in canyons of the southwest and Rocky Mountains , cliff ledges , small caves , and other sheltered depressions may be used . In Eurasia , Eurasian eagle owls use such sites much more widely and regularly . Owls living in prairie country , in the absence of other animals ' nests , riparian trees or non-native trees or the bare ground of tree hollows or man - made structures , will use boulders , buttes , railroad cuts , low bushes and even the bare ground as nest sites . Ground nests have also been recorded in the midst of tall grasses in Florida and in the midsts of brushy spots on the desert ground . Even the burrow entrances of American badger and coyote dens have reportedly been used as nests , in spite of the inherent risk of sharing space with such potentially dangerous co-inhabitants . A brooding female great horned owl ( B. v. virginianus ) on her nest in Louisiana Now , most tree nests used by great horned owls are those constructed by other animals , often from a height of about 4.5 to 22 m ( 15 to 72 ft ) off the ground . They often take over a nest used by some other large bird , sometimes adding feathers to line the nest but usually not much more . Allegedly there have some cases where the owls have reinforced a nest structure or appeared to have reconstructed a nest , but as a rule no owl species has ever been known to actually build a nest . Great horned owls in the southwest may also use nests in cacti , built by Harris 's hawk and red - tailed hawk , as well as large hollows in cacti . The nests they use are often made by most larger types of acciptrids , from species as small as Cooper 's hawks to bald eagle and golden eagle , though perhaps most often those of red - tailed hawks and other buteonines . Secondly in popularity are crow and raven ( Corvus ssp . ) nests . Even Canada goose , black - crowned night heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ) and great blue heron nests have been used , the latter sometimes right in the midst of an active heronry . The leaf nests of squirrels are also regularly used but in general great horned owls are partial to stick nests since they provide a much firmer , safer foundation . The stage at which eggs are laid is variable across North America . In Southern Florida , eggs may be laid as early as late November to as late as early January , the earliest laying known in North America . In the southeast , from south Texas to Georgia , egg laying may begin from late December to early February . From Southern California to northern Louisiana , egg laying is from early February to late March . The largest swath of egg - laying owls from central California to South Carolina to as far north as Ohio and Massachusetts is from late February to early April . In the Rocky Mountains , Northwestern United States , northern New England and eastern Canada , egg laying is from early March to late April . In the rest of Canada and Alaska , egg laying may be from late March to early May . The latest known date of egg laying was in mid-June in Saskatchewan and the Yukon Territory . In northwestern Utah and north - central Alberta , egg - laying can be 3 -- 4 weeks earlier than usual when food is abundant and weather is favorable . For owls found in more tropical climates , the dates of the breeding season are somewhat undefined . There are usually 2 eggs per clutch , but clutches range in size from 1 to 6 eggs ( over 3 is uncommon , over 4 is very rare ) , depending on environmental conditions . The average egg width is 46.5 mm ( 1.83 in ) , the average length is 55 mm ( 2.2 in ) and the average weight is 51 g ( 1.8 oz ) , although mass could be slightly higher elsewhere because this figure is from Los Angeles County , CA where the owls are relatively small . The incubation period ranges from 28 to 37 days , averaging 33 days . The female alone usually does all the incubation and rarely moves from the nest , while the male owl captures food and brings it to her , with the first nightly food delivery typically occurring soon after dark . The young weigh around 34.7 g ( 1.22 oz ) at birth on average and can gain an average of about 33.3 g ( 1.17 oz ) a day for the first four weeks of life , with typical weights in the range of 800 or 1,000 g ( 1.8 or 2.2 lb ) by 25 -- 29 days for males and females , respectively . When first hatched the young are covered in whitish gray down , with some brownish about the wings . Gradually the soft juvenal downy plumage comes through the down , being typically a cinnamon - buff color , but with variable hues predicting the eventual color of the mature owls . The extent of down gradually diminishes , developing mature - looking plumage by late summer , although many first year birds still have scattered bits of down into autumn . By late autumn , first - year birds look similar to adults but with a slightly warmer , reddish tinge , less well developed ear tufts and a smaller white throat patch . The nestling owls develop mostly in behavior between two weeks and two months of age , in which time they adapt the ability to defend themselves , grasp foods and climb . Vocally , the young are able to exert weak chips while still in the egg , developing into a raspy chirp shortly after hatching . The calls of the young increase rapidly in intensity , pitch and character , some juvenile males mimicking their father 's hooting in fall but usually they conclude with various odd gurgling notes . The earliest competent hooting by juvenile owls is not until January . Young owls move onto nearby branches at 6 weeks and start to fly about a week later . However , the young are not usually competent fliers until they are about 10 to 12 weeks old . The age at which the young leave the nest is variable based on the abundance of food . The young birds stay in an area ranging from 13.1 to 52 ha from the nest into fall , but will usually disperse up to several thousand hectares by the end of fall . The offspring have been seen still begging for food in late October ( 5 months after leaving the nest ) and most do not fully leave their parents territory until right before the parents start to reproduce for the next clutch ( usually December to January ) . Birds may not breed for another year or two , and are often vagrants ( `` floaters '' ) until they establish their own territories . Based on the development of the bursa , great horned owls reach sexual maturity at two years of age . Great horned owls ( B. v. virginianus ) in nest near Madison , Wisconsin Mortality and longevity ( edit ) Longevity and Natural mortality ( edit ) Great horned owls seem to be the most long - living owl in North America . Among all owls , they may outrank even the larger Eurasian eagle owl in known longevity records from the wild , with almost 29 years being the highest age for an owl recorded in North America . A more typical top lifespan of a great horned owl is approximately 13 years old . In general , great horned owls are most vulnerable in the early stages of life , although few species press attacks on the owl 's nests due to the ferocious defensive abilities of the parents . Occasionally , nestlings and fledglings will fall from the nest too early to escape or to competently defend themselves and have then fallen prey to foxes , bobcat , coyotes , or wild or feral cats . Occasionally raccoons and American black bears consume eggs and nestlings from tree nests and Virginia opossum may take the rare unguarded egg . Crows and ravens have been reported eating eggs and small nestlings . This can normally only happen when owls are driven from the nest by human activity or are forced to leave the nest to forage by low food resources but on occasion huge flocks of crows have been able to displace owls by harassing them endlessly . In general , great horned owls rarely engage in siblicide , unlike many other raptorial birds . Siblicide occurred at 9 of 2,711 nests in Saskatchewan . Most cases where young owls are killed and / or consumed by their siblings or parents appear to occur when the nestling is diseased , impaired or starving or is inadvertently crushed . Adults generally have no natural predators , excepting both North American eagles and other owls of their own species . Occasionally , great horned owls may be killed by their own prey . Although typically able to kill skunks without ill effect , five owls were found blind after getting sprayed in their eyes by skunks . Cases where the quills of porcupines have killed or functionally disabled them have been observed as well . Violent fights have been observed between great horned owls after attempts to capture rat snakes and black racers . When a peregrine falcon repeatedly attacked a great horned owl near its nest along the Hudson River , it was apparently unable to dispatch the larger raptor despite several powerful strikes . During their initial dispersal in fall , juvenile owls have a high mortality rate , frequently more than 50 % . For owls in the Yukon Territory , juvenile survival in the 9 weeks after dispersal has dropped from 80 % to 23.2 % in a span of three years in response of instability of food supply . In the Yukon , adults on territory had an average annual survival rate of 90.5 % . Anemia , caused by Leucocytozoon ziemanni and the drinking of blood by swarming , blood - drinking blackflies ( Simulium ssp . ) , was a leading cause of juvenile mortality in the Yukon . Human - related mortality ( edit ) The great horned owl is not considered a globally threatened species by the IUCN . Including the Magellanic species , there are approximately 5.3 million wild horned owls in the Americas . Most mortality in modern times is human - related , caused by owls flying into man - made objects , including buildings , cars , power lines , or barbed wire . In one study , the leading cause of death for owls was collision with cars , entanglement with wires , flying into buildings and , lastly , electrocution . Among 209 banded nestlings in yet another study , 67 % were found dead after independence : 56 were found shot , 41 were trapped , 15 hit by cars , 14 found dead on highways and 14 electrocuted by overhead power lines . Secondary poisoning from pest control efforts is widely reported variously due to anticoagulant rodenticides , strychnine , organophosphates ( famphur applied topically to cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus ) ) , organochlorines , and PCBs . Frequently , the species were denominated a pest due to the perceived threat it posed to domestic fowl and potentially small game . The first genuine nature conservationists , while campaigning against the `` Extermination Being Waged Against the Hawks and Owls '' , continued to advocate the destruction of great horned owls due to their predatory effect on other wildlife . Thus , small bounties were offered in trade for owl bodies . Around the turn of the 20th century , the great horned owl was considered endangered in the state of Michigan because of a large quantity of poachers who were illegally hunting and collecting it . Hunting and trapping of great horned owls may continue on a small scale but is now illegal in most countries . Effect on conservation - dependent species ( edit ) Occasionally , these owls may prey on threatened species . Following the devastation to its populations from DDT , the reintroduction of the peregrine falcon to the Mississippi and Hudson Rivers was hampered by great horned owls killing both young and adult peregrines at night . Similarly , as mainly recorded in New England , attempts to reintroduce ospreys , after they were also hit hard by DDT , were effected by heavy owl predation on nestlings , and the owls were also recorded to take a large toll locally on the threatened colonies of roseate terns . Where clear - cutting occurs in old - growth areas of the Pacific Northwest , spotted owls have been badly affected by considerable great horned owl predation . While at least the ospreys and peregrines have rebounded admirably nonetheless , bird and mammal species that are much rarer overall sometimes fall prey to great horned owls , many in which even sporadic losses can be devastating . Among the species considered threatened , endangered or critically endangered by the IUCN which are also known to be killed by great horned owls are Townsend 's ground squirrels ( Urocitellus townsendii ) , Pacific pocket mice ( Perognathus pacificus ) , giant kangaroo rats , Stephens ' kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stephensi ) , black - footed ferrets , greater and lesser prairie chickens , marbled murrelets ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ) , ivory - billed woodpeckers , Florida scrub jays ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ) , pinyon jays , Kirtland 's warblers ( Setophaga kirtlandii ) and rusty blackbirds ( Euphagus carolinus ) . The American Bird Conservancy 's `` green list '' includes birds with considerable population declines ( many classed as near threatened by the IUCN ) or other immediate threats and / or restricted populations . Altogether , great horned owls hunt 50 different species from that list . Iconography and myth ( edit ) Many warrior - based tribes of Native Americans admired the great horned owl for their `` strength , courage and beauty '' . The Pima of the southwest believed that owls were reincarnations of slain warriors who fly about by night . The Arikara of the Great Plains had mystic owl societies in which initiates were made to adorn facial mask made of the wing and tail feathers of great horned owls . Some Indian nations regarded the great horned owl as a friendly spirit who could aid in matters of love , such as the Passamaquoddy of Maine who felt the call of this species was a magical love flute designed to ignite human passions . The Hopi of the southwest also associated this owl with fertility , albeit of a different kind : they believed the calling of the owls into summer predicted hot weather , which produced good peach crops . During the winter solstice , the Hopi performed a ceremony with great horned owl feathers in hopes of summoning the heat of summer . Tribes in New Mexico were known to use owl wing feathers to produce arrows which could strike their enemies with a minimum of sound . The Zuni held owl feathers in their mouths hoping to gain some of the silence that owls use in ambushes while striking their own enemies from other tribes . The Iroquois felt the origin of the great horned owl was due to an unformed owl annoying Raweno , the almighty creator , while Raweno created the rabbit , causing Raweno to make the owl `` covered with mud '' ( dark camouflage ) and doomed to ceaselessly call `` whoo whoo '' , which he used while harassing Raweno , by night because Raweno was active during the day . Provincial bird ( edit ) The great horned owl is the provincial bird of Alberta . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2014 ) . `` Bubo virginianus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2014 : e. T61752071A61752159 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Austing , G.R. & Holt , Jr. , J.B. ( 1966 ) . The World of the Great Horned Owl . Lippingcott Company , Philadelphia ( 3rd printing . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Great Horned Owl '' . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Voous , K.H. 1988 . Owls of the Northern Hemisphere . The MIT Press , 0262220350 . ^ Jump up to : Bent , A.C. 1938 . Life histories of North American birds of prey , Part 2 . U.S. National Museum Bulletin 170 : 295 - 357 . ^ Jump up to : König , Claus ; Weick , Friedhelm ( 2008 ) . Owls of the World ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 9781408108840 . ^ Jump up to : Owls of the World : A Photographic Guide by Mikkola , H. Firefly Books ( 2012 ) , ISBN 9781770851368 ^ Jump up to : Mcgillivray , W.B. 1989 . Geographic variation in size and reverse size dimorphism of the Great Horned Owl in North America . Condor 91 : 777 - 786 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , J.D. and R.T. Orr . 1958 . Variation in the Great Horned Owls of Middle America . Auk 75 : 134 - 142 . ^ Jump up to : Houston , C. Stuart , Dwight G. Smith and Christoph Rohner. 1998 . Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology ; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Horned Owl -- Bubo virginianus -- Information , Pictures , Sounds '' . Owlpages.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Craighead , J.J. and F.C. Craighead , Jr. 1956 . Hawks , owls and wildlife . Stackpole Co . Harrisburg , PA . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , N.F.R. and J.W. Wiley . 1976 . Sexual size dimorphism in hawks and owls of North America . AOU Ornithological Monograph , 20 : 1 - 96 . Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr . ( Editor ) . CRC Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Earhart , C.M. and N.K. Johnson . 1970 . Size dimorphism and food habits of North American Owls . Condor 72 : 251 - 264 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , D.H. 1998 . Wing loading in 15 species of North American owls . Pages 553 - 561 in Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere , 2nd International Symposium , 5 -- 9 February 1997 , Winnipeg , Manitoba . ( Duncan , J.R. , D.H. Johnson , and T.H. Nicholls , Eds . ) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service , North Central Forest Experiment Station , Gen. Tech . Rep. NC - 190 , St. Paul , MN ^ Jump up to : Marti , C.D. ( 1974 ) . Feeding ecology of four sympatric owls . Condor , 45 - 61 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Carol ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Powerful feet and talons help birds of prey make their living '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ridgway , R. 1914 . Birds of North and Middle America . Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum , No. 50 . Pt. 6 . Jump up ^ Norberg , R.A. 1977 . Occurrence in independent evolution of bilateral ear asymmetry in owls and implications in owl taxonomy . Philosophical Transaction Royal Society , London , Biological Science , 280 ( 973 ) : 375 - 408 . Jump up ^ Hall , M.I. , & Heesy , C.P. ( 2011 ) . Eye size , flight speed and Leuckart 's Law in birds . Journal of zoology , 283 ( 4 ) , 291 - 297 . Jump up ^ Fite , K.V. 1973 . Anatomical and behavioral correlates of visual acuity in the Great Horned Owl . Vision Research ; 13 : 219 - 230 . Jump up ^ Haas , F. & Burrows , R. 2005 . Birds of Pennsylvania . Lone Pine Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1551053714 . Jump up ^ Miller , A.H. 1934 . The vocal apparatus of some North American owls . Condor 36 : 204 - 213 . Jump up ^ Morrell , T.E. , R.H. Yahner , and W.L. Harkness. 1991 . Factors affecting detection of Great Horned Owls by using broadcast vocalizations . Wildlife Society Bulletin 19 : 481 - 488 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , D.H. 1993 . Spotted Owls , Great Horned Owls , and forest fragmentation in the Central Oregon Cascades . Master 's Thesis . Oregon State University , Corvallis . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , L. 1979 . Ecology of Great Horned Owls and Red - tailed Hawks in southeastern Wisconsin . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin , 111 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgartner , F.M. ( 1938 ) . Courtship and nesting of the great horned owls . The Wilson Bulletin , 274 - 285 . ^ Jump up to : Rohner , C. 1996 . The numerical response of Great Horned Owls to the snowshoe hare cycle : consequences of non-territorial ' floaters ' on demography . Journal of Animal Ecology , 65 : 359 - 370 . ^ Jump up to : Potapov , E. , & Sale , R. ( 2013 ) . The Snowy Owl . Poyser Monographs , A&C Black . Jump up ^ Risdon , D.H.S. , 1951 . The rearing of a hybrid Virginian x European Eagle - Owl at Dudley Zoo . Avicultural Magazine , 57 : 199 - 201 . Jump up ^ Brodkorb , P. 1971 . Catalogue of fossil birds , Part 4 ( Columbiformes through Piciformes ) . Bulletin of the Florida State Museum , Biological Science , No. 15 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Miller , L.H. 1911 . Avifauna of the Pleistocene cave deposits of California . University of California Bulletin , Department of Geology 6 : 385 - 400 . Jump up ^ Olson , S.L. 1984 . A very large enigmatic owl from the late Pleistocene at Ladds , Georgia . Special Publication , Carnegie Museum of Natural History , 8 : 44 - 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bird Master Database Search - Bubo virginianus '' . Florida Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Stiles , F.G. and A.F. Skutch. 1989 . A guide to the birds of Costa Rica . Comstock Publishing Associates , Cornell University Press , Ithaca , NY . ^ Jump up to : Traylor , M.A. ( 1958 ) . Variation in South American Great Horned Owls . The Auk , 143 - 149 . ^ Jump up to : Holt , D.W. , Berkley , R. , Deppe , C. , Enríquez Rocha , P.L. , Olsen , P.D. , Petersen , J.L. , & Wood , K.L. ( 1999 ) . 69 . Great Horned Owl . Handbook of Birds of the World , 5 . Jump up ^ Dickerman , R.W. 1991 . On the validity of Bubo virginianus occidentalis ( Stone ) . Auk 108 : 964 - 965 . Jump up ^ Browning , M.R. and R.C. Banks . 1990 . The identity of Pennant 's `` Wapacuthu Owl '' and the subspecific name of the population of Bubo virginianus from west of Hudson Bay . Journal of Raptor Research , 24 : 80 - 83 . Jump up ^ Dickerman , R.W. 1993 . The subspecies of the Great Horned Owls of the central great plains , with notes on adjacent areas . Kansas Ornithology Society Bulletin , 44 : 17 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Taverner , P.A. ( 1942 ) . Canadian Races of the Great Horned Owls . The Auk , 234 - 245 . Jump up ^ Bendire , Charles ( 1892 ) . Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge : Life Histories of North American Birds . The Smithsonian Institution . p. 383 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , W.E. 1986 . The birds of Canada . Revised . National Museum of Natural Sciences , Ottawa . Jump up ^ Snyder , L.L. 1961 . On an unnamed population of the Great Horned Owl . Ontario Museum , Contribution 54 . Jump up ^ Dickerman , R.W. , & Johnson , A.B. ( 2008 ) . Notes on Great Horned Owls nesting in the Rocky Mountains , with a description of a new subspecies . Journal of Raptor Research , 42 ( 1 ) , 20 - 28 . Jump up ^ Howell , S.N.G. and S. Webb. 1995 . A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America . Oxford Univ . Press , New York . Jump up ^ Ridgely , R.S. and J.A. Gwynne , Jr. 1989 . A guide to the birds of Panama . Second edition . Princeton Univ . Press , Princeton , NJ . Jump up ^ Flack , J.A.O. 1976 . Bird populations of aspen forests in Western North America . Ornithological Monograph 19 : 1 - 97 . Jump up ^ Mcgarigal , K. and J.D. Fraser . 1984 . The effect of forest stand age on owl distribution in southwestern Virginia . Journal of Wildlife Management , 48 : 1393 - 1398 . Jump up ^ James , D.A. and J.C. Neal . 1986 . Arkansas birds : their distribution and abundance . University of Arkansas Press , Fayetteville . Jump up ^ Morrell , T.E. and R.H. Yahner. 1994 . Habitat characteristics of Great Horned Owls in southcentral Pennsylvania . Journal of Raptor Research , 28 : 164 - 170 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , D.G. and J.R. Murphy . 1982 . Nest site selection in raptor communities of the Eastern Great Basin Desert . Great Basin Naturalist , 42 : 395 - 404 . Jump up ^ Root , T. 1988 . Atlas of wintering North American birds : an analysis of Christmas bird count data . University of Chicago Press , Chicago . Jump up ^ Fjeldså , J. and N. Krabbe. 1990 . Birds of the high Andes . Zoological Museum , University of Copenhagen , and Apollo Books , Svendborg , Denmark . Jump up ^ Accordi , I.A. , & Barcellos , A. ( 2006 ) . Composição da avifauna em oito áreas úmidas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba , Rio Grande do Sul . Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 14 ( 2 ) , 101 - 115 . ^ Jump up to : Rohner , C. and C.J. Krebs. 1996 . Owl predation on snowshoe hares : consequences of antipredator behaviour . Oecologia 198 : 303 - 310 . Jump up ^ Ganey , J.L. , & Vojta , S.C. ( 2005 ) . Changes in snag populations in northern Arizona mixed - conifer and ponderosa pine forests , 1997 -- 2002 . Forest science , 51 ( 5 ) , 396 - 405 . Jump up ^ Franks , E.C. & Warnock , J.E. 1969 . Great Horned Owl nesting in populated area . Wilson Bulletin , 81 ( 3 ) : 332 - 333 . ^ Jump up to : Errington , P.L. 1932 . Studies on the Behavior of the Great Horned Owl . Wilson Bulletin , 12 : 212 - 220 . ^ Jump up to : Baerg , W.J. ( 1926 ) . Trying to Tame a Great Horned Owl . The Auk , 214 - 217 . Jump up ^ Hume , R. ( 1991 ) . Owls of the world . Running Press , Philadelphia , PA. 1991 . Jump up ^ ttp://wesleytheowl.blogspot.ca/2010/04/crows-and-ravens-corvids-and-their-odd.html Jump up ^ Baumgartner , F.M. 1939 . Territory and population in the Great Horned Owl . Auk 56 : 274 - 282 . Jump up ^ Millard , J.B. , T.H. Craig , and O.D. Markham. 1978 . Cannibalism by an adult Great Horned Owl . Wilson Bulletin , 90 : 449 . ^ Jump up to : Houston , C.S. 1978 . Recoveries of Saskatchewan - banded Great Horned Owls . Canadian Field - Naturalist , 92 : 61 - 66 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , D.G. and J.R. Murphy . 1973 . Breeding ecology of raptors in the eastern Great Basin of Utah . Brigham Young University Science Bulletin Biological Services , 18 ( 3 ) : 1 - 76 . Jump up ^ Fuller , M.R. 1979 . Spatiotemporal ecology of four sympatric raptor species . Ph. D. thesis . Univ. of Minnesota , St. Paul . Jump up ^ Sherman , A.R. 1912 . Diurnal activities of the Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus virginianus ) . Auk 29 : 240 - 241 . Jump up ^ Packard , R.L. ( 1954 ) . Great horned owl attacking squirrel nests . The Wilson Bulletin , 272 - 272 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , T.A. 1954 . Diurnal foraging by the Great Horned Owl . Wilson Bulletin 66 : 148 . ^ Jump up to : Rudolph , S.G. ( 1978 ) . Predation Ecology of Coexistng Great Horned and Barn Owls . The Wilson Bulletin , 134 - 137 . Jump up ^ Smith , D.G. and B.A. Smith . 1972 . Hunting methods and success of newly - fledged Great Horned Owls . Bird - Banding 43 : 142 . ^ Jump up to : Errington , P.L. , F. Hamerstrom , and F.N. Hamerstrom , Jr. 1940 . The Great Horned Owl and its prey in north - central United States . Iowa Agricultural Express Research Bulletin , 277 : 757 - 850 . ^ Jump up to : Orians , G. , & Kuhlman , F. ( 1956 ) . Red - tailed hawk and horned owl populations in Wisconsin . Condor , 371 - 385 . Jump up ^ Olmsted , R.O. ( 1950 ) . Feeding habits of Great Horned Owls , Bubo virginianus . The Auk , 515 - 516 . Jump up ^ Einarsen , A.S. 1956 . Determination of some predator species by food signs . Oregon State Monographs , 10 : 34 . Jump up ^ Longland , W.S. and M.V. Price . 1991 . Direct observations of owls and heteromyid rodents : can predation risk explain microhabitat use ? Ecology 72 : 2261 - 2273 . ^ Jump up to : Cromrich , L.A. , Holt , D.W. , & Leasure , S.M. ( 2002 ) . Trophic niche of North American great horned owls . Journal of Raptor Research , 36 ( 1 ) , 58 - 65 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , R.K. ( 1997 ) . Importance of prairie wetlands and avian prey to breeding Great Horned Owls ( Bubo virginianus ) in northwestern North Dakota . United States Department of Agricultural , Forest Service General Technical report , 286 - 298 . Jump up ^ Jaksic , F.M. , Yáñez , J.L. , & Rau , J.R. ( 1986 ) . Prey and trophic ecology of Great Horned Owls in western South America : an indication of latitudinal trends . Journal of Raptor Research , 20 , 113 - 116 . ^ Jump up to : Donázar , J.A. , Hiraldo , F. , Delibes , M. , & Estrella , R.R. ( 1989 ) . Comparative food habits of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo and the Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus in six Palearctic and Nearctic biomes . Ornis Scandinavica , 298 - 306 . ^ Jump up to : Marti , C.D. , & Kochert , M.N. ( 1995 ) . Are Red - tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls diurnal - nocturnal dietary counterparts ? The Wilson Bulletin , 615 - 628 . Jump up ^ Jaksić , F.M. , & Marti , C.D. ( 1984 ) . Comparative food habits of Bubo owls in Mediterranean - type ecosystems . Condor , 288 - 296 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dwight G. ( 2002 ) . Great Horned Owl ( 1st ed . ) . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . pp. 33 ; 80 -- 81 . ISBN 0811726894 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Wink , J.E. , Senner , S.E. , & Goodrich , L.J. ( 1987 ) . Food habits of great horned owls in Pennsylvania . In Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science ( Vol. 61 , pp. 133 - 137 ) . Pennsylvania Academy of Science . Jump up ^ Janes , S.W. and J.M. Barss. 1985 . Predation by three owl species on northern pocket gophers of different body mass . Oecologia 67 : 76 - 81 . Jump up ^ Parmalee , P.W. ( 1954 ) . Food of the great horned owl and barn owl in east Texas . The Auk , 469 - 470 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , A.M. , & Baumgartner , F.M. ( 1944 ) . Hawks and owls in Oklahoma 1939 - 1942 : Food habits and population changes . The Wilson Bulletin , 209 - 215 . ^ Jump up to : Fitch , H.S. ( 1947 ) . Predation by owls in the Sierran foothills of California . Condor , 137 - 151 . Jump up ^ Murphy , J.R. , Camenzind , F.J. , Smith , D.G. , & Weston , J.B. ( 1969 ) . Nesting ecology of raptorial birds in central Utah . Brigham Young University Science Bulletin - Biological Series , 10 ( 4 ) , 1 - 36 . Jump up ^ Fitch , H.S. ( 1940 ) . Some observations on horned owl nests . Condor , 73 - 75 . Jump up ^ `` Great Horned Owl Menu '' . Birdnote.org. 2008 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , B. 1984 . Labrador by choice . Jesperson Press , St. John 's , NF . Jump up ^ Eifrig , H. ( 1909 ) . Great horned owl versus porcupine . Auk , 26 , 58 - 59 . Jump up ^ Wiley , J.W. 1969 . A Case of Great Horned Owl Predation on a Porcupine . Condor , 71 ( 1 ) : 73 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , D.G. and J.R. Murphy . 1979 . Breeding responses of raptors to jackrabbit density in the eastern Great Basin Desert of Utah . Raptor Research , 13 : 1 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Marti , C.D. ( 1969 ) . Some comparisons of the feeding ecology of four owls in north - central Colorado . The Southwestern Naturalist , 163 - 170 . ^ Jump up to : Marti , C.D. , & Kochert , M.N. ( 1996 ) . Diet and Trophic Characteristics of Great Horned Owls in Southwestern Idaho . Journal of Field Ornithology , 499 - 506 . Jump up ^ Llinas - Gutirrez , J. , Arnaud , G. & Acevedo , M. ( 1991 ) . Food habits of the Great Horned Owl in the Cape Region of Lower California , Mexico . Journal of Raptor Research , 25 ( 4 ) : 140 - 141 . ^ Jump up to : Adamcik , R.S. , A.W. Todd , and L.B. Keith . 1978 . Demographic and dietary responses of Great Horned Owls during a snowshoe hare cycle . Canadian Field - Naturalist , 92 : 156 - 166 . Jump up ^ Rohner , C. 1995 . Great Horned Owls and snowshoe hares : what causes the time lag in the numerical response of predators to cyclic prey ? Oikos 74 : 61 - 68 . ^ Jump up to : Mcinvaille , Jr. , W.B. and L.B. Keith . 1974 . Predator - prey relations and breeding biology of the Great Horned Owl and Red - tailed Hawk in central Alberta . Canadian Field - Naturalist , 88 : 1 - 20 . Jump up ^ Weir , D. and A. Hanson . 1989 . Food habits of Great Horned Owls , Bubo virginianus , in the northern taiga of the Yukon Territory and Alaska . Canadian Field - Naturalist , 103 : 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Tomazzoni , A.C. , Pedó , E. , & Hartz , S.M. ( 2004 ) . Food habits of Great Horned Owls ( Bubo virginianus ) in the breeding season in Lami Biological Reserve , southern Brazil . Ornitologia Neotropical , 15 ( 2 ) , 279 - 282 . Jump up ^ Burns , B.J. ( 1952 ) . Food of a Family of Great Horned Owls , Bubo virginianus , in Florida . The Auk , 86 - 87 . Jump up ^ Baker , J.K. ( 1962 ) . The manner and efficiency of raptor depredations on bats . Condor , 500 - 504 . Jump up ^ Kittredge , V.C. , Wilson , P.W. , & Caire , W. ( 2007 ) . An updated checklist of the food items of the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus : Strigiformes : Strigidae ) in Oklahoma . In Proceedings - Oklahoma Academy of Science ( Vol. 86 ) . Jump up ^ Twente , J.W. ( 1954 ) . Predation on bats by hawks and owls . The Wilson Bulletin , 135 - 136 . Jump up ^ Bull , E.L. , & Heater , T.W. ( 2001 ) . Survival , causes of mortality , and reproduction in the American marten in northeastern Oregon . Northwestern Naturalist , 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mendall , H.L. ( 1944 ) . FOOD OF HAWKS AND OWLS N MAINE . The Journal of Wildlife Management , 198 - 208 . Jump up ^ Brown , L.N. ( 1997 ) . A guide to the mammals of the southeastern United States . University of Tennessee Press . Jump up ^ Storm , G.L. , Andrews , R.D. , Phillips , R.L. , Bishop , R.A. , Siniff , D.B. , & Tester , J.R. ( 1976 ) . Morphology , reproduction , dispersal , and mortality of midwestern red fox populations . Wildlife Monographs , 3 - 82 . ^ Jump up to : Ray , J.D. ( 2012 ) . Great Silent Hunter . Birdwatching Magazine , Braintree , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Sovada , M.A. , Roy , C.C. , Bright , J.B. , & Gillis , J.R. ( 1998 ) . Causes and rates of mortality of swift foxes in western Kansas . The Journal of wildlife management , 1300 - 1306 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , D.L. 1969 . An ecological study of the swift fox ( Vulpes velox ) in the Oklahoma panhandle . American Midland Naturalist , 81 : 513 - 534 . Jump up ^ Bosakowski , T. , R. Speiser , and D.G. Smith . 1989 . Nesting ecology of forest - dwelling Great Horned Owls in the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome . Canadian Field - Naturalist 103 : 65 - 69 . Jump up ^ `` Blakeman answers questions about nest maintenance '' . Blakeman on Hawks . Retrieved 6 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Axelson , G. ( 2012 ) Fewer Fishers in the Forest . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Jump up ^ Olson , Karen ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Chihuahua survives owl attack in Illinois '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Tait . `` The Great Horned Owl '' . Bedford Audubon Society . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Deal , K. ( 2010 ) . Wildlife and Natural Resource Management . Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` Beware of the Great Horned Owl '' . Help Find Lost Pets . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great Horned Owl -- Bubo virginianus '' . Raptor Education Center . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Huey , L.M. ( 1931 ) . Skunks as Prey for Owls . The Wilson Bulletin , 224 - 224 Jump up ^ Hunter , Luke ( 2011 ) . Carnivores of the World . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691152288 . ^ Jump up to : Crocoll , S.T. ( 1984 ) . Breeding biology of broad - winged and red - shouldered hawks in western New York ( Doctoral dissertation , State University of New York at Fredonia , 1984 -- Department of Biology . ) ^ Jump up to : Errington , P.L. ( 1932 ) . Food habits of southern Wisconsin raptors . Part I. Owls . Condor , 34 ( 4 ) , 176 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Hamerstrom , F.N. ( 1939 ) . A study of Wisconsin prairie chicken and sharp - tailed grouse . The Wilson Bulletin , 105 - 120 . Jump up ^ Keith , L.B. and D.H. Rusch. 1988 . Predation 's role in the cyclic fluctuations of Ruffed Grouse . Proceeding International Congress of Ornithology , 19 : 699 - 732 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward , J.L. , J.G. Galusha , and G. Frias. 1993 . Analysis of Great Horned Owl pellets with Rhinocerus Auklet remains . Auk 110 : 133 - 135 . Jump up ^ Schemnitz , S.D. , D.L. Goerndt & . H. Jones . 1985 . Habitat needs and management of Merriam 's turkeys in southcentral New Mexico . Proceedings of National Wild Turkey Symposium , 5 : 199 - 232 . Jump up ^ Monnie , J.B. 1966 . Reintroduction of the Trumpeter Swan to its former prairie breeding range . Journal of Wildlife Management , 30 : 691 - 696 . Jump up ^ Knopf , Fritz L. and Roger M. Evans . 2004 . American White Pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology Jump up ^ Schreiber , R.W. and R.W. Risebrough. 1972 . Studies of the Brown Pelican . Wilson Bulletin , 84 : 119 - 135 . Jump up ^ Littlefield , C.D. ( 2003 ) . Sandhill Crane nesting success and productivity in relation to predator removal in southeastern Oregon . The Wilson Bulletin , 115 ( 3 ) , 263 - 269 . Jump up ^ Toland , B. ( 1991 ) . Great horned owl predation of Atlantic loggerhead turtle hatchlings . Florida Field Naturalist 19 , 117 - 119 . Jump up ^ Duncan , J.R. & Lane , P.A. 1998 . Great Horned Owl Observed Hawking `` Insects '' . Journal of Raptor Research , 22 ( 3 ) : 93 . Jump up ^ Stoner , E.A. 1931 . Feeding of Horned Owl on Jerusalem crickets . Auk 48 : 425 . Jump up ^ Errington , P.L. ( 1938 ) . The Great Horned Owl as an indicator of vulnerability in prey populations . The Journal of Wildlife Management , 2 ( 4 ) , 190 - 205 . Jump up ^ Mona , K. `` Great Horned Owl on Motion Camera '' . Twin Cities Naturalist . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ WLM. ( 1918 ) . Bird Enemies of the Varying Hare . The Auk , 372 - 373 . Jump up ^ Bibles , Brent D. , Richard L. Glinski and R. Roy Johnson . 2002 . Gray Hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Dunstan , T.C. , & Harrell , B.E. ( 1973 ) . Spatio - temporal relationships between breeding red - tailed hawks and great horned owls in South Dakota . Raptor Research , 7 ( 2 ) , 49 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Barrows , C.W. ( 1989 ) . Diets of five species of desert owls . Western Birds , 20 ( 1 ) , 1 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , J.R. 1987 . Movement strategies , mortality , and behavior of radio - marked Great Gray Owls in southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota . Pages 101 - 107 in Biology and conservation of northern forest owls : Symposium proceedings , February 3 -- 7 , Winnipeg , MB . ( Nero , R.W. , R.J. Clark , R.J. Knapton , and R.H. Hamre , Eds . ) General Technical Report , RM - 142 . Fort Collins , CO : USDA , Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station . Jump up ^ Rohner , C. , Smith , J.N. , Stroman , J. , Joyce , M. , Doyle , F.I. , & Boonstra , R. ( 1995 ) . Northern hawk - owls in the nearctic boreal forest : prey selection and population consequences of multiple prey cycles . Condor , 208 - 220 . Jump up ^ Forsman , E.D. , Anthony , R.G. , Reid , J.A. , Loschl , P.J. , Sovern , S.G. , Taylor , M. , & Seaman , D.E. ( 2002 ) . Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls . Wildlife Monographs , 1 - 35 . Jump up ^ Stoleson , S.H. , & Sadoti , G. ( 2010 ) . Zone - tailed Hawk ( Buteo albonotatus ) . In : Cartron , Jean - Luc , ed . Raptors of New Mexico . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . Jump up ^ Sutherland , J.E. 1987 . The predation ecology of the Northern Harrier ( Circus cyaneus hudsonius ) on Mallard Island , North Dakota . Master 's Thesis . Univ. of N. Dakota , Grand Forks . Jump up ^ Bechard , Marc J. and Josef K. Schmutz. 1995 . Ferruginous Hawk ( Buteo regalis ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Dawson , J.W. , & Mannan , R.W. ( 1991 ) . The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris ' Hawks . The Auk , 661 - 672 . Jump up ^ Steidl , R.J. , & Griffin , C.R. ( 1991 ) . Growth and brood reduction of mid-Atlantic coast ospreys . The Auk , 363 - 370 . Jump up ^ Walton , B.J. , & Thelander , C.G. ( 1988 ) . Peregrine falcon management efforts in California , Oregon , Washington , and Nevada . Peregrine falcon populations : their management and recovery . The Peregrine Fund , Boise , Idaho , USA , 587 - 598 Jump up ^ Boal , C.W. , & Mannan , R.W. ( 1994 ) . Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests on the Kaibab Plateau . Studies in Avian Biology , 16 , 97 - 102 . Jump up ^ Cold , C.W. 1993 . Adult male osprey killed at nest by Great Horned Owl . Passenger Pigeon 55 : 269 - 270 . Jump up ^ Rohner , C. and F.I. Doyle . 1992 . Food - stressed Great Horned Owl kills adult goshawk : exceptional observation or community process ? Journal of Raptor Research , 26 : 261 - 263 . Jump up ^ Bechard , Marc J. and Theodor R. Swem. 2002 . Rough - legged Hawk ( Buteo lagopus ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Rohner , C. , Krebs , C.J. , Hunter , D.B. , & Currie , D.C. ( 2000 ) . Roost site selection of great horned owls in relation to black fly activity : an anti-parasite behavior ? The Condor , 102 ( 4 ) , 950 - 955 . Jump up ^ Houston , C.S. and K.A. Wylie. 1985 . Peregrine Falcons harass nesting Great Horned Owls . Blue Jay 43 : 42 - 43 . Jump up ^ Cully , J.F. , & Ligon , J.D. ( 1976 ) . Comparative mobbing behavior of scrub and Mexican jays . The Auk , 116 - 125 . Jump up ^ Ohlendorf , H.M. ( 1974 ) . Competitive relationships among kingbirds ( Tyrannus ) in trans - Pecos Texas . Wilson Bulletin , 86 ( 4 ) , 357 - 373 . Jump up ^ Siminski , D.P. 1976 . A study of Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ) population density with recorded calls in northwestern Ohio . Masters of Science thesis . Bowling Green State University . Bowling Green , OH . Jump up ^ Mader , W.J. 1973 . Notes on nesting Great Horned Owls in southern Arizona . Raptor Research , 7 : 109 - 111 . Jump up ^ Bendire , C.E. 1892 . Life histories of North American birds with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs . Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 28 : 376 - 389 . Jump up ^ Burkholder , G. & Smith , D.G. 1988 . Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ) nesting in a Great Blue Heron ( Ardea herodias ) heronry . Journal of Raptor Research , 22 ( 2 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Smith , D.G. 1969 . Nesting ecology of the Great Horned Owl , Bubo virginianus . Brigham Young University Science Bulletin Biological Services , 10 ( 4 ) : 16 - 25 . Jump up ^ Austing , G.R. 1968 . The owls and I. Audubon 70 : 72 - 79 . Jump up ^ Peck , G.K. and R.D. James . 1983 . Breeding birds of Ontario : nidiology and distribution . Vol. 1 . Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jr. , J.C. and L. McClanahan , Jr. 1981 . Physiogenesis of endothermy and its relation to growth in the Great Horned Owl , Bubo virginianus . Compilation of Biochemical Physiology , 68A : 167 - 173 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmeister , D.F. and H.W. Setzer. 1947 . The postnatal development of two broods of Great Horned Owls ( Bubo virginianus ) . University of Kansas Publishing Museum of Natural History , 1 : 157 - 173 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Jr. , E.L. 1934 . The behavior of some young raptorial birds . University of California , Publication on Zoology , 40 : 331 - 362 . Jump up ^ Dunstan , T.C. 1970 . Post-fledging activities of juvenile Great Horned Owls as determined by radio - telemetry . Ph. D. thesis . University of South Dakota , Vermillion . Jump up ^ Fuller , M.R. 1979 . Spatiotemporal ecology of four sympatric raptor species . Ph. D. thesis . University of Minnesota , St. Paul . Jump up ^ Houston , C.S. 1971 . Brood size of Great Horned Owls in Saskachetwan . Bird - Banding , 42 : 103 - 105 . Jump up ^ Weller , M.W. 1965 . Bursa regression , gonad cycle and molt of the Great Horned Owl . Bird - Banding 36 : 102 - 112 . Jump up ^ Nero , R.W. 1992 . New Great Horned Owl longevity record . Blue Jay 50 : 91 - 92 . Jump up ^ Garcelon , D.K. 1981 . Mortality of Great Horned Owls associated with skunks . Murrelet 62 : 26 . Jump up ^ Peterson , R.T. 1968 . The Birds . Time - Life International ( Nederland ) . Jump up ^ Perry , R.W. , Brown , R.E. , & Rudolph , D.C. ( 2001 ) . Mutual mortality of great horned owl and southern black racer : a potential risk of raptors preying on snakes . The Wilson Bulletin , 113 ( 3 ) , 345 - 347 . Jump up ^ Herbert , R.A. , & Herbert , K.G.S. ( 1965 ) . Behavior of peregrine falcons in the New York City region . The Auk , 62 - 94 . Jump up ^ Stewart , P.A. ( 1969 ) . Movements , population fluctuations , and mortality among great horned owls . The Wilson Bulletin , 155 - 162 . Jump up ^ Olendorff , R.R. , Miller , A.D. , & Lehman , R.N. ( 1981 ) . Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines : the state of the art in 1981 ( No. 4 ) . Published and distributed for the Edison Electric Institute by Raptor Research Foundation . Jump up ^ Mendenhall , V.M. and L.F. Pank. 1980 . Secondary poisoning of owls by anticoagulant rodenticides . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 8 : 311 - 315 . Jump up ^ Cheney , C.D. , S.B. Vander Wall , and R.J. Poehlmann. 1987 . Effects of strychnine on the behavior of Great Horned Owls and Red - tailed Hawks . Journal of Raptor Research , 21 : 103 - 110 . Jump up ^ Seidensticker IV , J.C. and H.V. Reynolds III . 1971 . The nesting , reproductive performance , and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the red - tailed hawk and Great Horned Owl in southcentral Montana . Wilson Bulletin , 83 : 408 - 418 . Jump up ^ Blus , L.J. 1996 . Effects of pesticides on owls in North America . Journal of Raptor Research , 30 : 198 - 206 . Jump up ^ Buck , J.A. , L.W. Brewer , M.J. Hooper , G.P. Cobb , and R.J. Kendall. 1996 . Monitoring Great Horned Owls for pesticide exposure in southcentral Iowa . Journal of Wildlife Management , 60 : 321 - 331 . Jump up ^ Keith , J.A. and I.M. Gruchy. 1972 . Residue levels of chemical pollutants in North American birdlife . Proceedings of International Congregation of Ornithology , 15 : 437 - 452 . Jump up ^ Barrows , W.B. 1912 . `` Michigan bird life '' . Michigan Agricultural College , Lansing . Jump up ^ Cade , T.J. , P.T. Redig , and H.B. Tordoff. 1989 . Peregrine Falcon restoration : Expectation vs. reality . Loon 61 : 160 - 162 . Jump up ^ Forsman , E.D. , E.C. Meslow , and H.M. Wight. 1984 . Distribution and biology of the Spotted Owl in Oregon . Wildlife Monographs , 87 . Jump up ^ Brylski , P. , Hays , L. , & Avery , J. ( 1998 ) . Recovery Plan for the Pacific Pocket Mouse , Perognathus longimembris pacificus . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . Jump up ^ Grinnell , J. ( 1932 ) . Habitat relations of the giant kangaroo rat . Journal of Mammalogy , 13 ( 4 ) , 305 - 320 . Jump up ^ Kelt , D.A. , Wilson , J.A. , & Konno , E.S. ( 2005 ) . Differential response of two kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys ) to the 1997 - 1998 El Niño southern oscillation event . Journal of Mammalogy , 86 ( 2 ) , 265 - 274 . Jump up ^ Breck , S.W. , Biggins , D.E. , Livieri , T.M. , Matchett , M.R. , & Kopcso , V. ( 2006 ) . Does Predator Management Enhance Survival of Reintroduced Black - footed Ferrets ? Recovery of the black - footed ferret - progress and continuing challenges , 203 - 209 . Jump up ^ Berger , D.D. , Hamerstrom , F. , & Hamerstrom Jr , F.N. ( 1963 ) . The effect of raptors on prairie chickens on booming grounds . The Journal of Wildlife Management , 778 - 791 . Jump up ^ Hagen , C.A. , Pitman , J.C. , Sandercock , B.K. , Robel , R.J. , & Applegate , R.D. ( 2007 ) . Age ‐ Specific Survival and Probable Causes of Mortality in Female Lesser Prairie ‐ Chickens . The Journal of wildlife management , 71 ( 2 ) , 518 - 525 . Jump up ^ Nelson , S.K. , & Hamer , T.E. ( 1995 ) . Nest success and the effects of predation on marbled murrelets . Ecology and Conservation of the Marbled Murrelet . USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW - GTR - 152 . Pacific Southwest Research Station , Albany , CA , 89 - 98 . Jump up ^ Woolfenden , Glen E. and John W. Fitzpatrick. 1996 . Florida Scrub - Jay ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology Jump up ^ Balda , R.P. , & Bateman , G.C. ( 1971 ) . Flocking and annual cycle of the pinon jay , Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus . Condor , 287 - 302 . Jump up ^ Mayfield , Harold F. 1992 . Kirtland 's Warbler ( Setophaga kirtlandii ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology Jump up ^ Chipley , R.M. , Fenwick , G.H. , Parr , M.J. & Pashley , D.M. , editors , 2003 . The American Bird Conservancy Guide to the 500 Most Important Bird Areas in the United States : Key Sites for Birds and Birding in All 50 States . Random House Trade Paperbacks , ISBN 0812970365 . Further reading ( edit ) Accordi , Iury Almeida ; Barcellos , Andre ( June 2006 ) . `` Composição da avifauna em oito áreas úmidas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba , Rio Grande do Sul '' ( PDF ) . Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia ( in Portuguese and English ) . 14 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 115 . Banks , R.C. ; Cicero , C. ; Dunn , J.L. ; Kratter , A.W. ; Ouellet , H. ; Rasmussen , P.C. ; Remsen , J.V. Jr. ; Rising , J.A. ; Stotz , D.F. ( 2000 ) . `` Forty - Second Supplement to the AOU Checklist of North American Birds '' ( PDF ) . The Auk . American Ornithologists ' Union . 117 ( 3 ) : 847 -- 858 . doi : 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2000 ) 117 ( 0847 : FSSTTA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Dickerman , Robert W. ( 1 July 2002 ) . `` The Taxonomy of the Subarctic Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus subarcticus ) Nesting in the United States '' . The American Midland Naturalist. 148 ( 1 ) : 198 -- 199 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 2002 ) 148 ( 0198 : TTOTSG ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Dickerman , Robert W. ( 29 January 2004 ) . `` Notes on the type of Bubo virginianus sclariventris '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the British Ornithologists ' Club . 124 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 6 . Ganey , J.L. , W.M. Block , J.S. Jenness , R.A. Wilson ( 1997 ) . `` Comparative habitat use of sympatric Mexican spotted and great horned owls . '' J. Wildl . Res. 2 ( 2 ) : 115 - 123 . Holt , Denver W. ; Berkley , Regan ; Deppe , Caroline ; Enríquez Rocha , Paula L. ; Olsen , Penny D. ; Petersen , Julie L. ; Rangel Salazar , José Luis ; Segars , Kelley P. & Wood , Kristin L. ( 1999 ) . `` 69 . Great Horned Owl '' . In : del Hoyo , J. ; Elliott , A. ; Sargatal , J. ( eds ) : Handbook of Birds of the World ( Volume 5 : Barn - owls to Hummingbirds ) : 185 , plate 10 . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 25 - 3 Houston , C.S. ; Smith , D.G. ; Rohner , C. ( 1998 ) . Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ) . In : Poole , A. ; Gill , F. ( eds . ) : Birds of North America 372 . Academy of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia , PA & American Ornithologists ' Union , Washington , D.C. Online version , retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . ( HTML preview ) Howard , Hildegarde ( 1947 ) . `` A Preliminary Survey of Trends in Avian Evolution From Pleistocene to Recent Time '' ( PDF ) . Condor. 49 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 1364422 . Johnson , D.H. ( 1993 ) . `` Spotted owls , great horned owls , and forest fragmentation in the central Oregon Cascades . '' Thesis . Oregon State University , Corvallis , USA . Rohner , C. ( 1997 ) . `` Non-territorial floaters in great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) '' . In : Duncan , JR ; Johnson , DH ; Nicholls , TH ( eds ) : Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere , 2nd International Symposium . St. Paul , MN : US Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . pp. 347 -- 362 . Rohner , C. , and F.I. Doyle ( 1992 ) . `` Food - stressed great horned owl kills adult goshawk : exceptional observation or community process ? '' J. Raptor Res. 26 ( 4 ) : 261 - 63 . Rohner , Christoph , and Charles J. Krebs ( 1996 ) . `` Owl predation on snowshoe hares : consequences of antipredator behaviour . '' Oecologia 108 ( 2 ) : 303 - 310 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to the great horned owl . Wikispecies has information related to : Bubo virginianus Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Virginian Eared Owl . `` Great Horned Owl media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Information on Owls , a compilation of various sources pertaining to owls Great Horned Owl - Bubo virginianus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Great Horned Owl photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q81515 ADW : Bubo_virginianus BioLib : 22473 EoL : 914958 Fossilworks : 161527 GBIF : 5959118 IBC : great - horned - owl - bubo - virginianus iNaturalist : 20044 ITIS : 177884 IUCN : 61752071 NCBI : 56268 Species+ : 3231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_horned_owl&oldid=804697041 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Bubo Owls Birds of the Americas Pleistocene birds Provincial symbols of Alberta Birds described in 1788 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with ' species ' microformats CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
taylor swift look whar you made me do meaning
|
[] |
[] |
-5103525750141543118
|
Monsoon of South Asia
|
Monsoon of South Asia - wikipedia Monsoon of South Asia Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting Glossaries Glossary of meteorology Weather portal A visualisation of the South Asian Monsoon based on the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data ( CHIRPS ) 30 + year quasi-global rainfall dataset , analysed and visualised using Google Earth Engine . Annual average monsoon precipitation in India over 110 years . The long - term average has been 899 millimeters of precipitation . However , the monsoon varies over the Indian subcontinent within a ± 20 % range . Rains that exceed 10 % typically lead to major floods , while a 10 % shortfall is a significant drought . The monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons . It affects the Indian subcontinent , where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September , but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict . Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin , process , strength , variability , distribution , and general vagaries of the monsoon , but understanding and predictability are still evolving . The unique geographical features of the Indian subcontinent , along with associated atmospheric , oceanic , and geophysical factors , influence the behavior of the monsoon . Because of its effect on agriculture , on flora and fauna , and on the climates of nations such as India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka -- among other economic , social , and environmental effects -- the monsoon is one of the most anticipated , tracked , and studied weather phenomena in the region . It has a significant effect on the overall well - being of residents and has even been dubbed the `` real finance minister of India '' . Contents 1 Definition 2 Background 3 Changes of the Monsoon 3.1 Effect of geographical relief features 4 Features of monsoon rains 4.1 `` Bursting '' 4.2 Rain variability ( `` vagaries '' ) 5 Ideal and normal monsoon rains 6 Theories for mechanism of monsoon 6.1 Traditional theory 6.1. 1 Process of monsoon creation 6.2 Dynamic theory 6.2. 1 Process of monsoon creation 6.3 Jet stream theory 6.3. 1 Process of monsoon creation 7 Theories for `` bursting '' 7.1 Dynamic theory 7.2 Jet stream theory 8 Theories for monsoon variability 8.1 The jet stream effect 8.2 El Niño - Southern Oscillation effect 8.3 Indian Ocean dipole effect 8.3. 1 Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation 9 Impact of climate change on the monsoon 10 Monsoon rain prediction models 10.1 Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon ( SPIM ) 10.2 Indian Meteorological Department model 11 Significance 11.1 Geographical ( wettest spots on Earth ) 11.2 Agricultural 11.3 Economic 11.4 Social 11.5 Travel 11.6 Environmental 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Definition ( edit ) The word monsoon ( derived from the Arabic `` mausam , '' meaning `` season '' ) , although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction , lacks a consistent , detailed definition . Some examples are : The American Meteorological Society calls it a name for seasonal winds , first applied to the winds blowing over the Arabian Sea from the northeast for six months and from the southwest for six months . The term has since been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) describes a monsoon as a tropical and subtropical seasonal reversal in both surface winds and associated precipitation , caused by differential heating between a continental - scale land mass and the adjacent ocean . The Indian Meteorological Department defines it as the seasonal reversal of the direction of winds along the shores of the Indian Ocean , especially in the Arabian Sea , which blow from the southwest for half of the year and from the northeast for the other half . Colin Stokes Ramage , in Monsoon Meteorology , defines the monsoon as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation . Background ( edit ) Observed initially by sailors in the Arabian Sea traveling between Africa , India , and Southeast Asia , the monsoon can be categorized into two branches based on their spread over the subcontinent : Arabian Sea branch Bay of Bengal branch Southwest monsoon clouds over Tamil Nadu . Alternatively , it can be categorized into two segments based on the direction of rain - bearing winds : Southwest ( SW ) monsoon Northeast ( NE ) monsoon Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India , the monsoon can also be categorized into two periods : Summer monsoon ( May to September ) Winter monsoon ( October to November ) The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood , making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity , timing , and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation . These are the most monitored components of the monsoon , and they determine the water availability in India for any given year . Changes of the monsoon ( edit ) Main article : Monsoon § South Asian Monsoon Monsoon over India Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas . One area that monsoons impact greatly is India . In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely . Various atmospheric conditions influence the monsoon winds . The first condition is the differential heating and cooling of land and water . This creates low pressure on the landmass , while high pressure is created over the seas during daytime , but is reversed during the night time . The second condition is the shift in the position of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) . In summer , the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5 ° N of the equator moves over the Ganga plain creating a monsoon trough during the monsoon season . The third condition is the presence of the high - pressure area that develops east of Madagascar . It is approximately at 20 ° S over the Indian Ocean . The intensity and position of this high - pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon . The fourth condition develops during the summer . The Tibetan Plateau gets intensely heated resulting in strong vertical air currents and high pressure over the plateau about 9 km above sea level . The fifth condition develops during the summer due to the movement of the westerly jet streams to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian Peninsula . Changes in pressure over the southern oceans also affect the monsoons . In certain years , there is a reversal in the pressure conditions . This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the Southern Oscillation , or SO . The Southern Oscillation is connected to la nina , which is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast . It flows every two to five years in place of the cold Peruvian current . The phenomenon is , referred to as ENSO ( El Nino Southern Oscillations ) . In India , the monsoon lasts for 100 to 120 days from early June and to mid-September . The monsoon winds encounter various atmospheric conditions on their way and hence are pulsating in nature , and not steady . The monsoon arrives with a sudden downpour of rainfall that continues for several days . This is known as the ' burst ' of the monsoon . The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the Bay of Bengal and reverse winds from the South China Sea . The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May , arriving at the Indian Peninsula by June , and then the winds move towards the South China Sea . By early September , the monsoon starts to withdraw or retreat and is a more gradual process . By mid-October , it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula . The withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the first week of December to the first week of January . This is the start of the winter season . The retreating monsoon winds move over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal , and collect moisture on the way . These monsoon winds reach the southern states of India by October , and are responsible for a second round of rainfall . These are called the winter monsoons . The winter monsoon is experienced in the states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Andhra Pradesh in the first week of January . Effect of geographical relief features ( edit ) Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible , they do not cause precipitation on their own . Main article : Rain § Formation Two factors are essential for rain formation : Moisture - laden winds Droplet formation Additionally , one of the causes of rain must happen . In the case of the monsoon , the cause is primarily orographic , due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds . Orographic barriers force wind to rise . Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of adiabatic cooling and condensation of the moist rising air . Main article : Orographic lift The unique geographic relief features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of the above factors to occur simultaneously . The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows : The presence of abundant water bodies around the subcontinent : the Arabian Sea , Bay of Bengal , and Indian Ocean . These help moisture accumulate in the winds during the hot season . The presence of abundant highlands like the Western Ghats and the Himalayas right across the path of the southwest monsoon winds . These are the main cause of the substantial orographic precipitation throughout the subcontinent . The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter . The Western Ghats rise abruptly from the Western Coastal Plains of the subcontinent , making effective orographic barriers for the monsoon winds . The Himalayas play more than the role of orographic barriers for the monsoon . They also help confine it to the subcontinent . Without them , the southwest monsoon winds would blow right over the Indian subcontinent into Tibet , Afghanistan , and Russia without causing any rain . For the northeast monsoon , the highlands of the Eastern Ghats play the role of orographic barrier . Pink arrow : Southwest monsoon wind direction ; green arrow : northeast monsoon wind direction . Orographic precipitation . Geographical features of the Indian subcontinent . Daytime scene showing the pre-monsoon air over India . Recent trends in average annual precipitation from monsoons . Features of monsoon rains ( edit ) There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent . `` Bursting '' ( edit ) `` Monsoon burst '' over Mumbai . Bursting of monsoon refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India ( typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon ) , characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall . Similarly , the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean daily rainfall over the affected regions . Rain variability ( `` vagaries '' ) ( edit ) One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is `` vagaries , '' used in newspapers , magazines , books , web portals to insurance plans , and India 's budget discussions . In some years , it rains too much , causing floods in parts of India ; in others , it rains too little or not at all , causing droughts . In some years , the rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary . Sometimes , despite average annual rainfall , the daily distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed . In the recent past , rainfall variability in short time periods ( about a week ) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia . Ideal and normal monsoon rains ( edit ) Annual average rainfall in India . Normally , the southwest monsoon can be expected to `` burst '' onto the western coast of India ( near Thiruvananthapuram ) at the beginning of June and to cover the entire country by mid-July . Its withdrawal from India typically starts at the beginning of September and finishes by the beginning of October . The northeast monsoon usually `` bursts '' around 20 October and lasts for about 50 days before withdrawing . However , a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon -- that is , one that performs close to statistical averages calculated over a long period . A normal monsoon is generally accepted to be one involving close to the average quantity of precipitation over all the geographical locations under its influence ( mean spatial distribution ) and over the entire expected time period ( mean temporal distribution ) . Additionally , the arrival date and the departure date of both the southwest and northeast monsoon should be close to the mean dates . The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the Indian Meteorological Department with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables . A monsoon with excess rain can cause floods , and one with too little rain can lead to widespread drought , famine , and economic losses . Therefore , a normal monsoon with mean performance is the most desirable monsoon . Theories for mechanism of monsoon ( edit ) Theories of the mechanism of the monsoon primarily try to explain the reasons for the seasonal reversal of winds and the timing of their reversal . Traditional theory ( edit ) Main article : Sea breeze Because of differences in the specific heat capacity of land and water , continents heat up faster than seas . Consequently , the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas . These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas , causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands . This is known as sea breeze . Process of monsoon creation ( edit ) Main article : Monsoon § Process A : sea breeze ; B : land breeze . Also known as the thermal theory or the differential heating of sea and land theory , the traditional theory portrays the monsoon as a large - scale sea breeze . It states that during the hot subtropical summers , the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas , resulting in a pressure gradient from south to north . This causes the flow of moisture - laden winds from sea to land . On reaching land , these winds rise because of the geographical relief , cooling adiabatically and leading to orographic rains . This is the southwest monsoon . The reverse happens during the winter , when the land is colder than the sea , establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea . This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction , causing the northeast monsoon . Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land , it carries more moisture , and therefore causes more rain , than the northeast monsoon . Only part of the northeast monsoon passing over the Bay of Bengal picks up moisture , causing rain in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the winter months . However , many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory , but a general weather phenomenon along the entire tropical zone of Earth . This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds , but casts it as one of several factors rather than the only one . Dynamic theory ( edit ) The atmospheric circulation system with associated pressure belts and latitudes . Main article : Prevailing winds Main article : Atmospheric circulation The prevailing winds of the atmospheric circulation arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of thermal energy on the planet . This pressure difference is because of the differences in solar insolation received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet . Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator , the two tropics , the Arctic and Antarctic circles , and the two polar regions , giving rise to the trade winds , the westerlies , and the polar easterlies . However , geophysical factors like Earth 's orbit , its rotation , and its axial tilt cause these belts to shift gradually north and south , following the Sun 's seasonal shifts . Process of monsoon creation ( edit ) The dynamic theory explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds . According to this theory , the monsoon is a result of the shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) under the influence of the vertical sun . Though the mean position of the ITCZ is taken as the equator , it shifts north and south with the migration of the vertical sun toward the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn during the summer of the respective hemispheres ( Northern and Southern Hemisphere ) . As such , during the northern summer ( May and June ) , the ITCZ moves north , along with the vertical sun , toward the Tropic of Cancer . The ITCZ , as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region , is the target destination for the trade winds of both hemispheres . Consequently , with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer , the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it . However , because of the Coriolis effect ( which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right , whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left ) , these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere , transforming into southwest trades . These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit the highlands of the Indian Peninsula . This results in the southwest monsoon . The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one . And when coupled with the traditional theory ( based on the heating of sea and land ) , it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with orographic barriers . Jet stream theory ( edit ) Main article : Jet stream Jet streams of Earth This theory tries to explain the establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons , as well as unique features like `` bursting '' and variability . The jet streams are systems of upper - air westerlies . They give rise to slowly moving upper - air waves , with 250 - knot winds in some air streams . First observed by World War II pilots , they develop just below the tropopause over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface . The main types are the polar jets , the subtropical westerly jets , and the less common tropical easterly jets . They follow the principle of geostrophic winds . Process of monsoon creation ( edit ) The Tibetan Plateau lies north of the Himalayas . Over India , a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season . The high temperature during the summer over the Tibetan Plateau , as well as over Central Asia in general , is believed to be the critical factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India . The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter . This results in the north - to - south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon . With the northward shift of the vertical sun , this jet shifts north , too . The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau , coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau , generate the tropical easterly jet over central India . This jet creates a low - pressure zone over the northern Indian plains , influencing the wind flow toward these plains and assisting the development of the southwest monsoon . Theories for `` bursting '' ( edit ) The `` bursting '' of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and the dynamic theory . Dynamic theory ( edit ) According to this theory , during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere , the ITCZ shifts north , pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea . However , the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low - pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves . It is only when the Tibetan Plateau heats up significantly more than the Himalayas that the ITCZ abruptly and swiftly shifts north , leading to the bursting of monsoon rains over the Indian subcontinent . The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds , leading to a second , minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months . Jet stream theory ( edit ) According to this theory , the onset of the southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the subtropical westerly jet north from over the plains of India toward the Tibetan Plateau . This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months . The northward shift is not a slow and gradual process , as expected for most changes in weather pattern . The primary cause is believed to be the height of the Himalayas . As the Tibetan Plateau heats up , the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north . Because of the lofty Himalayas , the westerly jet 's movement is inhibited . But with continuous dropping pressure , sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period . As such , the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt , causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains . The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon . Theories for monsoon variability ( edit ) The jet stream effect ( edit ) The jet stream theory also explains the variability in timing and strength of the monsoon . Timing : A timely northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet at the beginning of summer is critical to the onset of the southwest monsoon over India . If the shift is delayed , so is the southwest monsoon . An early shift results in an early monsoon . Strength : The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India . A strong easterly tropical jet results in a strong southwest monsoon over central India , and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon . El Niño - Southern oscillation effect ( edit ) Main article : El Niño - Southern Oscillation Effects of El Niño on the weather of the subcontinent . El Niño is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of Peru that replaces the usual cold Humboldt Current . The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds , thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean . The reverse condition is known as La Niña . Southern oscillation , a phenomenon first observed by Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker , director general of observatories in India , refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between Tahiti and Darwin , Australia . Walker noticed that when pressure was high in Tahiti , it was low in Darwin , and vice versa . A Southern Oscillation Index ( SOI ) , based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin , has been formulated by the Bureau of Meteorology ( Australia ) to measure the strength of the oscillation . Walker noticed that the quantity of rainfall in the Indian subcontinent was often negligible in years of high pressure over Darwin ( and low pressure over Tahiti ) . Conversely , low pressure over Darwin bodes well for precipitation quantity in India . Thus , Walker established the relationship between southern oscillation and quantities of monsoon rains in India . Ultimately , the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño / La Niña effect , which happens in the ocean . Therefore , in the context of the monsoon , the two together came to be known as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) effect . The effect is known to have a pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India , with the monsoon being weak ( causing droughts ) during El Niño years , while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons . Indian Ocean Dipole effect ( edit ) Main article : Indian Ocean Dipole Although the ENSO effect was statistically effective in explaining several past droughts in India , in recent decades , its relationship with the Indian monsoon seemed to weaken . For example , the strong ENSO of 1997 did not cause drought in India . However , it was later discovered that , just like ENSO in the Pacific Ocean , a similar seesaw ocean - atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play . This system was discovered in 1999 and named the Indian Ocean Dipole ( IOD ) . An index to calculate it was also formulated . IOD develops in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean from April to May and peaks in October . With a positive IOD , winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west . This makes the Arabian Sea ( the western Indian Ocean near the African coast ) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier . In negative dipole years , the reverse happens , making Indonesia much warmer and rainier . A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO , resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983 , 1994 , and 1997 . Further , the two poles of the IOD -- the eastern pole ( around Indonesia ) and the western pole ( off the African coast ) -- independently and cumulatively affect the quantity of monsoon rains . Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation ( edit ) As with ENSO , the atmospheric component of the IOD was later discovered and the cumulative phenomenon named Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation ( EQUINOO ) . When EQUINOO effects are factored in , certain failed forecasts , like the acute drought of 2002 , can be further accounted for . The relationship between extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall , along with ENSO and EQUINOO , have been studied , and models to better predict the quantity of monsoon rains have been statistically derived . Impact of Climate Change on the monsoon ( edit ) Since 1950s , the South Asian summer monsoon underwent a gradual decline , with a reduction of up to 10 % over central India . This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean , and changes in land use and land cover . Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land , higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land . The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall have grave consequences over central India because at least 60 % of the agriculture in this region is still largely rain - fed . A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002 - 2014 , possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall . Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean -- on which is warming faster than the other . Meanwhile , there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during the years 1950 to 2015 , over the entire central belt of India , leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses . Widespread extreme rainfall events are those rainfall events which are larger than 150 mm / day and spread over a region large enough to cause floods . Monsoon rain prediction models ( edit ) Since the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in India , various attempts have been made to predict monsoon rainfall . At least five prediction models exist . Seasonal prediction of Indian monsoon ( SPIM ) ( edit ) The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing ( CDAC ) at Bengaluru facilitated the Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon ( SPIM ) experiment on the PARAM Padma supercomputing system . This project involved simulated runs of historical data from 1985 to 2004 to try to establish the relationship of five atmospheric general circulation models with monsoon rainfall distribution . Indian Meteorological Department model ( edit ) The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884 , and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about the quantity , distribution , and timing of the monsoon rains . Its position as the sole authority on the monsoon was cemented in 2005 by the Department of Science and Technology ( DST ) , New Delhi . In 2003 , IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology , model , and administration . A sixteen - parameter monsoon forecasting model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003 . However , following the 2009 drought in India ( worst since 1972 ) , The department decided in 2010 that it needed to develop an `` indigenous model '' to further improve its prediction capabilities . Significance ( edit ) Western Ghats , Maharashtra on 28 May in dry season Western Ghats , Maharashtra on 28 August in rainy season The monsoon is the primary delivery mechanism for fresh water in the Indian subcontinent . As such , it affects the environment ( and associated flora , fauna , and ecosystems ) , agriculture , society , hydro - power production , and geography of the subcontinent ( like the availability of fresh water in water bodies and the underground water table ) , with all of these factors cumulatively contributing to the health of the economy of affected countries . The monsoon turns large parts of India from semi-deserts into green grasslands . See photos taken only three months apart in the Western Ghats . Geographical ( wettest spots on Earth ) ( edit ) Mawsynram and Cherrapunji , both in the Indian state of Meghalaya , alternate as the wettest places on Earth given the quantity of their rainfall , though there are other cities with similar claims . They receive more than 11,000 millimeters of rain each from the monsoon . Agricultural ( edit ) In India , which has historically had a primarily agrarian economy , the services sector recently overtook the farm sector in terms of GDP contribution . However , the agriculture sector still contributes 17 - 20 % of GDP and is the largest employer in the country , with about 60 % of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood . About 49 % of India 's land is agricultural ; that number rises to 55 % if associated wetlands , dryland farming areas , etc. , are included . Because more than half of these farmlands are rain - fed , the monsoon is critical to food sufficiency and quality of life . Despite progress in alternative forms of irrigation , agricultural dependence on the monsoon remains far from insignificant . Therefore , the agricultural calendar of India is governed by the monsoon . Any fluctuations in the time distribution , spatial distribution , or quantity of the monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts , causing the agricultural sector to suffer . This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors , the overall economy , food inflation , and therefore the general population 's quality and cost of living . Economic ( edit ) The economic significance of the monsoon is aptly described by Pranab Mukherjee 's remark that the monsoon is the `` real finance minister of India '' . A good monsoon results in better agricultural yields , which brings down prices of essential food commodities and reduces imports , thus reducing food inflation overall . Better rains also result in increased hydroelectric production . All of these factors have positive ripple effects throughout the economy of India . The down side however is that when monsoon rains are weak , crop production is low leading to higher food prices with limited supply . As a result , the Indian government is actively working with farmers and the nation 's meteorological department to produce more drought resistant crops . Social ( edit ) D. Subbarao , former governor of the Reserve Bank of India , emphasized during a quarterly review of India 's monetary policy that the lives of Indians depend on the performance of the monsoon . His own career prospects , his emotional well - being , and the performance of his monetary policy are all `` a hostage '' to the monsoon , he said , as is the case for most Indians . Additionally , farmers rendered jobless by failed monsoon rains tend to migrate to cities . This crowds city slums and aggravates the infrastructure and sustainability of city life . Travel ( edit ) In the past , Indians usually refrained from traveling during monsoons for practical as well as religious reasons . But with the advent of globalization , such travel is gaining popularity . Places like Kerala and the Western Ghats get a large number of tourists , both local and foreigners , during the monsoon season . Kerala is one of the top destinations for tourists interested in Ayurvedic treatments and massage therapy . One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed . Also , some mountainous areas , especially in Himalayan regions , get cut off when roads are damaged by landslides and floods during heavy rains . Environmental ( edit ) The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area . The peninsular / Deccan rivers of India are mostly rain - fed and non-perennial in nature , depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply . Most of the coastal rivers of Western India are also rain - fed and monsoon - dependent . As such , the flora , fauna , and entire ecosystems of these areas rely heavily on the monsoon . See also ( edit ) Weather portal India portal East Asian Monsoon Monsoon ( photographs ) of India , 1960 Climate of India ( section Monsoon ) Asian brown cloud Tropical monsoon climate ( section Factors ) Tibetan Plateau ( section Role in monsoons ) Himalayas ( section Impact on climate ) Indian Meteorological Department Drought in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name of the wind is based on the direction that it blows from . Southwest winds blow onto the land from the southwest . Northeast winds flow from the northeast toward the southwest , onto the land . Jump up ^ The Aravalli Mountains also lie in the path of the southwest monsoon but do not result in much precipitation because they are in the direction of the path of the southwest winds and not across them , causing no orographic lift of the winds . Jump up ^ Other major highlands , like the Cardamom Hills , Anaimalai Hills , and Nilgiri Mountains , that play active roles in the monsoon are considered major extensions of the Western Ghats and are thus not discussed separately . Jump up ^ First , the Himalayas serve as orographic barriers to the southwest monsoon winds . Second , they help confine the winds to the subcontinent , hampering their northward progress . Third , they contribute to the convergence of the Bay of Bengal branch and Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds , increasing the intensity of precipitation over the northern part of the subcontinent . Fourth , they are a major factor in the bursting of the monsoon under the jet stream theory . Fifth , they help determine the direction of the Bay of Bengal branch of the northeast monsoon . Their role is still a matter of active study , and understanding of them is evolving regularly . Jump up ^ When the southeast trade winds cross the equator , they are perceived in the Northern Hemisphere as equatorial westerlies because they seem to blow from the equator toward the Tropic Of Cancer . Similarly , when the ITCZ is at the Tropic of Cancer , the northeast trade winds are confined to the area north of the Tropic of Cancer . Jump up ^ Change of direction or origin of winds alters their nomenclature as noted above . Jump up ^ Geostrophic winds blow parallel to the isobars and keep low - pressure zones to their left in the Northern Hemisphere and to their right in the Southern Hemisphere . The reversal is a result of the Coriolis effect . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India Meteorological Department , Monsoon data 1901 - 2010 Archived 24 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India Jump up ^ Pal et al. , Districtwise Drought Climatology Of The Southwest Monsoon Season over India Based on Standardized Precipitation Index Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . National Climate Centre , Research Report No : 2 / 2010 , India Meteorological Department Pune , Govt of India Jump up ^ Alexander Frater ( 1 May 2005 ) . Chasing the Monsoon . Picador . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 43313 - 6 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : News Service , Indo - Asian ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` India cheers as monsoon arrives ; hopes of better farm output raised '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IANS ( 1 June 2010 ) . `` India cheers as monsoon arrives in Kerala '' . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IPCC Fourth Assessment Report : Climate Change 2007 , Glossary '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMD terminologies & glossary '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Colin S. Ramage ( 1971 ) . Monsoon meteorology . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 576650 - 0 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Helaine Selin , ed. ( 1997 ) . Encyclopaedia of the history of science , technology , and medicine in non-western cultures . Springer . pp. 766 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 4066 - 9 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Meteorological Department '' . imd.gov.in . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class 9 CBSE Geography Climate The Mechanism of Monsoons - Wiki '' . www.learnnext.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Zuqiang ; Chan , Johnny C.L. ; Ding , Yihui ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Characteristics , evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia '' . International Journal of Climatology. 24 ( 12 ) : 1461 -- 1482 . Bibcode : 2004IJCli ... 24.1461 Z . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 1082 . ISSN 1097 - 0088 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Allaby ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of weather and climate . Infobase Publishing . pp. 373 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4801 - 4 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Hanif ( 1 January 2005 ) . Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 2482 - 4 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bin Wang ( 2006 ) . The Asian monsoon . Springer . pp. 188 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 40610 - 5 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kasabe , Nanda Dabhole ( 23 July 1997 ) . `` Vagaries apart , monsoon is normal '' . the Indian Express . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan ( October 2007 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . pp. 93 -- . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Krishnamacharyulu ( 1 September 2003 ) . Cases In Rural Marketing : An Integrated Approach . Pearson Education India . pp. 106 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 0188 - 1 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Agronomic Measures in Dryland Agriculture : An Overview '' . India Water Portal . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Insurance To Protect A Few '' . Financial Express . 16 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Budget must focus on Growth , Food Inflation , FDI , Govt B / s : G Chokkalingam '' . myIris.com. 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Vinoj , V. ; Rasch , Philip J. ; Wang , Hailong ; Yoon , Jin - Ho ; Ma , Po - Lun ; Landu , Kiranmayi ; Singh , Balwinder . `` Short - term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust '' . Nature Geoscience. 7 ( 4 ) : 308 -- 313 . Bibcode : 2014NatGe ... 7 ... 308V . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2107 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . More than one of website = and journal = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` SW Monsoon Normal Onset Dates '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monsoon Onset dates on Map of India '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SW Monsoon Normal Withdrawal Dates '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monsoon withdrawal dates on Map of India '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Met . Terminologies and Glossary - Monsoon '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gopal Raj , N ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` El Nino & the Indian Ocean Dipole '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate glossary - Southern Oscillation Index ( SOI ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology ( Australia ) . 3 April 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kumar , K.K. ; Balaji Rajagopalan ; Mark A. Cane ( 25 June 1999 ) . `` On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO '' . Science . 284 ( 5423 ) : 2156 -- 2159 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5423. 2156 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gadgil , Sulochana ; P.N. Vinayachandran ; P.A. Francis ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall , ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 31 ( 12 ) . Bibcode : 2004GeoRL ... 3112213G . doi : 10.1029 / 2004GL019733 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Roxy , Mathew Koll ; Ritika , Kapoor ; Terray , Pascal ; Murtugudde , Raghu ; Ashok , Karumuri ; Goswami , B.N. ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land - sea thermal gradient '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 7423 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E7423R . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms8423 . PMID 26077934 . Jump up ^ Roxy , Mathew Koll ; Ritika , Kapoor ; Terray , Pascal ; Masson , Sébastien ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming '' . Journal of Climate. 27 ( 22 ) : 8501 -- 8509 . Bibcode : 2014JCli ... 27.8501 R . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - D - 14 - 00471.1 . ISSN 0894 - 8755 . Jump up ^ `` Warming Indian Ocean , weakening monsoon '' . India Climate Dialogue. 2015 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Paul , Supantha ; Ghosh , Subimal ; Oglesby , Robert ; Pathak , Amey ; Chandrasekharan , Anita ; Ramsankaran , RAAJ ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall due to Changes in Land Use Land Cover '' . Scientific Reports . 6 ( 1 ) . Bibcode : 2016NatSR ... 632177P . doi : 10.1038 / srep32177 . ISSN 2045 - 2322 . Jump up ^ Roxy , Mathew Koll . `` Land warming revives monsoon '' . Nature Climate Change . 7 ( 8 ) : 549 -- 550 . Bibcode : 2017NatCC ... 7 ... 549R . doi : 10.1038 / nclimate3356 . Jump up ^ Roxy , M.K. ; Ghosh , Subimal ; Pathak , Amey ; Athulya , R. ; Mujumdar , Milind ; Murtugudde , Raghu ; Terray , Pascal ; Rajeevan , M. ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) . `` A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India '' . Nature Communications . 8 ( 1 ) . Bibcode : 2017NatCo ... 8 ... 708R . doi : 10.1038 / s41467 - 017 - 00744 - 9 . ISSN 2041 - 1723 . Jump up ^ Simpkins , Graham ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Hydroclimate : Extreme rain in India '' . Nature Climate Change . 7 ( 11 ) : 760 -- 760 . Bibcode : 2017NatCC ... 7 ... 760S . doi : 10.1038 / nclimate3429 . ISSN 1758 - 6798 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction '' . Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology , Pune , India . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gadgil , Sulochana ; J. Srinivasan ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Seasonal prediction of the Indian monsoon '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 3 . 100 : 343 -- 353 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon ( SPIM ) '' . Centre for Development of Advanced Computing . Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rajeevapn , M. ; D.S. Pai ; S.K. Dikshit ; R.R. Kelkar ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` IMD 's new operational models for long - range forecast of southwest monsoon rainfall over India and their verification for 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 3 . 86 : 422 -- 431 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ BAGLA , PALLAVA ( 28 April 2003 ) . `` Man behind old monsoon model goes out quietly '' . Express India . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` ' Drought in India worst since 1972 ' '' . Times of India . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India needs indigenous monsoon model for better prediction , says IMD chief '' . ExpressIndia. 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Philip , AJ ( 24 August 2003 ) . `` Cherrapunji no longer wettest Challenge comes from nearby village '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` How monsoon impacts the Indian economy '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monsoon affects economy , health in India '' . WORLD MONSOONS . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : IANS ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` All Indians ' chasing the monsoon ' '' . Thaindia.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MITRA , SUBHANKAR ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` The monsoon effect '' . IndianExpress . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling in India during monsoons '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivers - Profile - Know India '' . India.gov.in . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Geography '' . IndiaBook.com . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMonsoonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monsoon in Bangladesh . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monsoon in India . Indian Meteorological Department Official Website Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Monsoon On - Line , an Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology , Pune , India initiative Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsoon_of_South_Asia&oldid=853502446 '' Categories : Climate of India Winds Climatology Environmental science Weather events in India Weather events in Asia Climate of Pakistan Weather events in Pakistan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use dmy dates from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 06 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when does north east monsoon blow in the land of kerala
|
[] |
[] |
-1837470609315777868
|
The Cask of Amontillado
|
The Cask of Amontillado - wikipedia The Cask of Amontillado `` The Cask of Amontillado '' Illustration of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Harry Clarke , 1919 Author Edgar Allan Poe Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Horror short story Publication type Periodical Publisher Godey 's Lady 's Book Media type Print ( Magazine ) Publication date November 1846 `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( sometimes spelled `` The Casque of Amontillado '' ( a. mon. ti. ˈʝa. ðo ) ) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book . The story , set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year , is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who , he believes , has insulted him . Like several of Poe 's stories , and in keeping with the 19th - century fascination with the subject , the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive -- in this case , by immurement . As in `` The Black Cat '' and `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , Poe conveys the story from the murderer 's perspective . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 Inspiration 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Fortunato and Montresor drink in the catacombs. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham The story 's narrator , Montresor , tells an unspecified person , who knows him very well , of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato ( Italian for `` the fortunate one '' ) , a fellow nobleman . Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult , Montresor plots to murder his `` friend '' during Carnival , while the man is drunk , dizzy , and wearing a jester 's motley . Montresor lures Fortunato into a private wine - tasting excursion by telling him he has obtained a pipe ( about 130 gallons , 492 litres ) of what he believes to be a rare vintage of Amontillado . He proposes obtaining confirmation of the pipe 's contents by inviting a fellow wine aficionado , Luchesi , for a private tasting . Montresor knows Fortunato will not be able to resist demonstrating his discerning palate for wine and will insist that he taste the amontillado rather than Luchesi who , as he claims , `` can not tell Amontillado from Sherry '' . Fortunato goes with Montresor to the wine cellars of the latter 's palazzo , where they wander in the catacombs . Montresor offers wine ( first Médoc , then De Grave ) to Fortunato in order to keep him inebriated . Montresor warns Fortunato , who has a bad cough , of the dampness , and suggests they go back , but Fortunato insists on continuing , claiming that he `` shall not die of a cough '' . During their walk , Montresor mentions his family coat of arms : a golden foot in a blue background crushing a snake whose fangs are embedded in the foot 's heel , with the motto Nemo me impune lacessit ( `` No one attacks me with impunity '' ) . At one point , Fortunato makes an elaborate , grotesque gesture with an upraised wine bottle . When Montresor appears not to recognize the gesture , Fortunato asks , `` You are not of the masons ? '' Montresor says he is , and when Fortunato , disbelieving , requests a sign , Montresor displays a trowel he had been hiding . When they come to a niche , Montresor tells his victim that the Amontillado is within . Fortunato enters drunk and unsuspecting and therefore , does not resist as Montresor quickly chains him to the wall . Montresor then declares that , since Fortunato wo n't go back , Montresor must `` positively leave '' him there . Montresor reveals brick and mortar , previously hidden among the bones nearby , and proceeds to wall up the niche using his trowel , entombing his friend alive . At first , Fortunato , who sobers up faster than Montresor anticipated , shakes the chains , trying to escape . Fortunato then screams for help , but Montresor mocks his cries , knowing nobody can hear them . Fortunato laughs weakly and tries to pretend that he is the subject of a joke and that people will be waiting for him ( including the Lady Fortunato ) . As Montresor finishes the topmost row of stones , Fortunato wails , `` For the love of God , Montresor ! '' to which Montresor replies , `` Yes , for the love of God ! '' He listens for a reply but hears only the jester 's bells ringing . Before placing the last stone , he drops a burning torch through the gap . He claims that he feels sick at heart , but dismisses this reaction as an effect of the dampness of the catacombs . In the last few sentences , Montresor reveals that 50 years later , Fortunato 's body still hangs from its chains in the niche where he left it . The murderer concludes : In pace requiescat ! ( `` May he rest in peace ! '' ) . Publication history ( edit ) Montresor walling up Fortunato. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book , which was , at the time , the most popular periodical in America . The story was only published one additional time during Poe 's life . Analysis ( edit ) Casks of amontillado in a commercial cellar Although the subject matter of Poe 's story is a murder , `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is not a tale of detection like `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' or `` The Purloined Letter '' ; there is no investigation of Montresor 's crime and the criminal himself explains how he committed the murder . The mystery in `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is in Montresor 's motive for murder . Without a detective in the story , it is up to the reader to solve the mystery . Montresor never specifies his motive beyond the vague `` thousand injuries '' and `` when he ventured upon insult '' to which he refers . Some context is provided , including Montresor 's observation that his family once was great ( but no longer so ) , and Fortunato 's belittling remarks about Montresor 's exclusion from Freemasonry . Many commentators conclude that , lacking significant reason , Montresor must be insane , though even this is questionable because of the intricate details of the plot . There is also evidence that Montresor is almost as clueless about his motive for revenge as his victim . In his recounting of the murder , Montresor notes , `` A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser . It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong '' . After Fortunato is chained to the wall and nearly entombed alive , Montresor merely mocks and mimics him , rather than disclosing to Fortunato the reasons behind his exacting revenge . Montresor may not have been entirely certain of the exact nature of the insults for which he expected Fortunato to atone . Additional scrutiny into the vague injuries and insults may have to do with a simple matter of Montresor 's pride and not any specific words from Fortunato . Montresor comes from an established family . His house had once been noble and respected , but has fallen slightly in status . Fortunato , as his name would seem to indicate , has been blessed with good fortune and wealth and is , therefore , viewed as unrefined by Montresor ; however , this lack of refinement has not stopped Fortunato from surpassing Montresor in society , which could very well be the `` insult '' motive for Montresor 's revenge . There is indication that Montresor blames his unhappiness and loss of respect and dignity within society on Fortunato . It is easy to ascertain that Fortunato is a Freemason , while Montresor is not , which could be the source of Fortunato 's recent ascension into upper class society . Montresor even imparts this blame to Fortunato when he states , `` You are rich , respected , admired , beloved ; you are happy , as once I was '' . This interchanging of fortunes is a suggestion that , since the names Montresor and Fortunato mirror one another , there is a psychological reciprocal identification between victim and executioner . This identification reciprocity is further suggested when one takes into consideration that Montresor entombs Fortunato in the Montresor family catacombs rather than dispatching him elsewhere in the city amidst the chaos of the Carnival . It is with this converging of the two characters that one is able to see the larger symbolism of the Montresor crest -- the foot steps on the serpent while the serpent forever has his fangs embedded in the heel . Upon further investigation into the true nature of character , double meaning can be derived from the Montresor crest . It is the position of Montresor to view himself as the owner of the righteous foot that is crushing the insolent Fortunato serpent and his `` thousand injuries '' that progress into insult . A more allegoric meaning of Poe 's places the actors in reverse . The blind oaf Fortunato has unintentionally stepped upon the snake in the grass -- the sneaky and cunning Montresor -- who , as a reward for this accidental bruising , sinks his fangs deep into the heel of his offender , forever linking them in a form of mutual existence . Though Fortunato is presented as a connoisseur of fine wine , L. Moffitt Cecil of Texas Christian University argues that his actions in the story make that assumption questionable . For example , Fortunato comments on another nobleman being unable to distinguish amontillado from sherry when amontillado is in fact a type of sherry , and treats De Grave , an expensive French wine , with very little regard by drinking it in a single gulp . Cecil also states that a true wine connoisseur would never sample wine while intoxicated and describes Fortunato as merely an alcoholic . Cecil also suggests that some people might feel Fortunato deserved to be buried alive for wasting a bottle of fine wine . Immurement , a form of imprisonment , usually for life , in which a person is placed within an enclosed space with no exit , is featured in other works by Poe , including `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' , `` The Premature Burial '' , `` The Black Cat '' , and `` Berenice '' . Inspiration ( edit ) An apocryphal legend holds that the inspiration for `` The Cask of Amontillado '' came from a story Poe had heard at Castle Island ( South Boston ) , Massachusetts , when he was a private stationed at Fort Independence in 1827 . According to this legend , while stationed at Castle Island in 1827 he saw a monument to Lieutenant Robert Massie . Massie had been killed in a sword duel on Christmas Day 1817 by Lieutenant Gustavus Drane , following a dispute during a card game . According to the legend , other soldiers then took revenge on Drane by getting him drunk , luring him into the dungeon , chaining him to a wall , and sealing him in a vault . This version of Drane 's demise is false ; Drane was courtmartialled for the killing and acquitted , and lived until 1846 . A report of a skeleton discovered on the island may be a confused remembering of Poe 's major source , Joel Headley 's `` A Man Built in a Wall '' , which recounts the author 's seeing an immured skeleton in the wall of a church in Italy . Headley 's story includes details very similar to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ; in addition to walling an enemy into a hidden niche , the story details the careful placement of the bricks , the motive of revenge , and the victim 's agonized moaning . Poe may have also seen similar themes in Honoré de Balzac 's La Grande Bretèche ( Democratic Review , November 1843 ) or his friend George Lippard 's The Quaker City , or The Monks of Monk Hall ( 1845 ) . Poe may have borrowed Montresor 's family motto Nemo me impune lacessit from James Fenimore Cooper , who used the line in The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 ) . Thomas Dunn English Poe wrote his tale , however , as a response to his personal rival Thomas Dunn English . Poe and English had several confrontations , usually revolving around literary caricatures of one another . Poe thought that one of English 's writings went a bit too far , and successfully sued the other man 's editors at The New York Mirror for libel in 1846 . That year English published a revenge - based novel called 1844 , or , The Power of the S.F. Its plot was convoluted and difficult to follow , but made references to secret societies and ultimately had a main theme of revenge . It included a character named Marmaduke Hammerhead , the famous author of `` The Black Crow '' , who uses phrases like `` Nevermore '' and `` lost Lenore '' , referring to Poe 's poem `` The Raven '' . This parody of Poe was depicted as a drunkard , liar , and an abusive lover . Poe responded with `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , using very specific references to English 's novel . In Poe 's story , for example , Fortunato makes reference to the secret society of Masons , similar to the secret society in 1844 , and even makes a gesture similar to one portrayed in 1844 ( it was a signal of distress ) . English had also used an image of a token with a hawk grasping a snake in its claws , similar to Montresor 's coat of arms bearing a foot stomping on a snake -- though in this image , the snake is biting the heel . In fact , much of the scene of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' comes from a scene in 1844 that takes place in a subterranean vault . In the end , then , it is Poe who `` punishes with impunity '' by not taking credit for his own literary revenge and by crafting a concise tale ( as opposed to a novel ) with a singular effect , as he had suggested in his essay `` The Philosophy of Composition '' . Poe may have also been inspired , at least in part , by the Washingtonian movement , a fellowship that promoted temperance . The group was made up of reformed drinkers who tried to scare people into abstaining from alcohol . Poe may have made a promise to join the movement in 1843 after a bout of drinking with the hopes of gaining a political appointment . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' then may be a `` dark temperance tale '' , meant to shock people into realizing the dangers of drinking . Poe scholar Richard P. Benton has stated his belief that `` Poe 's protagonist is an Englished version of the French Montrésor '' and has argued forcefully that Poe 's model for Montresor `` was Claude de Bourdeille , comte de Montrésor ( Count of Montrésor ) , the 17th - century political conspirator in the entourage of King Louis XIII 's weak - willed brother , Gaston d'Orléans '' . The `` noted intriguer and memoir - writer '' was first linked to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Poe scholar Burton R. Pollin . Further inspiration for the method of Fortunato 's murder comes from the fear of live burial . During the time period of this short story some coffins were given methods of alerting the outside in the event of live entombment . Items such as bells tied to the limbs of a corpse to signal the outside were not uncommon . This theme is evident in Fortunato 's costume of a jester with bells upon his hat , and his situation of live entombment within the catacombs . Poe may have known bricklaying through personal experience . Many periods in Poe 's life lack significant biographical details , including what he did after leaving the Southern Literary Messenger in 1837 . Poe biographer John H. Ingram wrote to Sarah Helen Whitman that someone named `` Allen '' said that Poe worked `` in the brickyard ' late in the fall of 1834 ' '' . This source has been identified as Robert T.P. Allen , a fellow West Point student during Poe 's time there . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1951 , EC ( Entertaining Comics ) published a comic adaptation in Crime Suspenstories # 3 , under the name `` Blood Red Wine '' . The adaptation was written by Albert B. Feldstein , with art by Graham Ingels , and a cover by Johnny Craig . The ending was changed from Poe 's original to show the murderer get his come - comeuppance only moments after the crime . It was reprinted in 1993 by Russ Cochran . In 1951 , Gilberton 's Classics Illustrated # 84 featured a faithful adaptation , with art by Jim Lavery . It has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1960 , Editora Continental ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Classicos De Terror # 1 by Gedeone Malagola . Roger Corman 's 1962 anthology film Tales of Terror combines the story with another Poe story , The Black Cat This loosely adapted version is decidedly comic in tone , and stars Peter Lorre as Montresor ( given the name Montresor Herringbone ) and Vincent Price as Fortunato Luchresi . The amalgamation of the two stories provides a motive for the murderer : Fortunato has an affair with Montresor 's wife . In 1963 , Dell Comics adapted the version from Roger Corman 's Tales Of Terror with art by Fran Matera . In 1965 , Warren Publishing included an adaptation in Creepy # 6 . It was written by Archie Goodwin , with art by Reed Crandall . The ending borrows from the 1951 EC version , except for the murderer getting what was coming to him 50 years later . This version has been reprinted many times over the years . In 1967 , Editora Taika ( Brazil ) issued an adaptation in Album Classicos De Terror # 4 . It was adapted by Francisco De Assis , with art by Osvaldo Talo . This borrows Archie Goodwin 's revised ending verbatim . In 1970 , O Livreiro Editora ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Terror Ilustrado # 1 by Edmundo Rodrigues . In 1970 , Vincent Price included a solo recitation of the story in the anthology film An Evening of Edgar Allan Poe . The production features Montresor recounting the story to an unseen guest in a vast , empty dining room . `` The Merciful '' , a 1971 episode of Night Gallery , features the story with a twist : an old couple in a basement , with the wife ( Imogene Coca ) building the wall and quoting from the Poe story , while the husband ( King Donovan ) sits passively in a rocking chair . Once she has finished , he gets up from the chair and walks up the stairs . The wife has sealed herself in . In 1974 , Skywald did an adaptation in Scream # 5 . Adaptation by Al Hewetson , art by `` Maro Nava '' ( a possible psudonym for Jerry Grandenetti ) . In 1989 , this was reprinted by Eternity Comics in Murders In The Rue Morgue # 1 . In 1975 , Warren did an adaptation in Creepy # 70 . Adaptation by Rich Margopoulos , art by Martin Salvador . This has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1976 , The Alan Parsons Project released an album titled Tales of Mystery and Imagination with one of the tracks called `` The Cask of Amontillado '' . In 1977 , Marvel Comics did an adaptation in Marvel Classics Comics # 28 . Adaptation & layouts by Don McGregor , art by Michael Golden , making his professional comics debut . This has been reprinted twice by Editora Bloch ( Brazil ) . In 1977 , Pendulum Press did an adaptation in The Best Of Poe ( part of their Now Age Books / Pendulum Illustrated Classics / Now Age Illustrated series ) . Adaptation by Naunerle Farr , art by Noly Zamora . This has been reprinted multiple times since , most recently by Saddleback Illustrated Classics in 2006 . In 1979 , Moby Books did an illustrated story adaptation in Tales Of Mystery And Terror ( part of their Great Illustrated Classics series ) . Adaptation by Marjorie P. Katz , art by Pablo Marcos . In 1980 , Organizacion Editorial Novaro ( Mexico ) did an illustrated story adaptation in Cuentos De Edgar Allan Poe ( part of their Clasicos Ilustrados series ) . Adaptation by Hector D. Shelley , art by Guido Del Carpio Rivera . In 1982 , Troll Associates did an illustrated children 's book . Adaptation by David E. Cutts , art by Ann Toulmin - Rothe . In 1989 , Globe Communications Corp did an adaptation in Monsters Attack # 2 . Adaptation by Charles E. Hall , art by Walter James Brogan . In 1995 , Mojo Press did an adaptation in The Tell - Tale Heart : Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Bill D. Fountain . In 1997 , Cottage Classics did an illustrated version in Maxon 's Poe : Seven Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Maxon Poe . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was made into a British film in 1998 , directed by Mario Cavalli , screenplay by Richard Deakin and starring Anton Blake as Montresor and Patrick Monckton as Fortunato . In 1999 , Albin Michel -- L'Echo des Savanes ( France ) did a comics version , `` El Tonel De Amontillado '' in Le Chat Noir . Adaptation & art by Horacio Lalia . In 2001 , Eureka Productions featured an adaptation in Graphic Classics # 1 . Art by Pedro Lopez . In 2003 , Lou Reed included an adaptation on the extended edition of his Poe - themed album The Raven , titled `` The Cask '' and performed by Willem Dafoe ( as Montresor ) and Steve Buscemi ( as Fortunato ) . In 2009 , Edelvives Zaragoza ( Spain ) did a comics version , `` El Barril De Amontillado '' in Tres Cuentos De Poe . Adaptation & art by Xavier Besse . Edgar Allan Poe 's The Cask of Amontillado ( 2011 ) stars David JM Bielewicz and Frank Tirio , Jr . It was directed by Thad Ciechanowski , produced by Joe Serkoch , by production company DijitMedia , LLC / Orionvega . It was a winner of 2013 regional Emmy Award . In 2013 , Lance Tait 's stage adaptation located the action of the story in Nice , France . In 2014 , Dark Horse Comics did an adaptation in The Premature Burial . Adaptation & art by Richard Corben . In 2014 , Ediciones De La Flor ( Argentina ) did an adaptation in Lo Mejor De Poe ( `` The Best of Poe '' ) . Adaptation & art by Edu Molina . in 2014 , Keith Carradine starred in Terroir , a feature length film adaptation by John Charles Jopson . This story is told in Christopher Moore 's book The Serpent of Venice ( 2014 ) from the perspective of the main character , Pocket , a jester . In this version , Pocket is saved by a mermaid . The fourth episode in season 9 American Masters titled Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul adapts the story . In spring 2017 , Udon Entertainment 's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe , which will include a manga format adaptation of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cecil , L. Moffitt ( 1972 ) . `` Poe 's Wine List '' . Poe Studies . 5 ( 2 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1972. tb00193. x . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . Checkmark Books . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David F. ( 1993 ) . `` Poe 's Art of Transformation : ' The Cask of Amontillado ' in Its Cultural Context '' . In Silverman , Kenneth . The American Novel : New Essays on Poe 's Major Tales . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42243 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe -- ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . ^ Jump up to : Baraban , Elena V. ( 2004 ) . `` The Motive for Murder in ' The Cask of Amontillado ' by Edgar Allan Poe '' . Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. 58 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 1566552 . JSTOR 1566552 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stepp , Walter ( 1976 ) . `` The Ironic Double In Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Studies in Short Fiction. 13 ( 4 ) : 447 . ^ Jump up to : St. John Stott , Graham ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 62 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144940409597179 . ^ Jump up to : Platizky , Roger ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 57 ( 4 ) : 206 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144949909596874 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Philip ( 1990 ) . Old Boston in Early Photographs . Boston : Bostonian Society . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Vrabel , Jim ( 2004 ) . When in Boston : a time line & almanac . Northeastern University . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 620 - 4 / ISBN 1 - 555 - 53621 - 2 p. 105 Jump up ^ Wilson , Susan ( 2000 ) . Literary Trail of Greater Boston . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05013 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Battery B , 4th U.S. Light Artillery -- First Lieutenants of the 4th U.S. Artillery '' . Jump up ^ Headley , J.T. ( 1844 ) . `` A Man Built in a Wall '' . Letters from Italy . London : Wiley & Putnam . pp. 191 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Mabbott , Thomas Ollive , editor . Tales and Sketches : Volume II . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press , 2000 . p. 1254 Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 94 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Edward Craney ( 1976 ) . `` Marginalia -- A Possible Debt to Cooper '' . Poe Studies . 9 ( 1 ) : 23 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1976. tb00266. x . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 312 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rust , Richard D. ( 2001 ) . `` Punish with Impunity : Poe , Thomas Dunn English and ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . 2 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 52 . JSTOR 41508404 . Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 96 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Benton , Richard P. ( 1996 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' : Its Cultural and Historical Backgrounds '' . Poe Studies . 30 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 19 -- 27 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1997. tb00089. x . Jump up ^ Pollin , Burton R. ( 1970 ) . `` Notre - Dame de Paris in Two of the Tales '' . Discoveries in Poe . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Dwight ; Jackson , David K. ( 1987 ) . The Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe , 1809 -- 1849 . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 1401 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe , A to Z : the essential reference to his life and work . New York City : Facts on File . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . OCLC 44885229 . Jump up ^ `` The Cask of Amontillado ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Emmy Winners '' . www.natasmid-atlantic.org . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Caridad , Ava ( 2016 ) . `` Lance Tait : The Black Cat and Other Plays : Adapted from Stories by Edgar Allan Poe '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . Penn State University Press . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 69 . doi : 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . JSTOR 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel , Dragon 's Crown Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2016 . . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Cask of Amontillado Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Cask of Amontillado . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' -- Full text of the first printing , from Godey 's Lady 's Book , 1846 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words . Free - to - download MP3 dramatisation of the story ( Yuri Rasovsky ) The Cask of Amontillado public domain audiobook at LibriVox Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination BNF : cb16163302n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cask_of_Amontillado&oldid=864527232 '' Categories : 1846 short stories Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe Fiction with unreliable narrators Horror short stories Revenge in fiction Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in Godey 's Lady 's Book Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
when did the cask of amontillado take place
|
[
"\"The Cask of Amontillado\" (sometimes spelled \"The Casque of Amontillado\" [a.mon.ti.ˈʝa.ðo]) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey's Lady's Book. The story, set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year, is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who, he believes, has insulted him. Like several of Poe's stories, and in keeping with the 19th-century fascination with the subject, the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive – in this case, by immurement. As in \"The Black Cat\" and \"The Tell-Tale Heart\", Poe conveys the story from the murderer's perspective. \n"
] |
[
"in an unnamed Italian city"
] |
-4039653193463639566
|
Alcohol tolerance
|
Alcohol tolerance - wikipedia Alcohol tolerance Jump to : navigation , search Beer Street and Gin Lane by William Hogarth , 1751 , detailing the Gin Craze in UK cities during the early Industrial Revolution . Alcohol tolerance refers to the bodily responses to the functional effects of ethanol in alcoholic beverages . This includes direct tolerance , speed of recovery from insobriety and resistance to the development of alcoholism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Consumption - induced tolerance 2 Physiology of alcohol tolerance 3 Alcohol tolerance in different ethnic groups 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading Consumption - induced tolerance ( edit ) Alcohol tolerance is increased by regular drinking . This reduced sensitivity requires that higher quantities of alcohol be consumed in order to achieve the same effects as before tolerance was established . Alcohol tolerance may lead to ( or be a sign of ) alcohol dependency . Heavy alcohol consumption over a period of years can lead to `` reverse tolerance '' . A liver can be damaged by chronic alcohol use , leading to a buildup of fat and scar tissue . The reduced ability of such a liver to metabolize or break down alcohol means that small amounts can lead to a high blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) and more rapid intoxication . Physiology of alcohol tolerance ( edit ) Alcohol dehydrogenase is a dimeric zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes Direct alcohol tolerance is largely dependent on body size . Large - bodied people will require more alcohol to reach insobriety than lightly built people . Thus men , being larger than women on average , will have a higher alcohol tolerance . The alcohol tolerance is also connected with activity of alcohol dehydrogenases ( a group of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of alcohol ) in the liver , and in the bloodstream . High level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity results in fast transformation of ethanol to more toxic acetaldehyde . Such atypical alcohol dehydrogenase levels are less frequent in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics and , alongside other symptoms , can indicate various forms of liver disease . Furthermore , among alcoholics , the carriers of this atypical enzyme consume lower ethanol doses , compared to the individuals without the allele . Alcohol tolerance in different ethnic groups ( edit ) See also : Race and health and Genetic epidemiology The tolerance to alcohol is not equally distributed throughout the world 's population , and genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase indicate resistance has arisen independently in different cultures . In North America , Native Americans have the highest probability of developing alcoholism compared to Europeans and Asians . Higher body masses and the prevalence of high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in an individual increase alcohol tolerance . Not all differences in tolerance can be traced to biochemistry . Differences in tolerance levels are also influenced by socio - economic and cultural difference including diet , average body weight and patterns of consumption . An estimated one out of twenty people have an alcohol flush reaction . It is not in any way an indicator for the drunkenness of an individual . It is colloquially known as `` face flush '' , a condition where the body metabolizes alcohol nearly 100 - times less efficiently into acetaldehyde , a toxic metabolite . Flushing , or blushing , is associated with the erythema ( reddening caused by dilation of capillaries ) of the face , neck , and shoulder , after consumption of alcohol . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol and Tolerance '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) , Alcohol Alert ( 28 ) . April 1995 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Osier , Michael V. ; Pakstis , Andrew J. ; Soodyall , Himla ; Comas , David ; Goldman , David ; Odunsi , Adekunle ; Okonofua , Friday ; Parnas , Josef ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` A Global Perspective on Genetic Variation at the ADH Genes Reveals Unusual Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium and Diversity '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 71 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 99 . doi : 10.1086 / 341290 . PMC 384995 . PMID 12050823 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Use Disorder '' . NY Times . 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mail & al. ( eds. , 2002 ) : Alcohol Use Among American Indians and Alaska Natives : Multiple Perspectives on a Complex Problem . NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37 . Bethesda , MD : National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Jump up ^ Caetano , Raul ; Clark , Catherine L ( 1998 ) . `` Trends in Alcohol - Related Problems among Whites , Blacks , and Hispanics : 1984 - 1995 '' . Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research . 22 ( 2 ) : 534 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 0277.1998. tb03685. x . Jump up ^ Karen Chartier ; Raul Caetano . `` Ethnicity and Health Disparities in Alcohol Research '' . Jump up ^ Yin , S. - J. ; Cheng , T. - C. ; Chang , C. - P. ; Chen , Y. - J. ; Chao , Y. - C. ; Tang , H. - S. ; Chang , T. - M. ; Wu , C. - W. ( 1988 ) . `` Human stomach alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases ( ALDH ) : A genetic model proposed for ALDH III isozymes '' . Biochemical Genetics . 26 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 343 -- 60 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00554070 . PMID 3214414 . Jump up ^ Fenna , D ; Schaefer , O ; Mix , L ; Gilbert , JA ( 1971 ) . `` Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups '' . Canadian Medical Association journal . 105 ( 5 ) : 472 -- 5 . PMC 1931291 . PMID 5112118 . Jump up ^ Bennion L. ; Li T.K. ( 1976 ) . `` Alcohol metabolism in American Indians and whites '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 294 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 13 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm197601012940103 . PMID 1244489 . Jump up ^ Waldram , J.B. ; Herring , A. & Young , K. ( 1995 ) . Aboriginal Health in Canada : Historical , Cultural , and Epidemiological Perspectives . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Saggers , S. & Gray , D. ( 1998b ) . Dealing with Alcohol : Indigenous Usage in Australia , New Zealand and Canada . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ `` Myth or reality ? The Asian alcohol ' gene ' explained '' . Difford 's Guide . September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Identifying the Signs of Intoxication '' ( PDF ) . Government of Western Australia . December 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eng , MY ; Luczak , SE ; Wall , TL ( 2007 ) . `` ALDH2 , ADH1B , and ADH1C genotypes : A literature review '' . Alcohol Research & Health . 30 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 7 . PMID 17718397 . Jump up ^ Peng , Yi ; Shi , Hong ; Qi , Xue - bin ; Xiao , Chun - jie ; Zhong , Hua ; Ma , Run - lin Z ; Su , Bing ( 2010 ) . `` The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in farming populations and expansion of rice domestication in history '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 10 : 15 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 15 . PMC 2823730 . PMID 20089146 . Lay summary -- ScienceNow ( January 20 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Ohta , Shigeo ; Ohsawa , Ikuroh ; Kamino , Kouzin ; Ando , Fujiko ; Shimokata , Hiroshi ( 2004 ) . `` Mitochondrial ALDH2 Deficiency as an Oxidative Stress '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1011 : 36 -- 44 . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1293.004 . PMID 15126281 . References ( edit ) Carroll , Charles R. Drugs in Modern Society . NY : McGraw - Hill , 2000 ( fifth ed . ) . Chesher , G. ; Greeley , J. ( 1992 ) . `` Tolerance to the effects of alcohol '' . Alcohol , Drugs and Driving. 8 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 106 . Osier , M ; Pakstis , AJ ; Kidd , JR ; Lee , JF ; Yin , SJ ; Ko , HC ; Edenberg , HJ ; Lu , RB ; Kidd , KK ( 1999 ) . `` Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 64 ( 4 ) : 1147 -- 57 . doi : 10.1086 / 302317 . PMC 1377839 . PMID 10090900 . Muramatsu , T ; Wang , ZC ; Fang , YR ; Hu , KB ; Yan , H ; Yamada , K ; Higuchi , S ; Harada , S ; Kono , H ( 1995 ) . `` Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and drinking behavior of Chinese living in Shanghai '' . Human Genetics . 96 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00207371 . PMID 7635462 . Neumark , YD ; Friedlander , Y ; Thomasson , HR ; Li , TK ( 1998 ) . `` Association of the ADH2 * 2 allele with reduced ethanol consumption in Jewish men in Israel : A pilot study '' . Journal of studies on alcohol . 59 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . PMID 9500299 . Borinskaya , S.A. ; Gasemianrodsari , F. ; Kalyina , N.R. ; Sokolova , M.V. ; Yankovsky , N.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Polymorphism of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene ADH1B in Eastern Slavic and Iranian - Speaking Populations '' . Russian Journal of Genetics . 41 ( 11 ) : 1291 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s11177 - 005 - 0231 - 5 . Translated from `` Polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH1B in eastern Slavic and Iranian - speaking populations '' . Genetika. 41 ( 11 ) : 1563 -- 6 . 2005 . PMID 16358724 . Borinskaya , Svetlana ; Kal'Ina , Nina ; Marusin , Andrey ; Faskhutdinova , Gulnaz ; Morozova , Irina ; Kutuev , Ildus ; Koshechkin , Vladimir ; Khusnutdinova , Elza ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Distribution of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH1B ∗ 47His Allele in Eurasia '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 92 ; author reply 92 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2008.12. 007 . PMC 2668054 . PMID 19124091 . Li , Hui ; Borinskaya , Svetlana ; Yoshimura , Kimio ; Kal'Ina , Nina ; Marusin , Andrey ; Stepanov , Vadim A. ; Qin , Zhendong ; Khaliq , Shagufta ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Refined Geographic Distribution of the Oriental ALDH2 * 504Lys ( nee 487Lys ) Variant '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 73 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.2009. 00517. x . PMC 2846302 . PMID 19456322 . Further reading ( edit ) Caetano R , Clark CL , Tam T ( 1998 ) . `` Alcohol consumption among racial / ethnic minorities : theory and research '' ( PDF ) . Alcohol Health Res World . 22 ( 4 ) : 233 -- 41 . PMID 15706749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - induced mood disorders Brain Cancer breast cancer Sleep Tolerance Weight Substance abuse prevention Sobriety Alcohol - free zone Alcohol detoxification Alcohol rehabilitation Alcoholics Anonymous Sober companion Alcohol limitation 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Alcohol education Alcohol server training Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages Addiction medicine Alcoholism Anti-addictive psychedelics : Ibogaine , Salvia divinorum Disulfiram - like drugs : disulfiram , calcium carbimide , cyanamide Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol Dionysian Mysteries Social issues Alcohol advertising on college campuses Alcohol - free beverage definition controversy Alcohol self - medication Native Americans Binge drinking 0.08 BAC Blackout ( alcohol - related amnesia ) College student alcoholism Domestic violence Drinking games / pregaming Driving under the influence Drunkorexia Dry January Adult Children of Alcoholics Family systems French paradox High - functioning alcoholic ( HFA ) moonshine contamination Rum - running black market Sex Sin tax / Pigovian tax General Alcohol ( drug ) Short - term effects of alcohol consumption Long - term effects of alcohol consumption Psychoactive substance - related disorder ( F10 -- F19 , 291 -- 292 ; 303 -- 305 ) General SID Substance intoxication / Drug overdose Withdrawal Substance - induced psychosis SUD Substance abuse / Substance use disorder / Substance - related disorders Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence Alcohol SID Neurological disorders Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcohol withdrawal Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( FASD ) Fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS ) Korsakoff 's syndrome Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke 's encephalopathy Digestive system Alcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic liver disease Auto - brewery syndrome Nervous system Alcohol - related dementia Alcoholic hallucinosis Hangover Cardiovascular system Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcohol flush reaction SUD Alcoholism ( alcohol use disorder ) Binge drinking Caffeine SID Effect of caffeine on memory Caffeine - induced sleep disorder SUD Caffeine dependence Cannabis SID Effects of cannabis Long - term effects of cannabis SUD Cannabis dependence Cocaine SID Cocaine intoxication SUD Cocaine dependence Hallucinogen SID Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Opioids SID Opioid overdose SUD Opioid use disorder Sedative / hypnotic benzodiazepine : SID Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine withdrawal SUD Benzodiazepine use disorder Benzodiazepine dependence barbiturate : SID Barbiturate overdose SUD Barbiturate dependence Stimulants SID Stimulant psychosis SUD Amphetamine dependence Tobacco SID Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal SUD Nicotine dependence Volatile solvent Inhalant abuse : Toluene toxicity Poly drug use SID Combined drug intoxication SUD Polysubstance dependence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_tolerance&oldid=800643660 '' Categories : Alcohol Race and health Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
some individuals have a higher tolerance for the effects of alcohol than do others
|
[] |
[] |
3162081824126989751
|
Road Town
|
Road Town - wikipedia Road Town Town in British Virgin Islands , United Kingdom Road Town Town Road Town , Tortola Map showing Road Town within the BVI Coordinates : 18 ° 25 ′ 53 '' N 64 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 18.43139 ° N 64.62306 ° W / 18.43139 ; - 64.62306 Coordinates : 18 ° 25 ′ 53 '' N 64 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 18.43139 ° N 64.62306 ° W / 18.43139 ; - 64.62306 Country United Kingdom British Overseas Territory British Virgin Islands Island Tortola Elevation 10 m ( 30 ft ) Population ( 2012 ) Total 12,603 Postal Code VG1110 Road Town , located on Tortola , is the capital of the British Virgin Islands . It is situated on the horseshoe - shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island 's south coast . The population was about 9,400 in 2004 . The name is derived from the nautical term `` the roads '' , a place less sheltered than a harbour but which ships can easily get to . A 28 hectares ( 69 acres ) development called Wickham 's Cay , consisting of two areas that were reclaimed from the sea and a marina , have enabled Road Town to emerge as a haven for yacht chartering and a centre of tourism . This area is the newest part of the city and the hub for the new commercial and administrative buildings of the BVI . The oldest building in Road Town , HM Prison on Main Street , was built in 1774 . Contents 1 Climate 2 Transportation and tourism 3 History 4 Geographical limits 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate , moderated by trade winds . Temperatures vary little throughout the year . In the capital , Road Town , typical daily maxima are around 32 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) in the summer and 29 ° C ( 84.2 ° F ) in the winter . Typical daily minima are around 24 ° C ( 75.2 ° F ) in the summer and 21 ° C ( 69.8 ° F ) in the winter . Rainfall averages about 1,150 mm ( 45.3 in ) per year , higher in the hills and lower on the coast . Rainfall can be quite variable , but the wettest months on average are September to November and the driest months on average are February and March . Hurricanes occasionally hit the islands , with the hurricane season running from June to November . hide Climate data for Virgin Gorda , British Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33 ( 91 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 35 ( 95 ) 34 ( 93 ) 35 ( 95 ) 35 ( 95 ) 36 ( 96 ) 35 ( 95 ) 33 ( 92 ) 33 ( 91 ) 31 ( 87 ) 36 ( 96 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26 ( 79 ) 27 ( 80 ) 28 ( 82 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 87 ) 31 ( 87 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 85 ) 28 ( 82 ) 27 ( 80 ) 29 ( 84 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20 ( 68 ) 19 ( 67 ) 20 ( 68 ) 21 ( 69 ) 22 ( 71 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 73 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 71 ) 21 ( 69 ) 22 ( 71 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17 ( 62 ) 16 ( 60 ) 16 ( 60 ) 17 ( 62 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 65 ) 19 ( 66 ) 19 ( 66 ) 16 ( 61 ) 18 ( 64 ) 17 ( 63 ) 16 ( 60 ) 16 ( 60 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 74.2 ( 2.92 ) 63.2 ( 2.49 ) 55.4 ( 2.18 ) 84.6 ( 3.33 ) 116.6 ( 4.59 ) 70.6 ( 2.78 ) 83.1 ( 3.27 ) 112 ( 4.4 ) 156 ( 6.14 ) 133.4 ( 5.25 ) 178.8 ( 7.04 ) 112 ( 4.4 ) 1,239.9 ( 48.79 ) Source : Intellicast Transportation and tourism ( edit ) Road Town is one of the principal centres for bareboating ( self - hire yacht chartering ) in the Caribbean . Many successful yacht - charter businesses operate from Road Town . Cruise ships can be often seen docked here as well . The Harbour is a popular jumping - off point for many of the ferries servicing the island . The ferry terminal is located at the north - west end of Road Town . Ferries run during the day every day of the week , but rarely at night : it is important to consult an up - to - date ferry timetable in advance . Road Town is served by the British Virgin Islands ' only major airport , Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport ( IATA : EIS , ICAO : TUPJ ) , at Beef Island , within a short drive of the city . Only short haul flights are available from this airport , long distance flights are served by Cyril E. King Airport in the US Virgin Islands ( IATA : STT ICAO : TIST ) . `` Buses '' in Tortola refers to full - sized passenger vans , or large modified open - air pick - up trucks with bench seating and a canvas top : these are known locally as `` safaris '' . Traveling by bus can be less expensive than having a taxi to oneself , and is often an option when travelling from the airport to Road Town , or from town to either end of the island . History ( edit ) On 1 August 1834 , the Emancipation Proclamation was read at the Sunday Morning Well . In 1853 , a town - wide fire destroyed nearly every building in Road Town . The fire spread because of angry rioters protested an increase on the cattle tax . Rioters eventually set fire to most of the plantations across the island . On 4 September 2017 , The largest and strongest hurricane in history , Hurricane Irma , hit and devastated the island leaving behind multiple casualties in the aftermath . Geographical limits ( edit ) There is some ambiguity as to the precise geographical extent of Road Town . Approaching the town from the west , a sign at the bottom of Slaney Hill greets visitors to Road Town . But traditionalists assert that the town itself only starts from Road Reef and Fort Burt , and that Prospect Reef Hotel ( which covers almost all the land in between ) is not technically in Road Town . Approaching Road Town from the east , there is similar ambiguity if Road Town begins at the Port Purcell roundabout below Fort George , or whether it also includes Baughers ' Bay . Fort Burt and Fort George were the historical markers of the western and eastern limits of the town which benefitted from the protection of the Crown . Gallery ( edit ) Inland portion of the Waterfront Drive , in Road Town , Tortola Old Government House Main Street Harney Westwood & Riegels The old HM Prison Legislative Council Building The old Post Office Conyers Dill & Pearman and Colombian Emeralds bmobile 's headquarters in the BVI Shop on Main Street Safari buses See also ( edit ) British Virgin Islands portal Government House , the official residence of the Governor of the British Virgin Islands located in Road Town Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Gazetteer '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom -- British Virgin Islands Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Commonwealth Secretariat Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 404 '' . www.cruising.org . Jump up ^ John M Bryden . Tourism and Development : a case study of the Commonwealth Caribbean . p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` A Visit to HM Prison -- The Welcome Guide to the British Virgin Islands '' . www.bviwelcome.com . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Gorda historic weather averages in British Virgin Islands '' . Intellicast . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airport & Transportation in the British Virgin Islands '' . www.b-v-i.com . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : Damage mapped '' . BBC News . 2017 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road Town . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Road Town . Ferry Schedule Tortola Map & Guide Detailed map of Road Town article from Encyclopædia Britannica Real Travel / Frommer 's Travel Guide to Road Town Articles Related to Road Town Geographic locale Lat. and Long . 18 ° 25 ′ 53 '' N 64 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 18.43139 ° N 64.62306 ° W / 18.43139 ; - 64.62306 Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse - Terre , Guadeloupe ( France ) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos ( UK ) Fort - de-France , Martinique ( France ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( UK ) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy ( France ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( UK ) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin ( France ) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Oranjestad , Aruba ( Netherlands ) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Plymouth ( de jure ) Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat ( UK ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands ( UK ) Roseau , Dominica Saint - Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico ( US ) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George 's , Grenada St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba ( Netherlands ) The Valley , Anguilla ( UK ) Washington , D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao ( Netherlands ) Capitals of British administrative divisions National capital : London Constituent countries Crown dependencies British Overseas Territories London , England Edinburgh , Scotland Cardiff , Wales Belfast , Northern Ireland Saint Helier , Jersey Saint Peter Port , Guernsey Douglas , Isle of Man Episkopi Cantonment , Akrotiri and Dhekelia The Valley , Anguilla Hamilton , Bermuda Rothera , British Antarctic Territory Diego Garcia , British Indian Ocean Territory Road Town , British Virgin Islands George Town , Cayman Islands Stanley , Falkland Islands Gibraltar , Gibraltar Brades , Montserrat Adamstown , Pitcairn Islands Jamestown , Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha King Edward Point , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos Islands GND : 7543502 - 0 NARA : 10037394 VIAF : 159489391 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_Town&oldid=851336767 '' Categories : Road Town Populated places in the British Virgin Islands Capitals in North America Capitals in the Caribbean Capitals of British Overseas Territories Roadsteads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from July 2016 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
wickhams cay ii road town tortola british virgin islands
|
[] |
[] |
-7904727538260702373
|
Pituitary gland
|
Pituitary gland - wikipedia Pituitary gland This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pituitary gland Located at the base of the brain , the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone . Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey . Semidiagrammatic . Details Precursor neural and oral ectoderm , including Rathke 's pouch Artery superior hypophyseal artery , infundibular artery , prechiasmal artery , inferior hypophyseal artery , capsular artery , artery of the inferior cavernous sinus Identifiers Latin hypophysis , glandula pituitaria MeSH D010902 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1353 TA A11. 1.00. 001 FMA 13889 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Play media An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland ( Hypophysis cerebri ) & the congenital anomalies . In vertebrate anatomy , the pituitary gland , or hypophysis , is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams ( 0.018 oz ) in humans . It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain . The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity ( sella turcica ) covered by a dural fold ( diaphragma sellae ) . The anterior pituitary ( or adenohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that regulates several physiological processes ( including stress , growth , reproduction , and lactation ) . The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte - stimulating hormone . The posterior pituitary ( or neurohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk ( also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum ) . Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control : growth , blood pressure , energy management , all functions of the sex organs , thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy , childbirth , nursing , water / salt concentration at the kidneys , temperature regulation and pain relief . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Anterior 1.2 Posterior 2 Function 2.1 Anterior 2.2 Intermediate 2.3 Posterior 2.4 Hormones 3 Clinical significance 4 History 4.1 Etymology 4.1. 1 Pituitary gland 4.1. 2 Hypophysis 5 Other animals 5.1 Intermediate lobe 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The pituitary gland , in humans , is a pea - sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica . It is composed of three lobes : anterior , intermediate , and posterior . In many animals , these three lobes are distinct. The intermediate is avascular and almost absent in human beings . The intermediate lobe is present in many lower animal species , in particular in rodents , mice and rats , that have been used extensively to study pituitary development and function . In all animals , the fleshy , glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary , which is an extension of the hypothalamus . Histology of pituitary gland Anterior ( edit ) Main article : Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms Rathke 's pouch . This contrasts with the posterior pituitary , which originates from neuroectoderm . Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic capillaries leading to infundibular blood vessels , which in turn lead to a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary . This vascular relationship constitutes the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system . Diffusing out of the second capillary bed , the hypothalamic releasing hormones then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells , upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones . The anterior lobe of the pituitary can be divided into the pars tuberalis ( pars glandularis ) and pars distalis ( pars glandularis ) that constitutes ~ 80 % of the gland . The pars intermedia ( the intermediate lobe ) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis , and is rudimentary in the human , although in other species it is more developed . It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx ( stomal part ) known as Rathke 's pouch . The anterior pituitary contains several different types of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones . Usually there is one type of cell for each major hormone formed in anterior pituitary . With special stains attached to high - affinity antibodies that bind with distinctive hormone , at least 5 types of cells can be differentiated . S.No . Type of cell Hormone secreted Percentage of type of cell 1 . Somatotropes human growth hormone ( hGH ) 30 - 40 % 2 . Corticotropes adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH ) 20 % 3 . Thyrotropes thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) 3 - 5 % 4 . Gonadotropes gonadotropic hormone i.e. , both luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) 3 - 5 % 5 . Lactotropes prolactin ( PRL ) 3 - 5 % Posterior ( edit ) Main article : Posterior pituitary The posterior lobe develops as an extension of the hypothalamus . The posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus . The magnocellular neurosecretory cells , of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in the hypothalamus , project axons down the infundibulum to terminals in the posterior pituitary . This simple arrangement differs sharply from that of the adjacent anterior pituitary , which does not develop from the hypothalamus . The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the hypothalamus , albeit in different ways . Function ( edit ) Anterior ( edit ) The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones . All releasing hormones ( - RH ) referred to , can also be referred to as releasing factors ( - RF ) . Somatotropes : Human growth hormone ( HGH ) , also referred to as ' growth hormone ' ( GH ) , and also as somatotropin , is released under the influence of hypothalamic growth hormone - releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , and is inhibited by hypothalamic somatostatin . Corticotropes : Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein , and include adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , and beta - endorphin , and melanocyte - stimulating hormone are released under the influence of hypothalamic corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) . Thyrotropes : Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , is released under the influence of hypothalamic thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) and is inhibited by somatostatin . Gonadotropes : Luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . Follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) , both released under influence of Gonadotropin - Releasing Hormone ( GnRH ) Lactotropes : Prolactin ( PRL ) , whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH , oxytocin , vasopressin , vasoactive intestinal peptide , angiotensin II , neuropeptide Y , galanin , substance P , bombesin - like peptides ( gastrin - releasing peptide , neuromedin B and C ) , and neurotensin , and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine . These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus . Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system , called the hypothalamic - hypophysial portal system . There is also a non-endocrine cell population called folliculostellate cells . Intermediate ( edit ) The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormone : Melanocyte -- stimulating hormone ( MSH ) . This is also produced in the anterior lobe . When produced in the intermediate lobe , MSHs are sometimes called `` intermedins '' . Posterior ( edit ) The posterior pituitary stores and secretes ( but does not synthesize ) the following important endocrine hormones : Magnocellular neurons : Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH , also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin AVP ) , the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin , most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop . For example , uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary , which , in turn , increases uterine contractions . This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour . Hormones ( edit ) Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the following body processes : Growth ( GH ) Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth ( Parturition ) Breast milk production Sex organ functions in both males and females Thyroid gland function The conversion of food into energy ( metabolism ) Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys Temperature regulation Pain relief Clinical significance ( edit ) A normal sized hand ( left ) and the enlarged hand of someone with acromegaly ( right ) Main article : Pituitary disease Some of the diseases involving the pituitary gland are : Central diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin . Gigantism and acromegaly caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult respectively . Hypothyroidism caused by a deficiency of thyroid - stimulating hormone . Hyperpituitarism , the increased ( hyper ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland . Hypopituitarism , the decreased ( hypo ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland . Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones . Pituitary tumours . Pituitary adenomas , noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland . All of the functions of the pituitary gland can be adversely affected by an over - or under - production of associated hormones . The pituitary gland is important for mediating the stress response , via the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) Critically , pituitary gland growth during adolescence can be altered by early life stress such as childhood maltreatment or maternal dysphoric behavior . It has been demonstrated that , after controlling for age , sex , and BMI , larger quantities of DHEA and DHEA - S tended to be linked to larger pituitary volume . Additionally , a correlation between pituitary gland volume and Social Anxiety subscale scores was identified which provided a basis for exploring mediation . Again controlling for age , sex , and BMI , DHEA and DHEA - S have been found to be predictive of larger pituitary gland volume , which was also associated with increased ratings of social anxiety . This research provides evidence that pituitary gland volume mediates the link between higher DHEA ( S ) levels ( associated with relatively early adrenarche ) and traits associated with social anxiety . Children who experience early adrenarcheal development tend to have larger pituitary gland volume compared to children with later adrenarcheal development . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Pituitary gland ( edit ) The Greek physician Galen referred to the pituitary gland by only using the ( Ancient Greek ) name ἀδήν , gland . He described the pituitary gland as part of a series of secretory organs for the excretion of nasal mucus . Anatomist Andreas Vesalius translated ἀδήν with glans , in quam pituita destillat , `` gland in which slime ( pituita ) drips '' . Besides this ' descriptive ' name , Vesalius used glandula pituitaria , from which the English name pituitary gland is ultimately derived . The expression glandula pituitaria is still used as official synonym beside hypophysis in the official Latin nomenclature Terminologia Anatomica . In the seventeenth century the supposed function of the pituitary gland to produce nasal mucus was debunked . The expression glandula pituitaria and its English equivalent pituitary gland can only be justified from a historical point of view . The inclusion of this synonym is merely justified by noting that the main term hypophysis is a much less popular term . Hypophysis ( edit ) The anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring coined the name hypophysis . This name consists of ὑπό ( ' under ' ) and φύειν ( ' to grow ' ) . In later Greek ὑπόφυσις is used differently by Greek physicians as outgrowth . Sömmering also used the equivalent expression appendix cerebri , with appendix as appendage . In various languages , Hirnanhang in German and hersenaanhangsel in Dutch , the terms are derived from appendix cerebri . Other animals ( edit ) The pituitary gland is found in all vertebrates , but its structure varies among different groups . The division of the pituitary described above is typical of mammals , and is also true , to varying degrees , of all tetrapods . However , only in mammals does the posterior pituitary have a compact shape . In lungfish , it is a relatively flat sheet of tissue lying above the anterior pituitary , but in amphibians , reptiles , and birds , it becomes increasingly well developed . The intermediate lobe is , in general , not well developed in any species and is entirely absent in birds . The structure of the pituitary in fish , apart from the lungfish , is generally different from that in other animals . In general , the intermediate lobe tends to be well developed , and may equal the remainder of the anterior pituitary in size . The posterior lobe typically forms a sheet of tissue at the base of the pituitary stalk , and in most cases sends irregular finger - like projection into the tissue of the anterior pituitary , which lies directly beneath it . The anterior pituitary is typically divided into two regions , a more anterior rostral portion and a posterior proximal portion , but the boundary between the two is often not clearly marked . In elasmobranchs there is an additional , ventral lobe beneath the anterior pituitary proper . The arrangement in lampreys , which are among the most primitive of all fish , may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates . Here , the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain , and there is no pituitary stalk . Rathke 's pouch remains open to the outside , close to the nasal openings . Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue , corresponding to the intermediate lobe , and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary . These various parts are separated by meningial membranes , suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate , but associated , glands . Most armadillos also possess a neural secretory gland very similar in form to the posterior pituitary , but located in the tail and associated with the spinal cord . This may have a function in osmoregulation . There is a structure analogous to the pituitary in the octopus brain . Intermediate lobe ( edit ) Although rudimentary in humans ( and often considered part of the anterior pituitary ) , the intermediate lobe located between the anterior and posterior pituitary is important to many animals . For instance , in fish , it is believed to control physiological color change . In adult humans , it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary . The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( MSH ) , although this function is often ( imprecisely ) attributed to the anterior pituitary . The intermediate lobe is , in general , not well developed in tetrapods , and is entirely absent in birds . Additional images ( edit ) Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain Pituitary and pineal glands The arteries of the base of the brain . Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane . Pituitary Pituitary gland Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection . See also ( edit ) Dantian Head and neck anatomy Melanotroph References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibo H , Hokama M , Kyoshima K , Kobayashi S ( 1993 ) . `` ( Arteries to the pituitary ) '' . Nippon Rinsho. 51 ( 10 ) : 2550 -- 4 . PMID 8254920 . Jump up ^ Mancall , Elliott L. ; Brock , David G. , eds. ( 2011 ) . `` Cranial Fossae '' . Gray 's Clinical Anatomy . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 154 . ISBN 9781437735802 . ^ Jump up to : Melmed , Shlomo ( 2011 ) . The Pituitary - ( Third Edition ) . San Diego , CA 92101 - 4495 , USA : Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 380926 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Boron , Walter F. ; Boulpaep , Emile L. ( 2009 ) . Medical Physiology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier . pp. 1016 -- 1017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3115 - 4 . Jump up ^ Textbook of Medical Physiology . Elsevier Saunders . Jump up ^ Knepel W , Homolka L , Vlaskovska M , Nutto D. ( 1984 ) . Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin / beta - endorphin release by synthetic ovine corticotropin - releasing factor in vitro . Enhancement by various vasopressin analogs . Neuroendocrinology. 38 ( 5 ) : 344 - 50 . Jump up ^ Brunton , Laurence L. ; Chabner , Bruce A. ; Knollmann , Björn C. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Goodman & Gilman 's pharmacological basis of therapeutics ( 12th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 162442 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shlomo Melmed ( 3 December 2010 ) . The pituitary . Academic Press . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 380926 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Gillian ( 2006 ) . Human Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ganella , Despina E. ; Allen , Nicholas B. ; Simmons , Julian G. ; Schwartz , Orli ; Kim , Jee Hyun ; Sheeber , Lisa ; Whittle , Sarah . `` Early life stress alters pituitary growth during adolescence -- A longitudinal study '' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 53 : 185 -- 194 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2015.01. 005 . PMID 25622011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , CR ; Simmons , JG ; Allen , NB ; Byrne , ML ; Mundy , LK ; Seal , ML ; Patton , GC ; Olsson , CA ; Whittle , S ( February 2016 ) . `` Associations between dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) levels , pituitary volume , and social anxiety in children '' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 64 : 31 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2015.11. 004 . PMID 26600008 . ^ Jump up to : Hyrtl , J. ( 1880 ) . Onomatologia Anatomica . Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart . Wien : Wilhelm Braumüller . K.K. Hof - und Universitätsbuchhändler . ^ Jump up to : Liddell , H.G. & Scott , R. ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon . revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones . with the assistance of . Roderick McKenzie . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , C.T. & Short , C. ( 1879 ) . A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews ' edition of Freund 's Latin dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ^ Jump up to : Schreger , C.H. Th. ( 1805 ) . Synonymia anatomica . Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur . Fürth : im Bureau für Literatur . Jump up ^ Anderson , D.M. ( 2000 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 29th edition ) . Philadelphia / London / Toronto / Montreal / Sydney / Tokyo : W.B. Saunders Company . Jump up ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology ( FCAT ) ( 1998 ) . Terminologia Anatomica . Stuttgart : Thieme ^ Jump up to : Triepel , H. ( 1927 ) . Die anatomischen Namen . Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache . Anhang : Biographische Notizen. ( Elfte Auflage ) . München : Verlag J.F. Bergmann . Jump up ^ International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee ( 1966 ) . Nomina Anatomica . Amsterdam : Excerpta Medica Foundation , p. 62 Jump up ^ Pinkhof , H. ( 1923 ) . Vertalend en verklarend woordenboek van uitheemsche geneeskundige termen . Haarlem : De Erven F. Bohn . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 549 -- 550 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Wells , M.J. ; Wells , J. ( 1969 ) . `` Pituitary Analogue in the Octopus '' . Nature . 222 ( 5190 ) : 293 -- 294 . doi : 10.1038 / 222293a0 . External links ( edit ) Look up pituitary gland or hypophysis in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pituitary gland at Encyclopædia Britannica hier - 382 at NeuroNames Histology image : 14201loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University The Pituitary Gland , from the UMM Endocrinology Health Guide Oklahoma State , Endocrine System The Pituitary Foundation The Pituitary Network Association -- pituitary.org Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic tract Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic tract Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) GND : 4026389 - 7 NDL : 00565139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&oldid=850982697 '' Categories : Endocrine system Human head and neck Neuroendocrinology Human female endocrine system Pituitary gland Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 08 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where do the secretions of the pituitary gland drain to
|
[] |
[] |
-7462995606652395326
|
Romeo and Juliet
|
Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Romeo and Juliet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet Capulet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo Montague is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had snuck into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , discovering that Romeo is dead , stabs herself with his dagger and joins him in death . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising queer theory in Queering the Renaissance ( 1994 ) , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equivalent to $1,103,000 in 2017 ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two families as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 24 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues , with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues , while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio here quotes Karl A. Menninger 's Man Against Himself ( 1938 ) . Jump up ^ The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Levenson provides the quote from the 1960 interview with Zeffirelli in The Times . Jump up ^ Levenson credits this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ Brode quotes Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Brode cites Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker as examples . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . References All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Moore 1930 , pp. 264 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Higgins 1998 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins 1998 , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Hosley 1965 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 33 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : da Porto 1831 . Jump up ^ Prunster 2000 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 1937 , pp. 38 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Muir 1998 , pp. 86 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci 1993 -- 1994 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1902 , pp. 41 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 32 , 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 26 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1967 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Wells 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bowling 1949 , pp. 208 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger 2006 , pp. 73 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , pp. 68 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Siegel 1961 , pp. 371 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2007 , pp. 22 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans 1950 , pp. 841 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1939 , pp. 16 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Nevo 1972 , pp. 241 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1968 , pp. 663 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle 1964 , pp. 349 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lucking 2001 , pp. 115 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Driver 1964 , pp. 363 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1987 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , pp. 411 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 1964 , pp. 498 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bonnard 1951 , pp. 319 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 20 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Levin 1960 , pp. 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 52 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Wells 2004 , pp. 11 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Menninger 1938 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum 1997 , pp. 251 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 81 , 83 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1977 , pp. 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 25 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein 1989 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 , pp. 221 -- 7 . Jump up ^ da Porto 1868 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Leveen 2014 . Jump up ^ OED : balcony . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 100 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Branam 1984 , pp. 170 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stone 1964 , pp. 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Pedicord 1954 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Gay 2002 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 125 , 365 , 420 . Jump up ^ The Times 1845 . Jump up ^ Potter 2001 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winter 1893 , pp. 46 -- 7 , 57 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Mosel 1978 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 105 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 107 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Levenson 2000 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Holland 2001 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ The Times 1960 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pappe 1997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Quince 2000 , pp. 121 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Munro 2016 , pp. 68 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 2000 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Edgar 1982 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Marks 1997 . Jump up ^ Houlihan 2004 . Jump up ^ Barranger 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 1977 . Jump up ^ Hetrick & Gans 2013 . Jump up ^ Nestyev 1960 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winn 2007 . Jump up ^ Curnow 2010 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Meyer 1968 , pp. 38 . Jump up ^ Huebner 2002 . Jump up ^ Holden 1993 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Collins 1982 , pp. 532 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Levi 2002 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 43 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stites 1995 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 42 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 187 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Swift 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 75 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ehren 1999 . Jump up ^ Arafay 2005 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ OED : romeo . Jump up ^ Bly 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 352 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 126 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Orgel 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews 2017 . Jump up ^ Sabur 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson 2017 . Jump up ^ Pells 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 218 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Symonds 2017 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lanier 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Howard 2000 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Goyal 2013 . Jump up ^ International Business Times 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. vii . Sources Editions of Romeo and Juliet Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Spencer , T.J.B. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's I Capuleti ed i Montecchi '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Curnow , Robyn ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Wells , Stanley , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet 's Open Rs '' . In Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 218 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Ram Leela box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Hetrick , Adam ; Gans , Andrew ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . Translated by Sisson , C.H. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Grazia , Margreta de . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Houlihan , Mary ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Wherefore art thou , Romeo ? To make us laugh at Navy Pier '' . The Second City . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Huebner , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` Roméo et Juliette '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O006772 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Ram - leela Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Kennedy , Maev ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet get Twitter treatment '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . `` Juliet 's Nurse by Lois Leveen '' . Kirkus Reviews . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lee , Ashley ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Orlando Bloom 's Broadway Debut Released in Theaters for Valentine 's Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Levi , Erik ( 2002 ) . `` Romeo und Julia '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O007781 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . Marsh , Sarah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Menninger , Karl A. ( 1938 ) . Man Against Himself . New York : Harcourt Brace and Company . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and ' Clizia ' '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Mosel , Tad ( 1978 ) . Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0316585378 . Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801858499 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Munro , Ian ( 2016 ) . `` Performance History '' . In Lupton , Julia Reinhard . Romeo and Juliet : A Critical Reader . Arden Early Modern Drama Guides . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 53 -- 78 . ISBN 9781474216371 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Weekender Guide : Shakespeare on The Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . p. 46 . `` balcony '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) `` romeo '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL9780521844291 . ISBN 9781139001526 -- via Cambridge Core . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Pappe , Ilan ( 1997 ) . `` Post-Zionist Critique on Israel and the Palestinians Part III : Popular Culture '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . University of California Press . 26 ( 4 ) : 60 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 2537907 . eISSN 1533 - 8614 . ISSN 0377 - 919X . JSTOR 2537907 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Pells , Raquel ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . da Porto , Luigi ( 1831 ) ( first published c. 1531 ) . Istoria Novellamente Ritrovata di Due Nobili Amanti ( in Italian ) . Venice . da Porto , Luigi ( 1868 ) . `` The Original Story of Romeo and Juliet '' . In Pace - Sanfelice , G . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Translated by Pace - Sanfelice , G. Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . hdl : 2027 / mdp. 39015082232961 . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Prunster , Nicole , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Renaissance and reformation texts in translation . 8 . Translated by Prunster , Nicole . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ISSN 0820 - 750X . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Richardson , Hannah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sabur , Rozina ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Scarci , Manuela ( 1993 -- 1994 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 -- 15 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism : Excerpts from the Criticism of William Shakespeare 's Plays & Poetry , from the First Published Appraisals to Current Evaluations . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 9780810361294 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . JSTOR 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 12 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867455 . JSTOR 2867455 . Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : the Stratford and London companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Stites , Richard , ed. ( 1995 ) . Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20949 - 8 . Stone , George Winchester Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867891 . JSTOR 2867891 . Swift , Taylor ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` 10 Questions for Taylor Swift '' . Time . Time Warner . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Symonds , Dominic ( 2017 ) . `` ' We 're All in This Together ' : Being Girls and Boys in High School Musical ( 2006 ) '' . In Rodosthenous , George . The Disney Musical on Stage and Screen : Critical Approaches from ' Snow White ' to ' Frozen ' . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 169 -- 84 . ISBN 9781474234191 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . JSTOR 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . `` Haymarket Theatre '' . The Times . 31 December 1845 . p. 5 . `` The Zeffirelli Way : Revealing Talk by Florentine Director '' . The Times ( 54880 ) . London . 19 September 1960 . p. 4 . Gale Document # CS67985203 -- via Gale Group . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Wells , Stanley ( 2004 ) . Looking for Sex in Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54039 - 9 . Wells , Stanley ( 2013 ) . An A-Z Guide to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 191 - 74076 - 3 . Winn , Steven ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Michael Smuin : 1938 - 2007 / Prolific dance director had showy career '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Winter , William ( 1893 ) . The Life and Art of Edwin Booth . London : MacMillan and Co . External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! VIAF : 313670221 LCCN : n82116107 GND : 4099369 - 3 SUDOC : 02814385X BNF : cb12003684p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=828552129 '' Categories : Romeo and Juliet 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Literary duos Love stories British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Suicide in fiction Plays set in Italy Plays set in the 16th century Broken hearts Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from August 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who dies at the start of romeo and juliet
|
[] |
[] |
4580023397414837500
|
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters
|
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters - wikipedia University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters Jump to : navigation , search University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters Former names 1896 -- Faculty of Philosophy and Letters 1926 -- College of Liberal Arts 1964 -- Faculty of Arts and Letters ( Absorption of the Liberal Arts degrees from the College of Liberal Arts ) Established 1896 Dean Prof. Michael Anthony C. Vasco , PhD Regent Rev. Fr . Rodel E. Aligan , OP , SThD Students 3,982 ( as of 2011 ) Location St. Raymund de Peñafort Building , Quezon Drive , UST , Sampaloc , Manila Patron saint Saint Thomas More Colors Navy blue Nickname Artlets or AB Mascot Athena and Glaucus / `` Mulat '' the Owl The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters , popularly known as `` UST Artlets '' or `` UST AB '' , is the liberal arts college of the University of Santo Tomas , the oldest and the largest Catholic university in Manila , Philippines . Established in 1896 as the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters , the faculty is the first and oldest liberal arts school in the Philippines . It offers a Bachelor of Arts degree in different areas of Media Studies , Social Sciences and Humanities . It is proclaimed to be a Center of Excellence in Philosophy and a Center of Development in Communication Arts , Literature , and in Journalism by the Commission on Higher Education . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Faculty Hymn 3 Student population 4 Academic programs 5 Facilities 6 Research centers 7 UST Benavides Library 8 Faculty of Arts and Letters Student Council 9 Other Student organizations 10 Prominent alumni 10.1 Academe 10.2 Business 10.3 Film and television arts 10.4 Government and diplomatic affairs 10.5 History and historical figures 10.6 Law practice 10.7 Literature 10.8 Media and broadcasting 10.9 Publishing 10.10 Society , fashion , and culture 10.11 Socio - civic affairs and public advocacy 11 See also 12 References History ( edit ) The University of Santo Tomas started offering courses in liberal arts and philosophy since its foundation in 1611 . These courses were later institutionalized with the establishment of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters in 1896 . A College of Liberal Arts was also established in 1926 which was known for its preparatory courses for Law and Medical schools . The College of Liberal Arts is divided into Arts and Pure Sciences . The Pure Sciences department has diversified due to scientific advancements in the era and it has developed into the University of Santo Tomas College of Science . Consequently , the College of Liberal Arts merged with the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters in 1964 . Thus , modifying the faculty 's name into `` Arts and Letters '' . At the onset , the Faculty offered limited number of programs -- Associate in Arts ( A.A. ) , Bachelor of Arts ( A.B. ) , Bachelor of Literature ( Litt . B . ) , and Bachelor of Philosophy ( Ph . B . ) . In the course of time , new courses and majors gradually developed . In 1971 , the Faculty started offering Bachelor of Arts degree programs in Asian Studies , Behavioral Science ( originally Liberal Arts - Commerce ) , Communication Arts , Economics , Journalism , Literature , Philosophy , Political Science , Sociology , and Translation . The A.B. major in Translation was eventually phased out due to lack of enrollment and funding . In 1994 , the Faculty started offering a major in Legal Management , an interdisciplinary degree program in business management and law designed to suit the needs of students intending to go to law school after graduation with intentions to have other career prospects . In 2005 , the Faculty teamed up with the UST College of Education to offer a double degree -- Bachelor of Arts - Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Sciences / Studies ( AB - BSE ) . The program was discontinued in 2007 because of Philippine government regulations that would stretch the time to complete the AB - BSE degree to at least 5 years and 4 summers . In June 2011 , the Faculty started offering A.B. History and A.B. English Language Studies . Faculty Hymn ( edit ) The AB Hymn was written by the highly respected S.E.A. Write Awardee writer , Ophelia Alcantara Dimalanta , who also served as the Dean of the UST Faculty of Arts and Letters . The tune was composed by Paulo Zarate , the founding conductor of the Faculty 's official choir , the UST Chorus of Arts and Letters . The AB Hymn Carved from the mighty rock of faith Shaped by traditions of old Steered by God 's guiding hands Towards farther shores of our dreams Fitful vessel on the high seas Surging , undaunted , and free Sunlit decks ring with voices Resounding in one hymn at praise Life , Love , and Lore brimming full Tempered by His gentle hand The seas ' lucent blue to the distant white The minds ' calm reason and the hearts ' delight We are lovers of beauty Seekers after truth Pens ever - geared for sweetness and light Arts and Letters , our Glory and Pride Student population ( edit ) The college has approximately 4,000 students , unevenly distributed among twelve different disciplines . It offers the third highest number of academic programs in the university , with 12 academic degree programs , next only to the UST Graduate School and the University of Santo Tomas Conservatory of Music . In recent years , it has been yielding one of the largest number of graduates ( approx. 750 ) next only to the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering and UST College of Commerce and Business Administration and University of Santo Tomas Alfredo M. Velayo College of Accountancy ( approx. 800 - 900 each ) . The largest portion of the population in the Faculty of Arts and Letters belongs to the Communication Arts program . Academic programs ( edit ) The Faculty currently offers the following four - year academic degree programs . Each academic major has a local student council which is more often referred to as `` societies '' . Academic Program Society Description Bachelor of Arts in Asian Studies Asian Studies Society ( ASSoc ) interdisciplinary program in Asian history , philosophy , literatures , religions , geography , politics , demography , economies , area studies , cultures , and foreign service . Bachelor of Arts in Behavioral Science Behavioral Science Society ( BESSoc ) interdisciplinary program in psychology , human resource management , and organizational behavior . Bachelor of Arts in Communication Arts Communication Arts Students ' Association ( CASA ) interdisciplinary program in communications , broadcasting , advertising , public relations , and multimedia studies ( film , television , radio , digital technology ) . Bachelor of Arts in Economics Artlets Economic Society ( AES ) interdisciplinary program in economic theory , research and practice . Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies English Language Studies Society ( ELSSoc ) interdisciplinary program in the science and art of the English language with emphasis on morphology , syntax , grammar , pragmatics , World Englishes , English as a second language , applied linguistics and English for specific purposes . Bachelor of Arts in History UST History Society ( USTHSTSOC ) interdisciplinary program on Philippine , Southeast Asian , East Asian , European and World History including political , economic , cultural , and diplomatic history . It also gives emphasis on historiography , philosophy of history , historical methodology , and trends in historical writing . Bachelor of Arts in Journalism UST Journalism Society ( JournSoc ) interdisciplinary program in journalism , including business reporting , feature writing , newspaper production , development reporting , desktop publishing ( layouting ) , broadcast journalism , and investigative journalism . Bachelor of Arts in Legal Management Legal Management Society ( LMSoc ) interdisciplinary program in business management , public policy , and legal analysis . Bachelor of Arts in Literature UST Literary Society ( LitSoc ) interdisciplinary program in literary theory , genre studies , and creative writing . Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy Concilium Philosophiae ( Concilium ) interdisciplinary program in philosophical inquiry , research , and investigation . Bachelor of Arts in Political Science The Political Science Forum ( TPSF ) interdisciplinary program in public administration , history , geography , international relations , and diplomacy . Bachelor of Arts in Sociology UST Sociological Society ( USTSS ) interdisciplinary program in the analysis and application of social theories , intensive writing and research , public policy , psychology , immersions , and community development . The most popular programs , based on the number of students in recent years are Asian Studies , Communication Arts , Journalism , Legal Management , and Political Science ' . Facilities ( edit ) St. Raymund de Peñafort Building , which houses both the Faculty of Arts and Letters and the College of Commerce and Business Administration . The college is located in the first and second levels of Saint Raymund de Peñafort Building in the northeastern part of the UST campus , near Dapitan St. ( back of UST ) . The college shares the building with the UST College of Commerce and Business Administration which occupies the third and fourth levels . The college had a medium - sized auditorium ( Jose Rizal Conference Hall ) but was transformed into three expandable multimedia rooms , several audio - visual conference rooms , a fully wired computer laboratory , a student activity center , a faculty hall , fully air - conditioned classrooms , free wi - fi access , and photocopying machines . Research centers ( edit ) The college is affiliated with the following research institutes : University of Santo Tomas Center for Creative Writing and Literary Studies - a special academic unit run by literature professors and active writers ( poets , essayists , and novelists ) in the country and abroad . The center conducts literary workshops for a select group of literary enthusiasts , dubbed as Fellows . The Thomasian Writers Guild ( TWG ) is an independent association of U.S.T. students , faculty and alumni who are actively engaged in the literary field . Members frequently run or at least participate in the projects of the center . UST benavides Library ( edit ) Among its many departments , the UST Miguel de Benavidez Library has nine departments which suit the academic requirements of the college : Humanities Section - books on world literature and philosophy . Languages Section - books on languages , linguistics , and speech communication . Filipiniana Section - books on economics , history , arts , culture , literature , etc. that was published in the Philippines . Civil Law Section - books on laws and jurisprudence . Social Sciences Section - books on history , education , economics , political science , psychology etc . Asian Studies Section - books on Asian history , geography , politics , society , etc . Religion Section - books on religion and philosophy . Periodicals Section - hard copies of major newspapers and magazines from the pre-war period up to the present . General References Section - encyclopedias , dictionaries , atlases , almanacs , etc . Educational Technology Center ( Ed - Tech Center ) - supervises the Tomcat , a student - run cable television network . The center has mini-theatres , audio - visual rooms , and an archive of important films , television documentaries , and audio - CDs . The library also has conference rooms readily available and free - of - charge to students and faculty upon prior reservation . Faculty of Arts and Letters student Council ( edit ) The Faculty of Arts and Letters Student Council ( referred to as ABSC for brevity ) - is the primary student governing body of all bonafide students of the Faculty of Arts and Letters . It is currently divided into two bodies , namely , the Executive Board , and the Board of Majors . The Executive Board is composed of the seven faculty - wide elective officers ( President , Vice President for External Affairs , Vice President for Internal Affairs , Secretary , Treasurer , Auditor , and Public Relations Officer ) , and the Board of Majors , colloquially referred to as `` Bom '' , which exercises quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial powers , is composed of the highest executive officer of each existing academic society in the faculty . The ABSC Constitution provides for a need to have a Speaker in the Board of Majors . Current initiatives of the Board of Majors include the de facto Deputy Speaker and Secretary . The contemporary ABSC can trace its roots from the Pax Romana which exercises the functions of a student forum in the university during the Martial Law period in the Philippines under the dictatorship of President Ferdinand E. Marcos . A student council was already in operation when the Marcos administration discouraged the formation of student councils . The former AB Student Council ceased operations . Although , to further put into realization in the context of academic and social liberty as students of the premiere liberal arts college of the University of Santo Tomas , academic societies were founded in the 1970s and are still existing today and are older than many student councils . However , no academic society in the faculty held the specific term `` Student Council '' and there was no unifying student council for all students of Arts and Letters back then . Malacañang heard of the students ' initiative to create a faculty - wide AB Student Council and summoned its supposed founder into the Palace , Reynaldo Lopez , then President of the Pax Romana , to defend the rationale behind the creation of the student council in front of President Marcos himself . Creation of such organization is something which was not allowed during the era of dictatorship for it might trigger radical ideas and initiate revolt against the idea of a `` new society '' which Marcos forcefully inculcates the nation with . Through the efforts of this new breed of student leaders , the ABSC was founded as the first student council of its kind in the country , in the year 1980 , exercising autonomy and executive powers from the mandate vested upon the council officers by the students of the faculty . The founder , Reynaldo Lopez , became the first vice president , and Ronald Llamas , a member of President Benigno `` Noynoy '' Aquino 's cabinet , served as the first president of the student council . The ABSC President , along with other presidents of college and faculty student councils create the legislative branch of the university - wide Central Student Council ( which was also reinstituted by ABSC pillar Reynaldo Lopez ) . They are known as the UST CSC Central Board and they are the counterpart of the more popular executory branch of the Central Student Council , UST CSC Executive Board , who are elected via university - wide voting . Student council elections are held during the last few weeks of the school year . However , it was not until 1991 , under the presidency of Angelito Villanueva , that this practice came into surface . Villanueva was the first ABSC President to serve for two academic years ( 1990 - 1992 ) . Aside from contributing to university - wide changes , the ABSC is known to lead the portion of Thomasian students who are serving as the front liners in rallies and causes , events of national essence and socio - political gatherings inside or outside the university . Aside from Atty . Reynaldo Lopez , Sec . Ronald Llamas , Lito Villanueva , Chito Maniago and Jeffrey Espiritu , many alumni of the AB Student Council - both members of the Executive Board and the Board of Majors , are now successful names in their chosen profession . More than the positions ascribed unto them by their respective offices , the experience acquired in the highest governing body of the most active studentry in the campus helps in educating themselves as they graduate . Other student organizations ( edit ) The college is home to various student organizations . Student regulatory bodies : Commission on Elections ( AB COMELEC ) - the official student elections authority of the college . Student publications : The Flame - the official student publication of the college , which has produced internationally acclaimed journalists and award - winning writers . Dapitan - the award - winning literary folio of The Flame , named after Dapitan St. , running at the north side of the college . Student academic organizations : UST Artlets Economics Society ( AES ) - the official student organization of Economics majors ; the Artlets is used a prefix to distinguish the group from the UST Economics Society , the organization of Economics majors in the UST College of Commerce and Business Administration . UST Asian Studies Society ( ASSoc ) - the official student organization of Asian Studies majors . UST Behavioral Science Society ( BESSoc ) - the official student organization of Behavioral Science majors . UST Communication Arts Students Association ( CASA ) - the official student organization of Communication Arts majors . They are a founding member of the Metro Manila Alliance of Communication Students , a federation of mass media academic organizations from different colleges and universities in Metro Manila . Also , it is an active partner of the Philippine Association of Communication Educators ( PACE ) , an organization composed by many mass media professionals from all parts of the country . This society has the most number of guilds in the Faculty , namely : the CASA Cam , Reel , Rhetoric , MusiCASA , Footworks , Channel , Stage Talents , Ad - venture and Chronicle . UST Journalism Society ( JournSoc ) - the official student organization of Journalism majors . UST English Language Studies Society ( ELSSoc ) - the official student organization of English Language Studies majors . UST History Society ( USTHSTSOC ) - founded in 2011 , it is the official student organization of History majors . UST Legal Management Society ( LM Soc ) - the official student organization of Legal Management majors . The group is a founding member of the Philippine Alliance of Legal Management Societies ( PALMS ) , a federation of legal management societies in different colleges and universities in the country . Also , LM Soc is a founding member of the Alliance of Legal Management Associations of the Philippines , Inc . ( ALMAP , Inc . ) , the existing alliance of different schools from Luzon to Visayas proffering Legal Management as a discipline . In March 2001 , LM Soc produced most of the year 's academic and leadership awardees , including the top three graduates in the entire college . UST Literary Society ( LitSoc ) - the official student organization of Literature majors . UST Philosophy Council or Concilium Philosophiae - the official student organization of Philosophy majors . In 1998 , the group started recruiting members from outside the Philosophy Department . The purpose is to promote philosophy and debate as an interesting discipline even to non-philosophy students . The Political Science Forum ( TPSF ) - the official student organization of Political Science majors , and currently the sole Political Science student - organization of the University of Santo Tomas . It serves as the bulwark of Political education and awareness in the Faculty and the University . It is affiliated with APSOP ( Association of Political Science Organizations of the Philippines ) , a number of other organizations , and its faculty are members and officers of the PPSA ( Philippine Political Science Association ) . The Political Science Society , its forerunner , was founded in 1980 by the batch of Atty . Reynaldo Lopez , who also co-founded the AB Student Council . In 1991 , it was turned into The Political Science Forum , and in 1992 its Constitution was drafted by a Commission , part of which are Political Analyst Edmund Tayao , and Prof. Reynald Trillana who are AB Faculty Members . UST Sociological Society ( USTSS ) - the official student organization of Sociology majors . Special interest groups : Artistang Artlets ( AA ) - the official theater organization of the Faculty . UST Chorus of Arts and Letters ( AB Chorale / ABC ) - the official student choral group of the college ; competes with the choral groups of the other colleges of the university in the annual Himig Tomasino . Officially founded in 1995 by Dean Ophelia Dimalanta . AB Dance Synergy ( ABDS ) - the official dance troupe of the Faculty . AB Debate Parliament ( ABDP ) - the official debate organization of the Faculty of Arts and Letters . The AB team won the Dialectics Debate Competition , the competition sponsored by the Thomasian Debaters Council , in 2008 . AB International Youth Council ( AB IYC ) AB Knighted Owls ( AVA ) - official drum line organization of the Faculty ; seeking OSA recognition since its institutionalization as a committee of the ABSC in 2011 . Artlets Basketball Team - the official student basketball team of the college ; competes with other colleges in intramural games . Artlets Volleyball Team - the official student volleyball team of the college ; competes with other colleges in intramural games . AB Pautakan Team - the official student quiz team of the college ; competes in the annual university - wide Pautakan Quiz Competition sponsored by The Varsitarian , the oldest university - wide student publication in the Philippines . The AB team reigned as Pautakan grand champions in 1979 , 1989 , from 2002 to 2006 , and 2009 beating all competing colleges across diverse fields of medicine , engineering , architecture , education , commerce , etc . AB Pax Romana - college based unit of the Central Pax Romana , the University 's official Religious Organization . AB Football Club ( ABFC ) - the official student football team of the college ; aside from competing with the other colleges and faculties in the University , this team also competes with tournaments outside the campus . Student political parties : DEKADA - the second oldest political party in the college ; formerly referred to as `` Dekada Nobenta '' because of its foundation in December 2 of the year 1992 ; affiliated with the AKLAS ( Alyansa ng Kristiyanong Lakas ) Central Political Party . Grand Alliance for Progress ( GAP ) - the first political party in the college to be established after the year 2000 . During its early existence , GAP actively participated in the second People Power Revolution that toppled the regime of President Joseph Estrada . Also a pioneer member of the LTC , but pulled out their affiliation in 2006 . Students ' Democratic Party ( SDP ) - the oldest student political party in the Philippines ; established on June 12 , 1981 during the Ferdinand Marcos regime ; one of the student political parties that established the Lakas Tomasino Coalition ( LTC ) , a university wide political party . SDP is still an affiliate party of the said coalition and is the ruling party in terms of number of Executive Board Officers since School Year 2009 . Student Alliance for the Advancement of Democratic Rights in UST ( STAND - UST ) - the newest political party in the college , it was founded in 2015 . Prominent alumni ( edit ) This article 's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia 's verifiability or notability policies . Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND alumni , or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( May 2017 ) Some of the college 's notable alumni ( graduates and former students ) , in alphabetical order : Academe ( edit ) Romualdo Abulad - Filipino philosopher ; Post-doctoral fellow , Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung , University of Hamburg , Germany ; foremost Kant scholar in the Philippines ; Member , Philippine Academy of Philosophical Research Joyce Arriola - National Book Award for Film Criticism winner ( 2007 ) , internationally published literary and media studies scholar , and text book author ; current Chair , UST Literature Department Clarence Batan - Doctoral Fellow in Sociology , Dalhousie University , Canada ; 1995 Awardee , Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines ( TOSP ) ; Associate Professor of Sociology , University of Santo Tomas Paolo Bolanos - Filipino philosopher ; Postgraduate Research Full Scholar , Macquarie University , Australia ; Founding Editor - in - Chief , Kritike : An Online Journal of Philosophy ; Author , On Affirmation and Becoming : A Deleuzian Introduction to Nietzsche 's Ethics and Ontology ( Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2014 ) ; Chair , UST Department of Philosophy ; Member , Philippine Academy of Philosophical Research Alfredo Co - Filipino philosopher ; Post-doctoral Fellow in Philosophy , Sorbonne University of Paris and the Chinese University of Hong Kong ; author of the 7 volume Philosophical Silk Road , 2009 ; chair of CHED Technical Panel for Philosophy ; Visiting Professor in the leading Departments of Philosophy in Europe , North America and Asia ; Full Professor of Philosophy , University of Santo Tomas ; President , Philippine Academy of Philosophical Research Cynthia Roxas - Del Castillo - first female Dean , Ateneo Law School ; second female Editor - in - Chief , Ateneo Law Journal Johnny Delgado - Founding Chairman and President , Actors Workshop Foundation ; former Chairman , Committee on Education and Culture , Katipunan ng mga Artista ng Pelikulang Pilipino ( Screen Actors Guild of the Philippines ) ; drama instructor , Asia Pacific Film Institute Ophelia Alcantara - Dimalanta - S.E.A. Write Awardee ; former Executive Director , UST Center for Creative Writing and Studies ; former Dean , UST Faculty of Arts and Letters ; textbook author ; literary critic Ernesto A. Franco - Alfred Sloan Foundation Fellow and Asia Foundation Scholar , Harvard University ; FAPE Grantee , Project Management Program , University of California at Los Angeles ; British Council Awardee , Open University , United Kingdom Cristina Pantoja - Hidalgo - former Vice President for Public Affairs , University of the Philippines ; former Director , UP Institute of Creative Writing , current Director UST Center for Creative Writing and Literary Studies ( CCWLS ) Bienvenido Lumbera - Professor , School of Humanities , Ateneo de Manila University , Professor Emeritus , UP College of Arts and Letters ; Professor of Literature and Creative Writing , De La Salle University - Manila College of Liberal Arts ; co-founder , Bienvenido N. Santos Creative Writing and Research Center , DLSU - Manila Arlene Maneja - 2002 Philippine Bar Topnotcher ; 2002 Awardee , Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines ( TOSP ) ; Philippine Representative , Hitachi Young Leaders ' Initiative ( HYLI ) ; Lecturer , UST Faculty of Civil Law ; took graduate programs at the University of Pennsylvania and the Asian Institute of Management Erlita P. Mendoza - Kapampangan Literature specialist ; National Book Award for Biography winner ( 2004 ) for `` A Cofradia of Two : Oral History on the Family Life and Lay Religiosity of Juan D. Nepomuceno and Teresa G. Nepomuceno of Angeles , Pampanga '' ; Chief Researcher and Writer of the President Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library ; former Varsitarian and Flame reporter / staff Ponciano Pineda - former Chairman , National Commission on the Filipino Language ; Editor - in - Chief , Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino Emerita Quito - Filipino philosopher ; Doctoral scholar , University of Fribourg , Switzerland ; foremost specialist in Continental Philosophy in the Philippines ; Member , Philippine Academy of Philosophical Research Alejandro Roces - President , CAP College Foundation ; former Secretary of Education ; columnist , The Philippine Star Josefina S. Sumaya - President , Trinity University of Asia ( formerly Trinity College of Quezon City ) Magdalena Alonso - Villaba - Dean Emeritus , UST Graduate School ; Dean Emeritus , UST Faculty of Arts and Catholic Author 's Awardee Business ( edit ) Noel Toti Cariño - Chairman and President , Manila Times Publishing Corporation ; Chairman of the Board , Boracay Environmental Solutions ; President , Forest Hills Golf and Country Club , Inc. , Fil - Estate Realty Corporation , Caliraya Springs Golf and Country Club ; former Director , Metro Rail Transport Inc . Nilo Divina - Senior Vice President and Corporate Secretary , Equitable - PCI Bank Marie Katherine Francisco - Assistant Vice President , Barclays Capital Singapore ; Manager , Thomson Financial ( Philippines ) Inc . Francisco Ed Lim - President , Philippine Stock Exchange ; Partner , ACCRA Law Firm ( second largest law firm ) Jose Lina ( Joey Lina ) - President , Manila Hotel Jeffrey O. Tarayao - President , One Meralco Foundation , Chief Corporate Social Responsibility Officer of Meralco ; Grand Anvil Awardee Film and television Arts ( edit ) Cesar Apolinario - film director ; Best Director for Banal , 2007 Metro Manila Film Festival Bernardo Bernardo - stage , TV and film actor ; Best Actor Urian Awards ( Ishmael Bernal 's Manila by Night ) ; singer , writer , director , comedian ; Tagalog lecturer , University of California Riverside Winnie Cordero ( Rowena Cordero ) - main cast at Sine Skwela , Batibot , Magandang Umaga Pilipinas and Umagang Kay Ganda ; television and film actress ; television host at ABS - CBN ; 2005 & 2006 Golden Dove Awardee for Best Variety Radio Program Host Lourd Ernest de Veyra - songwriter and lead vocalist of rock band Radioactive Sago Project ; member , Artists for the Removal of Gloria ( ARREST Gloria ) Johnny Delgado - multi-awarded film , television and stage actor ; drama instructor , Asia Pacific Film Institute Butch Francisco - entertainment writer and talkshow host Rodolfo R. Lana Jr . ( Jun Lana ) - playwright , screenwriter and director ; trained at the Australian Film Institute Gretchen Malalad - field reporter , ABS - CBN ; former housemate , Pinoy Big Brother : Celebrity Edition ; Southeast Asian Games gold medalist for Karate Albert Martinez - multi-awarded television and film actor ; commercial model Piolo Pascual - multi-awarded actor , singer , and commercial model , honorary member , Teatro Tomasino Gil Portes - acclaimed director of films such as Mga Munting Tinig , Saranggola , and Gatas , which received awards and nominations both locally and abroad . Rommel Tolentino ( Milo Tolentino ) - Best Short Film Winner for Orasyon , 2006 Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival Eula Valdez - multi-awarded television and film actress ; commercial model Lito Zulueta - President , Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino ( Filipino critics organization ) Government and diplomatic affairs ( edit ) Alfredo Benipayo - former Court Administrator of the Philippine Supreme Court ; Commission on Elections Chairman ; Solicitor General ; and current Dean of the UST Faculty of Civil Law Arturo Buena - former Supreme Court Associate Justice and Court of Appeals Presiding Justice Harriet Demetriou - former Commission on Elections Chairperson , Sandiganbayan Associate Justice Henrietta De Villa ( Tita de Villa ) - former Philippine Ambassador to the Vatican City Zenaida Elepaño - Supreme Court Deputy Court Administrator Jose Lina ( Joey Lina ) - former Philippine Senator , Interior and Local Government Secretary , and Laguna Governor Rosario N. Lopez - former Chairwoman , Securities and Exchange Commission Hesiquio R. Mallillin - Commissioner , Commission on Human Rights Andres Narvasa - former Supreme Court Chief Justice ; Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for Constitutional Reform Bernardo Pardo - former Supreme Court Associate Justice and Commission on Elections Chairman Enrique Syquia - former Philippine Ambassador to Malta ; founding publisher of The Lawyers Review Francisco Tatad - former Philippine Senator and Minister of Public Information Aurelio `` Öyi '' Umali - Governor , Province of Nueva Ecija Rosalinda Asuncion Vicente - Associate Justice , Philippine Court of Appeals Victor Ziga - former Philippine Senator History and historical figures ( edit ) Jose Rizal - the National Hero of the Philippines ; author , Noli Me Tangere , El Filibusterismo , and Mi Ultimo Adios . Gregorio F. Zaide - history professor ; author , History of Asian Nations ; former President , Philippine Historical Association Law practice ( edit ) Cynthia Roxas - Del Castillo - former Dean , Ateneo Law School ( first and only female dean ) ; former Editor - in - Chief , Ateneo Law Journal ( second female editor - in - chief ) Nilo Divina - Senior Vice President and Corporate Secretary , Equitable - PCI Bank Florin T. Hilbay - Solicitor General , 1999 Philippine Bar Topnotcher ; Ll. M Yale Law School ( 2005 ) ; Associate Professor ( On Secondment ) , University of the Philippines College of Law Maria Liza A. Lopez - Rosario - Doctor of Civil Law , apto cum laude por unanimidad , Complutense University of Madrid , 1998 ; Senior Associate , Romulo Mabanta Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los Angeles ( third largest law firm in the country ) ; Professorial Lecturer , La Salle - FEU MBA - JD Program ; Lecturer and Bar Reviewer , UST Faculty of Civil Law Francisco Ed Lim - President of the Philippine Stock Exchange ; Partner , ACCRA Law Firm Arlene Maneja - 2002 Philippine Bar Topnotcher ; Associate , Siguion Reyna Montecillo & Ongsiako ( oldest law firm in the country ) ; Lecturer , UST Faculty of Civil Law ; Bar Reviewer , National Bar Review Consortium Jose C. Sison - Founder , Ipaglaban Mo Foundation ; public affairs host , Ikaw at Ang Batas ; columnist , Philippine Daily Inquirer ; author , A Law Each Day Literature ( edit ) Alejandro Abadilla - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; Founder , Kapisanang Balagtas Rebecca T. Añonuevo - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; National Book Awardee for Literary Criticism Roberto T. Añonuevo - Hall of Fame , Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature Teo Antonio - renowned poet Arnold Molina Azurin - renowned poet , anthropologist Cirilo F. Bautista - Literary contributor , Panorama Lifestyle Magazine ; renowned poet , fictionist , critic and writer of nonfiction Jose Wendell Capili - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature Michael Coroza - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; Professor , Creative Writing Program , Ateneo de Manila University Ophelia Alcantara - Dimalanta - S.E.A. Write Awardee ; Executive Director , UST Center for Creative Writing and Studies ; former Dean , UST Faculty of Arts and Letters ; poet , fictionist , critic Lourd Ernest de Veyra - poet , songwriter , member , Artists for the Removal of Gloria ( ARREST Gloria ) Eric Gamalinda - renowned poet J. Neil Garcia - renowned poet and literary critic Eric Giron - Golden Owl Awardee for Literature ; former editor , Mirror Magazine ; short story writer Amado V. Hernandez - renowned poet , journalist , novelist , playwright Cristina Pantoja - Hidalgo - former Executive Director , UP Institute for Creative Writing ; Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; former Dean , UP College of Arts and Letters ; former Director , UP Press Nick Joaquin - National Artist for Literature F. Sionil Jose - National Artist for Literature ; Ramon Magsaysay Awardee Rodolfo R. Lana Jr . ( Jun Lana ) - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; playwright , screenwriter and director Bienvenido Lumbera - National Artist for Literature ; Ramon Magsaysay Awardee Jose Villa Panganiban - Commissioner on Filipino Language ; Editor - in - Chief , Diksyunaryo - Tesauro Pilipino - Ingles Ponciano Pineda - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; Chairman , National Commission on the Filipino Language ; Editor - in - Chief , Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino Rogelio R. Sikat - Carlos Palanca Awardee for Literature ; fictionist , playwright , translator and educator . Angelo V. Suarez - award - winning young poet and advocate of verbo - visual poetics Rolando Tinio - renowned poet , director , actor , critic , essayist and educator Media and broadcasting ( edit ) Sandra Aguinaldo - investigative reporter and field correspondent , GMA Network ; 2008 Silver Screen Awardee , US International Film & Video Festival ; 2008 Silver Medalist , New York Festivals Arnold Clavio - newscaster and public affairs host , GMA Network ; 2008 Silver Screen Awardee , US International Film & Video Festival ; 2008 Bronze Medalist and UNDP Special Awardee , New York Festivals Winnie Cordero ( Rowena Cordero ) - television host , ABS - CBN ; radio program host , DZMM ; 2005 & 2006 KBP Golden Dove Awardee for Best Variety Radio Program Host Christian Esguerra - Reporter , ABS - CBN News . Former reporter for the Philippine Daily Inquirer . Also a professor of journalism in the Faculty of Arts and Letters Glenda Gloria - Managing editor , Rappler.com ; former COO of ANC News Channel ; National Book Awardee for `` Under the Crescent Moon : Rebellion in Mindanao '' Maki Pulido - senior news producer and reporter , GMA Network ; 2008 Gold Medalist , New York Festivals Jasmin Romero - Anchor , reporter , ABS - CBN ; 2007 KBP Golden Dove Awardee for Best Radio Newscaster ; news anchor , host , and segment producer for Radio Mindanao Networks ; news anchor , reporter and public affairs host , National Broadcasting Network ( formerly PTV - 4 ) ; founder , Philippine Internet Broadcast International Ali Sotto - newscaster and public affairs host , ABC - 5 ; radio program host , DZBB ; television and film actress ; singer of the hit single `` Tigidong '' . Publishing ( edit ) Eugenia Duran Apostol - Founder , Philippine Daily Inquirer ; first recipient , UP Gawad Plaridel ( highest individual media award ) ; Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Journalism Herbert Atienza - staff reporter , The Press - Enterprise ( Riverside , California ) ; The Idaho Statesman ( Boise , Idaho ) ; The Journal - American ( Bellevue , Washington ) Teodoro Benigno ( Teddy Benigno ) - journalist ; chief speechwriter of President Corazon Aquino Cirilo F. Bautista - literary contributor , Panorama Lifestyle Magazine Paolo A. Bolaños - Founding Editor - in - Chief , KRITIKE : An Online Journal of Philosophy Jose Burgos , Jr. - journalist , activist Noel Toti Cariño - Chairman and President , Manila Times Publishing Corporation and Newsboy Media Corporation Lydia Castillo - columnist , Starweek Magazine Joseph Voltaire Contreras - Metro editor , Philippine Daily Inquirer Neal Cruz - columnist , The Philippine Daily Inquirer Rina Jimenez - David - columnist , The Philippine Daily Inquirer and Sunday Inquirer Magazine Jullie Yap - Daza - former Editor - in - Chief , Manila Standard ; Columnist , `` The Manila Bulletin , '' Editorial Consultant , `` Sense&Style Magazine , '' Columnist , Panorama Lifestyle Magazine ; talk show host ; author Lourd Ernest de Veyra - journalist ; lead vocalist of rock band Radioactive Sago Project Blanquita David Gallardo - former editor , Asia Magazine and Dimensions ( Hong Kong - based magazines ) ; Golden Owl Awardee for Journalism Marietta Velasco Giron - former columnist , The Philippine Daily Inquirer and Malaya ; Golden Owl Awardee for Journalism Glenda Gloria - Managing editor , Rappler.com ; former COO of ANC News Channel ; National Book Awardee for `` Under the Crescent Moon : Rebellion in Mindanao '' Ninez Cacho - Olivarez - Founding Publisher and Editor - in - chief , The Daily Tribune Jeremiah Opiniano - contributor , The Philippine Daily Inquirer ; Founder , OFW Journalism Consortium Pam Pastor - Lifestyle editor , The Philippine Daily Inquirer Evelyn Sebastian Peplow - editor , Oxford University Press , Gullivers Books , and Orientations Magazines ; Golden Owl Awardee for Book Publishing Alice Colet Villadolid - Correspondent for The New York Times and Newsweek International . Lito Zulueta - Palanca - winning essayist ; film critic and columnist ; public relations practitioner ; President , Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino ( Filipino critics organization ) Society , fashion , and culture ( edit ) Rosemarie Arenas ( Baby Arenas ) - philanthropist , socialite , concert producer Alice Dixon ( Jessie Alice Salones Dixon ) - Binibining Pilipinas - International 1986 ; Miss International 1986 Semi-finalist ; television and film actress Gladys Dueñas - Binibining Pilipinas - International 1995 ; Miss International 1995 Semi-finalist ; television and film actress Tweetie De Leon - Gonzales - Supermodel of the Philippines 1987 ; Supermodel of the World 1987 delegate ; former President , Professional Models Association of the Philippines ; television and film actress ; fashion model ; columnist Patricia Anne Bermudez - Hizon ( Sha - ann Bermudez ) - 1996 Binibining Pilipinas Semi-finalist ; 1999 Mutya ng Pilipinas Semi-finalist Bridgette Inoferio - Model of the Year 2005 ; Best Model of the World 2004 1st Runner - up Evangeline Pascual - Miss Republic of the Philippines 1973 ; Miss World 1973 1st Runner - up ; television and film actress Montserrat Kierulf Preysler - Face of the Year 1999 ; fashion and commercial model ; associate at McCann Erickson Singapore Joanne Quintas - Primero - Binibining Pilipinas - Universe 1995 ; Miss Universe 1995 11th placer ( preliminary round ) ; Miss Tourism International 1997 ; television and film actress Daisy Reyes - Binibining Pilipinas - World 1996 ; Miss Personality of the World 1996 ; Miss Expo International 1997 4th Runner - up ; entrepreneur Michelle Reyes - Miss Tourism World 2002 ; Miss Tourism International 2001 ; Model of the Universe - Asia 2002 Socio - civic affairs and public advocacy ( edit ) Eugenia Duran Apostol - Founder , Foundation for Worldwide People Power ; one of 65 Great Asian Heroes , Time Magazine ( Nov. 2006 ) Noel Toti Cariño - Chairman and Founder , War Against Poverty Foundation ; Kilusan at Ugnayan ng Maralitang Pasigueño Lourd Ernest de Veyra - member , Artists for the Removal of Gloria ( ARREST Gloria ) ; lead vocalist , Radioactive Sago Project Henrietta De Villa ( Tita de Villa ) - National Chairperson , Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting ( PPCRV ) ; former Chairperson , Pontifical Council for the Laity ; Papal Awardee See also ( edit ) University of Santo Tomas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bulauan , J.A.A. & Garcia , J.C.V. ( 2011 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Too many students , so few classrooms '' . The Varsitarian . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ambeth Ocampo , Director , National Historical Institute , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CA now center of development ; Philo , JRN , Lit retain accreditation status - The Flame The official student publication of the UST Faculty of Arts and Letters '' . The Flame The official student publication of the UST Faculty of Arts and Letters . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Official prospectus , UST Faculty of Arts and Letters , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Enrollment records , UST Office of the University Registrar , 2001 - 2006 . Jump up ^ Official map , University of Santo Tomas , 2006 . Jump up ^ Facilities , UST Faculty of Arts and Letters , 2006 . Jump up ^ Attached offices , UST Faculty of Arts and Letters , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Division map , UST Central Library , 2006 . Jump up ^ Library services , UST Central Library , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : List of student organizations , UST Artlets Student Council , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zayat , Kimvirly ( 2015 ) . `` HSTSOC , int'l youth org now OSA - recognized '' . The Flame. 51 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ List of members , UST Artlets Alumni Association , 2008 . ( hide ) University of Santo Tomas Colleges Accountancy Architecture Arts & Letters Civil Law Commerce and Business Administration Ecclesiastical Studies Education Engineering Fine Arts & Design Graduate School Information and Computing Sciences Medicine & Surgery Music Nursing Pharmacy Physical Education and Athletics Science Education High School Junior High School Campus Arch of the Centuries Buenaventura Garcia Paredes , O.P. Building Central Seminary Building Field Hospital Main Building Medicine Museum Miguel de Benavides Library Museum of Arts and Sciences Quadricentennial Pavilion Publishing House Buildings España Boulevard History Timeline Archives Baybayin Documents DZST Internment camp Maces of the Rector Magnificus Royal University Militias Thomasian Martyrs Quadricentennial Neo-Centennial Student life The Varsitarian UST Student Organizations Coordinating Council Traditions Singers Publications Kritike Christmas Concert Paskuhan Golden Corps of Cadets Athletics Growling Tigers Men 's basketball Women 's football Salinggawi Dance Troupe Yellow Jackets La Salle rivalry People Miguel de Benavides Alumni Rector Magnificus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Santo_Tomas_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Letters&oldid=798084229 '' Categories : Broadcasting schools Educational institutions established in 1896 Journalism schools Public policy schools Public administration schools University of Santo Tomas Liberal arts colleges in the Philippines Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Philippines articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
first school in the philippines who offer bachelor's degree in sociology
|
[] |
[] |
3539039764600993687
|
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
|
Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India - wikipedia Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search The Constitution ( Forty - second Amendment ) Act , 1976 Parliament of India An Act further to amend the Constitution of India . Citation 42nd Amendment Territorial extent India Enacted by Lok Sabha Date passed 2 November 1976 Enacted by Rajya Sabha Date passed 11 November 1976 Date assented to 18 December 1976 Date commenced 3 January 1977 Legislative history Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha The Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Bill , 1976 Bill published on 1 September 1976 Introduced by H.R. Gokhale Bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Bill , 1976 Bill published on 4 November 1976 Repealing legislation 43rd and 44th Amendments Summary Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights , imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a `` Socialist Secular '' Republic . The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India , officially known as The Constitution ( Forty - second amendment ) Act , 1976 , was enacted during the Emergency ( 25 June 1975 -- 21 March 1977 ) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi . Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977 , others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977 . The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indian history . It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws . It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation . This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history , and is sometimes called a `` mini-Constitution '' or the `` Constitution of Indira '' . Almost all parts of the Constitution , including the Preamble and amending clause , were changed by the 42nd Amendment , and some new articles and sections were inserted . The amendment 's fifty - nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty . It curtailed democratic rights in the country , and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister 's Office . The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution , without judicial review . It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government , eroding India 's federal structure . The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from `` sovereign democratic republic '' to a `` sovereign , socialist secular democratic republic '' , and also changed the words `` unity of the nation '' to `` unity and integrity of the nation '' . The Emergency era had been widely unpopular , and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue . The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public . The Janata Party which had promised to `` restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency '' , won the 1977 general elections . The Janata government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively , to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent . However , the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives . On 31 July 1980 , in its judgement on Minerva Mills v. Union of India , the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being `` called in question in any Court on any ground '' and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proposal and enactment 1.1 Ratification 2 Objective 3 Constitutional changes 4 Amendment of the Preamble 5 Aftermath 6 Legal challenges of the amendment 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 11 Further reading Proposal and enactment ( edit ) Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , whose Indian National Congress government enacted the 42nd Amendment in 1976 , during the Emergency . Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi set up a committee in 1976 under the Chairmanship of then Minister of External Affairs Swaran Singh `` to study the question of amendment of the Constitution in the light of experience '' . The bill for the Constitution ( Forty - second Amendment ) Act , 1976 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 1 September 1976 , as the Constitution ( Forty - Second Amendment ) Bill , 1976 ( Bill No. 91 of 1976 ) . It was introduced by H.R. Gokhale , then Minister of Law , Justice and Company Affairs . It sought to amend the Preamble and articles 31 , 31C , 39 , 55 , 74 , 77 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 100 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 118 , 145 , 150 , 166 , 170 , 172 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 194 , 208 , 217 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 311 , 312 , 330 , 352 , 353 , 356 , 357 , 358 , 359 , 366 , 368 and 371F and the Seventh Schedule . It also sought to substitute articles 103 , 150 , 192 and 226 ; and insert new Parts IVA and XIVA and new articles 31D , 32A , 39A , 43A , 48A , 131A , 139A , 144A , 226A , 228A and 257A in the Constitution . In a speech in the Lok Sabha on 27 October 1976 , Gandhi claimed that the amendment `` is responsive to the aspirations of the people , and reflects the realities of the present time and the future '' . The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha from 25 to 30 October and November 1 and 2 . Clauses 2 to 14 , 6 to 16 , 18 to 20 , 22 to 28 , 31 to 33 , 35 to 41 , 43 to 50 and 56 to 59 were adopted in their original form . The remaining clauses were all amended in the Lok Sabha before being passed . Clause 1 of the bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha on 1 November and amended to replace the name `` Forty - fourth '' with `` Forty - second '' , and a similar amendment was made on 28 October to Clause 5 which sought to introduce a new article 31D to the Constitution . Amendments to all the other clauses were adopted on 1 November and the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 2 November 1976 . It was then debated by the Rajya Sabha on 4 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 November . All amendments made by the Lok Sabha were adopted by the Rajya Sabha on 10 November , and the bill was passed on 11 November 1976 . The bill , after ratification by the States , received assent from then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 18 December 1976 , and was notified in The Gazette of India on the same date . Sections 2 to 5 , 7 to 17 , 20 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 43 to 53 , 55 , 56 , 57 and 59 of the 42nd amendment came into force from 3 January 1977 . Sections 6 , 23 to 26 , 37 to 42 , 54 and 58 went into effect from 1 February 1977 and Section 27 from 1 April 1977 . Ratification ( edit ) The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution , and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures , as required under Clause ( 2 ) of the said article . State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below : Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Did not ratify : Gujarat Jammu and Kashmir Kerala Meghalaya Nagaland Tamil Nadu Objective ( edit ) The amendment removed election disputes from the purview of the courts . The amendment 's opponents described it as a `` convenient camouflage '' . Second , the amendment transferred more power from the state governments to the central government , eroding India 's federal structure . The third purpose of the amendment was to give Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution , without judicial review . The fourth purpose was to make any law passed in pursuance of a Directive Principle immune from scrutiny by the Supreme Court . Supporters of the measure said this would `` make it difficult for the court to upset parliament 's policy in regard to many matters '' . Constitutional changes ( edit ) Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Almost all parts of the Constitution , including the Preamble and amending clause , were changed by the 42nd Amendment , and some new articles and sections were inserted . Some of these changes are described below . The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution , without judicial review . This essentially invalidated the Supreme Court 's ruling in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala in 1973 . The amendment to article 368 , prevented any constitutional amendment from being `` called in question in any Court on any ground '' . It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend the Constitution . The 42nd Amendment also restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions . The 42nd Amendment revoked the courts ' power to determine what constituted an office of profit . A new article 228A was inserted in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to `` determine all questions as to the constitutional validity of any State law '' . The amendment 's fifty - nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty . The 43rd and 44th Amendments reversed these changes . Article 74 was amended and it was explicitly stipulated that `` the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers '' . Governors of states were not included in this article . The interval at which a proclamation of Emergency under Article 356 required approval from Parliament was extended from six months to one year . Article 357 was amended so as to ensure that laws made for a State , while it was under Article 356 emergency , would not cease immediately after the expiry of the emergency , but would instead continue to be in effect until the law was changed by the State Legislature . Articles 358 and 359 were amended , to allow suspension of Fundamental Rights , and suspension of enforcement of any of the rights conferred by the Constitution during an Emergency . The 42nd Amendment added new Directive Principles , viz Article 39A , Article 43A and Article 48A . The 42nd Amendment gave primacy to the Directive Principles , by stating that `` no law implementing any of the Directive Principles could be declared unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated any of the Fundamental Rights '' . The Amendment simultaneously stated that laws prohibiting `` antinational activities '' or the formation of `` antinational associations '' could not be invalidated because they infringed on any of the Fundamental Rights . The 43rd and 44th Amendments repealed the 42nd Amendment 's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights , and also curbed Parliament 's power to legislate against `` antinational activities '' . The 42nd Amendment also added a new section to the Article on `` Fundamental Duties '' in the Constitution . The new section required citizens `` to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India , transcending religious , linguistic and regional or sectional diversities . '' The 42nd Amendment granted power to the President , in consultation with the Election Commission , to disqualify members of State Legislatures . Prior to the Amendment , this power was power vested in the Governor of the State . Article 105 was amended so as to grant each House of Parliament , its members and committees the right to `` evolve '' their `` powers , privileges and immunities '' , `` from time to time '' . Article 194 was amended to grant the same rights as Clause 21 to State Legislatures , its members and committees . Two new clauses 4A and 26A were inserted into article 366 of the Constitution , which defined the meaning of the terms `` Central Law '' and `` State Law '' by inserting two new clauses 4A and 26A into article 366 of the Constitution . The 42nd Amendment froze any delimitation of constituencies for elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies until after the 2001 Census of India , by amending article 170 ( relating to composition of Legislative Assemblies ) . The total number of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies remained the same until the 91st Amendment , passed in 2003 , extended the freeze up to 2026 . The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was also frozen . The amendment extended the term of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies members from five to six years , by amending article 172 ( relating to MLAs ) and Clause ( 2 ) of Article 83 ( for MPs ) . The 44th Amendment repealed this change , shortening the term of the aforementioned assemblies back to the original 5 years . Amendment of the Preamble ( edit ) The original text of the Preamble before the 42nd Amendment The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from a `` sovereign democratic republic '' to a `` sovereign , socialist secular democratic republic '' , and also changed the words `` unity of the nation '' to `` unity and integrity of the nation '' . B.R. Ambedkar , the principal architect of the Constitution , was opposed to declaring India 's social and economic structure in the Constitution . During the Constituent Assembly debates on framing the Constitution in 1946 , K.T. Shah proposed an amendment seeking to declare India as a `` Secular , Federal , Socialist '' nation . In his opposition to the amendment , Ambedkar stated , `` My objections , stated briefly are two . In the first place the Constitution ... is merely a mechanism for the purpose of regulating the work of the various organs of the State . It is not a mechanism where by particular members or particular parties are installed in office . What should be the policy of the State , how the Society should be organised in its social and economic side are matters which must be decided by the people themselves according to time and circumstances . It can not be laid down in the Constitution itself , because that is destroying democracy altogether . If you state in the Constitution that the social organisation of the State shall take a particular form , you are , in my judgment , taking away the liberty of the people to decide what should be the social organisation in which they wish to live . It is perfectly possible today , for the majority people to hold that the socialist organisation of society is better than the capitalist organisation of society . But it would be perfectly possible for thinking people to devise some other form of social organisation which might be better than the socialist organisation of today or of tomorrow . I do not see therefore why the Constitution should tie down the people to live in a particular form and not leave it to the people themselves to decide it for themselves . This is one reason why the amendment should be opposed . '' Ambedkar 's second objection was that the amendment was `` purely superfluous '' and `` unnecessary '' , as `` socialist principles are already embodied in our Constitution '' through Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy . Referring to the Directive Principles , he asked Shah , `` If these directive principles to which I have drawn attention are not socialistic in their direction and in their content , I fail to understand what more socialism can be '' . Shah 's amendment failed to pass , and the Preamble remained unchanged until the 42nd Amendment . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Indian general election , 1977 Morarji Desai became Prime Minister after the 1977 elections . During the Emergency , Indira Gandhi implemented a 20 - point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth , aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts . Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters , Gandhi called for elections in May 1977 . However , the Emergency era had been widely unpopular . The 42nd Amendment was widely criticised , and the clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public . In its election manifesto for the 1977 elections , the Janata Party promised to `` restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency and to put rigorous restrictions on the executive 's emergency and analogous powers '' . The election ended the control of the Congress ( Congress ( R ) from 1969 ) over the executive and legislature for the first time since independence . After winning the elections , the Moraji Desai government attempted to repeal the 42nd Amendment . However , Gandhi 's Congress party held 163 seats in the 250 seat Rajya Sabha , and vetoed the government 's repeal bill . The Janata government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively , to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent . Among other changes , the amendments revoked the 42nd Amendment 's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights , and also curbed Parliament 's power to legislate against `` antinational activities '' . However , the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objective of restoring the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency . Legal challenges of the Amendment ( edit ) The constitutionality of sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment were challenged in Minerva Mills v. Union of India , when Charan Singh was caretaker Prime Minister . Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had amended Article 31C of the Constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy articulated in Part IV of the Constitution over the Fundamental Rights of individuals articulated in Part III . Section 55 prevented any constitutional amendment from being `` called in question in any Court on any ground '' . It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution . After the Indian general election , 1980 , the Supreme Court declared sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd amendment as unconstitutional . It further endorsed and evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution . In the judgement on Section 4 , Chief Justice Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud wrote : Three Articles of our Constitution , and only three , stand between the heaven of freedom into which Tagore wanted his country to awake and the abyss of unrestrained power . They are Articles 14 , 19 and 21 . Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of fundamental rights , that is , without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual . On Section 4 , Chandrachud wrote , `` Since the Constitution had conferred a limited amending power on the Parliament , the Parliament can not under the exercise of that limited power enlarge that very power into an absolute power . Indeed , a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution and therefore , the limitations on that power can not be destroyed . In other words , Parliament can not , under Article 368 , expand its amending power so as to acquire for itself the right to repeal or abrogate the Constitution or to destroy its basic and essential features . The donee of a limited power can not by the exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one . '' The ruling was widely welcomed in India , and Gandhi did not challenge the verdict . The Supreme Court 's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab , Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala and the Minvera Mills case , is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but can not destroy its `` basic structure '' . On 8 January 2008 , a petition , filed by Sanjiv Agarwal of the NGO Good Governance India Foundation , challenged the validity of Section 2 of the 42nd Amendment , which inserted the word `` socialist '' in the Preamble to the Constitution . In its first hearing of the case , Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan , who headed the three - judge bench , observed , `` Why do you take socialism in a narrow sense defined by communists ? In broader sense , it means welfare measures for the citizens . It is a facet of democracy . It has n't got any definite meaning . It gets different meanings in different times . '' Justice Kapadia stated that no political party had , so far , challenged the amendment and everyone had subscribed to it . The court would consider it only when any political party challenged the EC . The petition was withdrawn on 12 July 2010 after the Supreme Court declared the issue to be `` highly academic '' . Legacy ( edit ) In the book JP Movement and the Emergency , historian Bipan Chandra wrote , `` Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal , Minister of Defence at the time , were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October -- November 1976 , an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution thorough the 42nd amendment to it ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary , and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government . '' See also ( edit ) List of amendments of the Constitution of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , Henry C. ( April 1980 ) . `` The Indian Constitution : Political Development and Decay '' . Asia Survey , Vol. 20 , No. 4 , Apr. , 1980 . University of California Press . JSTOR i345360 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dev , Nitish . `` Constitutional Amendments of India '' . PublishYourArticles.org . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John R. Walker ( June 21 , 1977 ) . `` Janata 's flaws shown by wins in northern India '' . The Calgary Herald . Southam News Services . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The bill finally cometh '' . The Sunday Indian . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : R.C. Bhardwaj , ed. ( 1 January 1995 ) . Constitution Amendment in India ( Sixth ed . ) . New Delhi : Northern Book Centre . pp. 76 -- 84 ; 190 -- 196 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forty Second Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha Debates , Fifth Series , vol. 65 , no. 3 , cols. 141 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament Has Unfettered Right '' . Indira Gandhi , Selected Speeches and Writings , vol. 3 . pp. 283 -- 91 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Amendment ) Acts '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` When in doubt , amend '' . Indian Express . 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Granville , Austin . Working A Democratic Constitution - The Indian Experience . p. 371 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Issue too academic ' , so PIL on socialism in statute withdrawn '' . The Indian Express . 2010 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rise of Indira Gandhi '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` A living legend '' . The Indian Express . 24 January 1998 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Constitution : Sixty years of our faith '' . The Indian Express . 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Prateek Deol . `` 42nd Constitutional Amendment : A Draconion Act Of Parliament - Gujarat National Law University '' . Legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` India - The Constitution '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Delimitation of constituencies '' . The Hindu . 2001 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA - VOLUME VII '' . NIC. 15 November 1948 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Paul R. Brass ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . pp. 40 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45970 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Raghav Sharma ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Minerva Mills Ltd . & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors : A Jurisprudential Perspective '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1121817 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Minerva Mills Ltd . & Ors . vs. Union of India & Ors '' . Open Archive . Archived from the original on 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Front Page : ' Socialist ' tag in statute challenged '' . The Hindu . 2008 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` India a socialist nation ? SC says keep the tag '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ J. Venkatesan ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Petition against term `` socialist '' in Constitution rejected `` . The Hindu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New book flays Indira Gandhi 's decision to impose Emergency '' . IBN Live News . 2011 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Full text of the 42nd Amendment - NIC Full text of the 42nd Amendment - india.gov.in Further reading ( edit ) G.G. Mirchandani Subverting the Constitution ( Abhinav Publications , 1977 ) Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ant , Vi India Since Independence : Making Sense of Indian Politics ( Pearson Education India , 2010 ) The Emergency of 1975 -- 77 Personalities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bansi Lal C. Achutha Menon Charan Singh Devakanta Barua Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed George Fernandes Hans Raj Khanna Harcharan Singh Longowal H.N. Bahuguna Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Jagmohan Jagmohanlal Sinha Jayaprakash Narayan Jivatram Kripalani K. Kamaraj K. Karunakaran Lal Krishna Advani M.G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Pranab Mukherjee Raj Narain Sanjay Gandhi Siddhartha Shankar Ray Zail Singh Organisations Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Lok Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Indian National Congress ( R ) Indian National Congress Janata Morcha Janata Party People 's Union for Civil Liberties Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Shiromani Akali Dal Socialist Party of India Swatantra Party Events State of Emergency in India State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 38th Amendment 39th Amendment 42nd Amendment Turkman gate demolition and rioting Baroda dynamite case Shah Commission Maintenance of Internal Security Act Rajan case Indian general election , 1977 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=825084724 '' Categories : The Emergency ( India ) Secularism in India 1976 in India Amendments of the Constitution of India 1976 in law Indira Gandhi administration Indian labour law Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 11 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
write any two point of the importance of the preamble of the constitution of india
|
[] |
[] |
-1598033165356869430
|
The Power Elite
|
The Power Elite - wikipedia The Power Elite The Power Elite First edition , 1956 Author C. Wright Mills Country United States Language English Subject Sociology Publication date 1956 The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills , in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military , corporate , and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those entities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary 3 Reception and criticism 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The book is something of a counterpart of Mills ' 1951 work , White Collar : The American Middle Classes , which examines the then - growing role of middle managers in American society . A main inspiration for the book was Franz Leopold Neumann 's book Behemoth : The Structure and Practice of National Socialism in 1942 , a study of how Nazism came into a position of power in a democratic state like Germany . Behemoth had a major impact on Mills and he claimed that Behemoth had given him the `` tools to grasp and analyse the entire total structure and as a warning of what could happen in a modern capitalist democracy '' . Summary ( edit ) The Joint Chiefs of Staff , pictured here in 1949 , are four of six ruling elites Mills identified . According to Mills , the eponymous `` power elite '' are those that occupy the dominant positions , in the dominant institutions ( military , economic and political ) of a dominant country , and their decisions ( or lack of decisions ) have enormous consequences , not only for the U.S. population but , `` the underlying populations of the world . '' The institutions which they head , Mills posits , are a triumvirate of groups that have succeeded weaker predecessors : ( 1 ) `` two or three hundred giant corporations '' which have replaced the traditional agrarian and craft economy , ( 2 ) a strong federal political order that has inherited power from `` a decentralized set of several dozen states '' and `` now enters into each and every cranny of the social structure , '' and ( 3 ) the military establishment , formerly an object of `` distrust fed by state militia , '' but now an entity with `` all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain . '' Importantly , and in distinction from modern American conspiracy theory , Mills explains that the elite themselves may not be aware of their status as an elite , noting that `` often they are uncertain about their roles '' and `` without conscious effort , they absorb the aspiration to be ... The Ones Who Decide . '' Nonetheless , he sees them as a quasi-hereditary caste . The members of the power elite , according to Mills , often enter into positions of societal prominence through educations obtained at eastern establishment universities like Harvard , Princeton , and Yale . But , Mills notes , `` Harvard or Yale or Princeton is not enough ... the point is not Harvard , but which Harvard ? '' Mills identifies two classes of Ivy League alumni , those initiated into an upper echelon fraternity or final club , such as Porcellian and Fly Club , and those who are not . Those so initiated , Mills continues , receive their invitations based on social links first established in elite private preparatory academies , where they are enrolled as part of antebellum family traditions . In this manner , the mantle of the elite generally passes through families . Historically prominent families , such as the Kennedy family , form the `` Metropolitan 400 . '' Shown here are Rose and Joseph Kennedy in 1940 . The resulting elites , who control the three dominant institutions ( military , economy and political system ) can be generally grouped into one of six types , according to Mills : the `` Metropolitan 400 '' - members of historically notable local families in the principal American cities , generally represented on the Social Register `` Celebrities '' - prominent entertainers and media personalities the `` Chief Executives '' - presidents and CEOs of the most important companies within each industrial sector the `` Corporate Rich '' - major landowners and corporate shareholders the `` Warlords '' - senior military officers , most importantly the Joint Chiefs of Staff the `` Political Directorate '' - `` fifty - odd men of the executive branch '' of the U.S. federal government , including the senior leadership in the Executive Office of the President , sometimes variously drawn from elected officials of the Democratic and Republican parties but usually professional government bureaucrats Mills formulated a very short summary of his book : `` Who , after all , runs America ? No one runs it altogether , but in so far as any group does , the power elite . '' Reception and criticism ( edit ) Commenting on The Power Elite , Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. derisively said , `` I look forward to the time when Mr. Mills hands back his prophet 's robes and settles down to being a sociologist again . '' Adolf Berle noted the book contained `` an uncomfortable degree of truth '' , but Mills presented `` an angry cartoon , not a serious picture '' . Dennis Wrong described The Power Elite as `` an uneven blend of journalism , sociology , and moral indignation '' . A review of the book in the Louisiana Law Review bemoaned that the `` practical danger of Mr. Mills ' pessimistic interpretation of the current situation is that his readers will concentrate on answering his prejudicial assertions rather than ponder the results of his really formidable research '' . Nonetheless , consideration of the book has become moderately more favorable over time . In 2006 , G. William Domhoff wrote , `` Mills looks even better than he did 50 years ago '' . Mills ' biographer , John Summers , admitted that The Power Elite was `` vulnerable to the charge of conspiracy - mongering '' but declared that its historical value `` seems assured ''. In a purposeful extension of Mills ' Power Elite , his proposed International System , and Comparative Sociology , Muhammed Asadi ( 2012 ) suggests that the modern World System is highly militarized and a counterpart of the US permanent war economy where a global division of labor based on military Keynesian stabilization exists concomitant with economic accumulation . He calls these countries , militarized states , whose economic growth stabilizes the World System run by the Command States ( counterpart to Wallerstein 's Core but includes military and political domination in addition to financial and trade domination ) just like military spending in the US stabilizes the US economy . Militarization and wars are therefore encouraged by the Command States and facilitated by them just as suggested by Mills in The Causes of World War Three ( 1958 ) , the preparation for war leads to wars . In popular culture ( edit ) Episode 5 of the Netflix TV series Mindhunter contains a scene in which one of the main characters , a sociology PhD student Deborah `` Debbie '' Mitford , writes a paper on C. Wright Mills 's The Power Elite . See also ( edit ) Elite theory Iron law of oligarchy Mass society Military - industrial complex New Left Power ( social and political ) Social alienation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. Wright Mills : Power , Politics and People , ( New York , 1963 p. 174 ) Jump up ^ Mills , C. Wright . The Sociological Imagination . Oxford University Press . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , John ( 14 May 2006 ) . `` The Deciders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wrong , Dennis ( September 1956 ) . `` The Power Elite , by C. Wright Mills '' . Commentary Magazine . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Calvin ( December 1956 ) . `` THE POWER ELITE , by C. Wright Mills '' . Louisiana Law Review . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Domhoff , G. William ( 2006 ) . `` Mills 's The Power Elite , 50 Years Later '' . Contemporary Sociology . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Military_Economy_and_the_State.html?id=H1VIMwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y External links ( edit ) C.W Mills , Structure of Power in American Society , British Journal of Socoiology , Vol. 9. No. 1 1958 C. Wright Mills , About F. Neumanns study Structure of Nazi Germany in Power , Politics and People A Mills Revival ? by S . Aronowitz C. Wright Mills , On Intellectual Craftsmanship from The Sociological Imagination , How Power Elite was made Sociology - Congress in Köln 2000 workshop : C. Wright Mills and his Power Elite : Actuality today ? Art inspired by The Power Elite Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Power_Elite&oldid=844968619 '' Categories : 1956 books Books by C. Wright Mills Elite theory Military -- industrial complex Sociology books Social class in the United States Political science theories Sociological theories Political science books Social status Income in the United States Economic inequality Social inequality Power ( social and political ) Oxford University Press books C. Wright Mills Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 12 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who is associated with the concept of power elite
|
[
"The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those entities."
] |
[
"sociologist C. Wright Mills"
] |
1429850437248965872
|
Dallas Cowboys
|
Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons , ending an era . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 , 2007 , 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush 1 Dalton Sturm 3 Mike White Running backs 46 Jordan Chunn 21 Ezekiel Elliott 44 Darius Jackson 49 Jamize Olawale FB 36 Bo Scarbrough 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 10 Tavon Austin RB 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 81 K.D. Cannon 13 Michael Gallup 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 19 Mekale McKay 18 Marchie Murdock 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams 16 Cedrick Wilson Jr . Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 89 Blake Jarwin 86 Dalton Schultz 87 Geoff Swaim 84 David Wells Offensive linemen 63 Jake Campos T 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 61 Bryce Johnson T / G 73 Joe Looney C / G 69 Damien Mama G / C 60 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T 67 Dustin Stanton G 52 Connor Williams G / T Defensive linemen 74 Dorance Armstrong Jr . DE 93 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 76 Kony Ealy DE 62 James Hearns DE 95 David Irving DT / DE 56 Datone Jones DT / DE 65 Austin Larkin DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE 51 Jihad Ward DT 64 Antwaun Woods DT Linebackers 59 Chris Covington OLB 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 43 Joel Lanning MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 42 Eric Pinkins OLB / SS 41 Kyle Queiro OLB / SS 54 Jaylon Smith OLB / MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 55 Leighton Vander Esch MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 20 Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones CB / FS 37 Kam Kelly CB / FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Donovan Olumba CB 23 Tyree Robinson FS / CB 28 Jameill Showers SS / FS 26 Duke Thomas CB 40 Charvarius Ward CB 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / CB Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 47 Scott Daly LS 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) Rookies in italics Roster updated May 30 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 90 Active , 1 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for him and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL Dallas Snipers El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL FC Brownsville Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Houston Regals Katy 1895 FC Laredo Heat Midland - Odessa FC Tyler FC PDL AHFC Royals Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. FC Cleburne Corpus Christi FC Houston FC Texas United MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Lacrosse MLL Dallas Rattlers Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union MLR Austin Elite Rugby Houston SaberCats TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball Independent Scrap Yard Fast Pitch Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks eSports OWL Dallas Fuel Houston Outlaws College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers Dallas Rattlers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=845617277 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 00 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when was the last time dallas cowboys went to the superbowl
|
[] |
[] |
1990365377920512962
|
Database design
|
Database design - wikipedia Database design Jump to : navigation , search Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of database . This data model contains all the needed logical and physical design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a data definition language , which can then be used to create a database . A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity . The term database design can be used to describe many different parts of the design of an overall database system . Principally , and most correctly , it can be thought of as the logical design of the base data structures used to store the data . In the relational model these are the tables and views . In an object database the entities and relationships map directly to object classes and named relationships . However , the term database design could also be used to apply to the overall process of designing , not just the base data structures , but also the forms and queries used as part of the overall database application within the database management system ( DBMS ) . The process of doing database design generally consists of a number of steps which will be carried out by the database designer . Usually , the designer must : Determine the data to be stored in the database . Determine the relationships between the different data elements . Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the basis of these relationships . Within the relational model the final step above can generally be broken down into two further steps , that of determining the grouping of information within the system , generally determining what are the basic objects about which information is being stored , and then determining the relationships between these groups of information , or objects . This step is not necessary with an Object database . Contents ( hide ) 1 Determining data to be stored 2 Determining data relationships 3 Logically structuring data 4 ER diagram ( entity - relationship model ) 5 A design process suggestion for Microsoft Access 6 Normalization 6.1 Conceptual schema 6.2 Schema refinement 6.3 Physical design 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Determining data to be stored ( edit ) In a majority of cases , a person who is doing the design of a database is a person with expertise in the area of database design , rather than expertise in the domain from which the data to be stored is drawn e.g. financial information , biological information etc . Therefore , the data to be stored in the database must be determined in cooperation with a person who does have expertise in that domain , and who is aware of what data must be stored within the system . This process is one which is generally considered part of requirements analysis , and requires skill on the part of the database designer to elicit the needed information from those with the domain knowledge . This is because those with the necessary domain knowledge frequently can not express clearly what their system requirements for the database are as they are unaccustomed to thinking in terms of the discrete data elements which must be stored . Data to be stored can be determined by Requirement Specification . Determining data relationships ( edit ) Once a database designer is aware of the data which is to be stored within the database , they must then determine where dependency is within the data . Sometimes when data is changed you can be changing other data that is not visible . For example , in a list of names and addresses , assuming a situation where multiple people can have the same address , but one person can not have more than one address , the address is dependent upon the name . When provided a name and the list the address can be uniquely determined ; however , the inverse does not hold - when given an address and the list , a name can not be uniquely determined because multiple people can reside at an address . Because an address is determined by a name , an address is considered dependent on a name . ( NOTE : A common misconception is that the relational model is so called because of the stating of relationships between data elements therein . This is not true . The relational model is so named because it is based upon the mathematical structures known as relations . ) Logically structuring data ( edit ) Main article : Logical schema Once the relationships and dependencies amongst the various pieces of information have been determined , it is possible to arrange the data into a logical structure which can then be mapped into the storage objects supported by the database management system . In the case of relational databases the storage objects are tables which store data in rows and columns . In an Object database the storage objects correspond directly to the objects used by the Object - oriented programming language used to write the applications that will manage and access the data . The relationships may be defined as attributes of the object classes involved or as methods that operate on the object classes . The way this mapping is generally performed is such that each set of related data which depends upon a single object , whether real or abstract , is placed in a table . Relationships between these dependent objects is then stored as links between the various objects . Each table may represent an implementation of either a logical object or a relationship joining one or more instances of one or more logical objects . Relationships between tables may then be stored as links connecting child tables with parents . Since complex logical relationships are themselves tables they will probably have links to more than one parent . ER diagram ( entity - relationship model ) ( edit ) A sample Entity - relationship diagram Database designs also include ER ( entity - relationship model ) diagrams . An ER diagram is a diagram that helps to design databases in an efficient way . Attributes in ER diagrams are usually modeled as an oval with the name of the attribute , linked to the entity or relationship that contains the attribute . Relational Database A design process suggestion for microsoft access ( edit ) Determine the purpose of the database - This helps prepare for the remaining steps . Find and organize the information required - Gather all of the types of information to record in the database , such as product name and order number . Divide the information into tables - Divide information items into major entities or subjects , such as Products or Orders . Each subject then becomes a table . Turn information items into columns - Decide what information needs to be stored in each table . Each item becomes a field , and is displayed as a column in the table . For example , an Employees table might include fields such as Last Name and Hire Date . Specify primary keys - Choose each table 's primary key . The primary key is a column , or a set of columns , that is used to uniquely identify each row . An example might be Product ID or Order ID . Set up the table relationships - Look at each table and decide how the data in one table is related to the data in other tables . Add fields to tables or create new tables to clarify the relationships , as necessary . Refine the design - Analyze the design for errors . Create tables and add a few records of sample data . Check if results come from the tables as expected . Make adjustments to the design , as needed . Apply the normalization rules - Apply the data normalization rules to see if tables are structured correctly . Make adjustments to the tables , as needed . Normalization ( edit ) Main article : Database normalization In the field of relational database design , normalization is a systematic way of ensuring that a database structure is suitable for general - purpose querying and free of certain undesirable characteristics -- insertion , update , and deletion anomalies that could lead to loss of data integrity . A standard piece of database design guidance is that the designer should create a fully normalized design ; selective denormalization can subsequently be performed , but only for performance reasons . However , some modeling disciplines , such as the dimensional modeling approach to data warehouse design , explicitly recommend non-normalized designs , i.e. designs that in large part do not adhere to 3NF . Normalization consists of normal forms that are 1NF , 2NF , 3NF , BOYCE - CODD NF ( 3.5 NF ) , 4NF and 5NF Conceptual schema ( edit ) Main article : Conceptual schema Schema refinement ( edit ) Schema refinement of the database specifies that the data is normalized to reduce data insufficiency and conflicts . Physical design ( edit ) Main article : Physical schema The physical design of the database specifies the physical configuration of the database on the storage media . This includes detailed specification of data elements , data types , indexing options and other parameters residing in the DBMS data dictionary . It is the detailed design of a system that includes modules & the database 's hardware & software specifications of the system . See also ( edit ) Database normalization Relational database Relational model POOD ( Principle of orthogonal design ) The Third Manifesto Concept mapping Data modeling Entity - relationship model Entity - attribute - value model Object - relationship modeling Object - role modeling Knowledge representation Logical data model Mindmap Physical data model Semantic Web Three schema approach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gehani , N. ( 2006 ) . The Database Book : Principles and practice using MySQL . 1st ed. , Summit , NJ. : Silicon Press ^ Jump up to : Teorey , T.J. , Lightstone , S.S. , et al. , ( 2009 ) . Database Design : Know it all. 1st ed . Burlington , MA. : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Jump up ^ Teorey , T. ; Lightstone , S. and Nadeau , T. ( 2005 ) Database Modeling & Design : Logical Design , 4th edition , Morgan Kaufmann Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 685352 - 5 Jump up ^ Database design basics . ( n.d. ) . Database design basics . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 , from https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Database-design-basics-EB2159CF-1E30-401A-8084-BD4F9C9CA1F5 Further reading ( edit ) S. Lightstone , T. Teorey , T. Nadeau , `` Physical Database Design : the database professional 's guide to exploiting indexes , views , storage , and more '' , Morgan Kaufmann Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 369389 - 6 M. Hernandez , `` Database Design for Mere Mortals : A Hands - On Guide to Relational Database Design '' , 3rd Edition , Addison - Wesley Professional , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 88449 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Database . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Database Normalization Basics by Mike Chapple ( About.com ) Database Normalization Intro , Part 2 `` An Introduction to Database Normalization '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . `` Normalization '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . Relational database design tutorial Database design at DMOZ Database Main Requirements Theory Models Database management system Machine Server Application Connection datasource DSN Administrator Lock Types Tools Languages Data definition Data manipulation Query information retrieval Security Activity monitoring Audit Forensics Negative database Design Entities and relationships ( and Enhanced notation ) Normalization Refactoring Programming Abstraction layer Object - relational mapping Management Virtualization Tuning caching Migration Preservation Integrity See also Database - centric architecture Intelligent database Two - phase locking Locks with ordered sharing Load file Publishing Halloween Problem Log shipping Book WikiProject Database management systems Types Object - oriented comparison Relational comparison Document - oriented Graph NoSQL NewSQL Concepts Database ACID Armstrong 's axioms CAP theorem CRUD Null Candidate key Foreign key Superkey Surrogate key Unique key Objects Relation table column row View Transaction Transaction log Trigger Index Stored procedure Cursor Partition Components Concurrency control Data dictionary JDBC XQJ ODBC Query language Query optimizer Query plan Functions Administration and automation Query optimization Replication Related topics Database models Database normalization Database storage Distributed database Federated database system Referential integrity Relational algebra Relational calculus Relational database Relational DBMS Relational model Object - relational database Transaction processing Design Outline Portal Designer Disciplines Communication design Advertising Book design Corporate design Exhibit design Film title design Graphic design Motion Postage stamp design Print design Illustration Information design Instructional design News design Photography Retail design Signage / Traffic sign design Typography / Type design Video design Visual merchandising Environmental design Architecture Architectural lighting design Building design Passive solar Ecological design Environmental impact design Garden design Computer - aided Healthy community design Hotel design Interior architecture Interior design EID Keyline design Landscape architecture Sustainable Landscape design Spatial design Urban design Industrial design Automotive design Automotive suspension design CMF design Corrugated box design Electric guitar design Furniture design Sustainable Hardware interface design Motorcycle design Packaging and labeling Photographic lens design Product design Production design Sensory design Service design Interaction design Experience design EED Game design Level design Video game design Hardware interface design Icon design Immersive design Information design Sonic interaction design User experience design User interface design Web design Other applied arts Public art design Ceramic / glass design Fashion design Costume design Jewelry design Floral design Game art design Property design Scenic design Sound design Stage / set lighting design Textile design Other design & engineering Algorithm design Boiler design Conceptual design Database design Drug design Electrical system design Experimental design Filter design Job design Integrated circuit design Circuit design Physical design Power network design Mechanism design Nuclear weapon design Nucleic acid design Organization design Process design Processor design Protein design Research design Social design Software design Spacecraft design Strategic design Systems design Approaches Activity - centered Adaptive web Affective Brainstorming By committee By contract C-K theory Closure Co-design Concept - oriented Contextual Continuous Cradle - to - cradle Creative problem - solving Creativity techniques Critical Design fiction Defensive Design -- bid -- build Design -- build architect - led Domain - driven Ecodesign Energy neutral Engineering design process Probabilistic design Error - tolerant Fault - tolerant Framework - oriented For assembly For behaviour change For manufacturability For Six Sigma For testing For X Functional Generative Geodesign High - level Integrated Integrated topside Intelligence - based Iterative KISS principle Low - level Metadesign Mind mapping Modular New Wave Object - oriented Open Parametric Participatory Platform - based Policy - based Process - centered Public interest Rational Regenerative Reliability engineering Research - based Responsibility - driven RWD Safe - life Sustainable Systemic SOD Tableless web Theory of constraints Top - down and bottom - up Transformation Transgenerational TRIZ Universal Design for All Usage - centered Use - centered User - centered Empathic User innovation Value - driven Value sensitive Privacy by Design choice computing controls flow leadership management marker methods pattern research science strategy theory thinking Tools Intellectual property Organizations Awards Tools AAD Architectural model Blueprint Comprehensive layout CAD CAID Virtual home design software CAutoD Design quality indicator Electronic design automation Flowchart Mockup Product design specification Prototype Sketch Storyboard Technical drawing Web design program Website wireframe Intellectual property Community design Design around Design patent Geschmacksmuster Industrial design rights European Union Organizations AIGA Chartered Society of Designers Design and Industries Association Design Council International Forum Design The Design Society Design Research Society Awards European Design Award German Design Award Good Design Award ( Chicago ) Good Design Award ( Japan ) Graphex IF product design award James Dyson Award Prince Philip Designers Prize Related topics Aesthetics Agile Concept art Creative industries Cultural icon . design Enterprise architecture Futures studies Innovation Management Intelligent design Lean Startup New product development OODA Loop Philosophy of design Process simulation Slow design STEAM fields Unintelligent design Visualization Wicked problem Design brief change classic director education elements and principles engineer firm history knowledge language life load museum paradigm rationale review specification studio technology Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_design&oldid=800547877 '' Categories : Database management systems Databases Database theory Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Tools Languages Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 06 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
process of transformation of the data between the class objects and databases is known as
|
[] |
[] |
6091465071742258132
|
Fast food restaurant
|
Fast food restaurant - wikipedia Fast food restaurant Jump to : navigation , search A fast food restaurant in the port of Malinska , Croatia A McDonald 's restaurant in Times Square , New York City A fast food restaurant in Hong Kong A fast food restaurant , also known as a quick service restaurant ( QSR ) within the industry , is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast food cuisine and has minimal table service . The food served in fast food restaurants is typically part of a `` meat - sweet diet '' , offered from a limited menu , cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot , finished and packaged to order , and usually available for take away , though seating may be provided . Fast food restaurants are typically part of a restaurant chain or franchise operation that provisions standardized ingredients and / or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through controlled supply channels . The term `` fast food '' was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam -- Webster in 1951 . Arguably , the first fast food restaurants originated in the United States with White Castle in 1921 and A&W in 1923 . Today , American - founded fast food chains such as McDonald 's ( est. 1940 ) and KFC ( est. 1952 ) are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe . Variations on the fast food restaurant concept include fast casual restaurants and catering trucks . Fast casual restaurants have higher sit - in ratios , offering a hybrid between counter-service typical at fast food restaurants and a traditional table service restaurant . Catering trucks ( also called food trucks ) often park just outside worksites and are popular with factory workers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 United States 2 Cuisine 2.1 Value meals 3 Technology 4 Business 4.1 Consumer spending 4.2 Major international brands 4.3 North America 4.4 Australia 4.5 United Kingdom 4.6 Ireland 4.7 Japan 4.8 India 4.9 Nigeria 4.10 Pakistan 4.11 Russia 4.12 South Africa 4.13 Hong Kong 4.14 Israel 4.15 New Zealand 4.16 Philippines 4.17 Franchising 5 Trends 5.1 Health concerns 5.2 Consumer appeal 5.3 Impact of fast food restaurant availability 5.4 Innovations timeline 5.5 Halal 6 Criticisms 7 Legal issues 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) See also : History of the hamburger , White Castle ( restaurant ) , and History of McDonald 's The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States ( edit ) The Big Mac hamburger made its debut in 1967 A Burger King Whopper sandwich Some trace the modern history of fast food in the United States to 7 July 1912 , with the opening of a fast food restaurant called the Automat in New York . The Automat was a cafeteria with its pre-prepared foods behind small glass windows and coin - operated slots . Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart had already opened the first Horn & Hardart Automat in Philadelphia in 1902 , but their `` Automat '' at Broadway and 13th Street , in New York City , created a sensation . Numerous Automat restaurants were built around the country to deal with the demand . Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s . The company also popularized the notion of `` take - out '' food , with their slogan `` Less work for Mother '' . Some historians concur that A&W , which opened in 1921 and began franchising in 1923 , was the first fast food restaurant ( E. Tavares ) . Thus , the American company White Castle is sometimes considered the second fast - food outlet in Wichita , Kansas in 1921 , selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous competitors and emulators . What is certain , however , is that White Castle made the first significant effort to standardize the food production in , look of , and operation of fast - food hamburger restaurants . William Ingram 's and Walter Anderson 's White Castle System created the first fast food supply chain to provide meat , buns , paper goods , and other supplies to their restaurants , pioneered the concept of the multi-state hamburger restaurant chain , standardized the look and construction of the restaurants themselves , and even developed a construction division that manufactured and built the chain 's prefabricated restaurant buildings . The McDonald 's Speedee Service System and , much later , Ray Kroc 's McDonald 's outlets and Hamburger University all built on principles , systems and practices that White Castle had already established between 1923 and 1932 . The hamburger restaurant most associated by the public with the term `` fast food '' was created by two brothers originally from Nashua , New Hampshire . Richard and Maurice McDonald opened a barbecue drive - in in 1940 in the city of San Bernardino , California . After discovering that most of their profits came from hamburgers , the brothers closed their restaurant for three months and reopened it in 1948 as a walk - up stand offering a simple menu of hamburgers , french fries , shakes , coffee , and Coca - Cola , served in disposable paper wrapping . As a result , they could produce hamburgers and fries constantly , without waiting for customer orders , and could serve them immediately ; hamburgers cost 15 cents , about half the price at a typical diner . Their streamlined production method , which they named the `` Speedee Service System '' was influenced by the production line innovations of Henry Ford . By 1954 , The McDonald brothers ' stand was restaurant equipment manufacturer Prince Castle 's biggest purchaser of milkshake blending machines . Prince Castle salesman Ray Kroc traveled to California to discover why the company had purchased almost a dozen of the units as opposed to the normal one or two found in most restaurants of the time . Enticed by the success of the McDonald 's concept , Kroc signed a franchise agreement with the brothers and began opening McDonald 's restaurants in Illinois . By 1961 , Kroc had bought out the brothers and created what is now the modern McDonald 's Corporation . One of the major parts of his business plan was to promote cleanliness of his restaurants to growing groups of Americans that had become aware of food safety issues . As part of his commitment to cleanliness , Kroc often took part in cleaning his own Des Plaines , Illinois outlet by hosing down the garbage cans and scraping gum off the cement . Another concept Kroc added was great swaths of glass which enabled the customer to view the food preparation , a practice still found in chains such as Krispy Kreme . A clean atmosphere was only part of Kroc 's grander plan which separated McDonald 's from the rest of the competition and attributes to their great success . Kroc envisioned making his restaurants appeal to suburban families . At roughly the same time as Kroc was conceiving what eventually became McDonald 's Corporation , two Miami , Florida businessmen , James McLamore and David Edgerton , opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King . McLamore had visited the original McDonald 's hamburger stand belonging to the McDonald brothers ; sensing potential in their innovative assembly line - based production system , he decided he wanted to open a similar operation of his own . The two partners eventually decided to invest their money in Jacksonville , Florida - based Insta - Burger King . Originally opened in 1953 , the founders and owners of the chain , Kieth J. Kramer and his wife 's uncle Matthew Burns , opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta - Broiler . The Insta - Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers , they required all of their franchises to carry the device . By 1959 McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations within the Miami - Dade area and were growing at a fast clip . Despite the success of their operation , the partners discovered that the design of the insta - broiler made the unit 's heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties . The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit . After the original company began to falter in 1959 , it was purchased by McLamore and Edgerton who renamed the company Burger King . While fast food restaurants usually have a seating area in which customers can eat the food on the premises , orders are designed to be taken away , and traditional table service is rare . Orders are generally taken and paid for at a wide counter , with the customer waiting by the counter for a tray or container for their food . A `` drive - through '' service can allow customers to order and pick up food from their cars . Nearly from its inception , fast food has been designed to be eaten `` on the go '' and often does not require traditional cutlery and is eaten as a finger food . Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chips , sandwiches , pitas , hamburgers , fried chicken , french fries , chicken nuggets , tacos , pizza , and ice cream , although many fast food restaurants offer `` slower '' foods like chili , mashed potatoes , and salads . Cuisine ( edit ) Modern commercial fast food is highly processed and prepared on a large scale from bulk ingredients using standardized cooking and production methods and equipment . It is usually rapidly served in cartons , bags , or in a plastic wrapping , in a fashion which reduces operating costs by allowing rapid product identification and counting , promoting longer holding time , avoiding transfer of bacteria , and facilitating order fulfillment . In most fast food operations , menu items are generally made from processed ingredients prepared at central supply facilities and then shipped to individual outlets where they are cooked ( usually by grill , microwave , or deep - frying ) or assembled in a short amount of time either in anticipation of upcoming orders ( i.e. , `` to stock '' ) or in response to actual orders ( i.e. , `` to order '' ) . Following standard operating procedures , pre-cooked products are monitored for freshness and disposed of if holding times become excessive . This process ensures a consistent level of product quality , and is key to delivering the order quickly to the customer and avoiding labor and equipment costs in the individual stores . Because of commercial emphasis on taste , speed , product safety , uniformity , and low cost , fast food products are made with ingredients formulated to achieve an identifiable flavor , aroma , texture , and `` mouth feel '' and to preserve freshness and control handling costs during preparation and order fulfillment . This requires a high degree of food engineering . The use of additives , including salt , sugar , flavorings and preservatives , and processing techniques may limit the nutritional value of the final product . Value meals ( edit ) A value meal is a group of menu items offered together at a lower price than they would cost individually . A hamburger , side of fries , and drink commonly constitute a value meal -- or combo depending on the chain . Value meals at fast food restaurants are common as a merchandising tactic to facilitate bundling , up - selling , and price discrimination . Most of the time they can be upgraded to a larger side and drink for a small fee . The perceived creation of a `` discount '' on individual menu items in exchange for the purchase of a `` meal '' is also consistent with the loyalty marketing school of thought . Technology ( edit ) To make quick service possible and to ensure accuracy and security , many fast food restaurants have incorporated hospitality point of sale systems . This makes it possible for kitchen crew people to view orders placed at the front counter or drive through in real time . Wireless systems allow orders placed at drive through speakers to be taken by cashiers and cooks . Drive through and walk through configurations will allow orders to be taken at one register and paid at another . Modern point of sale systems can operate on computer networks using a variety of software programs . Sales records can be generated and remote access to computer reports can be given to corporate offices , managers , troubleshooters , and other authorized personnel . Food service chains partner with food equipment manufacturers to design highly specialized restaurant equipment , often incorporating heat sensors , timers , and other electronic controls into the design . Collaborative design techniques , such as rapid visualization and computer - aided design of restaurant kitchens are now being used to establish equipment specifications that are consistent with restaurant operating and merchandising requirements . Business ( edit ) Neighboring fast food restaurant advertisement signs in Bowling Green , Kentucky McDonald 's fast food restaurant at Kulim , Kedah , Malaysia McDonald 's fast food restaurant at Dublin Airport Consumer spending ( edit ) In the United States , consumers spent about US $110 billion on fast food in 2000 ( which increased from $6 billion in 1970 ) . The National Restaurant Association forecasts that fast food restaurants in the US will reach $142 billion in sales in 2006 , a 5 % increase over 2005 . In comparison , the full - service restaurant segment of the food industry is expected to generate $173 billion in sales . Fast food has been losing market share to so - called fast casual restaurants , which offer more robust and expensive cuisines . Major international brands ( edit ) McDonald 's , a fast food supplier , opened its first franchised restaurant in the US in 1955 ( 1974 in the UK ) . It has become a phenomenally successful enterprise in terms of financial growth , brand - name recognition , and worldwide expansion . Ray Kroc , who bought the franchising license from the McDonald brothers , pioneered concepts which emphasized standardization . He introduced uniform products , identical in all respects at each outlet , to increase sales . Kroc also insisted on cutting food costs as much as possible , eventually using the McDonald 's Corporation 's size to force suppliers to conform to this ethos . Other prominent international fast food companies include Burger King , the number two hamburger chain in the world , known for promoting its customized menu offerings ( Have it Your Way ) . Another international fast food chain is KFC , which sells Chicken - related products and is the number 1 Fast Food company in the People 's Republic of China . Multinational corporations typically modify their menus to cater to local tastes , and most overseas outlets are owned by native franchisees . McDonald 's in India , for example , uses chicken and paneer rather than beef and pork in their burgers because Hinduism traditionally forbids eating beef . In Israel some McDonald 's restaurants are kosher and respect the Jewish Shabbat ; there is also a kosher McDonald 's in Argentina . In Egypt , Bangladesh , Indonesia , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , Malaysia , Pakistan , and Singapore , all menu items are halal . North America ( edit ) Animal fries from In - N - Out Burger 's secret menu Many fast food operations have more local and regional roots , such as White Castle in the Midwest United States , along with Hardee 's ( owned by CKE Restaurants , which also owns Carl 's Jr. , whose locations are primarily on the United States West Coast ) ; Krystal , Bojangles ' Famous Chicken ' n Biscuits , Cook Out , and Zaxby 's restaurants in the American Southeast ; Raising Cane 's in Louisiana and other mostly Southern states ; Hot ' n Now in Michigan and Wisconsin ; In - N - Out Burger ( in California , Arizona , Nevada , Utah , and Texas ) and Original Tommy 's chains in Southern California ; Dick 's Drive - In in Seattle , Washington and Arctic Circle in Utah and other western states ; Halo Burger around Flint , Michigan and Burgerville in the Portland , Oregon area . Also , Whataburger is a popular burger chain in the American South , and Jack in the Box is located in the West and South . Canada pizza chains Topper 's Pizza and Pizza Pizza are primarily located in Ontario . Coffee chain Country Style operates only in Ontario , and competes with the famous coffee and donut chain Tim Hortons . Maid - Rite restaurant is one of the oldest chain fast food restaurants in the United States . Founded in 1926 , their specialty is a loose meat hamburger . Maid - Rites can be found in the midwest - mainly Iowa , Minnesota , Illinois , and Missouri . International brands dominant in North America include McDonald 's , Burger King and Wendy 's , the number three burger chain in the USA ; Dunkin ' Donuts , a New England - based chain ; automobile oriented Sonic Drive - In 's from Oklahoma City ; Starbucks , Seattle - born coffee - based fast food beverage corporation ; KFC and Taco Bell , which are both part of the largest restaurant conglomerate in the world , Yum ! Brands ; and Domino 's Pizza , a pizza chain known for popularizing home delivery of fast food . Subway is known for their sub sandwiches and are the largest restaurant chain to serve such food items . Quiznos a Denver - based sub shop is another fast - growing sub chain , yet with over 6,000 locations it is still far behind Subway 's 34,000 locations . Other smaller sub shops include Blimpie , Jersey Mike 's Subs , Mr. Goodcents , Jimmy John 's , and Firehouse . A&W Restaurants was originally a United States and Canada fast food brand , but it is currently an International fast food corporation in several countries . In Canada the majority of fast food chains are American owned or were originally American owned but have since set up a Canadian management / headquarters locations such as Panera Bread , Chipotle Mexican Grill , Five Guys , and Carl 's Jr ... Although the case is usually American fast food chains expanding into Canada , Canadian chains such as Tim Hortons have expanded into 22 states in the United States , but are more prominent in border states such as New York and Michigan . Tim Hortons has started to expand to other countries outside of North America . The Pita Pit franchise originated in Canada and has expanded to the United States and other Countries . The Canadian Extreme Pita franchise sells low fat and salt pita sandwiches with stores in the larger Canadian cities . Other Canadian fast food chains such as Manchu Wok serve North American style Asian foods ; this company is located mainly in Canada and the USA , with other outlets on US military bases on other continents . Harvey 's is a Canadian - only burger restaurant chain , present in every province . Australia ( edit ) Australia 's fast food market began in the early 1970s , with the opening of several American franchises including McDonald 's and KFC . Pizza Hut was introduced in the 1980s , and Burger King followed . However , the Burger King market found that this name was already a registered trademark to a takeaway food shop in Adelaide . Thus , the Burger King Australian market was forced to pick another name , selecting the Hungry Jack 's brand name . Prior to this , the Australian fast food market consisted primarily of imports from the UK , fish and chips takeaway . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , many home based fast food operations were closed in the 1970s and 1980s after McDonald 's became the number one outlet in the market . However , brands like Wimpy still remain , although the majority of branches became Burger King in 1989 . Ireland ( edit ) In addition to home - grown chains such as Supermac 's , numerous American chains such as McDonald 's and Burger King have also established a presence in Ireland . In 2015 , a study developed by Treated.com was published in the Irish Times , which named Swords in County Dublin as Ireland 's ' fast food capital ' . Japan ( edit ) American chains such as Domino 's Pizza , McDonald 's , Pizza Hut , and KFC have a big presence in Japan , but local gyudon chains such as Sukiya , Matsuya and Yoshinoya also blanket the country . Japan has its own burger chains including MOS Burger , Lotteria and Freshness Burger . India ( edit ) The major fast food chains in India which serve European / American food are KFC , McDonald 's , Starbucks , Burger King , Subway , Pizza Hut , and Dominos . Most of these have had to make a lot of changes to their standard menus to cater to Indian food habits and taste preferences . Some emerging Indian food chains include Haldiram 's , Faaso 's , Chick King , Pitstop and Café Coffee Day . Food habits vary widely across states within India . While typical Idli / Dosa is fast food in Southern India , in Maharashtra it is misal - pav / pav - bhaji / pohe etc . Further north in Punjab / Haryana , Chole - bhature are very popular and in Bihar / Jharkhand litti - chokha is their staple fast food . Maintaining consistency in taste and texture of Indian fast food is a challenge and hence local chains are emerging armed with new food - technology . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , Mr. Bigg 's , Chicken Republic , Tantalizers , and Tastee Fried Chicken are the predominant fast food chains . KFC and Domino 's Pizza have recently entered the country . Pakistan ( edit ) Fast food In Pakistan varies . There are many international chains serving fast food , including Nandos , Burger King , KFC , McDonald 's , Domino 's Pizza , Fatburger , Dunkin ' Donuts , Subway , Pizza Hut , Hardees , Telepizza , Steak Escape and Gloria Jean 's Coffees . In addition to the international chains , in local cuisine people in Pakistan like to have biryani , bun kebabs , Nihari , kebab rolls etc. as fast food . Russia ( edit ) Most international fast food chains like Subway , McDonald 's , Burger King etc. are represented in major Russian cities . There are also local chains like Teremok specializing in Russian cuisine or having elements of it added into their menu . South Africa ( edit ) KFC is the most popular fast food chain in South Africa according to a 2010 Sunday Times survey . Chicken Licken , Wimpy and Ocean Basket along with Nando 's and Steers are examples of homegrown franchises that are highly popular within the country . McDonald 's , Subway and Pizza Hut have a significant presence within South Africa . Hong Kong ( edit ) A Café de Coral branch in Admiralty In Hong Kong , although McDonald 's and KFC are quite popular , three major local fast food chains provide Hong Kong style fast food , namely Café de Coral , Fairwood , and Maxim MX . Café de Coral alone serves more than 300,000 customers daily . Unlike western fast food chains , these restaurants offer four different menus at different times of the day , namely breakfast , lunch , afternoon tea , and dinner . Siu mei is offered throughout the day . Dai pai dong and traditional Hong Kong street food may be considered close relatives of the conventional fast food outlet . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , local burger chain Burger Ranch is popular as are McDonald 's and Burger King . Domino 's Pizza is also a popular fast food restaurant . Chains like McDonald 's offer kosher branches . Non-kosher foods such as cheeseburgers are rare in Israeli fast food chains , even in non-kosher branches . There are many small local fast food chains that serve pizza , hamburgers , sushi and local foods such as hummus , falafel and shawarma . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the fast food market began in the 1970s with KFC ( opened 1971 ) , Pizza Hut ( 1974 ) , and McDonald 's ( 1976 ) , and all three remain popular today . Burger King and Domino 's entered the market later in the 1990s . Australian pizza chains Eagle Boys and Pizza Haven also entered the market in the 1990s , but their New Zealand operations were later sold to Pizza Hut and Domino 's . A few fast food chains have been founded in New Zealand , including Burger Fuel ( founded 1995 ) , Georgie Pie ( founded 1977 , but closed 1998 after falling into financial trouble and being bought out by McDonald 's ) and Hell Pizza ( founded 1996 ) . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , fast - food is the same as in the US . However , the only difference is that they serve Filipino dishes and a few American products being served Filipino - style . Jollibee is the leading fast food chain in the country with 1,000 stores nationwide . Franchising ( edit ) A fast food chain restaurant is generally owned either by the parent company of the fast food chain or a franchisee -- an independent party given the right to use the company 's trademark and trade name . In the latter case , a contract is made between the franchisee and the parent company , typically requiring the franchisee to pay an initial , fixed fee in addition to a continual percentage of monthly sales . Upon opening for business , the franchisee oversees the day - to - day operations of the restaurant and acts as a manager of the store . Once the contract expires , the parent company may choose to `` renew the contract , sell the franchise to another franchisee , or operate the restaurant itself . '' In most fast food chains , the number of franchised locations exceeds the number of company owned locations . Fast food chains rely on consistency and uniformity , in internal operations and brand image , across all of their restaurant locations in order to convey a sense of reliability to their customers . This sense of reliability coupled with a positive customer experience brings customers to place trust in the company . This sense of trust leads to increased customer loyalty which gives the company a source of recurring business . When a person is presented with a choice of different restaurants to eat at , it is much easier for them to stick with what they know , rather than to take a gamble and dive into the unknown . Due to the importance of consistency , most companies set standards unifying their various restaurant locations with a set of common rules and regulations . Parent companies often rely on field representatives to ensure that the practices of franchised locations are consistent with the company 's standards . However , the more locations a fast food chain has , the harder it is for the parent company to guarantee that these standards are being followed . Moreover , it is much more expensive to discharge a franchisee for noncompliance with company standards , than it is to discharge an employee for that same reason . As a consequence , parent companies tend to deal with franchisee violations in a more relaxed manner . For the most part , someone visiting a McDonald 's in the United States will have the same experience as someone visiting a McDonald 's in Japan . The interior design , the menu , the speed of service , and the taste of the food will all be very similar . However , some differences do exist to tailor to particular cultural differences . For example , in October 2005 during a midst of plummeting sales in Japan , McDonald 's added a shrimp burger to the Japanese menu . The choice to introduce a shrimp burger was no coincidence , as a 1989 study stated that world consumption of shrimp was `` led by Japan . '' In March 2010 , Taco Bell opened their first restaurant in India . Because non-consumption of beef is a cultural norm in light of India 's Dharmic beliefs , Taco Bell had to tailor its menu to the dietary distinctions of Indian culture by replacing all of the beef with chicken . By the same token , completely meatless options were introduced to the menu due to the prevalence of vegetarianism throughout the country . Trends ( edit ) Health concerns ( edit ) Some of the large fast food chains are beginning to incorporate healthier alternatives in their menu , e.g. , white meat , snack wraps , salads , and fresh fruit . However , some people see these moves as a tokenistic and commercial measure , rather than an appropriate reaction to ethical concerns about the world ecology and people 's health . McDonald 's announced that in March 2006 , the chain would include nutritional information on the packaging of all of its products . In September and October 2000 , during the Starlink corn recalls , up to $50 million worth of corn - based foods were recalled from restaurants as well as supermarkets . The products contained Starlink genetically modified corn that was not approved for human consumption . It was the first - ever recall of a genetically modified food . The environmental group Friends of the Earth that had first detected the contaminated shells was critical of the FDA for not doing its own job . Consumer appeal ( edit ) The interior of a fast food restaurant in Sheung Wan , Hong Kong Fast food outlets have become popular with consumers for several reasons . One is that through economies of scale in purchasing and producing food , these companies can deliver food to consumers at a very low cost . In addition , although some people dislike fast food for its predictability , it can be reassuring to a hungry person in a hurry or far from home . In the post-World War II period in the United States , fast food chains like McDonald 's rapidly gained a reputation for their cleanliness , fast service , and a child - friendly atmosphere where families on the road could grab a quick meal , or seek a break from the routine of home cooking . Prior to the rise of the fast food chain restaurant , people generally had a choice between greasy spoon diners where the quality of the food was often questionable and service lacking , or high - end restaurants that were expensive and impractical for families with children . The modern , stream - lined convenience of the fast food restaurant provided a new alternative and appealed to Americans ' instinct for ideas and products associated with progress , technology , and innovation . Fast food restaurants rapidly became the eatery `` everyone could agree on '' , with many featuring child - size menu combos , play areas , and whimsical branding campaigns , like the iconic Ronald McDonald , designed to appeal to younger customers . Parents could have a few minutes of peace while children played or amused themselves with the toys included in their Happy Meal . There is a long history of fast food advertising campaigns , many of which are directed at children . Fast food marketing largely focuses on children and teenagers . Popular methods of advertising include television , product placement in toys , games , educational materials , songs , and movies , character licensing and celebrity endorsements , and websites . Advertisements targeting children mainly focus on free toys , movie tie - ins and other giveaways . Fast food restaurants use kid 's meals with toys , kid friendly mascots , vibrant colors , and play areas to draw children toward their products ... Children 's power over their parents ' purchases is estimated to total $300 to $500 billion every year . Fast food has become a part of American culture as a reward for children . To deny a child `` desirable things '' such as the advertised fast food restaurant can cause stigmatization of parents as the `` mean parent '' when it is common among other parents to comply with their child 's desires . The major focus on children by the fast food industry has created controversy due to the rising issue of children obesity in America . As a result of this focus , in 2008 a coalition was created and run by the Council of Better Business Bureaus called Children 's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative ( CFBAI ) , to stop ads aimed at children or to promote only what the council dubs `` better - for - you '' products in ads directed towards children . However , it was not until 2011 that Congress requested guidelines be put in place by the CFBAI , FDA , Agriculture Department , and Centers for Disease Control . There are two basic requirements identified in the guidelines for foods that are advertised for children : ( 1 ) The food has to include healthful ingredients ; ( 2 ) The food ca n't contain unhealthful amounts of sugar , Saturated fat , Trans fat , and salt . The guidelines are voluntary but companies experience heavy pressure to comply . Once a company complies they have 5 -- 10 years to comply with the guidelines . Many fast food industries have started to comply with the guidelines . Although many companies have ways to go . In 2012 the fast food industry spent $4.6 billion to advertise unhealthy products to children and teens according to a report by the Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity . There are points of progress that include healthier sides and beverages in most fast food restaurant kids ' meals . The guidelines are interested in a healthier lifestyle for children and the growing problem of American obesity . In other parts of the world , American and American - style fast food outlets have been popular for their quality , customer service , and novelty , even though they are often the targets of popular anger towards American foreign policy or globalization more generally . Many consumers nonetheless see them as symbols of the wealth , progress , and well - ordered openness of Western society and they therefore become trendy attractions in many cities around the world , particularly among younger people with more varied tastes . Impact of fast food restaurant availability ( edit ) Over time , fast food restaurants have been growing rapidly , especially in urban neighborhoods . According to US research , low - income and predominantly African - American neighborhoods have greater exposure to fast food outlets than higher income and predominantly white areas . This has put into question whether urbanized neighborhoods were targeted , which causes a more unhealthy group of people compared to people from a higher socioeconomic status . It has also been shown that there is a lower chance of finding a fast food restaurant in a suburban neighborhood . In a study of selected US locations , Morland et al. ( 2002 ) found the number of fast food restaurants and bars was inversely proportional to the wealth of the neighborhood , and that predominantly African - American residential areas were four times less likely to have a supermarket near them than predominantly white areas . Innovations timeline ( edit ) 1872 : Walter Scott of Providence , RI outfitted a horse - drawn lunch wagon with a simple kitchen , bringing hot dinners to workers 1902 : First Horn & Hardart Automat opened in Philadelphia 1912 : Horn & Hardart opens a second Automat in Manhattan 1916 : Walter Anderson built the first White Castle in Wichita , KS in 1916 , introducing the limited menu , high volume , low cost , high speed hamburger restaurant 1919 : A&W Root Beer took its product out of the soda fountain and into a roadside stand 1921 : A&W Root Beer began franchising its syrup 1921 : White Castle opens its first restaurant 1926 : Maid - Rite opened its first restaurant in Muscatine , Iowa . 1930s : Howard Johnson 's pioneered the concept of franchising restaurants , formally standardizing menus , signage , and advertising 1948 : In - N - Out Burger begins drive - through service utilizing call - box technology 1967 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurants outside the US . 1971 : McDonald 's begins serving breakfast , test - marketing the Egg McMuffin in the US . 1971 : The first Starbucks store opens in Seattle , Washington in Pike Place Market to sell high - quality coffee beans and equipment 1980 : 7 - Eleven introduces the 32 - US - fluid - ounce ( 950 ml ) Big Gulp 1981 : Arby 's offers nutritional information 1987 : Howard Schultz leads purchase of the Starbucks brand from its founders ( who adopted the name Peet 's ) and begins offering coffee drinks modeled after those sold in Italian coffee bars 1994 : McDonald 's begins `` supersizing '' Extra Value Meals 1994 : Arctic Circle becomes the first fast food restaurant to sell Angus beef exclusively . 1994 : Arby 's is first fast food restaurant to implement a no - smoking policy 2002 : McDonald 's cuts back on the amount of trans fat by 48 percent on french fries 2006 : Arby 's begins elimination of trans fat oils in french fries Halal ( edit ) The introduction of the halal option by some fast food companies saw the expansion of fast food chains into Muslim majority countries has resulted in a rise of restaurant options in non-western nations and has also increased revenue for some western restaurant chains . Some outlets offering Halal options include KFC , Nando 's , Pizza Express , and Subway . McDonald 's carried out a trial but decided that the cost of operations would be too high . There have also been court cases involving start - up businesses during attempts to alter the halal - certified method by machine killing , which is against the beliefs of some Muslims . However , the trend towards halal has been unpopular in some communities which have at times resulted in internet petitions . Criticisms ( edit ) The fast food industry is a popular target for critics , from anti-globalization activists like José Bové to vegetarian activist groups such as PETA as well as the workers themselves . A number of fast food worker strikes occurred in the United States in the 2010s . In his best - selling 2001 book Fast Food Nation , investigative journalist Eric Schlosser leveled a broad , socioeconomic critique against the fast food industry , documenting how fast food rose from small , family - run businesses ( like the McDonald brothers ' burger joint ) into large , multinational corporate juggernauts whose economies of scale radically transformed agriculture , meat processing , and labor markets in the late twentieth century . Schlosser argues that while the innovations of the fast food industry gave Americans more and cheaper dining options , it has come at the price of destroying the environment , economy , and small - town communities of rural America while shielding consumers from the real costs of their convenient meal , both in terms of health and the broader impact of large - scale food production and processing on workers , animals , and land . The fast food industry is popular in the United States , the source of most of its innovation , and many major international chains are based there . Seen as symbols of US dominance and perceived cultural imperialism , American fast food franchises have often been the target of Anti-globalization protests and demonstrations against the US government . In 2005 , for example , rioters in Karachi , Pakistan , who were initially angered because of the bombing of a Shiite mosque , destroyed a KFC restaurant . Legal issues ( edit ) In 2003 , McDonald 's was sued in a New York court by a family who claimed that the restaurant chain was responsible for their teenage daughter 's obesity and attendant health problems . By manipulating food 's taste , sugar and fat content , and directing their advertising to children , the suit argued that the company purposely misleads the public about the nutritional value of its product . A judge dismissed the case , but the fast food industry disliked the publicity of its practices , particularly the way it targets children in its advertising . Although further lawsuits have not materialized , the issue is kept alive in the media and political circles by those promoting the need for tort reform . In response to this , the `` Cheeseburger Bill '' was passed by the US House of Representatives in 2004 ; it later stalled in the US Senate . The law was reintroduced in 2005 , only to meet the same fate . This law was claimed to `` ( ban ) frivolous lawsuits against producers and sellers of food and non-alcoholic drinks arising from obesity claims . '' The bill arose because of an increase in lawsuits against fast food chains by people who claimed that eating their products made them obese , disassociating themselves from any of the blame . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Food portal Business and economics portal Fast food advertising HACCP List of fast food restaurant chains List of hamburger restaurants List of the largest fast food restaurant chains Roadhouse ( facility ) Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jack In The Box Inc '' . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Quick Service Restaurant '' . A Management Consultant @ Large . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Franchising '' . KFC.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Story '' . KFC.co.uk . KFC UK . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Thailand '' . fcthailand.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KFC founder Colonel Sanders did n't achieve his remarkable rise to success until his 60s '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Daniel ( 7 August 1977 ) . Forbes Greatest Business Stories ( pdf ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 178 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 19653 - 3 . Retrieved 17 April 2008 . While most restaurants bought one or two Prince Castle Multimixers , which could mix five shakes at once , the McDonald 's had purchased eight . And Kroc was curious to see what kind of operation needed the capacity to churn forty milk shakes at one time . Jump up ^ `` Where White Tower ( one of the original fast food restaurants ) had tied hamburgers to public transportation and the workingman ... McDonald 's tied hamburgers to the car , children , and the family . '' ( Levinstein , p. 228 - 229 ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew F. ( 30 August 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of junk food and fast food ( 1st ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33527 - 3 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Carlino , Bill ( 19 August 1996 ) . `` BK co-founder McLamore dead at 70 '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ John A. Jakle ; Keith A. Sculle ( 27 March 2002 ) . Fast Food ( 1st ed . ) . JHU Press . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6920 - X . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Will they buy it ? '' . Chicago Tribune . 4 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` A Lifecycle Approach to Retail Store Development '' . A Management Consultant @ Large . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2001 ) . Fast Food Nation : The Dark Side of the All - American Meal . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 97789 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bramhall , Joe . `` Doctor 's Associates '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Terry , Andrew ; Heatrher Forrest ( 2008 ) . `` Where 's the Beef ? Why Burger King Is Hungry Jack 's in Australia and Other Complications in Building a Global Franchise Brand '' . Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business . 28 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 214 . ISSN 0196 - 3228 . Jump up ^ `` Swords named as fast food capital of Ireland '' . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fill'er up : Hot , salty , fast and filling - that 's how the youth want their food '' . The Sunday Times . 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Sun , Nikki ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Founder of Café de Coral , Hong Kong 's largest fast - food restaurant chain , dies at 101 '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dining out - food in New Zealand - NZHistory.net.nz '' . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Krueger , Alan B. ( 1991 ) . `` Ownership , Agency , and Wages : An Examination of Franchising in the Fast Food Industry '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 106 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 2937907 . JSTOR 2937907 . ^ Jump up to : Hornsby , Gilpatrick D. ( January 2011 ) . `` Consistency between Franchised and Company - Owned Locations . A Study of Sonic Drive - In Food Safety Scores in the State of Oklahoma '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's in Japan offers shrimp burger '' . NBC News . 14 October 2005 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferdouse , Fatima . `` WORLD SHRIMP MARKET SITUATION AND OUTLOOK '' . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Novelty Proves a Hit for Taco Bell in India '' . The Wall Street Journal . 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Food Central - News - Scope of biotech corn product recall revealed - November 1 , 2000 '' . cnn.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Fulmer , M. ( 23 September 2000 ) . `` Taco Bell Recalls Shells That Used Bioengineered Corn '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Food Central - ConAgra stops producing corn flour at Kansas mill as precaution against genetically modified grain - October 18 , 2000 '' . cnn.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Nestle , Marion ( 2006 ) . `` Food Marketing And Childhood Obesity -- A Matter Of Policy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 354 ( 24 ) : 2527 -- 2529 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp068014 . PMID 16775233 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just give me the FACTS '' . Fast food - Food Advertising to Children and Teen Score . Rudd Center . ^ Jump up to : Brownell , Kelly ; Harris , Jennifer ; Bargh , John ( December 2009 ) . `` The Food Marketing Defense Model : Integrating Psychological Research to Protect Youth and Inform Public Policy '' . Social issues and policy review . 3 ( 1 ) : 211 -- 271 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 2409.2009. 01015. x . PMC 2826802 . PMID 20182647 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , William ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` U.S. Seeks New Limits on Food Ads for Children '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephanie ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` Tug of War in Food Marketing to Children '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smoyer - Tomic , KE ; Spence , JC ; Raine , KD ; Amrhein , C ; Cameron , N ; Yasenovskiy , V ; Cutumisu , N ; Hemphill , E ; Healy , J ( 4 ) . `` The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and exposure to supermarkets and fast food outlets '' . Health & place . 14 ( 4 ) : 740 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / j. healthplace. 2007.12. 001 . PMID 18234537 . Check date values in : date = , year = / date = mismatch ( help ) Jump up ^ Morland , K ; Wing , S ; Diez Roux , A ; Poole , C ( 2002 ) . `` Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places '' ( PDF ) . American journal of preventive medicine . 22 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / s0749 - 3797 ( 01 ) 00403 - 2 . PMID 11777675 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Lifecycle Approach to Retail Store Development '' . A Management Consultant @ Large . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company - history '' . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerging Research on Islamic Marketing and Tourism in the Global Economy , p 123 , El - Gohary , Hatem - 2014 Jump up ^ Henley , Jon . `` Which restaurant chains have gone halal -- and why ? '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Popeyes in fight over Halal chicken '' . thestar.com. 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Sapsted , David . `` Halal dispute over Kentucky Fried Chicken '' . thenational.ae . Jump up ^ `` KFC Burned During Riot In Pakistan '' . CBS News . 31 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's targeted in obesity lawsuit '' . BBC News . 22 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fast - Food Update : Where Are the Promised Obesity Lawsuits ? - Evan Schaeffer 's Legal Underground '' . legalunderground.com . Jump up ^ `` US approves ' Cheeseburger bill ' '' . BBC News . 12 March 2004 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Find more aboutFast foodat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hogan , David . Selling ' em by the Sack : White Castle and the Creation of American Food . New York : New York University Press , 1997 . Kroc , Ray and Anderson , Robert Grinding It Out : The Making of McDonald 's . Chicago : Contemporary Books , 1977 . Levinstein , Harvey . Paradox of Plenty : a Social History of Eating in Modern America . Berkeley : University of California P , 2003 . 228 - 229 . Luxenberg , Stan . Roadside Empires : How the Chains Franchised America . New York : Viking , 1985 . Mcginley , Lou Ellen with Stephanie Spurr . `` Honk for Service : A Man , A Tray and the Glory Days of the Drive - In Restaurant '' . Tray Days Publishing , 2004 Schlosser , Eric . `` Fast Food Nation : The Dark Side of the All American Meal '' HarperCollins Publishers , 2005 Schultz , Howard and Yang , Dori Jones . `` Pour Your Heart Into It : How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time '' . Hyperion , 1999 . Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Duck Donuts Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Insomnia Cookies Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Heine Brothers ' Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea Jamba Juice Juice It Up ! Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Creamery Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Oberweis Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Other Fazoli 's The Halal Guys Noodles & Company Sbarro Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's Teavana White Tower Zantigo Food chains in the United Kingdom Casual dining Angus Steakhouse Ask Beefeater Grill Belgo Bella Italia Bill 's Brewers Fayre Byron Hamburgers Café Rouge Carluccio 's Chiquito Côte Damon 's Dishoom Ed 's Easy Diner Franco Manca Frankie & Benny 's Giraffe Gourmet Burger Kitchen Harry Ramsden 's Harvester Hungry Horse Jimmy 's Restaurants Las Iguanas La Tasca Little Chef Loch Fyne Restaurants Nando 's OK Diner Pizza Hut PizzaExpress Prezzo Sticks'n'Sushi Strada Table Table T.G.I. Friday 's Toby Carvery Tony Roma 's Wagamama Wahaca Wildwood Kitchen Zizzi Fast food Barburrito Burger King Chicken Cottage Chipotle Mexican Grill Dixy Chicken Domino 's Pizza Five Guys KFC Leon McDonald 's Morley 's Papa John 's Pizza Sam 's Chicken Southern Fried Chicken Square Pie Subway Taco Bell Tops Pizza Tortilla Wasabi Wimpy YO ! Sushi Baked goods Auntie Anne 's Cinnabon Cooplands Dunkin ' Donuts Eat Greggs Krispy Kreme Millie 's Cookies Patisserie Valerie Poundbakery Pret a Manger Sayers Spudulike Upper Crust The West Cornwall Pasty Company Coffee shops and tea rooms AMT Coffee Betty 's Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Coffee # 1 Coffee Republic Costa Coffee Harris + Hoole Starbucks Dairy Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Kaspa 's Pub chains All Bar One Chef & Brewer O'Neill's Slug and Lettuce Walkabout Wetherspoons Yates 's Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_food_restaurant&oldid=841165142 '' Categories : Fast - food restaurants Types of restaurants Fast food Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2012 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk Português Українська 文言 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when did breakfast start in fast food chains and how
|
[] |
[] |
2747887642747687604
|
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
|
Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening - wikipedia Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening Jump to : navigation , search `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost , and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume . Imagery , personification , and repetition are prominent in the work . In a letter to Louis Untermeyer , Frost called it `` my best bid for remembrance '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Use in eulogies 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury , Vermont . He had been up the entire night writing the long poem `` New Hampshire '' and had finally finished when he realized morning had come . He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' . He wrote the new poem `` about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I 'd had a hallucination '' in just `` a few minutes without strain '' . The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald . Each verse ( save the last ) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme , with the following verse 's a 's rhyming with that verse 's b , which is a chain rhyme ( another example is the terza rima used in Dante 's Inferno . ) Overall , the rhyme scheme is AABA - BBCB - CCDC - DDDD . The text of the poem describes the thoughts of a lone rider ( the speaker ) , pausing at night in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods . It ends with him reminding himself that , despite the loveliness of the view , `` I have promises to keep , / And miles to go before I sleep . '' Use in eulogies ( edit ) In the early morning of November 23 , 1963 , Sid Davis of Westinghouse Broadcasting reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy 's casket to the White House . As Frost was one of the President 's favorite poets , Davis concluded his report with a passage from this poem but was overcome with emotion as he signed off . At the funeral of former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau , on October 3 , 2000 , his eldest son Justin rephrased the last stanza of this poem in his eulogy : `` The woods are lovely , dark and deep . He has kept his promises and earned his sleep . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29464 - X . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Frost , Carol . `` Sincerity and Inventions : On Robert Frost '' . Academy of American Poets . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Richard ( 1977 ) . Robert Frost : The Work of Knowing . London : Oxford University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502216 - 5 . In fact , the woods are not , as the Lathem edition would have it ( with its obtuse emendation of a comma after the second adjective in line 13 ) , merely ' lovely , dark , and deep . ' Rather , as Frost in all the editions he supervised intended , they are ' lovely , ( i.e. ) dark and deep ' ; the loveliness thereby partakes of the depth and darkness which make the woods so ominous . Jump up ^ `` My Brush with History - `` We Heard the Shots ... '' : Aboard the Press Bus in Dallas 40 Years Ago '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Davis , Sid ; Bennett , Susan ; Trost , Catherine ' Cathy ' ; Rather , Daniel ' Dan ' Irvin Jr ( 2004 ) . `` Return To The White House '' . President Kennedy Has Been Shot : Experience The Moment - to - Moment Account of The Four Days That Changed America . Newseum ( illustrated ed . ) . Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0317 - 9 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Trudeau 's eulogy '' . On This Day . Toronto , ON , CA : CBC Radio . 3 October 2000 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Frost , Robert , Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening , Representative poetry ( online ed . ) , University of Toronto . Text of the poem , along with the rhyming pattern . `` Woods '' , Frost , Poets , UIUC . Discussion and analysis of the poem . ( hide ) Robert Frost Poems `` Acquainted with the Night '' `` After Apple - Picking '' `` Birches '' `` The Death of the Hired Man '' `` Fire and Ice '' `` The Gift Outright '' `` Mending Wall '' `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' `` Out , Out - '' `` The Oven Bird '' `` A Question '' `` The Road Not Taken '' `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' Poetry collections A Boy 's Will North of Boston Mountain Interval New Hampshire West - Running Brook Collected Poems of Robert Frost A Further Range A Witness Tree In the Clearing Plays A Masque of Reason Related Robert Frost Farm , New Hampshire The Frost Place , Home and Museum Robert Frost Farm ( Ripton , Vermont ) Robert Frost Farm ( South Shaftsbury , Vermont ) Robert Frost House , Massachusetts Robert Frost Medal Frostiana ( 1959 choral art ) Robert Frost : A Lover 's Quarrel with the World ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Frost : A Life ( 2000 biography ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stopping_by_Woods_on_a_Snowy_Evening&oldid=826525203 '' Categories : Poetry by Robert Frost 1923 poems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 16 : 59 . About Wikipedia
|
historical context of stopping by woods on a snowy evening
|
[] |
[] |
6848559215712731220
|
The Picture of Dorian Gray
|
The Picture of Dorian Gray - wikipedia The Picture of Dorian Gray Jump to : navigation , search `` Dorian Gray '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dorian Gray ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see The Picture of Dorian Gray ( disambiguation ) . The Picture of Dorian Gray The Picture of Dorian Gray was first published in the July 1890 issue of `` Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine '' . Author Oscar Wilde Language English Genre Philosophical fiction Published 1890 Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine Media type Print OCLC 53071567 Dewey Decimal 823 /. 8 22 LC Class PR5819. A2 M543 2003 The Picture of Dorian Gray is a philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde , first published complete in the July 1890 issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine . Fearing the story was indecent , the magazine 's editor without Wilde 's knowledge deleted roughly five hundred words before publication . Despite that censorship , The Picture of Dorian Gray offended the moral sensibilities of British book reviewers , some of whom said that Oscar Wilde merited prosecution for violating the laws guarding the public morality . In response , Wilde aggressively defended his novel and art in correspondence with the British press , although he personally made excisions of some of the most controversial material when revising and lengthening the story for book publication the following year . The longer and revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray published in book form in 1891 featured an aphoristic preface -- a defence of the artist 's rights and of art for art 's sake -- based in part on his press defences of the novel the previous year . The content , style , and presentation of the preface made it famous in its own right , as a literary and artistic manifesto . In April 1891 , the publishing firm of Ward , Lock and Company , who had distributed the shorter , more inflammatory , magazine version in England the previous year , published the revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray . The only novel written by Wilde , The Picture of Dorian Gray exists in several versions : the 1890 magazine edition ( in 13 chapters ) , with important material deleted before publication by the magazine 's editor , J.M. Stoddart ; the `` uncensored '' version submitted to Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine for publication ( also in 13 chapters ) , with all of Wilde 's original material intact , first published in 2011 by Harvard University Press ; and the 1891 book edition ( in 20 chapters ) . As literature of the 19th century , The Picture of Dorian Gray `` pivots on a gothic plot device '' with strong themes interpreted from Faust . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes and motifs 4.1 Aestheticism and duplicity 5 Allusions 5.1 The Republic 5.2 Tannhäuser 5.3 Faust 5.4 Shakespeare 5.5 Joris - Karl Huysmans 6 Literary significance 6.1 Possible Disraeli influence 6.2 Publication history 6.3 Preface 6.4 Criticism 6.5 Textual revisions 7 Adaptations 8 Editions 9 See also 10 Footnotes and references 11 External links Summary ( edit ) Dorian Gray is the subject of a full - length portrait in oil by Basil Hallward , an artist who is impressed and infatuated by Dorian 's beauty ; he believes that Dorian 's beauty is responsible for the new mode in his art as a painter . Through Basil , Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton , and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrat 's hedonistic worldview : that beauty and sensual fulfilment are the only things worth pursuing in life . Newly understanding that his beauty will fade , Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul , to ensure that the picture , rather than he , will age and fade . The wish is granted , and Dorian pursues a libertine life of varied and amoral experiences , while staying young and beautiful ; all the while his portrait ages and records every sin . Plot ( edit ) The plot of the novel varies between each of the published versions . The summary below deals with the longest version , the 1891 novel . However , certain episodes described -- in particular Dorian 's encounter with , and murder of , James Vane -- do not appear in the version originally submitted by Wilde to Lippincott 's . The Picture of Dorian Gray begins on a beautiful summer day in Victorian era England , where Lord Henry Wotton , an opinionated man , is observing the sensitive artist Basil Hallward painting the portrait of Dorian Gray , a handsome young man who is Basil 's ultimate muse . While sitting for the painting , Dorian listens to Lord Henry espousing his hedonistic world view , and begins to think that beauty is the only aspect of life worth pursuing . This prompts Dorian to wish that the painted image of himself would age instead of himself . Under the hedonistic influence of Lord Henry , Dorian fully explores his sensuality . He discovers the actress Sibyl Vane , who performs Shakespeare plays in a dingy , working - class theatre . Dorian approaches and courts her , and soon proposes marriage . The enamoured Sibyl calls him `` Prince Charming '' , and swoons with the happiness of being loved , but her protective brother , James , warns that if `` Prince Charming '' harms her , he will murder him . Dorian invites Basil and Lord Henry to see Sibyl perform in Romeo and Juliet . Sibyl , too enamoured with Dorian to act , performs poorly , which makes both Basil and Lord Henry think Dorian has fallen in love with Sibyl because of her beauty instead of her acting talent . Embarrassed , Dorian rejects Sibyl , telling her that acting was her beauty ; without that , she no longer interests him . On returning home , Dorian notices that the portrait has changed ; his wish has come true , and the man in the portrait bears a subtle sneer of cruelty . Dorian Gray observes the corruption recorded in his portrait , in the film The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) . Conscience - stricken and lonely , Dorian decides to reconcile with Sibyl , but he is too late , as Lord Henry informs him that Sibyl has committed suicide by swallowing prussic acid . Dorian then understands that , where his life is headed , lust and good looks shall suffice . Dorian locks the portrait up , and over the following eighteen years , he experiments with every vice , influenced by a morally poisonous French novel that Lord Henry Wotton gave him . ( The narrative does not reveal the title of the French novel , but , at trial , Wilde said that the novel Dorian Gray read was À rebours ( Against Nature , 1884 ) , by Joris - Karl Huysmans . ) One night , before leaving for Paris , Basil goes to Dorian 's house to ask him about rumours of his self - indulgent sensualism . Dorian does not deny his debauchery , and takes Basil to see the portrait . The portrait has become so hideous that Basil is only able to identify it as his work by the signature he affixes to all his portraits . Basil is horrified , and beseeches Dorian to pray for salvation . In anger , Dorian blames his fate on Basil , and stabs him to death . Dorian then calmly blackmails an old friend , the scientist Alan Campbell , into using his knowledge of chemistry to destroy the body of Basil Hallward . Alan later kills himself over the deed . A 19th century London opium den ( based on fictional accounts of the day ) . To escape the guilt of his crime , Dorian goes to an opium den , where James Vane is unknowingly present . James had been seeking vengeance upon Dorian ever since Sibyl killed herself , but had no leads to pursue : the only thing he knew about Dorian was the name Sibyl called him , `` Prince Charming '' . In the opium den however he hears someone refer to Dorian as `` Prince Charming '' , and he accosts Dorian . Dorian deceives James into believing that he is too young to have known Sibyl , who killed herself 18 years earlier , as his face is still that of a young man . James relents and releases Dorian , but is then approached by a woman from the opium den who reproaches James for not killing Dorian . She confirms that the man was Dorian Gray and explains that he has not aged in 18 years . James runs after Dorian , but he has gone . James then begins to stalk Dorian , causing Dorian to fear for his life . However , during a shooting party , a hunter accidentally kills James Vane , who was lurking in a thicket . On returning to London , Dorian tells Lord Henry that he will live righteously from now on . His new probity begins with deliberately not breaking the heart of the naïve Hetty Merton , his current romantic interest . Dorian wonders if his new - found goodness has reverted the corruption in the picture , but when he looks he sees only an even uglier image of himself . From that , Dorian understands that his true motives for the self - sacrifice of moral reformation were the vanity and curiosity of his quest for new experiences . Deciding that only full confession will absolve him of wrongdoing , Dorian decides to destroy the last vestige of his conscience , and the only piece of evidence remaining of his crimes -- the picture . In a rage , he takes the knife with which he murdered Basil Hallward , and stabs the picture . The servants of the house awaken on hearing a cry from the locked room ; on the street , passers - by who also heard the cry call the police . On entering the locked room , the servants find an unknown old man , stabbed in the heart , his face and figure withered and decrepit . The servants identify the disfigured corpse by the rings on its fingers which belonged to their master ; beside him is the picture of Dorian Gray , restored to its original beauty . Characters ( edit ) Oscar Wilde said that , in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) , three of the characters were reflections of himself : Basil Hallward is what I think I am : Lord Henry is what the world thinks of me : Dorian is what I would like to be -- in other ages , perhaps . The painter Basil Hallward and the aristocrat Lord Henry Wotton observe the picture of Dorian Gray . The characters of the story are Dorian Gray -- a handsome , narcissistic young man enthralled by Lord Henry 's `` new '' hedonism . He indulges in every pleasure and virtually every ' sin ' , studying its effect upon him , which eventually leads to his death . Basil Hallward -- a deeply moral man , the painter of the portrait , and infatuated with Dorian , whose patronage realises his potential as an artist . The picture of Dorian Gray is Basil 's masterpiece . Lord Henry `` Harry '' Wotton -- an imperious aristocrat and a decadent dandy who espouses a philosophy of self - indulgent hedonism . Initially Basil 's friend , he neglects him for Dorian 's beauty . The character of witty Lord Harry is a critique of Victorian culture at the Fin de siècle -- of Britain at the end of the 19th century . Lord Harry 's libertine world view corrupts Dorian , who then successfully emulates him . To the aristocrat Harry , the observant artist Basil says , `` You never say a moral thing , and you never do a wrong thing . '' Lord Henry takes pleasure in impressing , influencing , and even misleading his acquaintances ( to which purpose he bends his considerable wit and eloquence ) but appears not to observe his own hedonistic advice , preferring to study himself with scientific detachment . His distinguishing feature is total indifference to the consequences of his actions . Scholars generally accept the character is partly inspired by Wilde 's friend Lord Ronald Gower . Sibyl Vane -- a talented actress and singer , she is the beautiful girl , of a poor family , with whom Dorian falls in love . Her love for Dorian ruins her acting ability , because she no longer finds pleasure in portraying fictional love as she is now experiencing real love in her life . She kills herself on learning that Dorian no longer loves her ; at that , Lord Henry likens her to Ophelia , in Hamlet . James Vane -- Sibyl 's brother , a sailor who leaves for Australia . He is very protective of his sister , especially as their mother cares only for Dorian 's money . Believing that Dorian means to harm Sibyl , James hesitates to leave , and promises vengeance upon Dorian if any harm befalls her . After Sibyl 's suicide , James becomes obsessed with killing Dorian , and stalks him , but a hunter accidentally kills James . The brother 's pursuit of vengeance upon the lover ( Dorian Gray ) , for the death of the sister ( Sibyl ) parallels that of Laertes vengeance against Prince Hamlet . Alan Campbell -- chemist and one - time friend of Dorian who ended their friendship when Dorian 's libertine reputation devalued such a friendship . Dorian blackmails Alan into destroying the body of the murdered Basil Hallward ; Campbell later shoots himself dead . Lord Fermor -- Lord Henry 's uncle , who tells his nephew , Lord Henry Wotton , about the family lineage of Dorian Gray . Adrian Singleton -- A youthful friend of Dorian 's , whom he evidently introduced to opium addiction , which induced him to forge a cheque and made him a total outcast from his family and social set . Victoria , Lady Wotton -- Lord Henry 's wife , whom he treats disdainfully ; she later divorces him . Themes and motifs ( edit ) Aestheticism and duplicity ( edit ) The greatest theme in The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) is aestheticism and its conceptual relation to living a double life . Throughout the story , the narrative presents aestheticism as an absurd abstraction , which disillusions more than it dignifies the concept of Beauty . Despite Dorian being a hedonist when Basil accuses him of making a `` by - word '' of the name of Lord Henry 's sister , Dorian curtly replies , `` Take care , Basil . You go too far ... '' ; thus , in Victorian society , public image and social standing do matter to Dorian . Yet , Wilde highlights the protagonist 's hedonism : Dorian enjoyed `` keenly the terrible pleasure of a double life '' , by attending a high - society party only twenty - four hours after committing a murder . Moral duplicity and self - indulgence are evident in Dorian 's patronising the opium dens of London . Wilde conflates the images of the upper - class man and lower - class man in Dorian Gray , a gentleman slumming for strong entertainment in the poor parts of London town . Lord Henry philosophically had earlier said to him that : `` Crime belongs exclusively to the lower orders ... I should fancy that crime was to them what art is to us , simply a method of procuring extraordinary sensations '' -- implying that Dorian is two men , a refined aesthete and a coarse criminal . That authorial observation is a thematic link to the double life recounted in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1886 ) , by Robert Louis Stevenson , a novella admired by Oscar Wilde . Allusions ( edit ) The Republic ( edit ) In Book 2 of Plato 's The Republic , Glaucon and Adeimantus present the myth of the Ring of Gyges , by means of which Gyges made himself invisible . They then ask Socrates , `` If one came into possession of such a ring , why should he act justly ? '' Socrates replies that although no one can see one 's body , the soul is disfigured by the evils one commits . The disfigured and corrupted soul ( antithesis of the beautiful soul ) is imbalanced and disordered , and , in itself , is undesirable , regardless of any advantage derived from acting unjustly . The picture of Dorian Gray is the means by which other people , such as his friend Basil Hallward , may see Dorian 's distorted soul . Tannhäuser ( edit ) Dorian attends a performance of Tannhäuser , by Richard Wagner , and the narrative identifies him with the protagonist of the opera . Disruptive beauty is the thematic resemblance between the opera and The Picture of Dorian Gray . Based upon a medieval historical figure , Tannhäuser is a singer whose art is so beautiful that Venus becomes enamoured of him . The Roman goddess of love then offers him eternal life with her in the Venusberg , and he accepts ; yet , Tannhäuser becomes dissatisfied with life in the Venusberg , and returns to the harsh reality of the mortal world . After participating in a singing contest , Tannhäuser is censured for the sensuality of his art ; eventually , he dies searching for repentance and the love of a good woman . Faust ( edit ) About the literary hero , the author Oscar Wilde said , `` in every first novel the hero is the author as Christ or Faust . '' As in the legend of Faust , in The Picture of Dorian Gray a temptation ( ageless beauty ) is placed before the protagonist , which he indulges . In each story , the protagonist entices a beautiful woman to love him , and then destroys her life . In the preface to the novel ( 1891 ) , Wilde said that the notion behind the tale is `` old in the history of literature '' , but was a thematic subject to which he had `` given a new form '' . Unlike the academic Faust , the gentleman Dorian makes no deal with the Devil , who is represented by the cynical hedonist Lord Henry , who presents the temptation that will corrupt the virtue and innocence that Dorian possesses at the start of the story . Throughout , Lord Henry appears unaware of the effect of his actions upon the young man ; and so frivolously advises Dorian , that `` the only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it . Resist it , and your soul grows sick with longing . '' As such , the devilish Lord Henry is `` leading Dorian into an unholy pact , by manipulating his innocence and insecurity . '' Shakespeare ( edit ) In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) , Wilde speaks of the sub-human Caliban character from The Tempest . In chapter five , he writes : `` He felt as if he had come to look for Miranda and had been met by Caliban '' . When Dorian tells Lord Henry about his new love Sibyl Vane , he mentions the Shakespeare plays in which she has acted , and refers to her by the name of the heroine of each play . Later , Dorian speaks of his life by quoting Hamlet , a privileged character who impels his potential suitor ( Ophelia ) to suicide , and prompts her brother ( Laertes ) to swear mortal revenge . Joris - Karl Huysmans ( edit ) The anonymous `` poisonous French novel '' that leads Dorian to his fall is a thematic variant of À rebours ( 1884 ) , by Joris - Karl Huysmans . In the biography , Oscar Wilde ( 1989 ) , the literary critic Richard Ellmann said that : Wilde does not name the book , but at his trial he conceded that it was , or almost ( was ) , Huysmans 's À rebours ... to a correspondent , he wrote that he had played a ' fantastic variation ' upon À rebours , and someday must write it down . The references in Dorian Gray to specific chapters are deliberately inaccurate . Literary significance ( edit ) Possible Disraeli influence ( edit ) Some commentaters have suggested that The Picture of Dorian Gray was influenced by the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 's ( anonymously published ) first novel Vivian Grey ( 1826 ) as , `` a kind of homage from one outsider to another . '' The name of Dorian Gray 's love interest , Sibyl Vane , may be a modified fusion of the title of Disraeli 's best known novel ( Sybil ) and Vivian Grey 's love interest Violet Fane , who , like Sibyl Vane , dies tragically . There is also a scene in Vivian Grey in which the eyes in the portrait of a `` beautiful being '' move when its subject dies . Publication history ( edit ) The Picture of Dorian Gray originally was a short novel submitted to Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine for serial publication . In 1889 , J.M. Stoddart , an editor for Lippincott , was in London to solicit short novels to publish in the magazine . On 30 August 1889 , Stoddart dined with Oscar Wilde , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and T.P. Gill at the Langham Hotel , and commissioned short novels from each writer . Conan Doyle promptly submitted The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) to Stoddart , but Wilde was more dilatory ; Conan Doyle 's second Sherlock Holmes novel was published in the February 1890 edition of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine , yet Stoddart did not receive Wilde 's manuscript for The Picture of Dorian Gray until 7 April 1890 , nine months after having commissioned the novel from him . The title page of the Ward Lock & Co 1891 edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray with decorative lettering , designed by Charles Ricketts . The literary merits of The Picture of Dorian Gray impressed Stoddart , but , as an editor , he told the publisher , George Lippincott , `` in its present condition there are a number of things an innocent woman would make an exception to ... '' Among the pre-publication deletions that Stoddart and his editors made to the text of Wilde 's original manuscript were : ( i ) passages alluding to homosexuality and to homosexual desire ; ( ii ) all references to the fictional book title Le Secret de Raoul and its author , Catulle Sarrazin ; and ( iii ) all `` mistress '' references to Gray 's lovers , Sibyl Vane and Hetty Merton . The Picture of Dorian Gray was published on 20 June 1890 , in the July issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine . British reviewers condemned the novel 's immorality , and said condemnation was so controversial that the WH Smith publishing house withdrew every copy of the July 1890 issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine from its bookstalls in railway stations . Consequent to the harsh criticism of the 1890 magazine edition , Wilde ameliorated the homoerotic references , to simplify the moral message of the story . In the magazine edition ( 1890 ) , Basil tells Lord Henry how he `` worships '' Dorian , and begs him not to `` take away the one person that makes my life absolutely lovely to me . '' In the magazine edition , Basil concentrates upon love , whereas , in the book edition ( 1891 ) , Basil concentrates upon his art , saying to Lord Henry , `` the one person who gives my art whatever charm it may possess : my life as an artist depends on him . '' The magazine edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) was expanded from thirteen to twenty chapters ; and the magazine edition 's final chapter was divided into two chapters , the nineteenth and twentieth chapters of the book edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) . Wilde 's textual additions were about `` fleshing out of Dorian as a character '' and providing details of his ancestry that made his `` psychological collapse more prolonged and more convincing . '' The introduction of the James Vane character to the story develops the socio - economic background of the Sibyl Vane character , thus emphasising Dorian 's selfishness and foreshadowing James 's accurate perception of the essentially immoral character of Dorian Gray ; thus , he correctly deduced Dorian 's dishonourable intent towards Sibyl . The sub-plot about James Vane 's dislike of Dorian gives the novel a Victorian tinge of class struggle . With such textual changes , Oscar Wilde meant to diminish the moralistic controversy about the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray . Preface ( edit ) Consequent to the harsh criticism of the magazine edition of the novel , the textual revisions to The Picture of Dorian Gray included a preface in which Wilde addressed the criticisms and defended the reputation of his novel . To communicate how the novel should be read , in the Preface , Wilde explains the role of the artist in society , the purpose of art , and the value of beauty . It traces Wilde 's cultural exposure to Taoism and to the philosophy of Chuang Tsǔ ( Zhuang Zhou ) . Earlier , before writing the preface , Wilde had written a book review of Herbert Giles 's translation of the work of Zhuang Zhou . The preface was first published in the 1891 edition of the novel ; nonetheless , by June 1891 , Wilde was defending The Picture of Dorian Gray against accusations that it was a bad book . In the essay The Artist as Critic , Oscar Wilde said that : The honest ratepayer and his healthy family have no doubt often mocked at the dome - like forehead of the philosopher , and laughed over the strange perspective of the landscape that lies beneath him . If they really knew who he was , they would tremble . For Chuang Tsǔ spent his life in preaching the great creed of Inaction , and in pointing out the uselessness of all things . Criticism ( edit ) In the 19th century , the critical reception of the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) was poor . The book critic of The Irish Times said , The Picture of Dorian Gray was `` first published to some scandal . '' Such book reviews achieved for the novel a `` certain notoriety for being ' mawkish and nauseous ' , ' unclean ' , ' effeminate ' and ' contaminating ' . '' Such moralistic scandal arose from the novel 's homoeroticism , which offended the sensibilities ( social , literary , and aesthetic ) of Victorian book critics . Yet , most of the criticism was personal , attacking Wilde for being a hedonist with a distorted view of conventional morality of Victorian Britain . In the 30 June 1890 issue of the Daily Chronicle , the book critic said that Wilde 's novel contains `` one element ... which will taint every young mind that comes in contact with it . '' In the 5 July 1890 issue of the Scots Observer , a reviewer asked `` Why must Oscar Wilde ' go grubbing in muck - heaps ? ' '' In response to such criticism , Wilde obscured the homoeroticism of the story and expanded the personal background of the characters . Original manuscript of the opening of chapter four Textual revisions ( edit ) After the initial publication of the magazine edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) , Wilde expanded the text from 13 to 20 chapters and obscured the homoerotic themes of the story . In the novel version of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) , chapters 3 , 5 , and 15 to 18 , inclusive , are new ; and chapter 13 of the magazine edition was divided , and became chapters 19 and 20 of the novel edition . In 1895 , at his trials , Oscar Wilde said he revised the text of The Picture of Dorian Gray because of letters sent to him by the cultural critic Walter Pater . Passages revised for the novel ( Basil about Dorian ) `` He has stood as Paris in dainty armour , and as Adonis with huntsman 's cloak and polished boar - spear . Crowned with heavy lotus - blossoms , he has sat on the prow of Adrian 's barge , looking into the green , turbid Nile . He has leaned over the still pool of some Greek woodland , and seen in the water 's silent silver the wonder of his own beauty . '' ( Lord Henry describes `` fidelity '' ) `` It has nothing to do with our own will . It is either an unfortunate accident , or an unpleasant result of temperament . '' `` You do n't mean to say that Basil has got any passion or any romance in him ? '' / `` I do n't know whether he has any passion , but he certainly has romance , '' said Lord Henry , with an amused look in his eyes . / `` Has he never let you know that ? '' / `` Never . I must ask him about it . I am rather surprised to hear it . '' ( Basil Hallward described ) `` Rugged and straightforward as he was , there was something in his nature that was purely feminine in its tenderness . '' ( Basil to Dorian ) `` It is quite true that I have worshipped you with far more romance of feeling than a man usually gives to a friend . Somehow , I had never loved a woman . I suppose I never had time . Perhaps , as Harry says , a really grande passion is the privilege of those who have nothing to do , and that is the use of the idle classes in a country . '' ( Basil confronts Dorian ) `` Dorian , Dorian , your reputation is infamous . I know you and Harry are great friends . I say nothing about that now , but surely you need not have made his sister 's name a by - word . '' ( The first part of this passage was deleted from the 1890 magazine text ; the second part of the passage was inserted to the 1891 novel text . ) Passages added to the novel `` Each class would have preached the importance of those virtues , for whose exercise there was no necessity in their own lives . The rich would have spoken on the value of thrift , and the idle grown eloquent over the dignity of labour . '' `` A grande passion is the privilege of people who have nothing to do . That is the one use of the idle classes of a country . Do n't be afraid . '' `` Faithfulness ! I must analyse it some day . The passion for property is in it . There are many things that we would throw away , if we were not afraid that others might pick them up . '' The uncensored edition In 2011 , the Belknap Press published The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition . The edition includes text that was deleted by JM Stoddart , Wilde 's initial editor , before the story 's publication in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine in 1890 . Adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : Adaptations of The Picture of Dorian Gray and Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde Editions ( edit ) The Picture of Dorian Gray , Wordsworth Classics 1992 , ISBN 1 - 85326 - 015 - 0 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Modern Library 1992 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 60001 - 5 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Penguin Classics 1986 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 043187 - X The Picture of Dorian Gray , Tor 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8125 - 6711 - 0 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Books , Inc. 1994 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Broadview Press 1998 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 126 - 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Barnes and Noble Classics 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 025 - 9 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Macmillan Readers 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 02922 - 4 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Macmillan Readers 2005 ( with CD pack ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 7658 - 6 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Penguin Classics 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 144203 - 7 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Oxford World 's Classics 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280729 - 8 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Dalmatian Press Classics 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4037 - 3908 - 7 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Four Corners Books 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9545025 - 4 - 6 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Oneworld Classics 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84749 - 018 - 6 The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition , Belknap Press 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05792 - 0 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Illustrated Editions CO. , INC. 1931 Illustrated by Lui Trugo . The Picture of Dorian Gray , The Folio Society 2012 , illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark The Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray , Belknap Press 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06631 - 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray Critical Edition : Original Unexpurgated 1890 , 13 - Chapter Version , CreateSpace 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5089 - 9821 - 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Wisehouse Classics 2015 ( reproduction of the 1891 authoritative edition with original illustrations by Eugene Dété ) , ISBN 978 - 9176371145 See also ( edit ) Oscar Wilde portal Literature portal Novels portal Dorian Gray ( character ) Dorian Gray syndrome The Happy Hypocrite -- a thematic inversion of The Picture of Dorian Gray Footnotes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Introduction Jump up ^ Notes on The Picture of Dorian Gray -- An overview of the text , sources , influences , themes , and a summary of The Picture of Dorian Gray Jump up ^ Good Reason radio show , `` The Censorship of ' Dorian Gray ' '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost and Horror Fiction '' . GLBTQ Encyclopedia . Chicago , IL : glbtq , Inc. 2002 -- 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Project Gutenberg 20 - chapter version ) , line 3479 et seq. in plain text ( Chapter VII ) . Jump up ^ Oscar Wilde : Art and Morality ( Illustrated Edition ) , ed. by Stuart Mason ( Fairford : Echo Library , 2011 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ The Modern Library -- a synopsis of the novel coupled with a short biography of Oscar Wilde . ( retrieved 3 November 2009 ) Jump up ^ Wilde , Oscar ; Frankel , Nichols ( ed . ) The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , London 2011 , p68 ^ Jump up to : The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Chapter XI Jump up ^ Oscar Wilde ( 1969 ) . The Picture of Dorian Gray . Magnum Books . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Preface Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Chapter II Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . -- a summary of and a commentary on Chapter II of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( retrieved 29 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ Ellmann , Oscar Wilde ( Vintage , 1988 ) , p. 316 Jump up ^ McCrum , Robert . `` The 100 best novels : No 11 -- Sybil by Benjamin Disraeli ( 1845 ) '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Disraeli , Benjamin ( 1826 ) . Vivian Grey ( 1853 version ed . ) . London : Longmans , Green and Co. pp. 263 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Disraeli ( 1853 ) p101 - 2 Jump up ^ Oscar Wilde , Selected Letters ed Hart - Davis , R Oxford University Press , 1979 , p95 ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Nicholas ( 2011 ) ( 1890 ) . `` Textual Introduction '' . In Wilde , Oscar . The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press ( Harvard University Press ) . pp. 38 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05792 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- A Note on the Text Jump up ^ GraderSave : ClassicNote -- a summary and analysis of the book and its preface ( retrieved 5 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Letters of Oscar Wilde , Merlin Holland and Rupert Hart - Davis , eds. , Henry Holt ( 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5915 - 6 ; and The Artist as Critic , Richard Ellmann , ed. , University of Chicago ( 1968 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 89764 - 8 -- containing Wilde 's book review of Giles 's translation , and Chuang Tsǔ ( Zhuang Zhou ) is incorrectly identified as Confucius . Wilde 's book review of Giles 's translation was published in The Speaker magazine of 8 February 1890 . Jump up ^ Ellmann , The Artist as Critic p. 222 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Eileen ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Wilde 's Portrait of Subtle Control '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The Modern Library -- a synopsis of the novel and a short biography of Oscar Wilde . ( retrieved 6 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ CliffsNotes : The Picture of Dorian Gray -- an introduction and overview the book ( retrieved 5 July 2006 ) Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Symon , Evan V. ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` 10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books '' . listverse.com . Jump up ^ `` Differences between the 1890 and 1891 editions of `` Dorian Gray '' `` . Github.io . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Donald L. , An Inquiry into Oscar Wilde 's Revisions of ' The Picture of Dorian Gray ' ( New York : Garland , 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` The Picture of Dorian Gray -- Oscar Wilde , Nicholas Frankel -- Harvard University Press '' . Hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray published '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday : The Uncensored `` Dorian Gray '' `` . The Washington Post . 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Oscar ( 2011 ) ( 1890 ) . Frankel , Nicholas , ed . The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press ( Harvard University Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05792 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The picture of Dorian Gray . Illustrated by Lui Trugo '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Picture of Dorian Gray Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Picture of Dorian Gray Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Picture of Dorian Gray . Replica of the 1890 Edition & Critical Edition at University of Victoria The Picture of Dorian Gray to read on line on bibliomania site . The Picture of Dorian Gray Audiobook on YouTube The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 13 - chapter version ) at Project Gutenberg The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 20 - chapter version ) at Project Gutenberg The Picture of Dorian Gray public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Picture of Dorian Gray title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Oscar Wilde Novels The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays `` The Decay of Lying '' `` The Soul of Man under Socialism '' `` The Critic as Artist '' `` De Profundis '' Short stories and novellas The Canterville Ghost `` The Portrait of Mr. W.H. '' Collections Lord Arthur Savile 's Crime and Other Stories The Happy Prince and Other Stories A House of Pomegranates Poems The Ballad of Reading Gaol Poems in Prose Plays Vera ; or , The Nihilists The Duchess of Padua Lady Windermere 's Fan A Florentine Tragedy A Woman of No Importance Salome La Sainte Courtisane An Ideal Husband The Importance of Being Earnest Related Oscar Wilde bibliography The Letters of Oscar Wilde Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde Biographies of Oscar Wilde The Manuscripts of Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture Oscar Wilde ( 1936 play ) Oscar Wilde ( 1960 film ) The Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1960 film ) The Importance of Being Oscar ( 1960 play ) Oscar ( 1985 miniseries ) Wilde ( 1997 film ) Gross Indecency : The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1997 play ) The Judas Kiss ( 1998 play ) Oscar ( 2013 opera ) Life and family Oscar Wilde Centre , birthplace , and boyhood home Merrion Square home and statue William Wilde ( father ) Jane Elgee Wilde ( mother ) Willie Wilde ( brother ) Constance Lloyd ( wife ) Cyril Wilde Holland ( son ) Vyvyan Wilde Holland ( son ) Merlin Holland ( grandson ) Dorothy Wilde ( niece ) Tomb and gravesite Category Portal Oscar Wilde 's The Picture of Dorian Gray Films Dorian Grays Portræt ( 1910 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1913 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1915 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1916 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1917 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1918 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) Dorian Gray ( 1970 ) The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1976 ) Dorian Gray ( 2009 ) Adaptations The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1969 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 - 2016 ) Literature The Happy Hypocrite Dorian , an Imitation A Portrait of Dorian Gray Stage Matthew Bourne 's Dorian Gray The Picture of Dorian Gray ( opera ) Inspirations John Gray `` The Oval Portrait '' Related Dorian Gray syndrome Adaptations `` Look Back in Anger '' Phantom of the Paradise Works based on Faust Folk legend Faust Johann Georg Faust Deal with the Devil in popular culture Simon Magus Theophilus of Adana Erdgeist Mephistopheles Pan Twardowski Stingy Jack Seminal works Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Other Paintings Faust ( ballet ) ( 1848 ) Gods ' Man ( 1929 ) Faust ( manga ) ( 1950 ) Doctor Faustus ( comics ) ( 1968 ) Faust ( Avatar Press ) ( 1987 ) Category VIAF : 186701310 LCCN : n80070830 GND : 4130762 - 8 SUDOC : 027591492 BNF : cb11959847x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray&oldid=828334308 '' Categories : The Picture of Dorian Gray 1890 British novels 1890s fantasy novels 1890s LGBT novels Novels first published in serial form Victorian novels Works by Oscar Wilde Works originally published in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine Narcissism in fiction Suicide in fiction British novels adapted into plays Irish novels adapted into films British LGBT novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
oscar wilde the picture of dorian gray summary
|
[] |
[] |
-3664876973365878228
|
Munich massacre
|
Munich massacre - wikipedia Munich massacre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1972 massacre . For the 1980 bombing , see Oktoberfest bombing . For the 2016 mass shooting , see 2016 Munich shooting . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1972 Munich Massacre One of the most reproduced photos taken during the siege captured a kidnapper on the balcony attached to Munich Olympic village Building 31 , where members of the Israeli Olympic team and delegation were quartered . Munich Location Munich , West Germany Coordinates 48 ° 10 ′ 46.9 '' N 11 ° 32 ′ 57.1 '' E / 48.179694 ° N 11.549194 ° E / 48.179694 ; 11.549194 Coordinates : 48 ° 10 ′ 46.9 '' N 11 ° 32 ′ 57.1 '' E / 48.179694 ° N 11.549194 ° E / 48.179694 ; 11.549194 Date 5 -- 6 September 1972 4 : 31 am -- 12 : 04 am ( UTC + 1 ) Target Israeli Olympic team Attack type Hostage - taking Mass murder Massacre Deaths 17 total ( including perpetrators ) 6 Israeli coaches 5 Israeli athletes 5 Black September members 1 West German police officer Perpetrators Black September Motive Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon Engagements El Al Flight 426 hijacking El Al Flight 253 attack retaliation raid El Al Flight 432 attack TWA Flight 840 hijacking ( 1969 ) Avivim school bus bombing Lod Airport massacre Sabena Flight 571 Kiryat Shmona massacre Ma'alot massacre 1974 Nahariya attack Savoy Hotel attack Kfar Yuval hostage crisis Coastal Road massacre 1978 South Lebanon conflict 1979 Nahariya attack Misgav Am hostage crisis 1982 Lebanon War International incidents Munich massacre Operation Wrath of God 1972 raid 1973 raid Sabena Flight 571 hijacking Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum 1973 New York City bomb plot TWA Flight 841 ( 1974 ) Pan Am Flight 110 Operation Entebbe The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , West Germany , at which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and eventually killed , along with a German police officer , by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September . Shortly after the crisis began , they demanded 234 prisoners jailed in Israel and the German - held founders of the Red Army Faction ( Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof ) be released . Black September called the operation `` Iqrit and Biram '' , after two Palestinian Christian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . The attack was motivated by secular nationalism , with the commander of the terrorist group , Luttif Afif , having been born to Jewish and Christian parents . German neo-Nazis gave the attackers logistical assistance . Police officers killed five of the eight Black September members during a failed rescue attempt . A German policeman was killed in the crossfire . They captured the three survivors , whom West Germany released the next month following the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 . Mossad responded to the release with the 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon and Operation Wrath of God , tracking down and killing Palestinians suspected of involvement in the massacre . In a ceremony led by Brazilian and Israeli officials two days prior to the start of the 2016 Summer Olympics the International Olympic Committee officially honored , for the first time , the eleven Israelis that were killed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack 2 Hostage - taking 3 International reaction 4 Negotiations 5 Failed rescue 5.1 Ambush plan 5.2 Failure 5.3 Massacre 5.4 Outcome 5.5 Criticism 6 Aftermath 6.1 Effect on the Games 6.2 Israeli response 6.3 Alleged German cover - up 7 Surviving Black September members 7.1 Abu Daoud 8 List of fatalities 9 Memorials gallery 10 Media 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Prelude At the time of the hostage - taking , the 1972 Summer Olympics were in their second week . The West German Olympic Organizing Committee had hoped to discard the military image of Germany . The Committee was wary of the image portrayed by the 1936 Summer Olympics , which Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler used for his benefit . Security personnel known as Olys were inconspicuous and only prepared to deal with ticket fraud and drunkenness . The documentary film One Day in September claims that security in the athletes ' village was unfit for the Games and that athletes could come and go as they pleased . Athletes could sneak past security , and go to other countries ' rooms , by going over the fencing that encompassed the village . The absence of armed personnel had worried Israeli delegation head Shmuel Lalkin even before his team arrived in Munich . In later interviews with journalists Serge Groussard and Aaron Klein , Lalkin said that he had also expressed concern with the relevant authorities about his team 's lodgings . The team was housed in a relatively isolated part of the Olympic Village , on the ground floor of a small building close to a gate , which Lalkin felt made his team particularly vulnerable to an outside assault . The West German authorities apparently assured Lalkin that extra security would be provided to look after the Israeli team , but Lalkin doubts that these additional measures were ever taken . Olympic organizers asked West German forensic psychologist Georg Sieber to create 26 terrorism scenarios to aid the organizers in planning security . His `` Situation 21 '' accurately forecast armed Palestinians invading the Israeli delegation 's quarters , killing and taking hostages , and demanding Israel 's release of prisoners and a plane to leave West Germany . Organizers balked against preparing for Situation 21 and the other scenarios , since guarding the Games against them would have gone against the goal of `` Carefree Games '' without heavy security . Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack The German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel wrote in a cover story in 2012 that the West German authorities had a tip - off from a Palestinian informant in Beirut three weeks before the massacre . The informant told West Germany that Palestinians were planning an `` incident '' at the Olympic Games , and the Foreign Ministry in Bonn viewed the tip - off seriously enough to pass it on to the secret service in Munich and urge that `` all possible security measures '' be taken . However , according to Der Spiegel , the authorities failed to act on the tip , and have never acknowledged it in the following 40 years . The magazine further adds that this is only part of a 40 - year cover - up by the German authorities of the mishandling its response to the massacre . Hostage - taking This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The site where the hostages were taken is almost unchanged today . The window of Apartment 1 is to the left of and below the balcony . On Monday evening , 4 September , the Israeli athletes enjoyed a night out , watching a performance of Fiddler on the Roof and dining with the play 's star , Israeli actor Shmuel Rodensky , before returning to the Olympic Village . On the return trip in the team bus , Lalkin denied his 13 - year - old son , who had befriended weightlifter Yossef Romano and wrestler Eliezer Halfin , permission to spend the night in their apartment at Connollystraße 31 -- which saved the boy 's life . At 4 : 30 am local time on 5 September , as the athletes slept , eight tracksuit - clad members of the Black September faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization , carrying duffel bags loaded with AKM assault rifles , Tokarev pistols , and grenades , scaled a 2 - metre ( 6 ⁄ ft ) chain - link fence with the assistance of unsuspecting athletes who were also sneaking into the Olympic Village . The athletes were originally identified as Americans , but were claimed to be Canadians decades later . Once inside , the Black September members used stolen keys to enter two apartments being used by the Israeli team at Connollystraße 31 . Yossef Gutfreund , a wrestling referee , was awakened by a faint scratching noise at the door of Apartment 1 , which housed the Israeli coaches and officials . When he investigated , he saw the door begin to open and masked men with guns on the other side . He shouted a warning to his sleeping roommates and threw his 135 kg ( 300 lbs ) weight against the door in a futile attempt to stop the intruders from forcing their way in . Gutfreund 's actions gave his roommate , weightlifting coach Tuvia Sokolovsky , enough time to smash a window and escape . Wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg fought the intruders , who shot him through his cheek and then forced him to help them find more hostages . Leading the intruders past Apartment 2 , Weinberg lied by telling them that the residents of the apartment were not Israelis . Instead , Weinberg led them to Apartment 3 ; there , the gunmen corralled six wrestlers and weightlifters as additional hostages . It is possible that Weinberg had hoped that the stronger men would have a better chance of fighting off the attackers than those in Apartment 2 , but they were all surprised in their sleep . As the athletes from Apartment 3 were marched back to the coaches ' apartment , the wounded Weinberg again attacked the gunmen , allowing one of his wrestlers , Gad Tsobari , to escape via the underground parking garage . Weinberg knocked one of the intruders unconscious and slashed at another with a fruit knife but failed to draw blood before being shot to death . Weightlifter Yossef Romano , a veteran of the Six - Day War , also attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being shot and killed . In its publication of 1 December 2015 , the New York Times reported that Romano was castrated after he was shot . The gunmen were left with nine hostages . They were , in addition to Gutfreund , sharpshooting coach Kehat Shorr , track and field coach Amitzur Shapira , fencing master Andre Spitzer , weightlifting judge Yakov Springer , wrestlers Eliezer Halfin and Mark Slavin , and weightlifters David Berger and Ze'ev Friedman . Berger was an expatriate American with dual citizenship ; Slavin , at 18 the youngest of the hostages , had only arrived in Israel from the Soviet Union four months before the Olympic Games began . Gutfreund , physically the largest of the hostages , was bound to a chair ( Groussard describes him as being tied up like a mummy ) ; the rest were lined up four apiece on the two beds in Springer and Shapira 's room , and bound at the wrists and ankles and then to each other . Romano 's bullet - riddled corpse was left at his bound comrades ' feet as a warning . Several of the hostages were beaten during the stand - off , with some suffering broken bones as a result . Of the other members of Israel 's team , racewalker Shaul Ladany had been jolted awake in Apartment 2 by Gutfreund 's screams . He jumped from the second - story balcony of his room and fled to the American dormitory , awakening U.S. track coach Bill Bowerman and informing him of the attack . Ladany , a survivor of the Nazi Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , was the first person to spread the alert as to the attack . The other four residents of Apartment 2 ( sharpshooters Henry Hershkowitz and Zelig Shtroch , and fencers Dan Alon and Yehuda Weisenstein ) , plus chef de mission Shmuel Lalkin and the two team doctors , managed to hide and later fled the besieged building . The two female members of Israel 's Olympic team , sprinter and hurdler Esther Shahamorov and swimmer Shlomit Nir , were housed in a separate part of the Olympic Village . Three more members of Israel 's Olympic team , two sailors and their manager , were housed in Kiel , 900 kilometres ( 600 mi ) from Munich . The attackers were subsequently reported to be part of the Palestinian terrorists from refugee camps in Lebanon , Syria , and Jordan . They were identified as Luttif Afif ( using the codename Issa ) , the leader ( three of Issa 's brothers were also reportedly members of Black September , two of them in Israeli jails ) , his deputy Yusuf Nazzal ( `` Tony '' ) , and junior members Afif Ahmed Hamid ( `` Paolo '' ) , Khalid Jawad ( `` Salah '' ) , Ahmed Chic Thaa ( `` Abu Halla '' ) , Mohammed Safady ( `` Badran '' ) , Adnan Al - Gashey ( `` Denawi '' ) , and Al - Gashey 's cousin , Jamal Al - Gashey ( `` Samir '' ) . According to author Simon Reeve , Afif ( the son of a Jewish mother and Christian father ) , Nazzal , and one of their confederates , had all worked in various capacities in the Olympic Village , and had spent a couple of weeks scouting out their potential target . A member of the Uruguayan Olympic delegation , which shared housing with the Israelis , claimed that he found Nazzal actually inside 31 Connollystraße less than 24 hours before the attack , but since he was recognized as a worker in the Village , nothing was thought of it at the time . The other members of the group entered Munich via train and plane in the days before the attack . All of the members of the Uruguay and Hong Kong Olympic teams , which also shared the building with the Israelis , were released unharmed during the crisis . International reaction On 5 September , Golda Meir , then Prime Minister of Israel , appealed to other countries to `` save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed . '' She also stated , `` if we ( Israel ) should give in , then no Israeli anywhere in the world shall feel that his life is safe ... it 's blackmail of the worst kind . '' King Hussein of Jordan , the only leader of an Arab country to denounce the attack publicly , called it a `` savage crime against civilization ... perpetrated by sick minds . '' U.S. President Richard Nixon privately discussed a number of possible American responses , such as declaring a national day of mourning ( favored by Secretary of State William P. Rogers ) , or having Nixon fly to the athletes ' funerals . Nixon and Henry Kissinger decided instead to press the United Nations to take steps against international terrorism . Negotiations The hostage - takers demanded the release of 234 Palestinians and non-Arabs jailed in Israel , along with two German insurgents held by the German penitentiary system , Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof , who were founders of the German Red Army Faction . The hostage - takers threw the body of Weinberg out the front door of the residence to demonstrate their resolve . Israel 's response was immediate and absolute : there would be no negotiation . Israel 's official policy at the time was to refuse to negotiate with terrorists under any circumstances , as according to the Israeli government such negotiations would give an incentive to future attacks . It has been claimed that the German authorities , under the leadership of Chancellor Willy Brandt and Minister for the Interior Hans - Dietrich Genscher , rejected Israel 's offer to send an Israeli special forces unit to Germany . The Bavarian interior minister Bruno Merk , who headed the crisis centre jointly with Genscher and Munich 's police chief Manfred Schreiber , denies that such an Israeli offer ever existed . According to journalist John K. Cooley , the hostage situation presented an extremely difficult political situation for the Germans because the hostages were Jewish . Cooley reported that the Germans offered the Palestinians an unlimited amount of money for the release of the athletes , as well as the substitution by high - ranking Germans . However , the kidnappers refused both offers . Munich police chief Manfred Schreiber , and Bruno Merk , interior minister of Bavaria , negotiated directly with the kidnappers , repeating the offer of an unlimited amount of money . According to Cooley , the reply was that `` money means nothing to us ; our lives mean nothing to us . '' Magdi Gohary and Mohammad Khadif , both Egyptian advisers to the Arab League , and A.D. Touny , an Egyptian member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) also helped try to win concessions from the kidnappers , but to no avail . However , the negotiators apparently were able to convince the terrorists that their demands were being considered , as `` Issa '' granted a total of five deadline extensions . Elsewhere in the village , athletes carried on as normal , seemingly oblivious of the events unfolding nearby . The Games continued until mounting pressure on the IOC forced a suspension some 12 hours after the first athlete had been murdered . United States marathon runner Frank Shorter , observing the unfolding events from the balcony of his nearby lodging , was quoted as saying , `` Imagine those poor guys over there . Every five minutes a psycho with a machine gun says , ' Let 's kill ' em now , ' and someone else says , ' No , let 's wait a while . ' How long could you stand that ? '' Israeli hostages Kehat Shorr ( left ) and Andre Spitzer ( right ) talk to German officials during the hostage crisis . At 4 : 30 pm , a squad of 38 German police was dispatched to the Olympic Village . Dressed in Olympic sweatsuits ( some also wearing Stahlhelme and carrying Walther MP sub-machine guns ) , they were members of the German border - police , although according to former Munich policeman Heinz Hohensinn they were regular Munich police officers , with no experience in combat or hostage rescue . Their plan was to crawl down from the ventilation shafts and kill the terrorists . The police took up positions awaiting the codeword `` Sunshine '' , which upon hearing , they were to begin the assault . In the meantime , camera crews filmed the actions of the officers from the German apartments , and broadcast the images live on television . Thus , the terrorists were able to watch the police prepare to attack . Footage shows one of the kidnappers peering from the balcony door while one of the police officers stood on the roof less than 20 ft ( 6 m ) from him . In the end , after `` Issa '' threatened to kill two of the hostages , the police retreated from the premises . At one point during the crisis , the negotiators demanded direct contact with the hostages to satisfy themselves the Israelis were still alive . Fencing coach Andre Spitzer , who spoke fluent German , and shooting coach Kehat Shorr , the senior member of the Israeli delegation , had a brief conversation with German officials while standing at the second - floor window of the besieged building , with two kidnappers holding guns on them . When Spitzer attempted to answer a question , he was clubbed with the butt of an AK - 47 in full view of international television cameras and pulled away from the window . A few minutes later , Hans - Dietrich Genscher and Walter Tröger , the mayor of the Olympic Village , were briefly allowed into the apartments to speak with the hostages . Tröger spoke of being very moved by the dignity with which the Israelis held themselves , and that they seemed resigned to their fate . Tröger noticed that several of the hostages , especially Gutfreund , showed signs of having suffered physical abuse at the hands of the kidnappers , and that David Berger had been shot in his left shoulder . While being debriefed by the crisis team , Genscher and Tröger told them that they had seen `` four or five '' attackers inside the apartment . Fatefully , these numbers were accepted as definitive . While Genscher and Tröger were talking with the hostages , Kehat Shorr had told the Germans that the Israelis would not object to being flown to an Arab country , provided that strict guarantees for their safety were made by the Germans and whichever nation they landed in . At 6 pm Munich time , the Palestinians issued a new dictate , demanding transportation to Cairo . Failed rescue This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ambush plan The authorities feigned agreement to the Cairo demand ( although Egyptian Prime Minister Aziz Sedki had already told the German authorities that the Egyptians did not wish to become involved in the hostage crisis ) . Two Bell UH - 1 military helicopters were to transport the terrorists and hostages to nearby Fürstenfeldbruck , a NATO airbase . Initially , the perpetrators ' plan was to go to Riem , which was the international airport near Munich at the time , but the negotiators convinced them that Fürstenfeldbruck would be more practical . The authorities , who preceded the Black Septemberists and hostages in a third helicopter , had an ulterior motive : they planned an armed assault at the airport . Realizing that the Palestinians and Israelis had to walk 200 metres through the underground garages to reach the helicopters , the German police saw another opportunity to ambush the perpetrators , and placed sharpshooters there . But `` Issa '' insisted on checking the route first . He and some other Palestinians walked pointing their AK - 47s at Schreiber , Tröger and Genscher . At that time , the gunmen of the police were lying behind cars in the sidestreets , and when they approached the latter crawled away , making noise in the process . Thus the terrorists were immediately alerted of the dangerous presence , and they decided to use a bus instead of walking . The bus arrived at 10 : 00 pm and drove the contingent to the helicopters . `` Issa '' checked them with a flashlight before boarding in groups . Five German policemen were deployed around the airport in sniper roles -- three on the roof of the control tower , one hidden behind a service truck and one behind a small signal tower at ground level . However , none of them had any special sniper training , nor any special weapon ( being equipped with the H&K G3 , the ordinary battle rifle of the German Armed Forces without optics or night vision devices ) . The soldiers were selected because they shot competitively on weekends . During a subsequent German investigation , an officer identified as `` Sniper No. 2 '' stated : `` I am of the opinion that I am not a sharpshooter . '' The members of the crisis team -- Schreiber , Genscher , Merk and Schreiber 's deputy Georg Wolf -- supervised and observed the attempted rescue from the airport control tower . Cooley , Reeve and Groussard all place Mossad chief Zvi Zamir and Victor Cohen , one of Zamir 's senior assistants , at the scene as well , but as observers only . Zamir has stated repeatedly in interviews over the years that he was never consulted by the Germans at any time during the rescue attempt and thought that his presence actually made the Germans uncomfortable . A Boeing 727 jet was positioned on the tarmac with sixteen German police inside dressed as flight crew . It was agreed that `` Issa '' and `` Tony '' would inspect the plane . The plan was that the Germans would overpower them as they boarded , giving the snipers a chance to kill the remaining terrorists at the helicopters . These were believed to number no more than two or three , according to what Genscher and Tröger had seen inside 31 Connollystraße . However , during the transfer from the bus to the helicopters , the crisis team discovered that there were actually eight of them . Failure At the last minute , as the helicopters were arriving at Fürstenfeldbruck , the German police aboard the airplane voted to abandon their mission , without consulting the central command . This left only the five sharpshooters to try to overpower a larger and more heavily armed group . At that point , Colonel Ulrich Wegener , Genscher 's senior aide and later the founder of the elite German counter-terrorist unit GSG 9 , said `` I 'm sure this will blow the whole affair ! '' . The helicopters landed just after 10 : 30 pm and the four pilots and six of the kidnappers emerged . While four of the Black September members held the pilots at gunpoint ( breaking an earlier promise that they would not take any Germans hostage ) , Issa and Tony walked over to inspect the jet , only to find it empty . Realizing they had been lured into a trap , they sprinted back toward the helicopters . As they ran past the control tower , Sniper 3 took one last opportunity to eliminate `` Issa '' , which would have left the group leaderless . However , due to the poor lighting , he struggled to see his target and missed , hitting `` Tony '' in the thigh instead , which could have proved fatal had the femural artery been severed , which did not occur . Meanwhile , the German authorities gave the order for snipers positioned nearby to open fire , which occurred around 11 : 00 pm . In the ensuing chaos , Ahmed Chic Thaa and Afif Ahmed Hamid , the two kidnappers holding the helicopter pilots , were killed while the remaining gunmen -- some possibly already wounded -- scrambled to safety , returning fire from behind and beneath the helicopters , out of the snipers ' line of sight , shooting out many of the airport lights . A German policeman in the control tower , Anton Fliegerbauer , was killed by the gunfire . The helicopter pilots fled ; the hostages , tied up inside the craft , could not . During the gun battle , the hostages secretly worked on loosening their bonds and teethmarks were found on some of the ropes after the gunfire had ended . Massacre The Germans had not arranged for armored personnel carriers ahead of time and only at this point were they called in to break the deadlock . Since the roads to the airport had not been cleared , the carriers became stuck in traffic and finally arrived around midnight . With their appearance , the kidnappers felt the shift in the status quo , and possibly panicked at the thought of the failure of their operation . At four minutes past midnight of 6 September , one of them ( likely Issa ) turned on the hostages in the eastern helicopter and fired at them with a Kalashnikov assault rifle from point - blank range . Springer , Halfin and Friedman were killed instantly ; Berger , shot twice in the leg , is believed to have survived the initial onslaught ( as his autopsy later found that he had died of smoke inhalation ) . The attacker then pulled the pin on a hand grenade and tossed it into the cockpit ; the ensuing explosion destroyed the helicopter and incinerated the bound Israelis inside . Issa then dashed across the tarmac and began firing at the police , who killed him with return fire . Another , Khalid Jawad , attempted to escape and was gunned down by one of the snipers . What happened to the remaining hostages is still a matter of dispute . A German police investigation indicated that one of their snipers and a few of the hostages may have been shot inadvertently by the police . However , a Time Magazine reconstruction of the long - suppressed Bavarian prosecutor 's report indicates that a third kidnapper ( Reeve identifies Adnan Al - Gashey ) stood at the door of the western helicopter and raked the remaining five hostages with machine gun fire ; Gutfreund , Shorr , Slavin , Spitzer and Shapira were shot an average of four times each . Of the four hostages in the eastern helicopter , only Ze'ev Friedman 's body was relatively intact ; he had been blown clear of the helicopter by the explosion . In some cases , the exact cause of death for the hostages in the eastern helicopter was difficult to establish because the rest of the corpses were burned almost beyond recognition in the explosion and subsequent fire . Three of the remaining men lay on the ground , one of them feigning death , and were captured by police . Jamal Al - Gashey had been shot through his right wrist , and Mohammed Safady had sustained a flesh wound to his leg . Adnan Al - Gashey had escaped injury completely . Tony escaped the scene , but was tracked down with police dogs 40 minutes later in an airbase parking lot . Cornered and bombarded with tear gas , he was shot dead after a brief gunfight . By around 1 : 30 am on 6 September , the battle was over . Outcome Initial news reports , published all over the world , indicated that all the hostages were alive , and that all the attackers had been killed . Only later did a representative for the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) suggest that `` initial reports were overly optimistic . '' Jim McKay , who was covering the Olympics that year for the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , had taken on the job of reporting the events as Roone Arledge fed them into his earpiece . At 3 : 24 am , McKay received the official confirmation : We just got the final word ... you know , when I was a kid , my father used to say `` Our greatest hopes and our worst fears are seldom realized . '' Our worst fears have been realized tonight . They 've now said that there were eleven hostages . Two were killed in their rooms yesterday morning , nine were killed at the airport tonight . They 're all gone . Several sources listed Ladany as having been killed . Ladany recalled later : The impact did not hit me at the time , when we were in Munich . It was when we arrived back in Israel . At the airport in Lod there was a huge crowd -- maybe 20,000 , people -- and each one of us , the survivors , stood by one of the coffins on the runway . Some friends came up to me and tried to kiss me and hug me as if I was almost a ghost that came back alive . It was then that I really grasped what had happened and the emotion hit me . Criticism Author Simon Reeve , among others , writes that the shootout with the well - trained Black September members showed an egregious lack of preparation on the part of the German authorities . They were not prepared to deal with this sort of situation . This costly lesson led directly to the founding , less than two months later , of police counter-terrorism branch GSG 9 . German authorities made a number of mistakes . First , because of restrictions in the post-war West German constitution , the army could not participate in the attempted rescue , as the German armed forces are not allowed to operate inside Germany during peacetime . The responsibility was entirely in the hands of the Munich police and the Bavarian authorities . It was known a half - hour before the hostages and kidnappers had even arrived at Fürstenfeldbruck that the number of the latter was larger than first believed . Despite this new information , Schreiber decided to continue with the rescue operation as originally planned and the new information could not reach the snipers since they had no radios . It is a basic tenet of sniping operations that there are enough snipers ( at least two for each known target , or in this case a minimum of ten ) deployed to neutralize as many of the attackers as possible with the first volley of shots . The 2006 National Geographic Channel 's Seconds From Disaster profile on the massacre stated that the helicopters were supposed to land sideways and to the west of the control tower , a maneuver which would have allowed the snipers clear shots into them as the kidnappers threw open the helicopter doors . Instead , the helicopters were landed facing the control tower and at the centre of the airstrip . This not only gave them a place to hide after the gunfight began , but put Snipers 1 and 2 in the line of fire of the other three snipers on the control tower . The snipers were denied valuable shooting opportunities as a result of the positioning of the helicopters , stacking the odds against what were effectively three snipers versus eight heavily armed gunmen . According to the same program , the crisis committee delegated to make decisions on how to deal with the incident consisted of Bruno Merk ( the Bavarian interior minister ) , Hans - Dietrich Genscher ( the West German interior minister ) and Manfred Schreiber ( Munich 's Chief of Police ) ; in other words , two politicians and one tactician . The program mentioned that a year before the Games , Schreiber had participated in another hostage crisis ( a failed bank robbery ) in which he ordered a marksman to shoot one of the perpetrators , managing only to wound the robber . As a result , the robbers shot an innocent woman dead . Schreiber was consequently charged with involuntary manslaughter . An investigation ultimately cleared him of any wrongdoing , but the program suggested that the prior incident affected his judgment in the subsequent Olympic hostage crisis . As mentioned earlier , the five German snipers at Fürstenfeldbruck did not have radio contact with one another ( nor with the German authorities conducting the rescue operation ) and therefore were unable to coordinate their fire . The only contact the snipers had with the operational leadership was with Georg Wolf , who was lying next to the three snipers on the control tower giving orders directly to them . The two snipers at ground level had been given vague instructions to shoot when the other snipers began shooting , and were basically left to fend for themselves . In addition , the snipers did not have the proper equipment for this hostage rescue operation . The Heckler & Koch G3 battle rifles used were considered by several experts to be inadequate for the distance at which the snipers were trying to shoot . The G3 , the standard service rifle of the Bundeswehr at that time , had a 18 - inch ( 460 mm ) barrel ; at the distances the snipers were required to shoot , a 27 - inch ( 690 mm ) barrel would have ensured far greater accuracy . None of the rifles were equipped with telescopic or infrared sights . Additionally , none of the snipers were equipped with a steel helmet or bullet - proof vest . No armored vehicles were at the scene at Fürstenfeldbruck , and were only called in after the gunfight was well underway . There were also numerous tactical errors . As mentioned earlier , `` Sniper 2 '' , who was stationed behind the signal tower , wound up directly in the line of fire of his fellow snipers on the control tower , without any protective gear and without any other police being aware of his location . Because of this , `` Sniper 2 '' did n't fire a single shot until late in the gunfight , when hostage - taker Khalid Jawad attempted to escape on foot and ran right at the exposed sniper . `` Sniper 2 '' killed the fleeing perpetrator but was in turn badly wounded by a fellow police officer , who was unaware that he was shooting at one of his own men . One of the helicopter pilots , Gunnar Ebel , was lying near `` Sniper 2 '' and was also wounded by friendly fire . Both Ebel and the sniper recovered from their injuries . Many of the errors made by the Germans during the rescue attempt were ultimately detailed by Heinz Hohensinn , who had participated in Operation Sunshine earlier that day . He stated in One Day in September that he had been selected to pose as a crew member . He and his fellow policemen understood that it was a suicide mission , so the group unanimously voted to flee the plane . None of them were reprimanded for that desertion . Aftermath The bodies of the five Palestinian attackers -- Afif , Nazzal , Chic Thaa , Hamid and Jamal -- killed during the Fürstenfeldbruck gun battle were delivered to Libya , where they received heroes ' funerals and were buried with full military honours . On 8 September , Israeli planes bombed ten PLO bases in Syria and Lebanon in response to the massacre . Up to 200 people were killed . The three surviving Black September gunmen had been arrested after the Fürstenfeldbruck gunfight , and were being held in a Munich prison for trial . On 29 October , Lufthansa Flight 615 was hijacked and threatened to be blown up if the Munich attackers were not released . Safady and the Al - Gasheys were immediately released by West Germany , receiving a tumultuous welcome when they touched down in Libya and ( as seen in One Day in September ) giving their own firsthand account of their operation at a press conference broadcast worldwide . Further international investigations into the Lufthansa Flight 615 incident have produced theories of a secret agreement between the German government and Black September - release of the surviving terrorists in exchange for assurances of no further attacks on Germany . Effect on the Games In the wake of the hostage - taking , competition was eventually suspended for the first time in modern Olympic history , after public criticism of the Olympic Committee 's decision to continue the games . On 6 September , a memorial service attended by 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes was held in the Olympic Stadium . IOC President Avery Brundage made little reference to the murdered athletes during a speech praising the strength of the Olympic movement and equating the attack on the Israeli sportsmen with the recent arguments about encroaching professionalism and disallowing Rhodesia 's participation in the Games , which outraged many listeners . The victims ' families were represented by Andre Spitzer 's widow Ankie , Moshe Weinberg 's mother , and a cousin of Weinberg , Carmel Eliash . During the memorial service , Eliash collapsed and died of a heart attack . Many of the 80,000 people who filled the Olympic Stadium for West Germany 's football match with Hungary carried noisemakers and waved flags , but when several spectators unfurled a banner reading `` 17 dead , already forgotten ? '' security officers removed the sign and expelled those responsible from the grounds . During the memorial service , the Olympic Flag was flown at half - staff , along with the flags of most of the other competing nations at the request of Willy Brandt . Ten Arab nations objected to their flags being lowered to honor murdered Israelis ; their flags were restored to the tops of their flagpoles almost immediately . Willi Daume , president of the Munich organizing committee , initially sought to cancel the remainder of the Games , but in the afternoon Brundage and others who wished to continue the Games prevailed , stating that they could not let the incident halt the Games . Brundage stated `` The Games must go on , and we must ... and we must continue our efforts to keep them clean , pure and honest . '' The decision was endorsed by the Israeli government and Israeli Olympic team chef de mission Shmuel Lalkin . On 6 September , after the memorial service , the remaining members of the Israeli team withdrew from the Games and left Munich . All Jewish sportsmen were placed under guard . Mark Spitz , the American swimming star who had already completed his competitions , left Munich during the hostage crisis ( it was feared that as a prominent Jew , Spitz might now be a kidnapping target ) . The Egyptian team left the Games on 7 September , stating they feared reprisals . The Philippine and Algerian teams also left the Games , as did some members of the Dutch and Norwegian teams . American marathon runner Kenny Moore , who wrote about the incident for Sports Illustrated , quoted Dutch distance runner Jos Hermens as saying `` It 's quite simple . We were invited to a party , and if someone comes to the party and shoots people , how can you stay ? '' Many athletes , dazed by the tragedy , similarly felt that their desire to compete had been destroyed , although they stayed at the Games . Four years later at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , the Israeli team commemorated the massacre : when they entered the stadium at the Opening Ceremony , their national flag was adorned with a black ribbon . The families of some victims have asked the IOC to establish a permanent memorial to the athletes . The IOC has declined , saying that to introduce a specific reference to the victims could `` alienate other members of the Olympic community , '' according to the BBC . Alex Gilady , an Israeli IOC official , told the BBC : `` We must consider what this could do to other members of the delegations that are hostile to Israel . '' The IOC rejected an international campaign in support of a minute of silence at the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics in honour of the Israeli victims on the 40th anniversary of the massacre . Jacques Rogge , the IOC President , said it would be `` inappropriate , '' although the opening ceremony included a memorium for the victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings . Speaking of the decision , Olympian Shaul Ladany , who survived the attack , commented : `` I do not understand . I do not understand , and I do not accept it . '' In 2014 the International Olympic Committee agreed to contribute $250,000 towards a memorial to the murdered Israeli athletes . After 44 years , the IOC commemorated the victims of the Munich massacre for the first time in the Rio 2016 Olympic Village on 4 August 2016 . There is a memorial outside the Olympic stadium in Munich in the form of a stone tablet at the bridge linking the stadium to the former Olympic village . There is a memorial tablet to the slain Israelis outside the front door of their former lodging at 31 Connollystraße . On 15 October 1999 ( almost a year before the Sydney 2000 Games ) , a memorial plaque was unveiled in one of the large light towers ( Tower 14 ) outside the Sydney Olympic Stadium . Israeli response Main articles : Operation Wrath of God and 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon Golda Meir and the Israeli Defense Committee secretly authorized the Mossad to track down and kill those allegedly responsible for the Munich massacre . The accusation that this was motivated by a desire for vengeance was disputed by Zvi Zamir , who described the mission as `` putting an end to the type of terror that was perpetrated '' ( in Europe ) . To this end the Mossad set up a number of special teams to locate and kill these fedayeen , aided by the agency 's stations in Europe . In a February 2006 interview , former Mossad chief Zvi Zamir answered direct questions : Was there no element of vengeance in the decision to take action against the terrorists ? `` No . We were not engaged in vengeance . We are accused of having been guided by a desire for vengeance . That is nonsense . What we did was to concretely prevent in the future . We acted against those who thought that they would continue to perpetrate acts of terror . I am not saying that those who were involved in Munich were not marked for death . They definitely deserved to die . But we were not dealing with the past ; we concentrated on the future . '' Did you not receive a directive from Golda Meir along the lines of ' take revenge on those responsible for Munich ? `` Golda abhorred the necessity that was imposed on us to carry out the operations . Golda never told me to ' take revenge on those who were responsible for Munich . ' No one told me that . '' The Israeli mission later became known as Operation Wrath of God or Mivtza Za'am Ha'El . Reeve quotes General Aharon Yariv -- who , he writes , was the general overseer of the operation -- as stating that after Munich the Israeli government felt it had no alternative but to exact justice . We had no choice . We had to make them stop , and there was no other way ... we are not very proud about it . But it was a question of sheer necessity . We went back to the old biblical rule of an eye for an eye ... I approach these problems not from a moral point of view , but , hard as it may sound , from a cost - benefit point of view . If I 'm very hard - headed , I can say , what is the political benefit in killing this person ? Will it bring us nearer to peace ? Will it bring us nearer to an understanding with the Palestinians or not ? In most cases I do n't think it will . But in the case of Black September we had no other choice and it worked . Is it morally acceptable ? One can debate that question . Is it politically vital ? It was . Benny Morris writes that a target list was created using information from `` turned '' PLO personnel and friendly European intelligence services . Once completed , a wave of assassinations of suspected Black September operatives began across Europe . On 9 April 1973 , Israel launched Operation `` Spring of Youth '' , a joint Mossad -- IDF operation in Beirut . The targets were Mohammad Yusuf al - Najjar ( Abu Yusuf ) , head of Fatah 's intelligence arm , which ran Black September , according to Morris ; Kamal Adwan , who headed the PLO 's so - called Western Sector , which controlled PLO action inside Israel ; and Kamal Nassir , the PLO spokesman . A group of Sayeret commandos were taken in nine missile boats and a small fleet of patrol boats to a deserted Lebanese beach , before driving in two cars to downtown Beirut , where they killed Najjar , Adwan and Nassir . Two further detachments of commandos blew up the PFLP 's headquarters in Beirut and a Fatah explosives plant . The leader of the commando team that conducted the operations was Ehud Barak . On 21 July 1973 , in the so - called Lillehammer affair , a team of Mossad agents mistakenly killed Ahmed Bouchiki , a Moroccan man unrelated to the Munich attack , in Lillehammer , Norway , after an informant mistakenly said Bouchiki was Ali Hassan Salameh , the head of Force 17 and a Black September operative . Five Mossad agents , including two women , were captured by the Norwegian authorities , while others managed to slip away . The five were convicted of the killing and imprisoned , but were released and returned to Israel in 1975 . The Mossad later found Ali Hassan Salameh in Beirut and killed him on 22 January 1979 with a remote - controlled car bomb . The attack killed four passersby and injured 18 others . According to CIA officer Duane `` Dewey '' Claridge , chief of operations of the CIA Near East Division from 1975 to 1978 , in mid-1976 , Salameh offered Americans assistance and protection with Arafat 's blessings during the American embassy pull - out from Beirut during the down - spiraling chaos of the Lebanese Civil War . There was a general feeling that Americans could be trusted . However , the scene of cooperation came to an end abruptly after the assassination of Salameh . Americans were generally blamed as Israel 's principal benefactors . Simon Reeve writes that the Israeli operations continued for more than twenty years . He details the assassination in Paris in 1992 of Atef Bseiso , the PLO 's head of intelligence , and says that an Israeli general confirmed there was a link back to Munich . Reeve also writes that while Israeli officials have stated Operation Wrath of God was intended to exact vengeance for the families of the athletes killed in Munich , `` few relatives wanted such a violent reckoning with the Palestinians . '' Reeve states the families were instead desperate to know the truth of the events surrounding the Munich massacre . Reeve outlines what he sees as a lengthy cover - up by German authorities to hide the truth . After a lengthy court fight , in 2004 the families of the Munich victims reached a settlement of € 3 million with the German government . Alleged German cover - up An article in 2012 in a front - page story of the German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that much of the information pertaining to the mishandling of the massacre was covered up by the German authorities . For twenty years , Germany refused to release any information about the attack and did not accept responsibility for the results . The magazine reported that the government had been hiding 3,808 files , which contained tens of thousands of documents . Der Spiegel said it obtained secret reports by authorities , embassy cables , and minutes of cabinet meetings that demonstrate the lack of professionalism of the German officials in handling the massacre . The newspaper also wrote that the German authorities were told that Palestinians were planning an `` incident '' at the Olympics three weeks before the massacre , but failed to take the necessary security measures , and these facts are missing from the official documentation of the German government . In August 2012 , Der Spiegel reported that following the massacre , Germany began secret meetings with Black September , at the behest of the West German government , due to the fear that Black September would carry out other terrorist attacks in Germany . The government proposed a clandestine meeting between German Foreign Minister Walter Scheel and a member of Black September to create a `` new basis of trust . '' In return for an exchange of the political status of the Palestine Liberation Organization , the PLO would stop terrorist attacks on German soil . When French police arrested Abu Daoud , one of the chief organizers of the Munich massacre , and inquired about extraditing him to Germany , Bavaria 's justice secretary Alfred Seidl ( de ) recommended that Germany should not take any action , causing the French to release Abu Daoud and the Assad regime to shelter him until he died at a Damascus hospital in 2010 . Surviving Black September members Two of the three surviving gunmen , Mohammed Safady and Adnan Al - Gashey , were allegedly killed by Mossad as part of Operation Wrath of God . Al - Gashey was allegedly located after making contact with a cousin in a Gulf State , and Safady was found by remaining in touch with family in Lebanon . This account was challenged in a book by Aaron Klein , who claims that Al - Gashey died of heart failure in the 1970s , and that Safady was killed by Christian Phalangists in Lebanon in the early 1980s . However , in July 2005 , PLO veteran Tawfiq Tirawi told Klein that Safady , whom Tirawi claimed as a close friend , was `` as alive as you are . '' The third surviving gunman , Jamal Al - Gashey , was known to be alive as of 1999 , hiding in North Africa or in Syria , claiming to still fear retribution from Israel . He is the only one of the surviving terrorists to consent to interviews since 1972 , having granted an interview in 1992 to a Palestinian newspaper , and having briefly emerged from hiding in 1999 to participate in an interview for the film One Day in September , during which he was disguised and his face shown only in blurry shadow . Abu Daoud Of those believed to have planned the massacre , only Abu Daoud , the man who claims that the attack was his idea , is known to have died of natural causes . Historical documents released to Der Spiegel by the German secret service show that Dortmund police had been aware of collaboration between Abu Daoud and neo-Nazi Willi Pohl ( de ) ( aka E.W. Pless and , since 1979 , officially named Willi Voss ) seven weeks before the attack . In January 1977 , Abu Daoud was intercepted by French police in Paris while traveling from Beirut under an assumed name . Under protest from the PLO , Iraq , and Libya , who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade 's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity , the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly , and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request . On 27 July 1981 , he was shot 5 times from a distance of around two meters in a Warsaw Victoria ( now Sofitel ) hotel coffee shop , but survived the attack , chasing his would - be assassin down to the coffee shop 's front entrance before collapsing . Abu Daoud was allowed safe passage through Israel in 1996 so he could attend a PLO meeting convened in the Gaza Strip for the purpose of rescinding an article in its charter that called for Israel 's eradication . In his autobiography , From Jerusalem to Munich , first published in France in 1999 , and later in a written interview with Sports Illustrated , Abu Daoud wrote that funds for Munich were provided by Mahmoud Abbas , Chairman of the PLO since 11 November 2004 and President of the Palestinian National Authority since 15 January 2005 . Though he claims he did n't know what the money was being spent for , longtime Fatah official Mahmoud Abbas , aka Abu Mazen , was responsible for the financing of the Munich attack . Abu Daoud believes that if the Israelis knew that Mahmoud Abbas was the financier of the operation , the 1993 Oslo Accords would not have been achieved , during which Mahmoud Abbas was seen in photo ops at the White House . Abu Daoud , who lived with his wife on a pension provided by the Palestinian Authority , said that `` the Munich operation had the endorsement of Arafat , '' although Arafat was not involved in conceiving or implementing the attack . '' In his autobiography , Abu Daoud writes that Arafat saw the team off on the mission with the words `` God protect you . '' Ankie Spitzer , widow of fencing coach Andre , declined several offers to meet with Abu Daoud , saying that the only place she wants to meet him is in a courtroom . According to Spitzer , `` He ( Abu Daoud ) did n't pay the price for what he did . '' In 2006 , during the release of Steven Spielberg 's film , Munich , Der Spiegel interviewed Abu Daoud regarding the Munich massacre . He was quoted as saying : `` I regret nothing . You can only dream that I would apologize . '' Daoud died of kidney failure aged 73 on 3 July 2010 in Damascus , Syria . List of fatalities Shot during the initial break - in Moshe Weinberg , wrestling coach Yossef Romano , weightlifter Shot and killed by grenade in eastern - side helicopter D - HAQO According to the order in which they were seated , from left to right : Ze'ev Friedman , weightlifter David Berger , weightlifter ( survived grenade but died of smoke inhalation ) Yakov Springer , weightlifting judge Eliezer Halfin , wrestler Shot in western - side helicopter D - HAQU According to the order in which they were seated , from left to right : Yossef Gutfreund , wrestling referee Kehat Shorr , shooting coach Mark Slavin , wrestler Andre Spitzer , fencing coach Amitzur Shapira , track coach Shot on airstrip Anton Fliegerbauer , German police officer Palestinian terrorists shot dead by German police Luttif Afif ( `` Issa '' ) Yusuf Nazzal ( `` Tony '' ) Afif Ahmed Hamid ( `` Paolo '' ) Khalid Jawad ( `` Salah '' ) Ahmed Chic Thaa ( `` Abu Halla '' ) Memorials gallery Memorial plaque in front of the Israeli athletes ' quarters . The inscription , in German and Hebrew , translates as : `` The team of the State of Israel stayed in this building during the 20th Olympic Summer Games from 21 August to 5 September 1972 . On 5 September , ( list of victims ) died a violent death . Honor to their memory . '' Memorial panel for the victims of the attack on the site of the Munich Olympic Park Memorial for the dead athletes in front of the airport in Fürstenfeldbruck . The names of the victims are engraved . Place of memory in Ben Shemen forest in Israel Graves of five victims of the Munich massacre at the Kiryat Shaul Cemetery , Tel Aviv , Israel . From left to right : André Spitzer , Mark Slavin , Eliezer Halfin , Kehat Shorr and Amitzur Schapira . Media Munich Massacre by Mark Podwal , published in The New York Times in 1972 1972 , by Sarah Morris 21 Hours at Munich Munich , a 2005 American - Canadian historical drama Munich : Mossad 's Revenge One Day in September , 1999 documentary by Kevin Macdonald ; winner of the Academy Award for Best Documentary National Geographic Seconds From Disaster episodes Sword of Gideon Visions of Eight Munich 1972 & Beyond , 2016 documentary film by Steven Ungerleider See also Munich portal Israel portal Terrorism portal Palestine portal Olympics portal 1970s portal Israeli casualties of war Lod Airport massacre One minute of silence Palestinian political violence References Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 22 December 2005 ) . `` Messages from ' Munich ' '' . USAToday . Gannett Co . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Karon , Tony . `` Revisiting the Olympics ' Darkest Day '' . Time . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Juan Sanchez ( 7 August 2007 ) . Terrorism & Its Effects . Global Media . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89940 - 93 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The new dimension of international ... Google Books . 11 September 2001 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of terrorism . Google Books . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The terrorist trap : America 's ... Google Books . 18 July 1976 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Simon ( 22 January 2006 ) , `` Olympics Massacre : Munich -- The real story '' , The Independent , archived from the original on 16 March 2012 , retrieved 3 March 2012 Jump up ^ Fleisher , Malkah ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` '' Baffled '' Bob Costas to Call Own Minute of Silence During Olympic Broadcast for Slain Israeli Team `` . The Jewish Press . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Terrorism : A Global Scourge -- Google Livres . Books. google . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ciment , James ( 20 March 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II . Routledge . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 47186 - 8 . Early acts at Palestinian terrorism were geared toward drawing international attention to the plight of Arabs living under Israeli occupation and to secure the release of Palestinian prisoners . Unlike much later terrorism in the Arab Muslim world , these acts , which ranged from plane hijackings to targeted attacks on Israeli civilians , were motivated largely by a secular brand of nationalism . In fact , Luttif `` Issa '' Afif , the leader of the PLO - affiliated Black September group that captured and killed 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics , was born to a Jewish mother and a Christian father . Jump up ^ Latsch , Gunther ; Wiegrefe , Klaus ( 18 June 2012 ) , `` Files Reveal Neo-Nazis Helped Palestinian Terrorists '' , Spiegel Online Jump up ^ First official Olympic ceremony held in memory of Munich victims , jpost.com ; accessed 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Alexander Wolff ; Don Yaeger ( 2 August 2002 ) . `` When the Terror Began '' . www.si.com . Sports Illustrated / TIME . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ahren , Raphael ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` Germany had a tip - off three weeks ahead of Munich massacre , Der Spiegel claims '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bohr , Felix ; Frohn , Axel ; Latsch , Gunther ; Neumann , Conny ( 23 July 2012 ) . Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Die angekündigte Katastrophe '' . Der Spiegel ( 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reeve , Klein and Groussard . Jump up ^ Klein , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Cathal ( 28 April 2012 ) , Munich massacre helped unwittingly by Canadians in 1972 Olympic atrocity Jump up ^ `` Ladany , Shaul '' . Jewsinsports.org . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burnton , Simon ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` 50 stunning Olympic moments No 26 : The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972 '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article on CBC Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Nigel Cawthorne ( 2011 ) . Warrior Elite : 31 Heroic Special - Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden . Ulysses Press . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Borden , Sam . `` Long - Hidden Details Reveal Cruelty of 1972 Munich Attackers '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaul Ladany biodata / stats '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Taylor ( 2004 ) . Jews and the Olympic Games : The Clash Between Sport and Politics -- With a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medalists . Sussex Academic Press . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Mackin ( 2009 ) . Making Other Plans : A Memoir . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Simon ( 1 August 2011 ) . One Day in September : The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation `` Wrath of God '' . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1628721413 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Terry ( 1989 ) . The Game Behind the Game : High Pressure , High Stakes in Sports Television . Harper and Row . p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Cooley . Jump up ^ Oren , Amir ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` How Nixon got shot of Munich '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reeve , Simon . One Day in September , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Interview `` Uns ging es darum , das Leben der Geiseln zu retten '' ( in German ) . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 1 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kenny ( 18 September 1972 ) . `` Shootings in the Night '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ YouTube . Jump up ^ Interview with Heinz Hohensinn in One Day in September ^ Jump up to : Groussard . Jump up ^ Interview with Tröger in One Day in September Jump up ^ Grace , Francie ( 5 September 2002 ) . `` Munich Massacre Remembered '' . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Munich Massacre , ESPN via YouTube , retrieved 18 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` American Sportscasters Online interview with Jim McKay '' . Americansportscastersonline.com . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull , Simon ( 27 January 2012 ) . `` Shaul Ladany : Still king of the road -- Olympics '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Interview with Ulrich Wegener in One Day in September . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 103 , 107 . Jump up ^ Groussard , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Groussard , pp. 354 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Reeve , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 118 - 20 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 236 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : James Montague ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` The Munich massacre : A survivor 's story '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Germany Cool to Capitulation Charge '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . 30 October 1972 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Chalk ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of Terrorism . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 26 March 2000 ) . `` Bonn ' faked ' hijack to free killers '' . theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Burnton , Simon ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` 50 stunning Olympic moments No 26 : The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972 '' . theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Ellis , Jack ( 7 September 1972 ) . `` ' Games must go on ' , says Brundage '' . Munich : Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brendan ( 6 August 2002 ) . `` Athletics : Memories stirred of Olympic hostage horror '' . London , UK : The Telegraph ( UK ) . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David ( 29 July 1996 ) . `` Remembering the Munich 11 ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 16 September 2000 . Retrieved 22 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Munich Crisis '' . Upi.com. 12 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Encarta article on the Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Guardian article on the massacre , 7 September 1972 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Pat ( 12 August 2002 ) . `` ATHLETICS : In Munich , Israelis honor ' 72 victims '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC News article on commemoration at 2004 Olympics , 20 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Rogge again rejects calls for minute 's silence for victims of 1972 Munich massacre '' . The Washington Post . The Associated Press . 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidovich , Joshua ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` Still refusing moment of silence , Olympic head says memorial will be held in Germany '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Munich ' 72 and Beyond '' . Pbsinternational.org . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC contributing $250,000 to Munich massacre memorial '' . www.jta.org . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First official Olympic ceremony held in memory of Munich victims '' . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Israeli victims of ' 72 Munich Olympic massacre officially commemorated in Rio '' , Jewish Journal , 5 August 2016 ; accessed 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs article on Sydney 2000 Olympics and Plaque '' . MFA . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Reeve 's article in 2000 : Munich massacre 's echoes heard amid Sydney 's jubilee '' . Jewishsf . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Morris . ^ Jump up to : Melman . Jump up ^ `` Munich : Mossad breaks cover '' by Ewen MacAskill and Ian Black , The Guardian , 26 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shalev , Noam ' The hunt for Black September ' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MIDDLE EAST : Death of a Terrorist '' . Time . 5 February 1979 . Jump up ^ Posner , Gerald ( 2004 ) . Why America slept : the failure to prevent 9 / 11 . Random House Inc. p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6623 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Officials Ignored Warnings of Terrorist Attack '' . Der Spiegel . 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Aderet , Oferet ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` Germany was warned one month before Munich massacre , claims Der Spiege '' . Ha'aretz . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Der Spiegel : Germany had warning of Munich attack '' . 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinthal , Benjamin ( 26 August 2012 ) . `` ' Germany met with Munich terrorists after attack ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Reeve , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Klein , Aaron ( 2007 ) . Striking back : The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel 's deadly response . New York : Random House Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 9780812974638 . Jump up ^ `` One Day in September '' . NY Times . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Neo-Nazi ' aided Munich Olympics massacre ' , The Local 17 June 2012 ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York City : Basic Books . p. 319 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Alexander ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` The Mastermind '' . Sports Illustrated . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 4 October 2002 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Law Center on Abu Mazen '' . Israel law center . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Abu Daoud . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Patrick ( 5 May 1999 ) . `` Munich Olympics Massacre Said to Be PLO Operation '' . CNSNews.com . Archived from the original on 4 April 2004 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Her husband 's killer '' . New York Daily News . 25 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected Munich massacre mastermind dead , report says '' . CNN . 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mastermind behind Munich Olympics attacks dies '' . BBC News . 3 July 2010 . Further reading Blumenau , Bernhard ( Basingstoke 2014 ) , The United Nations and Terrorism . Germany , Multilateralism , and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s Palgrave Macmillan , ch. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 39196 - 4 . Calahan , A.B. `` The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre and the Development of Independent Covert Action Teams '' ( 1995 thesis ) Cooley , John K. ( London 1973 ) , Green March Black September : The Story of the Palestinian Arabs ISBN 0 - 7146 - 2987 - 1 Dahlke , Matthias ( Munich 2006 ) , Der Anschlag auf Olympia ' 72 . Die politischen Reaktionen auf den internationalen in Deutschland Martin Meidenbauer ISBN 3 - 89975 - 583 - 9 ( German text ) Daoud , Abu , ( New York , 2002 ) , Palestine : a history of the resistance movement by the sole survivor of Black September ISBN 1 - 55970 - 429 - 2 Groussard , Serge ( New York , 1975 ) , The Blood of Israel : the massacre of the Israeli athletes , the Olympics , 1972 ISBN 0 - 688 - 02910 - 8 Jonas , George . ( New York , 2005 ) , Vengeance : The True Story of an Israeli Team. , Simon & Schuster Khalaf , Salah ( Abu Iyad ) ( Tel Aviv , 1983 ) Without a Homeland : Conversations with Eric Rouleau Klein , A.J. ( New York , 2005 ) , Striking Back : The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel 's Deadly Response , Random House ISBN 1 - 920769 - 80 - 3 Large , David Clay ( Lanham , MD , 2012 ) , Munich 1972 , Rowman & Littlefield ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6739 - 9 Morris , Benny . ( New York , 1999 and 2001 ) , Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist -- Arab conflict , 1881 -- 2000 , Vintage Books edition ISBN 0 - 679 - 74475 - 4 Reeve , Simon . ( New York , 2001 ) , One Day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympic massacre and Israeli revenge operation `` Wrath of God '' ISBN 1 - 55970 - 547 - 7 Tinnin , David B. & Dag Christensen. ( 1976 ) , The Hit Team ISBN 0 - 440 - 13644 - X Yossi Melman , ( 17 February 2006 ) , Interview with former Head of Mossad , Zvi Zamir `` '' Preventive measures `` '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . , Haaretz Mohammad Daoud Odeh ( August 2008 ) , interview with NOX magazine , `` Rings Of Fire '' Kramer , Ferdinand : Das Attentat von München . In : Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand : Bayern nach Jahr und Tag. 24 Tage aus der Bayerischen Geschichte . C.H. Beck Verlag , München 2007 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 56320 - 1 . p. 400 -- 414 . Wolfgang Kraushaar : `` Wann endlich beginnt bei Euch der Kampf gegen die heilige Kuh Israel ? `` München 1970 : über die antisemitischen Wurzeln des deutschen Terrorismus . Rowohlt , Reinbek 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 49803411 - 5 , p. 496 -- 573 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munich massacre . The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Massacre -- Includes an extensive overview of the Munich massacre A Tribute to the 1972 Israeli Olympic Athletes -- Includes biographies and photographs for each of the 11 Israeli athletes killed Time Magazine , 4 December 2005 Special Publication of Israel State Archives : The Fortieth Anniversary of the Massacre of the Israeli Athletes in Munich Links to related articles Israel at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Israel did not participate in 1980 due to the boycott . Prominent terrorist attacks against Israelis in the history of the Arab -- Israeli conflict -- the 1970s 1970 Swissair Flight 330 attack ( February 21 ) Avivim school bus massacre ( May 22 ) 1971 Murder of the Aroyo children ( January 2 ) 1972 Sabena Flight 571 ( May 8 ) Lod Airport massacre ( May 30 ) Munich massacre ( 5 -- 6 September ) Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis ( December 28 ) 1973 Assassination of the Israeli attache in Washington ( July 1 ) Kiryat Shmona massacre ( April 11 ) Ma'alot massacre ( May 15 ) Nahariya attack ( 24 -- 25 June ) TWA Flight 841 bombing ( September 8 ) Beit She'an attack ( November 19 ) Savoy Hotel Attack ( March 6 ) Kfar Yuval hostage crisis ( June 15 ) Zion Square refrigerator bombing ( July 4 ) 1976 Hijacking of Air France Flight 139 ( June 27 ) 1978 Coastal Road massacre ( March 11 ) ‡ 1979 Nahariya massacre ( April 22 ) Attacks launched from the West Bank Attacks launched from the Gaza Strip Attacks launched from Lebanon Attacks launched from Jordan ‡ indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest amount of Israeli casualties during the 1970s Full list of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel 1960s 1980s Prominent Palestinian militancy attacks in the 1970s Within Israel Avivim school bus massacre ( May 22 , 1970 ) Lod Airport massacre ( May 30 , 1972 ) Kiryat Shmona massacre ( April 11 , 1974 ) Ma'alot massacre ( May 15 , 1974 ) Nahariya attack ( June 24 -- 25 , 1974 ) Beit She'an attack ( November 19 , 1974 ) Savoy Hotel Attack ( March 6 , 1975 ) Kfar Yuval hostage crisis ( June 15 , 1975 ) Zion Square refrigerator bombing ( July 4 , 1975 ) Coastal Road massacre ( March 11 , 1978 ) Nahariya massacre ( April 22 , 1979 ) Within the Gaza Strip Murder of the Aroyo children ( January 2 , 1971 ) Aircraft attacks and hijackings Swissair Flight 330 ( February 21 , 1970 ) Lufthansa Flight 649 ( February 22 -- 23 , 1972 ) Sabena Flight 571 ( May 8 , 1972 ) Lufthansa Flight 615 ( October 29 , 1972 ) 1973 Rome airport attacks and hijacking ( December 17 -- 18 , 1973 ) TWA Flight 841 ( September 8 , 1974 ) Air France Flight 139 ( June 27 , 1976 ) Worldwide Munich massacre ( September 5 -- 6 , 1972 ) Israeli Bangkok embassy hostage crisis ( December 28 , 1972 ) Assassination of the Israeli attache in Washington ( July 1 , 1973 ) Attacks launched from Lebanon 1960s 1980s Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Participants Israel Israel Defense Forces Israel Police Mossad Shabak ( Shin Bet ) Palestinians Principals Palestinian National Authority Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) Fatah Hamas Other groups al - Aqsa Brigades DFLP PLF PIJ PPSF PFLP PFLP - GC PRC Third - party groups Arab League Hezbollah Individuals Israelis Moshe Arens Ami Ayalon Ehud Barak Menachem Begin Meir Dagan Moshe Dayan Avi Dichter Yuval Diskin David Ben - Gurion Efraim Halevy Dan Halutz Tzipi Livni Golda Meir Shaul Mofaz Yitzhak Mordechai Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yaakov Peri Yitzhak Rabin Amnon Lipkin - Shahak Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Shabtai Shavit Moshe Ya'alon Danny Yatom Zvi Zamir Palestinians Abu Abbas Mahmoud Abbas Moussa Arafat Yasser Arafat Yahya Ayyash Marwan Barghouti Mohammed Dahlan Mohammed Deif George Habash Wadie Haddad Ismail Haniyeh Nayef Hawatmeh Amin al - Husayni Ghazi Jabali Ahmed Jibril Abu Jihad Salah Khalaf Leila Khaled Sheikh Khalil Khaled Mashal Zuheir Mohsen Abu Ali Mustafa Abu Nidal Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Jibril Rajoub Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi Ali Hassan Salameh Salah Shehade Ramadan Shalah Fathi Shaqaqi Ahlam Tamimi Ahmed Yassin Timeline Background 1920 -- 1948 Mandatory Palestine ( intercommunal conflict ) 1920 Nebi Musa riots Battle of Tel Hai 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots Hebron massacre Safed massacre 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 -- 47 Jewish insurgency 1947 -- 48 Civil War 1948 -- 1970 1948 Arab -- Israeli War massacres 1948 -- present Fedayeen insurgency 1951 -- 1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians 1950s -- 1960s IDF reprisal operations 1953 Qibya massacre 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency 1968 -- 1982 1970 Avivim school bus massacre 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / Operation `` Wrath of God '' ( 1973 Lillehammer affair ) 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Hotel attack 1976 Operation `` Entebbe '' 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1973 -- 1987 1973 Yom Kippur War 1975 Zion Square bombing 1982 Lebanon War Siege of Beirut 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / Operation `` Wooden Leg '' 1987 Night of the Gliders First Intifada 1987 -- 1991 1988 Tunis Raid 1989 Bus 405 attack 1990 Temple Mount riots 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre Second Intifada 2000 -- 2005 Palestinian rocket attacks list Palestinian suicide attacks Israeli assassinations 2000 October events 2001 Santorini 2002 Karine A / Operation `` Defensive Shield '' / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / Operation `` Determined Path '' 2003 Abu Hasan / Ain es Saheb airstrike 2004 Operation `` Rainbow '' / Beit Hanoun raid / Operation `` Days of Penitence '' 2006 -- present 2006 Operation `` Bringing Home the Goods '' 2008 Mercaz HaRav / Jerusalem bulldozer attack 2009 Temple Mount riots 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2017 Temple Mount crisis Gaza -- Israel conflict 2006 -- present 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / Operation `` Summer Rains '' / Operation `` Autumn Clouds '' / Beit Hanoun shelling 2008 Gaza -- Egypt border breach / Operation `` Hot Winter '' 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2010 Gaza flotilla raid 2012 Operation `` Returning Echo '' / Operation `` Pillar of Defense '' 2014 Operation `` Protective Edge '' 2015 Freedom Flotilla III Diplomacy Timeline 1948 -- 1991 1948 Palestinian exodus depopulated Arab settlements 1949 Lausanne Conference 1967 -- present Israeli settlement settler violence international law 1990s 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 / 95 Oslo Accords 1994 Protocol on Economic Relations ( Paris Protocol ) 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement 1994 -- present US security assistance to PNA 1997 Hebron Agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000s 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Quartet established 2003 Road Map 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 Valley of Peace initiative 2007 Annapolis Conference 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy 2010s 2010 -- 11 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2011 Palestine Papers 2013 -- 14 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks United Nations 1947 UN Resolution 181 1948 UN Resolution 194 1967 UN Resolution 242 Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egypt Hamas Gaza Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Lebanon Pakistan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries Algeria China Cuba France Iran Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea Norway Pakistan Russia Sudan Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Mandatory Palestine Soviet Union United Arab Republic `` The template below ( People involved in the Arab - Israeli conflict ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' People Lester B. Pearson Abd al - Hakim Amer Hosni Mubarak Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Faisal I Saddam Hussein Ehud Barak Menachem Begin David Ben - Gurion Moshe Dayan Levi Eshkol Golda Meir Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Chaim Weizmann King Abdullah I of Jordan King Abdullah II of Jordan King Hussein of Jordan Émile Lahoud Hassan Nasrallah Fouad Siniora Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Mona Juul Johan Jørgen Holst Terje Rød - Larsen Mahmoud Abbas Yasser Arafat Marwan Barghouti George Habash Ismail Haniyeh Haj Amin al - Husseini Khaled Mashal Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi Ahmad Shukeiri Ahmed Yassin King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia King Fahd of Saudi Arabia King Faisal of Saudi Arabia Folke Bernadotte Hafez al - Assad Bashar al - Assad Shukri al - Quwatli Salah Jadid Ernest Bevin Arthur Balfour Tony Blair Richard Crossman Madeleine Albright Ralph Bunche George H.W. Bush George W. Bush Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton Henry Kissinger Ronald Reagan Condoleezza Rice Dennis Ross Ramadan Shalah Harry S. Truman Cyrus Vance Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1950s 1947 -- 48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 49 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( Reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 79 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 93 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 05 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 06 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 08 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2007 Operation Orchard 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el - Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Olympic Games scandals and controversies By year 2008 ( summer ) 2010 ( winter ) 2012 ( summer ) 2014 ( winter ) 2016 ( summer ) 2018 ( winter ) 2020 ( summer ) 2022 ( winter ) Boycotts 1936 1956 1964 1976 1980 1984 1988 Alternative competitions Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) People 's Olympiad ( 1936 ) Games of the New Emerging Forces ( 1963 ) Liberty Bell Classic ( 1980 ) Friendship Games ( 1984 ) Goodwill Games ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Events Football match between Peru and Austria ( 1936 ) `` Blood in the Water '' water polo match ( 1956 ) Tlatelolco massacre ( 1968 ) Black Power salute ( 1968 ) Munich massacre ( 1972 ) Basketball gold - medal match controversy ( 1972 ) Kozakiewicz 's gesture ( 1980 ) Centennial Olympic Park bombing ( 1996 ) Winter Olympic bid scandal ( 1998 ) Figure - skating judging scandal ( 2002 ) Underage gymnasts controversy ( 2008 ) Death of Nodar Kumaritashvili ( 2010 ) One minute of silence campaign ( 2012 ) LGBT rights protests ( 2014 ) Sochi Ladies ' singles judging controversy ( 2014 ) Russian doping scandal ( 2015 - ) Ireland Summer Olympics ticket scandal ( 2016 ) Death of Bahman Golbarnezhad ( 2016 ) Lochtegate ( 2016 ) Rule 40 ( 2016 ) List of stripped Olympic medals Doping at the Olympic Games Apartheid - era South Africa and the Olympics GND : 7508433 - 8 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Terrorism in Germany Bold is indicating incidents , resulting in more than 10 deaths . Notable attacks 1972 Olympic massacre German autumn Kidnapping and murder of Hanns - Martin Schleyer Lufthansa Flight 181 1980 Oktoberfest bombing 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing Mykonos restaurant assassinations 1993 Solingen arson attack 2004 Cologne bombing Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter 2011 Frankfurt airport shooting 2016 Hanover stabbing 2016 Würzburg train attack 2016 Ansbach bombing 2016 Berlin attack 2017 Hamburg attack Notable terrorists In terror groups Black September Organization Abu Daoud Adnan al - Gashey Jamal al - Gashey Red Army Faction Andreas Baader Gudrun Ensslin Jan - Carl Raspe Ulrike Meinhof Brigitte Mohnhaupt Christian Klar Birgit Hogefeld Wolfgang Grams Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Souhaila Andrawes National Socialist Underground Beate Zschäpe Uwe Böhnhardt Uwe Mundlos Lone perpetrators Gundolf Köhler Arid Uka Mohammad Daleel Anis Amri Terror groups Domestic groups Red Army Faction ( defunct ) National Socialist Underground ( defunct , the case is on trial ) Foreign groups Black September Organization ( defunct ) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Mukhabarat el - Jamahiriya ( defunct ) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Counter-terrorism units Federal Police units GSG 9 Special Deployment Commando Military unit Kommando Spezialkräfte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich_massacre&oldid=819349249 '' Categories : Munich massacre Mass murder in 1972 Black September Organization Olympic Games controversies Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe Massacres in Germany Terrorist incidents in 1972 Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups Antisemitism in Germany Antisemitism in Egypt Germany -- Israel relations Olympic deaths 1972 crimes in Germany 1972 in Israel 1972 in West Germany Politics and sports Terrorist incidents in Germany Crime in Munich Deaths by firearm in Germany History of Munich History of Israel History of West Germany Cold War history of Germany Hostage taking in Germany Fatah Israel at the Summer Olympics Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Jewish sports 1970s in Munich Kidnappings in Germany Murder in Bavaria Military operations involving Palestine September 1972 events in Europe West Germany Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where did the terrorists strike in munich germany in 1972
|
[
"The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, at which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and eventually killed, along with a German police officer, by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September.[3][4][5][6]"
] |
[
"Munich, West Germany"
] |
2722480658048570145
|
Treaty of Sugauli
|
Treaty of Sugauli - wikipedia Treaty of Sugauli Jump to : navigation , search Sugauli Treaty Drafted December 2 , 1815 Signed March 4 , 1816 Location Sugauli , India Condition Some Nepalese controlled land was ceded to British East India Company Signatories Parish Bradshaw ( for the Company Government ) and Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra ( for Nepal ) Parties East India Company Nepal Ratifiers Governor - General David Ochterlony ( British India ) Language English The territorial effects of the Treaty of Sugauli . The Treaty of Sugauli ( also spelled Sugowlee , Sagauli and Segqulee ) , the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal , was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 - 16 . The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya , the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw . The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India , the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu , and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service . Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service ( earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army ) . Under the treaty , some of the Nepalese controlled territory was lost including all the territories that the King of Nepal had won in wars in the last 25 years or so such as Sikkim in the east , Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom ( also known as Gadhwal ) in the west . Some of the Terai lands were restored to Nepal in 1816 and more were restored in 1860 to thank for helping the British to suppress the Indian rebellion of 1857 . The British representative in Kathmandu was the first Westerner allowed to live in the post-Malla Era Nepal . ( It is to be noted that few Christian missionaries operating were deported by the Gorkhas after conquering Nepal during the mid 18th century ) . The first representative was Edward Gardner , who was installed at a compound north of Kathmandu . That site is now called Lazimpat and is home to the Indian and British embassies . The Sugauli Treaty was superseded in December 1923 by a `` treaty of perpetual peace and friendship , '' which upgraded the British resident to an envoy . A separate treaty was signed with India ( independent by now ) in 1950 which established relations between the two countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Terms 3 Validity of the treaty 4 Indo - Nepal boundary conflict 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The territories under Nepalese control included Darjeeling to the South - east , whole of Sikkim to the east , Nainital to the south - west and the Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom to the west . Terms ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Verbatim quotes need to be clearly demarcated and sources cited Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the Anglo - Nepalese War , a peace gg treaty was signed between the government of Nepal and the East India Company . It was agreed upon on 2 December 1815 by Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhyaya on behalf of the government of Nepal and Lt. Col. Paris Bradshaw on behalf of the Company . The signed copies of the treaty were exchanged on 4 March 1816 at Makawanpur by Chandra Sekhar Upadhayay and General David Ochterlony . The terms of the treaty were as follows : - There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the East India company and Nepal . The king of Nepal will renounce all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war ; and will acknowledge the right of the company to the sovereignty of those lands . The king of Nepal will cede to the East India company in perpetuity all the under mentioned territories : i ) The whole of low lands between the rivers Kali and Rapti . ii ) The whole of low lands between Rapti and Gandaki , except Butwal . iii ) The whole of low lands between Gandaki and Koshi in which the authority of the East India company has been established . iv ) The whole of low lands between the rivers Mechi and Burma . v ) The whole of territories within the hills eastward of the Mechi river . The aforesaid territory shall be evacuated by the Gorkha troops within forty days from this date . With a view to indemnify the chiefs and Bhardars of Nepal , whose interest will suffer by the alienation of the lands ceded by the foregoing Article ( No. 3 above ) , the East India company agrees to settle pensions to the aggregate amount of two lakhs of rupees per annum on such chiefs as may be decided by the king of Nepal . The king of Nepal renounces for himself , his heirs , and successors , all claim to the territories lying to the West of the River Kali , and engaged never to have any concern with the appointed rulers of those territories or the inhabitants thereof . The king of Nepal engages never to molest or disturb the king of Sikkim in the possession of his territories . If any difference shall arise between Nepal and Sikkim , it shall be referred to the arbitration of the East India company . The king of Nepal hereby engages never to take or retain in his service any British subject , nor the subject of any European or American State , without the consent of the British Government . In order to secure and improve the relations of amity and peace hereby established between Nepal and Britain ( East India company ) , it is agreed that accredited Ministers from each shall reside at the court of the other . This treaty shall be ratified by the King of Nepal within 15 days from this date , and the ratification shall be delivered to Lt. Col. Bradshaw , who engages to obtain and deliver to the king the ratification of the Governor - General within 20 days , or sooner , if practicable . DONE at Sugauli , on the 2nd day of December 1815 . PARIS BRADSHAW , LT. - COL. , P.A. Received this treaty from Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya , Agent on the part of the Raja of Nepal , in the valley of Makwanpoor , at half - past two o'clock p.m. on 4 March 1816 , and delivered to them the Counterpart Treaty on behalf of the British Government . DD . OCHTERLONY , Agent , Governor - General Memorandum for the approval and acceptance of the Raja of Nepal , presented on 8 December 1816 ADVERTING to the amity and confidence subsisting with the Raja of Nepal , the British Government proposes to suppress as much as possible , the execution of certain Articles in the Treaty of Sugauli , which bear hard upon the Rajah as follows : With a view to gratify the Rajah in a point which he has much at heart , the British Government is willing to return the territories of Terai ceded to it by the Rajah in the Treaty , to wit , the whole Terai lands lying between the Rivers Kushwaha and Gandak , such as appertained to the Rajah before the late disagreement ; excepting the disputed lands in the Jillas of Tirhoot and Sarun , and excepting such portions of territory as may occur on both sides for the purpose of settling a frontier , upon investigation by the respective Commissioners ; and excepting such lands as may have been given in possession to any one by the British Government upon ascertainment of his rights subsequent to the cession of Terai to the Government . In case the Rajah is desirous of retaining the lands of such ascertained proprietors , they may be exchanged for others , and let it be clearly understood that , notwithstanding the considerable extent of the lands in the Jilla of Tirhoot , which have for a long time been a subject of dispute , the settlement made in the year 1812 of Christ , corresponding with year 1869 of Bikram Sambat , shall be taken , and everything else relinquished , that is to say , that the settlement and negotiations , such as occurred at that period , shall in the present case hold good and be established . The British Government is willing likewise to return the territories of Terai lying between the Rivers Gandak and Rapti , that is to say , from the River Gandak to the western limits of the Jilla of Gorakhpur , together with Butwal and Sheeraj , such as appertained to Nepal previous to the disagreements , complete , with the exception of the disputed places in the Terai , and such quantity of ground as may be considered mutually to be requisite for the new boundary . As it is impossible to establish desirable limits between the two States without survey , it will be expedient that Commissioners be appointed on both sides for the purpose of arranging in concert a well defined boundary on the basis of the preceding terms , and of establishing a straight line of frontier , with a view to the distinct separation of the respective territories of the British Government to the south and of Nepal to the north ; and in case any indentations occur to destroy the even tenor of the line , the Commissioners should effect an exchange of lands so interfering on principles of clear reciprocity . And should it occur that the proprietors of lands situated on the mutual frontier , as it may be rectified , whether holding of the British Government of the Raja of Nepal , should be placed in the condition of subjects to both Governments , with a view to prevent continual dispute and discussion between the two Governments , the respective Commissioners should effect in mutual concurrence and co-operation the exchange of such lands , so as to render them subject to one dominion alone . In the event of the Rajah 's approving the foregoing terms , the proposed arrangement for the survey and establishment of boundary marks shall be carried into execution , and after the determination in concert , of the boundary line , Sunnuds conformable to the foregoing stipulations , drawn out and sealed by the two States , shall be delivered and accepted on both sides . EDWARD GARDNER Resident Substance of a Letter under the Seal of the Raja of Nepal , received on 11 December 1816 After compliments : I have comprehended the document under date 8 December 1816 , or 4th of Push , 1873 Sambat , which you transmitted relative to the restoration , with a view to my friendship and satisfaction , of the Terai between the Rivers Kushwaha and Rapti to the southern boundary complete , such as appertained to my estate previous to the war . It mentioned that in the event of my accepting the terms contained in that document , the southern boundary of the Terai should be established as it was held by this Government . I have accordingly agreed to the terms laid down by you , and herewith enclose an instrument of agreement , which may be satisfactory to you . Moreover , it was written in the document transmitted by you , that it should be restored , with the exception of the disputed lands and such portion of land as should , in the opinion of the Commissioners on both sides , occur for the purpose of settling a boundary ; and excepting the lands which , after the cessions of the Terai to the Honourable Company , may have been transferred by it to the ascertained proprietors . My friend , all these matters rest with you , and since it was also written that a view was had to my friendship and satisfactions with respect to certain Articles of the Treaty of Sugauli , which bore hard upon me , and which could be remitted , I am well assured that you have at heart the removal of whatever may tend to my distress , and that you will act in a manner corresponding to the advantage of this State and the increase of the friendly relations subsisting between the two Governments . Moreover I have to acknowledge the receipt of the orders under the red seal of this State , addressed to the officers of Terai between the Rivers Gandak and Rapti , for the surrender of that Terai , and their retiring from thence , which was given to you at Thankote , according to your request , and which you have now returned for my satisfaction . Substance of a Document under the Red Seal , received from the Durbar , on 11 December 1816 With regard to friendship and amity , the Government of Nepal agrees to the tenor of the document under date 8 December 1816 or 4th Poos 1873 Sambat which was received by the Durbar from the Honourable Edward Gardner on the part of the Honorable Company , respecting the revertance of the Terai between the Rivers Kushwaha and Rapti to the former southern boundary , such as appertained to Nepal previous to the war , with exception of the disputed lands . Dated the 7th of Push 1873 Sambat A subsequent agreement was made in December 1816 according to which Nepal got all the low lands ( Terai ) from Mechi , in the east , to Mahakali , in the west . Therefore , the indemnity of two lakhs of rupees ceased to continue . A land survey was also proposed to fix the boundary between the two States . Validity of the treaty ( edit ) 1 . Article 9 of the treaty says that the treaty shall be approved by the King of Nepal , but records of the treaty being approved by King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah have not been conclusively traced . 2 . The British had feared that Nepal might not implement the treaty signed on 4 March 1816 by Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya . Therefore , General David Ochterlony , on behalf of the British Government , ratified the treaty the same day and the counterpart treaty was handed over to Upadhyaya . 3 . Some Nepalese nationalists have argued that the treaty was signed between the Nepalese Kingdom and the British and thus `` lacks the force to be implemented '' between Republic of Nepal and Republic of India . However , the Republic of Nepal has assumed the duties and responsibilities of essentially all other treaties signed by the predecessor Kingdom of Nepal , including membership in the United Nations and other comparable relationships . But there exists no treaty or any other legal and formal conclusion that this Sugauli Treaty will be followed by these two independent nations Nepal and India . Indo - Nepal boundary conflict ( edit ) Treaty of Friendship between Nepal and India signed after British left India on the line of Sugauli treaty but on the other hand some of Nepali Historians claims the boundary line in treaty of Sugauli was not clear about the National delimitation . Among the border dispute of the Indo - Nepal boundary , the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions . Both Kalapani and Susta covers 40 km of Indo - Nepal border . In the Susta region , 14500 hectares of land is generally dominated by Indian side with support of Seema Shashatra Bal ( SSB ) forces . See also ( edit ) Gurkha War 1950 Indo - Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship Sikkim Kingdom of Nepal Unification of Nepal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ Jump up ^ https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2015-01-06/nepal-aims-to-settle-boundary-dispute-with-india-in-4-years.html External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Sugauli Treaty Text and Related Documents Indian - Nepalese Border ( hide ) Foreign relations of Nepal Asia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Indonesia Israel Japan Malaysia Pakistan Russia Elsewhere Denmark European Union Holy See Norway United Kingdom United States International organizations BIMSTEC South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme South Asian Economic Union SAARC European Union Treaties South Asia Free Trade Agreement Sugauli Treaty Britain -- India -- Nepal Tripartite Agreement 1950 Indo - Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship Related topics Foreign aid to Nepal Diplomatic missions of / in Nepal Bhupalis Nepal citizenship law Nepalese diplomats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Sugauli&oldid=812626787 '' Categories : Treaties involving territorial changes Treaties of Nepal History of Uttarakhand Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 1816 treaties Treaties of the British East India Company 19th century in Nepal Anglo - Nepalese War Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles needing cleanup from December 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Fiji Hindi हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano नेपाली 日本 語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when was the treaty of sugauli concluded and between whom
|
[
"The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).",
"The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).",
"The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).",
"The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army)."
] |
[
"signed on 2 December 1815",
"ratified by 4 March 1816",
"East India Company",
"King of Nepal"
] |
1962838028605184682
|
Casino Night
|
Casino Night - wikipedia Casino Night Jump to : navigation , search `` Casino Night '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 22 Directed by Ken Kwapis Written by Steve Carell Production code 2021 Original air date May 11 , 2006 Running time 28 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Nancy Walls as Carol Stills Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Marcus A. York as Billy Merchant Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson Episode chronology ← Previous `` Conflict Resolution '' Next → `` Gay Witch Hunt '' The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Casino Night '' is the second season finale of the American comedy television series The Office , and the twenty - eighth episode overall . Written by Steve Carell , who also acts in the show as Michael Scott , and directed by Ken Kwapis , the episode originally aired in the United States on May 11 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Nancy Carell as Carol Stills and Melora Hardin as Jan Levinson . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the office hosts a casino night , to which Michael Scott ( Carell ) inadvertently invites two dates . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) decides to transfer to Dunder Mifflin 's Stamford branch and reveals to Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) his feelings for her . The episode was the first of the series to run as a `` supersized '' episode , featuring twenty - eight minutes and twenty seconds of content rather than the standard twenty minutes and thirty seconds . In addition , the episode was the first of the series to be written by Carell ; he had suggested the idea for the episode to executive producer Greg Daniels , who thoroughly enjoyed the idea and green lit the script . `` Casino Night '' also introduces the musical exploits of Kevin Malone , played by Brian Baumgartner . The episode received wide acclaim from television critics and earned a Nielsen rating of 3.9 in the 18 -- 49 demographic , being seen by 7.7 million viewers . It is generally considered by both critics and audiences to be one of the show 's greatest episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) organizes a casino charity event in the warehouse , and unwittingly winds up with two dates for the evening , his boss Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) and his real - estate agent Carol Stills ( Nancy Carell ) . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) go through audition tapes for her wedding band and discover that colleague Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) has his own band . Jim , upset about Pam 's impending marriage to Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) , tells the documentary crew that he met with Jan about transferring to the Stamford , Connecticut branch of Dunder Mifflin because he has `` no future here . '' During Casino Night , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) wins a game of craps and kisses Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) on the cheek , disregarding their attempts to keep their intimate relationship a secret . She slaps him and walks away , the two quietly enjoying the experience . Jan and Carol share an awkward conversation when they realize Michael has invited them both . Jim tells Jan that he 's made a decision about the transfer . After Roy leaves , Jim tells Pam that he is in love with her . After a stunned pause , she states she can not be with him . He tells her he wants to be more than friends , but she is sorry he `` misinterpreted things . '' Heartbroken , Jim apologizes for misinterpreting their friendship and discreetly wipes a tear from his cheek as he walks away . Jan leaves Michael and Carol , noticeably upset at the night 's events , and it is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car , implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael . Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim 's statement . Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up . She begins to say something but Jim kisses her , and after hesitating , she returns the kiss , with the two staring at each other in silence . Production ( edit ) Actor Steve Carell ( pictured ) wrote `` Casino Night '' . `` Casino Night '' was the first episode of the series written by Steve Carell . Initially , Carell suggested to executive producer Greg Daniels that an episode should revolve around a casino night . When it came time to plan the finale for the show , Daniels chose the idea and picked Carell to write the script . Parts of the script were fleshed out during the flights to and from New York City when the show was filming the earlier episode `` Valentine 's Day '' . Later , Carell had only one weekend to write the bulk script . Daniels was very happy with the rough script and noted `` came in with a great draft '' . Jenna Fischer admitted that filming the episode was a relief because she had `` been carrying around the secret cliff - hangers for two months '' . Toby Flenderson , who is portrayed by writer Paul Lieberstein , stated during the episode `` I 'm gon na chase that feeling '' after winning at a game of poker . The line was originally intended to lead to a subplot wherein Toby develops a gambling addiction , but the storyline was later abandoned . The episode was the fifth episode of the season and the seventh of the entire series directed by Ken Kwapis . During the editing of the episode , executive producer Greg Daniels publicly addressed NBC in an interview , stating , `` I 'd like to get a supersized episode , because it 's a really long script with a lot of good stuff . '' In response , fans of the show set up an online petition to `` supersize '' the season finale . The website generated over 2,800 signatures . On April 20 , NBC announced it would be extending the season finale by ten minutes . Although other NBC shows Will & Grace and My Name Is Earl that aired on the same night had extended episodes , cast members David Denman and John Krasinski credited in interviews the petition for the extended time . Denman and Krasinski both believed that the petition was partially responsible for the other two shows getting extended times as well . The filming of the episode 's ending caused a `` huge divide among the writing staff and the director and the cast '' . Carell , Kwapis , and the actors wanted the moment when Pam and Jim kiss to `` follow the characters and the emotion of the moment '' by having the action captured in full by the show 's cameramen . The writing staff , on the other hand , wanted Pam and Jim 's moment to be private and only heard via the mics ; Daniels explained , `` The writing staff was itching to do something kind of weird ( with the scene ) and have it be a private moment that the doc crew did n't know was going to happen and so only heard on their mics and came running around the corner to film . '' Eventually , both versions were filmed , but the former was broadcast . The alternate version has never been released . The episode features Kevin Malone playing the drums in a band , which had been an idea circulated since the first season , when allusions to him being in a Steve Miller tribute band were written ; the scenes had to be removed from the series due to issues negotiating with the singer . The crew later decided to have Kevin be in a Police tribute band called Scrantonicity because he `` talks so low , and has very little expression , and there is no band that sings higher and with more expression than the Police . '' While Kevin was always intended to be the band 's lead singer , executive producer Greg Daniels approached Baumgartner about possibly playing an instrument , but the actor replied he could not play anything . Daniels and Baumgartner then discussed instruments that would be `` funny '' to play and brought up harmonicas , saxophones , and drums . They ultimately decided on the latter because they deemed a `` drumming lead singer ( to ) be the funniest choice , '' regardless of the fact that the actor had `` absolutely no drumming experience , and it 's a difficult instrument . '' The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Michael creating Dunder Mifflin Mad Libs , Dwight and Jim choosing their charities , Dwight considering Jim 's telekinetic powers , an extension of Michael 's scene with Darryl , Pam finding planning a wedding stressful , Meredith and the casino dealer sharing a past . Cultural references ( edit ) On the phone with Jan , Michael compares the performance of the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin to the biblical story of David and Goliath . He later tells her that she 's the `` Eva Peron to his Cesar Chavez '' . He later calls answers his phone while talking to her and says `` Jan Levenson , I presume '' , a reference to `` Dr. Livingstone , I Presume '' . Michael reasons that the money from the casino night should benefit the Boy Scouts of America because `` They do n't have cookies like the Girl Scouts ! '' He later states that he will donate all of his charity winnings to Comic Relief , a British charity . Kelly reasons that she would donate her winnings to Kobe Bryant 's foundation , only because he bought his wife a large ring . When Michael mentions donating money to `` Afghanistanis with AIDS '' , the conversation gets confused , and the various office workers being talking about Afghanis , Afghans , and the nonsensical `` Afghanistanannis '' . In a talking head , Michael notes that AIDS is not a humorous disease , and is one of the many things that is off - topic in comedy , including the assassination of John F. Kennedy and The Holocaust . However , he notes that the assassination of Abraham Lincoln recently became funny . While looking through the various cover bands , Jim and Pam stumble upon a Kiss tribute and Jim tells Pam that her wedding should have three stages like Lollapalooza . Kevin 's band is playing a cover of `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' by The Police . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` Casino Night '' originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 11 , 2006 . The episode received a 3.9 rating / 10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3.9 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 10 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode was viewed by 7.7 million viewers , and retained 93 percent of its lead - in `` My Name is Earl '' audience . For his work on this episode , Steve Carell was nominated for and won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Comedy . Reviews ( edit ) `` Casino Night '' received widespread critical acclaim from television critics . Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad stated that `` This episode , the season finale , was , in a word , brilliant . You could not ask for a better way to tie up story lines that occurred over the course of a season while opening up new ones at the same time . '' Sciannamea went on to praise Carell 's writing , as well as the progression of the relationship arcs in the show . Brian Zoromski of IGN said that `` ' Casino Night , ' was full of great character development , awkward situations and laugh - out - loud moments . '' Zoromski enjoyed the unfolding of the Jim - Pam relationship during the latter half of season two , and the climax of it in the season finale . He also enjoyed and praised the development of two minor characters , Kevin Malone and Creed Bratton , the latter played by the actor of the same name . He ultimately awarded the episode a ten out of ten , denoting a `` Masterpiece '' . Jacob Cliffton of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an `` A '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly noted that , unlike other shows that featured resolved sexual tension , The Office was in no worry of being cancelled . She based this deduction on the fact that the show `` is n't based entirely on the endearing flirtation between '' Jim and Pam . In a 2011 poll conducted by fansite OfficeTally , fans voted `` Casino Night '' as their favorite of all Office episodes that had been aired at that time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NBC ( April 20 , 2006 ) NBC Announces Super-sized episode NBC.com . NBC . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Jenna . `` Supersize Office Finale , Supersize Blog ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Lisa ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` ' Office ' Manager Takes on New Task '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Greg ( Producer ) . 2006 . `` Casino Night '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal , retrieved May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Ken Kwapis '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 23 , 2006 ) . ' Office ' promotions pay off in a big way Archived November 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago Tribune ( Tribune Company ) . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` John Krasinski Chat Transcript '' . OfficeTally . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Boss on a Firing , the Scranton Strangler 's Return and Series Finale Surprises '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Dunder Struck '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deleted scenes for `` Casino Night '' ( DVD ) . The Office : Season Two Disc 4 : Universal Studios Home Entertainment . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Cliffton , Jaco . `` Casino Night '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Seasons -- Season 2 -- Episode Guide '' . NBC . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 16 , 2006 Press Release ( '' Casino Night `` ) '' ( Press release ) . NBC . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WGA Awards '' . WGA.com . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciannamea , Michael ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Office : Casino Night ( Finale ) '' . AOL TV . Huffpost TV . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zoromski , Brian ( May 12 , 2006 ) . `` The Office : ' Casino Night ' '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( May 25 , 2006 ) . `` ' Office ' Romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office All - Time Fan Favorite Poll , 2011 '' . OfficeTally.com. 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Casino Night '' at NBC.com `` Casino Night '' on IMDb `` Casino Night '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Comedy ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Joe Keenan & Christopher Lloyd for `` Something Borrowed , Someone Blue '' ( 2000 ) Philip Rosenthal for `` Italy '' ( 2001 ) Bob Daily & Lori Kirkland & Dan O'Shannon for `` Rooms with a View '' ( 2002 ) Bob Daily for `` No Sex , Please , We 're Skittish '' ( 2003 ) Mitchell Hurwitz & Jim Vallely for `` Pier Pressure '' / Neil Thompson for `` Ida 's Boyfriend '' ( 2004 ) Jenji Kohan for `` You Ca n't Miss the Bear '' ( 2005 ) Steve Carell for `` Casino Night '' ( 2006 ) Paul Lieberstein & Michael Schur for `` The Job '' ( 2007 ) Andrew Guest & John Riggi for `` Succession '' ( 2008 ) Robert Carlock for `` Apollo , Apollo '' / Steven Levitan & Christopher Lloyd for `` Pilot '' ( 2009 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Night&oldid=804368457 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) episodes 2006 American television episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
episode of the office where jim kisses pam
|
[
"During Casino Night, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) wins a game of craps and kisses Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) on the cheek, disregarding their attempts to keep their intimate relationship a secret. She slaps him and walks away, the two quietly enjoying the experience. Jan and Carol share an awkward conversation when they realize Michael has invited them both. Jim tells Jan that he's made a decision about the transfer. After Roy leaves, Jim tells Pam that he is in love with her. After a stunned pause, she states she cannot be with him. He tells her he wants to be more than friends, but she is sorry he \"misinterpreted things.\" Heartbroken, Jim apologizes for misinterpreting their friendship and discreetly wipes a tear from his cheek as he walks away. Jan leaves Michael and Carol, noticeably upset at the night's events, and it is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car, implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael. Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim's statement. Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up. She begins to say something but Jim kisses her, and after hesitating, she returns the kiss, with the two staring at each other in silence."
] |
[
"Casino Night"
] |
-7108051406398347988
|
Joint Session of Indian Parliament
|
Joint session of Indian Parliament - wikipedia Joint session of Indian Parliament Jump to : navigation , search The Parliament of India is bicameral . Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill . However , the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha . Therefore , the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock . The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or , in his absence , by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence , the Deputy - Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of Constitution 2 Exception to joint sittings 3 Bills referred to joint session 4 References Provisions of Constitution ( edit ) As per Article 108 of Constitution , a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations . If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House -- ( a ) the Bill is rejected by the other House ; or ( b ) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill ; or ( c ) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it , the President may , unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People , notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting , his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill However , in calculating period of six months , those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days . If the above conditions are satisfied , the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament . Exception to joint sittings ( edit ) Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament . There are two exception . 1 . Money Bill Under the Constitution of India , money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only . Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha , which it is not required to accept . Even if Rajya Sabha does n't pass a money bill within 14 days , it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period . Therefore , a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill . 2 . Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2 / 3 majority . In case of disagreement between both houses , there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament . Bills referred to joint session ( edit ) Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act , 1960 , banking service commission act , 1977 and POTA , 2002 . As per a senior member of NDA government they are considering for a joint session on Triple Talaq Bill ( 2018 ) . BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION : 1 . Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2 . Banking Service Commission ( Repeal ) Bill , 1978 3 . Prevention of Terrorism Bill , 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=821255595 '' Categories : Parliament of India Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . About Wikipedia
|
who presides over the joint sitting of the two houses of the parliament
|
[] |
[] |
5357154245739607270
|
Chromatin
|
Chromatin - wikipedia Chromatin Jump to : navigation , search The major structures in DNA compaction : DNA , the nucleosome , the 10 nm `` beads - on - a-string '' fibre , the 30 nm chromatin fibre and the metaphase chromosome . Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells , consisting of DNA , protein , and RNA . The primary functions of chromatin are 1 ) to package DNA into a more compact , denser shape , 2 ) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis , 3 ) to prevent DNA damage , and 4 ) to control gene expression and DNA replication . The primary protein components of chromatin are histones that compact the DNA . Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells ( cells with defined nuclei ) . Prokaryotic cells have a different organization of their DNA ( the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called genophore and is localized within the nucleoid region ) . Chromatin 's structure is currently poorly understood despite being subjected to intense investigation . Its structure depends on several factors . The overall structure depends on the stage of the cell cycle . During interphase , the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA . The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the genes present on the DNA . That DNA which codes genes that are actively transcribed ( `` turned on '' ) is more loosely packaged and associated with RNA polymerases ( referred to as euchromatin ) while that DNA which codes inactive genes ( `` turned off '' ) is more condensed and associated with structural proteins ( heterochromatin ) . Epigenetic chemical modification of the structural proteins in chromatin also alters the local chromatin structure , in particular chemical modifications of histone proteins by methylation and acetylation . As the cell prepares to divide , i.e. enters mitosis or meiosis , the chromatin packages more tightly to facilitate segregation of the chromosomes during anaphase . During this stage of the cell cycle this makes the individual chromosomes in many cells visible by optical microscope . In general terms , there are three levels of chromatin organization : DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes ; the `` beads on a string '' structure ( euchromatin ) . Multiple histones wrap into a 30 nm fibre consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form ( heterochromatin ) . ( Definitively established to exist in vitro , the 30 - nanometer fibre was not seen in recent X-ray studies of human mitotic chromosomes . ) Higher - level DNA packaging of the 30 nm fibre into the metaphase chromosome ( during mitosis and meiosis ) . There are , however , many cells that do not follow this organisation . For example , spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells , and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes for mitosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dynamic chromatin structure and hierarchy 1.1 DNA structure 1.2 Nucleosomes and beads - on - a-string 1.3 30 nanometer chromatin fibre 1.4 Spatial organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus 1.5 Cell - cycle dependent structural organization 2 Chromatin and bursts of transcription 2.1 Alternative chromatin organizations 3 Chromatin and DNA repair 4 Methods to investigate chromatin 5 Chromatin : alternative definitions 6 Nobel Prizes 7 See also 8 References 9 Other references 10 External links Dynamic chromatin structure and hierarchy ( edit ) Chromatin undergoes various structural changes during a cell cycle . Histone proteins are the basic packer and arranger of chromatin and can be modified by various post-translational modifications to alter chromatin packing ( Histone modification ) . Most of the modifications occur on the histone tail . The consequences in terms of chromatin accessibility and compaction depend both on the amino - acid that is modified and the type of modification . For example , Histone acetylation results in loosening and increased accessibility of chromatin for replication and transcription . Lysine tri-methylation can either be correlated with transcriptional activity ( tri-methylation of histone H3 Lysine 4 ) or transcriptional repression and chromatin compaction ( tri-methylation of histone H3 Lysine 9 or 27 ) . Several studies suggested that different modifications could occur simultaneously . For example , it was proposed that a bivalent structure ( with tri-methylation of both Lysine 4 and 27 on histone H3 ) was involved in mammalian early development . Polycomb - group proteins play a role in regulating genes through modulation of chromatin structure . For additional information , see Histone modifications in chromatin regulation and RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure . DNA structure ( edit ) The structures of A - , B - , and Z - DNA . Main articles : Mechanical properties of DNA and Z - DNA In nature , DNA can form three structures , A - , B - , and Z - DNA . A - and B - DNA are very similar , forming right - handed helices , whereas Z - DNA is a left - handed helix with a zig - zag phosphate backbone . Z - DNA is thought to play a specific role in chromatin structure and transcription because of the properties of the junction between B - and Z - DNA . At the junction of B - and Z - DNA , one pair of bases is flipped out from normal bonding . These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding . Nucleosomes and beads - on - a-string ( edit ) Main articles : Nucleosome , Chromatosome and Histone A cartoon representation of the nucleosome structure . From PDB : 1KX5 . The basic repeat element of chromatin is the nucleosome , interconnected by sections of linker DNA , a far shorter arrangement than pure DNA in solution . In addition to the core histones , there is the linker histone , H1 , which contacts the exit / entry of the DNA strand on the nucleosome . The nucleosome core particle , together with histone H1 , is known as a chromatosome . Nucleosomes , with about 20 to 60 base pairs of linker DNA , can form , under non-physiological conditions , an approximately 10 nm `` beads - on - a-string '' fibre . ( Fig. 1 - 2 ) ... The nucleosomes bind DNA non-specifically , as required by their function in general DNA packaging . There are , however , large DNA sequence preferences that govern nucleosome positioning . This is due primarily to the varying physical properties of different DNA sequences : For instance , adenine and thymine are more favorably compressed into the inner minor grooves . This means nucleosomes can bind preferentially at one position approximately every 10 base pairs ( the helical repeat of DNA ) - where the DNA is rotated to maximise the number of A and T bases that will lie in the inner minor groove . ( See mechanical properties of DNA . ) 30 nanometer chromatin fibre ( edit ) Two proposed structures of the 30nm chromatin filament . Left : 1 start helix `` solenoid '' structure . Right : 2 start loose helix structure . Note : the histones are omitted in this diagram - only the DNA is shown . With addition of H1 , the beads - on - a-string structure in turn coils into a 30 nm diameter helical structure known as the 30 nm fibre or filament . The precise structure of the chromatin fibre in the cell is not known in detail , and there is still some debate over this . This level of chromatin structure is thought to be the form of heterochromatin , which contains mostly transcriptionally silent genes . EM studies have demonstrated that the 30 nm fibre is highly dynamic such that it unfolds into a 10 nm fiber ( `` beads - on - a-string '' ) structure when transversed by an RNA polymerase engaged in transcription . Four proposed structures of the 30 nm chromatin filament for DNA repeat length per nucleosomes ranging from 177 to 207 bp . Linker DNA in yellow and nucleosomal DNA in pink . The existing models commonly accept that the nucleosomes lie perpendicular to the axis of the fibre , with linker histones arranged internally . A stable 30 nm fibre relies on the regular positioning of nucleosomes along DNA . Linker DNA is relatively resistant to bending and rotation . This makes the length of linker DNA critical to the stability of the fibre , requiring nucleosomes to be separated by lengths that permit rotation and folding into the required orientation without excessive stress to the DNA . In this view , different lengths of the linker DNA should produce different folding topologies of the chromatin fiber . Recent theoretical work , based on electron - microscopy images of reconstituted fibers supports this view . Spatial organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus ( edit ) The spatial arrangement of the chromatin within the nucleus is not random - specific regions of the chromatin can be found in certain territories . Territories are , for example , the lamina - associated domains ( LADs ) , and the topological association domains ( TADs ) , which are bound together by protein complexes . Currently , polymer models such as the Strings & Binders Switch ( SBS ) model and the Dynamic Loop ( DL ) model are used to describe the folding of chromatin within the nucleus . Cell - cycle dependent structural organization ( edit ) Interphase : The structure of chromatin during interphase of mitosis is optimized to allow simple access of transcription and DNA repair factors to the DNA while compacting the DNA into the nucleus . The structure varies depending on the access required to the DNA . Genes that require regular access by RNA polymerase require the looser structure provided by euchromatin . Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining , showing the classic metaphase chromatin structure . Metaphase : The metaphase structure of chromatin differs vastly to that of interphase . It is optimised for physical strength and manageability , forming the classic chromosome structure seen in karyotypes . The structure of the condensed chromatin is thought to be loops of 30 nm fibre to a central scaffold of proteins . It is , however , not well - characterised. The physical strength of chromatin is vital for this stage of division to prevent shear damage to the DNA as the daughter chromosomes are separated . To maximise strength the composition of the chromatin changes as it approaches the centromere , primarily through alternative histone H1 analogues.It should also be noted that , during mitosis , while most of the chromatin is tightly compacted , there are small regions that are not as tightly compacted . These regions often correspond to promoter regions of genes that were active in that cell type prior to entry into chromatosis . The lack of compaction of these regions is called bookmarking , which is an epigenetic mechanism believed to be important for transmitting to daughter cells the `` memory '' of which genes were active prior to entry into mitosis . This bookmarking mechanism is needed to help transmit this memory because transcription ceases during mitosis . Chromatin and bursts of transcription ( edit ) Chromatin and its interaction with enzymes has been researched , and a conclusion being made is that it is relevant and an important factor in gene expression . Vincent G. Allfrey , a professor at Rockefeller University , stated that RNA synthesis is related to histone acetylation . The lysine amino acid attached to the end of the histones is positively charged . The acetylation of these tails would make the chromatin ends neutral , allowing for DNA access . When the chromatin decondenses , the DNA is open to entry of molecular machinery . Fluctuations between open and closed chromatin may contribute to the discontinuity of transcription , or transcriptional bursting . Other factors are probably involved , such as the association and dissociation of transcription factor complexes with chromatin . The phenomenon , as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription , can account for the high variability in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations Alternative chromatin organizations ( edit ) During metazoan spermiogenesis , the spermatid 's chromatin is remodeled into a more spaced - packaged , widened , almost crystal - like structure . This process is associated with the cessation of transcription and involves nuclear protein exchange . The histones are mostly displaced , and replaced by protamines ( small , arginine - rich proteins ) . It is proposed that in yeast , regions devoid of histones become very fragile after transcription ; HMO1 an HMGB protein helps in stabilizing nucleosomes - free chromatin . Chromatin and DNA repair ( edit ) The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin presents a barrier to all DNA - based processes that require recruitment of enzymes to their sites of action . To allow the critical cellular process of DNA repair , the chromatin must be remodeled . In eukaryotes , ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone - modifying enzymes are two predominant factors employed to accomplish this remodeling process . Chromatin relaxation occurs rapidly at the site of a DNA damage . This process is initiated by PARP1 protein that starts to appear at DNA damage in less than a second , with half maximum accumulation within 1.6 seconds after the damage occurs . Next the chromatin remodeler Alc1 quickly attaches to the product of PARP1 , and completes arrival at the DNA damage within 10 seconds of the damage . About half of the maximum chromatin relaxation , presumably due to action of Alc1 , occurs by 10 seconds . This then allows recruitment of the DNA repair enzyme MRE11 , to initiate DNA repair , within 13 seconds . γH2AX , the phosphorylated form of H2AX is also involved in the early steps leading to chromatin decondensation after DNA damage occurrence . The histone variant H2AX constitutes about 10 % of the H2A histones in human chromatin . γH2AX ( H2AX phosphorylated on serine 139 ) can be detected as soon as 20 seconds after irradiation of cells ( with DNA double - strand break formation ) , and half maximum accumulation of γH2AX occurs in one minute . The extent of chromatin with phosphorylated γH2AX is about two million base pairs at the site of a DNA double - strand break . γH2AX does not , itself , cause chromatin decondensation , but within 30 seconds of irradiation , RNF8 protein can be detected in association with γH2AX . RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation , through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 , a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD . After undergoing relaxation subsequent to DNA damage , followed by DNA repair , chromatin recovers to a compaction state close to its pre-damage level after about 20 min . Methods. to investigate chromatin ( edit ) ChIP - seq ( Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing ) , aimed against different histone modifications , can be used to identify chromatin states throughout the genome . Different modifications have been linked to various states of chromatin . DNase - seq ( DNase I hypersensitive sites Sequencing ) uses the sensitivity of accessible regions in the genome to the DNase I enzyme to map open or accessible regions in the genome . FAIRE - seq ( Formaldehyde - Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements sequencing ) uses the chemical properties of protein - bound DNA in a two - phase separation method to extract nucleosome depleted regions from the genome . ATAC - seq ( Assay for Transposable Accessible Chromatin sequencing ) uses the Tn5 transposase to integrate ( synthetic ) transposons into accessible regions of the genome consequentially highlighting the localisation of nucleosomes and transcription factors across the genome . DNA footprinting is a method aimed at identifying protein - bound DNA . It uses labeling and fragmentation coupled to gel electrophoresis to identify areas of the genome that have been bound by proteins . MNase - seq ( Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing ) uses the micrococcal nuclease enzyme to identify nucleosome positioning throughout the genome . Chromosome conformation capture determines the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus , by inferring genomic locations that physically interact . MACC profiling ( Micrococcal nuclease ACCessibility profiling ) uses titration series of chromatin digests with micrococcal nuclease to identify chromatin accessibility as well as to map nucleosomes and non-histone DNA - binding proteins in both open and closed regions of the genome . Chromatin : alternative definitions ( edit ) The term , introduced by Walther Flemming , has multiple meanings : Simple and concise definition : Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules ( and RNA ) . The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions within the cell nucleus . A biochemists ' operational definition : Chromatin is the DNA / protein / RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei . Just which of the multitudinous substances present in a nucleus will constitute a part of the extracted material partly depends on the technique each researcher uses . Furthermore , the composition and properties of chromatin vary from one cell type to the another , during development of a specific cell type , and at different stages in the cell cycle . The DNA + histone = chromatin definition : The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones . The formed protein / DNA complex is called chromatin . The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome . Nobel prizes ( edit ) The following scientists were recognized for their contributions to chromatin research with Nobel Prizes : Year Who Award 1910 Albrecht Kossel ( University of Heidelberg ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the five nuclear bases : adenine , cytosine , guanine , thymine , and uracil . 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan ( California Institute of Technology ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of the role played by the gene and chromosome in heredity , based on his studies of the white - eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila . 1962 Francis Crick , James Watson and Maurice Wilkins ( MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Harvard University and London University respectively ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of the double helix structure of DNA and its significance for information transfer in living material . 1982 Aaron Klug ( MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry `` for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid - protein complexes '' Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp Nobel Prize in Physiology `` for their independent discoveries of split genes , '' in which DNA sections called exons express proteins , and are interrupted by DNA sections called introns , which do not express proteins . 2006 Roger Kornberg ( Stanford University ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the mechanism by which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA . See also ( edit ) Active chromatin sequence Chromatid Epigenetics Histone - Modifying Enzymes Position - effect variegation Salt - and - pepper chromatin Transcriptional bursting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monday , Tanmoy ( July 2010 ) . `` Characterization of the RNA content of chromatin '' . Genome Res. 20 ( 7 ) : 899 -- 907 . Jump up ^ `` Chromatin Network Home Page . '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dame , R.T. ( May 2005 ) . `` The role of nucleoid - associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin '' . Molecular Microbiology. 56 ( 4 ) : 858 -- 870 . PMID 15853876 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2005. 04598. x . Jump up ^ Hansen , Jeffrey ( March 2012 ) . `` Human mitotic chromosome structure : what happened to the 30 - nm fibre ? '' . The EMBO Journal . 31 ( 7 ) : 1621 -- 1623 . PMC 3321215 . PMID 22415369 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2012.66 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , B.E. , T.S. Mikkelsen , X . Xie , M. Kamal , D.J. Huebert , J. Cuff , B. Fry , A. Meissner , M. Wernig , K. Plath , R. Jaenisch , A. Wagschal , R. Feil , S.L. Schreiber & E.S. Lander ( April 2006 ) . `` A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells '' . Cell. 125 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 26 . ISSN 0092 - 8674 . PMID 16630819 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.02. 041 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Portoso M , Cavalli G ( 2008 ) . `` The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming '' . RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression : A Hidden Layer of Complexity . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 25 - 7 . Jump up ^ Annunziato , Anthony T. `` DNA Packaging : Nucleosomes and Chromatin '' . Scitable . Nature Education . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robinson DJ ; Fairall L ; Huynh VA ; Rhodes D. ( April 2006 ) . `` EM measurements define the dimensions of the `` 30 - nm '' chromatin fiber : Evidence for a compact , interdigitated structure `` . PNAS. 103 ( 17 ) : 6506 -- 11 . PMC 1436021 . PMID 16617109 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0601212103 . Jump up ^ Wong H , Victor JM , Mozziconacci J. ( September 2007 ) . Chen , Pu , ed . `` An All - Atom Model of the Chromatin Fiber Containing Linker Histones Reveals a Versatile Structure Tuned by the Nucleosomal Repeat Length '' . PLoS ONE . 2 ( 9 ) : e877 . PMC 1963316 . PMID 17849006 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000877 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nicodemi M , Pombo A ( June 2014 ) . `` Models of chromosome structure '' . Curr . Opin . Cell Biol. 28 : 90 -- 5 . PMID 24804566 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2014.04. 004 . Jump up ^ Nicodemi M , Panning B , Prisco A ( May 2008 ) . `` A thermodynamic switch for chromosome colocalization '' . Genetics . 179 ( 1 ) : 717 -- 21 . PMC 2390650 . PMID 18493085 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 107.083154 . Jump up ^ Bohn M , Heermann DW ( 2010 ) . `` Diffusion - driven looping provides a consistent framework for chromatin organization '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12218 . PMC 2928267 . PMID 20811620 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012218 . Jump up ^ Xing H , Vanderford NL , Sarge KD ( November 2008 ) . `` The TBP - PP2A mitotic complex bookmarks genes by preventing condensin action '' . Nat . Cell Biol. 10 ( 11 ) : 1318 -- 23 . PMC 2577711 . PMID 18931662 . doi : 10.1038 / ncb1790 . Jump up ^ ALLFREY VG , FAULKNER R , MIRSKY AE ( May 1964 ) . `` ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF RNA SYNTHESIS '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 51 ( 5 ) : 786 -- 94 . PMC 300163 . PMID 14172992 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 51.5. 786 . Jump up ^ Kaochar S , Tu BP ( November 2012 ) . `` Gatekeepers of chromatin : Small metabolites elicit big changes in gene expression '' . Trends Biochem. Sci. 37 ( 11 ) : 477 -- 83 . PMC 3482309 . PMID 22944281 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2012.07. 008 . Jump up ^ De Vries M , Ramos L , Housein Z , De Boer P ( May 2012 ) . `` Chromatin remodelling initiation during human spermiogenesis '' . Biol Open . 1 ( 5 ) : 446 -- 57 . PMC 3507207 . PMID 23213436 . doi : 10.1242 / bio. 2012844 . Jump up ^ Murugesapillai , D. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` DNA bridging and looping by HMO1 provides a mechanism for stabilizing nucleosome - free chromatin '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 42 ( 14 ) : 8996 -- 9004 . PMID 25063301 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gku635 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Murugesapillai , D. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Single - molecule studies of high - mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins '' . Biophys Rev. 9 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 40 . PMC 5331113 . PMID 28303166 . doi : 10.1007 / s12551 - 016 - 0236 - 4 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Liu B , Yip RK , Zhou Z ( 2012 ) . `` Chromatin remodeling , DNA damage repair and aging '' . Curr . Genomics. 13 ( 7 ) : 533 -- 47 . PMC 3468886 . PMID 23633913 . doi : 10.2174 / 138920212803251373 . ^ Jump up to : Sellou H , Lebeaupin T , Chapuis C , Smith R , Hegele A , Singh HR , Kozlowski M , Bultmann S , Ladurner AG , Timinszky G , Huet S ( 2016 ) . `` The poly ( ADP - ribose ) - dependent chromatin remodeler Alc1 induces local chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage '' . Mol. Biol. Cell. 27 ( 24 ) : 3791 -- 3799 . PMC 5170603 . PMID 27733626 . doi : 10.1091 / mbc. E16 - 05 - 0269 . ^ Jump up to : Haince JF , McDonald D , Rodrigue A , Déry U , Masson JY , Hendzel MJ , Poirier GG ( 2008 ) . `` PARP1 - dependent kinetics of recruitment of MRE11 and NBS1 proteins to multiple DNA damage sites '' . J. Biol. Chem. 283 ( 2 ) : 1197 -- 208 . PMID 18025084 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M706734200 . ^ Jump up to : Rogakou EP , Pilch DR , Orr AH , Ivanova VS , Bonner WM ( 1998 ) . `` DNA double - stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139 '' . J. Biol. Chem. 273 ( 10 ) : 5858 -- 68 . PMID 9488723 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 273.10. 5858 . Jump up ^ Mailand N , Bekker - Jensen S , Faustrup H , Melander F , Bartek J , Lukas C , Lukas J ( 2007 ) . `` RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double - strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins '' . Cell. 131 ( 5 ) : 887 -- 900 . PMID 18001824 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.09. 040 . Jump up ^ Luijsterburg MS , Acs K , Ackermann L , Wiegant WW , Bekker - Jensen S , Larsen DH , Khanna KK , van Attikum H , Mailand N , Dantuma NP ( 2012 ) . `` A new non-catalytic role for ubiquitin ligase RNF8 in unfolding higher - order chromatin structure '' . EMBO J. 31 ( 11 ) : 2511 -- 27 . PMC 3365417 . PMID 22531782 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2012.104 . Jump up ^ Giresi , Paul G. ; Kim , Jonghwan ; McDaniell , Ryan M. ; Iyer , Vishwanath R. ; Lieb , Jason D. ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ) . `` FAIRE ( Formaldehyde - Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements ) isolates active regulatory elements from human chromatin '' . Genome Research . 17 ( 6 ) : 877 -- 885 . ISSN 1088 - 9051 . PMC 1891346 . PMID 17179217 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 5533506 . Jump up ^ Galas , D.J. ; Schmitz , A. ( 1978 - 09 - 01 ) . `` DNAse footprinting : a simple method for the detection of protein - DNA binding specificity '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 5 ( 9 ) : 3157 -- 3170 . ISSN 0305 - 1048 . PMC 342238 . PMID 212715 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 5.9. 3157 . Jump up ^ Cui , Kairong ; Zhao , Keji ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Genome - wide approaches to determining nucleosome occupancy in metazoans using MNase - Seq '' . Methods in Molecular Biology ( Clifton , N.J. ) . Methods in Molecular Biology . 833 : 413 -- 419 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61779 - 476 - 6 . ISSN 1940 - 6029 . PMC 3541821 . PMID 22183607 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 61779 - 477 - 3_24 . Jump up ^ Buenrostro , Jason D. ; Giresi , Paul G. ; Zaba , Lisa C. ; Chang , Howard Y. ; Greenleaf , William J. ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin , DNA - binding proteins and nucleosome position '' . Nature Methods. 10 ( 12 ) : 1213 -- 1218 . ISSN 1548 - 7105 . PMC 3959825 . PMID 24097267 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth. 2688 . Jump up ^ Mieczkowski J , Cook A , Bowman SK , Mueller B , Alver BH , Kundu S , Deaton AM , Urban JA , Larschan E , Park PJ , Kingston RE , Tolstorukov MY ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . `` MNase titration reveals differences between nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility . '' . Nature Communications . 7 : 11485 . PMC 4859066 . PMID 27151365 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms11485 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hunt Morgan and His Legacy '' . Nobelprize.org. 7 Sep 2012 Other references ( edit ) Cooper , Geoffrey M. 2000 . The Cell , 2nd edition , A Molecular Approach . Chapter 4.2 Chromosomes and Chromatin . Corces , V.G. ( 1995 ) . `` Chromatin insulators . Keeping enhancers under control '' . Nature . 376 ( 6540 ) : 462 -- 463 . PMID 7637775 . doi : 10.1038 / 376462a0 . Cremer , T. 1985 . Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie : Naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und Theorienwechsel in der frühen Zell - und Vererbungsforschung , Veröffentlichungen aus der Forschungsstelle für Theoretische Pathologie der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften . Springer - Vlg. , Berlin , Heidelberg . Elgin , S.C.R. ( ed . ) . 1995 . Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression , vol. 9 . IRL Press , Oxford , New York , Tokyo . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Corces , V.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Boundary and insulator elements in chromosomes '' . Current Op . Genet . And Dev. 6 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 192 . doi : 10.1016 / s0959 - 437x ( 96 ) 80049 - 9 . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Corces , V.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator '' . Cell. 92 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 521 . doi : 10.1016 / s0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80944 - 7 . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Corces , V.G. ( 2001 ) . `` CHROMATIN INSULATORS AND BOUNDARIES : Effects on Transcription and Nuclear Organization '' . Annu Rev Genet. 35 : 193 -- 208 . PMID 11700282 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 35.102401. 090349 . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Byrd , K. ; Corces , V.G. ( 2000 ) . `` A chromatin insulator determines the nuclear localization of DNA ( In Process Citation ) '' . Mol Cell. 6 ( 5 ) : 1025 -- 35 . PMID 11106742 . doi : 10.1016 / s1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 00101 - 5 . Ha , S.C. ; Lowenhaupt , K. ; Rich , A. ; Kim , Y.G. ; Kim , K.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Crystal structure of a junction between B - DNA and Z - DNA reveals two extruded bases '' . Nature . 437 ( 7062 ) : 1183 -- 6 . PMID 16237447 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04088 . Pollard , T. , and W. Earnshaw. 2002 . Cell Biology . Saunders . Saumweber , H. 1987 . Arrangement of Chromosomes in Interphase Cell Nuclei , p. 223 - 234 . In W. Hennig ( ed . ) , Structure and Function of Eucaryotic Chromosomes , vol. 14 . Springer - Verlag , Berlin , Heidelberg . Sinden , R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Molecular biology : DNA twists and flips '' . Nature . 437 ( 7062 ) : 1097 -- 8 . PMID 16237426 . doi : 10.1038 / 4371097a . Van Holde KE. 1989 . Chromatin . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96694 - 3 . Van Holde , K. , J. Zlatanova , G. Arents , and E. Moudrianakis. 1995 . Elements of chromatin structure : histones , nucleosomes , and fibres , p. 1 - 26 . In S.C.R. Elgin ( ed . ) , Chromatin structure and gene expression . IRL Press at Oxford University Press , Oxford . External links ( edit ) Chromatin , Histones & Cathepsin ; PMAP The Proteolysis Map - animation ( Recent chromatin publications and news ) Protocol for in vitro Chromatin Assembly ENCODE threads Explorer Chromatin patterns at transcription factor binding sites . Nature ( journal ) Cytogenetics : chromosomes Basic concepts Karyotype Ploidy Genetic material / Genome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome Nuclear organization Types Autosome / Sex chromosome ( or allosome or heterosome ) Macrochromosome / Microchromosome Circular chromosome / Linear chromosome Extra chromosome ( or accessory chromosome ) Supernumerary chromosome A chromosome / B chromosome Lampbrush chromosome Polytene chromosome Dinoflagellate chromosomes Homologous chromosome Isochromosome Satellite chromosome Centromere position Metacentric Submetacentric Telocentric Acrocentric Holocentric Centromere number Acentric Monocentric Dicentric Polycentric Processes and evolution Mitosis Meiosis Structural alterations Chromosomal inversion Chromosomal translocation Numerical alterations Aneuploidy Euploidy Polyploidy Paleopolyploidy Polyploidization Structures Telomere : Telomere - binding protein ( TINF2 ) Protamine Histone H1 H2A H2B H3 H4 Centromere C1 C2 Q See also Extrachromosomal DNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of chromosome lengths for various organisms List of sequenced genomes International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4010152 - 6 NDL : 00567038 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatin&oldid=805025145 '' Categories : Molecular genetics Nuclear substructures Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where is dna stored in the cell as chromatin
|
[
"Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.[1] The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a more compact, denser shape, 2) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication. The primary protein components of chromatin are histones that compact the DNA. Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells (cells with defined nuclei). Prokaryotic cells have a different organization of their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called genophore and is localized within the nucleoid region)."
] |
[
"within the nucleoid region"
] |
-7605877563327156025
|
Scandal (season 7)
|
Scandal ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Scandal ( season 7 ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2018 ) Scandal ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Kerry Washington Scott Foley Darby Stanchfield Katie Lowes Guillermo Diaz Jeff Perry Joshua Malina Bellamy Young Joe Morton George Newbern Cornelius Smith Jr . Tony Goldwyn Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network ABC Original release October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) -- April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Scandal episodes The seventh and final season of the American television drama series Scandal was ordered on February 10 , 2017 by ABC . It was later announced that the seventh season would be the final season for Scandal . The season began airing on October 5 , 2017 , and consisted of 18 episodes , adding the total episode count of the show to 124 episodes . Cast member George Newbern was upgraded to a series regular after being a recurring cast member for the past six seasons . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season focuses on Olivia Pope and her new position as Chief of Staff of President Mellie Grant and the Command of B613 . It also depicts Quinn Perkins as the boss of her crisis management firm Quinn Perkins & Associates , and its team , as well as staff at the White House in Washington , D.C. , in their efforts to deal with and contain political scandals . Season seven had have twelve series regulars , all returning from the previous season , out of which six are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season . The season aired on Thursday nights at 9 : 00 pm until episode 15 , where it aired in its original timeslot , Thursday 10 : 00 pm . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Final season 3.1. 2 How to Get Away with Murder crossover 3.2 Casting 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Scandal characters Main ( edit ) Kerry Washington as Chief of Staff Olivia Pope Scott Foley as Jake Ballard Darby Stanchfield as Abby Whelan Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins Guillermo Diaz as Diego `` Huck '' Muñoz Jeff Perry as Vice President Cyrus Beene Joshua Malina as David Rosen Bellamy Young as President Mellie Grant Joe Morton as Elijah `` Eli '' / `` Rowan '' Pope George Newbern as Charlie Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus Walker Tony Goldwyn as President Fitzgerald `` Fitz '' Thomas Grant III Recurring ( edit ) Jay Hernandez as Curtis Pryce Faran Tahir as President Rashad Shaun Toub as Ambassador Marashi Dean Norris as Fenton Glackland Whitney Hice as Hannah Michael O'Neill as Lonnie Mencken Special guest ( edit ) Viola Davis as Annalise Keating Guest ( edit ) Bess Armstrong as Senator Diane Greenwald Caroline Day as Lucy Riccio Medalion Rahimi as Yasmeen Aja Naomi King as Michaela Pratt Tom Irwin as Justice Spivey Khandi Alexander as Maya Lewis Jessalyn Gilsig as Vanessa Ballard Kate Burton as Sally Langston Gregg Henry as Hollis Doyle Tom Amandes as Samuel Reston Brian Letscher as Tom Larsen Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Scandal episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 The episode begins with a montage depicting Luna 's death and Cyrus 's rise to the vice-presidency . Jake still has a cabinet position , and is still with Olivia . Olivia works with Cyrus and Mellie to get passed a bill that offers free college education to American citizens while QPA staff battle to find their first client . Olivia 's and Jake 's uncommitted relationship turns flamboyant when power rises to Olivia 's head and she begins to treat him as an employee . Cyrus thinks about becoming the next president , but his ideas fade after Mellie declares how grateful she is for all he has done . Olivia is interviewed by Curtis Pryce and the two end up in an affair . Mellie deals with a situation where a U.S. CIA agent is being held by terrorists in Bashran . Grant ca n't convice Ambassador Marachi , and Olivia threatens him in exchange of the citizen 's return to American soil . 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 The White House prepares a dinner to welcome the President of Bashran , during which Mellie talks to him to try to reach an agreement on the possession of nuclear weapons in his country through a treaty . Olivia asks Jake to investigate President Rashad and he finds out that Rashad sent his niece to study at a university in the United States , which sounds completely different from what he advocates in his country filled with anti-American people . Olivia threatens him with the information , but the President claims to have expected something like that , saying that his ambassador had warned him that Olivia was `` the devil . '' QPA gets an invitation to the dinner , where they try to socialize with high - profile people and hopefully gather possible scandals . Huck discovers that one of the military men at dinner is actually a killer but is stopped by agents , quickly advised by Olivia , Huck , and Abby . Later , Rashad reveals to Mellie that radicals of his country may be responsible , convincing him to accept the treaty . Curtis Pryce also attends the dinner , and he follows Olivia until she asks him to go to her loft . Arriving there , they run into Fitz , who is expecting Olivia . 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 Marcus asks Fitz how he would like to have Olivia featured in his Presidential library . Fitz is frustrated with the idea of his Presidency is being reduced to him just being a man who loved a woman . After spending time with Fitz , Marcus finds him entitled and intolerable . Marcus states Fitz 's accomplishments are actually Olivia 's . He is close to quitting when Mellie assures him he is just going through the stages of Fitz and the best part is yet to come . Meanwhile , Fitz gets a startling visit from Rowan who needs help trying to handle Olivia . 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 Fitz is at Olivia 's door , and he asks her to help him with a project to find missing girls . She tells him to contact QPA -- where they find trouble in identifying the poster girl for missing girls . They later have one of the missing girls ' mother start making public statements . Cyrus debates what to do with the painting from Fenton Glackland , prompting him to return it . With his concern over Olivia 's power hunger , Rowan warns her that she ca n't have it all . At a summit , the prime minister of Dacal is n't willing to work with Mellie or Rashad . Mellie and Rashad have a drink together in the oval and have a romantic connection. -- arousing Olivia 's concerns . Bashran is taken in coup , stripping off Rashad 's presidency . Jake tells Olivia that she needs to choose whether or not she is Command . Mellie wants to send in troops to Bashran to help Rashad , but Olivia is against it . Jake gives Olivia information on what Rowan has been up to . 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 Olivia and Mellie pushes their power like never before , while Cyrus works on a congressional approval to declare war in Bashran as the QPA keeps a close watch on President Rashad 's niece . 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 Olivia inform Mellie of Rashad 's death , and she immediately wants to send troops into Bashran . Glackland and Cyrus have brunch while Glackland pressures Cyrus for information on what 's going on in the White House . Quinn gets ready for her wedding and then meets with Olivia and accuses her of being behind Rashad 's death . Huck fusses over Quinn and Charlie 's wedding as he is both best man and maid of honor . Meanwhile , Quinn is missing and Olivia is worried that Quinn is going to tell that Olivia is behind Rashad 's death . Charlie insists that Quinn did n't get cold feet so QPA starts looking for her . Olivia and Jake work to throw off QPA 's search for Quinn by planning to blame it on Glackland . Charlie , convinced that Glackland has Quinn , captures and tortures him , but Huck stops him before he can cut off Glackland 's arm . Mellie calls the new regime in Bashran and tells them that America will work with them for peace , under Mellie 's terms . Jake and Olivia look at footage of Quinn arriving to her wedding , meaning that she did n't bail to build a case against Olivia , but that she was kidnapped . 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 At dinner Rowan reveals to Olivia that he has Quinn , and wants to exchange Quinn 's life for his freedom and dinosaur bones . Marcus tries to convince Mellie to work with Fitz 's foundation on mass incarceration . During a dispute with his daughter , Rowan leaves his living room and gun shots are heard , leaving Olivia to believe Quinn is dead . 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 Rowan has a body in a car which he burns . He calls the police to report a fire . QPA and Olivia gets word of Quinn 's death . Her DNA was found in a tooth from the car fire , along with a burned piece of her wedding dress . Charlie wants to have Quinn cremated and packed into bullet cases . Huck reads through the coroner 's report and finds out about the hairpin from the Smithsonian Olivia gave Quinn . Fitz comes to Olivia 's apartment to offer his condolences , but Olivia pushes him off , telling him that they are n't friends . Glackland breaks up with Cyrus thinking that Charlie was Cyrus ' hitman . Meanwhile , The gladiators say goodbye to Quinn as each of them says something about Quinn and then fires one of her bullets into the ground . Emotional and still drunk , Olivia goes to Fitz 's apartment and they have sex . David and Abby rid Charlie 's apartment of baby stuff where they find a hidden flashdrive . Charlie arrives at Rowan 's door to ask to be reinstated as a B613 agent when he hears a baby crying . He runs up to the second floor of Rowan 's house to find a baby girl , he then starts choking Rowan . 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 5.19 This episode is a flashback to the events that occurred from Quinn 's point of view from her abduction to the end of episode 8 where Charlie discovers the baby girl in Rowan 's home . Rowan goes to a store to buy a suitcase and makes a friend in one of the employees , Marvin . He kidnaps Quinn from the QPA elevator and puts her in his basement . He goes to dinner with Olivia and says he will trade Quinn for his dinosaur bones , but she declines . Rowan heads to the store and buys a crib , again making conversation with Marvin . They meet in a pub where they have dinner , and Marvin offers Rowan his employee discount . Meanwhile , down in the basement Quinn hallucinates that her colleagues are talking to her . Rowan uses Marvin 's employee discount to buy a gun , making it registered in Marvin 's name . Olivia arrives at Rowan 's home and he barters Quinn for his bones again ; overhearing the dispute , Quinn also hears Olivia choose her power over saving Quinn . 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 5.62 A distraught Olivia spends the night with Fitz and leads to her agreeing to go with him to Vermont . Once there , she discovers her closest friends are there as well . Olivia is confronted on her role in Quinn and Rashad 's deaths . She locks herself in a bedroom as her friends each provide evidence and reasoning why she should step down from her role , offering her an out if she agrees to give up B613 . Olivia provides a single - paged statement of resignation from her Chief of Staff role in the White House and alludes to Jake being placed in control of shutting down B613 . The crew fly back to Washington and watch the evening 's televised press brief for Olivia 's formal resignation statement . 117 11 `` Army of One '' Allison Liddi - Brown Austin Guzman February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 4.63 Olivia confronts Mellie on her decision to name Jake as her new Chief of Staff ; Mellie tells Olivia that she must step down and resign , or be publicly terminated . QPA gains a new client , a government employee being accused of treason with Russian entities . The crew discovers he is in an affair with Jake 's wife upon Olivia leaking the information to the media . Cyrus gives Mellie and Jake a way to frame Olivia and spin her media story , but backstabs them when he provides Olivia with the documents proving the President 's media coverup -- offering her the papers to bring down the Mellie presidency during her scheduled resignation announcenent , but instead brings this information to light with Mellie as she is preparing for the first Presidential Mammogram . Quinn bargains with Rowan for her freedom in exchange for not going after Olivia . Olivia returns home where Quinn shows herself and holds her at gunpoint . Olivia warns Quinn of snipers and continuing to not believe the threat , Olivia is shot in the arm attempting to protect Quinn . Olivia gives her speech at a press conference , initially planning to use the files from Cyrus but instead giving her resignation . Charlie , Quinn , Robin , Huck and Abby reunite . 118 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 712 4.95 After her dismissal from the White House , Olivia serves as a guest lecturer in a local university . Annalise Keating , a defense attorney asks for her help in her class action . At first , Olivia turns down the offer due to the questionable reputation of Annalise but softens up shortly after . The duo get in touch with Fitz in order to gain mileage . Meanwhile , Mellie and Jake are trying their best to postpone if not sabotage the case through QPA ; leaking the reason Olivia lost her post as Chief of Staff . With everything seeming to hit a dead end , Olivia and Annalise decide to work by themselves without any help from the White House . After watching a televised interview of Olivia and Annalise , Quinn has a change of heart , offering the `` dirt '' she has on Justice Spivey -- prompting her to persuade -- possibly blackmailing the judge in question to change his vote . Therefore , the class action suit is added to the court docket to Mellie 's dismay . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on How to Get Away with Murder season 4 episode 13 . 119 13 `` Air Force Two '' Valerie Weiss Severiano Canales March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 713 4.67 David and Cyrus are on a plane to the Summit when it gets hacked . One of the White House staffers admits that her laptop was stolen and that she accidentally brought the malware onto the plane . Finding a way to get Wi - Fi on the plane , David sends a message to QPA asking for help . Olivia visits Maya , and attempts to celebrate her birthday . Mellie is faced with the decision of whether or not to shoot down the plane per protocol . She is worried that Jake is acting based on his hate of Cyrus . Much to Olivia 's dismay , her visit with Maya does n't bring her any closer to her . As a birthday present , Olivia gets Maya out of jail and givers her a trench coat and a plane ticket to France , as well as enough money to live off of . QPA figures out a way to save the plane . After getting off the plane David goes to Abby , who thought he was going to propose to her . He then tells her he is n't because he knows her and he knows that marriage would make her unhappy . 120 14 `` The List '' Greg Evans Jess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 714 4.74 A man shows up asking Olivia to help him find his missing daughter Alisha , who idolizes Olivia . Alisha , a congressional intern , who found herself on a list of interns that wo n't sleep with congressman . Because of her placement on the list she would n't be able to get a job . Her father blames Olivia for inspiring her to work in D.C. , accusing her of sleeping her way to the top . Olivia finds Alisha 's housemate , who did sleep with a congressman , and got a job because of it . Olivia convinces her to give a press conference exposing the congressman responsible . In light of Olivia 's case , Mellie plans to introduce legislation addressing sexual harassment . Jake expresses a romantic interest in Mellie , but she turns him down . Fitz asks Olivia if she thinks that he crossed the line when they first got together , and she responds that they both crossed the line together . QPA looks into who hijacked the plane , trying to find evidence that Cyrus is responsible . But when Quinn finds out that Olivia was the one who asked Abby to look into Cyrus she orders QPA to stop investigating . The FBI arrest Charlie for the hijacking , leading QPA to believe that he is being framed . 121 15 `` The Noise '' Darby Stanchfield Raamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 715 3.71 Charlie is taken into custody by the FBI ; Lonnie Mencken tries to persuade him to sign a confession to frame Mellie as the mastermind behind the hijacking of Air Force Two -- getting immunity in exchange of his corporation -- but he brushes him off . QPA with Fitz 's help , try to expedite a solution to have Charlie released . Cyrus tries to blackmail Quinn to convince Charlie into signing the deal but Olivia thinks that it may be a bad idea that might destroy Mellie 's presidency . Quinn later declines Cyrus ' offer . Fitz tries to warn Mellie on Cyrus ' plans but she does not believe him . Cyrus makes an ally out of Jake by promising a position once he takes over the presidency . Jake manages to convince Charlie to sign the confession , putting Mellie in the center of the scandal by threatening to harm his family . Mellie is issued with a subpoena , realizing that Cyrus must have framed her and asks Jake for help in silencing Cyrus but he flatly refuses , confirming his allegiance to Cyrus . Mellie reinstates Olivia as command and orders her to have Cyrus killed . 122 16 `` People Like Me '' Joe Morton Chris Van Dusen April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 716 3.83 Olivia , still reluctant to kill Cyrus , devices a plan to either convince Cyrus to drop his evil plans against Mellie or kill him if the other plan fails . Huck gravely against the first plan tries to convince Olivia to use some other avenue . The scandal has Mellie in tremendous stress with her approval rating dropping drastically . Abby and Quinn try to find the hacker who Cyrus has been sending information to -- who is found murdered . This leaves Olivia with the option of poisoning Cyrus with cyanide and a perfect cover - up for the murder . On the verge of taking a sip of the poisoned wine , Jake comes to Cyrus ' rescue . Marcus tries to persuade Mellie to address the rumors head on . She later addresses a press briefing refuting the claims that she had an hand in Air Force Two hijacking . Olivia visits Fitz 's apartment and they have sex . Vanessa discovers that her husband is in cahoots with Cyrus ; he kills her thereafter . Cyrus and Jake restructure their alliance . 123 17 `` Standing in the Sun '' Jann Turner Mark Fish & Matt Byrne April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 717 4.15 Tension is rising in the midst of the developments in Cyrus and Jake 's mission to take the White House . Mellie is summoned to testify to the scandalous Air Force Two hijacking . She initially denies any involvement in the hijacking but information on the death of president Rashad , forces her to plead the fifth . In despair , Jake tries to blackmail Olivia into throwing Mellie under the bus -- she ends up exposing the existence of B613 to Lonnie Mencken . QPA also seems to have hit a dead end in trying to figure out the way to bring Jake and Cyrus down , only to find they will end up incriminating themselves in the process . Sally Langston comes to their aid by breaking to the nation , through her televised show , on the existence of top secret organization , B613 -- a consequence that puts Cyrus and Jake 's plans in jeopardy . 124 18 `` Over a Cliff '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 718 5.46 Due to the recent reveal of B613 's existence , Olivia meets with Lonnie Mencken , who says he will make sure they get a proper Senate hearing if Mellie makes gun control her first priority . After Olivia agrees , he shoots himself to ensure the hearing takes place , leaving David in charge . At the senate hearing Olivia admits to ordering Rashad 's assassination , Mellie and Fitz admit they knew of B613 , Tom confesses to killing Frankie Vargas under Cyrus ' orders , and Hollis admits to being a part of election fraud . Everyone starts to deal with their impending imprisonment while helping get Quinn to Charlie so they can get married . After failing to kill David , Jake tells Cyrus he is not going to take his orders anymore . On his quest to have Mellie impeached , Cyrus poisons David and smothers him . The ruling is postponed due to a new witness coming forward : Rowan ; he admits to being command . Jake is imprisoned for his actions in B613 . An alcoholic Cyrus resigns as vice president . Mellie approves of the bill on gun control to law . Two young girls visit the gallery where there is a portrait of Olivia , an allusion that she had become an important woman in the White House . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Scandal was renewed for a seventh season on February 10 , 2017 , along with the other ShondaLand dramas . The series continued to air on Thursdays in its 9 p.m. E.T. timeslot like the previous seasons , but unlike the previous season which aired in January , the seventh season premiered in the fall of 2017 . ABC announced on June 26 , 2017 , that the seventh season would consist of 18 episodes . Long - time director Tom Verica shared on Twitter that he would only direct the series finale as well as the fact that Kerry Washington would be directing her first episode . Actress Darby Stanchfield also directed her first episode . Final season ( edit ) Speculations about the seventh season being the final season had started as the sixth season began airing . ABC entertainment president Channing Dungey commented in January 2017 that it had not been much discussion about the show 's future after the seventh season , but she would happily keep the show on as long as Rhimes `` feels that she has creative runway to write the show . '' Andy Swift from TVLine said that the show needed to end after the seventh season as he felt `` this once - great drama is simply spinning its wheels , serving us the same old flavors with only slightly different toppings . '' Before the sixth season finale , multiple sources reported that Scandal would be ending next season . ABC confirmed on May 16 , 2017 , that the seventh season would be the final season for the show . Shonda Rhimes released a statement about the ending of the show calling the seventh season `` Olivia 's Swan Song '' as she said : `` Deciding how to end a show is easy . Deciding when to finish is quite simple when the end date is years away . But actually going through with it ? Actually standing up to say : ' This is it ? ' Not so much . So , next year we are going all out . Leaving nothing on the table . Creating this world in celebration . We are going to handle the end the way we like to handle the important things in our Scandal family : all together , white hats on , gladiators running full speed over a cliff . '' How to get Away with Murder crossover ( edit ) On January 3 , 2018 , Kerry Washington tweeted out a photo to Viola Davis of herself in a `` familiar '' setting , that being a courthouse used for the set of How to Get Away with Murder . Fans began to speculate a possible crossover episode being in the works , which was only heightened when Davis tweeted out a photo in response , that being her on the set of Mellie Grant 's ( Bellamy Young ) Oval Office . Later that day , the crossover was officially confirmed through a tweet by Scandal creator Shonda Rhimes . How to Get Away with Murder creator Peter Nowalk later went on to share in an interview with Deadline : `` At the beginning of the season , my writers and I were planning out Viola 's entire arc and something in her story organically came up that was very appropriate for Scandal . When I went to Shonda , she heard it . I said , we do n't have to do it , Viola 's arc does n't need this , but it 's possible that their stories could cross really organically . She actually pulled up a clip of something from Scandal and their side of the story coalesced perfectly . So it was one of those serendipitous things where we both realized it was good for both characters , and it almost felt like we had been planning it since last season . '' Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , actor George Newbern , who has had recurring appearances since the show 's beginning as Charlie , was promoted to the regular cast . In August , Jay Hernandez and Shaun Toub were cast in unspecified , recurring roles . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Watch Me '' October 5 , 2017 1.4 / 5 5.52 1.1 3.09 2.5 8.61 `` Pressing the Flesh '' October 12 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.00 1.1 TBD 2.3 TBD `` Day 101 '' October 19 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.70 1.0 2.55 2.1 7.25 `` Lost Girls '' October 26 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.88 0.9 2.54 2.0 7.42 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' November 2 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.89 1.0 2.61 2.1 7.50 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' November 9 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.00 0.9 2.43 2.0 7.43 7 `` Something Borrowed '' November 16 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.97 0.9 2.49 2.0 7.46 8 `` Robin '' January 18 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.17 0.8 2.43 2.1 7.60 9 `` Good People '' January 25 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.19 0.8 2.33 2.1 7.52 10 `` The People vs. Olivia Pope '' February 1 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.62 0.9 2.40 2.3 8.02 11 `` Army of One '' February 8 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.64 0.9 2.50 2.0 7.14 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' March 1 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.95 0.9 2.73 2.1 7.70 13 `` Air Force Two '' March 8 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.67 0.8 TBD 1.9 TBD 14 `` The List '' March 15 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.74 0.9 2.43 2.0 7.17 15 `` The Noise '' March 29 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.71 0.9 2.65 1.7 6.36 16 `` People Like Me '' April 5 , 2018 0.9 / 4 3.83 0.9 2.62 1.8 6.45 17 `` Standing in the Sun '' April 12 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.15 0.9 2.66 1.8 6.82 18 `` Over a Cliff '' April 19 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.46 0.8 2.65 2.1 8.11 Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95 % `` certified fresh '' approval rating with an average rating of 8.11 / 10 , based on 20 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` With the aptitude that helped change the face of serialized drama , Scandal concludes its fiery run with unpredictability , heart , and an emphasis on cultural affairs . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Ceremony Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Primetime Emmy Awards September 17 , 2018 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Viola Davis ( for `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' ) Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 2017 Upfront Summary '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn Talks the End of Scandal '' . E ! News . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Scandal Farewell Update : Final Season Episode Count Revealed '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A. '' TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verica , Tom ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` I will be directing the series finale come Feb. # scandal . And I 'll still b stoppin by and # peepingtom ing . How about an # askTom to clear up ? '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verica , Tom ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` She is ... and @ tonygoldwyn and I are plotting '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' Star Darby Stanchfield to Direct Final Season Episode ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Chief Channing Dungey Talks ' Scandal ' End Plan , TGIT 's Future '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Needs to End With Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal to End With Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Officially Ending , Season 7 Is Olivia 's Swan Song : ' We Are Leaving Nothing on the Table , ' Says Shonda '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , Kerry ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hey Ms @ violadavis ❤ ️ check it out . This spot look familiar ? ! Where are you ? '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Viola ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hey @ KerryWashington , guess where I am ? ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` People . It 's happening . @ petenowalk , you ready for this ? # TGITCrossover # HowtoGetAwaywithScandal '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' / ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Crossover : Get Details On Big Shondaland Event From ' HTGAWM ' Creator -- Q&A '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Adds Homeland , Nashville Actors in Season 7 Mystery Roles '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` '' This Is Us '' and `` The Good Doctor '' both doubled their adults 18 - 49 ratings in the Live + 7 rankings for Jan. 15 - 21 `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The episode adjusted up to a 1.3 in the weekly finals Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal ABC '' . Emmy.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb Scandal Episodes Season 1 `` Sweet Baby '' Season 2 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' `` Top of the Hour '' `` Snake in the Garden '' `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Season 3 `` It 's Handled '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' `` Icarus '' `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' `` YOLO '' `` A Door Marked Exit '' `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Season 4 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Run '' `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' `` No More Blood '' Season 5 `` Heavy is the Head '' `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Season 6 `` Transfer of Power '' Season 7 `` Watch Me '' `` Day 101 '' `` Over a Cliff '' Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith How to Get Away with Murder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandal_(season_7)&oldid=856242788 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Scandal ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
do jake and olivia get together in season 7
|
[] |
[] |
87848101939257515
|
Inverted question and exclamation marks
|
Inverted question and exclamation marks - wikipedia Inverted question and exclamation marks Jump to : navigation , search `` ¡ '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Temherte slaq . ¿ ¡ Inverted question mark Inverted exclamation mark Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book Inverted question marks ( ¿ ) and exclamation marks ( Commonwealth English ) or exclamation points ( American English ) ( ¡ ) are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences ( or clauses ) , respectively , in written Spanish and sometimes also in languages which have cultural ties with Spanish , such as in older standards of Galician ( now it is optional and not recommended ) and the Waray language . They can also be combined in several ways to express the combination of a question and surprise or disbelief . The initial marks are normally mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the common marks ( ? , ! ) used in most other languages . Unlike the ending marks , which are printed along the baseline of a sentence , the inverted marks ( ¿ and ¡ ) descend below the line . Inverted marks were originally recommended by the Real Academia Española ( Spanish Royal Academy ) in 1754 , and adopted gradually over the next century . On computers , inverted marks are supported by various standards , including ISO - 8859 - 1 , Unicode , and HTML . They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish - speaking countries , or via alternative methods on other keyboards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 History 3 Mixtures 4 Computer usage 4.1 Encodings 4.2 Input methods 4.3 Input methods for macOS 4.4 Input methods for LaTeX 4.5 Use in filenames 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Usage ( edit ) Main article : Spanish orthography The inverted question mark ( ¿ ) is a punctuation mark written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows . It is an inverted form of the standard symbol `` ? '' recognized by speakers of languages written with the Latin alphabet . In most languages , a single question mark is used , and only at the end of an interrogative sentence : `` How old are you ? '' This was once true of the Spanish language . The inverted question mark was adopted long after the Real Academia 's decision , published in the second edition of the Ortografía de la lengua castellana ( Orthography of the Castilian language ) in 1754 recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish -- e.g. ¿ Cuántos años tienes ? ( `` How old are you ? '' ) . The Real Academia also ordered the same inverted - symbol system for statements of exclamation , using the symbols `` ¡ '' and `` ! '' . This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences . `` Do you like summer ? '' and `` You like summer . '' are translated respectively as `` ¿ Te gusta el verano ? '' and `` Te gusta el verano . '' ( There is no difference between the wording of a yes -- no question and the corresponding statement in Spanish as there is in English . ) These new rules were slowly adopted ; there exist nineteenth - century books in which the writer does not use either opening symbol , neither the `` ¡ '' nor the `` ¿ '' . In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative , the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting - symbol inverted question mark , for example : Si no puedes ir con ellos , ¿ quieres ir con nosotros ? ( `` If you can not go with them , would you like to go with us ? '' ) Some writers omit the inverted question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as : Quién viene ? ( `` Who comes ? '' ) . This is the criterion in Catalan . Certain Catalan - language authorities , such as Joan Solà , insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity . Some Spanish - language writers , among them Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda ( 1904 -- 1973 ) , refuse to use the inverted question mark . It is common in Internet chat rooms and instant messaging now to use only the single `` ? '' as an ending symbol for a question , since it saves typing time . Multiple closing symbols are used for emphasis : Por qué dices eso ? ? , instead of the standard ¿ Por qué dices eso ? ( `` Why do you say that ? '' ) . Some may also use the ending symbol for both beginning and ending , giving ? Por qué dices eso ? Given the informal setting , this might be unimportant ; however , teachers see this as a problem , fearing and claiming that contemporary young people are inappropriately and incorrectly extending the practice to academic homework and essays . ( See Internet linguistics : Educational perspective . ) History ( edit ) This article is missing information about how inverted punctuation came about in the languages of Spain . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2014 ) In 1668 , John Wilkins proposed using the inverted exclamation mark `` ¡ '' as a symbol at the end of a sentence to denote irony . He was one of many , including Desiderius Erasmus , who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark , but Wilkins ' proposal , as was true of the other attempts , failed to take hold . Mixtures ( edit ) Although it has now become rare , it is correct usage in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening inverted exclamation mark ( `` ¡ '' ) and end it with a question mark ( `` ? '' ) , or vice versa , for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as : ¡ Y tú quién te crees ? ( `` Who do you think you are ? ! '' ) . Normally , four signs are used , always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side ( nested ) ( ¿ ¡ Y tú quién te crees ! ? , ¡ ¿ Y tú quién te crees ? ! ) Unicode 5.1 also includes U + 2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG , which is an inverted version of the interrobang ( also known as a `` gnaborretni '' ) , a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in just one glyph . Computer usage ( edit ) Encodings ( edit ) `` ¡ '' and `` ¿ '' are both located within the Unicode Common block , and are both inherited from ISO - 8859 - 1 . `` ¡ '' has Unicode codepoint U + 00A1 ( decimal entity reference & # 161 ; ) and HTML named entity reference ¡ ; . `` ¿ '' has Unicode codepoint U + 00BF ( decimal entity reference & # 191 ; ) and has HTML named entity reference ¿ ; . In both cases , the `` i '' in the named entity reference is an initialism for `` inverted '' . Input methods ( edit ) The ¡ character is accessible using AltGr + 1 on a modern US - International keyboard . It is also available using a standard US keyboard by switching to the US - International keyboard layout . `` ¿ '' is available in all keyboard layouts for Spanish - speaking countries . Users of English ( US ) keyboards under Microsoft Windows can obtain the inverted question mark `` ¿ '' using the Alt code method by holding down the Alt key and pressing 0191 , 6824 , or 168 on the number pad and the inverted exclamation mark `` ¡ '' with number pad code 0161 or 173 . In Microsoft Word , the inverted question and exclamation marks can be typed by holding down the Ctrl , Alt , and shift keys while typing a normal question or exclamation mark , or by typing either mark at the start of the sentence whilst in the Spanish language mode . Windows users with a US keyboard layout are able to switch to the US - International layout . Among other changes , this converts the Alt key to the right of the space bar into the Alt Gr ( graphics ) key . ( The left Alt key remains unchanged . ) When the right Alt key is held down and other keys are pressed , the combination produces other characters not found on the standard US keyboard . For instance , the keystroke right Alt + 1 produces an inverted exclamation mark , while right Alt + / yields the inverted question marks . Another way of inputting `` ¡ '' on Windows is to hold Alt and type 173 on the numeric keypad . Input methods for macOS ( edit ) On the macOS platform ( or when using the `` US International '' / us - intl keyboard layout on Windows and Linux ) , `` ¡ '' and `` ¿ '' can be entered by pressing Alt / ⌥ Option + 1 and ⇧ Shift + Alt / ⌥ Option + / respectively . With a compose key , for example , < LEFT SHIFT > + < RIGHT CTRL > , they can be entered by pressing the compose key and ! or ? twice . And for AZERTY keyboards , the shortcut is : fn + alt + ! ( number 8 ) . Input methods for LaTeX ( edit ) In LaTeX documents , the `` ¿ '' is written as ? ` ( question mark , backtick ) or \ textquestiondown , and `` ¡ '' as ! ` ( exclamation point , backtick ) or \ textexclamdown . ( This may require including `` \ usepackage ( utf8 ) ( inputenc ) '' at the top of the document . ) XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX have full Unicode support , and literal ¿ and ¡ characters may be input . Use in filenames ( edit ) In Windows , an inverted question mark is valid in a file or directory name , whereas the normal is a reserved character which can not be so used . See also ( edit ) Spanish orthography Interrobang References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Veyra , Vicente I. ( 1982 ) . `` Ortograpiya han Binisaya '' . Kandabao : Essays on Waray language , literature , and culture . Jump up ^ `` Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica '' ( PDF ) . Real Academia Española . Jump up ^ Institut d'Estudis Catalans ( 1996 ) , `` Els signes d'interrogació i d'admiració ( Acord de l'11 de juny de 1993 ) '' , Documents de la Secció Filològica , III , pp. 92 -- 94 , archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 06 Jump up ^ Pablo Neruda , `` Antología Fundamental '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . ( 556 KB ) , ( June 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 956 - 16 - 0169 - 7 . p. 7 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Keith Houston ( 24 September 2013 ) . Shady Characters : The Secret Life of Punctuation , Symbols , and Other Typographical Marks . W.W. Norton . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24154 - 9 . Jump up ^ Popova , Maria . `` Ironic Serif : A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark '' . Brain Pickings . Retrieved 1 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ RAE 's Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Character entity references in HTML 4 , W3C . External links ( edit ) Upside Down Question Mark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks&oldid=826623257 '' Categories : Spanish language Punctuation Interrogative words and phrases Catalan language Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles to be expanded from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Português Русский ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what emoji is an upside down question mark
|
[] |
[] |
-5943638282822241830
|
Salaries of members of the United States Congress
|
Salaries of Members of the United States Congress - wikipedia Salaries of Members of the United States Congress This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Historical information on the salaries that members of the United States Congress have been paid . See chart below : Year Salary per diem / annum Percent Adjustment In 2014 dollars 1789 50 ¢ per diem 1795 $1 per diem only Representatives $7 per diem only Senators 1796 $6 per diem 1815 $1,500 per annum $19,084 1817 $6 per diem only Representatives $7 per diem only Senators 1818 $8 per diem 1855 $3,000 per annum $75,109 1865 $5,000 per annum $76,244 1871 $7,500 per annum $146,107 1874 $5,000 per annum $103,183 1907 $7,500 per annum $187,663 1925 $10,000 per annum $133,587 1932 $9,000 per annum $154,137 1933 $8,500 per annum $153,397 1934 ( 2 / 1 ) $9,000 per annum $157,080 1934 ( 7 / 1 ) $9,500 per annum $165,807 1935 $10,000 per annum $170,276 1947 $12,500 per annum $130,741 1955 $22,500 per annum $196,223 1965 $30,000 per annum $222,206 1969 $42,500 per annum $270,697 $44,600 per annum $193,587 1977 $57,500 per annum $221,500 1979 $60,662.50 per annum $194,778 1982 $69,800 per annum only Representatives $168,569 $69,800 per annum only Senators $163,343 1984 $72,600 per annum $162,891 1985 $75,100 per annum $162,645 1987 ( 1 / 1 ) $77,400 per annum $158,784 1987 ( 2 / 4 ) $89,500 per annum $183,606 1990 ( 2 / 1 ) $96,600 per annum only Representatives $172,342 1990 ( 2 / 1 ) $98,400 per annum only Senators $175,553 1991 ( 1 / 1 ) $125,100 per annum only Representatives $214,192 1991 ( 1 / 1 ) $101,900 per annum only Senators $174,470 1991 ( 8 / 14 ) $125,100 per annum only Senators $214,192 $129,500 per annum 3.5 % $215,267 $133,600 per annum 3.2 % $215,614 1998 $136,700 per annum 2.3 % $197,114 2000 $141,300 per annum 3.4 % $191,866 $145,100 per annum 2.7 % $193,924 2002 $150,000 per annum 3.4 % $195,774 2003 $154,700 per annum 3.1 % $198,143 $158,100 per annum 2.2 % $196,029 2005 $162,100 per annum 2.5 % $194,380 2006 $165,200 per annum 1.9 % $193,266 2008 $169,300 per annum 2.5 % $185,614 2009 -- 2017 $174,000 per annum 2.8 % $191,533 -- 174,000 Salaries , shown for US Senators and US Representatives . Also shown : salaries adjusted to 2014 US Dollars . Additional pay schedule for the Senate and House positions : SCHEDULE 6 -- VICE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Position Salary Vice President $233,000 Delegates to the House of Representatives $174,000 Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico $174,000 President pro tempore of the Senate $193,400 Majority leader and minority leader of the Senate $193,400 Majority leader and minority leader of the House of Representatives $193,900 Speaker of the House of Representatives $223,500 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( April 11 , 2018 ) . Salaries of Members of Congress : Recent Actions and Historical Tables ( PDF ) . Washinton , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13655 of December 23 , 2013 , Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay . Office of Personnel Management -- Pay & Leave -- SALARIES & WAGES -- Executive Order for 2014 Pay Schedules Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=841375428 '' Categories : Members of the United States Congress Salaries of office - holders Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 13 : 24 . About Wikipedia
|
what is the salary of a u s senator
|
[] |
[] |
-7181152360134225642
|
Rope-a-dope
|
Rope - a-dope - wikipedia Rope - a-dope Jump to : navigation , search `` Ropeadope '' redirects here . For the American record label , see Ropeadope Records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rope - a-dope is a boxing fighting style commonly associated with Muhammad Ali in his 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match against George Foreman . In many competitive situations , rope - a-dope is used to describe strategies in which one contender lets their opponent fatigue themself by drawing non-injuring offensive actions . This then gives the contender an advantage towards the end of the competition or before , as the opponent becomes tired , allowing the contender to execute devastating offensive maneuvers and thereby winning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Technique 3 Notable fights 4 References 5 See also Origin of the term ( edit ) According to Angelo Dundee , the idea for the strategy used against Foreman was suggested to Ali by boxing photographer George Kalinsky , who told him : `` Why do n't you try something like that ? Sort of a dope on the ropes , letting Foreman swing away but , like in the picture , hit nothing but air . '' Publicist John Condon then polished the phrase into `` rope - a-dope '' . Technique ( edit ) The rope - a-dope is performed by a boxer assuming a protected stance ( in Ali 's classic pose , lying against the ropes , which allows much of the punch 's energy to be absorbed by the ropes ' elasticity rather than the boxer 's body ) . The boxer keeps their guard up and is prepared for the incoming blows , while looking for opportunities to counter punch their opponent , who by mounting an offensive may have left themselves open to counters . By being in a defensive posture and being prepared for the incoming blows , the plan is to decrease the chances of being caught with a clean flush blow , as ideally a significant portion of the punches will land on the boxer 's hands and arms , or will miss completely as a result of the boxer slipping the punch . Additionally , if the opponent lacks stamina , their power will decrease throughout the fight as they lose their energy , and essentially `` waste '' many punches into the boxer 's guard . However , a boxer employing this tactic must have a great chin and great ability to withstand punishment to be able to withstand the punches that do get through the boxer 's defenses and land . Offensively , the boxer employing this tactic will look to exploit mistakes made in their opponent 's attack by countering if the opponent has left themselves open . They will also look to mount short bursts of offensive attacks in between their opponent 's attack , being sure to immediately get back in their defensive posture as to not leave themselves open to a counter attack . Despite the name , the boxer does not have to be against the ropes in order to rope - a-dope the opponent . Notable fights ( edit ) The maneuver is most commonly associated with the match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman , known as The Rumble in the Jungle . Foreman was considered by many observers to be the favored to win the fight due to his superior punching power . During the match , Ali purposely angered Foreman , provoking Foreman to attack and force him back on the ropes . At the time , some observers thought that Ali was being horribly beaten and worried that they might see him get killed in the ring . Writer George Plimpton described Ali 's stance as like `` a man leaning out his window trying to see something on his roof . '' However , far from being brutalized , Ali was relatively protected from Foreman 's blows . Norman Mailer described the advantage of Ali 's rope - a-dope this way : `` Standing on one 's feet , it is painful to absorb a heavy body punch even when blocked with one 's arm . The torso , the legs and the spine take the shock . Leaning on the ropes , however , Ali can pass it along ; the rope will receive the strain . '' Ali 's preparation for the fight , which involved toughening himself up by allowing his sparring partners to pummel him , contributed to observers ' sense that Ali was outmatched . But when Foreman became tired from the beating he was delivering , Ali took advantage and won the match . Manny Pacquiao used the strategy to gauge the power of welterweight titlist Miguel Cotto in November 2009 . Pacquiao followed up the rope - a-dope gambit with a withering knockdown . Nicolino Locche , Argentine boxer nicknamed `` El Intocable '' ( The Untouchable ) , used this technique extensively throughout his career . He would get against the ropes and dodge nearly every single punch until his opponent would tire , then he would take him down with combinations . `` Irish '' Micky Ward utilized this strategy during many of the fights in the later part of his career . Ward would wait for his opponent to become fatigued and would hit with either a left hook to the body or any number of other combinations . This strategy led him to the junior welterweight championship of the WBU where he took the belt from Shea Neary . Floyd Mayweather often utilizes this technique in his bouts , as he recently ( August 2017 ) demonstrated against Conor McGregor . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Angelo Dundee , Bert Randolph Sugar , My view from the corner : a life in boxing Jump up ^ Norman Mailer . The Fight . Vintage International , 1975 . p. 191 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70038 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://nytimes.com/2017/08/26/sports/mayweather-mcgregor.html Bibliography Jason Hook : Muhammad Ali : The Greatest , Raintree Steck - Vaughn , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8172 - 5717 - 9 , hier online See also ( edit ) Boxing Professional boxing Amateur boxing Women 's boxing White - collar boxing London Prize Ring Rules Marquess of Queensberry Rules Terms The distance Weight class Pound for pound Lineal championship Cutman Gatekeeper Journeyman Long Count Outpoint Punching power Punch - out Punches Jab Cross Hook ( Swing ) Uppercut Overhand Counterpunch ( Cross-counter ) Bolo punch Short straight - punch Rabbit punch Liver shot Below the belt Styles and technique Bob and weave Bobbing Head fake Slipping One - two combo Check hook Peek - a-Boo Rope - a-dope Footwork Orthodox stance Southpaw stance Related articles Boxing training Boxing glove Boxing ring BoxRec Compubox Chess boxing International Boxing Hall of Fame List of boxing families Tent boxing Dementia pugilistica Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act Bare - knuckle boxing Category : Boxing Commons : Category : Boxing Wikiquote : Boxing Muhammad Ali Fights Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Clay vs. Hunsaker Clay vs. Siler Clay vs. Esperti Clay vs. Robinson Clay vs. Fleeman Clay vs. Clark Clay vs. Sabedong Clay vs. Johnson Clay vs. Miteff Clay vs. Besmanoff Clay vs. Banks Clay vs. Warner Clay vs. Logan Clay vs. Daniels Clay vs. Lavorante Clay vs. Moore Clay vs. Powell Clay vs. Jones Ali vs. Cooper Liston vs. Ali Ali vs. Patterson Ali vs. Chuvalo Ali vs. London Ali vs. Mildenberger Ali vs. Terrell Ali vs. Williams Ali vs. Folley Ali vs. Quarry Ali vs. Bonavena Fight of the Century ( Ali vs. Frazier I ) Ali vs. Ellis Ali vs. Mathis Ali vs. Blin Ali vs. M. Foster Ali vs. Lewis Ali vs. B. Foster Ali vs. Bugner Ali vs. Norton Ali vs. Lubbers Ali vs. Frazier II The Rumble in the Jungle ( Ali vs. Foreman ) Ali vs. Wepner Ali vs. Lyle Thrilla in Manila ( Ali vs. Frazier III ) Ali vs. Coopman Ali vs. Young Ali vs. Dunn Ali vs. Evangelista Ali vs. Shavers Ali vs. Spinks Spinks vs. Ali II Holmes vs. Ali Drama in Bahama ( Ali vs. Berbick ) Media Requiem for a Heavyweight ( 1962 film ) The Super Fight ( film ) a.k.a. Cassius Clay ( film ) `` Black Superman '' ( song ) I Am the Greatest ( album ) The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay ( album ) I Am the Greatest : The Adventures of Muhammad Ali ( animated series ) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali ( comic book ) The Greatest ( film ) Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing ( video game ) Foes of Ali ( video game ) When We Were Kings ( film ) King of the World ( TV film ) Ali : An American Hero ( TV film ) `` Muhammad Ali '' ( song ) Ali ( film ) `` The World 's Greatest '' ( song ) Facing Ali ( film ) When Ali Came to Ireland ( documentary ) The Trials of Muhammad Ali ( documentary ) Muhammad Ali 's Greatest Fight ( TV film ) I Am Ali ( documentary ) People Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. ( father ) Odessa Grady Clay ( mother ) Rahman Ali ( brother ) Khalilah Ali ( first wife ) Veronica Porché Ali ( second wife ) Laila Ali ( daughter ) Chuck Bodak ( trainer and cutman ) Angelo Dundee ( cornerman ) Drew Bundini Brown ( trainer and cornerman ) Ferdie Pacheco ( personal physician and cornerman ) Joe E. Martin ( first trainer ) Archie Moore ( trainer ) George Dillman ( instructor ) Jabir Herbert Muhammad ( manager ) Luis Sarria ( trainer , cutman , and masseur ) Joe Frazier ( opponent and friend ) Books The Greatest : My Own Story ( 1975 autobiography ) The Fight ( 1975 ) Muhammad Ali : His Life and Times ( 1991 biography ) King of the World ( 1998 biography ) Facing Ali ( 2002 ) Muhammad Ali : The Glory Years ( 2003 biography ) The Soul of a Butterfly ( 2004 autobiography ) Twelve Rounds to Glory ( 2007 biography ) Other Religious views of Muhammad Ali Rope - a-dope Ali Mall Clay v. United States Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki Muhammad Ali Center Muhammad Ali in India Muhammad Ali in China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rope-a-dope&oldid=800345912 '' Categories : Boxing terminology Muhammad Ali Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 57 . About Wikipedia
|
where did ali do his rope a dope
|
[
"The rope-a-dope is a boxing fighting style commonly associated with Muhammad Ali in his 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match against George Foreman."
] |
[
"his 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match against George Foreman"
] |
-7198279369575219737
|
Orthostatic hypotension
|
Orthostatic hypotension - wikipedia Orthostatic hypotension Jump to : navigation , search For the television science series , see Head Rush ( TV series ) . Orthostatic hypotension Synonyms orthostasis , postural , positional hypotension Pronunciation / ˌɔːrθəˈstætɪkˌhaɪpəˈtɛnʃən / Specialty Cardiology ( edit on Wikidata ) Orthostatic hypotension , also known as postural hypotension , occurs when a person 's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position . It is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position . It occurs predominantly by delayed constriction of the lower body blood vessels , which is normally required to maintain an adequate blood pressure when changing position to standing . As a result , blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period and less is returned to the heart , thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output . Mild orthostatic hypotension is common and can occur briefly in anyone , although it is prevalent in particular among the elderly and those with known low blood pressure . Severe drops in blood pressure can lead to fainting , with a possibility of injury . There are numerous possible causes for orthostatic hypotension , such as certain medications ( e.g. alpha blockers ) , autonomic neuropathy , decreased blood volume , and age - related blood vessel stiffness . Apart from addressing the underlying cause , orthostatic hypotension may be treated with a recommendation to increase salt and water intake ( to increase the blood volume ) , wearing compression stockings , and sometimes medication ( fludrocortisone , midodrine or others ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Hypovolemia 2.2 Medication 2.3 Other factors 3 Diagnosis 4 Management 4.1 Non-pharmacological management 4.2 Pharmacological management 5 Prognosis 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Orthostatic hypotension is characterised by symptoms that occur after standing ( from lying or sitting ) , particularly when this is done rapidly . Many report lightheadedness ( a feeling that one might be about to faint ) , sometimes severe . Generalized weakness or tiredness may also occur . Some also report difficulty concentrating , blurred vision , tremulousness , vertigo , anxiety , palpitations ( awareness of the heartbeat ) , feeling sweaty or clammy , and sometimes nausea . A person may look pale . Causes ( edit ) Orthostatic hypotension is caused primarily by gravity - induced blood pooling in the lower extremities , which in turn compromises venous return , resulting in decreased cardiac output and subsequent lowering of arterial pressure . For example , changing from a lying position to standing loses about 700 ml of blood from the thorax , with a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures . The overall effect is an insufficient blood perfusion in the upper part of the body . Still , the blood pressure does not normally fall very much , because it immediately triggers a vasoconstriction ( baroreceptor reflex ) , pressing the blood up into the body again . ( Often , this mechanism is exaggerated and is why diastolic blood pressure is a bit higher when a person is standing up , compared to a person in the horizontal position . ) Therefore , a secondary factor that causes a greater than normal fall in blood pressure is often required . Such factors include low blood volume , diseases , and medications . Other causes may include staring into one area for a long time and focus off of it . Hypovolemia ( edit ) Orthostatic hypotension may be caused by low blood volume , resulting from bleeding , the excessive use of diuretics , vasodilators , or other types of drugs , dehydration , or prolonged bed rest ( immobility ) ; as well as occurring in people with anemia . The disorder may be associated with Addison 's disease , atherosclerosis ( build - up of fatty deposits in the arteries ) , diabetes , pheochromocytoma , porphyria , and certain neurological disorders , including multiple system atrophy and other forms of dysautonomia . It is also associated with Ehlers -- Danlos syndrome and anorexia nervosa . It is also present in many patients with Parkinson 's disease resulting from sympathetic denervation of the heart or as a side - effect of dopaminomimetic therapy . This rarely leads to fainting unless the person has developed true autonomic failure or has an unrelated heart problem . Another disease , dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency , also thought to be underdiagnosed , causes loss of sympathetic noradrenergic function and is characterized by a low or extremely low levels of norepinephrine , but an excess of dopamine . Quadriplegics and paraplegics also might experience these symptoms due to multiple systems ' inability to maintain a normal blood pressure and blood flow to the upper part of the body . Medication ( edit ) Tetrahydrocannabinol Orthostatic hypotension can be a side - effect of certain antidepressants , such as tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) . Marijuana and tetrahydrocannabinol can on occasion produce marked orthostatic hypotension . Orthostatic hypotension can also be a side effect of alpha - 1 blockers ( alpha adrenergic blocking agents ) . Alpha blockers inhibit vasoconstriction normally initiated by the baroreceptor reflex upon postural change and the subsequent drop in pressure . Other factors ( edit ) Patients prone to orthostatic hypotension are the elderly , post partum mothers , and those having been on bedrest . People suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa often suffer from orthostatic hypotension as a common side - effect . Consuming alcohol may also lead to orthostatic hypotension due to its dehydrating effects . Diagnosis ( edit ) Orthostatic hypotension can be confirmed by measuring a person 's blood pressure after lying flat for 5 minutes , then 1 minute after standing , and 3 minutes after standing . Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg and / or in the diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg between the supine reading and the upright reading . In addition , the heart rate should also be measured for both positions . A significant increase in heart rate from supine to standing may indicate a compensatory effort by the heart to maintain cardiac output or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome ( POTS ) . A tilt table test may also be performed . Management ( edit ) Non-pharmacological management ( edit ) Apart from treating underlying reversible causes ( e.g. , stopping or reducing certain medications ) , there are a number of measures that can improve the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and prevent episodes of syncope . Even small increases in the blood pressure may be sufficient to maintain blood flow to the brain on standing . In people who do not have a diagnosis of high blood pressure , drinking 2 -- 3 liters of fluid a day and taking 10 grams of salt can improve symptoms , by maximizing the amount of fluid in the bloodstream . Another strategy is keeping the head of the bed slightly elevated . This reduces the return of fluid from the limbs to the kidneys at night , thereby reducing nighttime urine production and maintaining fluid in the circulation . Various measures can be used to improve the return of blood to the heart : the wearing of compression stockings and exercises ( `` physical counterpressure manoeuvres '' or PCMs ) that can be undertaken just before standing up ( e.g. , leg crossing and squatting ) . Pharmacological management ( edit ) The medication midodrine can benefit people with orthostatic hypotension , The main side - effect is piloerection ( `` goose bumps '' ) . Fludrocortisone is also used , although based on more limited evidence . A number of other measures have slight evidence to support their use indomethacin , fluoxetine , dopamine antagonists , metoclopramide , domperidone , monoamine oxidase inhibitors with tyramine ( can produce severe hypertension ) , oxilofrine , potassium chloride , and yohimbine . Prognosis ( edit ) Orthostatic hypotension may cause accidental falls . It is also linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease , heart failure , and stroke . There is also observational data suggesting that orthostatic hypotension in middle age increases the risk of eventual dementia and reduced cognitive function . See also ( edit ) Orthostatic intolerance Orthostatic hypertension Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Vasovagal response References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Orthostatic hypotension '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Orthostatic Hypotension Information Page National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke '' . www.ninds.nih.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kasper DL , Fauci AS , Hauser SL , Longo DL , James JL , Loscalzo J ( 2015 ) . Harrison 's principles of internal medicine . 2 ( 19th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical Publishing Division . p. 2639 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 180215 - 4 . Jump up ^ Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension and other Autonomic Failure Syndromes at eMedicine Jump up ^ `` What Causes Hypotension ? - NHLBI , NIH '' . www.nhlbi.nih.gov . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sim M , Hudon R. `` Acute intermittent porphyria associated with postural hypotension '' . Can Med Assoc J. 121 : 845 -- 6 . PMC 1704473 . PMID 497968 . Jump up ^ `` Dopamine Beta - Hydroxylase Deficiency '' . GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf . Jump up ^ Jiang W , Davidson JR ( 2005 ) . `` Antidepressant therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease '' . Am Heart J. 150 ( 5 ) : 871 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ahj. 2005.01. 041 . PMID 16290952 . Jump up ^ Delini - Stula A , Baier D , Kohnen R , Laux G , Philipp M , Scholz HJ ( 1999 ) . `` Undesirable blood pressure changes under naturalistic treatment with moclobemide , a reversible MAO - A inhibitor -- results of the drug utilization observation studies '' . Pharmacopsychiatry. 32 ( 2 ) : 61 -- 7 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 979193 . PMID 10333164 . Jump up ^ Jones RT . ( 2002 ) . `` Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana '' . J Clin Pharmacol. 42 ( 11 Suppl ) : 58S -- 63S . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1552 - 4604.2002. tb06004. x . PMID 12412837 . Jump up ^ Orthostatic Hypotension at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition Jump up ^ `` STEADI - Measuring Orthostatic Blood Pressure '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moya , A. ; Sutton , R. ; Ammirati , F. ; et al. ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope ( version 2009 ) : The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology ( ESC ) '' . European Heart Journal . 30 ( 21 ) : 2631 -- 2671 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehp298 . PMC 3295536 . PMID 19713422 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Izcovich , A. ; Gonzalez Malla , C. ; Manzotti , M. ; Catalano , H.N. ; Guyatt , G. ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Midodrine for orthostatic hypotension and recurrent reflex syncope : A systematic review '' . Neurology . 83 ( 13 ) : 1170 -- 1177 . doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 0000000000000815 . PMID 25150287 . Jump up ^ Logan , IC ; Witham , MD ( September 2012 ) . `` Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension : a systematic review '' . Age and ageing. 41 ( 5 ) : 587 -- 94 . doi : 10.1093 / ageing / afs061 . PMID 22591985 . Jump up ^ Romero - Ortuno R , Cogan L , Foran T , Kenny RA , Fan CW ( 2011 ) . `` Continuous noninvasive orthostatic blood pressure measurements and their relationship with orthostatic intolerance , falls , and frailty in older people '' . J Am Geriatr Soc. 59 ( 4 ) : 655 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1532 - 5415.2011. 03352. x . PMID 21438868 . Jump up ^ Ricci , F ; Fedorowski , A ; Radico , F ; Romanello , M ; Tatasciore , A ; Di Nicola , M ; Zimarino , M ; De Caterina , R ( 1 July 2015 ) . `` Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to orthostatic hypotension : a meta - analysis of prospective observational studies '' . European Heart Journal . 36 ( 25 ) : 1609 -- 17 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehv093 . PMID 25852216 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Andreea ; et al. ( March 2017 ) . Orthostatic Hypotension is Associated With 20 - year Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia : the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ( ARIC ) Study ( PDF ) . Epidemiology and Prevention / Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health 2017 Scientific Sessions . Portland , Oregon . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : I95. 1 ICD - 9 - CM : 458.0 MeSH : D007024 DiseasesDB : 10470 Orthostatic hypotension at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Diseases of the autonomic nervous system ( G90 , 337 ) HSAN II III / Familial dysautonomia IV / Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis V Orthostatic intolerance Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Orthostatic hypotension Other Horner 's syndrome Multiple system atrophy Pure autonomic failure Autonomic dysreflexia Dysautonomia Autonomic neuropathy Cardiovascular disease ( vessels ) ( I70 -- I99 , 440 -- 456 ) Arteries , arterioles and capillaries Inflammation Arteritis Aortitis Buerger 's disease Peripheral artery disease Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Foam cell Fatty streak Atheroma Intermittent claudication Critical limb ischemia Monckeberg 's arteriosclerosis Arteriolosclerosis Hyaline Hyperplastic Cholesterol LDL Oxycholesterol Trans fat Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis Renal artery stenosis Other Aortoiliac occlusive disease Degos disease Erythromelalgia Fibromuscular dysplasia Raynaud 's phenomenon Aneurysm / dissection / pseudoaneurysm torso : Aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva Aortic dissection Coronary artery aneurysm head / neck Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial berry aneurysm Carotid artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection Familial aortic dissection Vascular malformation Arteriovenous fistula Arteriovenous malformation Telangiectasia Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Vascular nevus Cherry hemangioma Halo nevus Spider angioma Veins Inflammation Phlebitis Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis primarily lower limb Deep vein thrombosis abdomen Hepatic veno - occlusive disease Budd -- Chiari syndrome May -- Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor 's disease Paget -- Schroetter disease head Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Post-thrombotic syndrome Varicose veins Gastric varices Portacaval anastomosis Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoid Varicocele Other Chronic venous insufficiency Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava syndrome Venous ulcer Arteries or veins Angiopathy Macroangiopathy Microangiopathy Embolism Pulmonary embolism Cholesterol embolism Paradoxical embolism Thrombosis Vasculitis Blood pressure Hypertension Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive nephropathy Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Benign hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Systolic hypertension White coat hypertension Hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthostatic_hypotension&oldid=813867712 '' Categories : Vascular diseases Hypotension Peripheral nervous system disorders Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when i stand up there is pressure in my head
|
[] |
[] |
-5724882628985201657
|
Raiders of the Lost Ark
|
Raiders of the Lost Ark - wikipedia Raiders of the Lost Ark Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Raiders of the Lost Ark ( disambiguation ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark Theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Frank Marshall Screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan Story by George Lucas Philip Kaufman Starring Harrison Ford Karen Allen Paul Freeman Ronald Lacey John Rhys - Davies Denholm Elliott Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 12 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $389.9 million Raiders of the Lost Ark ( also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark ) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg , with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan , from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman . It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd. , with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers . Starring Harrison Ford , it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released , though it is the second in internal chronological order . It pits Indiana Jones ( Ford ) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant , which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible . The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana 's former lover , Marion Ravenwood ; Paul Freeman as Indiana 's rival , French archaeologist René Belloq ; John Rhys - Davies as Indiana 's sidekick , Sallah ; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht ; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana 's colleague , Marcus Brody . The film originated from Lucas ' desire to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Production was based at Elstree Studios , England ; but filming also took place in La Rochelle , France , Tunisia , Hawaii , and California from June to September 1980 . Released on June 12 , 1981 , Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year 's top - grossing film and remains one of the highest - grossing films ever made . It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982 , including Best Picture , and won four for Best Art Direction , Film Editing , Sound , and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award : a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing . The film 's critical and popular success led to three additional films , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , with a fifth slated for 2020 ; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1996 ) , and 15 video games as of 2009 . In 1999 , the film was included in the U.S. Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as having been deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Raiders of the Lost Ark is often ranked as one of the greatest films of all time , both in the action - adventure genre , and in general . The film also ranks # 2 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects and sound design 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Merchandise 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Impact 6.1 2012 replica mystery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1936 , archaeologist Indiana Jones braves an ancient booby - trapped temple in Peru and retrieves a golden idol . He is confronted by rival archaeologist René Belloq and the indigenous Hovito people . Surrounded and outnumbered , Indy surrenders the idol to Belloq and escapes aboard a waiting floatplane . Jones returns to his teaching position at a New England college , where he is interviewed by two Army Intelligence agents . They inform him that the Nazis are searching for his old mentor , Abner Ravenwood , under whom Jones studied at the University of Chicago . The Nazis know that Ravenwood is the leading expert on the ancient city of Tanis in Egypt , and that he possesses the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. Jones deduces that the Nazis are searching for the Ark of the Covenant -- the Nazis believe that if they acquire the Ark , their armies will become invincible . The Staff of Ra is the key to finding the Well of Souls , a secret chamber in which the Ark is buried . The agents authorize Jones to recover the Ark to prevent the Nazis from obtaining it . He travels to Nepal and discovers that Abner has died , and the headpiece is in the possession of Ravenwood 's daughter Marion . Jones visits Marion at her tavern , where she reveals her bitter feelings toward him from a previous romantic affair . She physically rebuffs his offer to buy the headpiece , and Jones leaves . Shortly after , a group of thugs arrive with their Nazi commander , Arnold Toht . Toht threatens Marion to get the headpiece , but when Jones returns to the bar to fight the Nazis and save Marion , her bar is accidentally set on fire ; during the fight , the headpiece ends up in the fire and Toht severely burns his hand trying to take the hot headpiece , and flees the tavern screaming . Indy and Marion escape with the headpiece , and Marion decides to accompany Indy in his search for the Ark so he can repay his debt to her . The pair travels to Cairo , where they meet up with Indy 's friend Sallah , a skilled excavator . Sallah informs them that Belloq and the Nazis are digging for the Well of Souls with a replica of the headpiece ( created from the scar on Toht 's hand ) . They quickly realize the Nazi headpiece is incomplete and that the Nazis are digging in the wrong place . The Nazis kidnap Marion and it appears to Jones that she is killed in an exploding truck . After a confrontation with Belloq in a local bar , Indy and Sallah infiltrate the Nazi dig site and use their staff to correctly locate the Ark . Indy discovers Marion is alive , bound and gagged in a tent , but does not release her for fear of alerting the Nazis . Indy , Sallah , and a small group of diggers unearth the Well of Souls and acquire the Ark . Belloq and Nazi officer Colonel Dietrich arrive , seize the Ark from Jones , throwing Marion into the Well of Souls with him before sealing it back up . Jones and Marion escape to a local airstrip , where Jones has a fistfight with a Nazi mechanic and destroys the flying wing that was to transport the Ark to Berlin . The panicked Nazis remove the Ark in a truck and set off for Cairo , but Jones catches them and retakes it . He makes arrangements to take the Ark to London aboard a tramp steamer . The next day , a Nazi U-boat appears and intercepts the ship . Belloq and Dietrich seize the Ark and Marion but can not locate Jones , who stows away aboard the U-boat and travels with them to an island in the Aegean Sea . Once there , Belloq plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler . Jones reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a panzerfaust , but Belloq calls his bluff and Jones surrenders rather than destroy such an important historical artifact . The Nazis take Indy and Marion to an area where the Ark will be opened and tie them to a post to observe . Belloq performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark , which appears to contain nothing but sand , all that remains of the Ten Commandments . Suddenly , angelic ghost - like beings emerge from the Ark . Indy cautions Marion to keep her eyes closed and not to observe what happens next . Belloq and the others look on in astonishment as the apparitions are suddenly revealed to be angels of death . A vortex of flame forms above the Ark and shoots bolts of fiery energy into the gathered Nazi soldiers , killing them all . As Belloq , Toht and Dietrich all scream in terror , the Ark turns its fury on them : Dietrich 's head shrivels up , Toht 's face is melted off his skull and Belloq 's head explodes . Flames then engulf the remains of the doomed assembly , save for Indy and Marion , and the pillar of fire rises into the sky . The Ark 's lid is blasted high into the air before dropping back down onto the Ark and sealing it . Jones and Marion find their ropes burned off and embrace . In Washington , D.C. , the Army Intelligence agents inform Jones and Marcus Brody that the Ark is someplace safe and will be studied by `` top men '' . The Ark is shown being stored in a giant government warehouse among countless similar crates . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Indiana Jones characters Harrison Ford stars as Indiana Jones , an archaeology professor who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts . Jones claims that he has no belief in the supernatural , only to have his skepticism challenged when he discovers the Ark . Spielberg suggested casting Ford as Jones , but Lucas objected , stating that he did not want Ford to become his `` Bobby De Niro '' or `` that guy I put in all my movies '' -- a reference to Martin Scorsese , who often worked with Robert De Niro . Desiring a lesser known actor , Lucas persuaded Spielberg to help him search for a new talent . Among the actors who auditioned were Tim Matheson , Peter Coyote , John Shea , and Tom Selleck . Selleck was originally offered the role , but became unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum , P.I. . In June 1980 , three weeks away from filming , Spielberg persuaded Lucas to cast Ford after producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back . Paul Freeman as Dr. René Belloq , Jones ' rival . Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark , but he is working for the Nazis . He intends to harness the Ark 's power himself before Hitler can , but he is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Spielberg cast Freeman after seeing him in Death of a Princess . Before Freeman got the part , actor Giancarlo Giannini was originally going to portray Belloq , while singer Jacques Dutronc auditioned for the role , but they lost out to Freeman . Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood , a spirited , tough former lover of Indiana 's . She is the daughter of Abner Ravenwood , Indiana Jones ' mentor , and owns a bar in Nepal . Allen was cast after auditioning with Matheson and John Shea . Spielberg was interested in her , as he had seen her performance in National Lampoon 's Animal House . Sean Young had previously auditioned for the part , while Debra Winger turned it down . John Rhys - Davies as Sallah , `` the best digger in Egypt '' according to Indiana , who has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis . He is an old friend of Indiana 's , and agrees to help him obtain the Ark , though he fears disturbing it . Spielberg initially approached Danny DeVito to play Sallah , but he could not play the part due to scheduling conflicts . Spielberg cast Rhys - Davies after seeing his performance in Shōgun . Ronald Lacey as Major Arnold Toht , an interrogator for the Gestapo and Jones ' nemesis , who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra . He is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Lacey was cast as he reminded Spielberg of Peter Lorre . Spielberg had originally offered the role to Roman Polanski , who was intrigued at the opportunity to work with Spielberg but decided to turn down the role because he would n't be able to make the trip to Tunisia . Klaus Kinski was also offered the role , but he hated the script , calling it `` moronically shitty '' . Michael Sheard , who ended portraying Captain Oskar Schomburg in the film , also auditioned for the role , but he lost out to Lacey . Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody , a museum curator , who buys the artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum . The U.S. government agents approach him with regard to the Ark 's recovery , and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones . Spielberg hired Elliott as he was a big fan of the actor , who had performed in some of his favorite British and American films . Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich , a ruthless German officer leading the operation to secure the Ark . He is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Alfred Molina , in his film debut , as Satipo , one of Jones ' guides through the South American jungle . He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol , but is killed by traps before he can leave the temple . George Harris as Simon Katanga , captain of the Bantu Wind . Anthony Higgins as Major Gobler , Colonel Dietrich 's right - hand - man . Vic Tablian as Barranca and the Monkey Man . Don Fellows as Colonel Musgrove , an Army Intelligence agent . William Hootkins as Major Eaton , an Army Intelligence agent . Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence . The stunt team was ill , so he took the role instead . The result was three days in a hot cockpit , which he joked was over `` 140 degrees '' . Pat Roach plays the Nazi mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence , as well as a massive sherpa who battles Jones in Marion 's bar . He had the rare opportunity to be killed twice in one film . Special - effects supervisor Dennis Muren made a cameo as a Nazi spy on the seaplane Jones takes from San Francisco to Manila . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1973 , George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith . Like Star Wars , which he also wrote , it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the film serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman , who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device . Kaufman was told about the Ark by his dentist when he was a child . The project stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales . Lucas shelved the idea , deciding to concentrate on his outer space adventure that would become Star Wars . In late May 1977 , Lucas was in Hawaii , trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars . Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there , on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind . While building a sand castle at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel , Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film . Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character `` better than James Bond '' and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg loved it , calling it `` a James Bond film without the hardware '' , although he told Lucas that the surname ' Smith ' was not right for the character . Lucas replied , `` OK . What about ' Jones ' ? '' Indiana was the name of Lucas ' Alaskan Malamute , whose habit of riding in the passenger seat as Lucas drove was also the inspiration for Star Wars ' Chewbacca . Spielberg was at first reluctant to sign on , as Lucas had told him that he would want Spielberg for an entire trilogy , and Spielberg did not want to work on two more scripts . Lucas told him , however , that he already had the next two movies written , so Spielberg agreed . But when the time came for the first sequel , it was revealed that Lucas had nothing written for either sequel . The following year , Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back , during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively . Between January 23 -- 27 , 1978 , for nine hours a day , Lucas , Kasdan , and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas . Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder , which was inspired by Carl Barks ' Uncle Scrooge comic `` The Seven Cities of Cibola '' . Lucas later acknowledged that the idea for the idol mechanism in the opening scene and deadly traps later in the film were inspired by several Uncle Scrooge comics . Lucas came up with a submarine , a monkey giving the Hitler salute , and Marion punching Jones in Nepal . Kasdan used a 100 - page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft , which he worked on for six months . Ultimately , some of their ideas were too grand and had to be cut : a mine chase , an escape in Shanghai using a rolling gong as a shield , and a jump from an airplane in a raft , all of which made it into the prequel , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character : although Spielberg saw him as a Bondian playboy , Lucas felt the character 's academic and adventurer elements made him complex enough . Spielberg had a darker vision of Jones , interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart 's character Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) . This characterization fell away during the later drafts , though elements survive in Jones 's reaction when he believes Marion to be dead . Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman credits Secret of the Incas ( 1954 ) , starring Charlton Heston , as an influence on the development of the character , noting that the crew watched the film together several times . Nadoolman based the look of Ford 's costume on that of Heston 's , and observed that Indiana is a `` kinder and gentler '' Harry Steele . Initially , the film was rejected by every major studio in Hollywood , mostly due to the $20 million budget and the deal Lucas was offering . Eventually Paramount agreed to finance the film , with Lucas negotiating a five - picture deal . By April 1980 , Kasdan 's fifth draft was produced , and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios , with Lucas trying to keep costs down . With four illustrators , Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg 's most storyboarded film of his career to date , further helping the film economically . He and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to keep costs down and to follow the `` quick and dirty '' feel of the old Saturday matinée serials . Special effects were done using puppets , miniature models , animation , and camera trickery . `` We did n't do 30 or 40 takes ; usually only four . It was like silent film -- shoot only what you need , no waste '' , Spielberg said . `` Had I had more time and money , it would have turned out a pretentious movie . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 23 , 1980 , at La Rochelle , France , with scenes involving the Nazi submarine , which had been rented from the production of Das Boot . The U-boat pen was a real one from World War II . The crew moved to Elstree Studios for the Well of Souls scenes , the opening sequence temple interiors and Marion Ravenwood 's bar . The Well of Souls scene required 7,000 snakes . The only venomous snakes were the cobras , but one crew member was bitten on set by a python . The bulk of the snakes ' numbers were made up with giant but harmless legless lizards known as Scheltopusiks ( Pseudopus apodus ) which occur from the Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe to Central Asia . Growing to 1.3 m they are the largest legless lizards in the world and are often mistaken for snakes despite some very obvious differences such as the presence of eyelids and external ear openings , which are both absent from all snakes , and a notched rather than forked tongue . In the finished film , during the scene in which Indiana comes face - to - face with the cobra , a reflection in glass screen that protected Ford from the snake was seen , an issue that was corrected in the 2003 digitally - enhanced re-release . Unlike Indiana , neither Ford nor Spielberg has a fear of snakes , but Spielberg said that seeing all the snakes on the set writhing around made him `` want to puke '' . The opening scene in the Peruvian jungle was filmed on the island of Kauai , one of the islands of Hawaii , to where Spielberg would return for Jurassic Park . The `` temple '' location is on the Huleia River , on the Kipu Ranch , south from Kaumualii Highway on the east coast , just south of Lihue , the island 's main town . Kipu is a working cattle ranch , not generally open to the public . The Peruvian section ( but actually filmed in Hawaii ) featured live tarantulas of a Mexican species ( Brachypelma ) on Harrison Ford and Alfred Molina , and are harmless to humans , and in fact of a species which are commonly kept as exotic pets . A fiberglass boulder 22 feet ( 7 m ) in diameter was made for the scene where Indiana escapes from the temple ; Spielberg was so impressed by production designer Norman Reynolds ' realization of his idea that he gave the boulder a more prominent role in the film and told Reynolds to let the boulder roll another 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The scenes set in Egypt were filmed in Tunisia , and the canyon where Indiana threatens to blow up the Ark was shot in Sidi Bouhlel , just outside Tozeur . The canyon location had been used for the Tatooine scenes from 1977 's Star Wars ( many of the location crew members were the same for both films ) where R2 - D2 was attacked by Jawas . The Tanis scenes were filmed in nearby Sedala , a harsh place due to heat and disease . Several cast and crew members fell ill and Rhys - Davies defecated in his costume during one shot . Spielberg averted disease by eating only canned foods from England , but did not like the area and quickly condensed the scheduled six - week shoot to four - and - a-half weeks . Much was improvised : the scene where Marion puts on her dress and attempts to leave Belloq 's tent was improvised as was the entire plane fight . During that scene 's shooting , a wheel went over Ford 's knee and tore his left leg 's cruciate ligament , but he refused local medical help and simply put ice on it . The fight scenes in the town were filmed in Kairouan , while Ford was suffering from dysentery . Stuntman Terry Richards had practiced for weeks with his sword to create the scripted fight scene , choreographing a fight between the swordsman and Jones ' whip . However , after filming the initial shots of the scene , after lunch due to Ford 's dysentery , Ford and Spielberg agreed to cut the scene down to a gunshot , with Ford saying to Spielberg `` Let 's just shoot the sucker '' . It was later voted in at No. 5 on Playboy magazine 's list of best all time scenes . Most of the truck chase was shot by second unit director Michael D. Moore following Spielberg 's storyboards , including Indiana being dragged by the truck ( performed by stuntman Terry Leonard ) , in tribute to a famous Yakima Canutt stunt . Spielberg then filmed all the shots with Ford himself in and around the truck cab . Lucas directed a few other second unit shots , in particular the monkey giving the Nazi salute . The interior staircase set in Washington , D.C. was filmed in San Francisco 's City Hall . The University of the Pacific 's campus in Stockton , California , stood in for the exterior of the college where Jones works , while his classroom and the hall where he meets the American intelligence agents was filmed at the Royal Masonic School for Girls in Rickmansworth , Hertfordshire , England , which was again used in The Last Crusade . His home exteriors were filmed in San Rafael , California . Opening sequence exteriors were filmed in Kauai , Hawaii , with Spielberg wrapping in September in 73 days , finishing under schedule in contrast to his previous film , 1941 . The Washington , D.C. coda , although it appeared in the script 's early drafts , was not included in early edits but was added later when it was realized that there was no resolution to Jones ' relationship with Marion . Shots of the Douglas DC - 3 Jones flies on to Nepal were taken from Lost Horizon , and a street scene was from a shot in The Hindenburg . Filming of Jones boarding a Boeing Clipper flying - boat was complicated by the lack of a surviving aircraft . Eventually , a post-war British Short Solent flying - boat formerly owned by Howard Hughes was located in California and substituted . Visual effects and Sound design ( edit ) The special visual effects for Raiders were provided by Industrial Light & Magic and include : a matte shot to establish the Pan Am flying boat in the water and miniature work to show the plane taking off and flying , superimposed over a map ; animation effects for the beam in the Tanis map room ; and a miniature car and passengers superimposed over a matte painting for a shot of a Nazi car being forced off a cliff . The bulk of effects shots were featured in the climactic sequence wherein the Ark of the Covenant ( which was designed by Brian Muir and Keith Short ) is opened and God 's wrath is unleashed . This sequence featured animation , a woman to portray a beautiful spirit 's face , rod puppet spirits moved through water to convey a sense of floating , a matte painting of the island , and cloud tank effects to portray clouds . The melting of Toht 's head was done by exposing a gelatine and plaster model of Ronald Lacey 's head to a heat lamp with an under - cranked camera , while Dietrich 's crushed head was a hollow model from which air was withdrawn . When the film was originally submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America , it received an R rating because of the scene in which Belloq 's head explodes . The filmmakers were able to receive a PG rating when they added a veil of fire over the exploding head scene . ( PG - 13 rating was not created until 1984 . ) The firestorm that cleanses the canyon at the finish was a miniature canyon filmed upside down . Ben Burtt , the sound effects supervisor , made extensive use of traditional foley work in yet another of the production 's throwbacks to days of the Republic serials . He selected a . 30 - 30 Winchester rifle for the sound of Jones ' pistol . Sound effects artists struck leather jackets and baseball gloves with a baseball bat to create a variety of punching noises and body blows . For the snakes in the Well of Souls sequence , fingers running through cheese casserole and sponges sliding over concrete were used for the slithering noises . The sliding lid on a toilet cistern provided the sound for the opening of the Ark , and the sound of the boulder in the opening is a car rolling down a gravel driveway in neutral . Burtt also used , as he did in many of his films , the ubiquitous Wilhelm scream when a Nazi falls from a truck . In addition to his use of such time - honored foley work , Burtt also demonstrated the modern expertise honed during his award - winning work on Star Wars . He employed a synthesizer for the sounds of the Ark , and mixed dolphins ' and sea lions ' screams for those of the spirits within . Music ( edit ) `` The Raiders March '' ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : Raiders of the Lost Ark ( soundtrack ) John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark , which was the only score in the series performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , the same orchestra that performed the scores for the Star Wars saga . The score most notably features the well - known `` Raiders March '' . This piece came to symbolize Indiana Jones and was later used in the scores for the other three films . Williams originally wrote two different candidates for Jones 's theme , but Spielberg enjoyed them so much that he insisted that both be used together in what became the `` Raiders March '' . The alternately eerie and apocalyptic theme for the Ark of the Covenant is also heard frequently in the score , with a more romantic melody representing Marion and , more broadly , her relationship with Jones . The score as a whole received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score , but lost to the score to Chariots of Fire composed by Vangelis . Release ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) The only video game based exclusively on the film is Raiders of the Lost Ark , released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console . The first third of the video game Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures , released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo 's Super Nintendo Entertainment System , is based entirely on the film . Several of the film 's sequences are reproduced ( the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them ) ; however , several inconsistencies with the film are present in the game , such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence , for example . The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5 . In the 1999 game Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , a bonus level brings Jones back to the Peruvian temple of the film 's opening scene . In 2008 , to coincide with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Lego released the Lego Indiana Jones line -- which included building sets based on Raiders of the Lost Ark -- and LucasArts published a video game based on the toyline , Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures , which was developed by Traveller 's Tales . Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Walt Simonson and artists John Buscema and Klaus Janson . It was published as Marvel Super Special # 18 and as a three - issue limited series . This was followed with the comic book series The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones which was published monthly from January 1983 through March 1986 . In 1981 , Kenner released a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) doll of Indiana Jones , and the following year they released nine action figures of the film 's characters , three playsets , as well as toys of the Nazi truck and Jones ' horse . They also released a board game . In 1984 , miniature metal versions of the characters were released for a role playing game , The Adventures of Indiana Jones , and in 1995 Micro Machines released die - cast toys of the film 's vehicles . Hasbro released action figures based on the film , ranging from 3 to 12 inches ( 7.6 to 30.5 cm ) , to coincide with Kingdom of the Crystal Skull on May 1 , 2008 . Later in 2008 , and in 2011 , two high - end sixth scale ( 1 : 6 ) collectible action figures were released by Sideshow Collectibles , and Hot Toys , Ltd. respectively . A novelization by Ryder Windham was released in April 2008 by Scholastic to tie in with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . A previous novelization by Scottish author Campbell Armstrong ( under the pseudonym Campbell Black ) was concurrently released with the film in 1981 . A book about the making of the film was also released , written by Derek Taylor . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS , Betamax and VideoDisc in pan and scan only , and on laserdisc in both pan and scan and widescreen . For its 1999 VHS re-issue , the film was remastered in THX and made available in widescreen . The outer package was retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark for consistency with the film 's prequel and sequel . The subsequent DVD release in 2003 features this title as well . The title in the film itself remains unchanged , even in the restored DVD print . In the DVD , two subtle digital revisions were added . First , a connecting rod from the giant boulder to an offscreen guidance track in the opening scene was removed from behind the running Harrison Ford ; second , a reflection in the glass partition separating Ford from the cobra in the Well of Souls was removed . Shortly before the theatrical release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Raiders ( along with The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade ) was re-released on DVD with additional extra features not included on the previous set on May 13 , 2008 . The film was released on Blu - ray Disc in September 2012 . Previously , only Kingdom of the Crystal Skull had been available on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Raiders of the Lost Ark opened at # 14 and grossed $1,673,731 from 267 theaters ( $6,269 theater average ) during its opening weekend . In total , the IMAX release grossed $3,125,613 domestically . The film , made on an $ 18 million budget , grossed $384 million worldwide throughout its theatrical releases . In North America , it was by some distance the highest - grossing film of 1981 , and remains one of the top twenty - five highest - grossing films ever made when adjusted for inflation . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 70 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was subsequently nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture , in 1982 and won four ( Best Sound , Best Film Editing , Best Visual Effects , and Best Art Direction - Set Decoration ( Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , and Michael D. Ford ) . It also received a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing . It won numerous other awards , including a Grammy Award and Best Picture at the People 's Choice Awards . Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award . The film was highly acclaimed by critics and audiences alike . In his review for The New York Times , Vincent Canby praised the film , calling it , `` one of the most deliriously funny , ingenious and stylish American adventure movies ever made . '' Roger Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` Two things , however , make Raiders of the Lost Ark more than just a technological triumph : its sense of humor and the droll style of its characters ( ... ) We find ourselves laughing in surprise , in relief , in incredulity at the movie 's ability to pile one incident upon another in an inexhaustible series of inventions . '' He later added it to his list of `` Great Movies '' . Rolling Stone said the film was `` the ultimate Saturday action matinee -- a film so funny and exciting it can be enjoyed any day of the week . '' Bruce Williamson of Playboy claimed : `` There 's more excitement in the first ten minutes of Raiders than any movie I have seen all year . By the time the explosive misadventures end , any movie - goer worth his salt ought to be exhausted . '' Stephen Klain of Variety also praised the film . Yet , making an observation that would revisit the franchise with its next film , he felt that the film was surprisingly violent and bloody for a PG - rated film . There were some dissenting voices : Sight & Sound described it as an `` expensively gift - wrapped Saturday afternoon pot - boiler '' , and New Hollywood champion Pauline Kael , who once contended that she only got `` really rough '' on large films that were destined to be hits but were nonetheless `` atrocious '' , found the film to be a `` machine - tooled adventure '' from a pair of creators who `` think just like the marketing division '' . ( Lucas later named a villain , played by Raiders Nazi strongman Pat Roach , in his 1988 fantasy film Willow after Kael . ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 94 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , as well as a 85 % rating on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards Best Picture Frank Marshall Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Art Direction Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , and Michael D. Ford Won Best Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Nominated Best Film Editing Michael Kahn Won Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Sound Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Roy Charman Won Best Sound Effects Editing Ben Burtt , and Richard L. Anderson Won Best Visual Effects Richard Edlund , Kit West , Bruce Nicholson , and Joe Johnston Won Golden Globe Awards Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Film Frank Marshall Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Denholm Elliott Nominated Best Film Music John Williams Nominated Best Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Nominated Best Editing Michael Kahn Nominated Best Sound Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Roy Charman Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Won Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Director Steven Spielberg Won Best Actor Harrison Ford Won Best Actress Karen Allen Won Best Supporting Actor Paul Freeman Nominated Best Writing Lawrence Kasdan Won Best Music John Williams Won Best Costume Deborah Nadoolman Nominated Best Special Effects Richard Edlund Won American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 60 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 10 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Indiana Jones -- No. 2 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Snakes ! Why did it have to be snakes ? '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 66 Impact ( edit ) Following the success of Raiders , a prequel , The Temple of Doom , and two sequels , The Last Crusade and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , were produced , with a third sequel set for release in 2020 . A television series , entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , was also spun off from this film , and details the character 's early years . Numerous other books , comics , and video games have also been produced . In 1998 , the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema . In 2007 , AFI updated the list and placed it at number 66 . They also named it as the 10th most thrilling film , and named Indiana Jones as the second greatest hero . In 1999 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the U.S. Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Indiana Jones has become an icon , being listed as Entertainment Weekly 's third favorite action hero , while noting `` some of the greatest action scenes ever filmed are strung together like pearls '' in this film . An amateur , near shot - for - shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos , Eric Zala , and Jayson Lamb , then children in Ocean Springs , Mississippi . It took the boys seven years to finish , from 1982 to 1989 . After production of the film , called Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation , it was shelved and forgotten until 2003 , where it was discovered by Eli Roth and acclaimed by Spielberg himself , who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen . Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures purchased the trio 's life rights with the goal of producing a film based on their adventures making their remake . In 2014 , film director Steven Soderbergh published an experimental black - and - white version of the film , with the original soundtrack and dialogue replaced by an electronic soundtrack . Soderbergh said his intention was to encourage viewers to focus on Spielberg 's extraordinary staging and editing : `` This filmmaker forgot more about staging by the time he made his first feature than I know to this day . '' Assessing the film 's legacy in 1997 , Bernard Weinraub , film critic for The New York Times , which had initially reviewed the film as `` deliriously funny , ingenious , and stylish '' , maintained that `` the decline in the traditional family G - rated film , for ' general ' audiences , probably began '' with the appearance of Raiders of the Lost Ark . `` Whether by accident or design , '' found Weinraub , `` the filmmakers made a comic nonstop action film intended mostly for adults but also for children . '' Eight years later , in 2005 , viewers of Channel 4 rated the film as the 20th - best family film of all time , with Spielberg taking best over-all director honors . On Empire magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time , Raiders ranked second , beaten only by The Godfather . In conjunction with the Blu - ray release , a limited one - week release in IMAX theaters was announced for September 7 , 2012 . Steven Spielberg and sound designer Ben Burtt supervised the format conversion . No special effects or other visual elements were altered , but the audio was enhanced for surround sound . 2012 replica mystery ( edit ) In December 2012 , the University of Chicago 's admissions department received a package in the mail addressed to Henry Walton Jones , Jr. , Indiana Jones ' full name . The address on the stamped package was listed for a hall that was the former home of the university 's geology and geography department . Inside the manila envelope was a detailed replica journal similar to the one Jones used in the movie , as well as postcards and pictures of Marion Ravenwood . The admissions department posted pictures of the contents on its Internet blog , looking for any information about the package . It was discovered that the package was part of a set to be shipped from Guam to Italy that had been sold on eBay . The package with the journal had fallen out in transit and a postal worker had sent it to the university , as it had a complete address and postage , which turned out to be fake . All contents were from a Guam `` prop replicator '' who sells them all over the world . The university will display its replica in the main lobby of the Oriental Institute . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best Film in the United States portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 2 , 1981 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time , Feature Movies - Empire '' . gb : Empireonline.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time , Feature Movies - Empire '' . gb : Empireonline.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Knolle , Sharon ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` 30 Things You Might Not Know About ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trivia of the Lost Ark '' . Lucasfilm . October 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 127 - 134 Jump up ^ `` The People Who Were Almost Cast '' . Empire Online . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gregory Kirschling , Jeff Labrecque ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones : 15 Fun Facts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Polanski , Roman ; Cronin , Paul ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` Roman Polanski : Interviews '' . University Press of Mississippi . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Glenn Whipp ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping up with Jones '' . Halifax Chronicle - Herald . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinski , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Kinski Uncut . Translated by Joachim Neugröschel . London : Bloomsbury . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 2978 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews '' . TheRaider.net. 2003 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc , Publishers . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ `` Know Your MacGuffins '' . Empire . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Spielberg '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . `` Rehab '' . Steven Spielberg . New York City : Faber and Faber . pp. 309 -- 322 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Jump up ^ E. Summer , Walt Disney 's Uncle $ crooge McDuck : His Life and Times by Carl Barks , Celestial Arts ed. , 1981 ; T. Andrae , Carl Barks and the Art of the Disney Comic Book , Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hearn , p. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , scene 45 - 47 Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , scene 148 -- 155 Jump up ^ Raiders Story Conference Transcript , 1978 . p. 5 Jump up ^ Mike French & Gilles Verschuere ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Debora Nadoolman interview '' . TheRaider.net . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Of The Lost Ark : An Oral History '' . Empire . April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Schickel ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Slam ! Bang ! A Movie Movie '' . Time . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fromter , Marco ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` Around the World with Indiana Jones '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide guide to movie locations '' . Movie-locations.com . Jump up ^ Norman Reynolds ( Production Designer ) . Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) . Event occurs at 17 : 40 . Steven said ' Why do n't we make it another 50ft longer ? ' Which of course we did Jump up ^ Taylor , Derek ( 1981 ) . The Making of Raiders of The Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones Stuntman Terry Richards Interview '' . Red Carpet News . 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Urban Legends of Indiana Jones '' . Lucasfilm . January 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Anthony ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Richards : Stuntman who battled four James Bonds , Luke Skywalker and Rambo and was famously shot dead by Indiana Jones '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Five Reasons to Watch Raiders Again '' . Lucasfilm . June 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Aviation Museum '' . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects , Smith , Thomas G. , p. 140. , 1986 Jump up ^ Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects , Smith , Thomas G. , p. 66. , 1986 ^ Jump up to : Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects , Smith , Thomas G. , p. 62. , 1986 Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ John Williams ( 2003 ) . The Music of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Indiana Jones Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - PC Preview '' . IGN . November 2 , 1999 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Group Secures Exclusive Construction Category Rights to Indiana Jones ( TM ) Property . '' ( Press release ) . The LEGO Group . 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Company Line '' . GameSpot. April 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 18 '' . comics.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miss Cellania ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` 10 Awesome Indiana Jones Facts '' . Mental floss . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Own it on Blu - ray & Digital Download Tuesday , September 18 '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( IMAX ) ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2012 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo Alltime Adjusted '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Will ' Indiana Jones , ' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 12 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( April 30 , 2000 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , June 25 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Michael G. Ryan . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark 20th Anniversary '' . Star Wars Insider . July / August 2001 . Jump up ^ Stephen Klain ( June 5 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Variety . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On Now '' . Sight & Sound ( Autumn ed . ) . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . 50 ( 4 ) : 288 . 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Van Gelder ( September 4 , 2001 ) . `` Pauline Kael , Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic , Dies at 82 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael ( June 15 , 1981 ) . `` Whipped '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` The 54th Academy Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Galvan , Manuel ( September 7 , 1982 ) . `` Science - fiction awards given to out - of - this - world writers '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 16 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Indiana Jones 5 ' Delayed a Year ; Disney Shifts ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' , ' Gigantic ' and More '' . Collider . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Bernadin ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` 25 Awesome Action Heroes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( May 31 , 2003 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark shot - for - shot teenage remake review ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf . `` Raiders of the Lost Backyard '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sarah Hepola ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Lost Ark Resurrected '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( February 26 , 2004 ) . `` Sometimes , The Good Guys Win ! ! ! Raiders of the Lost Ark shot for shot filmmakers ' life to be MOVIE ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Rudin 's on an ' Ark ' lark '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders '' . Extension765.com . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 12 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bernard Weinraub ( July 22 , 1997 ) . `` Movies for Children , and Their Parents , Are Far From ' Pollyanna ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ET Crowned ' Greatest Family Film ' '' . BBC News Online . December 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` That 's a Big Boulder , Indy : Steven Spielberg on the Imax Rerelease of ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' mystery solved - Package 's origins determined '' . Screener . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Campbell ( September 1987 ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 35375 - 7 . Kasdan , Lawrence ( 1981 ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Illustrated Screenplay . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30327 - X . Taylor , Derek ( August 1981 ) . The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29725 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raiders of the Lost Ark . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Raiders of the Lost Ark IndianaJones.com , Lucasfilm 's official Indiana Jones site Raiders of the Lost Ark at Lucasfilm.com Raiders of the Lost Ark on IMDb Raiders of the Lost Ark at the TCM Movie Database Raiders of the Lost Ark at Box Office Mojo Raiders of the Lost Ark at Rotten Tomatoes Raiders of the Lost Ark at Metacritic Raiders of the Lost Ark on YouTube Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Category Portal Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 , uncredited ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 , uncredited ) Red Tails ( 2012 , uncredited ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Links to related articles Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) VIAF : 223411466 LCCN : n84173837 GND : 7700032 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark&oldid=799013132 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films Indiana Jones films American films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films 1980s supernatural films Action adventure films American action films American adventure films Film scores by John Williams Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Frank Marshall Films set in 1936 Films set in Egypt Films set in Nepal Films set in Peru Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in California Films shot in England Films shot in France Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Tunisia Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works IMAX films Museums in popular culture Nazis in fiction Treasure hunt films U-boat fiction United States National Film Registry films Elstree Studios films Lucasfilm films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how much did raiders of the lost ark cost to make
|
[
"\nBudget\n$18 million[2]\n"
] |
[
"$18 million"
] |
-145894904867567645
|
Chlorine
|
Chlorine - wikipedia Chlorine Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Chlorine ( disambiguation ) . `` Cl '' and `` Cl2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see CL ( disambiguation ) and CL2 ( disambiguation ) . Chlorine , Cl General properties Pronunciation / ˈklɔːriːn / ( KLOR - een ) Appearance pale yellow - green gas Standard atomic weight ( A ) ( 7001354460000000000 ♠ 35.446 , 7001354570000000000 ♠ 35.457 ) conventional : 7001354500000000000 ♠ 35.45 Chlorine in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson ↑ Cl ↓ Br sulfur ← chlorine → argon Atomic number ( Z ) 17 Group group 17 ( halogens ) Period period 3 Element category diatomic nonmetal Block p - block Electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 7 Physical properties Phase at STP gas Melting point 171.6 K ( − 101.5 ° C , − 150.7 ° F ) Boiling point 239.11 K ( − 34.04 ° C , − 29.27 ° F ) Density ( at STP ) 3.2 g / L when liquid ( at b.p. ) 1.5625 g / cm Critical point 416.9 K , 7.991 MPa Heat of fusion ( Cl ) 6.406 kJ / mol Heat of vaporisation ( Cl ) 20.41 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity ( Cl ) 33.949 J / ( mol K ) Vapour pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 128 139 153 170 197 239 Atomic properties Oxidation states 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , − 1 ( a strongly acidic oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 3.16 Ionisation energies 1st : 1251.2 kJ / mol 2nd : 2298 kJ / mol 3rd : 3822 kJ / mol ( more ) Covalent radius 102 ± 4 pm Van der Waals radius 175 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure orthorhombic Speed of sound 206 m / s ( gas , at 0 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 8.9 × 10 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity > 10 Ω m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 40.5 10 cm / mol CAS Number 7782 - 50 - 5 History Discovery and first isolation Carl Wilhelm Scheele ( 1774 ) Recognized as an element by Humphry Davy ( 1808 ) Main isotopes of chlorine Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Cl 76 % stable Cl trace 3.01 × 10 y β Ar ε Cl 24 % stable view talk references in Wikidata Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17 . The second - lightest of the halogens , it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them . Chlorine is a yellow - green gas at room temperature . It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent : among the elements , it has the highest electron affinity and the third - highest electronegativity , behind only oxygen and fluorine . The most common compound of chlorine , sodium chloride ( common salt ) , has been known since ancient times . Around 1630 , chlorine gas was first synthesised in a chemical reaction , but not recognised as a fundamentally important substance . Carl Wilhelm Scheele wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774 , supposing it to be an oxide of a new element . In 1809 , chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element , and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810 , who named it from Ancient Greek : χλωρός , translit . khlôros , lit . ' pale green ' based on its colour . Because of its great reactivity , all chlorine in the Earth 's crust is in the form of ionic chloride compounds , which includes table salt . It is the second-most abundant halogen ( after fluorine ) and twenty - first most abundant chemical element in Earth 's crust . These crustal deposits are nevertheless dwarfed by the huge reserves of chloride in seawater . Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis . The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants , and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry . Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products , about two - thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride , and many intermediates for the production of plastics and other end products which do not contain the element . As a common disinfectant , elemental chlorine and chlorine - generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary . Elemental chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all living organisms , and was used in World War I as the first gaseous chemical warfare agent . In the form of chloride ions , chlorine is necessary to all known species of life . Other types of chlorine compounds are rare in living organisms , and artificially produced chlorinated organics range from inert to toxic . In the upper atmosphere , chlorine - containing organic molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion . Small quantities of elemental chlorine are generated by oxidation of chloride to hypochlorite in neutrophils as part of the immune response against bacteria . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Properties 2.1 Isotopes 3 Chemistry and compounds 3.1 Hydrogen chloride 3.2 Other binary chlorides 3.3 Polychlorine compounds 3.4 Chlorine fluorides 3.5 Chlorine oxides 3.6 Chlorine oxoacids and oxyanions 3.7 Organochlorine compounds 4 Occurrence and production 5 Applications 5.1 Sanitation , disinfection , and antisepsis 5.1. 1 Combating putrefaction 5.1. 2 Disinfection 5.1. 3 Semmelweis and experiments with antisepsis 5.1. 4 Public sanitation 5.2 Use as a weapon 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Iraq 5.2. 3 Syria 6 Biological role 7 Hazards 7.1 Chlorine - induced cracking in structural materials 7.2 Chlorine - iron fire 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 Bibliography 12 External links History Carl Wilhelm Scheele , discoverer of chlorine The most common compound of chlorine , sodium chloride , has been known since ancient times ; archaeologists have found evidence that rock salt was used as early as 3000 BC and brine as early as 6000 BC . Its importance in food was very well known in classical antiquity and was sometimes used as payment for services for Roman generals and military tribunes . Elemental chlorine was probably first isolated around 1200 with the discovery of aqua regia and its ability to dissolve gold , since chlorine gas is one of the products of this reaction : it was however not recognised as a new substance . Around 1630 , chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Flemish chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont . The element was first studied in detail in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , and he is credited with the discovery . Scheele produced chlorine by reacting MnO ( as the mineral pyrolusite ) with HCl : 4 HCl + MnO → MnCl + 2 H O + Cl Scheele observed several of the properties of chlorine : the bleaching effect on litmus , the deadly effect on insects , the yellow - green color , and the smell similar to aqua regia . He called it `` dephlogisticated muriatic acid air '' since it is a gas ( then called `` airs '' ) and it came from hydrochloric acid ( then known as `` muriatic acid '' ) . He failed to establish chlorine as an element . Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen ( remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of oxygen : sauerstoff or zuurstof , both translating into English as acid substance ) , so a number of chemists , including Claude Berthollet , suggested that Scheele 's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element , muriaticum . In 1809 , Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac and Louis - Jacques Thénard tried to decompose dephlogisticated muriatic acid air by reacting it with charcoal to release the free element muriaticum ( and carbon dioxide ) . They did not succeed and published a report in which they considered the possibility that dephlogisticated muriatic acid air is an element , but were not convinced . In 1810 , Sir Humphry Davy tried the same experiment again , and concluded that the substance was an element , and not a compound . He announced his results to the Royal Society on 15 November that year . At that time , he named this new element `` chlorine '' , from the Greek word χλωρος ( chlōros ) , meaning green - yellow . The name `` halogen '' , meaning `` salt producer '' , was originally used for chlorine in 1811 by Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger . This term was later used as a generic term to describe all the elements in the chlorine family ( fluorine , bromine , iodine ) , after a suggestion by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1826 . In 1823 , Michael Faraday liquefied chlorine for the first time , and demonstrated that what was then known as `` solid chlorine '' had a structure of chlorine hydrate ( Cl H O ) . Chlorine gas was first used by French chemist Claude Berthollet to bleach textiles in 1785 . Modern bleaches resulted from further work by Berthollet , who first produced sodium hypochlorite in 1789 in his laboratory in the town of Javel ( now part of Paris , France ) , by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate . The resulting liquid , known as `` Eau de Javel '' ( `` Javel water '' ) , was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite . This process was not very efficient , and alternative production methods were sought . Scottish chemist and industrialist Charles Tennant first produced a solution of calcium hypochlorite ( `` chlorinated lime '' ) , then solid calcium hypochlorite ( bleaching powder ) . These compounds produced low levels of elemental chlorine and could be more efficiently transported than sodium hypochlorite , which remained as dilute solutions because when purified to eliminate water , it became a dangerously powerful and unstable oxidizer . Near the end of the nineteenth century , E.S. Smith patented a method of sodium hypochlorite production involving electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas , which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite . This is known as the chloralkali process , first introduced on an industrial scale in 1892 , and now the source of most elemental chlorine and sodium hydroxide . In 1884 Chemischen Fabrik Griesheim of Germany developed another chloralkali process which entered commercial production in 1888 . Elemental chlorine solutions dissolved in chemically basic water ( sodium and calcium hypochlorite ) were first used as anti-putrefaction agents and disinfectants in the 1820s , in France , long before the establishment of the germ theory of disease . This practice was pioneered by Antoine - Germain Labarraque , who adapted Berthollet 's `` Javel water '' bleach and other chlorine preparations ( for a more complete history , see below ) . Elemental chlorine has since served a continuous function in topical antisepsis ( wound irrigation solutions and the like ) and public sanitation , particularly in swimming and drinking water . Chlorine gas was first used as a weapon on April 22 , 1915 , at Ypres by the German Army . The effect on the allies was devastating because the existing gas masks were difficult to deploy and had not been broadly distributed . Properties Chlorine , liquefied under a pressure of 7.4 bar at room temperature , displayed in a quartz ampule embedded in acrylic glass . Solid chlorine at − 150 ° C Chlorine is the second halogen , being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table . Its properties are thus similar to fluorine , bromine , and iodine , and are largely intermediate between those of the first two . Chlorine has the electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p , with the seven electrons in the third and outermost shell acting as its valence electrons . Like all halogens , it is thus one electron short of a full octet , and is hence a strong oxidising agent , reacting with many elements in order to complete its outer shell . Corresponding to periodic trends , it is intermediate in electronegativity between fluorine and bromine ( F : 3.98 , Cl : 3.16 , Br : 2.96 , I : 2.66 ) , and is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine . It is also a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine , but a stronger one than bromine . Conversely , the chloride ion is a weaker reducing agent than bromide , but a stronger one than fluoride . It is intermediate in atomic radius between fluorine and bromine , and this leads to many of its atomic properties similarly continuing the trend from iodine to bromine upward , such as first ionisation energy , electron affinity , enthalpy of dissociation of the X molecule ( X = Cl , Br , I ) , ionic radius , and X -- X bond length . ( Fluorine is anomalous due to its small size . ) All four stable halogens experience intermolecular van der Waals forces of attraction , and their strength increases together with the number of electrons among all homonuclear diatomic halogen molecules . Thus , the melting and boiling points of chlorine are intermediate between those of fluorine and bromine : chlorine melts at − 101.0 ° C and boils at − 34.0 ° C. As a result of the increasing molecular weight of the halogens down the group , the density and heats of fusion and vaporisation of chlorine are again intermediate between those of bromine and fluorine , although all their heats of vaporisation are fairly low ( leading to high volatility ) thanks to their diatomic molecular structure . The halogens darken in colour as the group is descended : thus , while fluorine is a pale yellow gas , chlorine is distinctly yellow - green . This trend occurs because the wavelengths of visible light absorbed by the halogens increase down the group . Specifically , the colour of a halogen , such as chlorine , results from the electron transition between the highest occupied antibonding π molecular orbital and the lowest vacant antibonding σ molecular orbital . The colour fades at low temperatures , so that solid chlorine at − 195 ° C is almost colourless . Like solid bromine and iodine , solid chlorine crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system , in a layered lattice of Cl molecules . The Cl -- Cl distance is 198 pm ( close to the gaseous Cl -- Cl distance of 199 pm ) and the Cl Cl distance between molecules is 332 pm within a layer and 382 pm between layers ( compare the van der Waals radius of chlorine , 180 pm ) . This structure means that chlorine is a very poor conductor of electricity , and indeed its conductivity is so low as to be practically unmeasurable . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of chlorine Chlorine has two stable isotopes , Cl and Cl . These are its only two natural isotopes occurring in quantity , with Cl making up 76 % of natural chlorine and Cl making up the remaining 24 % . Both are synthesised in stars in the oxygen - burning and silicon - burning processes . Both have nuclear spin 3 / 2 + and thus may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance , although the spin magnitude being greater than 1 / 2 results in non-spherical nuclear charge distribution and thus resonance broadening as a result of a nonzero nuclear quadrupole moment and resultant quadrupolar relaxation . The other chlorine isotopes are all radioactive , with half - lives too short to occur in nature primordially . Of these , the most commonly used in the laboratory are Cl ( t = 3.0 × 10 y ) and Cl ( t = 37.2 min ) , which may be produced from the neutron activation of natural chlorine . The most stable chlorine radioisotope is Cl . The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than Cl is electron capture to isotopes of sulfur ; that of isotopes heavier than Cl is beta decay to isotopes of argon ; and Cl may decay by either mode to stable S or Ar . Cl occurs in trace quantities in nature as a cosmogenic nuclide in a ratio of about ( 7 -- 10 ) × 10 to 1 with stable chlorine isotopes : it is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons . In the top meter of the lithosphere , Cl is generated primarily by thermal neutron activation of Cl and spallation of K and Ca . In the subsurface environment , muon capture by Ca becomes more important as a way to generate Cl . Chemistry and compounds Halogen bond energies ( kJ / mol ) X XX HX BX AlX CX 159 574 645 582 456 Cl 243 428 444 427 327 Br 193 363 368 360 272 151 294 272 285 239 Chlorine is intermediate in reactivity between fluorine and bromine , and is one of the most reactive elements . Chlorine is a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine but a stronger one than bromine or iodine . This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X / X couples ( F , + 2.866 V ; Cl , + 1.395 V ; Br , + 1.087 V ; I , + 0.615 V ; At , approximately + 0.3 V ) . However , this trend is not shown in the bond energies because fluorine is singular due to its small size , low polarisability , and lack of low - lying d - orbitals available for bonding ( which chlorine has ) . As another difference , chlorine has a significant chemistry in positive oxidation states while fluorine does not . Chlorination often leads to higher oxidation states than bromination or iodination but lower oxidation states to fluorination . Chlorine tends to react with compounds including M -- M , M -- H , or M -- C bonds to form M -- Cl bonds . Given that E ° ( 1 / 2O / H O ) = + 1.229 V , which is less than + 1.395 V , it would be expected that chlorine should be able to oxidise water to oxygen and hydrochloric acid . However , the kinetics of this reaction are unfavorable , and there is also a bubble overpotential effect to consider , so that electrolysis of aqueous chloride solutions evolves chlorine gas and not oxygen gas , a fact that is very useful for the industrial production of chlorine . Hydrogen chloride Structure of solid deuterium chloride , with D Cl hydrogen bonds The simplest chlorine compound is hydrogen chloride , HCl , a major chemical in industry as well as in the laboratory , both as a gas and dissolved in water as hydrochloric acid . It is often produced by burning hydrogen gas in chlorine gas , or as a byproduct of chlorinating hydrocarbons . Another approach is to treat sodium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce hydrochloric acid , also known as the `` salt - cake '' process : NaCl + H SO 150 ° C → NaHSO + HCl NaCl + NaHSO 540 -- 600 ° C → Na SO + HCl In the laboratory , hydrogen chloride gas may be made by drying the acid with concentrated sulfuric acid . Deuterium chloride , DCl , may be produced by reacting benzoyl chloride with heavy water ( D O ) . At room temperature , hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas , like all the hydrogen halides apart from hydrogen fluoride , since hydrogen can not form strong hydrogen bonds to the larger electronegative chlorine atom ; however , weak hydrogen bonding is present in solid crystalline hydrogen chloride at low temperatures , similar to the hydrogen fluoride structure , before disorder begins to prevail as the temperature is raised . Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid ( pK = − 7 ) because the hydrogen bonds to chlorine are too weak to inhibit dissociation . The HCl / H O system has many hydrates HCl nH O for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 . Beyond a 1 : 1 mixture of HCl and H O , the system separates completely into two separate liquid phases . Hydrochloric acid forms an azeotrope with boiling point 108.58 ° C at 20.22 g HCl per 100 g solution ; thus hydrochloric acid can not be concentrated beyond this point by distillation . Unlike hydrogen fluoride , anhydrous liquid hydrogen chloride is difficult to work with as a solvent , because its boiling point is low , it has a small liquid range , its dielectric constant is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H Cl and HCl ions -- the latter , in any case , are much less stable than the bifluoride ions ( HF ) due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and chlorine , though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as Cs and NR ( R = Me , Et , Bu ) may still be isolated . Anhydrous hydrogen chloride is a poor solvent , only able to dissolve small molecular compounds such as nitrosyl chloride and phenol , or salts with very low lattice energies such as tetraalkylammonium halides . It readily protonates electrophiles containing lone - pairs or π bonds . Solvolysis , ligand replacement reactions , and oxidations are well - characterised in hydrogen chloride solution : Ph SnCl + HCl → Ph SnCl + PhH ( solvolysis ) Ph COH + 3 HCl → Ph HCl + H O Cl ( solvolysis ) Me HCl + BCl → Me BCl + HCl ( ligand replacement ) PCl + Cl + HCl → PCl HCl ( oxidation ) Other binary chlorides Hydrated nickel ( II ) chloride , NiCl ( H O ) . Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary chlorides . The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes : extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions ( the noble gases , with the exception of xenon in the highly unstable XeCl and XeCl ) ; extreme nuclear instability hampering chemical investigation before decay and transmutation ( many of the heaviest elements beyond bismuth ) ; and having an electronegativity higher than chlorine 's ( oxygen and fluorine ) so that the resultant binary compounds are formally not chlorides but rather oxides or fluorides of chlorine . Chlorination of metals with Cl usually leads to a higher oxidation state than bromination with Br when multiple oxidation states are available , such as in MoCl and MoBr . Chlorides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide , hydroxide , or carbonate with hydrochloric acid , and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas . These methods work best when the chloride product is stable to hydrolysis ; otherwise , the possibilities include high - temperature oxidative chlorination of the element with chlorine or hydrogen chloride , high - temperature chlorination of a metal oxide or other halide by chlorine , a volatile metal chloride , carbon tetrachloride , or an organic chloride . For instance , zirconium dioxide reacts with chlorine at standard conditions to produce zirconium tetrachloride , and uranium trioxide reacts with hexachloropropene when heated under reflux to give uranium tetrachloride . The second example also involves a reduction in oxidation state , which can also be achieved by reducing a higher chloride using hydrogen or a metal as a reducing agent . This may also be achieved by thermal decomposition or disproportionation as follows : EuCl + 1 / 2 H → EuCl + HCl ReCl at `` bp '' → ReCl + Cl AuCl 160 ° C → AuCl + Cl Most of the chlorides of the pre-transition metals ( groups 1 , 2 , and 3 , along with the lanthanides and actinides in the + 2 and + 3 oxidation states ) are mostly ionic , while nonmetals tend to form covalent molecular chlorides , as do metals in high oxidation states from + 3 and above . Silver chloride is very insoluble in water and is thus often used as a qualitative test for chlorine . Polychlorine compounds Although dichlorine is a strong oxidising agent with a high first ionisation energy , it may be oxidised under extreme conditions to form the Cl cation . This is very unstable and has only been characterised by its electronic band spectrum when produced in a low - pressure discharge tube . The yellow Cl cation is more stable and may be produced as follows : Cl + ClF + AsF − 78 ° C → Cl AsF This reaction is conducted in the oxidising solvent arsenic pentafluoride . The trichloride anion , Cl , has also been characterised ; it is analogous to triiodide . Chlorine fluorides The three fluorides of chlorine form a subset of the interhalogen compounds , all of which are diamagnetic . Some cationic and anionic derivatives are known , such as ClF , ClF , ClF , and Cl F. Some pseudohalides of chlorine are also known , such as cyanogen chloride ( ClCN , linear ) , chlorine cyanate ( ClNCO ) , chlorine thiocyanate ( ClSCN , unlike its oxygen counterpart ) , and chlorine azide ( ClN ) . Chlorine monofluoride ( ClF ) is extremely thermally stable , and is sold commercially in 500 - gram steel lecture bottles . It is a colourless gas that melts at − 155.6 ° C and boils at − 100.1 ° C. It may be produced by the direction of its elements at 225 ° C , though it must then be separated and purified from chlorine trifluoride and its reactants . Its properties are mostly intermediate between those of chlorine and fluorine . It will react with many metals and nonmetals from room temperature and above , fluorinating them and liberating chlorine . It will also act as a chlorofluorinating agent , adding chlorine and fluorine across a multiple bond or by oxidation : for example , it will attack carbon monoxide to form carbonyl chlorofluoride , COFCl . It will react analogously with hexafluoroacetone , ( CF ) CO , with a potassium fluoride catalyst to produce heptafluoroisopropyl hypochlorite , ( CF ) CFOCl ; with nitriles RCN to produce RCF NCl ; and with the sulfur oxides SO and SO to produce ClOSO F and ClSO F respectively . It will also react exothermically and violently with compounds containing -- OH and -- NH groups , such as water : H O + 2 ClF → 2 HF + Cl O Chlorine trifluoride ( ClF ) is a volatile colourless molecular liquid which melts at − 76.3 ° C and boils at 11.8 ° C. It may be formed by directly fluorinating gaseous chlorine or chlorine monofluoride at 200 -- 300 ° C. It is one of the most reactive known chemical compounds , reacting with many substances which in ordinary circumstances would be considered chemically inert , such as asbestos , concrete , and sand . It explodes on contact with water and most organic substances . The list of elements it sets on fire is diverse , containing hydrogen , potassium , phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , bromine , iodine , and powdered molybdenum , tungsten , rhodium , iridium , and iron . An impermeable fluoride layer is formed by sodium , magnesium , aluminium , zinc , tin , and silver , which may be removed by heating . When heated , even such noble metals as palladium , platinum , and gold are attacked and even the noble gases xenon and radon do not escape fluorination . Nickel containers are usually used due to that metal 's great resistance to attack by chlorine trifluoride , stemming from the formation of an unreactive nickel fluoride layer . Its reaction with hydrazine to form hydrogen fluoride , nitrogen , and chlorine gases was used in experimental rocket motors , but has problems largely stemming from its extreme hypergolicity resulting in ignition without any measurable delay . For these reasons , it was used in bomb attacks during the Second World War by the Nazis . Today , it is mostly used in nuclear fuel processing , to oxidise uranium to uranium hexafluoride for its enriching and to separate it from plutonium . It can act as a fluoride ion donor or acceptor ( Lewis base or acid ) , although it does not dissociate appreciably into ClF and ClF ions . Chlorine pentafluoride ( ClF ) is made on a large scale by direct fluorination of chlorine with excess fluorine gas at 350 ° C and 250 atm , and on a small scale by reacting metal chlorides with fluorine gas at 100 -- 300 ° C. It melts at − 103 ° C and boils at − 13.1 ° C. It is a very strong fluorinating agent , although it is still not as effective as chlorine trifluoride . Only a few specific stoichiometric reactions have been characterised . Arsenic pentafluoride and antimony pentafluoride form ionic adducts of the form ( ClF ) ( MF ) ( M = As , Sb ) and water reacts vigorously as follows : 2 H O + ClF → 4 HF + FClO The product , chloryl fluoride , is one of the five known chlorine oxide fluorides . These range from the thermally unstable FClO to the chemically unreactive perchloryl fluoride ( FClO ) , the other three being FClO , F ClO , and F ClO . All five behave similarly to the chlorine fluorides , both structurally and chemically , and may act as Lewis acids or bases by gaining or losing fluoride ions respectively or as very strong oxidising and fluorinating agents . Chlorine oxides Yellow chlorine dioxide ( ClO ) gas above a yellow chlorine dioxide solution . Solutions of pure chlorine dioxide are dark green : this solution is yellow due to impurities produced from its photodecomposition . Structure of dichlorine heptoxide , Cl O , the most stable of the chlorine oxides The chlorine oxides are well - studied in spite of their instability ( all of them are endothermic compounds ) . They are important because they are produced when chlorofluorocarbons undergo photolysis in the upper atmosphere and cause the destruction of the ozone layer . None of them can be made from directly reacting the elements . Dichlorine monoxide ( Cl O ) is a brownish - yellow gas ( red - brown when solid or liquid ) which may be obtained by reacting chlorine gas with yellow mercury ( II ) oxide . It is very soluble in water , in which it is in equilibrium with hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) , which it is the anhydride of . It is thus an effective bleach and is mostly used to make hypochlorites . It explodes on heating or sparking or in the presence of ammonia gas . Chlorine dioxide ( ClO ) was the first chlorine oxide to be discovered in 1811 by Humphry Davy . It is a yellow paramagnetic gas ( deep - red as a solid or liquid ) , as expected from its having an odd number of electrons : it is stable towards dimerisation due to the delocalisation of the unpaired electron . It explodes above − 40 ° C as a liquid and under pressure as a gas and therefore must be made at low concentrations for wood - pulp bleaching and water treatment . It is usually prepared by reducing a chlorate as follows : ClO + Cl + 2 H → ClO + 1 / 2 Cl + H O Its production is thus intimately linked to the redox reactions of the chlorine oxoacids . It is a strong oxidising agent , reacting with sulfur , phosphorus , phosphorus halides , and potassium borohydride . It dissolves exothermically in water to form dark - green solutions that very slowly decompose in the dark . Crystalline clathrate hydrates ClO nH O ( n ≈ 6 -- 10 ) separate out at low temperatures . However , in the presence of light , these solutions rapidly photodecompose to form a mixture of chloric and hydrochloric acids . Photolysis of individual ClO molecules result in the radicals ClO and ClOO , while at room temperature mostly chlorine , oxygen , and some ClO and Cl O are produced . Cl O is also produced when photolysing the solid at − 78 ° C : it is a dark brown solid that explodes below 0 ° C. The ClO radical leads to the depletion of atmospheric ozone and is thus environmentally important as follows : Cl + O → ClO + O ClO + O → Cl + O Chlorine perchlorate ( ClOClO ) is a pale yellow liquid that is less stable than ClO and decomposes at room temperature to form chlorine , oxygen , and dichlorine hexoxide ( Cl O ) . Chlorine perchlorate may also be considered a chlorine derivative of perchloric acid ( HOClO ) , similar to the thermally unstable chlorine derivatives of other oxoacids : examples include chlorine nitrate ( ClONO , vigorously reactive and explosive ) , and chlorine fluorosulfate ( ClOSO F , more stable but still moisture - sensitive and highly reactive ) . Dichlorine hexoxide is a dark - red liquid that freezes to form a solid which turns yellow at − 180 ° C : it is usually made by reaction of chlorine dioxide with oxygen . Despite attempts to rationalise it as the dimer of ClO , it reacts more as though it were chloryl perchlorate , ( ClO ) ( ClO ) , which has been confirmed to be the correct structure of the solid . It hydrolyses in water to give a mixture of chloric and perchloric acids : the analogous reaction with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride does not proceed to completion . Dichlorine heptoxide ( Cl O ) is the anhydride of perchloric acid ( HClO ) and can readily be obtained from it by dehydrating it with phosphoric acid at − 10 ° C and then distilling the product at − 35 ° C and 1 mmHg . It is a shock - sensitive , colourless oily liquid . It is the least reactive of the chlorine oxides , being the only one to not set organic materials on fire at room temperature . It may be dissolved in water to regenerate perchloric acid or in aqueous alkalis to regenerate perchlorates . However , it thermally decomposes explosively by breaking one of the central Cl -- O bonds , producing the radicals ClO and ClO which immediately decompose to the elements through intermediate oxides . Chlorine oxoacids and oxyanions Standard reduction potentials for aqueous Cl species E ° ( couple ) a ( H ) = 1 ( acid ) E ° ( couple ) a ( OH ) = 1 ( base ) Cl / Cl + 1.358 Cl / Cl + 1.358 HOCl / Cl + 1.484 ClO / Cl + 0.890 ClO / Cl + 1.459 HOCl / Cl + 1.630 ClO / Cl + 0.421 HClO / Cl + 1.659 ClO / Cl + 1.468 ClO / Cl + 1.277 HClO / HOCl + 1.701 ClO / ClO + 0.681 ClO / ClO + 0.488 ClO / HClO + 1.181 ClO / ClO + 0.295 ClO / ClO + 1.201 ClO / ClO + 0.374 Chlorine forms four oxoacids : hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) , chlorous acid ( HOClO ) , chloric acid ( HOClO ) , and perchloric acid ( HOClO ) . As can be seen from the redox potentials given in the adjacent table , chlorine is much more stable towards disproportionation in acidic solutions than in alkaline solutions : Cl + H O ⇌ HOCl + H + Cl K = 4.2 × 10 mol l Cl + 2 OH ⇌ OCl + H O + Cl K = 7.5 × 10 mol l The hypochlorite ions also disproportionate further to produce chloride and chlorate ( 3 ClO ⇌ 2 Cl + ClO ) but this reaction is quite slow at temperatures below 70 ° C in spite of the very favourable equilibrium constant of 10 . The chlorate ions may themselves disproportionate to form chloride and perchlorate ( 4 ClO ⇌ Cl + 3 ClO ) but this is still very slow even at 100 ° C despite the very favourable equilibrium constant of 10 . The rates of reaction for the chlorine oxyanions increases as the oxidation state of chlorine decreases . The strengths of the chlorine oxyacids increase very quickly as the oxidation state of chlorine increases due to the increasing delocalisation of charge over more and more oxygen atoms in their conjugate bases . Most of the chlorine oxoacids may be produced by exploiting these disproportionation reactions . Hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) is highly reactive and quite unstable ; its salts are mostly used for their bleaching and sterilising abilities . They are very strong oxidising agents , transferring an oxygen atom to most inorganic species . Chlorous acid ( HOClO ) is even more unstable and can not be isolated or concentrated without decomposition : it is known from the decomposition of aqueous chlorine dioxide . However , sodium chlorite is a stable salt and is useful for bleaching and stripping textiles , as an oxidising agent , and as a source of chlorine dioxide . Chloric acid ( HOClO ) is a strong acid that is quite stable in cold water up to 30 % concentration , but on warming gives chlorine and chlorine dioxide . Evaporation under reduced pressure allows it to be concentrated further to about 40 % , but then it decomposes to perchloric acid , chlorine , oxygen , water , and chlorine dioxide . Its most important salt is sodium chlorate , mostly used to make chlorine dioxide to bleach paper pulp . The decomposition of chlorate to chloride and oxygen is a common way to produce oxygen in the laboratory on a small scale . Chloride and chlorate may comproportionate to form chlorine as follows : ClO + 5 Cl + 6 H → 3 Cl + 3 H O Perchlorates and perchloric acid ( HOClO ) are the most stable oxo - compounds of chlorine , in keeping with the fact that chlorine compounds are most stable when the chlorine atom is in its lowest ( − 1 ) or highest ( + 7 ) possible oxidation states . Perchloric acid and aqueous perchlorates are vigorous and sometimes violent oxidising agents when heated , in stark contrast to their mostly inactive nature at room temperature due to the high activation energies for these reactions for kinetic reasons . Perchlorates are made by electrolytically oxidising sodium chlorate , and perchloric acid is made by reacting anhydrous sodium perchlorate or barium perchlorate with concentrated hydrochloric acid , filtering away the chloride precipitated and distilling the filtrate to concentrate it . Anhydrous perchloric acid is a colourless mobile liquid that is sensitive to shock that explodes on contact with most organic compounds , sets hydrogen iodide and thionyl chloride on fire and even oxidises silver and gold . Although it is a weak ligand , weaker than water , a few compounds involving coordinated ClO are known . Organochlorine compounds Main article : Organochlorine compound Suggested mechanism for the chlorination of a carboxylic acid by phosphorus pentachloride to form an acyl chloride Like the other carbon -- halogen bonds , the C -- Cl bond is a common functional group that forms part of core organic chemistry . Formally , compounds with this functional group may be considered organic derivatives of the chloride anion . Due to the difference of electronegativity between chlorine ( 3.16 ) and carbon ( 2.55 ) , the carbon in a C -- Cl bond is electron - deficient and thus electrophilic . Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways : chlorocarbons are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen , and aliphatic organochlorides are alkylating agents because chloride is a leaving group . Alkanes and aryl alkanes may be chlorinated under free radical conditions , with UV light . However , the extent of chlorination is difficult to control : the reaction is not regioselective and often results in a mixture of various isomers with different degrees of chlorination , though this may be permissible if the products are easily separated . Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel - Crafts halogenation , using chlorine and a Lewis acid catalyst . The haloform reaction , using chlorine and sodium hydroxide , is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones , and related compounds . Chlorine adds to the multiple bonds on alkenes and alkynes as well , giving di - or tetra - chloro compounds . However , due to the expense and reactivity of chlorine , organochlorine compounds are more commonly produced by using hydrogen chloride , or with chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride ( PCl ) or thionyl chloride ( SOCl ) . The last is very convenient in the laboratory because all side products are gaseous and do not have to be distilled out . Many organochlorine compounds have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans . Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules including alkaloids , terpenes , amino acids , flavonoids , steroids , and fatty acids . Organochlorides , including dioxins , are produced in the high temperature environment of forest fires , and dioxins have been found in the preserved ashes of lightning - ignited fires that predate synthetic dioxins . In addition , a variety of simple chlorinated hydrocarbons including dichloromethane , chloroform , and carbon tetrachloride have been isolated from marine algae . A majority of the chloromethane in the environment is produced naturally by biological decomposition , forest fires , and volcanoes . Some types of organochlorides , though not all , have significant toxicity to plants or animals , including humans . Dioxins , produced when organic matter is burned in the presence of chlorine , and some insecticides , such as DDT , are persistent organic pollutants which pose dangers when they are released into the environment . For example , DDT , which was widely used to control insects in the mid 20th century , also accumulates in food chains , and causes reproductive problems ( e.g. , eggshell thinning ) in certain bird species . Due to the ready homolytic fission of the C -- Cl bond to create chlorine radicals in the upper atmosphere , chlorofluorocarbons have been phased out due to the harm they do to the ozone layer . Occurrence and production Main articles : Chlorine production and Chloralkali process Liquid chlorine analysis Chlorine is too reactive to occur as the free element in nature but is very abundant in the form of its chloride salts . It is the twentieth most abundant element in Earth 's crust and makes up 126 parts per million of it , through the large deposits of chloride minerals , especially sodium chloride , that have been evaporated from water bodies . All of these pale in comparison to the reserves of chloride ions in seawater : smaller amounts at higher concentrations occur in some inland seas and underground brine wells , such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Israel . Small batches of chlorine gas are prepared in the laboratory by combining hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide , but the need rarely arises due to its ready availability . In industry , elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water . This method , the chloralkali process industrialized in 1892 , now provides most industrial chlorine gas . Along with chlorine , the method yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide , which is the most valuable product . The process proceeds according to the following chemical equation : 2 NaCl + 2 H O → Cl + H + 2 NaOH The electrolysis of chloride solutions all proceed according to the following equations : Cathode : 2 H O + 2 e → H + 2 OH Anode : 2 Cl → Cl + 2 e In diaphragm cell electrolysis , an asbestos ( or polymer - fiber ) diaphragm separates a cathode and an anode , preventing the chlorine forming at the anode from re-mixing with the sodium hydroxide and the hydrogen formed at the cathode . The salt solution ( brine ) is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment , where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted . Diaphragm methods produce dilute and slightly impure alkali , but they are not burdened with the problem of mercury disposal and they are more energy efficient . Membrane cell electrolysis employs permeable membrane as an ion exchanger . Saturated sodium ( or potassium ) chloride solution is passed through the anode compartment , leaving at a lower concentration . This method also produces very pure sodium ( or potassium ) hydroxide but has the disadvantage of requiring very pure brine at high concentrations . Membrane cell process for chloralkali production In the Deacon process , hydrogen chloride recovered from the production of organochlorine compounds is recovered as chlorine . The process relies on oxidation using oxygen : 4 HCl + O → 2 Cl + 2 H O The reaction requires a catalyst . As introduced by Deacon , early catalysts were based on copper . Commercial processes , such as the Mitsui MT - Chlorine Process , have switched to chromium and ruthenium - based catalysts . The chlorine produced is available in cylinders from sizes ranging from 450 g to 70 kg , as well as drums ( 865 kg ) , tank wagons ( 15 tonnes on roads ; 27 -- 90 tonnes by rail ) , and barges ( 600 -- 1200 tonnes ) . Applications Sodium chloride is by a huge margin the most common chlorine compound , and it is the main source of chlorine and hydrochloric acid for the enormous chlorine - chemicals industry today . About 15000 chlorine - containing compounds are commercially traded , including such diverse compounds as chlorinated methanes and ethanes , vinyl chloride and its polymer polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) , aluminium trichloride for catalysis , the chlorides of magnesium , titanium , zirconium , and hafnium which are the precursors for producing the pure elements , and so on . Quantitatively , of all elemental chlorine produced , about 63 % is used in the manufacture of organic compounds , and 18 % in the manufacture of inorganic chlorine compounds . About 15,000 chlorine compounds are used commercially . The remaining 19 % of chlorine produced is used for bleaches and disinfection products . The most significant of organic compounds in terms of production volume are 1 , 2 - dichloroethane and vinyl chloride , intermediates in the production of PVC . Other particularly important organochlorines are methyl chloride , methylene chloride , chloroform , vinylidene chloride , trichloroethylene , perchloroethylene , allyl chloride , epichlorohydrin , chlorobenzene , dichlorobenzenes , and trichlorobenzenes . The major inorganic compounds include HCl , Cl O , HOCl , NaClO , chlorinated isocyanurates , AlCl , SiCl , SnCl , PCl , PCl , POCl , AsCl , SbCl , SbCl , BiCl , S Cl , SCl , SOCI , ClF , ICl , ICl , TiCl , TiCl , MoCl , FeCl , ZnCl , and so on . Sanitation , disinfection , and antisepsis Main articles : Water chlorination and Bleach Combating putrefaction Antoine - Germain Labarraque In France ( as elsewhere ) , animal intestines were processed to make musical instrument strings , Goldbeater 's skin and other products . This was done in `` gut factories '' ( boyauderies ) , and it was an odiferous and unhealthy process . In or about 1820 , the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale offered a prize for the discovery of a method , chemical or mechanical , for separating the peritoneal membrane of animal intestines without putrefaction . The prize was won by Antoine - Germain Labarraque , a 44 - year - old French chemist and pharmacist who had discovered that Berthollet 's chlorinated bleaching solutions ( `` Eau de Javel '' ) not only destroyed the smell of putrefaction of animal tissue decomposition , but also actually retarded the decomposition . Labarraque 's research resulted in the use of chlorides and hypochlorites of lime ( calcium hypochlorite ) and of sodium ( sodium hypochlorite ) in the boyauderies . The same chemicals were found to be useful in the routine disinfection and deodorization of latrines , sewers , markets , abattoirs , anatomical theatres , and morgues . They were successful in hospitals , lazarets , prisons , infirmaries ( both on land and at sea ) , magnaneries , stables , cattle - sheds , etc. ; and they were beneficial during exhumations , embalming , outbreaks of epidemic disease , fever , and blackleg in cattle . Disinfection Labarraque 's chlorinated lime and soda solutions have been advocated since 1828 to prevent infection ( called `` contagious infection '' , presumed to be transmitted by `` miasmas '' ) , and to treat putrefaction of existing wounds , including septic wounds . In his 1828 work , Labarraque recommended that doctors breathe chlorine , wash their hands in chlorinated lime , and even sprinkle chlorinated lime about the patients ' beds in cases of `` contagious infection '' . In 1828 , the contagion of infections was well known , even though the agency of the microbe was not discovered until more than half a century later . During the Paris cholera outbreak of 1832 , large quantities of so - called chloride of lime were used to disinfect the capital . This was not simply modern calcium chloride , but chlorine gas dissolved in lime - water ( dilute calcium hydroxide ) to form calcium hypochlorite ( chlorinated lime ) . Labarraque 's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms , and by doing so , effectively deodorised the Latin Quarter of Paris . These `` putrid miasmas '' were thought by many to cause the spread of `` contagion '' and `` infection '' -- both words used before the germ theory of infection . Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and `` putrid matter '' . One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect water from the cholera - contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London , though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident . One reference makes it clear that chloride of lime was used to disinfect the offal and filth in the streets surrounding the Broad Street pump -- a common practice in mid-nineteenth century England . Semmelweis and experiments with antisepsis Ignaz Semmelweis Perhaps the most famous application of Labarraque 's chlorine and chemical base solutions was in 1847 , when Ignaz Semmelweis used chlorine - water ( chlorine dissolved in pure water , which was cheaper than chlorinated lime solutions ) to disinfect the hands of Austrian doctors , which Semmelweis noticed still carried the stench of decomposition from the dissection rooms to the patient examination rooms . Long before the germ theory of disease , Semmelweis theorized that `` cadaveric particles '' were transmitting decay from fresh medical cadavers to living patients , and he used the well - known `` Labarraque 's solutions '' as the only known method to remove the smell of decay and tissue decomposition ( which he found that soap did not ) . The solutions proved to be far more effective antiseptics than soap ( Semmelweis was also aware of their greater efficacy , but not the reason ) , and this resulted in Semmelweis 's celebrated success in stopping the transmission of childbed fever ( `` puerperal fever '' ) in the maternity wards of Vienna General Hospital in Austria in 1847 . Much later , during World War I in 1916 , a standardized and diluted modification of Labarraque 's solution containing hypochlorite ( 0.5 % ) and boric acid as an acidic stabilizer , was developed by Henry Drysdale Dakin ( who gave full credit to Labarraque 's prior work in this area ) . Called Dakin 's solution , the method of wound irrigation with chlorinated solutions allowed antiseptic treatment of a wide variety of open wounds , long before the modern antibiotic era . A modified version of this solution continues to be employed in wound irrigation in modern times , where it remains effective against bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics ( see Century Pharmaceuticals ) . Public sanitation Liquid Pool Chlorine By 1918 , the US Department of Treasury called for all drinking water to be disinfected with chlorine . Chlorine is presently an important chemical for water purification ( such as in water treatment plants ) , in disinfectants , and in bleach . As a disinfectant in water , chlorine is more than three times as effective against Escherichia coli as bromine , and more than six times as effective as iodine . Chlorine is usually used ( in the form of hypochlorous acid ) to kill bacteria and other microbes in drinking water supplies and public swimming pools . In most private swimming pools , chlorine itself is not used , but rather sodium hypochlorite , formed from chlorine and sodium hydroxide , or solid tablets of chlorinated isocyanurates . The drawback of using chlorine in swimming pools is that the chlorine reacts with the proteins in human hair and skin . The distinctive ' chlorine aroma ' associated with swimming pools is not the result of chlorine itself , but of chloramine , a chemical compound produced by the reaction of free dissolved chlorine with amines in organic substances . Even small water supplies are now routinely chlorinated . It is often impractical to store and use poisonous chlorine gas for water treatment , so alternative methods of adding chlorine are used . These include hypochlorite solutions , which gradually release chlorine into the water , and compounds like sodium dichloro - s - triazinetrione ( dihydrate or anhydrous ) , sometimes referred to as `` dichlor '' , and trichloro - s - triazinetrione , sometimes referred to as `` trichlor '' . These compounds are stable while solid and may be used in powdered , granular , or tablet form . When added in small amounts to pool water or industrial water systems , the chlorine atoms hydrolyze from the rest of the molecule forming hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) , which acts as a general biocide , killing germs , micro-organisms , algae , and so on . Use as a weapon World War I Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I Chlorine gas , also known as bertholite , was first used as a weapon in World War I by Germany on April 22 , 1915 in the Second Battle of Ypres . As described by the soldiers , it had the distinctive smell of a mixture of pepper and pineapple . It also tasted metallic and stung the back of the throat and chest . Chlorine reacts with water in the mucosa of the lungs to form hydrochloric acid , destructive to living tissue and potentially lethal . Human respiratory systems can be protected from chlorine gas by gas masks with activated charcoal or other filters , which makes chlorine gas much less lethal than other chemical weapons . It was pioneered by a German scientist later to be a Nobel laureate , Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin , in collaboration with the German chemical conglomerate IG Farben , which developed methods for discharging chlorine gas against an entrenched enemy . After its first use , both sides in the conflict used chlorine as a chemical weapon , but it was soon replaced by the more deadly phosgene and mustard gas . Iraq Main article : Chlorine bombings in Iraq Chlorine gas was also used during the Iraq War in Anbar Province in 2007 , with insurgents packing truck bombs with mortar shells and chlorine tanks . The attacks killed two people from the explosives and sickened more than 350 . Most of the deaths were caused by the force of the explosions rather than the effects of chlorine since the toxic gas is readily dispersed and diluted in the atmosphere by the blast . In some bombings , over a hundred civilians were hospitalized due to breathing difficulties . The Iraqi authorities tightened security for elemental chlorine , which is essential for providing safe drinking water to the population . On 24 October 2014 , it was reported that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had used chlorine gas in the town of Duluiyah , Iraq . Laboratory analysis of clothing and soil samples confirmed the use of chlorine gas against Kurdish Peshmerga Forces in a vehicle - borne improvised explosive device attack on 23 January 2015 at the Highway 47 Kiske Junction near Mosul . Syria Main article : Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War The Syrian government uses chlorine as a chemical weapon , often dropping it in barrel bombs , but sometimes also in rockets . Biological role The chloride anion is an essential nutrient for metabolism . Chlorine is needed for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions . The main dietary source is table salt , or sodium chloride . Overly low or high concentrations of chloride in the blood are examples of electrolyte disturbances . Hypochloremia ( having too little chloride ) rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities . Its sometimes associated with hypoventilation . It can be associated with chronic respiratory acidosis . Hyperchloremia ( having too much chloride ) usually does not produce symptoms . When symptoms do occur , they tend to resemble those of hypernatremia ( having too much sodium ) . Reduction in blood chloride leads to cerebral dehydration ; symptoms are most often caused by rapid rehydration which results in cerebral edema . Hyperchloremia can affect oxygen transport . Hazards NFPA 704 fire diamond 0 OX Fire diamond hazard sign for gaseous chlorine Chlorine is a toxic gas that attacks the respiratory system , eyes , and skin . Because it is denser than air , it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces . Chlorine gas is a strong oxidizer , which may react with flammable materials . Chlorine is detectable with measuring devices in concentrations as low as 0.2 parts per million ( ppm ) , and by smell at 3 ppm . Coughing and vomiting may occur at 30 ppm and lung damage at 60 ppm . About 1000 ppm can be fatal after a few deep breaths of the gas . The IDLH ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) concentration is 10 ppm . Breathing lower concentrations can aggravate the respiratory system and exposure to the gas can irritate the eyes . The toxicity of chlorine comes from its oxidizing power . When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations greater than 30 ppm , it reacts with water and cellular fluid , producing hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and hypochlorous acid ( HClO ) . When used at specified levels for water disinfection , the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health . Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by - products that are associated with negative effects on human health . In the United States , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the permissible exposure limit for elemental chlorine at 1 ppm , or 3 mg / m . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has designated a recommended exposure limit of 0.5 ppm over 15 minutes . In the home , accidents occur when hypochlorite bleach solutions come into contact with certain acidic drain - cleaners to produce chlorine gas . Hypochlorite bleach ( a popular laundry additive ) combined with ammonia ( another popular laundry additive ) produces chloramines , another toxic group of chemicals . Chlorine - induced cracking in structural materials Chlorine `` attack '' on an acetal resin plumbing joint . Chlorine is widely used for purifying water , especially potable water supplies and water used in swimming pools . Several catastrophic collapses of swimming pool ceilings have occurred from chlorine - induced stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel suspension rods . Some polymers are also sensitive to attack , including acetal resin and polybutene . Both materials were used in hot and cold water domestic plumbing , and stress corrosion cracking caused widespread failures in the US in the 1980s and 1990s . The picture on the right shows a fractured acetal joint in a water supply system . The cracks started at injection molding defects in the joint and slowly grew until the part failed . The fracture surface shows iron and calcium salts that were deposited in the leaking joint from the water supply before failure . Chlorine - iron fire The element iron can combine with chlorine at high temperatures in a strong exothermic reaction , creating a chlorine - iron fire . Chlorine - iron fires are a risk in chemical process plants , where much of the pipework that carries chlorine gas is made of steel . See also Industrial gas Polymer degradation Reductive dechlorination Books View or order collections of articles Chlorine Period 3 elements Halogens Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Swimming portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Chlorine , Gas Encyclopaedia , Air Liquide Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The earliest salt production in the world : an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei - Lunca , Romania '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 789 -- 92 Jump up ^ Scheele , Carl Wilhelm ( 1774 ) . `` Om Brunsten , eller Magnesia , och dess Egenskaper '' ( On braunstein ( i.e. , pyrolusite , manganese dioxide ) , or magnesia , and its properties ) . Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy ) ( in Swedish ) . 35 : 89 -- 116 , 177 -- 194 . In section 6 on pp. 93 -- 94 of his paper , Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide ( Brunsten ) was heated : `` 6 ) ( a ) På 1 / 2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. ... samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen . '' ( 6 ) ( a ) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein ( pyrolusite ) was poured one ounce of pure spiritus salis ( spirit of salt , hydrogen chloride ) . After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour , the acid had assumed a dark brown colour . One part of this solution was poured into a glass , which was placed over the fire . The solution gave off an odour like warm aqua regia and after one quarter 's hour duration , it was as clear and colourless as water , and the smell had disappeared . ) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article , see : The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele ( 1774 ) , C.L. Berthollet ( 1785 ) , Guyton de Morveau ( 1787 ) , J.L. Gay - Lussac and L.J. Thenard ( 1809 ) ( Edinburgh , Scotland : Alembic Club , 1912 ) , pp. 5 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 17 Chlorine '' . Elements.vanderkrogt.net . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 792 -- 93 Jump up ^ Ihde , Aaron John ( 1984 ) . The development of modern chemistry . Courier Dover Publications . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 64235 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements . XVII . The halogen family '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 11 ) : 1915 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1915 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1915 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac ; Thenard ( 1809 ) . `` Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national , depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809 '' ( Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute , from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809 ) . Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2 : 295 -- 358 . See : § De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné ( On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid ) , pp. 339 -- 358 . From pp. 357 -- 358 : `` Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas , en effect , décomposé ... comme un corps composé . '' ( `` In fact , oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal , and it might be supposed , from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir , that this gas is a simple body . The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis ; we shall not seek to defend it , however , as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body . '' ) For a full English translation of this section , see : Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard , `` On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid '' ( Lemoyne College , Syracuse , New York , USA ) Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1811 ) . `` The Bakerian Lecture . On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene , and on the chemical relations of these principles , to inflammable bodies '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 101 : 1 -- 35 . Davy named chlorine on p. 32 : `` After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country , it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties -- its colour , and to call it Chlorine , or Chloric gas. * * From χλωρος . '' Jump up ^ Schweigger , J.S.C. ( 1811 ) . `` Nachschreiben des Herausgebers , die neue Nomenclatur betreffend '' ( Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature ) . Journal für Chemie und Physik ( in German ) . 3 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 255 . On p. 251 , Schweigger proposed the word `` halogen '' : `` Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung Halogen ( da schon in der Mineralogie durch Werner 's Halit - Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist ) von αλς Salz und dem alten γενειν ( dorisch γενεν ) zeugen . '' ( One should say instead , with proper morphology , `` halogen '' ( this word is not strange since ( it 's ) already in mineralogy via Werner 's `` halite '' species ) from αλς ( als ) `` salt '' and the old γενειν ( genein ) ( Doric γενεν ) `` to beget '' . ) Jump up ^ In 1826 , Berzelius coined the terms Saltbildare ( salt - formers ) and Corpora Halogenia ( salt - making substances ) for the elements chlorine , iodine , and fluorine . See : Berzelius , Jacob ( 1826 ) . Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie ( Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry ) ( in Swedish ) . vol. 6 . Stockholm , Sweden : P.A. Norstedt & Söner . p. 187 . From p. 187 : `` De förre af dessa , d. ä . de electronegativa , dela sig i tre klasser : 1 ) den första innehåller kroppar , som förenade med de electropositiva , omedelbart frambringa salter , hvilka jag derför kallar Saltbildare ( Corpora Halogenia ) . Desse utgöras af chlor , iod och fluor * ) . '' ( The first of them ( i.e. , elements ) , i.e. , the electronegative ( ones ) , are divided into three classes : 1 ) The first includes substances which , ( when ) united with electropositive ( elements ) , immediately produce salts , and which I therefore name `` salt - formers '' ( salt - producing substances ) . These are chlorine , iodine , and fluorine * ) . ) Jump up ^ Snelders , H.A.M. ( 1971 ) . `` J.S.C. Schweigger : His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter '' . Isis. 62 ( 3 ) : 328 . doi : 10.1086 / 350763 . JSTOR 229946 . Jump up ^ Faraday , M. ( 1823 ) . `` On fluid chlorine '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 113 : 160 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Chodos , Alan ( ed . ) . `` This Month in Physics History September 4 , 1821 and August 29 , 1831 : Faraday and Electromagnetism '' . American Physical Society . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ O'Connor J.J. ; Robertson E.F. `` Michael Faraday '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bleaching '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 9th Edition ( 1875 ) and 10th Edition ( 1902 ) ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Aspin , Chris ( 1981 ) . The Cotton Industry . Shire Publications Ltd. p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 85263 - 545 - 1 . Jump up ^ Paul May . `` Bleach ( Sodium Hypochlorite ) '' . University of Bristol . Archived from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 798 Jump up ^ Almqvist , Ebbe ( 2003 ) . History of Industrial Gases . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47277 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bouvet , Maurice ( 1950 ) . `` Les grands pharmaciens : Labarraque ( 1777 -- 1850 ) '' ( The great pharmacists : Labarraque ( 1777 -- 1850 ) ) . Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie ( in French ) . 38 ( 128 ) : 97 -- 107 . doi : 10.3406 / pharm. 1950.8662 . Jump up ^ `` Chlorine -- History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weaponry : Use of Chlorine Gas Cylinders in World War I '' . historynet.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 July 2004 ) . `` On the Western Front , Ypres 1915 '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lefebure , Victor ; Wilson , Henry ( 2004 ) . The Riddle of the Rhine : Chemical Strategy in Peace and War . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 3546 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 800 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 804 -- 09 Jump up ^ Cameron , A.G.W. ( 1973 ) . `` Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Space Science Reviews . 15 : 121 -- 46 . Bibcode : 1973SSRv ... 15 ... 121C . doi : 10.1007 / BF00172440 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audi , G. ; Bersillon , O. ; Blachot , J. ; Wapstra , A.H. ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ M. Zreda ; et al. ( 1991 ) . `` Cosmogenic chlorine - 36 production rates in terrestrial rocks '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 : 94 . Bibcode : 1991E&PSL. 105 ... 94Z . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 91 ) 90123 - Y . Jump up ^ M. Sheppard and M. Herod ( 2012 ) . `` Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl , 129I and U / Th - series radionuclides in surface waters '' . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106 : 27 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2011.10. 015 . PMID 22304997 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 853 -- 56 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 809 -- 12 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 812 -- 16 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 818 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 821 -- 44 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 842 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 824 -- 8 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 835 -- 42 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 828 -- 31 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 832 -- 35 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 875 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 844 -- 50 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 883 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 856 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : M. Rossberg et al. `` Chlorinated Hydrocarbons '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a06_233. pub2 ^ Jump up to : Gordon W. Gribble ( 1998 ) . `` Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds '' . Acc . Chem. Res. 31 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 52 . doi : 10.1021 / ar9701777 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Gribble ( 1999 ) . `` The diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds '' . Chemical Society Reviews . 28 ( 5 ) : 335 -- 46 . doi : 10.1039 / a900201d . Jump up ^ Kjeld C. Engvild ( 1986 ) . `` Chlorine - Containing Natural Compounds in Higher Plants '' . Phytochemistry. 25 ( 4 ) : 7891 -- 791 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9422 ( 86 ) 80002 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gribble , G.W. ( 1994 ) . `` The Natural production of chlorinated compounds '' . Environmental Science and Technology . 28 ( 7 ) : 310A -- 319A . Bibcode : 1994EnST ... 28 ... 310G . doi : 10.1021 / es00056a712 . PMID 22662801 . Jump up ^ Gribble , G.W. ( 1996 ) . `` Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds - A comprehensive survey '' . Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products . 68 ( 10 ) : 1 -- 423 . doi : 10.1021 / np50088a001 . PMID 8795309 . Jump up ^ Public Health Statement -- Chloromethane Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Centers for Disease Control , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Jump up ^ Connell , D. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Introduction to Ecotoxicology . Blackwell Science . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03852 - 7 . Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 795 Jump up ^ Holleman , Arnold Frederik ; Wiberg , Egon ( 2001 ) , Wiberg , Nils , ed. , Inorganic Chemistry , translated by Eagleson , Mary ; Brewer , William , San Diego / Berlin : Academic Press / De Gruyter , p. 408 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 Jump up ^ `` The diaphragm cell process '' . Euro Chlor . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The membrane cell process '' . Euro Chlor . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Schmittinger , Peter et al. ( 2006 ) `` Chlorine '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a06_399. pub2 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 796 -- 800 Jump up ^ Greenwood 1997 , p. 798 . Jump up ^ Greenwood 1997 , p. 793 . ^ Jump up to : Hoefer , Jean Chrétien Ferdinand ( ed . ) . `` Labarraque , Antoine - Germain '' . Nouvelle biographie universelle. 28 . pp. 323 -- 24 . OL 24229911M . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Charles ( 1867 ) . Arts and sciences . 1 . Bradbury , Evans & Co. p. 427 . Jump up ^ Bouvet , Maurice ( 1950 ) . `` Les grands pharmaciens : Labarraque ( 1777 -- 1850 ) '' ( The great pharmacists : Labarraque ( 1777 -- 1850 ) ) . Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie ( in French ) . 38 ( 128 ) : 97 -- 107 . doi : 10.3406 / pharm. 1950.8662 . Jump up ^ Gédéon , Andras ( 2006 ) . Science and technology in medicine . Springer . pp. 181 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 27874 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Labarraque , Antoine Germain ( 1828 ) . On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque 's preparations of chlorine . Translated by James Scott . p. 8 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Scott , James ( trans . ) . On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque 's preparations of chlorine Archived 2015 - 12 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . ( S. Highley , 1828 ) Accessed Nov 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Alain ( 1988 ) . The Foul and the Fragrant : Odor and the French Social Imagination Archived 2015 - 12 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... Harvard University Press . pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Kenneth A. ( 2010 ) . `` Ch. 9 Hypochlorination -- Sodium Hypochlorite '' . White 's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants ( PDF ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 452 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470561331. ch9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 56133 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Vinten - Johansen , Peter , Howard Brody , Nigel Paneth , Stephen Rachman and Michael Rip. ( 2003 ) . Cholera , Chloroform , and the Science of Medicine . New York : Oxford University . Jump up ^ Hemphill , Sandra . ( 2007 ) . The Strange Case of the Broad Street Pump : John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera . Los Angeles : University of California Jump up ^ Johnson , Steven . ( 2006 ) . The Ghost Map : The Story of London 's Most Terrifying Epidemic and How It Changed Science , Cities , and the Modern World . New York : Riverhead Books Jump up ^ `` Chlorine Story '' . americanchemistry . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Rezayat , C. ; Widmann , W.D. ; Hardy , M.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Henry Drysdale Dakin : More Than His Solution '' . Current Surgery . 63 ( 3 ) : 194 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cursur. 2006.04. 009 . PMID 16757372 . Jump up ^ Koski T.A. ; Stuart L.S. ; Ortenzio L.F. ( 1966 ) . `` Comparison of chlorine , bromine , iodine as disinfectants for swimming pool water '' . Applied Microbiology. 14 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 79 . PMC 546668 . PMID 4959984 . Jump up ^ Hammond , C.R. ( 2000 ) . The Elements , in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 81st ed . ) . CRC press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0481 - 4 . Jump up ^ Greenwood 1997 , p. 860 . Jump up ^ Wiberg 2001 , p. 411 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Ypres '' The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Everts , Sarah ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` When Chemicals Became Weapons of War '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 93 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 - 04 - 01 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 69313 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons of War : Poison Gas '' . First World War.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mahdi , Basim ( 2007 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Iraq gas attack makes hundreds ill '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chlorine bomb ' hits Iraq village '' . BBC News . 2007 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS chlorine attack on security forces confirmed -- Iraq officials '' . RT . October 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lab report on chlorine gas usage '' ( PDF ) . Kurdistan Region Security Council . March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Blood ( Serum ) Chloride Level Test '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavie CJ , Crocker EF , Key KJ , Ferguson TG ( October 1986 ) . `` Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation '' . South . Med. J. 79 ( 10 ) : 1296 -- 99 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 198610000 - 00025 . PMID 3764530 . Jump up ^ Levitin H , Branscome W , Epstein FH ( December 1958 ) . `` The pathogenesis of hypochloremia in respiratory acidosis '' . J. Clin. Invest . 37 ( 12 ) : 1667 -- 75 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI103758 . PMC 1062852 . PMID 13611033 . Jump up ^ Cambier C , Detry B , Beerens D , et al. ( October 1998 ) . `` Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 85 ( 4 ) : 1267 -- 72 . doi : 10.1152 / jappl. 1998.85. 4.1267 . PMID 9760315 . Jump up ^ Technical data for Chlorine Archived 2017 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... periodictable.com Jump up ^ `` Facts About Chlorine '' . www.bt.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Chlorine MSDS '' ( PDF ) . 1997 - 10 - 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ NOAA Office of Response and Restoration , US GOV . `` Chlorine '' . noaa.gov . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0115 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Winder , Chris ( 2001 ) . `` The Toxicology of Chlorine '' . Environmental Research . 85 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2001ER ... 85 ... 105W . doi : 10.1006 / enrs. 2000.4110 . PMID 11161660 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in your Water ? : Disinfectants Create Toxic By - products '' . ACES News . College of Agricultural , Consumer and Environmental Sciences -- University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. 2009 - 03 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Susan D. ; Plewa , Michael J. ; Wagner , Elizabeth D. ; Schoeny , Rita ; DeMarini , David M. ( 2007 ) . `` Occurrence , genotoxicity , and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by - products in drinking water : A review and roadmap for research '' . Mutation Research / Reviews in Mutation Research . 636 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 178 -- 242 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrrev. 2007.09. 001 . PMID 17980649 . Jump up ^ Berezow , Alex . `` Why You Should Never Mix Different Drain Cleaners '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bleach Mixing Dangers : Washington State Dept. of Health '' . www.doh.wa.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bertolini , Luca ; Elsener , Bernhard ; Pedeferri , Pietro ; Polder , Rob B. ( 2004 ) . Corrosion of steel in concrete : prevention , diagnosis , repair . Wiley - VCH . p. 148 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30800 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lewis , P.R. ( 1 January 2000 ) . Polymer Product Failure . iSmithers Rapra Publishing . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85957 - 192 - 7 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chlorine : Product Datasheet '' ( PDF ) . Bayer MaterialScience AG . 2008 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Roy E. ( 2004 ) . Chemical Process Safety : Learning from Case Histories , 3rd Revised edition . Oxford : Elsevier Science & Technology . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 7749 - 3 . Notes Jump up ^ van Helmont , Joannis Baptistae ( 1682 ) . Opera omnia ( All Works ) ( in Latin ) . Frankfurt - am - Main , ( Germany ) : Johann Just Erythropel . From `` Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum . '' ( Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements ) , § 37 , p. 105 : `` Accipe salis petrae , vitrioli , & alumnis partes aequas : exsiccato singula , & connexis simul , distilla aquam . Quae nil aliud est , quam merum sal volatile . Hujus accipe uncias quatuor , salis armeniaci unciam junge , in forti vitro , alembico , per caementum ( ex cera , colophonia , & vitri pulverre ) calidissime affusum , firmato ; mox , etiam in frigore , Gas excitatur , & vas , utut forte , dissilit cum fragore . '' ( Take equal parts of saltpeter ( i.e. , sodium nitrate ) , vitriol ( i.e. , concentrated sulfuric acid ) , and alum : dry each and combine simultaneously ; distill off the water ( i.e. , liquid ) . That ( distillate ) is nothing else than pure volatile salt ( i.e. , spirit of nitre , nitric acid ) . Take four ounces of this ( viz , nitric acid ) , add one ounce of Armenian salt ( i.e. , ammonium chloride ) , ( place it ) in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ( ( made ) from wax , rosin , and powdered glass ) ( that has been ) poured very hot ; soon , even in the cold , gas is stimulated , and the vessel , however strong , bursts into fragments . ) From `` De Flatibus '' ( On gases ) , p. 408 : `` Sal armeniacus enim , & aqua chrysulca , quae singula per se distillari , possunt , & pati calorem : sin autem jungantur , & intepescant , non possunt non , quin statim in Gas sylvestre , sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur . '' ( Truly Armenian salt ( i.e. , ammonium chloride ) and nitric acid , each of which can be distilled by itself , and submitted to heat ; but if , on the other hand , they be combined and become warm , they can not but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide ( note : van Helmont 's identification of the gas is mistaken ) or an incondensable gas . ) See also : Helmont , Johannes ( Joan ) Baptista Van , Encyclopedia.Com : `` Others were chlorine gas from the reaction of nitric acid and sal ammoniac ; ... '' Wisniak , Jaime ( 2009 ) `` Carl Wilhelm Scheele , '' Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas , 40 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 173 ; see p. 168 : `` Early in the seventeenth century Johannes Baptiste van Helmont ( 1579 - 1644 ) mentioned that when sal marin ( sodium chloride ) or sal ammoniacus and aqua chrysulca ( nitric acid ) were mixed together , a flatus incoercible ( non-condensable gas ) was evolved . '' Bibliography Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . External links Chlorine at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry : Chlorine Electrolytic production Production and liquefaction of chlorine Chlorine Production Using Mercury , Environmental Considerations and Alternatives National Pollutant Inventory -- Chlorine National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -- Chlorine Page Chlorine Institute -- Trade association representing the chlorine industry Chlorine Online -- the web portal of Eurochlor -- the business association of the European chlor - alkali industry `` Chlorine '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 254 -- 56 . ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Chlorine compounds ClF ClF ClF ClNO ClO Cl O ClO ClO F ClO F Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O HCl SiCl Diatomic chemical elements Normal O Cl Br Others Li United States chemical weapons program Units , formations , centers and institutes 2nd Chemical Battalion U.S. Army Chemical Corps U.S. Army Chemical Center U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense ( USAMRICD ) U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command Program Executive Office , Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives Chemical mortar battalion Industrial facilities Anniston Army Depot Anniston Chemical Activity Blue Grass Army Depot Deseret Chemical Depot Edgewood Chemical Activity Hawthorne Army Depot Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System Newport Chemical Depot Pine Bluff Chemical Activity Pueblo Chemical Depot Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Umatilla Chemical Depot Operations and projects Research Edgewood Arsenal human experiments Operation Top Hat Project 112 Project SHAD Operation LAC Operational Operation Ranch Hand Disposal Operation CHASE Operation Davy Jones ' Locker Operation Geranium Operation Steel Box Operation Red Hat Agents 3 - Quinuclidinyl benzilate ( BZ ) Chlorine Methylphosphonyl difluoride ( DF ) Phosgene QL Sarin ( GB ) Sulfur mustard ( HD ) VX Munitions Bigeye bomb M1 chemical mine M104 155mm Cartridge M110 155mm Cartridge M121 155mm Cartridge M125 bomblet M134 bomblet M138 bomblet M139 bomblet M2 mortar M23 chemical mine M34 cluster bomb M360 105mm Cartridge M426 8 - inch shell M43 BZ cluster bomb M44 generator cluster M55 rocket M60 105mm Cartridge M687 155mm Cartridge XM736 8 - inch projectile MC - 1 bomb M47 bomb Weteye bomb Protective equipment CAIS M93 Fox MOPP People sniffer Related topics CB military symbol Dugway sheep incident Unethical human experimentation in the United States MKULTRA Agents used in chemical warfare incapacitation riot control Blood Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride ( CK ) Hydrogen cyanide ( AC ) Arsine Vinyl arsine Blister Ethyldichloroarsine ( ED ) Methyldichloroarsine ( MD ) Phenyldichloroarsine ( PD ) Lewisite ( L ) Sulfur mustard ( HD H HT HL HQ ) Nitrogen mustard HN1 HN2 HN3 Nerve G - agents Tabun ( GA ) Sarin ( GB ) Soman ( GD ) Cyclosarin ( GF ) GV V - agents EA - 3148 VE VG VM VP VR VX Novichok agents Saxitoxin ( TZ ) Botulinum toxin ( BTX ) Tetanospasmin ( TeNT ) Nettle Phosgene oxime ( CX ) Pulmonary / Choking agent Chlorine Phosgene ( CG ) Perfluoroisobutene Chloropicrin ( PS ) Diphosgene ( DP ) Disulfur decafluoride Acrolein Vomiting agent Adamsite Diphenylchlorarsine Diphenylcyanoarsine Diphenylamincyanoarsine Incapacitating Agent 15 ( BZ ) Dimethylheptylpyran ( DMHP ) EA - 3167 Kolokol - 1 LSD - 25 PAVA spray Sleeping gas Riot control Xylyl bromide Pepper spray ( OC ) Mace ( spray ) CN CS CR List of chemical warfare agents CB military symbol E numbers Colours ( E100 -- 199 ) Preservatives ( E200 -- 299 ) Antioxidants & acidity regulators ( E300 -- 399 ) Thickeners , stabilisers & emulsifiers ( E400 -- 499 ) pH regulators & anticaking agents ( E500 -- 599 ) Flavour enhancers ( E600 -- 699 ) Miscellaneous ( E900 -- 999 ) Additional chemicals ( E1100 -- 1599 ) Waxes ( E900 -- 909 ) Synthetic glazes ( E910 -- 919 ) Improving agents ( E920 -- 929 ) Packaging gases ( E930 -- 949 ) Sweeteners ( E950 -- 969 ) Foaming agents ( E990 -- 999 ) L - cysteine ( E920 ) L - cystine ( E921 ) Potassium persulfate ( E922 ) Ammonium persulfate ( E923 ) Potassium bromate ( E924 ) Chlorine ( E925 ) Chlorine dioxide ( E926 ) Azodicarbonamide ( E927 ) Carbamide ( E927b ) Benzoyl peroxide ( E928 ) LCCN : sh85024541 GND : 4147748 - 0 BNF : cb119811094 ( data ) NDL : 00562008 Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine&oldid=827565823 '' Categories : Chlorine Chemical elements Halogens Diatomic nonmetals Hazardous air pollutants Occupational safety and health Pulmonary agents Swimming pool equipment Oxidizing agents Industrial gases World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use British English from January 2018 WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
is chlorine bleach a pure substance or mixture
|
[] |
[] |
-4559704831612336659
|
Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao
|
Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao - wikipedia Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao The Dream Match Date December 6 , 2008 Venue MGM Grand Garden Arena , Las Vegas , United States Title ( s ) on the line None ( Fought at welterweight ) Tale of the tape Boxer Oscar De La Hoya Manny Pacquiao Nickname The Golden Boy Pac - Man Hometown East Los Angeles , California , USA General Santos City , Philippines Pre-fight record 39 - 5 ( 30 KO ) 47 - 3 - 2 ( 35 KO ) Height 5 feet , 10 inches 5 feet , 6.5 inches Weight 145 pounds 142 pounds Style Orthodox Southpaw Result Pacquiao via 8th round TKO Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao , also billed as The Dream Match , was a professional boxing welterweight superfight . The bout took place on December 6 , 2008 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena , Las Vegas , Nevada , United States . Pacquiao defeated De La Hoya via technical knockout when De La Hoya decided not to continue with the fight before the start of the ninth round . The card was a co-production of Bob Arum 's Top Rank Boxing and De La Hoya 's Golden Boy Promotions and was aired live on pay - per - view ( PPV ) on HBO PPV . The fight is notable for propelling Manny Pacquiao to full - blown superstar status in much of the western world ( mostly in The United States ) , as Oscar De La Hoya symbolically `` passed the torch '' , so to speak , to Pacquiao . Despite no title belts being disputed , the bout received a lot of publicity since the two boxers were decorated , with Pacquiao being the current number one pound for pound boxer in the world as judged by The Ring , and a five - time world champion in five different weight divisions ( Pacquiao was the reigning WBC lightweight champion at the time of the bout ) . Meanwhile , De La Hoya was an Olympic gold medalist and past holder of 10 world titles in six weight divisions . Pacquiao had to step up two weight divisions ( from lightweight ) , and De La Hoya had to go down one weight division ( from light middleweight ) , to be eligible for the bout 's welterweight division . Contents 1 Idea of the bout 2 Buildup 3 Pre-fight publicity 4 The fight 4.1 Rounds 1 -- 4 4.2 Rounds 5 -- 7 4.3 Round 8 and aftermath 5 Business 6 Undercard 7 References Idea of the bout ( edit ) Karylle sang Lupang Hinirang , the Philippine national anthem . The ideas of having De La Hoya and Pacquiao fight came from HBO boxing analyst Larry Merchant talking with ESPN boxing analyst Dan Rafael . Larry then presented the idea to Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer and Top Rank CEO Bob Arum . Bob presented the idea to Manny Pacquiao trainer Freddie Roach . It was even mentioned on the PPV broadcast that it was Larry 's idea , even mentioning Dan Rafael by name . Freddie Roach since the De La Hoya - Mayweather fight has said in the media and in the De La Hoya / Pacquiao 24 / 7 series , press conferences , promos leading to the Dream Match that Oscar `` ca n't pull the trigger anymore . '' Buildup ( edit ) After De La Hoya 's May 5 loss to Floyd Mayweather , Jr. in 2007 ( see De La Hoya - Mayweather boxing match ) , De La Hoya decided to close out his career with three fights in 2008 . The first would be a tune - up bout in May before finishing with two mega bouts in September and December respectively . De La Hoya defeated Stevie Forbes in the May tune - up bout in preparation for Mayweather . Due to Mayweather 's unexpected retirement however , Ricky Hatton was the new potential candidate to fight De La Hoya on September 20 . However , Hatton rejected the offer because he felt the scheduled date was too close to his last bout . De La Hoya then decided to pass on a fight in September to set the stage for a showdown against either Manny Pacquiao or Miguel Cotto , should Cotto win his fight against Antonio Margarito in July . After Cotto was defeated by Margarito , it was announced that De La Hoya and Pound For Pound superstar Manny Pacquiao had agreed to fight December 6 , 2008 at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas at the welterweight limit of 147 lbs . On August 28 , 2008 , a teleconference was held by Golden Boy Promotions to officially announce the fight . Pre-fight publicity ( edit ) Presented by Golden Boy Promotions and Top Rank , Inc. , the bout was scheduled as a 12 - round , non-title fight contested at the 147 - pound welterweight limit . Although Pacquiao went into the fight recognized as the leading pound - for - pound boxer in the world , some boxing pundits speculated that 147 pounds could be too far above his natural weight against the larger De La Hoya . Many boxing analysts believed the fight would favor Oscar . Boxing analysts stated that Oscar 's size , reach , experience , and good chin made Manny the underdog in this mega fight . Training for the fight Oscar hired trainers Angelo Dundee , Ignacio `` Nacho '' Beristain , and young boxing talent Edwin Valero . Oscar told the news that his team is unbeatable , while Freddie Roach said , `` No one is going to be able to help Oscar pull the trigger when he faces Manny Pacquiao on Dec. 6 '' . Tickets reportedly sold out just hours after they went on sale . The total gate revenues were said to be nearly $17 million . That amount apparently gave the bout the second - largest gate revenue in boxing history ( after the De La Hoya - Mayweather Jr. fight on May 5 , 2007 which generated $18.4 million in gate revenue ) . The fight ( edit ) Manny Pacquiao soundly defeated Oscar De La Hoya , surprising many pre-fight analysts who had predicted a victory by De La Hoya . The fight ended at the beginning of the 9th round after Oscar and his corner threw in the towel . Rounds 1 -- 4 ( edit ) On round 1 , De La Hoya 's opening punches miss Pacquiao ; Pacquiao 's own straight left followed by a combination connects . The boxers exchange punches , with another Pacquiao straight left to end the round . At the start of the second round , a double jab by De La Hoya persuades Pacquiao to retreat . Only the second of De La Hoya 's two combinations hits Pacquiao . A combo from Pacquiao leaves De La Hoya 's face reddened . A flurry of punches from Pacquiao ends the round . The third round is more of the same as De La Hoya becomes increasingly unable to answer Pacquiao 's combos . Rounds 5 -- 7 ( edit ) Pacquiao unleashes a flurry of punches in round 5 ; De La Hoya saw it coming but was n't able to react fast enough . De La Hoya himself lands a body shot and a couple of hooks , but the two boxers exchange punches at the end of the round . The next round begins as the last ended , with the men exchanging jabs . Pacquiao appears winded as he misses a left hook , but the follow - up lands on target . Pacquiao lands a right , and a four - punch combo to end the round . In Round 7 , Pacquiao lands a jab as De La Hoya misses his ; Pacquiao unleashes another flurry of punches as De La Hoya 's legs almost gave out , just as he ceased punching back . His uppercut misses Pacquiao as his opponent releases more jabs to end round 7 . Round 8 and aftermath ( edit ) Pacquiao pursues De La Hoya 's body but is warned by referee Tony Weeks to `` keep them up '' ( keep punches above the belt ) . De La Hoya 's right connects , but Pacquiao 's combo pins De La Hoya in the corner . Another left by Pacquiao dazes the Mexican - American , as the Filipino follows up with another combination which wobbles De La Hoya . Pacquiao throws another combo as De La Hoya goes for the body . The Filipino unleashes a four - punch combo to end the round . The fight is stopped before the start of the ninth round and Pacquiao is awarded the victory . Pacquiao was ahead on all three judges ' scorecards before the stoppage , with two judges scoring the fight at 80 - 71 ( Pacquiao won all rounds ) and one scoring it at 79 -- 72 ( Pacquiao won 7 rounds and lost 1 ) . After the bout trainer Freddie Roach stated , `` We knew we had him after the first round . He had no legs , he was hesitant and he was shot . '' Confirming Roach 's pre-fight predictions that he 'd grown too old , De La Hoya crossed the ring to Pacquiao 's corner after the bout was stopped and told Roach , `` You 're right Freddie . I do n't have it anymore . '' When asked by reporters whether he would continue fighting , De La Hoya responded , `` My heart still wants to fight , that 's for sure . But when your physical does n't respond , what can you do ? I have to be smart and make sure I think about my future plans . '' Business ( edit ) On December 10 , 2008 , HBO announced that the fight generated 1.25 million PPV buys totalling more than $70 million in PPV revenue . This fight was only the fourth non-heavyweight bout to have more than one million buys at that time , along with De La Hoya -- Mayweather Jr. ( 2.4 million buys ) in May 2007 , De La Hoya -- Hopkins ( 1 million buys ) in 2004 , and De La Hoya -- Trinidad ( 1.4 million buys ) in 1999 . The PPV card was the highest - grossing PPV event of the year in North America , ahead of UFC 91 ( Randy Couture vs. Brock Lesnar ) and WrestleMania XXIV . Undercard ( edit ) Juan Manuel Lopez KOs Sergio Medina in the first round to retain the junior featherweight title . Victor Ortíz KOs Jeff Resto in the second round . Daniel Jacobs KOs Victor Lares in the second round . Danny Garcia defeats Jose Alfredo Lugo via unanimous decision . Jose Angel Beranza defeats Jesus Rojas via unanimous decision . Richie Mepranum defeats Cesar Ganigal Lopez via unanimous decision . Robert Marroquin KOs Isaac Hidalgo in the first round . Adrien Broner KOs Scott Furney in the first round . Sergio Caro KOs Steven Sampson in the sixth round . References ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Boxing : Pacquiao stuns De La Hoya with eighth round TKO Jump up ^ Rafael , Dan. Sources : De La Hoya , Pacquiao agree to Dec. 6 fight in Vegas , ESPN.com Jump up ^ mirror.co.uk , Barry McGuigan - This little and large freak show makes me feel queasy Jump up ^ Sep 24 , 6 : 14 pm EDT . `` Tickets for De La Hoya - Pacquiao nearly sold out - Boxing - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dec 6 , 11 : 50 pm EDT . `` Pacquiao wins in ninth round over De La Hoya '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` De La Hoya - Pacquiao round - by - round '' . USA Today . 2008 - 12 - 06 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Iole , Kevin ( 2008 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Pacquiao makes De La Hoya quit after eight '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Darius . `` Fight Credential - De La Hoya vs. Pacquiao '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weight was n't an issue as Pacquiao easily defeats De La Hoya '' . Lasvegassun.com. 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081208002357/http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-spw-boxing7-2008dec07,0,2656956.story . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` De La Hoya fails to answer bell in welterweight match '' - Charleston Daily Mail Jump up ^ `` De La Hoya is Golden Boy no more '' - NYDailyNews.com Jump up ^ https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hx1Xddmk1C1IaY354rWTaDLoj6OAD94TM1GG0 Jump up ^ Lesnar blasts UFC toward record year , Dave Meltzer , Yahoo ! Sports Preceded by vs. Steve Forbes Oscar De La Hoya 's bouts December 6 , 2008 Retired Preceded by vs. David Diaz Manny Pacquiao 's bouts December 6 , 2008 Succeeded by vs. Ricky Hatton Oscar De La Hoya Fights De La Hoya vs. Ruelas Chávez vs. De La Hoya Whitaker vs. De La Hoya De La Hoya vs. Camacho De La Hoya vs. Chavez II De La Hoya vs. Trinidad De La Hoya vs. Mosley De La Hoya vs. Vargas De La Hoya vs. Mosley II Sturm vs. De La Hoya Hopkins vs. De La Hoya Mayorga vs. De La Hoya De La Hoya vs. Mayweather De La Hoya vs. Pacquiao Related Golden Boy Promotions Manny Pacquiao Boxing career Fights Pacquiao vs. Julio Pacquiao vs. Larios Diaz vs. Pacquiao De La Hoya vs. Pacquiao Hatton vs. Pacquiao Pacquiao vs. Cotto Pacquiao vs. Clottey Pacquiao vs. Margarito Pacquiao vs. Mosley Pacquiao vs. Marquez III Pacquiao vs. Bradley Pacquiao vs. Marquez IV Pacquiao vs. Rios Pacquiao vs. Bradley II Pacquiao vs. Algieri Mayweather vs. Pacquiao Pacquiao vs. Bradley III Pacquiao vs. Vargas Pacquiao vs. Horn Pacquiao vs. Matthysse Works about Pacquiao : The Movie Kid Kulafu Manny Other Show Me Da Manny Manny Many Prizes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_De_La_Hoya_vs._Manny_Pacquiao&oldid=858168126 '' Categories : Boxing matches involving Manny Pacquiao 2008 in boxing Boxing in Las Vegas 2008 in sports in Nevada Golden Boy Promotions December 2008 sports events Boxing matches involving Oscar De La Hoya MGM Grand Garden Arena Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how old was oscar de la hoya when he fought manny pacquiao
|
[] |
[] |
-3530345457131296850
|
Football
|
Football - wikipedia Football Group of related team sports This article is about the overall concept of games called football . For the balls themselves , see Football ( ball ) . For specific versions of the game and other uses of the term , see Football ( disambiguation ) . Several codes of football . Images , from top to down , left to right : Association football Australian rules football , international rules football , a rugby union scrum , rugby league , and American football . Football is a family of team sports that involve , to varying degrees , kicking a ball with a foot to score a goal . Unqualified , the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears . Sports commonly called football in certain places include Association football ( known as soccer in some countries ) ; gridiron football ( specifically American football or Canadian football ) ; Australian rules football ; rugby football ( either rugby league or rugby union ) ; and Gaelic football . These different variations of football are known as football codes . The earliest form of football can be traced back to China ( Han dynasty ) , originating from cuju , an ancient Chinese football game , as recognized by FIFA . Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century . The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire . By the end of the nineteenth century , distinct regional codes were already developing : Gaelic football , for example , deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage . In 1888 , The Football League was founded in England , becoming the first of many professional football competitions . During the twentieth century , several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common elements 2 Etymology 3 Early history 3.1 Ancient games 3.2 Medieval and early modern Europe 3.3 Calcio Fiorentino 3.4 Official disapproval and attempts to ban football 4 Establishment of modern codes 4.1 English public schools 4.2 Firsts 4.2. 1 Clubs 4.2. 2 Competitions 4.2. 3 Modern balls 4.2. 4 Modern ball passing tactics 4.3 Cambridge rules 4.4 Sheffield rules 4.5 Australian rules 4.6 Football Association 4.7 Rugby football 4.8 North American football codes 4.9 Gaelic football 4.10 Schism in Rugby football 4.11 Globalisation of association football 4.12 Further divergence of the two rugby codes 5 Use of the word `` football '' 6 Popularity 7 Football codes board 7.1 Football codes development tree 8 Present day codes and families 8.1 Association football and descendants 8.2 Rugby school football and descendants 8.3 Irish and Australian varieties 8.4 Surviving medieval ball games 8.4. 1 Inside the UK 8.4. 2 Outside the UK 8.5 Surviving UK school games 8.6 Recent inventions and hybrid games 8.6. 1 Based on FA rules 8.6. 2 Based on rugby 8.6. 3 Hybrid games 8.7 Tabletop games , video games and other recreations 8.7. 1 Based on Association football 8.7. 2 Based on American football 8.7. 3 Based on Australian football 8.7. 4 Based on Rugby League football 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Common elements Play media Men kicking footballs The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football : carrying codes like American football , Canadian football , rugby union and rugby league , where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown , and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football , where the ball is moved primarily with the feet , and where handling is strictly limited . Common rules among the sports include : Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players ; some variations that have fewer players ( five or more per team ) are also popular . A clearly defined area in which to play the game . Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team 's end of the field and either into a goal area , or over a line . Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts . The goal or line being defended by the opposing team . Players being required to move the ball -- depending on the code -- by kicking , carrying , or hand - passing the ball . Players using only their body to move the ball . In all codes , common skills include passing , tackling , evasion of tackles , catching and kicking . In most codes , there are rules restricting the movement of players offside , and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts . Etymology Main article : Football ( word ) There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word `` football '' . It is widely assumed that the word `` football '' ( or the phrase `` foot ball '' ) refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball . There is an alternative explanation , which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe , which were played on foot . There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation . Early History Ancient games A painting depicting Emperor Taizu of Song playing cuju ( i.e. Chinese football ) with his prime minister Zhao Pu ( 趙普 ) and other ministers , by the Yuan dynasty artist Qian Xuan ( 1235 -- 1305 ) A Chinese game called Cuju ( 蹴鞠 ) , Tsu ' Chu , or Zuqiu ( 足球 ) has been recognised by FIFA as the first version of the game with regular rules . It existed during the Han dynasty , the second and third centuries BC . The Japanese version of cuju is kemari ( 蹴鞠 ) , and was developed during the Asuka period . This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD . In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other , trying not to let the ball drop to the ground ( much like keepie uppie ) . The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games , some of which involved the use of the feet . The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as `` ἐπίσκυρος '' ( Episkyros ) or `` φαινίνδα '' ( phaininda ) , which is mentioned by a Greek playwright , Antiphanes ( 388 -- 311 BC ) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- c. 215 AD ) . These games appear to have resembled rugby football . The Roman politician Cicero ( 106 -- 43 BC ) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber 's shop . Roman ball games already knew the air - filled ball , the follis . Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA . There are a number of references to traditional , ancient , or prehistoric ball games , played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world . For example , in 1586 , men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis , went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit ( Eskimo ) people in Greenland . There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice , called Aqsaqtuk . Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines , before attempting to kick the ball through each other team 's line and then at a goal . In 1610 , William Strachey , a colonist at Jamestown , Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans , called Pahsaheman . On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook ( Djab Wurrung for `` game ball '' ) . The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough - Smyth , The Aborigines of Victoria , in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying , in about 1841 in Victoria , Australia , that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game : `` Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it . '' Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football . The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki - o - rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones , and score points by touching the ' pou ' ( boundary markers ) and hitting a central ' tupu ' or target . Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well - documented as existing since before this time , but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball , and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports . Northeastern American Indians , especially the Iroquois Confederation , played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball ; however , although it is a ball - goal foot game , lacrosse ( as its modern descendant is called ) is likewise not usually classed as a form of `` football . '' These games and others may well go far back into antiquity . However , the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe , especially England . Ancient Greek football player balancing the ball . Depiction on an Attic Lekythos , Piraeus , 400 - 375 BC . A Song dynasty painting by Su Hanchen ( c. 1130 - 1160 ) , depicting Chinese children playing cuju . Paint of a Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in Teotihuacan . A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine , Japan . An illustration from the 1850s of Australian Aboriginal hunter gatherers . File : Children in the background are playing a football game , possibly Woggabaliri . A group of aborigines playing football in Guiana . Medieval and early modern Europe Further information : Medieval football The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe , particularly in England . An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum , which describes `` a party of boys ... playing at ball '' . References to a ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule , in which the ball was propelled by hands , feet , and sticks , date from the 12th century . An illustration of so - called `` mob football '' The early forms of football played in England , sometimes referred to as `` mob football '' , would be played between neighbouring towns and villages , involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse , struggling to move an item , such as inflated animal 's bladder to particular geographical points , such as their opponents ' church , with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes . The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals , such as Shrovetide , Christmas , or Easter , and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns ( see below ) . The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174 -- 1183 . He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday : After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game . The students of each school have their own ball ; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls . Older citizens , fathers , and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing , and to relive their own youth vicariously : you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents . Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of `` ball play '' or `` playing at ball '' . This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked . An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham , Northumberland , England : `` Henry ... while playing at ball ... ran against David '' . Football was played in Ireland in 1308 , with a documented reference to John McCrocan , a spectator at a `` football game '' at Newcastle , County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard . Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham , Norfolk , England : `` ( d ) uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball , a lay friend of his ... ran against him and wounded himself '' . In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone , Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time . A translation reads : `` ( f ) orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls ( rageries de grosses pelotes de pee ) in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid : we command and forbid on behalf of the king , on pain of imprisonment , such game to be used in the city in the future . '' This is the earliest reference to football . In 1363 , King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning `` ... handball , football , or hockey ; coursing and cock - fighting , or other such idle games '' , showing that `` football '' -- whatever its exact form in this case -- was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body , such as handball . A game known as `` football '' was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century : it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906 . There is evidence for schoolboys playing a `` football '' ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 ( some references cite 1636 ) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball . The word `` pass '' in the most recent translation is derived from `` huc percute '' ( strike it here ) and later `` repercute pilam '' ( strike the ball again ) in the original Latin . It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team . The original word translated as `` goal '' is `` metum '' , literally meaning the `` pillar at each end of the circus course '' in a Roman chariot race . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball before ( another player ) does '' ( Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere ) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed . One sentence states in the original 1930 translation `` Throw yourself against him '' ( Age , objice te illi ) . France circa 1750 King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word `` football '' , in 1409 , when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for `` foteball '' . There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston , Nottinghamshire . This is the first description of a `` kicking game '' and the first description of dribbling : `` ( t ) he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot - ball game . It is one in which young men , in country sport , propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground , and that not with their hands but with their feet ... kicking in opposite directions '' The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch , stating that : `` ( t ) he boundaries have been marked and the game had started . Other firsts in the mediæval and early modern eras : `` a football '' , in the sense of a ball rather than a game , was first mentioned in 1486 . This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners ' Book of St Albans . It states : `` a certain rounde instrument to play with ... it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn ' pila pedalis ' , a fotebal . '' a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526 . women playing a form of football was first described in 1580 by Sir Philip Sidney in one of his poems : `` ( a ) tyme there is for all , my mother often sayes , When she , with skirts tuckt very hy , with girles at football playes . '' the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players . the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : `` I 'll play a gole at camp - ball '' ( an extremely violent variety of football , which was popular in East Anglia ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' . Calcio Fiorentino An illustration of the Calcio Fiorentino field and starting positions , from a 1688 book by Pietro di Lorenzo Bini . Main article : Calcio Fiorentino In the 16th century , the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as `` calcio storico '' ( `` historic kickball '' ) in the Piazza Santa Croce . The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football . For example , calcio players could punch , shoulder charge , and kick opponents . Blows below the belt were allowed . The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise . In 1580 , Count Giovanni de ' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra ' l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino . This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game . The game was not played after January 1739 ( until it was revived in May 1930 ) . Official disapproval and attempts to ban football Main article : Attempts to ban football games There have been many attempts to ban football , from the middle ages through to the modern day . The first such law was passed in England in 1314 ; it was followed by more than 30 in England alone between 1314 and 1667 . Football faced armed opposition in the 18th Century when used as a cover for violent protest against the enclosure act . Women were banned from playing at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1921 , a ban that was only lifted in the 1970s . Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world . Establishment of modern codes English public schools Main article : English public school football games While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain , its public schools ( known as private schools in other countries ) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes . First of all , the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its `` mob '' form and turning it into an organised team sport . Second , many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools . Third , it was teachers , students and former students from these schools who first codified football games , to enable matches to be played between schools . Finally , it was at English public schools that the division between `` kicking '' and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games first became clear . The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools -- mainly attended by boys from the upper , upper - middle and professional classes -- comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519 . Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase `` We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde '' . Richard Mulcaster , a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools , has been described as `` the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football '' . Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football . Mulcaster 's writings refer to teams ( `` sides '' and `` parties '' ) , positions ( `` standings '' ) , a referee ( `` judge over the parties '' ) and a coach `` ( trayning maister ) '' . Mulcaster 's `` footeball '' had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football : ( s ) ome smaller number with such overlooking , sorted into sides and standings , not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength : nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body , by the chiefe use of the legges . In 1633 , David Wedderburn , a teacher from Aberdeen , mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula . Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as `` keeping goal '' and makes an allusion to passing the ball ( `` strike it here '' ) . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball '' , suggesting that some handling was allowed . It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ( `` drive that man back '' ) . A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby 's Book of Games , written in about 1660 . Willughby , who had studied at Bishop Vesey 's Grammar School , Sutton Coldfield , is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field : `` a close that has a gate at either end . The gates are called Goals . '' His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field . He also mentions tactics ( `` leaving some of their best players to guard the goal '' ) ; scoring ( `` they that can strike the ball through their opponents ' goal first win '' ) and the way teams were selected ( `` the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness '' ) . He is the first to describe a `` law '' of football : `` they must not strike ( an opponent 's leg ) higher than the ball '' . English public schools were the first to codify football games . In particular , they devised the first offside rules , during the late 18th century . In the earliest manifestations of these rules , players were `` off their side '' if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective . Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward , either by foot or by hand . They could only dribble with their feet , or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation . However , offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school , as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester , Rugby , Harrow and Cheltenham , during between 1810 and 1850 . The first known codes -- in the sense of a set of rules -- were those of Eton in 1815 and Aldenham in 1825 . ) During the early 19th century , most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week , often for over twelve hours a day . They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and , at the time , many children were part of the labour force . Feast day football played on the streets was in decline . Public school boys , who enjoyed some freedom from work , became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules . Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit . Each school drafted its own rules , which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils . Two schools of thought developed regarding rules . Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried ( as at Rugby , Marlborough and Cheltenham ) , while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted ( as at Eton , Harrow , Westminster and Charterhouse ) . The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played . For example , Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas ; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters , making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games . Rugby School William Webb Ellis , a pupil at Rugby School , is said to have `` with a fine disregard for the rules of football , as played in his time ( emphasis added ) , first took the ball in his arms and ran with it , thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game . '' in 1823 . This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football , but there is little evidence that it occurred , and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal . The act of ' taking the ball in his arms ' is often misinterpreted as ' picking the ball up ' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis ' ' crime ' was handling the ball , as in modern soccer , however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory , the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards . The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before . Inter-school sporting competitions became possible . However , it was difficult for schools to play each other at football , as each school played by its own rules . The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves , one half played by the rules of the host `` home '' school , and the other half by the visiting `` away '' school . The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid - or late - 19th century . This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls , lawn tennis , etc . The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world 's first lawnmower in 1830 . This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals , playing fields , pitches , grass courts , etc . Apart from Rugby football , the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school 's playing fields . However , many of them are still played at the schools which created them ( see Surviving UK school games below ) . Public schools ' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850 , which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children . Before 1850 , many British children had to work six days a week , for more than twelve hours a day . From 1850 , they could not work before 6 a.m. ( 7 a.m. in winter ) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays ( 7 p.m. in winter ) ; on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games , including various forms of football . Firsts Clubs Main article : Oldest football clubs Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century , for example London 's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796 . The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a ' football club ' were called `` The Foot - Ball Club '' who were located in Edinburgh , Scotland , during the period 1824 -- 41 . The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball . In 1845 , three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school . These were the first set of written rules ( or code ) for any form of football . This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game . Competitions Main article : Oldest football competitions One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner - Eggleston Cup , contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College , Melbourne every year since 1858 . It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football , although it was played under experimental rules in its first year . The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup , donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne , played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules . The oldest football league is a rugby football competition , the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup , contested since 1878 . The South Australian Football Association ( 30 April 1877 ) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition . The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup ( 1867 ) and the oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup ( 1871 ) . The Football League ( 1888 ) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league . The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on March 5 , 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA . The first Rugby international took place in 1871 . Modern balls Main article : Football ( ball ) Richard Lindon ( seen in 1880 ) is believed to have invented the first footballs with rubber bladders . In Europe , early footballs were made out of animal bladders , more specifically pig 's bladders , which were inflated . Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape . However , in 1851 , Richard Lindon and William Gilbert , both shoemakers from the town of Rugby ( near the school ) , exhibited both round and oval - shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London . Richard Lindon 's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig 's bladders . Lindon also won medals for the invention of the `` Rubber inflatable Bladder '' and the `` Brass Hand Pump '' . In 1855 , the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear -- who had patented vulcanised rubber -- exhibited a spherical football , with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels , at the Paris Exhibition Universelle . The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A. The iconic ball with a regular pattern of hexagons and pentagons ( see truncated icosahedron ) did not become popular until the 1960s , and was first used in the World Cup in 1970 . Modern ball passing tactics Main article : Passing ( association football ) The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn , a poet and teacher in Aberdeen , Scotland . Nevertheless , the original text does not state whether the allusion to passing as ' kick the ball back ' ( ' Repercute pilam ' ) was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams ( as was usual at this time ) `` Scientific '' football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862 and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865 . The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869 / 70 By 1869 they were `` work ( ing ) well together '' , `` backing up '' and benefiting from `` cooperation '' . By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball : `` Lieut . Creswell , who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side , who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called '' Passing was a regular feature of their style By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for `` play ( ing ) beautifully together '' A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872 , the first of which is irrefutably a short pass : `` Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis , who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal , sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts '' The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC and introduced the 2 -- 3 -- 5 `` pyramid '' formation . Cambridge rules Main article : Cambridge rules In 1848 , at Cambridge University , Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring , who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School , called a meeting at Trinity College , Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury . An eight - hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules , known as the Cambridge rules . No copy of these rules now exists , but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School . The rules clearly favour the kicking game . Handling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule , disallowing players from `` loitering '' around the opponents ' goal . The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities ( but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football ) . Sheffield rules Main article : Sheffield rules By the late 1850s , many football clubs had been formed throughout the English - speaking world , to play various codes of football . Sheffield Football Club , founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest , was later recognised as the world 's oldest club playing association football . However , the club initially played its own code of football : the Sheffield rules . The code was largely independent of the public school rules , the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule . The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football . These included free kicks , corner kicks , handball , throw - ins and the crossbar . By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England . At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877 . Australian rules Main article : Australian rules football See also : Origins of Australian rules football Tom Wills , widely regarded as the father of Australian football There is archival evidence of `` foot - ball '' games being played in various parts of Australia throughout the first half of the 19th century . The origins of an organised game of football known today as Australian rules football can be traced back to 1858 in Melbourne , the capital city of Victoria . In July 1858 , Tom Wills , an Australian - born cricketer educated at Rugby School in England , wrote a letter to Bell 's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle , calling for a `` foot - ball club '' with a `` code of laws '' to keep cricketers fit during winter . This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of Australian rules football . Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules , the first of which was played on July 31 , 1858 . One week later , Wills umpired a schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College . Following these matches , organised football in Melbourne rapidly increased in popularity . Wood engraving of an Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock , Melbourne , 1866 Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club ( the oldest surviving Australian football club ) on May 14 , 1859 . Club members Wills , William Hammersley , J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs . The committee debated rules used in English public school games ; Wills pushed for various rugby football rules he learnt during his schooling . The first rules share similarities with these games , and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions . H.C.A. Harrison , a seminal figure in Australian football , recalled that his cousin Wills wanted `` a game of our own '' . The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark , free kick , tackling , lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball . The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs . The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs . A significant redraft in 1866 by H.C.A. Harrison 's committee accommodated the Geelong Football Club 's rules , making the game then known as `` Victorian Rules '' increasingly distinct from other codes . It soon adopted cricket fields and an oval ball , used specialised goal and behind posts , and featured bouncing the ball while running and spectacular high marking . The game spread quickly to other Australian colonies . Outside its heartland in southern Australia , the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in other parts of the world , and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition . Football Association Main article : The Football Association The first football international , Scotland versus England . Once kept by the Rugby Football Union as an early example of rugby football . During the early 1860s , there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games . In 1862 , J.C. Thring , who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules , was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called `` The Simplest Game '' ( these are also known as the Uppingham Rules ) . In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow , Shrewsbury , Eton , Rugby , Marlborough and Westminster . At the Freemasons ' Tavern , Great Queen Street , London on the evening of October 26 , 1863 , representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association ( FA ) . The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members . Following the first meeting , the public schools were invited to join the association . All of them declined , except Charterhouse and Uppingham . In total , six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863 . After the third meeting , a draft set of rules were published . However , at the beginning of the fourth meeting , attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863 . The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas ; namely running with ( carrying ) the ball and hacking ( kicking opposing players in the shins ) . The two contentious FA rules were as follows : IX . A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal if he makes a fair catch , or catches the ball on the first bound ; but in case of a fair catch , if he makes his mark he shall not run . X . If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal , any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge , hold , trip or hack him , or to wrest the ball from him , but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time . At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed . Most of the delegates supported this , but F.M. Campbell , the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer , objected . He said : `` hacking is the true football '' . However , the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA . After the final meeting on 8 December , the FA published the `` Laws of Football '' , the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football . The term `` soccer '' , in use since the late 19th century , derives from an Oxford University abbreviation of `` Association '' . The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football , but which are still recognisable in other games ( such as Australian football and rugby football ) : for instance , a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark , which entitled him to a free kick ; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents ' goal line , his side was entitled to a free kick at goal , from 15 yards ( 13.5 metres ) in front of the goal line . Rugby football Main article : History of rugby union A rugby scrum in 1871 In Britain , by 1870 , there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game . There were also `` rugby '' clubs in Ireland , Australia , Canada and New Zealand . However , there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871 , when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871 . These rules allowed passing the ball . They also included the try , where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal , though drop - goals from marks and general play , and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest . North American football codes Main articles : History of American football and Canadian football § History As was the case in Britain , by the early 19th century , North American schools and universities played their own local games , between sides made up of students . For example , students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football , a variant of the association football codes , as early as the 1820s . They remained largely `` mob football '' style games , with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area , often by any means necessary . Rules were simple , violence and injury were common . The violence of these mob - style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them . Yale University , under pressure from the city of New Haven , banned the play of all forms of football in 1860 , while Harvard University followed suit in 1861 . In its place , two general types of football evolved : `` kicking '' games and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games . A hybrid of the two , known as the `` Boston game '' , was played by a group known as the Oneida Football Club . The club , considered by some historians as the first formal football club in the United States , was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who played the `` Boston game '' on Boston Common . The game began to return to American college campuses by the late 1860s . The universities of Yale , Princeton ( then known as the College of New Jersey ) , Rutgers , and Brown all began playing `` kicking '' games during this time . In 1867 , Princeton used rules based on those of the English Football Association . The `` Tigers '' of Hamilton , Ontario , circa 1906 . Founded 1869 as the Hamilton Foot Ball Club , they eventually merged with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats to form the Hamilton Tiger - Cats , a team still active in the Canadian Football League . In Canada , the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9 , 1861 , at University College , University of Toronto ( approximately 400 yards west of Queen 's Park ) . One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was ( Sir ) William Mulock , later Chancellor of the school . In 1864 , at Trinity College , Toronto , F. Barlow Cumberland , Frederick A. Bethune , and Christopher Gwynn , one of the founders of Milton , Massachusetts , devised rules based on rugby football . A `` running game '' , resembling rugby football , was then taken up by the Montreal Football Club in Canada in 1868 . On November 6 , 1869 , Rutgers faced Princeton in a game that was played with a round ball and , like all early games , used improvised rules . It is usually regarded as the first game of American intercollegiate football . Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal , and Harvard University in 1874 . During the game , the two teams alternated between the rugby - based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard . Within a few years , Harvard had both adopted McGill 's rules and had persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same . On November 23 , 1876 , representatives from Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield , Massachusetts , agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules , with some variations . Rutgers College Football Team , 1882 In 1880 , Yale coach Walter Camp , who had become a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where the rules were debated and changed , devised a number of major innovations . Camp 's two most important rule changes that diverged the American game from rugby was replacing the scrummage with the line of scrimmage and the establishment of the down - and - distance rules . American football still however remained a violent sport where collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . This led U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to hold a meeting with football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton on October 9 , 1905 , urging them to make drastic changes . One rule change introduced in 1906 , devised to open up the game and reduce injury , was the introduction of the legal forward pass . Though it was underutilised for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game . Over the years , Canada absorbed some of the developments in American football in an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby - oriented game . In 1903 , the Ontario Rugby Football Union adopted the Burnside rules , which implemented the line of scrimmage and down - and - distance system from American football , among others . Canadian football then implemented the legal forward pass in 1929 . American and Canadian football remain different codes , stemming from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side has not . Gaelic football The All - Ireland Football Final in Croke Park , 2004 . Main article : History of Gaelic football In the mid-19th century , various traditional football games , referred to collectively as caid , remained popular in Ireland , especially in County Kerry . One observer , Father W. Ferris , described two main forms of caid during this period : the `` field game '' in which the object was to put the ball through arch - like goals , formed from the boughs of two trees ; and the epic `` cross-country game '' which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played , and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary . `` Wrestling '' , `` holding '' opposing players , and carrying the ball were all allowed . By the 1870s , Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland . Trinity College , Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby ( see the Developments in the 1850s section , above ) . The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely . Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a `` rough - and - tumble game '' which allowed tripping . There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football , until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) in 1884 . The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports , such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football . The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7 , 1887 . Davin 's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football . The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule ( an attribute which , for many years , was shared only by other Irish games like hurling , and by Australian rules football ) . Schism in rugby football An English cartoon from the 1890s lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of rugby league . The caricatures are of Rev. Frank Marshall , an arch - opponent of player payments , and James Miller , a long - time opponent of Marshall . The caption reads : Marshall : `` Oh , fie , go away naughty boy , I do n't play with boys who ca n't afford to take a holiday for football any day they like ! '' Miller : `` Yes , that 's just you to a T ; you 'd make it so that no lad whose father was n't a millionaire could play at all in a really good team . For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money should n't have a share in the spending of it . '' Further information : History of rugby league The International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) was founded in 1886 , but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code . Professionalism had already begun to creep into the various codes of football . In England , by the 1890s , a long - standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football , as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train , travel , play and recover from injuries . This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU , attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England . In 1895 , following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments , which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby , representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union ( NRFU ) . The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements . However , within two years , NRFU players could be paid , but they were required to have a job outside sport . The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better `` spectator '' sport . Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU , most notably with the abolition of the line - out . This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the `` play - the - ball ruck '' , which allowed a two - player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled . Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held , being replaced by a play - the ball - ruck . The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901 , forming the Northern Rugby League , the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England . Over time , the RFU form of rugby , played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB , became known as rugby union . Globalisation of Association football Main article : History of FIFA The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century , with the increasing popularity of international fixtures . The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body , but was perceived as making no progress . It fell to associations from seven other European countries : France , Belgium , Denmark , Netherlands , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland , to form an international association . The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) was founded in Paris on May 21 , 1904 . Its first president was Robert Guérin . The French name and acronym has remained , even outside French - speaking countries . Further divergence of the two rugby codes Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906 , with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players . In 1907 , a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain , receiving an enthusiastic response , and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year . However , the rules of professional games varied from one country to another , and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match . This situation endured until 1948 , when at the instigation of the French league , the Rugby League International Federation ( RLIF ) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux . During the second half of the 20th century , the rules changed further . In 1966 , rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs : a team was allowed to retain possession of the ball for four tackles ( rugby union retains the original rule that a player who is tackled and brought to the ground must release the ball immediately ) . The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six ( in 1971 ) , and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule . With the advent of full - time professionals in the early 1990s , and the consequent speeding up of the game , the five metre off - side distance between the two teams became 10 metres , and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules , among other changes . The laws of rugby union also changed during the 20th century , although less significantly than those of rugby league . In particular , goals from marks were abolished , kicks directly into touch from outside the 22 metre line were penalised , new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul , and the lifting of players in line - outs was legalised . In 1995 , rugby union became an `` open '' game , that is one which allowed professional players . Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared -- and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification -- the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future . A player takes a free kick , while the opposition form a `` wall '' , in Association football Use of the word `` football '' Further information : Football ( word ) The word football , when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above . Because of this , much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football , primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English - speaking world . Most often , the word `` football '' is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region . So , effectively , what the word `` football '' means usually depends on where one says it . Players assemble at the line of scrimmage in an American football game . In each of the United Kingdom , the United States , and Canada , one football code is known solely as `` football '' , while the others generally require a qualifier . In New Zealand , `` football '' historically referred to rugby union , but more recently may be used unqualified to refer to association football . The sport meant by the word `` football '' in Australia is either Australian rules football or rugby league , depending on local popularity ( which largely conforms to the Barassi Line ) . In francophone Quebec , where Canadian football is more popular , the Canadian code is known as le football while American football is known as le football américain and association football is known as le soccer . Of the 45 national FIFA ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language , most currently use Football in their organisations ' official names ; the FIFA affiliates in Canada and the United States use Soccer in their names . A few FIFA affiliates have recently `` normalised '' to using `` Football '' , including : Australia 's association football governing body changed its name in 2005 from using `` soccer '' to `` football '' New Zealand 's governing body also changed in 2007 , saying `` the international game is called football . '' Samoa changed from `` Samoa Football ( Soccer ) Federation '' to `` Football Federation Samoa '' in 2009 . Popularity Several of the football codes are the most popular team sports in the world . Globally , association football is played by over 250 million players in over 200 nations , and has the highest television audience in sport , making it the most popular in the world , American football is the most popular sport in the United States , with the annual Super Bowl game accounting for seven of the top eight of the most watched broadcasts in U.S. television history . Australian rules football has the highest spectator attendance of all sports in Australia . Similarly , Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance , and the All - Ireland Football Final is the most watched event of that nation 's sporting year . Football codes Board Football Cambridge rules ( 1848 -- 1863 ) Association football ( 1863 -- ) Indoor Beach ( 1992 -- ) Futsal ( 1930 -- ) Sheffield rules ( 1857 -- 1877 ) Paralympic Street Rugby Union with minor modifications American football ( 1869 - ) Flag football , Arena football ( 1987 -- ) Rugby rules Canadian football ( 1861 -- ) Flag football Rugby union ( 1871 -- ) Rugby sevens ( 1883 -- ) Rugby league ( 1895 -- ) Nines Rugby league sevens Touch football Rugby rules and other English public school games Australian rules ( 1859 -- ) International rules ( 1967 -- ) Gaelic ( 1887 -- ) Football codes development tree show Football codes development tree Football Cambridge rules ( 1848 - 1863 ) Sheffield rules ( 1857 - 1877 ) Rugby rules Rugby rules and other English public school games Association Football ( 1863 - ) Australian rules ( 1859 - ) Gaelic ( 1887 - ) Rugby union with minor modifications Canadian football ( 1861 - ) Rugby union ( 1871 - ) Int'l Rules ( 1967 - ) American football ( 1869 - ) Rugby league ( 1895 - ) Rugby sevens ( 1883 - ) Flag football Arena football ( 1987 - ) Flag football ( Canadian ) Futsal ( 1930 - ) Rugby league nines Rugby league sevens Touch football Beach soccer ( 1992 - ) Indoor soccer Paralympic football Street soccer Notes : Present day codes and families Association football and descendants Main article : Variants of association football An indoor soccer game at an open - air venue in Mexico . The referee has just awarded the red team a free kick . Street football , Venice ( 1960 ) These codes have in common the prohibition of the use of hands ( by all players except the goalkeeper ) , unlike other codes where carrying or handling the ball is allowed Association football , also known as football , soccer , footy and footie Indoor / basketball court variants : Five - a-side football -- played throughout the world under various rules including : Futebol de Salão Futsal -- the FIFA - approved five - a-side indoor game Minivoetbal -- the five - a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is extremely popular Papi fut -- the five - a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts ( built with goals ) in Central America . Indoor soccer -- the six - a-side indoor game , the Latin American variant ( fútbol rápido , `` fast football '' ) is often played in open - air venues Masters Football -- six - a-side played in Europe by mature professionals ( 35 years and older ) Paralympic football -- modified game for athletes with a disability . Includes : Football 5 - a-side -- for visually impaired athletes Football 7 - a-side -- for athletes with cerebral palsy Amputee football -- for athletes with amputations Deaf football -- for athletes with hearing impairments Powerchair football -- for athletes in electric wheelchairs Beach soccer , beach football or sand soccer -- variant modified for play on sand Street football -- encompasses a number of informal variants Rush goalie -- a variation in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal Headers and Volleys -- where the aim is to score goals against a goalkeeper using only headers and volleys Crab football -- players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing Swamp soccer -- the game as played on a swamp or bog field Jorkyball Rushball The hockey game bandy has rules partly based on the association football rules and is sometimes nicknamed as ' winter football ' . There are also motorsport variations of the game . Rugby school football and descendants These codes have in common the ability of players to carry the ball with their hands , and to throw it to teammates , unlike association football where the use of hands is prohibited by anyone except the goal keeper . They also feature various methods of scoring based upon whether the ball is carried into the goal area , or kicked through a target . Rugby football Rugby union Mini rugby a variety for children . Rugby sevens and Rugby tens -- variants for teams of reduced size . Rugby sevens ; Fiji v Wales at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne Rugby league -- often referred to simply as `` league '' , and usually known simply as `` football '' or `` footy '' in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland . Rugby league sevens and Rugby league nines -- variant for teams of reduced size . Beach rugby -- rugby played on sand Touch rugby -- generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles , one variant has been formalised Tag Rugby -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . Gridiron football American football -- called `` football '' in the United States and Canada , and `` gridiron '' in Australia and New Zealand . Nine - man football , eight - man football , six - man football -- variants played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full teams . Street football / backyard football -- played without equipment or official fields and with simplified rules Touch football -- non-tackle variants Canadian football -- called simply `` football '' in Canada ; `` football '' in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context . All of the variants listed for American football are also attested for Canadian football . Flag football -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . Indoor football , arena football -- indoor variants See also : Comparison of American football and rugby league , Comparison of American football and rugby union , Comparison of Canadian and American football , and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union Irish and Australian varieties International rules football test match from the 2005 International Rules Series between Australia and Ireland at Telstra Dome , Melbourne , Australia . These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule , the prohibition of continuous carrying of the ball ( requiring a periodic bounce or solo ( toe - kick ) , depending on the code ) while running , handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it , and other traditions . Australian rules football -- officially known as `` Australian football '' , and informally as `` football '' , `` footy '' or `` Aussie rules '' . In some areas it is referred to as `` AFL '' , the name of the main organising body and competition Auskick -- a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children Metro footy ( or Metro rules footy ) -- a modified version invented by the USAFL , for use on gridiron fields in North American cities ( which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches ) Kick - to - kick -- informal versions of the game 9 - a-side footy -- a more open , running variety of Australian rules , requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area ( includes contact and non-contact varieties ) Rec footy -- `` Recreational Football '' , a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules , created by the AFL , which replaces tackles with tags Touch Aussie Rules -- a non-tackle variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom Samoa rules -- localised version adapted to Samoan conditions , such as the use of rugby football fields Masters Australian football ( a.k.a. Superules ) -- reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age Women 's Australian rules football -- women 's competition played with a smaller ball and ( sometimes ) reduced contact Gaelic football -- Played predominantly in Ireland . Commonly referred to as `` football '' or `` Gaelic '' Ladies Gaelic football International rules football -- a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players See also : Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football Surviving Medieval ball games Inside the UK The Haxey Hood , played on Epiphany in Haxey , Lincolnshire Shrove Tuesday games Scoring the Hales in Alnwick , Northumberland Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne , Derbyshire The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone , Warwickshire The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle , Dorset Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall The Ball Game in Sedgefield , County Durham In Scotland the Ba game ( `` Ball Game '' ) is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at : Duns , Berwickshire Scone , Perthshire Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands Outside the UK Calcio Fiorentino -- a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence . la Soule -- a modern revival of French medieval football lelo burti -- a Georgian traditional football game Surviving UK school games Harrow football players after a game at Harrow School ( circa 2005 ) . Games still played at UK public ( independent ) schools : Eton field game Eton wall game Harrow football Winchester College football Recent inventions and hybrid games Keepie uppie ( keep up ) -- the art of juggling with a football using the feet , knees , chest , shoulders , and head . Footbag -- several variations using a small bean bag or sand bag as a ball , the trade marked term hacky sack is sometimes used as a generic synonym . Freestyle football -- participants are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill . Based on FA rules Three sided football Triskelion Based on rugby Force ' em backs a.k.a. forcing back , forcemanback Hybrid games Austus -- a compromise between Australian rules and American football , invented in Melbourne during World War II . Bossaball -- mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics ; played on inflatables and trampolines . Cycle ball − a sport similar to association football played on bicycles Footvolley -- mixes Association football and beach volleyball ; played on sand Football tennis -- mixes Association football and tennis Kickball -- a hybrid of Association football and baseball , invented in the United States in about 1942 . Speedball -- a combination of American football , soccer , and basketball , devised in the United States in 1912 . Universal football -- a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league , trialled in Sydney in 1933 . Volata -- a game resembling Association football and European handball , devised by Italian fascist leader , Augusto Turati , in the 1920s . Wheelchair rugby -- also known as Murderball , invented in Canada in 1977 . Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby . Note : although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects , Sepak takraw has ancient origins and can not be considered a hybrid game . Tabletop games , video games and other recreations Based on Association football Subbuteo Blow football Table football -- also known as foosball , table soccer , babyfoot , bar football or gettone Fantasy football Button football -- also known as Futebol de Mesa , Jogo de Botões Penny football FIFA Video Games Series Pro Evolution Soccer Mario Strikers Lego Football Based on American football Paper football Blood Bowl Fantasy football ( American ) Madden NFL Based on Australian football AFL video game series List of AFL video games Based on Rugby League football Sidhe 's Rugby League series Rugby League 3 Australian Rugby League See also Football field ( unit of length ) List of types of football List of players who have converted from one football code to another Names for association football 1601 to 1725 in sports : Football Footgolf Underwater football Notes Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ; Gilbourne , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Science and football : a review of applied research in the football code '' . Journal of Sports Science . 21 : 693 -- 705 . doi : 10.1080 / 0264041031000102105 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Soccer -- or should we say football -- must change '' . 12 June 2014 . New Zealanders on the way to their local rugby grounds should still be talking of `` going to the football '' Jump up ^ `` History of Football - Britain , the home of Football '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Post Publishing PCL . `` Bangkok Post article '' . bangkokpost.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Football - The Origins '' . FIFA . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Rugby in Australia '' . Rugby Football History . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Steven ( 1995 ) . `` Living Sports History : Football at Winchester , Eton and Harrow '' . The Sports Historian. 15 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 53 . doi : 10.1080 / 17460269508551675 . Jump up ^ Perkin , Harold ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth '' . The International Journal of the History of Sport. 6 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 155 . doi : 10.1080 / 09523368908713685 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ; Doran , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Science and Gaelic football : A revie '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 19 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 193 . doi : 10.1080 / 026404101750095330 . ^ Jump up to : Bale , J. ( 2002 ) . Sports Geography . Taylor & Francis . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 419 - 25230 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Douge , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Football : the common threads between the games '' . Science and Football ( Second ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . pp. 3 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 50911 - 4 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Law 1 : The Field of Play - Football Rules & Governance The FA '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . Etymology Online . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` History of Football - The Origins - FIFA.com '' . Jump up ^ Allen Guttmann , Lee Austin Thompson ( 2001 ) . Japanese sports : a history . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 9780824824648 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ ἐπίσκυρος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007 Edition : `` In ancient Greece a game with elements of football , episkuros , or harpaston , was played , and it had migrated to Rome as harpastum by the 2nd century BC '' . Jump up ^ φαινίνδα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Nigel Wilson , Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece , Routledge , 2005 , p. 310 Jump up ^ Nigel M. Kennell , The Gymnasium of Virtue : Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta ( Studies in the History of Greece and Rome ) , The University of North Carolina Press , 1995 , on Google Books Jump up ^ Steve Craig , Sports and Games of the Ancients : ( Sports and Games Through History ) , Greenwood , 2002 , on Google Books Jump up ^ Don Nardo , Greek and Roman Sport , Greenhaven Press , 1999 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Sally E.D. Wilkins , Sports and games of medieval cultures , Greenwood , 2002 , on Google books Jump up ^ E. Norman Gardiner : `` Athletics in the Ancient World '' , Courier Dover Publications , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 42486 - 3 , p. 229 Jump up ^ William Smith : `` Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities '' , 1857 , p. 777 Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` A gripping Greek derby '' . Jump up ^ Richard Hakluyt , Voyages in Search of The North - West Passage Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , University of Adelaide , December 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ From William Blandowski 's Australien in 142 File : Photographischen Abbildungen , 1857 , ( Haddon Library , Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology , Cambridge ) Jump up ^ Historia Brittonum at the Medieval Sourcebook . Jump up ^ Ruff , Julius ( 2001 ) . Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500 -- 1800 . Cambridge University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59894 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jusserand , Jean - Jules. ( 1901 ) . Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 , from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand ( in French ) Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . Routledge . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baker , William ( 1988 ) . Sports in the Western World . University of Illinois Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06042 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stephen Alsford , FitzStephen 's Description of London , Florilegium Urbanum , April 5 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Francis Peabody Magoun , 1929 , `` Football in Medieval England and Middle - English literature '' ( The American Historical Review , v. 35 , No. 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Irish inventions : fact and fiction '' . Carlow-nationalist.ie . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Derek Birley ( Sport and The Making of Britain ) . 1993 . Manchester University Press . p. 32 . 978 - 0719037597 Jump up ^ Derek Baker ( England in the Later Middle Ages ) . 1995 . Boydell & Brewer . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 648 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary ( no date ) , `` football '' `` . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vivek Chaudhary , `` Who 's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt ? '' ( The Guardian , February 18 , 2004 . ) Jump up ^ Anniina Jokinen , Sir Philip Sidney . `` A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds '' ( Luminarium.org , July 2006 ) Jump up ^ Richard , Carew . `` EBook of The Survey of Cornwall '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jonathan ; Caudwell , Jayne ; Liston , Kate ; Scraton , Sheila , eds. ( 2007 ) . Women , Football and Europe : Histories , Equity and Experience . International Football Institute Series . 1 . Meyer & Meyer Sport . ISBN 9781841262253 . Jump up ^ A history of Winchester College . by Arthur F Leach . Duckworth , 1899 ISBN 1 - 4446 - 5884 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 2003 , `` Richard Mulcaster '' `` . Footballnetwork.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Francis Peabody Magoun. ( 1938 ) History of football from the beginnings to 1871 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Christopher ( 2015 ) . The Shared Origins of Football , Rugby , and Soccer . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 9781442246195 . Jump up ^ Francis Willughby , 1660 -- 72 , ' ' Book of Games ' ' . Books.google.co.uk. 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85928 - 460 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Julian Carosi , 2006 , `` The History of Offside '' ^ Jump up to : Cox , Richard William ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Routledge . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 8 . Jump up ^ example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone , writing in 1825 or 1826 , quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden , regarding `` Foot - Ball '' , as played at ( ( Scone , Scotland ) ) , Scotland : The game was this : he who at any time got the ball into his hands , run ( sic ) with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part ; and then , if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him , he run on ; if not , he threw the ball from him , unless it was wrested from him by the other party , but no person was allowed to kick it . ( William Hone , 1825 -- 26 , The Every - Day Book , `` February 15 . '' Archived January 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Access date : March 15 , 2007 . ) Jump up ^ ABC Radio National Ockham 's Razor , first broadcast 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ THE SURREY CLUB Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , October 07 , 1849 ; pg. 6 . New Readerships Jump up ^ Football : The First Hundred Years . The Untold Story . Adrian Harvey . 2005 . Routledge , London Jump up ^ John Hope , Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope , WS , and some Hope Correspondence 1787 -- 1886 ( National Archives of Scotland , GD253 / 183 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Foot - Ball Club in Edinburgh , 1824 -- 1841 -- The National Archives of Scotland '' . Nas.gov.uk. 2007 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby chronology '' . Museum of Rugby . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne '' . Electricscotland.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Soccer Ball World -- Early History . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Archived June 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute , as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder . It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs . However , sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon , who was actually Richards Lindon 's son , and created the ball in 1862 ( ref : Soccer Ball World ) , whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 ( ref : Guardian article ) . Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig 's bladders . This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable , and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries . Jump up ^ soccerballworld.com , ( no date ) `` Charles Goodyear 's Soccer Ball '' Downloaded 30 / 11 / 06 . Jump up ^ Scots invented beautiful game The Scotsman , 14 June 2006 Jump up ^ Magoun , Francis Peabody ( 1938 ) . History of football from the beginnings to 1871 . Published by H. Pöppinghaus Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , January 13 , 1839 . New Readerships Jump up ^ Blackwood 's Magazine , Published by W. Blackwood , 1862 , page 563 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Saturday , January 07 , 1865 ; Issue 2,229 : `` The Sheffield party , however , eventually took a lead , and through some scientific movements of Mr J Wild , scored a goal amid great cheering '' Jump up ^ Bell 's life in london , November 26 , 1865 , issue 2275 : `` We can not help recording the really scientific play with which the Sheffield men backed each other up Jump up ^ Wall , Sir Frederick ( 2005 ) . 50 Years of Football , 1884 -- 1934 . Soccer Books Limited . ISBN 1 - 86223 - 116 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( Cox , Richard ( 2002 ) The encyclopaedia of British Football , Routledge , United Kingdom ) Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 18 December 1869 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 5 November 1870 , issue 2 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 18 November 1871 , issue 2 , 681 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 17 February 1872 , issue 2694 Jump up ^ The Derby Mercury ( Derby , England ) , Wednesday , March 20 , 1872 ; Issue 8226 Jump up ^ Murphy , Brendan ( 2007 ) . From Sheffield with Love . Sports Book Limited . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899807 - 56 - 7 . Jump up ^ Association Football , chapter by CW Alcock , The English Illustrated Magazine 1891 , page 287 Jump up ^ Harvey , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Football , the First Hundred Years . Routledge . pp. 273 , ref 34 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35019 - 0 . Jump up ^ Csanadi Arpad , Hungerian coaching manual `` Soccer '' , Corvina , Budapest 1965 Jump up ^ Wilson Jonathon , Inverting the pyramid : a History of Football Tactics , Orion , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Football Association tribute to the Cambridge Rules '' . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Football , the First Hundred Years . Routledge . pp. 95 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35019 - 0 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Brendan ( 2007 ) . From Sheffield with Love . Sports Book Limited . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899807 - 56 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Tom Wills '' . MCG website . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Australian Rules Football '' . MCG website . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hibbins , Gillian ; Mancini , Anne ( 1987 ) . Running with the Ball : Football 's Foster Father . Lynedoch Publications . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 7316 - 0481 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peter Shortell . Hacking -- a history Archived 2008 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Cornwall Referees Society Archived March 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` soccer , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . June 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Scott ( 2006 ) . `` Old Division Football , The Indigenous Mob Soccer Of Dartmouth College ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . dartmo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Christian End ! '' ( PDF ) . The Journey to Camp : The Origins of American Football to 1889 . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Allaway , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not ? '' . The USA Soccer History Archives . Dave Litterer . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Football Timelines ( 1860 -- present ) '' . Football Canada . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline 1860s '' . Official Site of the Canadian Football League . Canadian Football League . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Football '' . The History of Sports . Saperecom. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 1800s '' . Rutgers Through The Years . Rutgers University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` No Christian End ! The Beginnings of Football in America '' ( PDF ) . The Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` History -- CFL.ca -- Official Site of the Canadian Football League '' . CFL.ca . Archived from the original on 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` gridiron football ( sport ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . britannica.com . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camp and His Followers : American Football 1876 -- 1889 '' ( PDF ) . The Journey to Camp : The Origins of American Football to 1889 . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Tom ( 1976 ) . The Pro Style : The Complete Guide to Understanding National Football League Strategy . Los Angeles : National Football League Properties , Inc. , Creative Services Division . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Watterson , John ( 2001 ) . `` Tiny Maxwell and the Crisis of 1905 : The Making of a Gridiron Myth '' ( PDF ) . College Football Historical Society . LA 84 Foundation : 54 -- 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 08 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark ( Ed . ) ( 2000 ) . ABC Sports College Football All - Time All - America Team . New York : Hyperion Books . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6710 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 18 . History of the Grey Cup Jump up ^ CFL.ca History , Timeline , 1920 Archived June 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History of the RFU '' . RFU . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The governing body is the `` Fédération de soccer du Québec '' `` . Federation-soccer.qc.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Stories Soccer to become football in Australia ( SMH.com.au . December 17 , 2004 ) `` ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football . '' Jump up ^ `` NZ Football -- The Local Name Of The Global Game '' . NZFootball.co.nz. April 27 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2009 . The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football Jump up ^ `` new name & logo for Samoan football '' . Sportingpulse.com. 2009 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Football progress in Samoa '' . Samoaobserver.ws . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Survey : approximately 250 million footballers worldwide '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Frederick ; Cantu , Robert ; Van Camp , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Team Sports '' . Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports . Champaign : Human Kinetics . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 87322 - 674 - 7 . Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US $400 billion world wide . 80 % of this is generated in Europe , though its popularity is growing in the United States . It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s , and that number is increasing . In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? '' . Harris Interactive . 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX Was Most Watched Show In TV History '' . NPR . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4174.0 -- Sports Attendance , Australia , April 1999 '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 4174.0 -- Sports Attendance , Australia , 2005 -- 06 '' . Abs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Significance of Sport '' ( PDF ) . The Economic and Social Research Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Initiative 's latest ViewerTrack TM study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena , while globally the Super Bowl was the most watched sporting event of 2005 '' . Finfacts.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton . But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code . Jump up ^ In 1845 , the first rules of rugby were written by Rugby School pupils . But various rules of rugby had existed until the foundation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871 . Jump up ^ There are Canadian rules ( 1 ) established by Football Canada . Apart from this , there are also rules ( 2 ) established by IFAF . Jump up ^ Some historians support the theory that the primary influence was rugby football and other games emanating from English public schools . On the other hand , there are also historians who support the theory that Australian rules football and Gaelic Football have some common origins . See Origins of Australian rules football . Jump up ^ Summers , Mark . `` The Disability Football Directory '' . Jump up ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2006 ) . `` Breaking The Codes '' . RL1908.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2006 . References Find more aboutFootballat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Eisenberg , Christiane and Pierre Lanfranchi , eds. ( 2006 ) : Football History : International Perspectives ; Special Issue , Historical Social Research 31 , no . 1 . 312 pages . Green , Geoffrey ( 1953 ) ; The History of the Football Association ; Naldrett Press , London Mandelbaum , Michael ( 2004 ) ; The Meaning of Sports ; Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 252 - 1 Williams , Graham ( 1994 ) ; The Code War ; Yore Publications , ISBN 1 - 874427 - 65 - 8 hide Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football AFLX Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Jegichagi La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Yubi lakpi Rugby codes Beach Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag mini sevens snow tag touch tens Touch Wheelchair Bat - and - ball games Baseball Brännboll British baseball Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the - line Pesäpallo Rounders Softball Fastpitch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Vitilla Wiffle ball Wireball Stick and ball sports Bando Cammag Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty -- Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box / indoor field intercrosse women 's Ritinis Shinty Shinty -- Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Moscow Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge underwater Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in - line quad Rossall hockey Shinny Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Polo sports Auto polo Cowboy polo Cycle polo Elephant polo Horseball Motoball Pato Polo Arena polo chovgan snow polo Polocrosse Segway polo Yak polo Net sports Ball badminton Beach tennis Biribol Bossaball Fistball Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Jianzi Jokgu Newcomb ball Peteca Sepak takraw Throwball Volleyball beach paralympic Other sports Airsoft Angleball Balle à la main Ballon au poing Basque pelota frontenis jai alai xare Bo - taoshi Boules Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bowls Jeu provençal Pétanque Raffa Buzkashi Combat ( juggling ) Curling wheelchair Cycle ball Digor Dodgeball Flickerball Gateball Goalball Guts Handball beach Czech field Hornussen Ice stock sport Jereed Kabaddi indoor beach Kho kho Kin - Ball Lagori Longue paume Makura - Nage Mesoamerican ballgame Paintball Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Rollball Roller derby Slahal Snow snake Synchronized skating Synchronized swimming Tamburello Tchoukball beach Tejo Tug of war Ulama Ultimate Underwater football Underwater rugby Valencian pilota Llargues Water polo canoe inner tube beach Waboba Whirlyball Woodball Yukigassen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football&oldid=846417472 '' Categories : Ball games Football Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles containing French - language text Broad - concept articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Hausa ಕನ್ನಡ Latina 日本 語 Novial ଓଡ଼ିଆ Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where was football first played in the world
|
[
"The earliest form of football can be traced back to China (Han dynasty), originating from cuju, an ancient Chinese football game, as recognized by FIFA.[3][4][5] Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century.[6][7] The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire.[8] By the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.[9] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.[10]"
] |
[
"China"
] |
7692398815301295063
|
Indian Accounting Standards
|
Indian Accounting Standards - Wikipedia Indian Accounting Standards Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Indian Accounting Standard ( abbreviated as Ind - AS ) is the Accounting standard adopted by companies in India and issued under the supervision and control of Accounting Standards Board ( ASB ) , which was constituted as a body in the year 1977 . ASB is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) which consists of representatives from government department , academicians , other professional bodies viz . ICAI , representatives from ASSOCHAM , CII , FICCI , etc . The Ind AS are named and numbered in the same way as the corresponding International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards ( NACAS ) recommend these standards to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs ( MCA ) . MCA has to spell out the accounting standards applicable for companies in India . As on date MCA has notified 41 Ind AS . This shall be applied to the companies of financial year 2015 - 16 voluntarily and from 2016 - 17 on a mandatory basis . Based on the international consensus , the regulators will separately notify the date of implementation of Ind - AS for the banks , insurance companies etc . Standards for the computation of Tax has been notified as ICDS in February 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Applicability 2.1 Mandatory Applicability from Accounting Period beginning on or after 1st April 2016 2.2 Mandatory Applicability from Accounting Period beginning on or after 1st April 2017 3 List of Indian Accounting Standards 4 Provisions 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) India was following accounting standards from Indian Generally Acceptable Accounting Principle ( IGAAP ) prior to adoption of the Ind - AS . Applicability ( edit ) Companies shall follow Ind AS either Voluntarily or Mandatorily . Once a company follows Ind AS , either mandatorily or voluntarily , it ca n't revert to old method of Accounting . Mandatory applicability from Accounting period beginning on or after 1st april 2016 ( edit ) Every Company with Net worth of not less than ₹ 5 billion ( $73.4 million ) . Mandatory applicability from Accounting period beginning on or after 1st april 2017 ( edit ) Every Listed Company . Unlisted Companies with Net Worth of not less than ₹ 2.5 billion ( $36.7 million ) and not more than ₹ 5 billion ( $73.4 million ) . List of Indian Accounting Standards ( edit ) Ind As No . Name of Indian Accounting Standard Ind AS 101 First - time Ind AS 102 Share Based Ind AS 103 Business Combination Ind AS 104 Insurance Contracts Ind AS 105 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Ind AS 106 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Ind AS 107 Financial Instruments : Disclosures Ind AS 108 Operating Segments Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments Ind AS 110 Consolidated Financial Statements Ind AS 111 Joint Arrangements Ind AS 112 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities Ind AS 113 Fair Value Measurement Ind AS 114 Regulatory Deferral Accounts Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers Ind AS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements Ind AS 2 Inventories Ind AS 7 Statement of Cash Flows Ind AS 8 Accounting Policies , Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Ind AS 10 Events after Reporting Period Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts Ind AS 12 Income Taxes Ind AS 16 Property , Plant and Equipment Ind AS 17 Leases Ind AS 18 Revenue Ind AS 19 Employee Benefits Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance Ind AS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Ind AS 23 Borrowing Costs Ind AS 24 Related Party Disclosures Ind AS 27 Separate Financial Statements Ind AS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures Ind AS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyper inflationary Economies Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments : Presentation Ind AS 33 Earnings per Share Ind AS 34 Interim Financial Reporting Ind AS 36 Impairment of Assets Ind AS 37 Provisions , Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Ind AS 38 Intangible Assets Ind AS 40 Investment Property Ind AS 41 Agriculture Provisions ( edit ) Ind - AS is in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . Ind - AS 107 deals with disclosures related to financial instruments and related risks and the policies for managing such risks . See also ( edit ) Nepal Financial Reporting Standards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Indian Accounting Standards Converged with IFRS Notified '' . Press Information Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` How new accounting standards will impact Indian companies '' , The Economic Times , 14 July 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind - AS to raise June quarter tax liabilities by 20 % '' , The Economic Times , 13 April 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind AS requires 3,000 disclosures for fair picture of cos '' , Business Standard , 24 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Company ( Inaian Accounting Standard ) Rules , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ministry Of Corporate Affairs - Indian Accounting Standards '' . www.mca.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Corporates put restructuring , mergers , de-mergers within organisation on hold '' , The Economic Times , 27 May 2016 This India - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Accounting_Standards&oldid=801858800 '' Categories : Accounting standards Accounting in India Accounting principles by country India stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 10 : 28 . About Wikipedia
|
who is responsible for issuing accounting standard in india
|
[
"Indian Accounting Standard (abbreviated as Ind-AS) is the Accounting standard adopted by companies in India and issued under the supervision and control of Accounting Standards Board (ASB), which was constituted as a body in the year 1977. ASB is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which consists of representatives from government department, academicians, other professional bodies viz. ICAI, representatives from ASSOCHAM, CII, FICCI, etc."
] |
[
"Accounting Standards Board"
] |
-3961011143741601787
|
The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man
|
The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man - wikipedia The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man Author James Weldon Johnson Country United States Language English Genre African American Novel Publisher Sherman , French , & Co . Publication date 1912 Pages 236 The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man ( 1912 / 1927 ) by James Weldon Johnson is the fictional account of a young biracial man , referred to only as the `` Ex-Colored Man , '' living in post-Reconstruction era America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . He lives through a variety of experiences , including witnessing a lynching , that convince him to `` pass '' as white to secure his safety and advancement , but he feels as if he has given up his dream of `` glorifying '' the black race by composing ragtime music . Contents 1 History 2 Plot summary 2.1 Early life 2.2 Time with the Rich White Gentleman 2.3 The lynching 2.4 Passing 3 Themes 3.1 Race , Passing , and the Tragic mulatto 4 Reception and later criticism 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Johnson originally published The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man anonymously in 1912 , via the small Boston publisher Sherman , French , & Company . He decided to publish it anonymously because he was uncertain how the potentially controversial book would affect his diplomatic career . He wrote openly about issues of race and discrimination that were not common then in literature . The book 's initial public reception was poor . It was republished in 1927 , with some minor wording changes , by Alfred A. Knopf , an influential firm that published many Harlem Renaissance writers , and Johnson was credited as the author . Despite the title , the book is a novel . It is drawn from the lives of people Johnson knew and from events in his life . Johnson 's text is an example of a roman à clef . Plot summary ( edit ) The novel begins with a frame tale in which the unnamed narrator describes the narrative that follows as `` the great secret of my life . '' The narrator notes that he is taking a substantial risk by composing the narrative , but that it is one he feels compelled to record , regardless . The narrator also chooses to withhold the name of the small Georgia town where his narrative begins , as there are still living residents of the town who might be able to connect him to the narrative . Throughout the novel , the adult narrator from the frame interjects into the text to offer reflective commentary into the events of the narrative . Early life ( edit ) Born shortly after the Civil War in a small Georgia town , the narrator 's African - American mother protected him as a child and teenager . The narrator 's father , a wealthy white member of the Southern aristocracy , is absent throughout the narrator 's childhood but , nevertheless , continues to provide financial support for the narrator and his mother . Because of that financial support , she had the means to raise her son in an environment more middle - class than many blacks could enjoy at the time . The narrator describes learning to love music at a young age as well as attending an integrated school . It is through his attendance at this school that the narrator first realizes he is African - American and thus subject to ridicule and mistreatment for his racial heritage . This `` discovery '' occurs when he is publicly corrected by his teacher and the headmaster when he stands when `` the white scholars '' ( schoolchildren ) are asked to stand . Returning from school , the distraught narrator confronts his mother , asking her if he is a `` nigger . '' His mother reassures him , however , noting that while she is not white , `` your father is one of the greatest men in the country -- the best blood of the South is in you . '' The narrator notes that this event became a racial awakening and loss of innocence that caused him to suddenly begin searching for -- and finding -- faults in himself and his mother , setting the stage for his eventual decision ( though far in the future ) to `` pass '' as a white man . While in school , the narrator also grows to admire and befriends `` Shiny , '' an unmistakably African - American boy , who is described as one of the brightest and best - spoken children in the class . After the narrator 's mother dies , he becomes a poor orphan and subject to harsh conditions . He adapted very well to life with lower - class blacks and was able to move easily among the classes of black society . During this carefree period , he taught music and attended church , where he came in contact with upper - class blacks . Living in an all black community , he discovers and describes three classes of blacks : the desperate , the domestics , and the independent workmen or professionals . The Ex-Colored Man believed the desperate class consists of poor blacks who loathe the whites . The domestic worker class comprises blacks who work as servants to whites . And the artisans , skilled workers , and black professionals class included blacks who had little interaction with the whites . Many white readers , who viewed all blacks as a stereotype of a single class , were unfamiliar with class distinctions described among blacks . Time with the Rich white gentleman ( edit ) While playing ragtime at a late night hot spot in New York , the Ex-Colored Man caught the attention of a wealthy white gentleman . The gentleman 's liking for ragtime develops as liking for the Ex-Colored Man himself . The white gentleman hired him to play ragtime piano for guests at parties . Soon the Ex-Colored Man spent most of his time working for the white gentleman , who paid him to play ragtime music for hours at a time . He would play until the white gentleman would say `` that will do . '' The Ex-Colored man would tire after the long hours but would continue playing as he saw the joy and serenity he brought the white gentleman . The white gentleman frequently `` loaned '' the Ex-Colored Man out to other people to play at their parties . The gentleman was not `` loaning '' him out as a piece of property , but simply giving the narrator a broader palette to display his talents . The Ex-Colored man saw how the rich lived ; he was thrilled to live in this lifestyle . The Rich White Gentleman influenced the Ex-Colored Man more than anyone else he met . In his relationship toward the Rich White Man he was aware of aspects of the slave / master , but saw there was also one of friendship . While he was with the white gentleman , the Ex-Colored Man decided he would use his skills to aid in abolitionism . Even though life was pleasant , it was void of substance ; using his music to aid poor African Americans he felt would be a better use of his talents . The Ex-Colored Man continued to show devotion to the white gentleman , as the white gentleman treated him with kindness , which eventually led to the forming a friendship while in Paris . The Ex-Colored Man 's devotion to the white gentleman expresses the relationship that some slaves had with their masters ( slaves who showed devotion to the slave - owner ) . Johnson suggests that , although the Ex-Colored Man had `` freedom , '' he was still suffering from the effects of slavery . After playing for the white gentleman while touring Europe , the Ex-Colored Man decided to leave him and return to the South to study Negro spirituals . He planned to use his knowledge of classical and ragtime music to create a new Black American musical genre . He wanted to `` bring glory and honor to the Negro race , '' to return to his heritage , and proud and self - righteous race . Many critics have suspected that the Rich White Gentleman may not be white but is passing , as well . His love for ragtime music and his conviction that the Ex-Colored Man not embrace his blackness to pursue a career as a definitively black composer could be used to argue that he experienced inner turmoil with his racial identity similar to that experienced by the Ex-Colored Man . James Weldon Johnson The narrator 's time in Paris , however , is cut short when he goes to see a performance of Faust , during which he sits next to a beautiful young woman for whom he initially expresses great admiration . However , throughout the performance , he notices the young woman speaking to an older couple whom she refers to as `` mother '' and `` father . '' The narrator is shocked when he recognizes the man as his own , wealthy white father , whom he has not seen for ten years , and realizes that the two women must be the man 's lawful wife and daughter , making the young woman the narrator 's biological half - sister . This event leaves a deep impression upon the narrator and causes him to decide to leave the company of his patron ( the Rich White Gentleman ) to return to the United States on his mission of advancing African - American musical forms . The lynching ( edit ) Just as the Ex-Colored Man began to work on his music in the South , he witnessed the lynching of a black man . The crowd wanted to hang the man but burned him instead . The Ex-Colored Man narrates in detail what he saw , `` He squirmed , he withered , strained at his chains , then gave out cries and groans that I shall always hear . '' The narrator is horrified by the extent of this violent racism played out in the town square . He continues , `` The cries and groans were choked off by the fire and smoke ; but his eyes , bulging from their sockets , rolled from side to side , appealing in vain for help . '' The scene that day stuck vividly in his mind and burned a sharp image in his brain . He finishes with , `` Some of the crowd yelled and cheered , others seemed appalled at what they had done , and there were those who turned away sickened at sight . I was fixed to the spot where I stood powerless to take my eyes from what I did not want to see '' . Many critics believe that Johnson wrote this scene to heighten awareness of and opposition to lynchings . The turn of the century was the peak of lynchings conducted against blacks , mostly in the South , in the period when southern states disfranchised blacks through new constitutions and practices such as poll taxes , literacy tests , grandfather clauses and white primaries . Michael Berube writes , `` there is no question that Johnson wrote the book , in large part , to try to stem the tide of lynchings sweeping the nation . '' After the lynching , the Ex-Colored Man decides to `` pass '' as white . He gives up his dream of making music to glorify his race and thinks he does not want to be `` identified with people that could with impunity be treated worse than animals , '' or with people who could treat other humans that way . He simply wishes to remain neutral . The Ex-Colored Man declares that he `` would neither disclaim the black race nor claim the white race . '' Passing ( edit ) Grace Nail Johnson , wife of the author , in Panama where he was posted as a diplomat The world accepted the Ex-Colored Man as white . Our narrator has been `` passing '' as a white man for the remainder of his life , and titles his autobiographical narrative `` Ex-Colored Man . '' At the same time , the narrator learns that his childhood friend , `` Shiny , '' is now teaching as a professor at a Negro college , suggesting a contrast between himself , who has chosen to pass , and Shiny , who has embraced his African - American heritage . The narrator eventually begins a courtship with a white woman , causing an internal dilemma as to whether or not to reveal his African - American heritage , and he asks her to marry him . After the two have a chance meeting with Shiny , in which the narrator is `` surprised at the amount of interest a refined black man could arouse , '' the narrator decides to reveal his secret to her . At first shocked , she flees , and the narrator resolves to give her her space and let her make up her mind . Eventually , she returns to him , having absorbed his revelation and chosen to accept him . They are eventually married and have two children , and the narrator lives out his life as a successful yet mediocre businessman . His wife dies during the birth of their second child , leaving the narrator alone to raise their two children . At the end of the book , the Ex-colored Man says : `` My love for my children makes me glad that I am what I am , and keeps me from desiring to be otherwise ; and yet , when I sometimes open a little box in which I still keep my fast yellowing manuscripts , the only tangible remnants of a vanished dream , a dead ambition , a sacrificed talent , I can not repress the thought , that after all , I have chosen the lesser part , that I have sold my birthright for a mess of pottage . '' `` Passing '' could be interpreted as a decision to avoid the black race . He states that he `` regrets holding himself back . '' He may have been implying that if he had , he embraced the Negro community and let the community embrace him , that he could have made a difference . The Ex-Colored Man was one of the few people who was not held back by being black . He had a strong education , smart wits , and light skin . The masses all assumed he was white . However , his talent was in black music . Because of his fear of being a Negro , he threw away his talent as a musician to `` become '' a white man . This is one portrayal of the social strains due to racial discrimination ; he felt that society forced him to choose between his love of African - American music and the safety and convenience of being white with the majority . The white gentleman fully accepted the Ex-Colored Man for who he was , but he feared that others would not . He decided to protect his mixed - race children by having them grow up `` white . '' He wanted to give them every advantage he could . Themes ( edit ) Race , passing , and the Tragic mulatto ( edit ) The narrator in some ways reflects the trope of the Tragic mulatto , however , rather than suffering a catastrophic downfall ; as a result , the narrator 's tragedy is much more subversive . The `` Ex-colored Man '' is compelled by fear , not only for himself but for his children 's sake ( so they can grow up `` white '' ) , to exist in degraded mediocrity , despite his apparent potential and lofty goals of advancing the African - American race . In this way , his boyhood friend , `` Shiny , '' and his symbolic name , act as a foil for the narrator . The narrator has admired since childhood , his inability to `` pass '' forces him to accomplish , rather than merely aspire as the narrator does . At the end of the novel , Shiny has risen to refinement and prestige while embracing his racial heritage and contributing to the community , while the narrator is relegated to mediocrity and obscurity , unable to risk revealing his racial background . A major shift in the plot occurs during a performance of `` Faust '' in Paris , when the narrator sees his wealthy white father and his legitimate family , including his biological half - sister . Throughout the novel , the narrator is locked in a continual cycle of bargaining . The final bargain is trading his aspirations and talents for mediocrity to `` pass '' and allow his children to pass , raising the question as to whether this is damnation or continual striving . Reception and later criticism ( edit ) Knowing , as we do today , the multiple obstacles successfully surmounted by the black community it is hard to accept the premise that it is `` most natural '' to marry a lighter skinned person to advance one 's position in society . At the same time , it is hard to fault the desire to live a relatively happy , and by far safer , life as a `` white man . '' -- David Burn ( Poet , Critic , and Storyteller ) This scene is interesting not so much for the way the stereotypical attitudes of the Northerner and Southerner are depicted , but rather for what it fails to disclose and for the way the Jew and the narrator himself are positioned as the scene unfolds . What the narrator does not reveal is that the smoking - compartment is , undoubtedly , for whites only . This is , after all , a portrayal of the Deep South at the turn of the twentieth century . The narrator is clearly `` passing . '' As a `` black '' man , he would be denied access to such a space , a ( purportedly ) all - white and all - male hegemonic site . It is only by virtue of his `` light skin '' and the assumption of whiteness that he is privy to the discussion at all . -- Catherine Rottenberg The impetus fueling Johnson 's narrative experiment seems clearer if one summons to view the African - American male writers tradition . In his autobiography , ' Along This Way ( 1933 ) , ' Johnson maintains that he expected that the title , ' The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man , ' would immediately reveal the work 's ironic inflections and implicit relationship to prevailing discourses on black male subjectivity . He writes : `` When I chose the title , it was without the slightest doubt that its meaning would be perfectly clear to anyone . '' ( 238 ) . Although Johnson 's ironic title borders on satire , the discursive subversion marked by satire is meaningless without a clear contextualization of the black male literary enterprise upon which satire would , as it were , `` signify . '' -- Heather Russell Andrade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anonymous ( James Weldon Johnson ) ( 1912 ) . The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man ( First ed . ) . Boston : Sherman , French & Company . Jump up ^ Roberts , Brian . Artistic Ambassadors . pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Andrews , William L. `` Introduction '' . The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man . Penguin . p. 6 . ISBN 9780140184020 . Jump up ^ National Humanities Center . `` The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man by James Weldon Johnson : Excerpted , and illustrations added , by the National Humanities Center for use in a Professional Development Seminar '' ( PDF ) . National Humanities Center . Jump up ^ Johnson , James Weldon ( 1927 ) . The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man . Knopf . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 '' . The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man . p. 1147 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 '' . The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 11 '' . The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man . p. 1158 . Jump up ^ Burn , David . `` Economic necessity and Racial Identity in The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man '' . DavidBurn.com . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Catherine . `` Race and ethnicity in The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and The Rise of David Levinsky : the performative difference '' . findarticles.cm . Jump up ^ Russell , Heather . `` Revising critical judgments of The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man '' . Findarticles.cm . External links ( edit ) African - American portal Novels portal The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man ( full text ) at ibiblio.org `` The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man , transcript accompanied by audio narration '' . University of South Florida . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man public domain audiobook at LibriVox Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Autobiography_of_an_Ex-Colored_Man&oldid=835616633 '' Categories : 1912 American novels African - American novels Existentialist novels Works published anonymously Novels set in New York City Southern United States in fiction Works by James Weldon Johnson Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Books with missing cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles that may contain original research from June 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
james weldon johnson autobiography of an ex colored man summary
|
[] |
[] |
966087185694790541
|
Social research
|
Social research - wikipedia Social research For the journal , see Social Research ( journal ) . Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan . Social research methodologies can be classified as quantitative or qualitative . Quantitative designs approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence , and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases ( or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment ) to create valid and reliable general claims . Related to quantity . Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation , communication with participants , or analysis of texts , and may stress contextual subjective accuracy over generality . Related to quality . While methods may be classified as quantitative or qualitative , most methods contain elements of both . For example , qualitative data analysis often involves a fairly structured approach to coding the raw data into systematic information , and quantifying intercoder reliability . Thus , there is often a more complex relationship between `` qualitative '' and `` quantitative '' approaches than would be suggested by drawing a simple distinction between them . Social scientists employ a range of methods in order to analyse a vast breadth of social phenomena : from census survey data derived from millions of individuals , to the in - depth analysis of a single agent 's social experiences ; from monitoring what is happening on contemporary streets , to the investigation of ancient historical documents . Methods rooted in classical sociology and statistics have formed the basis for research in other disciplines , such as political science , media studies , program evaluation and market research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Sampling 3 Methodological assumptions 4 Guidelines for `` good research '' 5 Ethics 5.1 Respect for persons 5.2 Beneficence 5.3 Justice 6 Types of method 7 Foundations of social research 7.1 Sociological positivism 7.2 Modern methodologies 8 See also 8.1 Social research organisations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Method ( edit ) Social scientists are divided into camps of support for particular research techniques . These disputes relate to the historical core of social theory ( positivism and antipositivism ; structure and agency ) . While very different in many aspects , both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theory and data . The choice of method often depends largely on what the researcher intends to investigate . For example , a researcher concerned with drawing a statistical generalization across an entire population may administer a survey questionnaire to a representative sample population . By contrast , a researcher who seeks full contextual understanding of an individuals ' social actions may choose ethnographic participant observation or open - ended interviews . Studies will commonly combine , or ' triangulate ' , quantitative and qualitative methods as part of a ' multi-strategy ' design . Sampling ( edit ) Typically a population is very large , making a census or a complete enumeration of all the values in that population infeasible . A ' sample ' thus forms a manageable subset of a population . In positivist research , statistics derived from a sample are analysed in order to draw inferences regarding the population as a whole . The process of collecting information from a sample is referred to as ' sampling ' . Sampling methods may be either ' random ' ( random sampling , systematic sampling , stratified sampling , cluster sampling ) or non-random / nonprobability ( convenience sampling , purposive sampling , snowball sampling ) . The most common reason for sampling is to obtain information about a population . Sampling is quicker and cheaper than a complete census of a population . Methodological assumptions ( edit ) Social research is based on logic and empirical observations . Charles C. Ragin writes in his Constructing Social Research book that `` Social research involved the interaction between ideas and evidence . Ideas help social researchers make sense of evidence , and researchers use evidence to extend , revise and test ideas . '' Social research thus attempts to create or validate theories through data collection and data analysis , and its goal is exploration , description , explanation , and prediction . It should never lead or be mistaken with philosophy or belief . Social research aims to find social patterns of regularity in social life and usually deals with social groups ( aggregates of individuals ) , not individuals themselves ( although science of psychology is an exception here ) . Research can also be divided into pure research and applied research . Pure research has no application on real life , whereas applied research attempts to influence the real world . There are no laws in social science that parallel the laws in natural science . A law in social science is a universal generalization about a class of facts . A fact is an observed phenomenon , and observation means it has been seen , heard or otherwise experienced by researcher . A theory is a systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of social life . Concepts are the basic building blocks of theory and are abstract elements representing classes of phenomena . Axioms or postulates are basic assertions assumed to be true . Propositions are conclusions drawn about the relationships among concepts , based on analysis of axioms . Hypotheses are specified expectations about empirical reality derived from propositions . Social research involves testing these hypotheses to see if they are true . Social research involves creating a theory , operationalization ( measurement of variables ) and observation ( actual collection of data to test hypothesized relationship ) . Social theories are written in the language of variables , in other words , theories describe logical relationships between variables . Variables are logical sets of attributes , with people being the `` carriers '' of those variables ( for example , gender can be a variable with two attributes : male and female ) . Variables are also divided into independent variables ( data ) that influences the dependent variables ( which scientists are trying to explain ) . For example , in a study of how different dosages of a drug are related to the severity of symptoms of a disease , a measure of the severity of the symptoms of the disease is a dependent variable and the administration of the drug in specified doses is the independent variable . Researchers will compare the different values of the dependent variable ( severity of the symptoms ) and attempt to draw conclusions . Guidelines for `` good research '' ( edit ) When social scientists speak of `` good research '' the guidelines refer to how the science is mentioned and understood . It does not refer to how what the results are but how they are figured . Glenn Firebaugh summarizes the principles for good research in his book Seven Rules for Social Research . The first rule is that `` There should be the possibility of surprise in social research . '' As Firebaugh ( p. 1 ) elaborates : `` Rule 1 is intended to warn that you do n't want to be blinded by preconceived ideas so that you fail to look for contrary evidence , or you fail to recognize contrary evidence when you do encounter it , or you recognize contrary evidence but suppress it and refuse to accept your findings for what they appear to say . '' In addition , good research will `` look for differences that make a difference '' ( Rule 2 ) and `` build in reality checks '' ( Rule 3 ) . Rule 4 advises researchers to replicate , that is , `` to see if identical analyses yield similar results for different samples of people '' ( p. 90 ) . The next two rules urge researchers to `` compare like with like '' ( Rule 5 ) and to `` study change '' ( Rule 6 ) ; these two rules are especially important when researchers want to estimate the effect of one variable on another ( e.g. how much does college education actually matter for wages ? ) . The final rule , `` Let method be the servant , not the master , '' reminds researchers that methods are the means , not the end , of social research ; it is critical from the outset to fit the research design to the research issue , rather than the other way around . Explanations in social theories can be idiographic or nomothetic . An idiographic approach to an explanation is one where the scientists seek to exhaust the idiosyncratic causes of a particular condition or event , i.e. by trying to provide all possible explanations of a particular case . Nomothetic explanations tend to be more general with scientists trying to identify a few causal factors that impact a wide class of conditions or events . For example , when dealing with the problem of how people choose a job , idiographic explanation would be to list all possible reasons why a given person ( or group ) chooses a given job , while nomothetic explanation would try to find factors that determine why job applicants in general choose a given job . Research in science and in social science is a long , slow and difficult process that sometimes produces false results because of methodological weaknesses and in rare cases because of fraud , so that reliance on any one study is inadvisable . Ethics ( edit ) Main article : Human subject research The ethics of social research are shared with those of medical research . In the United States , these are formalized by the Belmont report as : Respect for persons ( edit ) The principle of respect for persons holds that ( a ) individuals should be respected as autonomous agents capable of making their own decisions , and that ( b ) subjects with diminished autonomy deserve special considerations . A cornerstone of this principle is the use of informed consent . Beneficence ( edit ) The principle of beneficence holds that ( a ) the subjects of research should be protected from harm , and , ( b ) the research should bring tangible benefits to society . By this definition , research with no scientific merit is automatically considered unethical . Justice ( edit ) The principle of justice states the benefits of research should be distributed fairly . The definition of fairness used is case - dependent , varying between `` ( 1 ) to each person an equal share , ( 2 ) to each person according to individual need , ( 3 ) to each person according to individual effort , ( 4 ) to each person according to societal contribution , and ( 5 ) to each person according to merit . '' Types of method ( edit ) The following list of research methods is not exhaustive : Statistical -- quantitative methods Cluster analysis Correlation and association Multivariate statistics Regression analysis Social network analysis Social sequence analysis Surveys and questionnaire Structural equation modeling Survey research Quantitative marketing research Qualitative methods Analytic induction Case study Ethnography Life history Morphological analysis Most significant change technique Participant observation Textual analysis Unstructured interview Mixed methods Archival research Content analysis Longitudinal study Focus group Historical method Semi-structured interview Structured interview Triangulation ( social science ) Foundations of social research ( edit ) Sociological positivism ( edit ) The origin of the survey can be traced back at least early as the Domesday Book in 1086 , while some scholars pinpoint the origin of demography to 1663 with the publication of John Graunt 's Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality . Social research began most intentionally , however , with the positivist philosophy of science in the early 19th century . Émile Durkheim Statistical sociological research , and indeed the formal academic discipline of sociology , began with the work of Émile Durkheim ( 1858 -- 1917 ) . While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte 's philosophy , he retained and refined its method , maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity , and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity , rationalism , and approach to causality . Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 , publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method ( 1895 ) . In this text he argued : `` ( o ) ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct ... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism . '' Durkheim 's seminal monograph , Suicide ( 1897 ) , a case study of suicide rates among Catholic and Protestant populations , distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy . By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts , he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than that of Protestants , something he attributed to social ( as opposed to individual or psychological ) causes . He developed the notion of objective suis generis `` social facts '' to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study . Through such studies he posited that sociology would be able to determine whether any given society is ' healthy ' or ' pathological ' , and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or `` social anomie '' . For Durkheim , sociology could be described as the `` science of institutions , their genesis and their functioning '' . Modern methodologies ( edit ) In the mid-20th century there was a general -- but not universal -- trend for U.S. American sociology to be more scientific in nature , due to the prominence at that time of action theory and other system - theoretical approaches . Robert K. Merton released his Social Theory and Social Structure ( 1949 ) . By the turn of the 1960s , sociological research was increasingly employed as a tool by governments and businesses worldwide . Sociologists developed new types of quantitative and qualitative research methods . Paul Lazarsfeld founded Columbia University 's Bureau of Applied Social Research , where he exerted a tremendous influence over the techniques and the organization of social research . His many contributions to sociological method have earned him the title of the `` founder of modern empirical sociology '' . Lazarsfeld made great strides in statistical survey analysis , panel methods , latent structure analysis , and contextual analysis . Many of his ideas have been so influential as to now be considered self - evident . Social sciences Primary Anthropology archaeology cultural linguistics social Economics microeconomics macroeconomics Geography human integrative History cultural economic military political social Law jurisprudence legal history legal systems Political science international relations psephology public administration public policy Psychology abnormal biological cognitive developmental personality social Sociology criminology demography internet rural urban Interdisciplinary Anthrozoology Area studies Business studies Cognitive science Communication studies Community studies Cultural studies Development studies Education Environmental ( social science studies ) Food studies Gender studies Global studies History of technology Human ecology Information science International studies Media studies Philosophy of science economics history psychology social science Planning land use regional urban Political ecology Political economy Public health Regional science Science and technology studies Science studies historical Social work Other categorizations Humanities Geisteswissenschaft Human science Index Journals Outline Wikiversity See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Analytic frame Behavioural science Cognitive science Criminology Demography Engaged theory History of social science History of sociology Positivism Program evaluation Scale ( social sciences ) Social psychology Statistics Unobtrusive measures Social research organisations ( edit ) Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information , United States Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities Economic and Social Research Council , United Kingdom ( Research Funding Council ) National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology , Algeria IBI Partners , Asia Pacific Institute for Public Policy and Social Research , United States Institute for Social Research , Germany JamJar Story , The Digital Archive , United Kingdom Mada al - Carmel , The Arab Center for Applied Social Research , Haifa , Israel Mass Observation , United Kingdom Matrix Knowledge Group , United Kingdom Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research , Australia National Centre for Social Research , United Kingdom National Opinion Research Center , United States New School for Social Research , New York City The Social Research Unit , Dartington , United Kingdom Social Science Research Network TARKI Social Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shackman , Gene . What is Program Evaluation , A Beginner 's Guide . Module 3 . Methods . The Global Social Change Research Project . 2009 . Available at http://www.ideas-int.org . See Resources . Jump up ^ Elizabeth H Bradley ; Leslie A Curry ; Kelly J Devers ( August 2007 ) . `` Qualitative Data Analysis for Health Services Research : Developing Taxonomy , Themes , and Theory '' . Health Serv Res. 42 ( 4 ) : 1758 -- 1772 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 6773.2006. 00684. x . PMC 1955280 . PMID 17286625 . ^ Jump up to : Haralambos & Holborn . Sociology : Themes and perspectives ( 2004 ) 6th ed , Collins Educational . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 715447 - 0 . Chapter 14 : Methods Jump up ^ `` This was the biggest political science study of last year . It was a complete fraud '' . Vox . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont report '' . The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . April 18 , 1979 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ A.H. Halsey ( 2004 ) , A history of sociology in Britain : science , literature , and society , p. 34 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Duncan Mitchell ( 1970 ) , A new dictionary of sociology , p. 201 Jump up ^ Willcox , Walter ( 1938 ) The Founder of Statistics . ^ Jump up to : Wacquant , Loic. 1992 . `` Positivism '' . In Bottomore , Tom and William Outhwaite , ed. , The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth - Century Social Thought Jump up ^ Gianfranco Poggi ( 2000 ) . Durkheim . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Durkheim , Emile . 1895 . Rules of the Sociological Method . Cited in Wacquant ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Durkheim , Émile ( 1895 ) The Rules of Sociological Method 8th edition , trans . Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller , ed . George E.G. Catlin ( 1938 , 1964 edition ) , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Jeábek , Hynek ( 2001 ) . `` Paul Lazarsfeld -- The Founder of Modern Empirical Sociology : A Research Biography '' . International Journal of Public Opinion Research . 13 : 229 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Lazarsfeld , P.F. , & Henry , N.W. ( 1966 ) . Readings in mathematical social science . Cambridge : MIT Press . Jump up ^ `` The Digital Archive '' . JamJar Story . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Kenneth D. Bailey ( 1994 ) . Methods of Social Research . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 901279 - 6 . Donald H. McBurney ; Theresa L. White ( 2009 ) . Research Methods . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 60219 - 1 . Glenn Firebaugh , Seven Rules for Social Research , Princeton University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13567 - 0 Mills , C. Wright . Appendix to Sociological Imagination ( 1959 ) . Appendix , On Intellectual Craftsmanship , pp. 195 - 226 . In the Sociological Imagination . New York : Oxford University Press . Earl Babbie , The Practice of Social Research , 10th edition , Wadsworth , Thomson Learning Inc. , ISBN 0 - 534 - 62029 - 9 W. Lawrence Neuman , Social Research Methods : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 6th edition , Allyn & Bacon , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 205 - 45793 - 2 External links ( edit ) Free Resources for Social Research Methods Evaluation Portal American Evaluation Association Evaluation Portal Research participant rights Rights Beneficence Justice Respect for persons Privacy for research participants Right to withdraw Return of results Informed consent Human subject research Clinical research Biobank Social research Ethical systems Research ethics Medical ethics Bioethics Clinical research ethics Biobank ethics Guidelines for human subject research List of medical ethics cases Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Common Rule Monitoring in clinical trials Ethics committee Institutional review board Data monitoring committee Community advisory board Émile Durkheim Books Division of Labour in Society ( 1893 ) Rules of Sociological Method ( 1895 ) Suicide ( 1897 ) Elementary Forms of the Religious Life ( 1912 ) Founded Academic sociology L'Année Sociologique Conceptualized and defined Social integration Collective consciousness Mechanical and organic solidarity Social fact Sociology of knowledge Sacred -- profane dichotomy Quantitative methods in criminology Statistical social research Collective effervescence Anomie Related Positivism Totemism History of sociology GND : 4014606 - 6 NDL : 00571923 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_research&oldid=844808129 '' Categories : Social research Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Українська 文言 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 09 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who is the author of book title method in social research
|
[] |
[] |
703526589427369495
|
America's Got Talent
|
America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) . America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 302 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- present ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/ America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom . This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . The series has been renewed through its thirteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 in seasons 1 to 7 , or 4 from season 8 onwards ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts Quarterfinalist Reached Semifinals Reached Finals Fifth Place Fourth Place Third Place Runner - up Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five and after the season ended , became the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal , was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was placed third . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Pending Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 111 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Made Television network , show America 's Got Talent , with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( 2nd Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' ' The X Factor ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' Guys With Kids ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( First Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brooklyn DA ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Million Second Quiz ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Tues ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Weds ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Off ' Adjusted Down ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will get slimed ? '' . SheKnows . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Announced '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Teen Choice Awards Nominations Led By Breaking Dawn & Snow White '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , Justin Bieber Lead 2012 Teen Choice Award Nominations '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees ! '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 Nominees : ' Catching Fire , ' One Direction , Katy Perry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 Nominations -- Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nominations -- Jennifer Lawrence & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Chad . `` Q&A with Jackie Evancho '' , Nashville Parent , June 9 , 2015 ( reprinted here ) Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Got Talent ' Kid Jackie Evancho Makes Chart Impact '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith . `` Under the Covers with Unconventional Stars '' , Billboard magazine , October 20 , 2012 , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; and `` The Nielsen Company & Billboard 's 2011 Music Industry Report '' ( Press Release ) . Nielson Soundscan . Business Wire . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` Mumford Holds at No. 1 , Muse 's 2nd Law Leads Multiple Debuts On Billboard 200 Chart '' , Billboard.biz , October 10 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' Archived September 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2nd week sales 22,654 , Hits Daily Double , October 16 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 3rd week sales 13,173 , Hits Daily Double , October 23 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 4th week sales 9,682 , Hits Daily Double , October 30 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 5th week sales 9,044 , Hits Daily Double , November 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Jackie Evancho Arrives with Awakening '' , Prometheus Global Media , October 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho -- Awakening '' , AcousticSounds.com , October 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of January 7 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed April 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Classical Albums , the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , April 11 , 2017 ; Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 ; and Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Spends Lucky 13th Week At No. 1 , Lindsey Stirling Bows At No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ; `` '' Mi música es para liberarse `` , aseguró la bailarina y violinista que es furor en Youtube '' . LaCapital.com.ar . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; and `` Lindsey Stirling chart history '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Tenors Album & Song Chart History -- Classical Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grace VanderWaal '' , Austin City Limits Music Festival , accessed May 9 , 2017 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` The Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' , Billboard , December 11 , 2016 ( 52,000 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 16 , 2016 ( 14,687 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 23 , 2016 ( 18,972 units ) ; and Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Josh Groban 's Noel & Michael Buble 's Christmas Albums Return '' , Billboard , November 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke . `` What Happened to Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . -- Recent News & Updates '' , The Gazette Review ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) , May 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. : Chart History '' , Billboard , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Clobbers Akon , Takes Albums Chart News '' . VH1.com . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 2 Most Successful Independent In Sales -- Heavyweight Dj Forums -- Los Angeles '' . Heavyweightdj.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Danny ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Cas Haley ( interview ) '' . MalibuMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Notches Ninth Week At # 1 On Billboard -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moen , Nancy . `` MIZZOU Magazine -- Heartland star '' . Mizzoumag.missouri.edu . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex . `` In Full : ' Britain 's Got Talent ' Top 40 '' . DigitalSpy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young opera singer who stunned America with her voice wins Romania 's Got Talent '' . Romania - Insider . Business Insider SRL . June 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia World 's Got Talent ( cancelled ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( 2018 ) Making It ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( 2018 ) Rise ( 2018 ) VIAF : 182955646 LCCN : no2009048452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=817304946 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series America 's Got Talent American television series based on British television series American variety television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who was the youngest to win americas got talent
|
[] |
[] |
-1912413970797356489
|
Agriculture classification of crops
|
Agriculture classification of crops - wikipedia Agriculture classification of crops This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are many systems of classification of crops for example commercial , taxonomical and agricultural among the agriculture classification of corrupt crops is most widely accepted because it is commonly it covers the taxonomical and commercial and other aspects . Taxonomical classification deals with the taxonomical aspects of classifying aspects of crops -- that is their morphology and economical parts and agro-botanical characters . Advantage : understanding of the morphological characters of any particular family Disadvantage : crops with different economic uses and morphological and other agro-botanical peculiarities when brought under one family do not generally bring out the economic importance of the individual crops . Contents 1 Commercial classification 2 Agricultural classification 2.1 Pulses 2.2 Oils and oilseeds 2.3 Pastures 2.4 Green manures and green - leaf manures 3 Sugars and starches 3.1 Starches 4 Rubber 5 Spices and condiments 6 Fibers 7 References Commercial classification ( edit ) Plants are classified according to the commercial purposes as Food crops , Industrial crops , Food adjuncts Food crops - cereals -- Rice , wheat , maize , sorghum , ragi , Pulses , legumes , fruits , vegetables and nuts Industrial crop - Cotton , Sugarcane , tobacco , groundnut , castor , gingelly , tapioca , etc . Food adjuncts - No distinct demarcation -- food and Industrial usage . spices and condiments , beverages and narcotics Disadvantage : It is possible that one crop which has been included as a food crop may figure also as an industrial crop . e.g. maize or tapioca . A better classification is the agricultural classification . Agricultural classification ( edit ) Use of plants and plant products to man Cereals Pulses Vegetables Fruits Nuts Oilseeds Sugars and Starches Fibres Beverages Narcotics Spices Condiments Rubber Forages Green and Green leaf manure Ceres - the Roman Goddess of harvest Wheat and barley were generally the offerings - called Cerealia munera Subsequently the grains used for food , especially for making bread were called Cerealia or cereals Applicable to the grains obtained from the members of the family Poaceae . E.g. Rice , wheat , maize , sorghum , ragi , barely , pearl millet , fox - tail millet , rye , oats , etc . Millets - number of small grained cereals which are of minor importance as food . Pseudo-cereals - plants other than those of Poaceae E.g. Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum spp - Chenopodiaceae ) , Grain amaranths ( Amaranthus spp. - Amaranthaceae ) , Quina ( Chenopodium quinoa - Chenopodiaceae Pulses ( edit ) Important source of human food - next to the cereals . The term pulse is used for the seeds of leguminous plants . Pulses supply proteins and form chief source in vegetarian food . Leguminous plants fix nitrogen in root nodules - produced with the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria . Seeds , pods , leaves and the shoots also contain a high proportion of protein e.g. Red gram , black gram , green gram . Oils and oilseeds ( edit ) Important both for consumption and industrial purposes . In the human diet , the fat portion is supplied by oils , which give the necessary energy for metabolism , besides adding taste to the food . Medicinal Value Industrial uses : preparation of soaps , cosmetics and lubrication Pastures ( edit ) The grasses and legumes which are grown in arable land and left for animals to graze - on . The straw of paddy and cholam and dry plants of pulse crops and groundnut form important forages . The foliage of a number of trees and shrubs which are edible to animals form another source of forage especially in dry areas and during the periods of scarcity . Green manures and green - leaf manures ( edit ) Growing of special crops for adding organic matter and nitrogen to the soil and by ploughing them in situ is called green manuring . Sunhemp Pillipesara Kolingi Indigo Sesbania speciosa Sugars and starches ( edit ) Sugar is extracted from sugarcane . It contains sugar content in the bark similarly it is extracted from sugar beet and palm . Starches ( edit ) Starch is extracted from cassava / tapioca . Rubber ( edit ) There are trees found in most parts of the world but mostly africa that make or provide rubber for human uses . It usually takes a long time before they can be able to bring out rubber . The rubber they bring out is usually liquid but humans are able to solidify it and change it to various forms. Rubber Spices and condiments ( edit ) Spices Fibers ( edit ) Main article : Fiber References ( edit ) 1 . Botany of Tropical Crops - Dr. V. Chellamuthu 2 . Economic Botany by Kochhar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_classification_of_crops&oldid=841327916 '' Categories : Crops Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 04 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
what is the basic of classification of crops in our country
|
[] |
[] |
6293998745350955410
|
Eastern Idaho
|
Eastern Idaho - wikipedia Eastern Idaho This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of Idaho highlighting Eastern Idaho in red Eastern Idaho is the area of Idaho lying east of the Magic Valley region . It is generally understood to include : Bannock , Bear Lake , Bingham , Bonneville , Butte , Caribou , Clark , Custer , Franklin , Fremont , Jefferson , Madison , Oneida , Power and Teton Counties . In terms of culture much of the region is in the Mormon Corridor and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints plays a major role in the lives of a majority of the region 's residents . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Politics 3 Education 4 Culture 5 Agriculture 6 Technology 7 See also 8 References Demographics ( edit ) According to the 2010 census the counties of the Eastern Idaho region had a combined population of 365,847 . Idaho Falls and Pocatello are the region 's largest cities and only metropolitan areas , accounting for the majority of the region 's population . Other important cities include Rexburg , Chubbuck and Blackfoot . Americans who are of ethnic English stock form a large plurality in every county in eastern Idaho . Politics ( edit ) Eastern Idaho is a solidly Republican region , even more so than the rest of the state . Besides Teton County voting for Barack Obama in 2008 , no county in the region has voted for a Democratic presidential nominee since the landslide election of 1964 , which was also the last time the region as well as the state of Idaho as a whole voted for the candidate of the Democratic Party . The region has also shown a strong affinity for third - party candidates , such as for the candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 , John G. Schmitz in 1972 , Bo Gritz in 1992 , and Evan McMullin in 2016 , all four of whom besides Wallace performed exceptionally well there proportionate to the share of the national vote . Education ( edit ) Eastern Idaho is home to several of the state 's colleges and universities , including Idaho State University in Pocatello , College of Eastern Idaho in Idaho Falls and Brigham Young University - Idaho in Rexburg . The Center for Higher Education provides outreach degree programs for Idaho State University and the University of Idaho at University Place in Idaho Falls . Most of the region 's cities and towns support separate public school districts . Culture ( edit ) Eastern Idaho is generally thought of as an all - season outdoor mecca above all else , with ski resorts Kelly Canyon and Pebble Creek , and extreme proximity to Yellowstone , the Tetons , Jackson , and Grand Targhee in Wyoming , each of which lie near the Idaho border . The area is also renowned in the fly fishing world as well , with travelers coming from afar to fish the Snake River and its branches and tributaries . Island Park , Bear Lake , Heise Hot Springs , and Lava Hot Springs are also regional tourist hotspots . Cultural events are routinely held at Idaho State University and Brigham Young University - Idaho , and at various venues throughout downtown Idaho Falls . Idaho State University 's 123,000 - square - foot ( 11,400 m ) L.E. and Thelma E Stephens Performing Arts Center contains state - of - the - art performance space . The facility 's Jensen Grand Concert Hall contains more than 500 fiberglass - reinforced gypsum panels which allow the concert hall to be computer - tuned . Two ceiling canopies allow the acoustics of the hall to be computer - adjusted , making the center a hit with both performers and their audiences . Idaho Falls 's Museum of Idaho brings in major national exhibitions each year , including Da Vinci inventions and the famous Bodies exhibit . The Eastern Idaho State Fair is held every September in Blackfoot . The 2004 independent film Napoleon Dynamite was set in and filmed on location in Preston in Cache Valley . Since The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints is the largest religion in the region , Mormon culture dominates the region , though there are also many Methodists , Baptists , Episcopalians , Roman Catholics , Presbyterians , and Jehovah 's Witnesses . The only professional sports team in the region is the Idaho Falls Chukars of Minor League Baseball . The organization , which has changed names and affiliations numerous times , has been around since 1940 and has played at Melaleuca Field since 2007 . In the spring of 2018 , Eastern Idaho gained a semi-professional soccer team Idaho Lobos FC based in Idaho Falls . The team competes in the Mountain Conference of the UPSL . Agriculture ( edit ) The Eastern Idaho region grows most of Idaho 's potato crop , making it one of the world 's most productive potato - growing areas . Barley for beer production is also significant . Several major breweries , including Coors , Anheuser - Busch and Mexico 's Grupo Modelo have barley producing operations in the area . Sugar beets , alfalfa and wheat are also major crops . There are also many cattle ranches for raising beef . Technology ( edit ) Idaho National Laboratory between Idaho Falls and Arco in Butte County is one of the nation 's top nuclear research facilities. Philo Farnsworth , inventor of the cathode ray tube , and considered the primary inventor of television grew up in Rigby . ON Semiconductor ( formerly AMIS ) of Pocatello is a computer chip manufacturer . Idaho State University in Pocatello is home to the Idaho Accelerator Center . The center contains 10 operating accelerators used in research done through the University , national laboratories such as INL , and the private sector . Idaho State University operates the Center For Advanced Energy Studies at University Place in Idaho Falls . This public - private partnership researches solutions to America 's continuing energy crisis . See also ( edit ) Idaho Falls metropolitan area Pocatello metropolitan area Rexburg micropolitan area The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Idaho Mormon Corridor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Wallace underperformed his national margins in the region , he received some of his best results outside the South in eastern Idaho . Jump up ^ http://www.upslsoccer.com/teams/idaho-lobos-fc State of Idaho Boise ( capital ) Topics Index Bibliography Geography Government Delegations Governors History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Seal of Idaho Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boise metropolitan area Cache Valley Central Idaho Columbia River Plateau Eastern Idaho Great Basin Inland Empire Magic Valley North Central Idaho Idaho Panhandle Palouse Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Wasatch Range Wood River Valley Yellowstone Larger cities Boise Nampa Meridian Idaho Falls Pocatello Caldwell Coeur d'Alene Twin Falls Lewiston Post Falls Rexburg Moscow Eagle Smaller cities Kuna Ammon Chubbuck Mountain Home Hayden Blackfoot Garden City Jerome Burley Counties Ada Adams Bannock Bear Lake Benewah Bingham Blaine Boise Bonner Bonneville Boundary Butte Camas Canyon Caribou Cassia Clark Clearwater Custer Elmore Franklin Fremont Gem Gooding Idaho Jefferson Jerome Kootenai Latah Lemhi Lewis Lincoln Madison Minidoka Nez Perce Oneida Owyhee Payette Power Shoshone Teton Twin Falls Valley Washington Coordinates : 43 ° N 112 ° W / 43 ° N 112 ° W / 43 ; - 112 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Idaho&oldid=849031267 '' Categories : Regions of Idaho Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Add links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 01 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where are most of the potatoes grown in idaho
|
[
"The Eastern Idaho region grows most of Idaho's potato crop, making it one of the world's most productive potato-growing areas. Barley for beer production is also significant. Several major breweries, including Coors, Anheuser-Busch and Mexico's Grupo Modelo have barley producing operations in the area. Sugar beets, alfalfa and wheat are also major crops. There are also many cattle ranches for raising beef.\n"
] |
[
"The Eastern Idaho region"
] |
898696029253423191
|
Epistemology
|
Epistemology - wikipedia Epistemology A branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge `` Theory of Knowledge '' redirects here . For the book by Roderick Chisholm , see Theory of Knowledge ( book ) . Part of a series on Philosophy Plato Kant Nietzsche Buddha Confucius Averroes Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions African Analytic Aristotelian Buddhist Chinese Christian Continental Existentialism Hindu Jain Jewish Pragmatism Eastern Islamic Platonic Western Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Legal philosophy Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers Miscellaneous Philosopher Philomath Philalethes Women in philosophy Philosophy portal Part of a series on Certainty Approximation Belief Certainty Doubt Determinism Fallibilism Fatalism Hypothesis Justification Nihilism Proof Scientific theory Skepticism Solipsism Theory Truth Uncertainty Related concepts and fundamentals : Agnosticism Epistemology Presupposition Probability Epistemology ( / ɪˌpɪstɪˈmɒlədʒi / ( listen ) ; from Greek ἐπιστήμη , epistēmē , meaning ' knowledge ' , and λόγος , logos , meaning ' logical discourse ' ) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge . Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge , justification , and the rationality of belief . Much debate in epistemology centers on four areas : ( 1 ) the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to such concepts as truth , belief , and justification , ( 2 ) various problems of skepticism , ( 3 ) the sources and scope of knowledge and justified belief , and ( 4 ) the criteria for knowledge and justification . Epistemology addresses such questions as : `` What makes justified beliefs justified ? '' , `` What does it mean to say that we know something ? '' , and fundamentally `` How do we know that we know ? '' . Contents 1 The problem of skepticism 2 Defining knowledge 2.1 Belief 2.2 Truth 2.3 Justification 2.4 Gettier problem 2.4. 1 Responses to Gettier 2.4. 1.1 Infallibilism , indefeasibility 2.4. 1.2 Reliabilism 2.4. 1.3 Other responses 2.5 Externalism and internalism 2.6 Value problem 3 Acquiring knowledge 3.1 A priori and a posteriori knowledge 3.2 Analytic -- synthetic distinction 3.3 Science as knowledge acquisition 4 Regress problem 4.1 Response to the regress problem 5 Etymology 6 Branches or schools of thought 6.1 Historical 6.2 Empiricism 6.3 Idealism 6.4 Rationalism 6.5 Constructivism 6.6 Pragmatism 6.7 Naturalized epistemology 6.8 Indian pramana 6.9 Skepticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Works cited 11 External links The problem of skepticism ( edit ) Skepticism questions whether knowledge is possible at all . Skeptics argue that belief in something does not justify whether or not it is necessarily true . Characterizing knowledge as strong or weak is dependent on a person 's viewpoint and their characterization of knowledge . Much of our knowledge on epistemology is derived from , in particular , rational and philosophical skepticism . The evil demon skepticism described by Descartes ( previously known from Plato 's cave ; with an updated version from sci - fi literature describing it as the brain in a vat ) supposes that our sensors have been placed under the control of some external power such as a demon , mad scientist , etc . As such , everything we see is a fake , and we can never know anything about the ' real ' world inhabited by the demon or mad scientist . Even if these external powers do not exist , we still must depend on only the information provided by our senses and can therefore make no definite statement about anything beyond that information . Skeptics oppose what they sometimes call dogmatic foundationalism , which states that there must be some basic positions that are self - justified or beyond justification without reference to others . ( One example of such foundationalism may be found in Spinoza 's Ethics . ) The skeptical response to this can take several approaches . First , claiming that `` basic positions '' must exist amounts to the logical fallacy of argument from ignorance combined with the slippery slope . Among other arguments , skeptics used Agrippa 's trilemma , named after Agrippa the Sceptic , to claim certain belief could be achieved . Foundationalists have used the same trilemma argument as justification for demanding the validity of basic beliefs . This skeptical approach is rarely taken to its pyrrhonean extreme by most practitioners . Several modifications have arisen over the years , including the following ( 1 ) : Fictionalism would not claim to have knowledge but adheres to conclusions on some criterion such as utility , aesthetics , or other personal criteria without claiming that any conclusion is actually `` true '' . Philosophical fideism ( as opposed to religious Fideism ) would assert the truth of some propositions , but does so without asserting certainty . Some forms of pragmatism would accept utility as a provisional guide to truth but not necessarily a universal decision - maker . There are two different categories of epistemological skepticism , which can be referred to as `` mitigated '' and `` unmitigated '' skepticism . The two forms are contrasting but are still true forms of skepticism . Mitigated skepticism does not accept `` strong '' or `` strict '' knowledge claims but does , however , approve specific weaker ones . These weaker claims can be assigned the title of `` virtual knowledge '' , but only to justified beliefs . Unmitigated skepticism rejects both claims of virtual knowledge and strong knowledge . Characterizing knowledge as strong , weak , virtual or genuine can be determined differently depending on a person 's viewpoint as well as their characterization of knowledge . Defining knowledge ( edit ) In mathematics , it is known that 2 + 2 = 4 , but there is also knowing how to add two numbers , and knowing a person ( e.g. , knowing other persons , or knowing oneself ) , place ( e.g. , one 's hometown ) , thing ( e.g. , cars ) , or activity ( e.g. , addition ) . Some philosophers think there is an important distinction between `` knowing that '' ( know a concept ) , `` knowing how '' ( understand an operation ) , and `` acquaintance - knowledge '' ( know by relation ) , with epistemology being primarily concerned with the first of these . While these distinctions are not explicit in English , they are defined explicitly in other languages ( N.B. some languages related to English have been said to retain these verbs , e.g. Scots : wit and ken ) . In French , Portuguese , Spanish , German and Dutch ' to know ( a person ) ' is translated using connaître , conhecer , conocer and kennen ( both German and Dutch ) respectively , whereas ' to know ( how to do something ) ' is translated using savoir , saber ( both Portuguese and Spanish ) , wissen , and weten . Modern Greek has the verbs γνωρίζω ( gnorízo ) and ξέρω ( kséro ) . Italian has the verbs conoscere and sapere and the nouns for ' knowledge ' are conoscenza and sapienza . German has the verbs wissen and kennen ; the former implies knowing a fact , the latter knowing in the sense of being acquainted with and having a working knowledge of ; there is also a noun derived from kennen , namely Erkennen , which has been said to imply knowledge in the form of recognition or acknowledgment . The verb itself implies a process : you have to go from one state to another , from a state of `` not - erkennen '' to a state of true erkennen . This verb seems the most appropriate in terms of describing the `` episteme '' in one of the modern European languages , hence the German name `` Erkenntnistheorie '' . The theoretical interpretation and significance of these linguistic issues remains controversial . In his paper On Denoting and his later book Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell stressed the distinction between `` knowledge by description '' and `` knowledge by acquaintance '' . Gilbert Ryle is also credited with stressing the distinction between knowing how and knowing that in The Concept of Mind . In Personal Knowledge , Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle , he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance can not substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride , and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded . This position is essentially Ryle 's , who argued that a failure to acknowledge the distinction between knowledge that and knowledge how leads to infinite regress . In recent times , epistemologists including Sosa , Greco , Kvanvig , Zagzebski and Duncan Pritchard have argued that epistemology should evaluate people 's `` properties '' ( i.e. , intellectual virtues ) and not just the properties of propositions or of propositional mental attitudes . Belief ( edit ) Main article : Belief In common speech , a `` statement of belief '' is typically an expression of faith or trust in a person , power or other entity -- while it includes such traditional views , epistemology is also concerned with what we believe . This includes ' the ' truth , and everything else we accept as ' true ' for ourselves from a cognitive point of view . Truth ( edit ) Main article : Truth See also : Criteria of truth Whether someone 's belief is true is not a prerequisite for ( its ) belief . On the other hand , if something is actually known , then it categorically can not be false . For example , if a person believes that a bridge is safe enough to support her , and attempts to cross it , but the bridge then collapses under her weight , it could be said that she believed that the bridge was safe but that her belief was mistaken . It would not be accurate to say that she knew that the bridge was safe , because plainly it was not . By contrast , if the bridge actually supported her weight , then the person might say that she had believed the bridge was safe , whereas now , after proving it to herself ( by crossing it ) , she knows it was safe . Epistemologists argue over whether belief is the proper truth - bearer . Some would rather describe knowledge as a system of justified true propositions , and others as a system of justified true sentences . Plato , in his Gorgias , argues that belief is the most commonly invoked truth - bearer . Justification ( edit ) In the Theaetetus , Socrates considers a number of theories as to what knowledge is , the last being that knowledge is true belief `` with an account '' ( meaning explained or defined in some way ) . According to the theory that knowledge is justified true belief , to know that a given proposition is true , one must not only believe the relevant true proposition , but also have a good reason for doing so . One implication of this would be that no one would gain knowledge just by believing something that happened to be true . For example , an ill person with no medical training , but with a generally optimistic attitude , might believe that he will recover from his illness quickly . Nevertheless , even if this belief turned out to be true , the patient would not have known that he would get well since his belief lacked justification . The definition of knowledge as justified true belief was widely accepted until the 1960s . At this time , a paper written by the American philosopher Edmund Gettier provoked major widespread discussion . ( See theories of justification for other views on the idea . ) Gettier problem ( edit ) Main article : Gettier problem Euler diagram representing a definition of knowledge . Edmund Gettier is best known for a short paper entitled ' Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ? ' published in 1963 , which called into question the theory of knowledge that had been dominant among philosophers for thousands of years . This in turn called into question the actual value of philosophy if such an obvious and easy counterexample to a major theory could exist without anyone noticing it for thousands of years . In a few pages , Gettier argued that there are situations in which one 's belief may be justified and true , yet fail to count as knowledge . That is , Gettier contended that while justified belief in a true proposition is necessary for that proposition to be known , it is not sufficient . As in the diagram , a true proposition can be believed by an individual ( purple region ) but still not fall within the `` knowledge '' category ( yellow region ) . According to Gettier , there are certain circumstances in which one does not have knowledge , even when all of the above conditions are met . Gettier proposed two thought experiments , which have become known as Gettier cases , as counterexamples to the classical account of knowledge . One of the cases involves two men , Smith and Jones , who are awaiting the results of their applications for the same job . Each man has ten coins in his pocket . Smith has excellent reasons to believe that Jones will get the job and , furthermore , knows that Jones has ten coins in his pocket ( he recently counted them ) . From this Smith infers , `` The man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket . '' However , Smith is unaware that he also has ten coins in his own pocket . Furthermore , Smith , not Jones , is going to get the job . While Smith has strong evidence to believe that Jones will get the job , he is wrong . Smith has a justified true belief that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket ; however , according to Gettier , Smith does not know that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket , because Smith 's belief is `` ... true by virtue of the number of coins in Jones 's pocket , while Smith does not know how many coins are in Smith 's pocket , and bases his belief ... on a count of the coins in Jones 's pocket , whom he falsely believes to be the man who will get the job . '' ( see p. 122 . ) These cases fail to be knowledge because the subject 's belief is justified , but only happens to be true by virtue of luck . In other words , he made the correct choice ( believing that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket ) for the wrong reasons . This example is similar to those often given when discussing belief and truth -- wherein a person 's belief of what will happen can coincidentally be correct without the actual knowledge to base it on . Responses to Gettier ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The responses to Gettier have been varied . Usually , they have involved substantial attempts to provide a definition of knowledge different from the classical one , either by recasting knowledge as justified true belief with some additional fourth condition , or proposing a completely new set of conditions , disregarding the classical ones entirely . Infallibilism , indefeasibility ( edit ) In one response to Gettier , the American philosopher Richard Kirkham has argued that the only definition of knowledge that could ever be immune to all counterexamples is the infallibilist one . To qualify as an item of knowledge , goes the theory , a belief must not only be true and justified , the justification of the belief must necessitate its truth . In other words , the justification for the belief must be infallible . Yet another possible candidate for the fourth condition of knowledge is indefeasibility . Defeasibility theory maintains that there should be no overriding or defeating truths for the reasons that justify one 's belief . For example , suppose that person S believes he saw Tom Grabit steal a book from the library and uses this to justify the claim that Tom Grabit stole a book from the library . A possible defeater or overriding proposition for such a claim could be a true proposition like , `` Tom Grabit 's identical twin Sam is currently in the same town as Tom . '' When no defeaters of one 's justification exist , a subject would be epistemologically justified . The Indian philosopher B.K. Matilal has drawn on the Navya - Nyāya fallibilism tradition to respond to the Gettier problem . Nyaya theory distinguishes between know p and know that one knows p -- these are different events , with different causal conditions . The second level is a sort of implicit inference that usually follows immediately the episode of knowing p ( knowledge simpliciter ) . The Gettier case is examined by referring to a view of Gangesha Upadhyaya ( late 12th century ) , who takes any true belief to be knowledge ; thus a true belief acquired through a wrong route may just be regarded as knowledge simpliciter on this view . The question of justification arises only at the second level , when one considers the knowledgehood of the acquired belief . Initially , there is lack of uncertainty , so it becomes a true belief . But at the very next moment , when the hearer is about to embark upon the venture of knowing whether he knows p , doubts may arise . `` If , in some Gettier - like cases , I am wrong in my inference about the knowledgehood of the given occurrent belief ( for the evidence may be pseudo-evidence ) , then I am mistaken about the truth of my belief -- and this is in accordance with Nyaya fallibilism : not all knowledge - claims can be sustained . '' Reliabilism ( edit ) Main article : Reliabilism Reliabilism has been a significant line of response to the Gettier problem among philosophers , originating with work by Alvin Goldman in the 1960s . According to reliabilism , a belief is justified ( or otherwise supported in such a way as to count towards knowledge ) only if it is produced by processes that typically yield a sufficiently high ratio of true to false beliefs . In other words , this theory states that a true belief counts as knowledge only if it is produced by a reliable belief - forming process . Examples of reliable processes include : standard perceptual processes , remembering , good reasoning , and introspection . Reliabilism has been challenged by Gettier cases . Another argument that challenges reliabilism , like the Gettier cases ( although it was not presented in the same short article as the Gettier cases ) , is the case of Henry and the barn façades . In the thought experiment , a man , Henry , is driving along and sees a number of buildings that resemble barns . Based on his perception of one of these , he concludes that he has just seen barns . While he has seen one , and the perception he based his belief that the one he saw was of a real barn , all the other barn - like buildings he saw were façades . Theoretically , Henry does not know that he has seen a barn , despite both his belief that he has seen one being true and his belief being formed on the basis of a reliable process ( i.e. his vision ) , since he only acquired his true belief by accident . Other responses ( edit ) Robert Nozick has offered the following definition of knowledge : S knows that P if and only if : P ; S believes that P ; if P were false , S would not believe that P ; if P were true , S would believe that P . Nozick argues that the third of these conditions serves to address cases of the sort described by Gettier . Nozick further claims this condition addresses a case of the sort described by D.M. Armstrong : A father believes his daughter innocent of committing a particular crime , both because of faith in his baby girl and ( now ) because he has seen presented in the courtroom a conclusive demonstration of his daughter 's innocence . His belief via the method of the courtroom satisfies the four subjunctive conditions , but his faith - based belief does not . If his daughter were guilty , he would still believe her innocent , on the basis of faith in his daughter ; this would violate the third condition . The British philosopher Simon Blackburn has criticized this formulation by suggesting that we do not want to accept as knowledge beliefs , which , while they `` track the truth '' ( as Nozick 's account requires ) , are not held for appropriate reasons . He says that `` we do not want to award the title of knowing something to someone who is only meeting the conditions through a defect , flaw , or failure , compared with someone else who is not meeting the conditions . '' In addition to this , externalist accounts of knowledge , such as Nozick 's , are often forced to reject closure in cases where it is intuitively valid . Timothy Williamson has advanced a theory of knowledge according to which knowledge is not justified true belief plus some extra condition ( s ) , but primary . In his book Knowledge and its Limits , Williamson argues that the concept of knowledge can not be broken down into a set of other concepts through analysis -- instead , it is sui generis . Thus , according to Williamson , justification , truth , and belief are necessary but not sufficient for knowledge . Alvin Goldman writes in his `` Causal Theory of Knowing '' that knowledge requires a causal link between the truth of a proposition and the belief in that proposition . Externalism and internalism ( edit ) Main article : Internalism and externalism A central debate about the nature of justification is a debate between epistemological externalists on the one hand , and epistemological internalists on the other . Externalists hold that factors deemed `` external '' , meaning outside of the psychological states of those who gain knowledge , can be conditions of justification . For example , an externalist response to the Gettier problem is to say that for a justified true belief to count as knowledge , there must be a link or dependency between the belief and the state of the external world . Usually this is understood to be a causal link . Such causation , to the extent that it is `` outside '' the mind , would count as an external , knowledge - yielding condition . Internalists , on the other hand , assert that all knowledge - yielding conditions are within the psychological states of those who gain knowledge . Though unfamiliar with the internalist / externalist debate himself , many point to René Descartes as an early example of the internalist path to justification . He wrote that , because the only method by which we perceive the external world is through our senses , and that , because the senses are not infallible , we should not consider our concept of knowledge infallible . The only way to find anything that could be described as `` indubitably true '' , he advocates , would be to see things `` clearly and distinctly '' . He argued that if there is an omnipotent , good being who made the world , then it 's reasonable to believe that people are made with the ability to know . However , this does not mean that man 's ability to know is perfect . God gave man the ability to know but not omniscience . Descartes said that man must use his capacities for knowledge correctly and carefully through methodological doubt . The dictum `` Cogito ergo sum '' ( I think , therefore I am ) is also commonly associated with Descartes ' theory . In his own methodological doubt -- doubting everything he previously knew so he could start from a blank slate -- the first thing that he could not logically bring himself to doubt was his own existence : `` I do not exist '' would be a contradiction in terms . The act of saying that one does not exist assumes that someone must be making the statement in the first place . Descartes could doubt his senses , his body , and the world around him -- but he could not deny his own existence , because he was able to doubt and must exist to manifest that doubt . Even if some `` evil genius '' were deceiving him , he would have to exist to be deceived . This one sure point provided him with what he called his Archimedean point , in order to further develop his foundation for knowledge . Simply put , Descartes ' epistemological justification depended on his indubitable belief in his own existence and his clear and distinct knowledge of God . Value problem ( edit ) We generally assume that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief . If so , what is the explanation ? A formulation of the value problem in epistemology first occurs in Plato 's Meno . Socrates points out to Meno that a man who knew the way to Larissa could lead others there correctly . But so , too , could a man who had true beliefs about how to get there , even if he had not gone there or had any knowledge of Larissa . Socrates says that it seems that both knowledge and true opinion can guide action . Meno then wonders why knowledge is valued more than true belief and why knowledge and true belief are different . Socrates responds that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief because it is tethered or justified . Justification , or working out the reason for a true belief , locks down true belief . The problem is to identify what ( if anything ) makes knowledge more valuable than mere true belief , or that makes knowledge more valuable than a more minimal conjunction of its components , such as justification , safety , sensitivity , statistical likelihood , and anti-Gettier conditions , on a particular analysis of knowledge that conceives of knowledge as divided into components ( to which knowledge - first epistemological theories , which posit knowledge as fundamental , are notable exceptions ) . The value problem reemerged in the philosophical literature on epistemology in the twenty - first century following the rise of virtue epistemology in the 1980s , partly because of the obvious link to the concept of value in ethics . The value problem has been presented as an argument against epistemic reliabilism by philosophers including Linda Zagzebski , Wayne Riggs and Richard Swinburne . Zagzebski analogizes the value of knowledge to the value of espresso produced by an espresso maker : `` The liquid in this cup is not improved by the fact that it comes from a reliable espresso maker . If the espresso tastes good , it makes no difference if it comes from an unreliable machine . '' For Zagzebski , the value of knowledge deflates to the value of mere true belief . She assumes that reliability in itself has no value or disvalue , but Goldman and Olsson disagree . They point out that Zagzebski 's conclusion rests on the assumption of veritism : all that matters is the acquisition of true belief . To the contrary , they argue that a reliable process for acquiring a true belief adds value to the mere true belief by making it more likely that future beliefs of a similar kind will be true . By analogy , having a reliable espresso maker that produced a good cup of espresso would be more valuable than having an unreliable one that luckily produced a good cup because the reliable one would more likely produce good future cups compared to the unreliable one . The value problem is important to assessing the adequacy of theories of knowledge that conceive of knowledge as consisting of true belief and other components . According to Kvanvig , an adequate account of knowledge should resist counterexamples and allow an explanation of the value of knowledge over mere true belief . Should a theory of knowledge fail to do so , it would prove inadequate . One of the more influential responses to the problem is that knowledge is not particularly valuable and is not what ought to be the main focus of epistemology . Instead , epistemologists ought to focus on other mental states , such as understanding . Advocates of virtue epistemology have argued that the value of knowledge comes from an internal relationship between the knower and the mental state of believing . Acquiring knowledge ( edit ) A priori and a posteriori knowledge ( edit ) Main article : A priori and a posteriori The nature of this distinction has been disputed by various philosophers ; however , the terms may be roughly defined as follows : A priori knowledge is knowledge that is known independently of experience ( that is , it is non-empirical , or arrived at beforehand , usually by reason ) . It will henceforth be acquired through anything that is independent from experience . A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is known by experience ( that is , it is empirical , or arrived at afterward ) . A priori knowledge is a way of gaining knowledge without the need of experience . In Bruce Russell 's article `` A Priori Justification and Knowledge '' he says that it is `` knowledge based on a priori justification , '' ( 1 ) which relies on intuition and the nature of these intuitions . A priori knowledge is often contrasted with posteriori knowledge , which is knowledge gained by experience . A way to look at the difference between the two is through an example . Bruce Russell gives two propositions in which the reader decides which one he believes more . Option A : All crows are birds . Option B : All crows are black . If you believe option A , then you are a priori justified in believing it because you do n't have to see a crow to know it 's a bird . If you believe in option B , then you are posteriori justified to believe it because you have seen many crows therefore knowing they are black . He goes on to say that it does n't matter if the statement is true or not , only that if you believe in one or the other that matters . The idea of a priori knowledge is that it is based on intuition or rational insights . Laurence BonJour says in his article `` The Structure of Empirical Knowledge '' , that a `` rational insight is an immediate , non-inferential grasp , apprehension or ' seeing ' that some proposition is necessarily true . '' ( 3 ) Going back to the crow example , by Laurence BonJour 's definition the reason you would believe in option A is because you have an immediate knowledge that a crow is a bird , without ever experiencing one . Evolutionary psychology takes a novel approach to the problem . It says that there is an innate predisposition for certain types of learning . `` Only small parts of the brain resemble a tabula rasa ; this is true even for human beings . The remainder is more like an exposed negative waiting to be dipped into a developer fluid '' Analytic -- synthetic distinction ( edit ) Main article : Analytic -- synthetic distinction Immanuel Kant , in his Critique of Pure Reason , drew a distinction between `` analytic '' and `` synthetic '' propositions . He contended that some propositions are such that we can know they are true just by understanding their meaning . For example , consider , `` My father 's brother is my uncle . '' We can know it is true solely by virtue of our understanding what its terms mean . Philosophers call such propositions analytic `` . Synthetic propositions , on the other hand , have distinct subjects and predicates . An example would be , `` My father 's brother has black hair . '' Kant stated that all mathematical and scientific statements are analytic a priori propositions because they are necessarily true but our knowledge about the attributes of the mathematical or physical subjects we can only get by logical inference . The American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine , in his Two Dogmas of Empiricism , famously challenged the distinction , arguing that the two have a blurry boundary . Some contemporary philosophers have offered more sustainable accounts of the distinction . Science as knowledge acquisition ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of Science Science is viewed as a refined , formalized , systematic , or institutionalized form of the pursuit and acquisition of empirical knowledge . As such , the philosophy of science may be viewed variously as an application or foundation of the philosophy of knowledge acquisition . Regress problem ( edit ) Main article : Regress argument The regress problem is the problem of providing a complete logical foundation for human knowledge . The traditional way of supporting a rational argument is to appeal to other rational arguments , typically using chains of reason and rules of logic . A classic example that goes back to Aristotle is deducing that Socrates is mortal . We have a logical rule that says All humans are mortal and an assertion that Socrates is human and we deduce that Socrates is mortal . In this example how do we know that Socrates is human ? Presumably we apply other rules such as : All born from human females are human . Which then leaves open the question how do we know that all born from humans are human ? This is the regress problem : how can we eventually terminate a logical argument with some statement ( s ) that do not require further justification but can still be considered rational and justified ? As John Pollock stated : ... to justify a belief one must appeal to a further justified belief . This means that one of two things can be the case . Either there are some beliefs that we can be justified for holding , without being able to justify them on the basis of any other belief , or else for each justified belief there is an infinite regress of ( potential ) justification ( the nebula theory ) . On this theory there is no rock bottom of justification . Justification just meanders in and out through our network of beliefs , stopping nowhere . The apparent impossibility of completing an infinite chain of reasoning is thought by some to support skepticism . It is also the impetus for Descartes ' famous dictum : I think , therefore I am . Descartes was looking for some logical statement that could be true without appeal to other statements . Response to the regress problem ( edit ) Many epistemologists studying justification have attempted to argue for various types of chains of reasoning that can escape the regress problem . Foundationalism Foundationalists respond to the regress problem by asserting that certain `` foundations '' or `` basic beliefs '' support other beliefs but do not themselves require justification from other beliefs . These beliefs might be justified because they are self - evident , infallible , or derive from reliable cognitive mechanisms . Perception , memory , and a priori intuition are often considered possible examples of basic beliefs . The chief criticism of foundationalism is that if a belief is not supported by other beliefs , accepting it may be arbitrary or unjustified . Coherentism Another response to the regress problem is coherentism , which is the rejection of the assumption that the regress proceeds according to a pattern of linear justification . To avoid the charge of circularity , coherentists hold that an individual belief is justified circularly by the way it fits together ( coheres ) with the rest of the belief system of which it is a part . This theory has the advantage of avoiding the infinite regress without claiming special , possibly arbitrary status for some particular class of beliefs . Yet , since a system can be coherent while also being wrong , coherentists face the difficulty of ensuring that the whole system corresponds to reality . Additionally , most logicians agree that any argument that is circular is trivially valid . That is , to be illuminating , arguments must be linear with conclusions that follow from stated premises . However , Warburton writes in ' Thinking from A to Z ' , `` Circular arguments are not invalid ; in other words , from a logical point of view there is nothing intrinsically wrong with them . However , they are , when viciously circular , spectacularly uninformative . ( Warburton 1996 ) . '' Foundherentism A position known as foundherentism , advanced by Susan Haack , is meant to unify foundationalism and coherentism . One component of this theory is what is called the `` analogy of the crossword puzzle . '' Whereas , for example , infinitists regard the regress of reasons as `` shaped '' like a single line , Susan Haack has argued that it is more like a crossword puzzle , with multiple lines mutually supporting each other . Infinitism An alternative resolution to the regress problem is known as `` infinitism '' . Infinitists take the infinite series to be merely potential , in the sense that an individual may have indefinitely many reasons available to them , without having consciously thought through all of these reasons when the need arises . This position is motivated in part by the desire to avoid what is seen as the arbitrariness and circularity of its chief competitors , foundationalism and coherentism . Etymology ( edit ) The word epistemology is derived from the ancient Greek epistēmē meaning `` knowledge '' and the suffix - logy , meaning `` logical discourse '' ( derived from the Greek word logos meaning `` discourse '' ) . It is analogue to the German Wissenschaftslehre ( literally , theory of science ) which was introduced by philosophers Johann Fichte and Bernard Bolzano in the late 18th century . The word first appeared in English in 1847 as a translation of the German in New York 's Eclectic Magazine review of a philosophical novel by German author Jean Paul : The title of one of the principal works of Fichte is ′ Wissenschaftslehre , ′ which , after the analogy of technology ... we render epistemology . It was properly introduced in the philosophical literature by Scottish philosopher J.F. Ferrier in his Institutes of Metaphysics ( 1854 ) : This section of the science is properly termed the Epistemology -- the doctrine or theory of knowing , just as ontology is the science of being ... It answers the general question , ' What is knowing and the known ? ' -- or more shortly , ' What is knowledge ? ' French philosophers then gave the term épistémologie a narrower meaning as philosophy of science . E.g. , Émile Meyerson opened his Identity and Reality , written in 1908 , with the remark that the word ' is becoming current ' as equivalent to ' the philosophy of the sciences . ' The idea of epistemology predates the word . John Locke describes his Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( 1689 ) as an inquiry `` into the original , certainty , and extent of HUMAN KNOWLEDGE , together with the grounds and degrees of BELIEF , OPINION , and ASSENT ''. . According to Brett Warrent , the character Epistemon in King James VI of Scotland 's Daemonologie ( 1591 ) `` was meant to be a personification of a philosophical concept currently known as ' ' epistemology ' : the investigation into the differences of a justified belief versus its opinion . '' Branches or schools of thought ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) The historical study of philosophical epistemology is the historical study of efforts to gain philosophical understanding or knowledge of the nature and scope of human knowledge . Since efforts to get that kind of understanding have a history , the questions philosophical epistemology asks today about human knowledge are not necessarily the same as they once were . But that does not mean that philosophical epistemology is itself a historical subject , or that it pursues only or even primarily historical understanding . Empiricism ( edit ) Main article : Empiricism In philosophy , empiricism is generally a theory of knowledge focusing on the role of experience , especially experience based on perceptual observations by the senses . Certain forms exempt disciplines such as mathematics and logic from these requirements . There are many variants of empiricism , positivism , realism and common sense being among the most commonly expounded . But central to all empiricist epistemologies is the notion of the epistemologically privileged status of sense data . Idealism ( edit ) Many idealists believe that knowledge is primarily ( at least in some areas ) acquired by a priori processes or is innate -- for example , in the form of concepts not derived from experience . The relevant theoretical processes often go by the name `` intuition '' . The relevant theoretical concepts may purportedly be part of the structure of the human mind ( as in Kant 's theory of transcendental idealism ) , or they may be said to exist independently of the mind ( as in Plato 's theory of Forms ) . Rationalism ( edit ) Main article : Rationalism By contrast with empiricism and idealism , which centres around the epistemologically privileged status of sense data ( empirical ) and the primacy of Reason ( theoretical ) respectively , modern rationalism adds a third ' system of thinking ' , ( as Gaston Bachelard has termed these areas ) and holds that all three are of equal importance : The empirical , the theoretical and the abstract . For Bachelard , rationalism makes equal reference to all three systems of thinking . Constructivism ( edit ) Constructivism is a view in philosophy according to which all `` knowledge is a compilation of human - made constructions '' , `` not the neutral discovery of an objective truth '' . Whereas objectivism is concerned with the `` object of our knowledge '' , constructivism emphasizes `` how we construct knowledge '' . Constructivism proposes new definitions for knowledge and truth that form a new paradigm , based on inter-subjectivity instead of the classical objectivity , and on viability instead of truth . Piagetian constructivism , however , believes in objectivity -- constructs can be validated through experimentation . The constructivist point of view is pragmatic ; as Vico said : `` The norm of the truth is to have made it . '' Pragmatism ( edit ) Pragmatism is an empiricist epistemology formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce , William James , and John Dewey , which understands truth as that which is practically applicable in the world . Peirce formulates the maxim : ' Consider what effects , that might conceivably have practical bearings , we conceive the object of our conception to have . Then , our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object . ' This suggests that we are to analyse ideas and objects in the world for their practical value . This is in contrast to any correspondence theory of truth that holds that what is true is what corresponds to an external reality . William James suggests that through a pragmatist epistemology ' Theories thus become instruments , not answers to enigmas in which we can rest . ' A more contemporary understanding of pragmatism was developed by the philosopher Richard Rorty who proposed that values were historically contingent and dependent upon their utility within a given historical period . Naturalized epistemology ( edit ) Closely related to Pragmatism , naturalized epistemology considers the evolutionary role of knowledge for agents living and evolving in the world . It de-emphasizes the questions around justification and truth , and instead asks , empirically , what beliefs should agents hold in order to survive . It suggests a more empirical approach to the subject as a whole -- leaving behind philosophical definitions and consistency arguments , and instead using psychological methods to study and understand how knowledge actually forms and is used in the natural world . As such it does not attempt to answer the analytic questions of traditional epistemology but replace them with new empirical ones . Indian pramana ( edit ) Main article : Pramana Indian philosophical schools such as the Hindu Nyaya , and Carvaka , and later , the Jain and Buddhist philosophical schools , developed an epistemological tradition termed `` pramana '' independently of the Western philosophical tradition . Pramana can be translated as `` instrument of knowledge '' and refers to various means or sources of knowledge that Indian philosophers held to be reliable . Each school of Indian philosophy had their own theories about which pramanas were valid means to knowledge and which were unreliable ( and why ) . A Vedic text , Taittirīya Āraṇyaka ( c. 9th -- 6th centuries BCE ) , lists `` four means of attaining correct knowledge '' : smṛti ( `` tradition '' or `` scripture '' ) , pratyakṣa ( `` perception '' ) , aitihya ( `` communication by one who is expert '' , or `` tradition ) , and anumāna ( '' reasoning '' or `` inference '' ) . In the Indian traditions , the most widely discussed pramanas are : Pratyakṣa ( perception ) , Anumāṇa ( inference ) , Upamāṇa ( comparison and analogy ) , Arthāpatti ( postulation , derivation from circumstances ) , Anupalabdi ( non-perception , negative / cognitive proof ) and Śabda ( word , testimony of past or present reliable experts ) . While the Nyaya school ( beginning with the Nyāya Sūtras of Gotama , between 6th - century BCE and 2nd - century CE ) were a proponent of realism and supported four pramanas ( perception , inference , comparison / analogy and testimony ) , the Buddhist epistemologists ( Dignaga and Dharmakirti ) generally accepted only perception and inference . The theory of knowledge of the Buddha in the early Buddhist texts has been interpreted as a form of pragmatism as well as a form of correspondence theory . Likewise , the Buddhist philosopher Dharmakirti has been interpreted both as holding a form of pragmatism or correspondence theory for his view that what is true is what has effective power ( arthakriya ) . The Buddhist Madhyamika school 's theory of emptiness ( shunyata ) meanwhile has been interpreted as a form of philosophical skepticism . The main Jain contribution to epistemology has been their theory of `` many sided - ness '' or `` multi-perspectivism '' ( Anekantavada ) , which says that since the world is multifaceted , any single viewpoint is limited ( naya -- a partial standpoint ) . This has been interpreted as a kind of pluralism or perspectivism . According to Jain epistemology , none of the pramanas gives absolute or perfect knowledge since they are each limited points of view . The Carvaka school of materialists only accepted the pramana of perception and hence were one of the first empiricists . There was also another school of philosophical skepticism , the Ajñana . Skepticism ( edit ) Main article : Philosophical skepticism Skepticism is a position that questions the validity of some or all of human knowledge . Skepticism does not refer to any one specific school of philosophy , rather it is a thread that runs through many philosophical discussions of epistemology . The first well known Greek skeptic was Socrates who claimed that his only knowledge was that he knew nothing with certainty . In Indian philosophy , Sanjaya Belatthiputta was a famous skeptic and the Buddhist Madhyamika school has been seen as taking up a form of skepticism . Descartes ' most famous inquiry into mind and body also began as an exercise in skepticism . Descartes began by questioning the validity of all knowledge and looking for some fact that was irrefutable . In so doing , he came to his famous dictum : I think , therefore I am . Foundationalism and the other responses to the regress problem are essentially defenses against skepticism . Similarly , the pragmatism of William James can be viewed as a coherentist defense against skepticism . James discarded conventional philosophical views of truth and defined truth as based on how well a concept works in a specific context , rather than objective rational criteria . The philosophy of Logical Positivism and the work of philosophers such as Kuhn and Popper can be viewed as skepticism applied to what can truly be considered scientific knowledge . See also ( edit ) Epistemology portal Philosophy portal For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of epistemology . Book : Epistemology Andragogy Epistemological rupture Epistemic democracy Feminist epistemology Gödel 's incompleteness theorems Gnosiology Knowledge Methodology Methods of obtaining knowledge Monopolies of knowledge Noölogy Ontology Participatory epistemology Pedagogy Philosophy of space and time Reformed epistemology Scientific method Self - evidence Semiotics Sociology of knowledge Uncertainty principle Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Noah , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistemology '' . Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . G & C. Merriam Co. p. 501 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . E * pis ` te * mol `` o * gy ( ? ) , n . ( Gr . knowledge + - logy . ) The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge . Jump up ^ Steup , Matthias . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . `` Epistemology '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Spring 2014 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Borchert , Donald M. , ed. ( 1967 ) . `` Epistemology '' . Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3 . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Steup , Matthias ( 8 September 2017 ) . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Carl J. Wenning . `` Scientific epistemology : How scientists know what they know '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Epistemology of Ethics '' . 1 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SKEPTICISM '' . Encyclopedia of Empiricism. 1997 . Jump up ^ Klein , Peter ( 2015 ) , Zalta , Edward N. , ed. , `` Skepticism '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2015 ed . ) , Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University , retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 Jump up ^ For example , Talbert , Bonnie ( 2015 ) . `` Knowing Other People '' . Ratio. 28 : 190 -- 206 . doi : 10.1111 / rati. 12059 . and Benton , Matthew ( 2017 ) . `` Epistemology Personalized '' . The Philosophical Quarterly . 67 : 813 -- 834 . doi : 10.1093 / pq / pqx020 . Jump up ^ John Bengson ( Editor ) , Marc A. Moffett ( Editor ) : Essays on Knowledge , Mind , and Action . New York : Oxford University Press . 2011 Jump up ^ For related linguistic data , see Benton , Matthew ( 2017 ) . `` Epistemology Personalized '' . The Philosophical Quarterly . 67 : 813 -- 834 . doi : 10.1093 / pq / pqx020 . , esp . Section 1 . Jump up ^ `` Gorgias '' . Project Gutenberg. 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gettier , Edmund ( 1963 ) . `` Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ? '' . Analysis . 23 ( 6 ) : 121 -- 23 . doi : 10.2307 / 3326922 . JSTOR 3326922 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Kirkham ( 1984 ) . `` Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake ? '' ( PDF ) . Mind . 93 ( 372 ) : 501 -- 513 . doi : 10.1093 / mind / XCIII. 372.501 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bimal Krishna Matilal ( 1986 ) . Perception : An essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge . Oxford India 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 824625 - 0 . The Gettier problem is dealt with in Chapter 4 , Knowledge as a mental episode . The thread continues in the next chapter Knowing that one knows . It is also discussed in Matilal 's Word and the World p. 71 - 72 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Alvin I. ( 1979 ) . `` Reliabilism : What Is Justified Belief ? '' . In Pappas , G.S. ( ed . ) . Justification and Knowledge . Dordrecht , Holland : Reidel . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 9027710246 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldman , Alan H. ( December 1976 ) . `` Appearing as Irreducible in Perception '' . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . International Phenomenological Society . 37 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 164 . doi : 10.2307 / 2107188 . JSTOR 2107188 . Jump up ^ Robert Nozick ( 1981 ) . Philosophical Explanations . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 66448 - 5 . Philosophical Explanations Chapter 3 `` Knowledge and Skepticism '' I. Knowledge Conditions for Knowledge p. 172 - 178 . Jump up ^ D.M. Armstrong ( 1973 ) . Belief , Truth and Knowledge . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09737 - 1 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 1999 ) . Think : A compelling introduction to philosophy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 76984 - 1 . Jump up ^ Descartes , Rene ( 1985 ) . The Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes Vol . I. Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28807 - 1 . Jump up ^ Descartes , Rene ( 1985 ) . Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes Vol. II . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28808 - 8 . Jump up ^ Descartes , Rene ( 1985 ) . The Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28808 - 8 . Jump up ^ Plato ( 2002 ) . Five Dialogues . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Pub. Co. pp. 89 -- 90 , 97b -- 98a . ISBN 978 - 0872206335 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchard , Duncan ; Turri , John . `` The Value of Knowledge '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Duncan ( April 2007 ) . `` Recent Work on Epistemic Value '' . American Philosophical Quarterly . 44 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 110 . JSTOR 20464361 . Jump up ^ Zagzebski , Linda . `` The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good '' ( PDF ) . Metaphilosophy. 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Alvin I. & Olsson , E.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Reliabilism and the Value of Knowledge '' . In Haddock , A. ; Millar , A. & Pritchard , D. ( Eds . ) . Epistemic Value . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0199231188 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kvanvig , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0521037860 . Jump up ^ Kvanvig , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521037860 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bruce , `` A Priori Justification and Knowledge '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2014 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = < http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/apriori/ > . Jump up ^ BonJour , Laurence , 1985 , The Structure of Empirical Knowledge , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Wilson , E.O. , Sociobiology : The New Synthesis . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . 1975 Jump up ^ Russell , G. : Truth in Virtue of Meaning : A Defence of the Analytic / Synthetic Distinction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2008 Jump up ^ John L. Pollock ( 1975 ) . Knowledge and Justification . Princeton University Press , Princeton , New Jersey . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07203 - 5 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Zalta , Edward N. ( ed . ) . `` Foundational Theories of Epistemic Justification '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Haack , Susan ( 1993 ) . Evidence and Inquiry : Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19679 - X . Jump up ^ `` Epistemology '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2014 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ anonymous ( Nov 1847 ) . `` Jean - Paul Frederich Richter '' . The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature , Science and Art . 12 : 317 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 ... Jump up ^ Ferrier , James Frederick ( 1854 ) . Institutes of metaphysic : the theory of knowing and being . Edinburgh : W. Blackwood . p. 46 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Meyerson , Émile ( 1908 ) . Identité et réalité . Paris : F. Alcan . p. i . Retrieved 21 June 2018 ... See also Suchting , Wal . `` Epistemology '' . Historical Materialism . Academic Search Premier : 331 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1689 ) . `` Introduction '' . An Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Jump up ^ King James ; Warren , Brett . The Annotated Daemonologie . A Critical Edition . In Modern English . 2016 . p. xiii . ISBN 1 - 5329 - 6891 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stroud , Barry ( 2011 ) . `` The History of Epistemology '' . Erkenntnis. 75 ( 3 ) : 495 -- 503 . doi : 10.1007 / s10670 - 011 - 9337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Psillos , Stathis ; Curd , Martin ( 2010 ) . The Routledge companion to philosophy of science ( 1 . publ. in paperback ed . ) . London : Routledge . pp. 129 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0415546133 . Jump up ^ Uebel , Thomas ( 2015 ) . Empiricism at the Crossroads : The Vienna Circle 's Protocol - Sentence Debate Revisited . Open Court . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9929 - 6 . Jump up ^ Markie , Peter . `` Rationalism vs. Empiricism '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford University . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Raskin , J.D. ( 2002 ) . Constructivism in psychology : Personal construct psychology , radical constructivism , and social constructivism . In J.D. Raskin & S.K. Bridges ( Eds . ) , Studies in meaning : Exploring constructivist psychology ( pp. 1 -- 25 ) . New York , NY : Pace University Press . p. 4 Jump up ^ Castelló M. , & Botella , L. ( 2006 ) . Constructivism and educational psychology . In J.L. Kincheloe & R.A. Horn ( Eds . ) , The Praeger handbook of education and psychology ( Vol. 2 , pp. 263 -- 270 ) . Westport , CT : Praeger . p. 263 Jump up ^ Jonassen , D.H. ( 1991 ) . Objectivism versus constructivism , Do we need a new philosophical paradigm ? Educational technology research and development , 39 ( 3 ) , 5 - 14 . p. 10 Jump up ^ For an example , see Weber , Eric Thomas . 2010 . Rawls , Dewey , and Constructivism : On the Epistemology of Justice ( London : Continuum ) . Jump up ^ http://www.peirce.org/writings/p119.html Jump up ^ James , W. and Gunn , G. ( 2000 ) . Pragmatism and other essays . New York : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Rorty , R. and Saatkamp , H. ( n.d. ) . Rorty & Pragmatism . Nashville ( u.a. ) : Vanderbilt Univ . Press . Jump up ^ Quine , Willard ( 2004 ) . `` Epistemology Naturalized '' . In E. Sosa & J. Kim . Epistemology : An Anthology . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19724 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld , `` Pramana '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 2 : N-Z , Rosen Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 520 -- 521 Jump up ^ A.B. Keith ( 1989 ) , The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads , Part II , p. 482 Jump up ^ S.C. Vidyabhusana ( 1971 ) . A History of Indian Logic : Ancient , Mediaeval , and Modern Schools , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jeaneane Fowler ( 2002 ) , Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1898723943 , page 129 Jump up ^ B.K. Matilal `` Perception . An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge '' ( Oxford University Press , 1986 ) , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Jayatilleke , K.N. ; Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge , p. 356 Jump up ^ Cabezón , José I. , 2000 , `` Truth in Buddhist Theology , '' in R. Jackson and J. Makransky , ( eds . ) , Buddhist Theology , Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars . London : Curzon , 136 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Tom Tillemans ( 2011 ) , Dharmakirti , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ Arnold , Dan ; Buddhists , Brahmins , and Belief : Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of belief and religion , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Griffin , David Ray ( 2005 ) p. 145 Jump up ^ Stroud , Scott R ; Anekantavada and Engaged Rhetorical Pluralism : Explicating Jaina Views on Perspectivism , Violence , and Rhetoric . Jump up ^ D. Long , Jeffery ; Jainism : An Introduction 125 . Jump up ^ MM Kamal ( 1998 ) , The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy , Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies , 46 ( 2 ) : 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ Popkin , Richard ( 1972 ) . `` Skepticism '' . In Edwards , Paul . Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7 . Macmillan . pp. 449 -- 461 . ISBN 978 - 0028646510 . Works cited ( edit ) Annis , David ( 1978 ) . `` A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification '' . American Philosophical Quarterly . 15 : 213 -- 219 . Ayer , Alfred Jules. 1936 . Language , Truth , and Logic . BonJour , Laurence . 2002 . Epistemology : Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Boufoy - Bastick , Z. ( 2005 ) . `` Introducing ' Applicable Knowledge ' as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge '' . Sophia Journal of Philosophy. 8 : 39 -- 51 . Bovens , Luc & Hartmann , Stephan. 2003 . Bayesian Epistemology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Butchvarov , Panayot. 1970 . The Concept of Knowledge . Evanston , Northwestern University Press . Cohen , Stewart ( 1998 ) . `` Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems : Skepticism , Gettier , and the Lottery '' . Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 76 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 306 . doi : 10.1080 / 00048409812348411 . Cohen , Stewart . 1999 . `` Contextualism , Skepticism , and Reasons '' , in Tomberlin 1999 . Dancy , Jonathan . 1991 . An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology ( Second Edition ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 631 - 13622 - 3 DeRose , Keith ( 1992 ) . `` Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions '' . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . 15 : 213 -- 19 . DeRose , Keith . 1999 . `` Contextualism : An Explanation and Defense '' , in Greco and Sosa 1999 . Descartes , Rene. 1641 . Meditations on First Philosophy Feldman , Richard . 1999 . `` Contextualism and Skepticism '' , in Tomberlin 1999 , pp. 91 -- 114 . Gettier , Edmund. 1963 . `` Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ? '' , Analysis , Vol. 23 , pp. 121 -- 23 . Online text . Greco , J. & Sosa , E. 1999 . Blackwell Guide to Epistemology , Blackwell Publishing . Harris , Errol E. 1970 . Hypothesis And Perception , George Allen and Unwin , London , Reprinted 2002 Routledge , London . Harwood , Sterling ( 1989 ) . `` Taking Skepticism Seriously -- And In Context '' . Philosophical Investigations. 12 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9205.1989. tb00275. x . Hay , Clare. 2008 . The Theory of Knowledge : A Coursebook , The Lutterworth Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7188 - 3088 - 5 Hawthorne , John . 2005 . `` The Case for Closure '' , Contemporary Debates in Epistemology , Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup ( ed . ) : 26 -- 43 . Hendricks , Vincent F. 2006 . Mainstream and Formal Epistemology , New York : Cambridge University Press . Kant , Immanuel. 1781 . Critique of Pure Reason . Keeton , Morris T. 1962 . `` Empiricism '' , in Dictionary of Philosophy , Dagobert D. Runes ( ed . ) , Littlefield , Adams , and Company , Totowa , NJ , pp. 89 -- 90 . Kierkegaard , Søren. 1844 . Philosophical Fragments . Kirkham , Richard . 1984 . `` Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake ? '' Mind , 93 . Klein , Peter . 1981 . Certainty : a Refutation of Skepticism , Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press . Kyburg , H.E. 1961 . Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief , Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . Korzybski , Alfred . 1994 ( 1933 ) . Science and Sanity : An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics , Fifth Edition . Ft . Worth , TX : Institute of General Semantics . Lewis , David ( 1996 ) . `` Elusive Knowledge '' . Australian Journal of Philosophy. 74 ( 4 ) : 549 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 00048409612347521 . Morin , Edgar . 1986 . La Méthode , Tome 3 , La Connaissance de la connaissance ( Method , 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge ) Morton , Adam . 2002 . A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge ( Third Edition ) Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0012 - 5 Nelson , Quee. 2007 . The Slightest Philosophy , Indianapolis , IN : Dog Ear Publishing , 296 pages . Niiniluoto , Ilkka. 2002 . Critical Scientific Realism , Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . Plato . Meno . Popper , Karl R. 1972 . Objective Knowledge : An Evolutionary Approach , Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . Preyer , G. / Siebelt , F. / Ulfig , A. 1994 . Language , Mind and Epistemology , Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Rand , Ayn. 1979 . Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology , New York : Meridian . Russell , Bertrand. 1912 . The Problems of Philosophy , New York : Oxford University Press . Russell , Bertrand. 1940 . An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth , Nottingham : Spokesman Books . Santayana , George . 1923 . Scepticism and Animal Faith , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons -- London : Constable and Co . Spir , African . 1877 . Denken und Wirklichkeit : Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie ( Thought and Reality : Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy ) , ( Second Edition ) Leipzig : J.G. Findel . Schiffer , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism '' . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society . 96 : 317 -- 33 . Steup , Matthias. 2005 . `` Knowledge and Skepticism '' , Contemporary Debates in Epistemology , Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup ( eds . ) : 1 -- 13 . Tomberlin , James ( ed . ) . 1999 . Philosophical Perspectives 13 , Epistemology , Blackwell Publishing . Turri , John ( 2016 ) . Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion : An Essay in Philosophical Science . Cambridge : Open Book Publishers . Wittgenstein , Ludwig. 1922 . Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus , Frank P. Ramsey and C.K. Ogden ( trns . ) , Dover . Online text . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Epistemology Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutEpistemologyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles `` Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Coherentism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Contextualism in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Epistemic Circularity '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Epistemic Justification '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Epistemology of Perception '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Ethnoepistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Evolutionary Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Fallibilism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Feminist Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Infinitism in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Moral Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Naturalistic Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Moral Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Virtue Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Understanding in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles Epistemology by Matthias Steup . Bayesian Epistemology by William Talbott . Evolutionary Epistemology by Michael Bradie & William Harms . Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science by Elizabeth Anderson . Naturalized Epistemology by Richard Feldman . Social Epistemology by Alvin Goldman . Virtue Epistemology by John Greco . Knowledge How by Jeremy Fantl . Other links The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Epistemology & Methodology Epistemology at PhilPapers Knowledge - How at Philpapers Epistemology at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project What Is Epistemology ? -- a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose . Justified True Belief and Critical Rationalism by Mathew Toll Epistemology Introduction , Part 1 and Part 2 by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library . Teaching Theory of Knowledge ( 1986 ) -- Marjorie Clay ( ed . ) , an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies . An Introduction to Epistemology by Paul Newall , aimed at beginners . A short film about epistemology , for beginners on YouTube Epistemology Epistemologists Thomas Aquinas Augustine of Hippo William Alston Robert Audi A.J. Ayer George Berkeley Laurence BonJour René Descartes John Dewey Fred Dretske Edmund Gettier Roger Gibson Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice David Hume Immanuel Kant Søren Kierkegaard Saul Kripke David Lewis John Locke G.E. Moore Robert Nozick Alvin Plantinga Plato Hilary Putnam Thomas Reid Gilbert Ryle P.F. Strawson Willard Van Orman Quine Bertrand Russell Baruch Spinoza Timothy Williamson Ludwig Wittgenstein Nicholas Wolterstorff Vienna Circle Theories Coherentism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Descriptive knowledge Determinism Empiricism Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Genetic epistemology Hierarchical epistemology Holism Infinitism Innatism Internalism and externalism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Procedural knowledge Reductionism Reliabilism Representative realism Rationalism Skepticism Theory of forms Transcendental idealism Uniformitarianism Concepts A priori knowledge Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction Belief Causality Common sense Exploratory thought Gettier problem Justification Knowledge Induction Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other minds Perception Proposition Regress argument Simplicity Speculative reason Truth more ... Related articles Outline of epistemology Alethiology Faith and rationality Formal epistemology Meta - epistemology Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Social epistemology Portal Category Task Force Stubs Discussion Articles related to epistemology Philosophy Branches Traditional Metaphysics Ontology Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of Action Art Culture Design Music Film Business Color Cosmos Dialogue Education Environment Futility Happiness Healthcare History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Life Literature Mathematics Mind Pain Psychology Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of perception Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Geography Sexuality Social science Culture Economics Justice Law Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War Schools of thought By era Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Early modern Modern Contemporary Ancient Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen Greco - Roman Aristotelianism Atomism Cynicism Cyrenaics Eleatics Eretrian school Epicureanism Hermeneutics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Megarian school Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Pluralism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Sophistic Stoicism Indian Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Mīmāṃsā Ājīvika Ajñana Cārvāka Jain Anekantavada Syādvāda Buddhist Śūnyatā Madhyamaka Yogacara Sautrāntika Svatantrika Persian Mazdakism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism Medieval European Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Renaissance humanism East Asian Korean Confucianism Edo Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Indian Vedanta Acintya bheda abheda Advaita Bhedabheda Dvaita Dvaitadvaita Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Navya - Nyāya Islamic Averroism Avicennism Illuminationism ʿIlm al - Kalām Sufi Jewish Judeo - Islamic Modern People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism Hegelianism Marxism Spinozism 0 Anarchism Classical Realism Liberalism Collectivism Conservatism Determinism Dualism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti - Idealism Absolute British German Objective Subjective Transcendental Individualism Kokugaku Materialism Modernism Monism Naturalism Natural law Nihilism New Confucianism Neo-scholasticism Pragmatism Phenomenology Positivism Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Contemporary Analytic Applied ethics Analytic feminism Analytical Marxism Communitarianism Consequentialism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Falsificationism Foundationalism / Coherentism Generative linguistics Internalism and Externalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Meta - ethics Moral realism Neo-Aristotelian Quinean naturalism Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Quietism Rawlsian Reformed epistemology Systemics Scientism Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Contemporary utilitarianism Vienna Circle Wittgensteinian Continental Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School New Historicism Hermeneutics Neo-Marxism Phenomenology Posthumanism Postmodernism Post-structuralism Social constructionism Structuralism Western Marxism Other Kyoto School Objectivism Russian cosmism more ... Positions Aesthetics Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will Compatibilism Determinism Hard Incompatibilism Hard Libertarianism Metaphysics Atomism Dualism Monism Naturalism Epistemology Constructivism Empiricism Idealism Particularism Fideism Rationalism / Reasonism Skepticism Solipsism Mind Behaviorism Emergentism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Objectivism Subjectivism Normativity Absolutism Particularism Relativism Nihilism Skepticism Universalism Ontology Action Event Process Reality Anti-realism Conceptualism Idealism Materialism Naturalism Nominalism Physicalism Realism Philosophy by region Philosophy - related lists Miscellaneous By region African Ethiopian Aztec Native America Eastern Chinese Egyptian Czech Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Vietnam Pakistani Western American Australian British Danish French German Greek Italian Polish Romanian Russian Slovene Spanish Turkish Lists Outline Index Years Problems Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements Publications Miscellaneous Women in philosophy Sage ( philosophy ) Portal Category Book Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory - ladenness Underdetermination Unity of science Metatheory of science Coherentism Confirmation holism Constructive empiricism Constructive realism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive - nomological model Hypothetico - deductive model Inductionism Epistemological anarchism Evolutionism Fallibilism Foundationalism Instrumentalism Pragmatism Model - dependent realism Naturalism Physicalism Positivism / Reductionism / Determinism Rationalism / Empiricism Received view / Semantic view of theories Scientific realism / Anti-realism Scientific essentialism Scientific formalism Scientific skepticism Scientism Structuralism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Philosophy of Physics thermal and statistical Motion Chemistry Biology Environment Geography Social science Technology Engineering Artificial intelligence Computer science Information Mind Psychiatry Psychology Perception Space and time Related topics Alchemy Criticism of science Epistemology Faith and rationality History and philosophy of science History of science History of evolutionary thought Logic Metaphysics Pseudoscience Relationship between religion and science Rhetoric of science Sociology of scientific knowledge Sociology of scientific ignorance Philosophers of science by era Ancient Plato Aristotle Stoicism Epicureans Medieval Averroes Avicenna Roger Bacon William of Ockham Hugh of Saint Victor Dominicus Gundissalinus Robert Kilwardby Early modern Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes René Descartes Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Isaac Newton David Hume Late modern Immanuel Kant Friedrich Schelling William Whewell Auguste Comte John Stuart Mill Herbert Spencer Wilhelm Wundt Charles Sanders Peirce Wilhelm Windelband Henri Poincaré Pierre Duhem Rudolf Steiner Karl Pearson Contemporary Alfred North Whitehead Bertrand Russell Albert Einstein Otto Neurath C.D. Broad Michael Polanyi Hans Reichenbach Rudolf Carnap Karl Popper Carl Gustav Hempel W.V.O. Quine Thomas Kuhn Imre Lakatos Paul Feyerabend Jürgen Habermas Ian Hacking Bas van Fraassen Larry Laudan Daniel Dennett Portal Category Positivism Perspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legal positivism Logical positivism / analytic philosophy Positivist school Postpositivism Sociological positivism Machian positivism ( empirio - criticism ) Rankean historical positivism Polish positivism Russian Machism Principal concepts Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justificationism Pseudoscience Critique of metaphysics Unity of science Verificationism Antitheses Antipositivism Confirmation holism Critical theory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human science Humanities Problem of induction Reflectivism Related paradigm shifts in the history of science Non-Euclidean geometry ( 1830s ) Uncertainty principle ( 1927 ) Related topics Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Critical rationalism Criticism of science Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalism in literature Nomothetic -- idiographic distinction Objectivity in science Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophy of science Deductive - nomological model Ramsey sentence Sense - data theory Qualitative research Relationship between religion and science Sociology Social science Philosophy Structural functionalism Structuralism Structuration theory Positivist - related debate Method Methodenstreit ( 1890s ) Werturteilsstreit ( 1909 -- 1959 ) Positivismusstreit ( 1960s ) Fourth Great Debate in international relations ( 1980s ) Science wars ( 1990s ) Contributions The Course in Positive Philosophy ( 1830 ) A General View of Positivism ( 1848 ) Critical History of Philosophy ( 1869 ) Idealism and Positivism ( 1879 -- 1884 ) The Analysis of Sensations ( 1886 ) The Logic of Modern Physics ( 1927 ) Language , Truth , and Logic ( 1936 ) The Two Cultures ( 1959 ) The Universe in a Nutshell ( 2001 ) Proponents Richard Avenarius A.J. Ayer Alexander Bogdanov Auguste Comte Eugen Dühring Émile Durkheim Ernst Laas Ernst Mach Berlin Circle Vienna Circle Criticism Materialism and Empirio - criticism ( 1909 ) History and Class Consciousness ( 1923 ) The Logic of Scientific Discovery ( 1934 ) The Poverty of Historicism ( 1936 ) World Hypotheses ( 1942 ) Two Dogmas of Empiricism ( 1951 ) Truth and Method ( 1960 ) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ) Conjectures and Refutations ( 1963 ) One - Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) Knowledge and Human Interests ( 1968 ) The Poverty of Theory ( 1978 ) The Scientific Image ( 1980 ) The Rhetoric of Economics ( 1986 ) Critics Theodor W. Adorno Gaston Bachelard Mario Bunge Wilhelm Dilthey Paul Feyerabend Hans - Georg Gadamer Thomas Kuhn György Lukács Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Max Weber Concepts in contention Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen Category GND : 4070914 - 0 NDL : 00568521 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistemology&oldid=866233512 '' Categories : Epistemology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with short description Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Articles containing Scots - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 101 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 03 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what does it mean to know something philosophy
|
[] |
[] |
3162005697701328220
|
Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state)
|
Demographics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) - wikipedia Demographics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 82,548 -- 1800 162,686 97.1 % 1810 251,407 54.5 % 1820 340,989 35.6 % 1830 516,823 51.6 % 1840 691,392 33.8 % 1850 906,185 31.1 % 1860 1,057,286 16.7 % 1870 1,184,109 12.0 % 1880 1,542,181 30.2 % 1890 1,837,353 19.1 % 1900 2,216,331 20.6 % 1910 2,609,121 17.7 % 1920 2,895,832 11.0 % 1930 2,908,506 0.4 % 1940 3,123,723 7.4 % 1950 3,444,578 10.3 % 1960 3,943,116 14.5 % 1970 4,589,575 16.4 % 1980 5,463,105 19.0 % 6,478,216 18.6 % 2000 8,186,453 26.4 % 9,687,653 18.3 % Sources : 1910 -- 2010 The demographics of Georgia are inclusive of the ninth most populous state in the United States , with over 9.68 million people ( 2010 census ) , just over 3 % of America 's population . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Georgia was 9,815,210 on July 1 , 2011 , a 1.32 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . In 2007 , Georgia had an estimated population of 9,544,750 which was an increase of 180,809 from the previous year , and an increase of 1,177,125 since 2000 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 438,939 people ( that is 849,414 births minus 410,475 deaths ) and an increase from net migration of 606,673 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 228,415 people , and migration within the country produced a net increase of 378,258 people . The state stood sixth in the country for undocumented immigrants . There were 35,000 in 1990 ; the count more than doubled from January 2000 to January 2009 , at 480,000 . There were 743,000 veterans in 2009 . Contents 1 Population 2 Birth data 3 Languages 4 Largest cities 5 Religion 6 LGBT 7 References Population ( edit ) A map of Georgia , detailing the population density and distribution . Racial Makeup of Georgia treating Hispanics as a Race ( 2017 ) Black Non-Hispanic ( 31.12 % ) White Non-Hispanic ( 52.61 % ) Asian Non-Hispanic ( 3.91 % ) Native American Non-Hispanic ( 0.18 % ) Pacific Islander Non-Hispanic ( 0.08 % ) Two or more races Non-Hispanic ( 2.24 % ) Other Non-Hispanic ( 0.26 % ) Hispanic Any Race ( 9.60 % ) According to the 2010 U.S. Census , Georgia had a population of 9,687,653 . In terms of race the population was : 59.7 % White American ( 55.9 % Non-Hispanic White , 3.8 % White Hispanic ) , 30.5 % Black or African American ) 0.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native 3.2 % Asian American 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 4.0 % from Some Other Race ( including Hispanics ) 2.1 % Multiracial American ( including Hispanics ) 8.8 % Hispanics and Latinos of any race . The largest ancestry groups are : 10.8 % American ( mostly British descent ) , 9.5 % Irish , 8.9 % English and 8.2 % German . In the 1980 census 1,584,303 Georgians cited that they were of English ancestry out of a total state population of 3,994,817 making them 40 % of the state , and the largest ethnic group at the time . Today , many of these same people cite that they are of `` American '' ancestry are actually of English descent and some are of Scots - Irish descent , however , they have families that have been in the state so long , in many cases since the colonial period , that they choose to identify simply as having `` American '' ancestry or do not , in fact , know their own ancestry . Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim `` American '' ancestry , though they are of predominantly English ancestry . As of 2004 , 7.7 % of its population was reported as under 5 years of age , 26.4 % under 18 , and 9.6 % were 65 or older . Also as of 2004 , females made up approximately 50.6 % of the population and African Americans made up approximately 29.6 % . Historically , about half of Georgia 's population was composed of African Americans who , prior to the Civil War , were almost exclusively enslaved . The Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914 -- 1970 reduced the African American population . Georgia had the second fastest growing Asian population growth in the U.S. from 1990 to 2000 , more than doubling in size during the ten - year period . Georgia also has a significant and diverse population of Hispanics , especially Mexicans and Puerto Ricans . Most of the recent Hispanic , Asian , Caribbean , and Sub-Saharan African populations is concentrated in the diverse Atlanta metropolitan area , with the rest of Georgia being mostly blacks and whites . In addition , according to census estimates , Georgia ranks third among the states in terms of the percent of the total population that is African American ( after Mississippi and Louisiana ) and third in numerical Black population after New York and Florida . Georgia was the state with the largest numerical increase in the black population from 2006 to 2007 with 84,000 . Georgia is the state with the third - lowest percentage of older people ( 65 or older ) , at 10.1 percent ( as of 2008 ) . The colonial settlement of large numbers of Scottish American , English American and Scotch - Irish Americans in the mountains and piedmont , and coastal settlement by some English Americans and African Americans , have strongly influenced the state 's culture in food , language and music . The concentration of Africans imported to coastal areas in the 18th century repeatedly from rice growing regions of West Africa led to the development of Gullah - Geechee language and culture in the Low Country among African Americans . They share a unique heritage in which African traditions of food , religion and culture were continued more than in some other areas . In the creolization of Southern culture , their foodways became an integral part of all Southern cooking in the Low Country . Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Single Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 2016 White : 75,114 ( 58.3 % ) 76,226 ( 58.2 % ) 76,904 ( 58.5 % ) ... > Non-Hispanic White 59,379 ( 46.1 % ) 60,104 ( 45.9 % ) 60,328 ( 45.9 % ) 57,971 ( 44.6 % ) Black 47,392 ( 36.8 % ) 47,909 ( 36.6 % ) 47,734 ( 36.3 % ) 44,408 ( 34.1 % ) Asian 5,917 ( 4.6 % ) 6,519 ( 5.0 % ) 6,468 ( 4.9 % ) 5,879 ( 4.5 % ) American Indian 325 ( 0.2 % ) 292 ( 0.2 % ) 298 ( 0.2 % ) 125 ( 0.1 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 16,994 ( 13.2 % ) 17,442 ( 13.3 % ) 17,836 ( 13.6 % ) 17,957 ( 13.8 % ) Total Georgia 128,748 ( 100 % ) 130,946 ( 100 % ) 131,404 ( 100 % ) 130,042 ( 97.1 % ) Since 2016 , data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected , but included in one Hispanic group ; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race . Languages ( edit ) Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Georgia Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 7.42 % Korean 0.51 % Vietnamese 0.44 % French 0.42 % Chinese ( including Mandarin ) 0.38 % German 0.29 % Hindi 0.23 % Niger - Congo languages of West Africa ( Ibo , Kru , and Yoruba ) 0.21 % Gujarati 0.18 % Portuguese and French Creole ( tied ) 0.16 % As of 2010 , 87.35 % ( 7,666,663 ) of Georgia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 7.42 % ( 651,583 ) spoke Spanish , 0.51 % ( 44,702 ) Korean , 0.44 % ( 38,244 ) Vietnamese , 0.42 % ( 36,679 ) French , 0.38 % ( 33,009 ) Chinese ( which includes Mandarin , ) and German was spoken as a main language by 0.29 % ( 23,351 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 12.65 % ( 1,109,888 ) of Georgia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in United States http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Georgia.html Rank County Pop . Atlanta Augusta Atlanta Fulton 420,003 Columbus Savannah Augusta Richmond 195,844 Columbus Muscogee 189,885 Savannah Chatham 136,286 5 Athens Clarke 115,452 6 Sandy Springs Fulton 93,853 7 Macon Bibb 91,351 8 Roswell Fulton 88,346 9 Albany Dougherty 77,434 10 Johns Creek Fulton 76,728 Religion ( edit ) First Methodist Episcopal Church South , Atlanta , Georgia Temple Beth Tefilloh , Brunswick , Glynn County The Al - Farooq Masjid Mosque of Atlanta According to the 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study based on telephone interviews conducted by the Pew Research Center , 79 percent of Georgia residents identified as Christian , with two - thirds being Protestants , similar to the population of other Southern states . The overall breakdown of religious affiliations was as follows : Christian : 79 % Evangelical Protestant : 38 % Mainline Protestant : 12 % Historically Black Protestant : 17 % Roman Catholic : 9 % Jehovah 's Witnesses : 2 % Mormon : 1 % Orthodox Christian : < 1 % Other Christian ( incl . Unitarians ) : 1 % Non-Christian faiths : 3 % Jewish : 1 % Muslim : < 1 % Buddhist : < 1 % Hindu : < 1 % Other world faiths : < 1 % Other faiths : 2 % ( New Age , and Native American religions ) Unaffilitated ( religious `` nones '' ) : 18 % ( including agnostics and atheists ) Nothing in particular : 13 % Do n't know : 1 % The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,719,484 ; the United Methodist Church with 570,674 ; and the Catholic Church with 374,185 . LGBT ( edit ) The city of Atlanta also has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita . It ranks 3rd of all major cities , behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle , with 12.8 % of the city 's total population identifying themselves as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . According to the 2000 United States Census ( revised in 2004 ) , Atlanta has the twelfth highest proportion of single - person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents , which was at 38.5 % . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 '' ( CSV ) . 2011 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . December 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illegals on rise in Southeast '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . February 24 , 2010 . p. 6A . Jump up ^ Kanell , Michael E. ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Number of veterans , October '' . Atlanta , Georgia : Atlanta Constitution - Journal . pp. A6 . quoting the Bureau of Labor Statistics Jump up ^ `` B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - Georgia - 2017 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 03 . Persons who reported at least one specific ancestry group '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sharing the Dream : White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera . Jump up ^ Reynolds Farley , ' The New Census Question about Ancestry : What Did It Tell Us ? ' , Demography , Vol. 28 , No. 3 ( August 1991 ) , pp. 414 , 421 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi , ' The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns ' , Social Science Research , Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1985 ) , pp. 44 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters , ' Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites ' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 487 , No. 79 ( September 1986 ) , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ William H. Frey , `` The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 '' , The Brookings Institution , May 2004 , accessed May 19 , 2008 Archived September 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Profile '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Georgia census Quickfacts Archived July 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Georgia Early Mountain Life '' . Web.archive.org. 4 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2016 '' ( PDF ) . www.cdc.gov. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Religious Landscape Survey '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives Maps & Reports '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 12.9 % in Seattle are gay or bisexual , second only to S.F. , study says '' . The Seattle Times . Jump up ^ Gary J. Gates `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 02 . ( 2.07 MiB ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy , UCLA School of Law October , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . archive.org. 20 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 20 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Georgia ( U.S. state ) ( category ) State of Georgia Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Seal of Georgia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) Demographics of the United States by state Demographics by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Demographics of the United States by city Allentown , Pennsylvania Atlanta , Georgia Chicago , Illinois Dallas , Texas Erie , Pennsylvania Houston , Texas Los Angeles , California Metro Detroit , Michigan Minneapolis , Minnesota New York City , New York ( The Bronx / Brooklyn / Manhattan / Queens / Staten Island ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Seattle , Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=865705258 '' Categories : Demographics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Languages Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 16 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what is the ratio of black to white in georgia
|
[] |
[] |
-642640807016853420
|
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
|
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs , hitting 762 over his 22 - year career . This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit . In the sport of baseball , a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play , without the benefit of a fielding error . This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory ( a conventional home run ) , or by an inside - the - park home run . Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762 . He passed Hank Aaron , who is currently second with 755 , on August 7 , 2007 . The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714 . Alex Rodriguez ( 696 ) , Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 630 ) , Albert Pujols ( 630 ) , Jim Thome ( 612 ) , and Sammy Sosa ( 609 ) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more . Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during an official regular season ( i.e. , excluding playoffs or exhibition games ) . Players in bold face are active as of the 2018 Major League Baseball season ( including free agents ) , with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2018 season . The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30 , 2017 , when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run , displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs . A blank field indicates a tie . Player ( 2018 HRs ) Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season . HR Total career home runs hit . * denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of July 14 , 2018 . Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Barry Bonds 762 Hank Aaron * 755 Babe Ruth * 714 Alex Rodriguez 696 5 Willie Mays * 660 6 Ken Griffey , Jr. * 630 Albert Pujols ( 16 ) 630 8 Jim Thome * 612 9 Sammy Sosa 609 10 Frank Robinson * 586 11 Mark McGwire 583 12 Harmon Killebrew * 573 13 Rafael Palmeiro 569 14 Reggie Jackson * 563 15 Manny Ramirez 555 16 Mike Schmidt * 548 17 David Ortiz 541 18 Mickey Mantle * 536 19 Jimmie Foxx * 534 20 Willie McCovey * 521 Frank Thomas * 521 Ted Williams * 521 23 Ernie Banks * 512 Eddie Mathews * 512 25 Mel Ott * 511 26 Gary Sheffield 509 27 Eddie Murray * 504 28 Lou Gehrig * 493 Fred McGriff 493 30 Stan Musial * 475 Willie Stargell * 475 32 Carlos Delgado 473 33 Chipper Jones * 468 34 Adrian Beltre ( 4 ) 466 35 Miguel Cabrera ( 3 ) 465 Dave Winfield * 465 37 José Canseco 462 Adam Dunn 462 39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452 40 Jeff Bagwell * 449 Vladimir Guerrero * 449 42 Dave Kingman 442 43 Jason Giambi 440 44 Paul Konerko 439 45 Andre Dawson * 438 46 Carlos Beltrán 435 47 Juan González 434 Andruw Jones 434 49 Cal Ripken , Jr. * 431 50 Mike Piazza * 427 51 Billy Williams * 426 52 Darrell Evans 414 53 Alfonso Soriano 412 54 Mark Teixeira 409 55 Duke Snider * 407 56 Andrés Galarraga 399 Al Kaline * 399 58 Dale Murphy 398 59 Joe Carter 396 60 Jim Edmonds 393 61 Graig Nettles 390 62 Johnny Bench * 389 63 Aramis Ramírez 386 64 Dwight Evans 385 65 Harold Baines 384 66 Larry Walker 383 67 Frank Howard 382 Ryan Howard 382 Jim Rice * 382 70 Albert Belle 381 71 Orlando Cepeda * 379 Tony Pérez * 379 73 Matt Williams 378 74 Norm Cash 377 Jeff Kent 377 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR 76 Carlton Fisk * 376 77 Rocky Colavito 374 78 Gil Hodges 370 79 Edwin Encarnación ( 21 ) 369 Todd Helton 369 Ralph Kiner * 369 82 Lance Berkman 366 83 Joe DiMaggio * 361 84 Gary Gaetti 360 85 Johnny Mize * 359 86 Yogi Berra * 358 Carlos Lee 358 88 Greg Vaughn 355 89 Luis Gonzalez 354 Lee May 354 91 Torii Hunter 353 92 Ellis Burks 352 93 Dick Allen 351 94 Chili Davis 350 95 George Foster 348 96 Nelson Cruz ( 22 ) 345 97 Ron Santo * 342 98 Jack Clark 340 99 Tino Martinez 339 Dave Parker 339 Boog Powell 339 102 José Bautista ( 7 ) 338 Don Baylor 338 104 Joe Adcock 336 105 Darryl Strawberry 335 106 Moisés Alou 332 Bobby Bonds 332 108 Hank Greenberg * 331 Derrek Lee 331 110 Curtis Granderson ( 9 ) 328 Shawn Green 328 Mo Vaughn 328 113 Jermaine Dye 325 Willie Horton 325 115 Gary Carter * 324 Lance Parrish 324 117 Ron Gant 321 118 Vinny Castilla 320 Troy Glaus 320 120 Cecil Fielder 319 Prince Fielder 319 122 Roy Sievers 318 123 Adrian Gonzalez ( 6 ) 317 George Brett * 317 125 Ron Cey 316 Scott Rolen 316 127 Jeromy Burnitz 315 128 Matt Holliday ( 0 ) 314 Reggie Smith 314 130 Ryan Braun ( 10 ) 312 131 Iván Rodríguez * 311 132 Jay Buhner 310 133 Edgar Martínez 309 134 Greg Luzinski 307 Al Simmons * 307 Miguel Tejada 307 137 Fred Lynn 306 Richie Sexson 306 Rubén Sierra 306 140 Robinson Canó ( 4 ) 305 Raúl Ibañez 305 David Justice 305 Reggie Sanders 305 144 Steve Finley 304 145 Rogers Hornsby * 301 146 Chuck Klein * 300 147 Tim Salmon 299 148 Rickey Henderson * 297 149 Magglio Ordóñez 294 Robin Ventura 294 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR 151 Kent Hrbek 293 152 Pat Burrell 292 Rusty Staub 292 154 Craig Biggio * 291 Mark Reynolds ( 10 ) 291 Jimmy Wynn 291 156 Giancarlo Stanton ( 23 ) 290 157 Bobby Abreu 288 Del Ennis 288 Bob Johnson 288 Hank Sauer 288 162 Garret Anderson 287 Bobby Bonilla 287 Brian Giles 287 Bernie Williams 287 166 Carlos Peña 286 Frank Thomas 286 168 Will Clark 284 Eric Karros 284 170 Ken Boyer 282 Eric Davis 282 Ryne Sandberg * 282 173 Paul O'Neill 281 174 Jay Bruce ( 3 ) 280 175 Ted Kluszewski 279 176 Mike Cameron 278 Ryan Klesko 278 178 Rudy York 277 179 Chris Davis ( 9 ) 276 180 Brian Downing 275 Roger Maris 275 Dean Palmer 275 Jorge Posada 275 Justin Upton ( 19 ) 275 185 Dante Bichette 274 Matt Kemp ( 15 ) 274 187 Steve Garvey 272 188 Tom Brunansky 271 Evan Longoria ( 10 ) 271 Raúl Mondesí 271 George Scott 271 192 Vernon Wells 270 193 Hanley Ramírez ( 6 ) 269 194 Brian McCann ( 5 ) 268 Joe Morgan * 268 Brooks Robinson * 268 Gorman Thomas 268 198 George Hendrick 267 Mike Napoli ( 0 ) 267 200 Vic Wertz 266 Joey Votto ( 9 ) 266 201 George Bell 265 Matt Stairs 265 204 Bobby Thomson 264 205 Danny Tartabull 262 206 Adam Jones ( 10 ) 261 207 Eric Chavez 260 Derek Jeter 260 Javy López 260 Tim Wallach 260 211 Chase Utley ( 1 ) 259 212 Bob Allison 256 Larry Parrish 256 Vada Pinson 256 Ryan Zimmerman ( 5 ) 256 216 Kirk Gibson 255 Adam LaRoche 255 John Mayberry 255 John Olerud 255 220 Larry Doby * 253 Joe Gordon * 253 Andre Thornton 253 Todd Zeile 253 224 Bret Boone 252 Bobby Murcer 252 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Joe Torre * 252 226 Tony Armas 251 Tony Clark 251 Cy Williams 251 Robin Yount * 251 231 José Valentín 249 232 Goose Goslin * 248 Ted Simmons 248 234 Justin Morneau 247 Vern Stephens 247 236 Ken Singleton 246 237 Deron Johnson 245 Ian Kinsler ( 11 ) 245 Nick Swisher 245 Mickey Tettleton 245 241 Lou Whitaker 244 Hack Wilson * 244 243 Dusty Baker 242 Sal Bando 242 Wally Berger 242 Roy Campanella * 242 J.D. Drew 242 Aubrey Huff 242 David Wright 242 250 Jesse Barfield 241 Cecil Cooper 241 Víctor Martínez ( 4 ) 241 Rick Monday 241 254 Jeff Burroughs 240 Roberto Clemente * 240 256 Dolph Camilli 239 Ken Caminiti 239 258 Earl Averill * 238 Ray Lankford 238 260 Doug DeCinces 237 Gus Zernial 237 262 Gabby Hartnett * 236 263 Johnny Damon 235 Bill Nicholson 235 Ben Oglivie 235 Dan Uggla 235 267 Gary Matthews 234 Kevin Mitchell 234 Paul Molitor * 234 270 Cliff Floyd 233 271 Jimmy Rollins 231 272 Rob Deer 230 273 Nomar Garciaparra 229 Jayson Werth 229 275 Howard Johnson 228 Dick Stuart 228 Hal Trosky 228 278 Marquis Grissom 227 279 Johnny Callison 226 Carlos González ( 11 ) 226 Mike Trout ( 25 ) 226 282 Bobby Grich 224 Troy Tulowitzki ( 0 ) 224 284 Bobby Doerr * 223 Travis Fryman 223 Mike Lowell 223 287 Jason Bay 222 Don Mattingly 222 289 Tony Batista 221 Geoff Jenkins 221 291 Tony Oliva 220 Hunter Pence ( 0 ) 220 293 Jim Bottomley * 219 Al Oliver 219 Joe Pepitone 219 296 Bob Horner 218 297 Benito Santiago 217 298 Ron Fairly 215 Pedro Guerrero 215 Chet Lemon 215 Mike Sweeney 215 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 500 home run club List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season . References ( edit ) MLB Official Career Home Run List Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Times on base Walk - to - strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout - to - walk ratio Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders&oldid=850377663 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
major league baseball home run leaders for this season
|
[] |
[] |
5356443954128204361
|
Throw under the bus
|
Throw under the bus - wikipedia Throw under the bus Jump to : navigation , search `` To throw ( someone ) under the bus '' is an idiomatic phrase in American English meaning to sacrifice a friend or ally for selfish reasons . It is typically used to describe a self - defensive disavowal and severance of a previously - friendly relationship when the relation becomes controversial or unpopular . On 21 June 1982 , Julian Critchley of The Times ( London ) wrote `` President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus which the gossips had said was the only means of her removal . '' The phrase has been widely popularized by sports journalists since 2004 and was picked up by the mainstream media during the 2008 political primary season . It has frequently been used to describe various politicians distancing themselves from suddenly unpopular or controversial figures whom the candidate has previously allied themselves with . David Segal , a writer for The Washington Post , calls the expression `` the cliché of the 2008 campaign '' . In a March 2008 NPR report , the linguist Geoff Nunberg noted that `` under the bus '' `` has appeared in more than 400 press stories on the campaign over the last six months '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Examples 3 References 4 External links Origins ( edit ) After Julian Critchley , a relatively early use is attributed by the website Double - Tongued Dictionary to a 1991 article in the Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph . Cyndi Lauper is sometimes wrongly quoted as saying in The Washington Post in 1984 : `` In the rock ' n ' roll business , you are either on the bus or under it . Playing ' Feelings ' with Eddie and the Condos in a buffet bar in Butte is under the bus . '' However , those lines were written by journalist David Remnick in an article about Lauper , but they are not attributed in the article to her or anyone else . Examples ( edit ) Wired magazine asked `` Did Egypt 's Army Just Throw Mubarak Under the Bus ? '' after the Egyptian Army issued a statement saying it will not crack down on protesters during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 . ZDNet held a debate that asked , `` Did Microsoft throw users under the bus ? '' after their announcement of Windows Phone 8 . The Boston Globe headlined a story that asserted NFL coach `` Bill Belichick throws Tom Brady under the bus '' during the Deflategate scandal . The Haiti Sentinel published an article entitled `` Election fraud : Red Cross throws Health Ministry under the bus '' when the president of the agency said it was illegal for the Haitian government to use its brand and insignia on its vehicles . He was denying accusations that the international relief organization assisted in electoral fraud . Shortly after Ann Curry was released from her cohosting duties on The Today Show , Today Show weatherman Al Roker hinted on - air that it was senior cohost Matt Lauer who `` threw '' Ann `` under the bus '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/why-do-we-throw-someone-under-the-bus Jump up ^ Segal , David ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Time to Hit The Brakes On That Cliche '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . This humble mode of transportation has become an unstoppable serial killer this presidential season , metaphorically speaking . Hardly a week goes by without someone reviving the cliche of the 2008 campaign -- that a former ally of a candidate has been thrown under a bus . Jump up ^ Nunberg , Geoff ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Primaries Toss Some `` Under the Bus '' `` . Fresh Air . NPR . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Grant ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` throw ( someone ) under the bus '' . Double - Tongued Dictionary . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Emory , Erin ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Hood talks without thinking , friends testify at murder trial '' . Gazette Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Safire , William ( November 19 , 2006 ) . `` Netroots '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dokoupil , Tony ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Under the Bus ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Remnick , David ( September 7 , 1984 ) . `` Pensive , With Orange Hair Cyndi Lauper & Her Tunes on Tour '' . Washington Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Did Egypt 's Army Just Throw Mubarak Under The Bus ? '' , Spencer Ackerman , January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Did Microsoft throw users under the bus ? '' Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick throws Tom Brady under the bus '' , Ben Volin , January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election fraud : Red Cross throws Health Ministry under the bus '' , October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Suggests That Matt Lauer Threw Ann Curry `` Under The Bus ''. `` , August 16 , 2012 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of throw under the bus at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throw_under_the_bus&oldid=807842330 '' Categories : American English idioms Phrases Political terminology of the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 12 : 26 . About Wikipedia
|
where did the expression throw under the bus come from
|
[
"On 21 June 1982, Julian Critchley of The Times (London) wrote \"President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus which the gossips had said was the only means of her removal.\"[1]"
] |
[
"President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus"
] |
-8940304860987028171
|
The Breakfast Club
|
The Breakfast Club - wikipedia The Breakfast Club Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes . For other uses , see The Breakfast Club ( disambiguation ) . The Breakfast Club Theatrical release poster Directed by John Hughes Produced by Ned Tanen John Hughes Written by John Hughes Starring Emilio Estevez Paul Gleason Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Music by Keith Forsey Gary Chang Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Edited by Dede Allen Production company A&M Films Channel Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $51.5 million The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film written , produced , and directed by John Hughes , starring Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy . The storyline follows five teenagers , each members of different high school cliques , who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes , while facing a strict disciplinarian . The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15 , 1985 . It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget . Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time , as well as one of Hughes ' most memorable and recognizable works . The media referred to the film 's five main actors as members of a group called the `` Brat Pack . '' The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School , the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes ' friends . Thus , those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of `` The Breakfast Club . '' In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Poster 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Critical reception 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On Saturday , March 24 , 1984 , five students report at 7 : 00 a.m. for all - day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer , Illinois . While not complete strangers , each of them comes from a different clique , and they seem to have nothing in common : the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish , the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark , the geekish intellectual Brian Johnson , the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds , and the rebellious delinquent John Bender . They gather in the high school library , where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak , move from their seats , or sleep until they are released at 3 : 00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand - word essay , in which each must describe `` who you think you are . '' He then leaves , returning only occasionally to check on them . John , who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon , ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students , teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire . Allison is initially quiet , except for an occasional random outburst . Over the course of the day , Vernon gives John several weekends ' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet , but he escapes and returns to the library . The students pass the hours by talking , arguing , and , at one point , smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker . Gradually , they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets : Allison is a compulsive liar ; Andrew can not easily think for himself ; John comes from an abusive household ; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade ; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way . They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents , which are a key cause for their personal issues as well : Allison 's parents ignore her due to their own problems ; Andrew 's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible ; John 's father verbally and physically abuses him ; Brian 's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades ; and Claire 's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments . The students realize that , even with their differences , they face similar pressures and complications in their lives . Despite their differences in social status , the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses . Claire gives Allison a makeover , to reveal just how pretty she really is , which sparks romantic interest in Andrew . Claire decides to break her `` pristine '' virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey . Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention , their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards . As the detention nears its end , the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left . Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave . As the students part ways outside the school , Allison and Andrew kiss , as do Claire and John . Allison rips Andrew 's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep , and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings , which he attaches to his earlobe . Vernon reads the essay ( read by Brian in voice - over ) , in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are , using simple definitions and stereotypes . One by one , the five students ' voices add , `` But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain , and an athlete , and a basket case , a princess , and a criminal . '' Brian signs the letter as `` The Breakfast Club . '' John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home . Cast ( edit ) Judd Nelson as John Bender Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon John Kapelos as Carl Reed Ron Dean as Mr. Clark Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes ' 1984 film Sixteen Candles . Towards the end of filming , Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club . Hall became the first to be cast , agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson . Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds , but she was `` really upset '' because she wanted to play Claire Standish . She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part . The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy . Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender . However , when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke , Estevez was recast . Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender , which was the last role to be cast , though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson . Hughes eventually cast Cusack , but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began , because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role . At one point , Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off - camera , and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him . Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos . Filming ( edit ) In 1999 , Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience . Hughes ultimately convinced the film 's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot , he could greatly minimize their risk . Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut . Hughes opted for an insular , largely one room set and wrote it about high school students , who would be played by younger actors . Principal photography began on March 28 , 1984 , and ended in May . Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines , Illinois , shuttered in 1981 . The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes ' 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School . The library at Maine North High School , considered too small for the film , prompted the crew to build the set in the school 's gymnasium . The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence . On the Ferris Bueller 's Day Off DVD commentary ( featured on the 2004 DVD version ) , Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money , and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film . The first print was 150 minutes in length . During a cast reunion in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary , Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director 's Cut existed but Hughes ' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts . In 2015 the first draft of the film 's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building . Poster ( edit ) The film 's poster , featuring the five characters huddled together , was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting . The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on . The poster refers to the five `` types '' of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film , and in a different sequence , stating `` They were five total strangers with nothing in common , meeting for the first time . A brain , a beauty , a jock , a rebel and a recluse . '' Themes ( edit ) The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood , by adults and by themselves . It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs , as well as the lofty expectations of their parents , teachers , and other authority figures . On the surface , the students have little in common with each other . However , as the day rolls on , they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations . Stereotyping is another theme . Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down , the characters `` empathize with each other 's struggles , dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions , and discover that they are more similar than different . '' The main adult character , Mr. Vernon , is not portrayed in a positive light . He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film . Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15 , 1985 in the United States . Home media ( edit ) In 2003 , the film was released on DVD as part of the `` High School Reunion Collection . '' In 2008 , a `` Flashback Edition '' DVD was released with several special features , including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson . A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray was released in 2010 , and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal 's 100th Anniversary series . On March 10 , 2015 , the 30th Anniversary Edition was released . This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD , Digital HD and Blu - ray . On October 16 , 2017 , The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received high critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 88 % approval rating based on 58 reviews with a critical consensus that states `` The Breakfast Club is a warm , insightful , and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers . '' Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated , `` Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers , as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades . '' Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 % based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews . '' Box office ( edit ) In February 1985 , the film debuted at # 3 at the box office ( behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford ) . Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide , the film is a box office success , given its alleged $1 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005 . Award Nominee Result Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Paul Gleason Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Won Legacy ( edit ) The Breakfast Club is known as the `` quintessential 1980s film '' and is considered as one of the best films of the decade . In 2008 , Empire magazine ranked it # 369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list . It then rose 331 places to rank at # 38 on their 2014 list . Similarly , The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie , Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club . In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards . For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast . Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates . Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle . '' Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' at the awards . At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released February 19 , 1985 Recorded 1984 Genre Rock , new wave Length 38 : 02 Label A&M Records Producer various artists Singles from The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Do n't You '' Released : February 20 , 1985 ( US ) , April 8 , 1985 ( UK ) Audio sample Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) file help The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19 , 1985 by A&M Records . The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The song `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20 , 1985 in the United States and on April 8 , 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Track listing ( edit ) `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Simple Minds `` Waiting '' -- E.G. Daily `` Fire in the Twilight '' -- Wang Chung `` I 'm the Dude '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Heart Too Hot to Hold '' -- Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill `` Dream Montage '' ( instrumental ) -- Gary Chang `` We Are Not Alone '' -- Karla DeVito `` Reggae '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Did n't I Tell You ? '' -- Joyce Kennedy `` Love Theme '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey Critical reception ( edit ) In a June 25 , 1985 review for The Village Voice , music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a `` D − '' and said that it has `` utterly negligible '' songs , and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' best known for being played during the film 's opening and closing credits . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that , apart from Simple Minds ' `` undisputed masterpiece , '' the album is largely `` disposable '' and marred by `` ' 80s artifacts '' and `` forgettable instrumentals . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 's : ' The Breakfast Club ' '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Breakfast Club , ' ' Rushmore ' Among Films Added to National Film Registry '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` National Film Registry honors ' Breakfast Club , ' ' Rushmore ' and other teen angst movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Club 30 '' . BreakfastClub30.com . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` She Wo n't Forget About Him : Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Julie ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Breakfast Club ' Cast Reunites , But Where 's Emilio ? ' Working on ' Mighty Ducks 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere , December 1999 , Oral history `` Breakfast Club '' `` . comcast.net . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 59 , 69 . Jump up ^ Dameron , Emerson ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : The Director 's Cut '' . Newcity Film . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnson ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Original ' Breakfast Club ' screenplay found in District 207 cabinet during move '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 79 - 80 , 325 - 326 . ^ Jump up to : Loukides , Paul ( 1996 ) . Beyond the Stars 5 : Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film . Popular Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9780879727017 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( 2010 ) . Filmology : A Movie - a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know . Adams Media . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Oup.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( High School Reunion Collection ) : Molly Ringwald , Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Ally Sheedy , John Kapelos , Paul Gleason , John Hughes , Ned Tanen : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Flashback Edition ) : Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , Judd Nelson , Paul Gleason , Mercedes Hall , John Kapelos , Ron Dean , Perry Crawford , Fran Gargano , John Hughes , Tim Gamble , Jackie Burch , Thomas del Ruth : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( 25th Anniversary Edition ) ( Blu - ray ) : Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , John Hughes : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) : Universal 's 100th Anniversary '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments '' . Universal 100th . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles , Including ' The Breakfast Club ' and ' I , Daniel Blake ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media , LLC . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club , Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : February 15 - 18 , 1985 -- 4 - day President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Dunkleberger , Amy ( 2007 ) . So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter ? . Enslow Publishers , Inc. p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time -- Empire -- www.empireonline.com '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; Pretty in Prank : A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of ... '' The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( June 25 , 1985 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Breakfast Club ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Breakfast Club The Breakfast Club on IMDb The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes The Breakfast Club at Metacritic ( hide ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=828277927 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s comedy - drama films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s high school films 1980s teen comedy films 1980s teen drama films 1985 soundtracks A&M Films films A&M Records soundtracks American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American teen comedy films American teen drama films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Film soundtracks Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in 1984 Films set in Illinois Films shot in Illinois Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what did each kid do to get detention in the breakfast club
|
[] |
[] |
-5193425146494066750
|
Right Place, Right Time (How I Met Your Mother)
|
Right Place , Right Time ( How I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia Right Place , Right Time ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Right Place , Right Time '' How I Met Your Mother -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2014 ) `` Right Place , Right Time '' How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 22 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Stephen Lloyd Original air date May 4 , 2009 Guest appearance ( s ) Sarah Chalke ( Stella Zinman ) Dan Castellaneta ( Milt ) John Duerler ( Harlen Johnsen ) Joel McCrary ( Ged Wilkinson ) Lyndsy Fonseca ( Daughter ) Mary Ann Jarou ( Jenny ) Kurt Long ( Galoshes the Weather Clown ) Bianca Lopez ( Gennie ) Kit Pongetti ( Fran ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Three Days Rule '' Next → `` As Fast as She Can '' `` Right Place , Right Time '' is the 22nd episode of the fourth season of How I Met Your Mother and 86th overall . It aired on May 4 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Future Ted ( Bob Saget ) describes to his children a day near the beginning of his struggling solo architecture career , where a set of circumstances began his journey to meet their mother . The cold open shows Ted walking down his street with a yellow umbrella , stopping at a newsstand , giving some cash to a homeless man , and stopping at a crosswalk before a woman 's hand reaches over and touches his shoulder . Going backwards , Future Ted describes his desperation when he began doing solo architect work . Ted takes a job from a chain restaurant company to design a building shaped like a Stetson hat . When he complains to Robin about his lack of inspiration , she tells him to get out of the house and clear his head . He agrees to go out for a bagel , and Robin tells him to take an umbrella because her station 's clown weatherman said it would rain . As he comes down the steps , he turns right , but then turns left . Ted explains that a few days ago , Robin vomited into a local woman 's silk purse on her show because of food poisoning she got from one of Ted 's favorite restaurants , Schlegel 's Bagels . Ted turns the other way outside his apartment to go to his second favorite bagel place . At MacLaren 's , Barney finds a copy of `` Bro 's Life '' , and proceeds to go to Ted 's apartment . Barney then shows Ted the magazine and notes that he will be going out with a supermodel featured in the issue ( Petra Petrova ) . Barney declares that he is about to meet his goal of having sex with 200 women . He credits the number to an argument he had back in junior high . A bully named Matthew Panning taunted the young Barney , saying he had been with `` a hundred girls , '' and Barney retorted that he would be with 200 women some day . Unfortunately , as Robin checks over his list , she notices he has listed a woman twice , leaving Barney at woman number 198 , not 199 . He runs to his gym and sleeps with a female bodybuilder to get him up to 199 , but when he returns to the bar , Robin tells him that the list uses a number twice , so the bodybuilder was actually number 200 . Ted stops at the newsstand to check out the bodybuilding magazine `` Muscle Sexxy '' that Barney 's number 200 is featured in . During the discussion of Barney 's 200 sexual conquests ( which most of the other characters cite as `` too many '' ) , Marshall takes the conversation as an opportunity to take out some professionally made charts , showing Barney 's low `` batting average '' noting that only 1.2 percent of the women he approaches actually have sex with him . This leads into Marshall 's addiction to the charts that the GNB graphics department make up for him , including a list of presidents ' last names by order of innuendo ( complete with a `` Filmore '' misspelling ) , a Venn diagram based on Simon and Garfunkel 's `` Cecilia . '' Eventually , the gang pulls out the Intervention banner , causing Marshall to pull out a chart to refute their claims of sagging interest in the charts . After the intervention , Marshall discovers the gang threw away all his charts , including the ones necessary for an important meeting on tax shelters . Ted agrees to retrieve the charts , but finds them in the possession of an eccentric homeless man called Milt ( Dan Castellaneta ) , who agrees to sell them for one million dollars . Ted negotiates to pay him on a dollar - a-day basis . After stopping at the newsstand , Ted crosses the street to give the man a dollar , and continues down the street to a crosswalk . As he waits he is tapped on the shoulder by a woman 's hand . Future Ted talks about how fate is a funny thing , and that has control over your life , which is scary , but also beautiful , and that if anything had happened differently , the children would n't be there . He says that if he knew where all those circumstances were leading him , he would have gone back and thanked everyone involved , and in a montage Ted imagines going back and hugging everyone in the episode . The camera then turns to reveal that Stella is the woman behind Ted at the crosswalk . Afterwards , Barney is at the bar , sitting with a grown - up Matthew Panning , gloating over his success . Panning is happily married with kids , and is not the bullying jerk he once was . Panning is shocked that Barney has spent his adult life outdoing a lie he told in middle school and feels sorry for Barney ; Barney refuses to let it mar his victory . After he leaves , Barney tears up the list , stating that he wonders what he 'll do next . He then turns to see Robin at the bar . Production ( edit ) Writer Chris Harris used to work on Late Show with David Letterman alongside the creators of How I Met Your Mother Craig Thomas and Carter Bays . In this episode , Harris used a bit originally written for Letterman 's `` Charts and Graphs '' section that was never used . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club rated the episode B+ . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 8.5 out of 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) . `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Right Place Right Time '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Right Place Right Time Review . Charts , umbrellas and a sex quest '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . External links ( edit ) `` Right Place Right Time '' on IMDb `` Right Place Right Time '' at TV.com ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 4 `` Do I Know You ? '' `` The Best Burger in New York '' `` I Heart NJ '' `` Intervention '' `` Shelter Island '' `` Happily Ever After '' `` Not a Father 's Day '' `` Woooo ! '' `` The Naked Man '' `` The Fight '' `` Little Minnesota '' `` Benefits '' `` Three Days of Snow '' `` The Possimpible '' `` The Stinsons '' `` Sorry , Bro '' `` The Front Porch '' `` Old King Clancy '' `` Murtaugh '' `` Mosbius Designs '' `` The Three Days Rule '' `` Right Place , Right Time '' `` As Fast as She Can '' `` The Leap '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_Place,_Right_Time_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=824549802 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) episodes 2009 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from May 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how i met your mother barney 200th girl
|
[
"Unfortunately, as Robin checks over his list, she notices he has listed a woman twice, leaving Barney at woman number 198, not 199. He runs to his gym and sleeps with a female bodybuilder to get him up to 199, but when he returns to the bar, Robin tells him that the list uses a number twice, so the bodybuilder was actually number 200. Ted stops at the newsstand to check out the bodybuilding magazine \"Muscle Sexxy\" that Barney's number 200 is featured in."
] |
[
"bodybuilder"
] |
-1456414872448575976
|
Government procurement in the United States
|
Government procurement in the United States - wikipedia Government procurement in the United States Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( August 2009 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Government procurement in the United States is the process by which the Federal Government of the United States acquires goods , services ( notably construction ) , and interests in real property . In FY 2016 alone the US Federal Government spent $461 B on contracts . Contracts for Government procurement usually involve appropriated funds spent on supplies , services , and interests in real property by and for the use of the Federal Government through purchase or lease , whether the supplies , services , or interests are already in existence or must be created , developed , demonstrated , and evaluated . See 48 C.F.R. § 2.101 ( `` Acquisition '' defined , as to goods and services only ) . Federal Government contracting has the same legal elements as contracting between private parties : a lawful purpose , competent contracting parties , an offer , an acceptance that complies with the terms of the offer , mutuality of obligation , and consideration . However , Federal contracts are much more heavily regulated , subject to volumes of statutes dealing with Federal contracts and the Federal contracting process , mostly in Titles 10 , 31 , 40 , and 41 of the United States Code . Private parties entering into a contract with one another ( i.e. , commercial contracts ) are more free to establish a broad range of contract terms by mutual consent than a private party entering into a contract with the Federal Government . Each private party represents its own interests and can obligate itself in any lawful manner . Federal Government contracts allow for the creation of contract terms by mutual consent of the parties , but many areas addressed by mutual consent in commercial contracts are controlled by law in Federal contracts and legally require use of prescribed provisions and clauses . In commercial contracting , where one or both parties may be represented by agents whose authority is controlled by the law of agency , the agent is usually allowed to form a contract only with reference to accepted notions of commercial reasonableness and perhaps a few unique statutes that apply . In Federal Government contracting , specific regulatory authority is required for the Government 's agent to enter into the contract , and that agent 's bargaining authority is strictly controlled by statutes and regulations reflecting national policy choices and prudential limitations on the right of Federal employees to obligate Federal funds . By contrast , in commercial contracting , the law allows each side to rely on the other 's authority to make a binding contract on mutually agreeable terms . The authority of a Contracting Officer , the Government 's agent , to contract on behalf of the Government is set forth in public documents ( a warrant ) that a person dealing with the Contracting Officer can review . The Contracting Officer does not have authority to act outside of this warrant or to deviate from the laws and regulations controlling Federal Government contracts . The private contracting party is held to know the limitations of the Contracting Officer 's authority , even if the Contracting Officer does not . This makes contracting with the United States a more structured and restricted process than a commercial one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 2 Law 2.1 United States Constitution 2.2 Statutes 2.2. 1 Antideficiency Act 2.2. 2 Identical bids 2.2. 3 FASA 2.3 Federal Acquisition Regulation 3 Acquisition process 3.1 Preparing a proposal 3.2 Planning 3.2. 1 Stripped Down Components 3.2. 2 Risk 3.2. 2.1 Requirement overbundling 3.3 Statement of work 3.4 Source selection 3.4. 1 Source Selection Criteria 3.5 Metrics / performance measures 3.6 Trade - in or sales authority 4 Contract administration 4.1 Contracting officer 4.2 Requests for Equitable Adjustments 4.3 Modifications 4.4 Claims 4.4. 1 Release of a claim 4.4. 2 Contract Disputes Act 4.5 Cancellation of contract 4.6 Terminations 4.7 Real options analysis 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Scope ( edit ) See also : Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government Federal Procurement Reports provide contract data that may be used for geographical , market , and socio - economic analysis , as well as for measuring and assessing the impact of acquisition policy and management improvements . In Fiscal Year 2010 , the top five departments by dollars obligated were : Department of Defense ( $365.9 bn ) Department of Energy ( $25.7 bn ) Health and Human Services ( $19.0 bn ) General Services Administration ( $17.6 bn ) NASA ( $16.0 bn ) . The Top 100 Contractors Report for Fiscal Year 2009 lists contracts totalling $294.6 billion , the top five comprising aerospace and defense contractors : Lockheed Martin ( $38.5 bn ) Boeing ( $22.0 bn ) Northrop Grumman ( $19.7 bn ) General Dynamics ( $16.4 bn ) Raytheon ( $16.1 bn ) In the same period , small business contracts totalled $96.8 billion . Law ( edit ) The Federal Government 's authority to enter into contracts derives from the U.S. Constitution , which defines its powers . The Federal Government acts through legislation , treaties , implementing regulations , and the exercise of those authorities . The Federal Government 's power to contract is not set forth expressly and specifically in the U.S. Constitution . However , the U.S. Constitution appears to assume the continued vitality `` Engagements '' entered into under the Articles of Confederation . U.S. Const. , Art . VI . Moreover , the power to contract was and is regarded at law as necessarily incidental to the Federal Government 's execution of its other powers . An early Supreme Court case , United States v. Thomas Tingey , 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 115 ( 1831 ) , recognized that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract . It is an incident to the general right of sovereignty , and the United States , may , within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided , enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers . Scores of statutes now also expressly authorize departments and agencies to enter into contracts . The U.S. Congress passes legislation that defines the process and additional legislation that provides the funds . Executive branch agencies enter into the contracts and expend the funds to achieve their Congressionally defined missions . When disputes arise , administrative processes within the agencies may resolve them , or the contractor can appeal to the courts . The procurement process for executive branch agencies ( as distinguished from legislative or judicial bodies ) is governed primarily by the Armed Services Procurement Act and the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act . To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts , a body of administrative law has been developed through the Federal Acquisition Regulation . This 53 - part regulation defines the procurement process including special preference programs , and includes the specific language of many clauses in Government contracts . Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements . These supplements appear within the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) volumes of the respective agencies . For example , the Department of Defense ( DOD ) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR . Government contracts are governed by Federal common law , a body of law which is separate and distinct from the bodies of law applying to most businesses -- the Uniform Commercial Code ( UCC ) and the general law of contracts . The UCC applies to contracts for the purchase and sale of goods , and to contracts granting a security interest in property other than land . The UCC is a body of law passed by the U.S. state legislatures and is generally uniform among the states . The general law of contracts , which applies when the UCC does not , is mostly common law , and is also similar across the states , whose courts look to each other 's decisions when there is no in - state precedent . Contracts directly between the Government and its contractors ( `` prime contracts '' ) are governed by the Federal common law . Contracts between the prime contractor and its subcontractors are governed by the contract law of the respective states . Differences between those legal frameworks can put pressure on a prime contractor . United States Constitution ( edit ) The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly enumerated powers given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of Article One of the United States Constitution , but courts found that power implicit in the Constitutional power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its specifically granted powers , such as the powers to establish post offices , post roads , banks , an army , a navy , or militias . Statutes ( edit ) Model of the Acquisition Process Behind any Federal Government acquisition is legislation that permits it and provided money for it . These are normally covered in authorization and appropriation legislation . Generally , this legislation does not affect the acquisition process itself , although the appropriation process has been used to amend procurement laws , notably with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act ( FARA ) and the Federal Acquisitions Streamlining Act ( FASA ) . Other relevant laws include the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 , the Armed Services Procurement Act ( ASPA ) and the Antideficiency Act . Antideficiency Act ( edit ) Main article : Antideficiency Act U.S. Federal fiscal law is about Congressional oversight of the Executive Branch , not principally toward getting the mission accomplished nor getting a good deal for the Government . Fiscal law frequently prevents Government agencies from signing agreements that commercial entities would sign . Therefore , fiscal law can constrain a Federal agency from the quickest , easiest , or cheapest way to accomplish its mission . This Constitutionally mandated oversight of the use of public funds is associated with the principle of checks and balances . A good working relationship and robust communication between the Executive and Legislative branches is the key to avoiding problems in this area . The teeth for fiscal law comes from the Antideficiency Act ( ADA ) , which provides that no one can obligate the Government to make payments for which money has not already been appropriated . The ADA also prohibits the Government from receiving gratuitous services without explicit statutory authority . In particular , an ADA violation occurs when a Federal agency uses appropriated funds for a different purpose than is specified in the appropriations act which provided the funds to the agency . The ADA is directly connected to several other fiscal laws , namely the Purpose Act and the Bona Fide Needs Rule . Money appropriated for one purpose can not be used for a different purpose , according to the Purpose Act ( 31 U.S.C. § 1301 ) . The annual DoD appropriations acts include approximately 100 different appropriations ( known as `` colors of money '' ) , and by this rule operations and maintenance ( O&M ) funds may not be used to buy weapons . Even an expenditure within the apparent scope of one appropriation may not be permissible if there is a more specific appropriation or the agency has made a previous funds election contrary to the proposed use of funds . For example , O&M fund can be used for purchasing repair parts , but if the parts are required to effect a major service life extension that is no longer repair but replacement -- procurement funds must be used if the total cost is more than $250,000 ( otherwise known as the Other Procurement threshold , for example , Other Procurement Army ( OPA ) threshold ) or another procurement appropriation is available such as the armored vehicle or weapons appropriation . An Antideficiency Act violation can also occur when a contract uses funds in a period that falls outside of the time period the funds are authorized for use under what is known as the Bona Fide Needs rule ( 31 USC 1502 ) , which provides : `` The balance of a fixed - term appropriation is available only for payment of expenses properly incurred during the period of availability or to complete contracts properly made within that period . '' The Bona Fide Need Rule is a fundamental principle of appropriations law addressing the availability as to time of an agency 's appropriation. 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 79 ( 1994 ) ; 64 Comp. Gen. 410 , 414 - 15 ( 1985 ) . The rule establishes that an appropriation is available for obligation only to fulfill a genuine or bona fide need of the period of availability for which it was made . 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 79 ( 1994 ) . It applies to all Federal Government activities carried out with appropriated funds , including contract , grant , and cooperative agreement transactions . 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 78 - 79 ( 1994 ) . An agency 's compliance with the bona fide need rule is measured at the time the agency incurs an obligation , and depends on the purpose of the transaction and the nature of the obligation being entered into . 61 Comp. Gen. 184 , 186 ( 1981 ) ( bona fide need determination depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case ) . In the grant context , the obligation occurs at the time of award . 31 Comp. Gen. 608 ( 1952 ) . See also 31 U.S.C. Sec. 1501 ( a ) ( 5 ) ( B ) . Simply put , this rule states that the Executive Branch may only use current funds for current needs -- they can not buy items which benefit future year appropriation periods ( i.e. , 1 October through 30 September ) without a specific exemption . The net result of this rule is funds expire after the end date for which Congress has specified their availability . For example , a single year fund expires on 1 October of the year following their appropriation ( i.e. , FY07 appropriations . ( for example , 1 October 2006 through 30 September 2007 ) expire on 1 October 2007 ) . For example , operations and maintenance funds generally can not be used to purchase supplies after 30 September of the year they are appropriated within with several exceptions -- 1 ) the severable services exemption under 10 USC 2410 and Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) Circular A-34 , Instructions on Budget Execution , 2 ) Authorized stockage level exceptions and 3 ) long lead time exception . ( see https://www.safaq.hq.af.mil/contracting/affars/fiscal-law/bona-fide-need.doc ) The Government Accounting Office Principles of Federal Appropriations Law ( otherwise known as the GAO Redbook at http://www.gao.gov/legal.htm ) has a detailed discussion of these fiscal law rules which directly impact on the ability of a Federal agency to contract with the private sector . Identical bids ( edit ) President Kennedy 's Executive Order 10936 of 24 April 1961 required federal agencies to investigate and report on identical bids received in connection with the procurement of goods or services . It was revoked by President Reagan in 1983 by Executive Order 12430 . Kennedy 's order reflected concern that `` the prevalence of identical bidding ( was ) harmful to the effective functioning of a system of competitive bids '' and that `` identical bidding ( might ) constitute evidence of the existence of conspiracies to monopolize or restrain trade or commerce '' . Reagan 's order argued that the requirement had `` proved ineffective '' and `` consume ( d ) resources that could be employed in a more effective manner to prevent antitrust violations '' . FASA ( edit ) Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 ( FASA ) Pub . L. No. 103 - 355 , 108 Stat. 3243 10 U.S.C. § 2323 has language similar to FASA for the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , NASA and the Coast Guard . In this legislation , Congress extended the affirmative action authority granted DoD by 10 U.S.C. § 2323 to all agencies of the Federal Government . See 15 U.S.C. § 644 note . Regulations to implement that authority were delayed because of the decision in Adarand Constructors v. Peña , 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) . See 60 Fed . Reg . 48,258 ( September 18 , 1995 ) . See 61 Fed . Reg . 26,042 ( May 23 , 1996 ) ( proposed reforms to affirmative action in Federal procurement ) for the basis for the regulations to implement this provision of FASA . See 62 Fed . Reg . 25,648 ( May 9 , 1997 ) for Government response to comments on the proposal , and 62 Fed . Reg . 25,786 ( May 9 , 1997 ) ( proposed rules ) , 63 Fed . Reg . 35,719 ( June 30 , 1998 ) ( interim rules ) , and 63 Fed . Reg . 36,120 ( July 1 , 1998 ) ( interim rules ) , Federal Acquisition Regulation , Reform of Affirmative Action in Federal Procurement addressing the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , NASA , and DoD . Federal acquisition Regulation ( edit ) Main article : Federal Acquisition Regulation The procurement process is subject to legislation and regulation separate from the authorization and appropriation process . These regulations are included in the Code of Federal Regulations ( `` CFR '' ) , the omnibus listing of Government regulations , as Title 48 . Chapter 1 of Title 48 is commonly called the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( `` FAR '' ) . The remaining chapters of Title 48 are supplements to the FAR for specific agencies . The process for promulgating regulations including the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ) includes publication of proposed rules in the Federal Register and receipt of comments from the public before issuing the regulation . Courts treat the FAR as having the `` force and effect of law '' , and Contracting Officers do not have the authority to deviate from it . Supplements to the FAR have been issued following the same process , and have the same force and effect . The FAR and its supplements permit a substantial variation from the purchases of paperclips to battleships . The Contracting Officer and the contractor must seek to achieve their sometimes conflicting goals while following the requirements of the regulations . As with any complex document ( in book form , Title 48 of the CFR requires several shelves ) , the FAR and its supplements can be interpreted differently by different people . Acquisition process ( edit ) Generally , Federal acquisitions begin with identification of a requirement by a specific Federal activity . A basic idea of what is needed and the problem statement is prepared and the requiring activity meets with an acquisition command having a Contracting Officer with an appropriate warrant issued by a specific acquisition activity . Contracting Officers have different contracting thresholds and capabilities . Each one has a specific warrant that states the conditions under which they are permitted to engage in Federal contracting . Depending on the contracting activity , some contracting officers may have no experience whatever with the product , service or requirements in question or knowledge of any of the potential vendor base , creating a weakness in the Government procurement process . Preparing a proposal ( edit ) Frequently , contractor proposals in response to a Request for Proposals ( RFP ) include an exact copy of the RFP 's statement of work . An offeror 's response usually indicates their approach to performing the statement of work , their approach to managing the program or project , and examples of past performance on projects similar in size , scope , and complexity . Evaluator scoring penalizes proposals that contain `` fluff '' or generic information that does not directly pertain to the specifics of the solicitation -- the Government 's need , source selection factors and work statement or performance specification . Charts and other infographics can help a proposal . Examples would be : a six - line chart of the most compelling credentials of contractor 's key personnel , or including a picture of a uniformed security guard on the pages describing contractor 's uniforms . Professional proposal writers often have graphic design experience . A proposal can be too long , causing the Government 's source selection authority to skim over it . The Government source selection team may not wish to spend much time on the acquisition source selection . Also , it is possible for vendors to put too much information into proposals which do not go to the heart of the acquisition , particularly information not related to the source selection criteria as well as the work statement . For simple acquisitions , Government source selection authorities have responded favorably to proposals which emphasize experience with the specific requirement that the Government is seeking to source and information on how a product or service will meet the needs of the Government as stated in the source selection factors and the work statement . Contractors must also be aware of whether or not price is more important than non-price factors . Where price is more important than non-price factors , then the lowest bidder who is technically acceptable in view of the source selection factors and work statement requirements will be selected . Where the solicitation indicates that the requirement is a best value acquisition , then a contractor must draft their proposal to emphasize how their proposed technical solution will meet each and every requirement and source selection factor . For more complex acquisitions , source selection authorities will be interested in how the contractor will produce service or non-service deliverables . Thus , staffing plans , methodology to produce , past experience , ISO certifications , and other information which shows that risks to the Government acquisition have been identified and mitigated should be rated higher than other proposals which do not show such information . However , it is important that the proposal first and foremost address the solicitation 's work statement or technical specifications and source selection factors . Contractors must also be aware of the contract clauses in the contract to include requirements for specific standards which do not directly relate to the deliverables in question to include small business or minority set - aside requirements , Davis - Bacon ( essentially local union labor rates must be used ) , specific accounting standards , specific certifications , etc . Planning ( edit ) The requiring activity and Contracting Officer , ideally , will commence acquisition planning as a first step to a Federal acquisition . Acquisition planning is described in FAR Part 7 , Acquisition Planning , and any agency supplement to the FAR , for example , Defense FAR Supplement ( DFARS ) 207 , Acquisition Planning . Components to an agency , such as the US Army , as well as the individual contracting command in question frequently also have an acquisition instruction which includes additional instructions on acquisition planning . For example , the US Army must follow AFARS Part 7 , Acquisition Planning . Acquisition planning is frequently dependent on the circumstances . For example , during World War II , quantity was the key . As in the Civil War , the U.S. achieved victory due in large part to the American industrial base . A war of attrition requires massive quantities of material , but not necessarily of great quality . During the Cold War , quality was key . The United States may not have had as many pieces of equipment as their opposition , but that equipment could be more effective , efficient , or lethal , and offset the opposition 's numerical advantage . Today , the military needs equipment that works where it is needed , is dependable , has a high degree of maintainability , has long - term reliability , is agile , versatile , and avoids equipment choices that result in political debate and partisan politics . As part of the acquisition planning process , the Government must address its buying power leverage . Many Government acquisition commands write acquisitions solely based on haphazard acquisition strategies that are primarily directed toward avoiding bid protests . Thus , it is necessary to emphasize competition and understand the acquisition from the view point of the contractor ; Government acquisition commands should ask what is to be achieved and whether or not the program is really in the best interest of the Government . Many Federal acquisitions are rushed due to poor time management . In these cases , the tendency is to issue a sole - source contract to known vendors even though FAR Part 6 specifically forbids sole - source contracting when it is due to lack of advanced planning . There is also a high cost premium that is added to the cost of an acquisition when a buyer wants a supplier / vendor to rush to execute a contract or push their contract to the head of all other work the contractor / vendor is executing . It is often said that `` if you want it bad , you get it bad . '' Accordingly , bad acquisition planning generally produces poor and unjustifiable acquisition outcomes . Thus , it is critical to understand the time resources that are required to properly plan and execute a Federal acquisition . Generally , a Government acquisition for moderate to complex requirements requires at least 120 days . A variety of factors can affect the contracting process and the contract clauses that are used in a Federal acquisition , including : Cost : A number of cost thresholds exist that trigger increasing degrees of complexity in the acquisition process . These thresholds include the micro-purchase threshold , the simplified acquisition threshold , and the commercial items threshold . The micro-purchase threshold , as of August 2007 , is generally $3,000 , with some exception . No competition or publication requirements are mandated for micro-purchases ; generally , the Government Commercial Purchase Card ( GCPC ) can be used for these purchases under FAR Part 13 . From $3,000 to $100,000 , agencies may make use of Simplified Acquisition Procedures under FAR Part 13 . Blanket purchase agreements , basic ordering agreements , or other contracts may be awarded under simplified procedures , which allow supplies or services to be ordered at a predetermined fair and reasonable price . The simplified acquisition threshold can be increased in situations specified in FAR Part 13 , including overseas contingency operations ( for example , military operations ) and during nuclear / biological / radiological disasters up to the limits described in FAR Part 2 , Definitions . FAR Part 13 simplified acquisition procedures can be used up to $5,000,000 ( $11 M under specified exceptions ) under a test program in which Congress continues to reauthorize for acquisition of commercial items under FAR Subpart 13.5 , Test Program for Certain Commercial Items . Items must qualify as a commercial item under the definition of FAR Part 2 and be supported by market research as specified in FAR Part 10 . Type of acquisition ( FAR Part 16 , Types of Contracts ) : There are two main types of contracts -- fixed price and cost reimbursement . In deciding which type to use , a Contracting Officer 's identification of risk is key . A very well known requirement , such as for commercial off - the - shelf ( COTS ) items ( in which no R&D would be needed and there are no high risk aspects ) would be best acquired using a fixed - price contract , in which a price is fixed and includes the contractor 's profit ; all risk of cost overrun is transferred to the contractor . A higher risk , more unknown requirement is more suited for cost reimbursement type contracts , in which the contractor is reimbursed for all costs , and is paid a fee above that amount . In this arrangement , cost overrun risk is placed mainly upon the Government . Buying patterns : If an agency has a continuing need for a requirement over a period of time , a vehicle that permits multiple orders may be advantageous . For example , a blanket purchasing agreement ( BPA ) or a basic ordering agreement ( BOA ) as described in FAR Part 13 may be used , which allow for repeated purchases at predetermined fair and reasonable prices . Above the simplified acquisition threshold , an indefinite - delivery , indefinite - quantity ( IDIQ ) contract may be executed , as described in FAR Part 16.5 . Availability of existing contract vehicles : Agencies may use existing BPAs or BOAs , provided that the use is within the general scope of the contract . For example , an agency can make use of Federal Supply Schedules as described in FAR Subpart 8.4 . Schedules offered by the General Services Administration ( GSA ) provide a number of pre-competed contract vehicles that give an immediate ability to obtain goods or services without going through the full contracting process ( http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentId=8106&contentType=GSA_OVERVIEW ) . Mandatory Sources : FAR Part 8 discusses the mandatory use of certain sources for acquiring some types of supplies and services . These sources include the Federal Prison Industries , various vendors who hire blind and disabled persons , and Federal Supply Schedules . Certain items can not be purchased by most agencies , such as passenger motor vehicles ; all passenger motor vehicles must be purchased by GSA , unless a waiver is obtained . This is due in part to Congressional restrictions on the use of appropriated funds to purchase vehicles and the special authority that GSA has as the Federal Government 's motor pool manager . Small Businesses and Socioeconomic Issues : Contracting with small businesses and firms affected by certain socioeconomic factors require a highly complex subset of Government regulation which is described by FAR Parts 19 and 26 . Other requirements often apply to acquisitions depending upon the circumstances . These can include those listed in FAR Part 36 , Construction and Architect - Engineer Contracts ; FAR Part 41 , Acquisition of Utility Services ; and FAR Part 37 , Service Contracting . Outside of a specified exception , acquisitions having a cost above the simplified acquisition threshold or the special authority under FAR Subpart 13.5 must be performed using the process specified under FAR Part 14 , Sealed Bidding , or FAR Part 15 , Contracting by Negotiation . Workload of the Government contracting office and requiring activity . Contract vehicle selection ( primarily indefinitely duration , indefinite quantity ( IDIQ ) versus stand alone `` C '' contracts ) , market research , competition , use of performance incentives ( or not ) , earned valued management system ( EVMS ) use , length of contract , number of options periods , simplification of source selection strategy and evaluation factors , inattention to fine acquisition details such as with regard to technical data rights , bundling of contract requirements into larger contract vehicles , and other decisions having a direct impact on acquisition outcomes including cost are frequently driven by workload of contracting and requiring activities . Bundling of requirements to reduce contracting actions in particular reduce contracting workload but necessarily create increased risks and other undesirable impacts to include reduction of potential vendors who directly accomplish the work in question ( thereby increasing subcontracting and decreasing specific experience with particular categories of work by prime contractors ) . Overbundling also reduces competition by reducing the number of vendors willing to take responsibility as a prime integrator over areas that are not in their core business . At some point , bundling reduces vendor base to so called prime integrators who do little to none of the work in house . An acquisition plan may have numerous elements as listed in FAR 7.105 ; depending upon the estimated cost of the acquisition , these elements include : Statement of need and background Applicable conditions Cost Life cycle costs if applicable Capability or performance Delivery or performance requirements Tradeoffs -- expected consequences of tradeoffs among cost , capability and schedule Milestone chart depicting acquisition objectives Plan of action Potential sources Competition plan -- whether full and open competition used , and if not , justification Source selection procedures Acquisition considerations Potential Government furnished information , equipment or services Security and / or force protection considerations Budgeting and funding Product or service description Logistics considerations Environmental considerations Contract administration issues Participants in acquisition plan preparation ( including source selection committee ) During the planning of an acquisition , several key aspects of the effort are decided , including : The degree of competition required under FAR Part 6 , Competition Requirements ( i.e. , full and open competition , full and open competition after exclusion of sources , or other than full and open competition , also called `` sole - source '' ) Publication requirements for the acquisition ( FAR Part 5 , Publicizing Contract Actions ) Preparation of the SOW / PWS -- a document that specifies the `` who , what , when , where , how '' of the contract ; it must be specific enough for the contractor to adequately price the requirement and to be enforceable in court . Measurable outcomes must be stated clearly . Required amount and type of funding for the proposed acquisition Contract line item number ( CLIN ) structure : this is generally in Section B of an issued contract that is constructed in the Uniform Contract Format . The CLIN Schedule is what the offeror prices in their offer / proposal . It is often advantageous to construct a CLIN Schedule that matches an outline of the work statement . Failure to properly structure the CLIN structure to the contents of a work statement can lead to an inability to determine how much a contractor should be paid or penalized if performance issues arise . Source selection criteria ( SSC ) : Source selection criteria `` 1 ) Represent the key areas of importance and emphasis to be considered in the source selection decision ; and ( 2 ) Support meaningful comparison and discrimination between and among competing proposals . '' ( FAR 15.304 , Evaluation factors and significant subfactors ) . Independent Government cost estimate Market research : Market research is a critical part of knowledge - based acquisitions . Information - driven and informed decision - making requires complete information to execute successful acquisitions . FAR Part 10 , Market Research , gives guidance on the process of market research and its role in Federal acquisitions . Acquisition Risks : Risk in contracting falls into three categories -- schedule risk , performance risk and cost risk . Risks to the acquisition , including negative past experiences , must be identified and mitigation measures and risk allocation between the Government and a potential vendor determined . Government provided equipment , resources , support or information : Often , the Government must provide for equipment , logistics support , information , and many other items vital to performance of a contract . If there are proprietary information in the potential Government furnished information ( GFI ) , then measures must be taken to avoid violation of applicable regulations . Effective market research assists the Government in : understanding industry terminology , understanding the basic concepts of the desired service or equipment item , identifying potential contractors that provide the item determining the correct scope of the requirement to best fit the vendor base Lack of adequate market research often results in contracts that fail to achieve the customer 's expectations . Requiring activities are sometimes asked to write work statements on subject matter with which they have little experience . Persons with little knowledge as to how to conduct market research must seek training or guidance or apply the same common sense they would use if they were buying a high value item for themselves . Stripped Down Components ( edit ) Work statement : Deliverable list with performance and objective specifications if not a service contract ( no brand names except as example ) Measurable outcome deliverables in a service contract Construction or architecture & engineering ( A&E ) ( FAR Part 36 ) Schedule / milestones ( included in work statement ) CLINS matched tightly with work statement structure / outline Source selection criteria Risk ( edit ) Contracting is all about risk allocation and minimizing risk to include cost , schedule and performance . The more vague the contract work statement , the more risk that the Government assumes . Risk from Program Manager , Contracting and Investor 's Perspective : Risk . A measure of the inability to achieve program objectives within defined cost and schedule constraints . Risk is associated with all aspects of the program , for example , threat , technology , design processes , Work breakdown structure ( WBS ) elements , etc . It has two components , the probability of failing to achieve a particular outcome , and the consequences of failing to achieve that outcome . Risk from a Lawyer 's Standpoint : Does this contract adequately describe all essential work / expectations , is there a schedule and is it enforceable ? What are our remedies , if any ? Requiring activities and frequently contracting officers want to get an acquisition on contract as quickly as possible ; sometimes too quickly . Thus , contracting officers and acquisition attorneys will frequently have to carefully review the overall acquisition to identify risks to cost , schedule and performance and recommend mitigation measures to decrease these risk areas . Risk from an Investor 's perspective : What is my expected payoff ? The larger the expected payoff , the larger the associated risk , and vice versa . An Investor , who is a shareholder in a contracting company , will seek to carefully balance the expected payoff with the associated risk , and he is incentivized to seek a large payoff , as long as the risk is acceptable . This perspective is unique in the sense that risk represents both opportunity and danger to the Investor , while it only represents danger to the Program Manager and the Lawyer . In other words , there is a misalignment in the perception of risk between the Program Manager , the Lawyer , and the Investor . It is ultimately the Investor who owns the contracting company , and this misalignment will have an effect on the Investor 's behavior and the stock 's performance . Requirement over-bundling ( edit ) Cost , schedule and performance risk can be increased by over-bundling of a requirement into a single acquisition vehicle . Over-bundling dries up the possible vendor base that might otherwise compete for a requirement . Thus , it is critical that an evaluation of the possible vendors who might compete for the overall work statement / deliverables be accomplished . For example , having a work statement for asphalt roads , space shuttles , hot dog carts , movie projectors and skyscrapers is unlikely to get a good vendor ; only a prime integrator will bid on that type of bloated requirement , thereby stacking a tremendous amount of overhead into the price of the acquisition . In the best - case scenario , the prime integrator will merely go out and contract with the vendors the Government should have gone with in the first place . The worst case is the prime integrator will mismanage outsourcing to their subcontractors and poor results will ensue . Overhead costs of over 100 % of the price of the subcontractors is not uncommon in this situation , especially in Iraq . This analysis will frequently require splitting up a requirement into different pieces . The bundling of a requirement also has the very bad effect of making the SSCs and CLIN structure difficult to use in source selection , price evaluation and contract administration . Overbundled requirements frequently suffer from very vague requirements and work statements , particularly in service contracts . In service contracts , the CLIN structure is priced on a per person per hour basis rather than on the service work deliverables themselves . Government or contractor ability to prepare cost or price estimates for vague work statements is severely limited ; Accordingly , the Government will negotiate a labor rate , number of people and individual qualifications for the requirement given that is the only feasible way to get an idea of cost . However , use of per person / per hour pricing for services is a poor contracting practice given the Government retains virtually all performance , cost and schedule risk given the contractor has fully performed under the CLIN statement when they provide the qualified body , rather than providing the needed service . One could argue that a CLIN statement which overbundles work in even a well written work statement and prices the work on a per person / per hour basis with limits on the numbers of person and types of qualifications the contractor can use is in contradiction to the work statement given the means the Government has asked the contractor to price the contract bears no relationship to the actual work itself and the Government is directing the contractor on how to execute the requirement -- thus interfering with contractor performance and a sign of an employee - employer relationship rather than an independent contracting relationship . Also , the CLIN structure which prices on a per person basis or per hour basis generally pays for such persons on an annual basis rather than merely for the service on an a la carte or as - needed basis , therefore driving up costs in many cases . Pricing on a per person or per hour basis is a sign that a contract likely also qualifies as a personal services contract under FAR Part 37 -- technically violating at least the spirit , if not the letter , of the Classification Act and FAR Part 37 except in specific circumstances and with specific determinations and findings . Use of prime integrators in overbundled contracts sometimes has led to poor results in a number of major systems acquisitions . For example , what would happen if say the US Navy went too far in allowing contractors to make choices that make economic sense in the specific acquisition but add cost to the overall Navy ? Example is a prime integrator who gets a good deal on a specific radar system that is not used in any other ship system -- makes this specific buy cheaper but overall this costs the Navy a great deal of money given a lack of interoperability that drives a need to stand up training schools , supply system , work force increase , etc . Over-bundling makes it easy for contracting , but many times , especially for complex acquisitions , does not deliver the results expected by the customer or war fighter for complex acquisitions , especially acquisitions that the acquisition command in question has little experience with or has substantial turn over of personnel during the life of the acquisition . Small business acquisitions have mandatory restrictions on over-bundling . However , non-small business acquisitions are not subject to the same rules . Example of how over-bundling causes big problems ( permutations and evaluation of total price in source selection ) : Lets say a requiring activity wants to get polling services . Acquisition planning reveals there are five polls in ten different regions . However , it turns out that the Government will only be ordering one of the five polls in any real numbers and that particular poll is much more expensive in actual cost than the other four . If a weighting scheme is not applied to this bundled requirement , a vendor can make the four lightly ordered polls very cheap in their offer and the high volume poll very expensive , based on their knowledge of the ordering patterns of the Government in past acquisitions . Thus , on its face , the overall price of a bid when each poll is added together to arrive at a total price ( used in source selection ) would look attractive but in practice , the Government will burn through its budget very quickly given the vast majority of the actually ordered polls are extremely expensive ( even though the actual cost of the most frequently ordered poll is far less than what was in the offer ) . To avoid the headache of a weighting scheme , all five polls should be broken apart and contracted for separately so they can be judged on their merits . This is an example of what is frequently done on major indefinite duration , indefinite quantity ( IDIQ ) contracts and explains why some acquisitions are appallingly expensive and require additional funding to achieve the requiring activity 's objectives . Statement of work ( edit ) Main article : Statement of work The statement of work ( SOW ) is a formal document submitted along with the request for proposal ( RFP ) to a vendor that defines the work to be performed , the location of the work , the deliverable schedule , applicable performance standards , any special requirements ( e.g. , security clearances , travel , and special knowledge ) , and the period of performance . Source selection ( edit ) The Procurement Integrity Act ( PIA ) applies to the personnel that engage in Federal source selections to include prohibitions on gifts to source selection personnel , restrictions on dissemination of procurement sensitive information and post Government employment restrictions . Source selection refers to the process for evaluating contractor proposals or quotes submitted in response to a request for proposals ( RFP ) or request for quotes ( RFQ ) based on the contract solicitation . Source selection is driven by what instructions to offerors clause is included in the contract solicitation ( e.g. , FAR 52.212 - 2 with the tailored language spelling out what the source selection criteria are , weighting , etc . ) . After the requiring activity has written their SOW / PWS , figured out source selection approach , then selected factors and subfactors , then figured out weighting of non cost / price factors , then understood consequences of the above , they write a source selection plan ( SSP ) . A SSP gives instructions to a source selection committee on how to evaluate each proposal . Courts will defer to the source selection committee 's business judgment , so facts must be included to base a decision on ; the source selection committee must not be arbitrary or lack facts in the record for their findings . Ultimately , risk evaluation is where a source selection team wants to be . That is what is used to determine weakness , significant weakness and deficiencies , which are briefed to unsuccessful offerors . Making the connection between risk evaluation / source selection criteria / factors and offeror proposals is what source selection is all about The process used for source selection can be selected from FAR Parts 13 , Simplified Acquisition , 14 , Sealed Bidding or 15 , Contracting by Negotiation . Contractors competing for a Government requirement have an opportunity to request clarification or amendment of a work statement or solicitation . The request for clarification must be done relatively early in the acquisition process , preferably as close to the publication of a solicitation , RFQ , RFP or other publication . Frequently contracting officers will agree to such clarifications if a contractor 's request is well reasoned . Key principles for source selection : Tell them what basis you are going to award it on ( award criteria ) ( tell them ) Award it based on what you said you would award it based on ( do what you said you would do ) Document what you did . ( Tell them that you did what you said you would do in the first place ) More is better as long as it makes sense . If discussions are held , read the bid protests on discussions first to make sure you understand how to do it . Competitive Range -- Defined at FAR 15.305 ( c ) -- used `` if discussions are to be conducted ... . '' Competitive Range is a tool that you use when you expect many proposals so only the most competitive proposals need to be evaluated . FAR 15.209 : `` If the Government intends to make award AFTER DISCUSSIONS WITH THE OFFERORS IN THE COMPETITIVE RANGE ... insert ( provision at 52.21501 ... ) '' Offers excluded from competitive range must follow notification procedures at 15.503 ( a ) and debriefing procedures at FAR 15.305 ( c ) ( 4 ) . Do NOT use competitive ranges to exclude offers / proposals unless solicitation stated discussions were going to be used . FAR 15.306 ( c ) . If a competitive range is used , you MUST send pre-award notifications to offerors thus excluded . An agency entering into discussions must provide `` meaningful discussions '' ( See GAO decisions on this issue ) . If FAR Part 15 is used , there MUST be a proposal evaluation under FAR 15.305 to include a `` fair and reasonable '' price determination under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 1 ) , a past performance evaluation under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 2 ) and a technical evaluation under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 3 ) . For each factor rating , identify each offeror 's key strengths , uncertainties and deficiencies of the proposal and then explain how the strengths , uncertainties and deficiencies resulted in that rating . Focus specifically on the factors and subfactors specifically stated in the solicitation / instructions to offerors . Do not use unstated source selection criteria to select the winning offer . Discuss those discriminators that make one offeror better than another based on the selection criteria . Be as detailed and focused upon discriminators as the source selection results allow . If something was not a discriminator then say so and also state why it was not . If the strength had no bearing on the offerors rating , state so . Adequately address the impact of past performance on the decision ; remember , no past performance is rated NEUTRAL ! ! A drafter of the source selection decision document must show the source selection authorities thought process and reasons behind the comparative analysis . Use a declaration of thinking / intent on the part of the source selection authority ( SSA ) . For example : I selected ; I thought ; I determined ; I reviewed ; etc . Source selections can not compare the offers against each other . Only against the award criteria . Spend some time on the summary to make it correct as it is very important . It is meant to very quickly put in words the best of the key discriminators used by the SSA to reach their decision . Do n't focus the discussion on only one offeror . The Source Selection Decision Document ( SSDD ) compares assessments of the successful offeror against the others . If there are a large number of offerors , the detailed discussion may be limited to the most highly rated offerors . Some light discussion of lower rated offerors is needed when a competitive range is not established . Do n't use ratings with contradicting supporting language , such as a `` not detailed '' rated `` excellent . '' Examine ratings closely as they relate to your technical discussions . Ensure they are consistent ( i.e. , avoid having a weakness discussed in one proposal evaluation and not another proposal having the same weakness ) . Do n't identify or list weaknesses without discussing them and their importance to the thought process . Do n't treat a neutral performance confidence assessment favorably or unfavorably . ( Do n't disqualify an offeror for having a neutral rating . ) No past performance must be rated as neutral under FAR Part 13 and FAR Subpart 15.3 . Ensure that , when documenting an award decision in the SSDD , SSA 's are focusing on the underlying advantages and disadvantages of the proposals rather than merely the ratings themselves . HoveCo , B - 298697 : http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/298697.pdf Agency regulations frequently provide guidance on source selections : See for example , AFARS 5115.308 Source selection decision -- `` A source selection decision document must be prepared for all source selections and reflect the SSA 's integrated assessment and decision . The document must be the single summary document supporting selection of the best value proposal consistent with the stated evaluation criteria . It must clearly explain the decision and documents the reasoning used by the SSA to reach a decision . The document should be releasable to the General Accounting Office and others authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information . When releasing a copy to offerors or to anyone not authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information , redacted material should be limited to that which is proprietary and that which must continue to be protected as source selection information . '' Consistency : what is bad for one proposal is bad for all ; find an adverse comment , then look at of the proposals of the other bidders and see if the same problem exists in there and was not written up in the evaluation for those proposals . What is good for one proposal is good for all proposals ( See above ) Take a hard look at definitions in instructions given to source selection committee -- look at the words in them ; start with the worst definition , i.e. , unacceptable , look at the words in it , then see if those words show up in evaluations that are rated higher than that definition in the rating worksheets . If you have something bad in the proposal you want to win , then acknowledge it in your source decision document , and STATE THAT IT DID NOT AFFECT YOUR DECISION OF X REGARDING RATING OF THAT PROPOSAL ! ! ! -- if the same thing is bad in another proposal , then say the same thing in that one as well . The word `` non-responsive '' IS ONLY USED IN SEALED BIDDING ! It should NEVER be used in FAR Parts 13 or 15 evaluation processes . Packages missing things are just rated lower for example , poor , good , unacceptable or IAW FAR of weakness , significant weakness , etc . Compare SOW and delivery schedules on solicitation ( for example , RFP / RFQ ) to what is in proposals word for word to see if everything was addressed . State if something is missing to justify lower ratings ; talk about everything that applies for each award criteria to `` pile on '' good comments for proposals you like ; then show that more good was said about the ones you liked , and less good was said about the ones you do n't . Do the best you can with bad source selection or award criteria . Just make sure it is consistently applied Source selection criteria ( edit ) Source Selection Criteria ( SSC ) can be simple or complex depending on the subject of the acquisition . If FAR Part 15 is used , then a concept called best value can be used ; best value simply is an idea that the lowest bidder is not necessarily the winner of a competition -- rather , an evaluation of the overall offer based on specified SSCs is accomplished and a source selection decision is accomplished ( see below ) based on those specified SSCs using a fact - based business judgement of the acquiring activity . SSCs can vary widely in complexity depending on the acquisition process used , for example , FAR Part 13 , Simplified Acquisition , or FAR Part 15 , Negotiated Procurement . For example , under FAR Part 15 , there is a range of source selection models including : Lowest Price ( LP ) that is Technically Acceptable ( TA ) based on statement of work ( SOW ) ( LPTA ) ( use this for VERY SIMPLE BUYS -- for example , pencils ) LPTA with Past Performance ( partial tradeoff ) ( more complicated ) Full Tradeoff based on LP , TA , past performance and stated criteria including SOW ( VERY COMPLICATED BUYS ) ( sometimes known as best value ) Do not have to select lowest price Can select higher priced proposal that provides better solution to objectives A Business Judgment - based decision with rational basis If FAR Part 13 , simplified acquisition is used , then a contracting officer can select from a range of processes including Government Purchase Card ( GPC ) for purchases under the micro-purchase threshold ( see definition section of FAR for current value ( for example , in U.S. , it is currently $2,500 ) , simplified acquisition threshold ( see FAR definition section , currently up to $150,000 within the U.S. with certain exceptions ) , or up to $6.5 M for commercial items / services . Under FAR Part 13 , contracting officers are not required to use FAR Part 15 processes or follow the publication requirements of FAR Part 5 , however they MUST create their own processes to follow . Vendor past performance is generally included as a source selection criteria . It is important to include a requirement for `` recent and relevant '' past performance . Inadequate SSCs renders the best work statement and CLIN worthless . Metrics / performance measures ( edit ) Main article : Performance metric A metric is a meaningful measurement taken over a period of time that communicates vital information about a process or activity , leading to fact - based decisions . Focus on where things go bad -- not resource effective to measure everything . Instead , select the critical few metrics for mission essential processes , process that have historically experienced chronic problems or process choke points and monitor them . Characteristics of a good metric : Meaningful to the customer Simple , understandable , logical and repeatable Shows a trend Clearly defined Data that 's economical to collect Timely Drives appropriate action ( this is most important feature of a good metric ) Shows how organizational goals and objectives are being met through tasks and processes Trade - in or sales authority ( edit ) 40 USC 181 ( c ) provides : `` In acquiring personal property , any executive agency , under regulations to be prescribed by the Administrator , subject to regulations prescribed by the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy pursuant to the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act may exchange or sell similar items and may apply the exchange allowance or proceeds of sale in such cases in whole or in part payment for the property acquired ... '' The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gives agencies general authority to sell personal property and use the proceeds to replace similar property during the same fiscal year or the next one , like a used car trade - in . The Miscellaneous Receipts Act ( 31 USC 3302 ) mandates that funds received by the US Government must be deposited in the miscellaneous receipts account at the US Treasury unless a specific exemption was authorized by Congress . The Miscellaneous Receipts Act prevents the Executive Branch from financing itself except as specifically authorized by Congress . 40 USC 181 ( c ) thus is necessary to ensure a command that essentially trades or sells items , frequently information technology ( IT ) equipment , can retain the receipts from the trade in or sale and apply them to acquisition of replacement items . Contract administration ( edit ) Contracting Officer ( edit ) Unless specifically prohibited by another provision of law , an agency 's authority to contract is vested in the agency head , for example , the Secretary of the Air Force or the Administrator , National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Agency heads delegate their authority to Contracting Officers , who either hold their authority by virtue of their position or must be appointed in accordance with procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation . Only Contracting Officers may sign Government contracts on behalf of the Government . 48 CFR § 1.601 . A Contracting Officer has only the authority delegated pursuant to law and agency procedures . This authority is set forth in the Contracting Officer 's certificate of appointment ( formerly called a `` warrant '' ) . Unlike in commercial contracting , there is no doctrine of apparent authority applicable to the Government . Any action taken by a Contracting Officer that exceeds the Contracting Officer 's actual delegated authority is not binding on the Government , even if both the Contracting Officer and the contractor desire the action and the action benefits the Government . The contractor is presumed to know the scope of the Contracting Officer 's authority and can not rely on any action of Contracting Officers when it exceeds their authority . Contracting Officers are assisted in their duties by Contracting Officer Representatives ( CORs ) and Contracting Officer Technical Representatives ( COTRs ) , who usually do not have the authority of a Contracting Officer . What happens after a Government contract is signed ? That subject is referred to as contract administration . Contract administration tasks can include : Payments ( prompt payment essential ) -- frequently Wide Area Workflow ( WAWF ) is used . Modifications and Adjustments , typically done using a changes clause Includes Requests for Equitable Adjustments ( can process under FAR 49.002 ( c ) ) ( these are essentially modifications under the applicable contract changes clause e.g. , FAR 52.212 - 4 clause ) Terminations for cause or convenience -- for commercial items , you use the terminations clauses in the 52.212 - 4 clause . Bid protests , ratifications and contract claims See the DCMA Handbook for more information on contract administration . Requests for equitable Adjustments ( edit ) Requests for Equitable Adjustments ( REAs ) are modifications of the contract that were not done formally or properly . REAs are frequently based on the changes clause . They typically occur when new work is added or a change in current work is ordered , perhaps by the contracting officer , without the required documentation . Changed circumstances and equity are possible justifications for a contractor to ask for a REA . Contractors can ask for delay damages arising from contract changes in REAs . These can be large . The burden of showing evidence of increased costs is on the contractor . Special rules exist for entitlement to whether or not contractor is entitled to profit in addition to the actual costs they incurred , especially in the cases of leased equipment that was held over due to delays on the part of the Government or the Government 's failure to properly integrate other contractors who then interfered with our contractor 's work . Cases out there that say the Government can reduce profit if risk was reduced due to the change . Can use the settlement procedures in FAR Part 49 , per FAR 49.002 ( c ) but be advised that this section is really written for terminations -- you have to adapt the settlement procedures , probably for terminations for convenience , to the REA . The Government should make sure there is a release of claims ( ROC ) clause in the REA 's contract modification -- FAR / DFARS do not have a sample ROC clause . In the context of FAR Part 12 commercial items , the changes clause requires BILATERAL AGREEMENT . A substantial number of Federal cases deal with REAs : `` It is black letter law that every contract with the Government contains an implied obligation that neither party will do anything to prevent , hinder , or delay performance . '' Sterling Millwrights , Inc. v. United States , 26 Cl. Ct. 49 , 67 ( 1992 ) ( citing Lewis - Nicholson , Inc. v. United States , 213 Ct.Cl. 192 , 550 F. 2d 26 , 32 ( 1977 ) ) . When Government actions delay contractor performance and increase costs , `` the contractor has a claim for damages . '' ( Lewis - Nicholson , 550 F. 2d at 26 ) . `` A constructive change generally arises where the Government , without more , expressly or impliedly orders the contractor to perform work that is not specified in the contract documents . '' Lathan , 20 Cl. Ct . at 128 ( citing Chris Berg , Inc. v. United States , 197 Ct.Cl. 503 , 525 , 455 F. 2d 1037 , 1050 ( 1972 ) ) . Contractors may recover excess costs through an equitable adjustment , however , it `` bears the burden of proving liability , causation , and resultant injury . '' Ralph L. Jones , 33 Fed.Cl . at 331 ( citing Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States , 173 Ct.Cl. 180 , 199 , 351 F. 2d 956 ( 1965 ) ; Electronic & Missile Facilities , Inc. v. United States , 189 Ct.Cl. 237 , 253 , 416 F. 2d 1345 ( 1969 ) ) . The standard of meeting this burden is high . Before an equitable adjustment will be granted , contractors must demonstrate : ( 1 ) increased costs arose from conditions materially different from what the contract documents indicated and that such conditions were reasonably unforeseeable based on all information available to the contractor ; and ( 2 ) the changes in the requirements caused the increased costs in question . Johns - Manville Corp. v. United States , 12 Cl. Ct. 1 , 33 ( 1987 ) . A contractor must distinguish for the court those delays for which the Government is responsible as opposed to its own ; the contractor 's standard for proving damages does not require `` absolute exactness or mathematical precision . '' Ralph L. Jones , 33 Fed.Cl . at 336 ( quoting Electronic & Missile , 189 Ct.Cl . at 257 ) . The court `` needs only enough evidence to make a fair and reasonable estimate . '' Id . ( citing Miller Elevator , 30 Fed.Cl . at 702 ; Electronic & Missile , 189 Ct.Cl . at 257 ) . Modifications ( edit ) Two types of scope determinations in contracts . One is scope of the original contract -- meaning , do we have to pay anything for this modification . The second one is whether or not the modification or change is within the scope of the original competition . The first issue comes up when a contractor demands more money ( i.e. , demand for more money in a CDA claim or REA ) ; the second issue comes up when the Government wishes to modify the contract and the contractor agrees , but another contractor objects to the failure to recompete the contract . Modifications are governed by the changes clause in the contract . However , the question of competitive scope must be determined first to determine if there will be a Competition in Contracting Act ( CICA ) violation first . As a collateral issue , the question of whether or not the modification is a good deal must be evaluated because any modification is inherently a sole source award to the incumbent contractor . Thus , there is no price competition for the modification . If the acquisition was done under FAR Part 12 , Commercial Items , the Government has no ability to demand cost and pricing information from the Contractor to evaluate whether or not the contractor is ripping off the Government with inflated or padded charges . With regard to competitive scope determinations , the GAO in American Air Filter Co. , 57 Comp. Gen 567 ( B - 188408 ) , 78 - 1 , para 443 , at 573 , stated : `` The impact of any modification is in our view to be determined by examining whether the alteration is within the scope of the competition which was initially conducted . Ordinarily , a modification falls within the scope of the procurement provided that it is of a nature which potential offerors would have reasonably anticipated under the changes clause . To determine what potential offerors would have reasonably expected , consideration should be given to the procurement format used , the history of the present and related past procurements , and the nature of the supplies or services sought . A variety of factors may be pertinent , including : whether the requirement was appropriate initially for an advertised or negotiated procurement ; whether a standard off the shelf or similar item is sought ; or whether , for example , the contract is one for research and development , suggesting that broad changes might be expected because the Government 's requirement are at best only indefinite . '' GAO issued a decision on 31 Jan 06 in DOR Biodefense Inc. and Emergent BioSolutions , B - 296358.3 and B - 296358.4 regarding whether a modification is within the scope of the original competition under the Competition In Contracting Act ( CICA ) . Modifications outside the scope of the original competition must be competed or justified as sole source actions . Scope analysis is not mechanical , but requires an integrated assessment of multiple factors , including contract type , specification or statement of work , cost and performance period . Whether the modification requires competition also depends upon whether the original solicitation adequately advised offerors of the potential for that type of change , and thus whether the modification would have changed the field of competition . In Biodefense , the Army issued a single award ten year indefinite quantity contract for development and certification of vaccines for biological defense . The challenged modification was exercise of an optional CLIN for development of a type of vaccine not expressly listed in the solicitation 's option that extended the performance period for the option by 8 years at a significant increase in cost . The GAO determined that this modification was , nevertheless , within the overall scope of the original competition based on the broad developmental purpose of the contract and the solicitation 's express notice to offerors that additional vaccine types could be added after award and that changes in regulation may affect performance period and costs . The discussion of actions taken by the Army in the original solicitation to put competitors on notice of the potential for post-award modifications provides good practice insight . See DOR Biodefense , Inc. ; Emergent BioSolutions : http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/2963583.pdf See DCMA 's Contract Administration Handbook for more information : http://guidebook.dcma.mil/15/instructions.htm Claims ( edit ) Release of a claim ( edit ) Release of Claims In consideration of the premises contained in contract modification number _______________ of contract number ______________________________ , executed on _____________ , and sum of $ ______________to be paid by the United States Government under the above noted contract , the undersigned contractor does release and discharge the Government , its officers , agents , and employees of , from all liabilities , obligations , and claims whatsoever in law and equity arising out of or by virtue of said contract , except as follows : ( fill this in or state -- no exceptions ) IN WITNESS WHEREOF , this release has been executed this ___ day of _________ . __________________________ Contractor Signature Contract disputes Act ( edit ) Contract claims are handled under the disputes clause in commercial items contracts or another clause in different types of contracts . The clause simply refers to another clause , the contract dispute clause . That clause invokes the Contract Disputes Act ( CDA ) and specific procedures that must be followed . The Government seeks to avoid treating requests for additional money or changes to the contract as a claim , for several reasons . For starters , the Government has to pay interest from the date of receipt to the date of payment . Second , if the amount is over a specified amount , then the claim must be certified ( see the FAR and CDA ) . Certification is essentially a company swearing under pain of 18 USC false claims act penalties that they are not falsifying the claim . Instead of dealing with it as a claim , the Government should deal with it as a REA ; the contractor will have to decide what is more advantageous to it -- a REA or CDA claim . Cancellation of contract ( edit ) Contractors are understandably quite upset when an awarded contract is cancelled before contract performance can begin . There is some authority for a contractor to recover bid preparation costs in very limited circumstances . Even so , a contracting agency need only establish a reasonable basis to support a decision to cancel an RFQ ; in this regard , so long as there is a reasonable basis for doing so , an agency may cancel an RFQ no matter when the information precipitating the cancellation first arises , even if it is not until quotations have been submitted and evaluated . Quality Tech. , Inc. , B - 292883.2 , Jan. 21 , 2004 , 2004 CPD para. 29 at 2 - 3 ; Datatrak Consulting , Inc. , B - 292502 et al. , September 26 , 2003 , 2003 CPD para. 169 at 5 . It is well established that an agency 's lack of funding for a procurement provides a reasonable basis for cancellation , as agencies can not award contracts which exceed available funds . First Enter. , B - 221502.3 , Mar. 24 , 1986 , 86 - 1 CPD para. 290 at 3 . Procurement authorities are presumed to act in good faith and in order for GAO to conclude otherwise , the record must show that procuring officials intended to injure the protester . Cycad Corp. , B ‐ 255870 , April 12 , 1994 , 94 - 1 CPD para. 253 at 5 . A protester 's mere inference of bad faith is insufficient . Terminations ( edit ) The Government may terminate a contract for cause ( commercial items ) , for default ( T4D ) or for convenience ( T4C ) . Terminations for commercial items ( FAR Part 12 ) contracts are governed by FAR 52.212 - 4 ( l ) and ( m ) , not the T4C or T4D clauses of FAR 52.249 - x . FAR Part 49 prescribes T4D and T4C clauses in FAR Part 52 for non-commercial items ( FAR Part 12 ) related contracts . In particular , T4D is covered by FAR Subpart 49.4 , Terminations for Default . T4C is covered by several sections of FAR Part 49 . Termination for default reviews can be done a variety of ways , however , one method is to start with what is the ACTUAL deliverable on the contract , not the one that the customer thought they had . Carefully track what the contractor 's actual performance is against the specific language in the contract . If there has been verbal changes by the Government without going through the contracting officer ( which should never happen ) , is there something that indicates the contractor consented to those changes ? In writing ? For example , the DFARS 252.212 - 4 clause section that deals with modifications states that mutual consent is required for all modifications . In this review , use the language from the contract and then see if you have adequate evidence from the Government documenting the actual performance . Ask if the Government COR has signed any receiving reports e.g. , DD Form 250s accepting performance ( so they can get paid ) . Is there anything in the record that shows the Government placed the contractor on notice of their default or non conforming deliveries ? FAR Part 49 should be read that to get information on terminations including notice to cure and show cause notices . The more the Government tries to give the contractor chances to remedy their default , the more the Government bolsters its case that T4D is appropriate . The various courts that review T4Ds have a high standard of review for T4Ds , so the Government should consider making sure the T4D is well supported and the Government has had little or no role in the contractors non-conforming performance as well as ensuring there is a clearly defined deliverable , several chances to cure and nothing in the record that indicates the Government failed to do something that was condition precedent to performance or the Government interfered with contract performance or failed to provide required cooperation / support . ( For example , failure to provide security escorts or access to a work site thus causing delays on the part of Contractor performance ) . The key point for T4Ds is that it is the only way that a Government agency can use prior year single year appropriated funds , such as O&M or many types of procurement funds , for reprocurement of the item in question . Accordingly , it is very important the Agency get the acquisition right up front because bad work statements and poor contract administration destroy the Government 's ability to T4D , thus keep their prior year funds to get a replacement contractor . Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) has a Terminations Handbook which is very useful in dealing with terminations for convenience issues . Real options analysis ( edit ) One approach to analysing Government procurements of large systems , such as weapons systems , is to use real options analysis . Such procurements can be done in single annual lots ( `` single - year procurements , '' or SYPs ) , or , with Congressional approval , multi-year procurement ( MYP ) contracts . Multi-year contracts generally lower the risk for the contractor , and thus the unit price paid by the Government . One way to look at this situation is that a multi-year contract contains a real option for the contractor to escape the uncertainty associated with a sequence of single - year contract negotiations ( analogous to a put option ) . Real options analysis can give an estimate of the value to the contractor of transferring revenue risk to the Government as a function of the contract 's size and the volatility of the contract 's value , even though the option is not actively traded . The negotiated price is also influenced by the attitudes towards risk of the negotiating parties . See also ( edit ) No - bid contract Cost - plus contract Small and medium enterprise Contract adjustment board United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Defense Contract Audit Agency , responsible for audits of many defense contractors Defense Contract Management Agency , responsible for contract administration of US Department of Defense contracts . Conjoint analysis ( in marketing ) , conjoint analysis -- useful in determining essential elements of an acquisition from a customer 's perspective . Top 100 US Federal Contractors NASA SEWP , an example of an Acquisition Contract that expanded from its original narrow focus to serve the entire Government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How To Start a Federal Contracting Business '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Procurement Reports '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2010 -- Departments '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Contractors Report -- Fiscal Year 2009 '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business Goaling Report -- Fiscal Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The FAR can be found at 48 Code of Federal Regulations Jump up ^ The Purpose Act says `` Appropriations shall be applied only to the objects for which the appropriations were made except as otherwise provided by law . '' Jump up ^ US Code , Title 41 , section 252 Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , Executive Order 10936 -- Reports of Identical Bids , published April 24 , 1961 , accessed 24 May 2018 Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , Executive Order 12430 -- Reports of Identical Bids , published 6 July 1983 , accessed 24 May 2018 Jump up ^ `` 48 CFR 14.201 - 1 - Uniform contract format '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 1 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Contract Format '' . Defense Acquisition University . Retrieved 1 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ FAR 8.405 - 2 ( 1 ) Ordering procedures for services requiring a statement of work . accessed July 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ CASE STUDY -- Disposition of personal property ( pdf ) at the US Dept of the Treasury web site Jump up ^ Arnold , Scot , and Marius Vassiliou ( 2010 ) . A Real Options Approach to valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract . Ch. 25 in Thawar T. Arif ( ed ) , Aerospace Technologies Advancements . Zagreb , Croatia : INTECH , pp. 475 - 492 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 7619 - 96 - 1 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Scot , and Marius Vassiliou ( 2007 ) . Real Options Analysis of Multiyear Procurements , î Proc. 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference . Further reading ( edit ) Nash , Ralph Jr. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1993 ) . Formation of Government Contracts ( 2nd ed . ) . George Washington University . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 07 - X . Nash , Ralph Jr. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1995 ) . Administration of Government Contracts ( 3rd ed . ) . Commerce Clearing House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 32 - 0 . Tiefer , Charles ; Shook , William A. ( 2003 ) . Government Contract Law ( 2nd ed . ) . Carolina Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 89089 - 437 - X . J. Edward Murphy ( 2005 ) . Guide to Contract Pricing : Cost and Price Analysis for Contractors , Subcontractors , and Government Agencies . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 153 - 1 . Darrell J. Oyer ( 2005 ) . Pricing and Cost Accounting : A Handbook for Government Contractors ( 2nd ed . ) . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 164 - 7 . Bednar , Richard J. ; Braude , Herman M. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1991 ) . Construction Contracting . George Washington University . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 18 - 5 . Manos , Karen L. ( 2004 ) . Government Contract Costs & Pricing . Thomson - West . Vol . I -- ISBN 0 - 314 - 11621 - 4 Vol. II -- ISBN 0 - 314 - 11708 - 3 Edwards , Vernon J. ( 2006 ) . Source Selection Answer Book . Management Concepts , Inc . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 172 - 8 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Army Judge Advocate General 's Legal Center and School 's Contract Attorneys Deskbook ( 2 ) Business.gov provides information that explains how to become a federal contractor , how to find business opportunities , and the rules and regulations that federal contractors need to follow . acquisition.gov - official US Federal Government website of the Integrated Acquisition Environment , functioning under the auspices of OMB 's Office of Federal Procurement Policy and the Chief Acquisition Officers Council Federal Procurement Data System -- ( Martin Consulting Services , L.L.C. ) Provides information and support for competing in government contracts . Procurement Technical Assistance Centers PTACs provide local assistance for firms marketing products and services to the Federal , state and local governments Former U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manager Sentenced to Six Years in Prison in Bribery and Kickback Scheme , FBI Journals Public Contract Law Journal CCH Government Contract Reports Journal of Contract Management by National Contract Management Association West Briefing Papers West The Government Contractor West International Government Contractor West The Nash & Cibinic Report West Costs , Pricing & Accounting Report Magazines Government Procurement The official magazine of the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing ( NIGP ) Contract Management by National Contract Management Association Case Law Supreme Court Decisions Court of Claims ( Claims Court ) Decisions ; West Federal Claims Reporter Courts of Appeals Decisions ; West Federal Reports Federal District Court Decisions ; West Federal Supplement Boards of Contract Appeals ' Decisions ; CCH Contract Appeals Decisions West Comptroller General 's Procurement Decisions West Government Contracts Citator Forums Spreadsheet showing the proper forum for various actions Civilian Board of Contract Appeals National Contract Management Association at www.ncmahq.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_procurement_in_the_United_States&oldid=842703428 '' Categories : Government procurement in the United States United States administrative law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from August 2009 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 03 : 34 . About Wikipedia
|
who has the legal authority to bind the us government on a us government contract
|
[
"The procurement process for executive branch agencies (as distinguished from legislative or judicial bodies) is governed primarily by the Armed Services Procurement Act and the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act. To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts, a body of administrative law has been developed through the Federal Acquisition Regulation. This 53-part regulation defines the procurement process including special preference programs, and includes the specific language of many clauses in Government contracts.[6] Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements. These supplements appear within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) volumes of the respective agencies. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR."
] |
[
"Federal Acquisition Regulation"
] |
-6683480862731327580
|
Maldives
|
Maldives - Wikipedia Maldives Jump to : navigation , search Republic of Maldives ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ ( Dhivehi ) Dhivehi Raa'jeyge Jumhooriyya Flag Emblem Anthem : Qaumii salaam National Salute Location of Maldives in the Indian Ocean Capital and largest city Malé Official languages Maldivian ( Dhivehi ) Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) ≈ 100 % Maldivians Demonym Maldivian Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic President Abdulla Yameen Vice President Abdulla Jihad Speaker Abdulla Maseeh Mohamed Chief Justice Abdullah Saeed Legislature People 's Majlis Independence from the United Kingdom 26 July 1965 Current constitution 7 August 2008 Area Total 298 km ( 115 sq mi ) ( 187th ) Water ( % ) 0 Population 2016 estimate 427,756 ( 175th ) 2014 census 341,356 Density 1,102.5 / km ( 2,855.5 / sq mi ) ( 11th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $7.396 billion ( 162nd ) Per capita $20,228 ( 69th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $4.825 billion Per capita $13,196 Gini ( 2005 -- 2013 ) 37.4 medium HDI ( 2014 ) 0.706 high 103rd Currency Maldivian rufiyaa ( MVR ) Time zone Maldives Time ( UTC + 5 ) Date format dd / mm / yy Drives on the Left Calling code + 960 ISO 3166 code MV Internet TLD . mv Excluding foreign nationals . The Maldives ( / ˈmɒldiːvz / or / ˈmɔːldaɪvz / ( listen ) ; Dhivehi : ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ Dhivehi Raa'jey ) , officially the Republic of Maldives , is a South Asian island country , located in the Indian Ocean , situated in the Arabian Sea . It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India . The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to the Addu City in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres ( 115 sq mi ) , the Maldives is one of the world 's most geographically dispersed countries , as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and population , with around 427,756 inhabitants . Malé is the capital and most populated city , traditionally called the `` King 's Island '' for its central location . The Maldives archipelago is located atop the Chagos - Laccadive Ridge , a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean , which also forms a terrestrial ecoregion , together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep . With an average ground - level elevation of 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) above sea level , it is the world 's lowest country , with even its highest natural point being the lowest in the world , at 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) . Due to the consequent risks posed by rising sea levels , the government pledged in 2009 to make the Maldives a carbon - neutral country by 2019 . The Maldivian archipelago took to Islam in the 12th century and consolidated as a sultanate , developing strong commercial and cultural ties with Asia and Africa . From the mid 16th - century , the region came under the increasing influence of European colonial powers , with the Maldives becoming a British protectorate in 1887 . Independence from the United Kingdom was achieved in 1965 and a presidential republic was established in 1968 with an elected People 's Majlis . The ensuing decades have been characterised by political instability , efforts at democratic reform , and environmental challenges posed by climate change . The Maldives is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Organization of Islamic Cooperation , and the Non Aligned Movement . The World Bank classifies the Maldives as having an upper middle income economy . Fishing has historically been the dominant economic activity , and remains the largest sector by far , followed by the rapidly growing tourism industry . Along with Sri Lanka , it is one of only two South Asian countries rated `` high '' on the Human Development Index , with its per capita income one of the highest among SAARC nations . The Maldives was a Commonwealth republic from July 1982 until its withdrawal from the Commonwealth in October 2016 in protest of international criticism of its records in relation to corruption and human rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Ancient history and settlement 2.2 Buddhist period 2.3 Islamic period 2.4 Colonial period 2.5 Independence and republic 2.6 21st century 3 Geography 3.1 Protected areas of Maldives 3.2 Climate 3.3 Environmental issues 3.4 Marine ecosystem 4 Government 4.1 Law 4.2 Human rights 4.3 Foreign relations 4.4 Military 4.5 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 5.2 Fishing industry 6 Demographics 6.1 Religion 6.2 Languages 6.3 Population by locality 7 Culture 8 Transportation 9 Education 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Toponymy ( edit ) See also : Names of Maldives The name `` Maldives '' may derive from the Tamil words maalai ( garland / evening ) and theevu ( island ) , or මාල දිවයින ( Maala Divaina , `` Necklace Islands '' ) in Sinhala . The Maldivian people are called Dhivehin . The word theevu ( archaic heevu , related to Tamil தீவு , dheevu ) means `` island '' , and Dhives ( Dhivehin ) means `` islanders '' ( i.e. , Maldivians ) . The ancient Sri Lankan chronicle Mahawamsa refers to an island called Mahiladiva ( `` Island of Women '' , महिलादिभ ) in Pali , which is probably a mistranslation of the same Sanskrit word meaning `` garland '' . Jan S Hogendorn , Grossman Professor of Economics , theorises that the name Maldives derives from the Sanskrit mālādvīpa ( मालाद्वीप ) , meaning `` garland of islands '' . In Tamil , `` Garland of Islands '' can be translated as Malai Theevu ( மாலைத்தீவு ) . In Malayalam , `` Garland of Islands '' can be translated as Maladweepu ( മാലദ്വീപ് ) . In Kannada , `` Garland of Islands '' can be translated as Maaledweepa ( ಮಾಲೆದ್ವೀಪ ) . None of these names is mentioned in any literature , but classical Sanskrit texts dating back to the Vedic period mention the `` Hundred Thousand Islands '' ( Lakshadweepa ) , a generic name which would include not only the Maldives , but also the Laccadives , Aminidivi Islands , Minicoy , and the Chagos island groups . Some medieval travellers such as Ibn Battuta called the islands Mahal Dibiyat ( محل دبيأت ) from the Arabic word mahal ( `` palace '' ) , which must be how the Berber traveller interpreted the local name , having been through Muslim North India , where Perso - Arabic words were introduced to the local vocabulary . This is the name currently inscribed on the scroll in the Maldive state emblem . The classical Persian / Arabic name for Maldives is Dibajat . The Dutch referred to the islands as the Maldivische Eilanden ( pronounced ( mɑlˈdivisə ˈɛi̯lɑndə ( n ) ) ) , while the British anglicised the local name for the islands first to the `` Maldive Islands '' and later to `` Maldives '' . Garcia da Orta writes in his conversational book first published in 1563 as follows : `` I must tell you that I have heard it said that the natives do not call it Maldiva but Nalediva . In the Malabar language nale means four and diva island . So that in that language the word signifies `` four islands , '' while we , corrupting the name , call it Maldiva . '' History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Maldives Ancient history and settlement ( edit ) Main article : History of the Maldives § Early Age The first Maldivians did not leave any archaeological artifacts . Their buildings were probably built of wood , palm fronds and other perishable materials , which would have quickly decayed in the salt and wind of the tropical climate . Moreover , chiefs or headmen did not reside in elaborate stone palaces , nor did their religion require the construction of large temples or compounds . Comparative studies of Maldivian oral , linguistic and cultural traditions and customs confirm that the first settlers were people from the southern shores of the neighboring Indian subcontinent , including the Giraavaru people mentioned in ancient legends and local folklore about the establishment of the capital and kingly rule in Malé . A strong underlying layer of Dravidian population and culture survives in Maldivian society , with a clear Tamil - Malayalam substratum in the language , which also appears in place names , kinship terms , poetry , dance , and religious beliefs . Malabari seafaring culture led to the settlement of the Islands by Malayali seafarers . The earliest written history of the Maldives was marked by the arrival of Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka and the Maldives ( Mahiladvipika ) circa 543 to 483 BC , as reported in the Mahavansa . Their settlement marks a significant change in demographics and the development of the Indo - Aryan language Dhivehi language . Buddhist period ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Maldives § Buddhist period , and Buddhism in the Maldives Isdhoo Lōmāfānu is the oldest copper - plate book to have been discovered in the Maldives to date . The book was written in AD 1194 ( 590 AH ) in the Evēla form of the Divehi akuru , during the reign of Siri Fennaadheettha Mahaa Radun ( Dhinei Kalaminja ) . Despite being just mentioned briefly in most history books , the 1,400 - year - long Buddhist period has a foundational importance in the history of the Maldives . It was during this period that the culture of the Maldives as we now know it both developed and flourished . The Maldivian language , the first Maldive scripts , the architecture , the ruling institutions , the customs and manners of the Maldivians originated at the time when the Maldives were a Buddhist kingdom . Buddhism probably spread to the Maldives in the 3rd century BC at the time of Emperor Ashoka 's expansion , and became the dominant religion of the people of the Maldives until the 12th century AD . The ancient Maldivian Kings promoted Buddhism , and the first Maldive writings and artistic achievements , in the form of highly developed sculpture and architecture , are from that period . Nearly all archaeological remains in the Maldives are from Buddhist stupas and monasteries , and all artifacts found to date display characteristic Buddhist iconography . Buddhist ( and Hindu ) temples were Mandala shaped , they are oriented according to the four cardinal points , the main gate being towards the east . Local historian Hassan Ahmed Maniku counted as many as 59 islands with Buddhist archaeological sites in a provisional list he published in 1990 . Islamic period ( edit ) See also : History of the Maldives § Islamic Period , Islam in Maldives , and List of sultans of the Maldives A plaque in Juma Mosque , Malé , Maldives , on which Tabrezi 's name is written . Tabrezi was a Persian who is said to have converted Maldives in 12th century AD to Islam . The importance of the Arabs as traders in the Indian Ocean by the 12th century may partly explain why the last Buddhist king of Maldives Dhovemi converted to Islam in the year 1153 ( or 1193 ) , adopting the Muslim title of Sultan Muhammad al Adil , and initiating a series of six Islamic dynasties that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective. The formal title of the Sultan up to 1965 was , Sultan of Land and Sea , Lord of the twelve - thousand islands and Sultan of the Maldives which came with the style Highness . The person traditionally deemed responsible for this conversion in 1153 , was a Maghreb Muslim visitor named Abu'l Barakat al - Barbari , according to the story told to Ibn Battutah , who goes on to say a mosque was built with the inscription : ' The Sultan Ahmad Shanurazah accepted Islam at the hand of Abu'l Barakat al - Barbari al - Maghribi . ' ) Alternatively , he may have been from the Persian town of Tabriz . His venerated tomb now stands on the grounds of Hukuru Mosque , or miski , in the capital of Malé . Built in 1656 , this is the oldest mosque in Maldives . Following the Islamic concept that before Islam there was the time of Jahiliya ( ignorance ) , in the history books used by Maldivians the introduction of Islam at the end of the 12th century is considered the cornerstone of the country 's history . Compared to the other areas of South Asia , the conversion of the Maldives to Islam happened relatively late . Arab Traders had converted populations in the Malabar Coast since the 7th century , and Muhammad Bin Qāsim had converted large swathes of Sindh to Islam at about the same time . The Maldives remained a Buddhist kingdom for another five hundred years after the conversion of Malabar Coast and Sindh -- perhaps as the south - westernmost Buddhist country . Arabic became the prime language of administration ( instead of the Persian and Urdu ) , and the Maliki school of jurisprudence was introduced , both hinting at direct contacts with the core of the Arab world . Middle Eastern seafarers had just begun to take over the Indian Ocean trade routes in the 10th century and found Maldives to be an important link in those routes as the first landfall for traders from Basra sailing to Southeast Asia . Trade involved mainly cowrie shells -- widely used as a form of currency throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast -- and coir fiber . The Bengal Sultanate , where cowrie shells was used as legal tender , was one of the principal trading partners of the Maldives . The Bengal - Maldives cowry shell trade was the largest shell currency trade network in history . The other essential product of the Maldives was coir , the fibre of the dried coconut husk , resistant to saltwater . It stitched together and rigged the dhows that plied the Indian Ocean . Maldivian coir was exported to Sindh , China , Yemen , and the Persian Gulf . Colonial period ( edit ) 18th - century map by Pierre Mortier of The Netherlands depicting with detail the islands of the Maldives In 1558 the Portuguese established a small garrison with a Viador ( Viyazoru ) , or overseer of a factory ( trading post ) in the Maldives , which they administered from their main colony in Goa . Their attempts to impose Christianity provoked a local revolt led by Muhammad Thakurufaanu Al - Azam and his two brothers , that fifteen years later drove the Portuguese out of Maldives . This event is now commemorated as National Day . In the mid-17th century , the Dutch , who had replaced the Portuguese as the dominant power in Ceylon , established hegemony over Maldivian affairs without involving themselves directly in local matters , which were governed according to centuries - old Islamic customs . The British expelled the Dutch from Ceylon in 1796 and included Maldives as a British protected area . The status of Maldives as a British protectorate was officially recorded in an 1887 agreement in which the sultan accepted British influence over Maldivian external relations and defence while retaining home rule , which continued to be regulated by Muslim traditional institutions in exchange for an annual tribute . The status of the islands was akin to other British protectorates in the Indian Ocean region , including Zanzibar and the Trucial States . In the British period the Sultan 's powers were taken over by the Chief Minister , much to the chagrin of the British Governor - General who continued to deal with the ineffectual Sultan . Consequently , Britain encouraged the development of a constitutional monarchy , and the first Constitution was proclaimed in 1932 . However , the new arrangements favoured neither the aging Sultan nor the wily Chief Minister , but rather a young crop of British - educated reformists . As a result , angry mobs were instigated against the Constitution which was publicly torn up . Maldives remained a British crown protectorate until 1953 when the sultanate was suspended and the First Republic was declared under the short - lived presidency of Muhammad Amin Didi . While serving as prime minister during the 1940s , Didi nationalized the fish export industry . As president he is remembered as a reformer of the education system and a promoter of women 's rights . Muslim conservatives in Malé eventually ousted his government , and during a riot over food shortages , Didi was beaten by a mob and died on a nearby island . An RAF Short Sunderland moored in the lagoon at Addu Atoll , during WWII Beginning in the 1950s , the political history in Maldives was largely influenced by the British military presence in the islands . In 1954 the restoration of the sultanate perpetuated the rule of the past . Two years later , the United Kingdom obtained permission to reestablish its wartime RAF Gan airfield in the southernmost Addu Atoll , employing hundreds of locals . In 1957 , however , the new prime minister , Ibrahim Nasir , called for a review of the agreement . Nasir was challenged in 1959 by a local secessionist movement in the three southernmost atolls that benefited economically from the British presence on Gan . This group cut ties with the Maldives government and formed an independent state , the United Suvadive Republic with Abdullah Afif as president and Hithadhoo as capital . One year later the Suvadive republic was scrapped after Nasir sent gunboats from Malé with government police , and Abdulla Afif went into exile . Meanwhile , in 1960 the Maldives had allowed the United Kingdom to continue to use both the Gan and the Hitaddu facilities for a thirty - year period , with the payment of £ 750,000 over the period of 1960 to 1965 for the purpose of Maldives ' economic development. The base was closed in 1976 as part of the larger British withdrawal of permanently stationed forces ' East of Suez ' . Independence and republic ( edit ) Abdul Majeed Didi , the last Sultan of the Maldives ( 1945 -- 1952 ) In line with the broader British policy of decolonisation on 26 July 1965 an agreement was signed on behalf of His Majesty the Sultan by Ibrahim Nasir Rannabandeyri Kilegefan , Prime Minister , and on behalf of Her Majesty The Queen by Sir Michael Walker , British Ambassador designate to the Maldive Islands , which ended the British responsibility for the defence and external affairs of the Maldives . The islands thus achieved full political independence , with the ceremony taking place at the British High Commissioner 's Residence in Colombo . After this , the sultanate continued for another three years under Muhammad Fareed Didi , who declared himself King rather than Sultan . On 15 November 1967 , a vote was taken in parliament to decide whether the Maldives should continue as a constitutional monarchy or become a republic . Of the 44 members of parliament , forty voted in favour of a republic . On 15 March 1968 , a national referendum was held on the question , and 93.34 % of those taking part voted in favour of establishing a republic . The republic was declared on 11 November 1968 , thus ending the 853 - year - old monarchy , which was replaced by a republic under the presidency of Ibrahim Nasir . As the King had held little real power , this was seen as a cosmetic change and required few alterations in the structures of government . Mamoon Abdul Gayoom , President of the Maldives ( 1978 -- 2008 ) Tourism began to be developed on the archipelago by the beginning of the 1970s . The first resort in the Maldives was Kurumba Maldives which welcomed the first guests on 3 October 1972 . The first accurate census was held in December 1977 and showed 142,832 persons residing in Maldives . Political infighting during the ' 70s between Nasir 's faction and other political figures led to the 1975 arrest and exile of elected prime minister Ahmed Zaki to a remote atoll . Economic decline followed the closure of the British airfield at Gan and the collapse of the market for dried fish , an important export . With support for his administration faltering , Nasir fled to Singapore in 1978 , with millions of dollars from the treasury . Maumoon Abdul Gayoom began his 30 - year role as President in 1978 , winning six consecutive elections without opposition . His election was seen as ushering in a period of political stability and economic development in view of Gayoom 's priority to develop the poorer islands . Tourism flourished and increased foreign contact spurred development . However , Gayoom 's rule was controversial , with some critics saying Gayoom was an autocrat who quelled dissent by limiting freedoms and political favouritism . A series of coup attempts ( in 1980 , 1983 , and 1988 ) by Nasir supporters and business interests tried to topple the government without success . While the first two attempts met with little success , the 1988 coup attempt involved a roughly 80 - person mercenary force of the PLOTE who seized the airport and caused Gayoom to flee from house to house until the intervention of 1600 Indian troops airlifted into Malé restored order . A November 1988 coup was headed by Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee , a small - businessman . On the night of 3 November 1988 , the Indian Air Force airlifted a parachute battalion group from Agra and flew them over 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) to the Maldives . The Indian paratroopers landed at Hulule and secured the airfield and restored the government rule at Malé within hours . The brief operation , labelled Operation Cactus , also involved the Indian Navy . 21st century ( edit ) Main article : History of the Maldives § 21st century Mohamed Nasheed , President of the Maldives ( 2008 -- 2012 ) On 26 December 2004 , following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , the Maldives were devastated by a tsunami . Only nine islands were reported to have escaped any flooding , while fifty - seven islands faced serious damage to critical infrastructure , fourteen islands had to be totally evacuated , and six islands were destroyed . A further twenty - one resort islands were forced to close because of tsunami damage . The total damage was estimated at more than US $400 million , or some 62 % of the GDP . 102 Maldivians and 6 foreigners reportedly died in the tsunami . The destructive impact of the waves on the low - lying islands was mitigated by the fact there was no continental shelf or land mass upon which the waves could gain height . The tallest waves were reported to be 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) high . People in Malé removing sand bags from a nearby construction site , to be used as a barrier to protect their homes from the flood , shortly after being hit by the tsunami generated by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . During the later part of Gayoom 's rule , independent political movements emerged in Maldives , which challenged the then - ruling Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party ( Maldivian People 's Party , MPP ) and demanded democratic reform . The dissident journalist and activist Mohamed Nasheed founded the Maldivian Democratic Party ( MDP ) in 2003 and pressured Gayoom into allowing gradual political reforms . In 2008 a new constitution was approved and the first direct presidential elections occurred , which were won by Mohamed Nasheed in the second round . His administration faced many challenges , including the huge debt left by the previous government , the economic downturn following the 2004 tsunami , overspending ( by means of overprinting of local currency rufiyaa ) , unemployment , corruption , and increasing drug use . Taxation on goods was imposed for the first time in the country , and import duties were reduced in many goods and services . Social welfare benefits were given to those aged 65 years or older , single parents , and those with special needs . Social and political unrest grew in late 2011 , following opposition campaigns in the name of protecting Islam . Nasheed controversially resigned from office after large number of police and army mutinied in February 2012 . Nasheed 's vice president , Mohammed Waheed Hassan , was sworn in as President . Nasheed was later arrested , convicted of terrorism , and sentenced to 13 years . The trial was widely seen as flawed and political . The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention called for Nasheed 's immediate release . The elections in late 2013 were highly contested . Former president Mohammed Nasheed won the most votes in the first round , but the Supreme Court annulled it despite the positive assessment of international election observers . In the re-run vote Abdulla Yameen , half - brother of the former president Gayoom , assumed the presidency . Yameen introduced increased engagement with China , and promoted a policy of connecting Islam with anti-Western rhetoric . Yameen survived an assassination attempt in late 2015 . Vice president Ahmed Adeeb was later arrested together with 17 supporters for `` public order offences '' and the government instituted a broader crackdown against political dissent . A state of emergency was later declared ahead of a planned anti-government rally , and the people 's Majlis accelerated the removal of Vice president Ahmed Adeeb . Though the popular image of the Maldives is that of a holiday paradise , its radicalised youths are enlisting in significant numbers to fight for ISIL militants in the Middle East . On February 3 , 2018 , Parliament dissolved and the military occupied the capital . On February 5 , the supreme court of Maldives released three imprisoned opposition leaders , including former President Mohammed Nasheed . The court also provided relief to 12 ministers who had been removed from President Abdullah Yameen 's ruling party . Yameen refused to comply with the court order and imposed a state of emergency to last for 15 days . Protesters demonstrated on the streets against President Abdullah Yameen after the announcement of the emergency . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the Maldives Malhosmadulhu Atoll seen from space . `` Fasdutere '' and Southern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll can be seen in this picture . The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls , along the north - south direction , spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres ( 35,000 sq mi ) , making this one of the world 's most dispersed countries . It lies between latitudes 1 ° S and 8 ° N , and longitudes 72 ° and 74 ° E. The atolls are composed of live coral reefs and sand bars , situated atop a submarine ridge 960 kilometres ( 600 mi ) long that rises abruptly from the depths of the Indian Ocean and runs north to south . Only near the southern end of this natural coral barricade do two open passages permit safe ship navigation from one side of the Indian Ocean to the other through the territorial waters of Maldives . For administrative purposes , the Maldivian government organised these atolls into 21 administrative divisions . The largest island of Maldives is Gan , which belongs to Laamu Atoll or Hahdhummathi Maldives . In Addu Atoll , the westernmost islands are connected by roads over the reef ( collectively called Link Road ) and the total length of the road is 14 km ( 9 mi ) . Maldives is the lowest country in the world , with maximum and average natural ground levels of only 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) and 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) above sea level , respectively . In areas where construction exists , however , this has been increased to several metres . More than 80 per cent of the country 's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level . As a result , the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels . The UN 's environmental panel has warned that , at current rates , sea level rise would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100 . Protected areas of Maldives ( edit ) Protected areas of Maldives are administrated by Ministry of Environment and Energy and Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) of Maldives . There are 31 protected areas in Maldives . Climate ( edit ) Sunset in the Maldives The Maldives has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) under the Köppen climate classification , which is affected by the large landmass of South Asia to the north . The presence of this landmass causes differential heating of land and water . These factors set off a rush of moisture - rich air from the Indian Ocean over South Asia , resulting in the southwest monsoon . Two seasons dominate Maldives ' weather : the dry season associated with the winter northeastern monsoon and the rainy season which brings strong winds and storms . The shift from the dry northeast monsoon to the moist southwest monsoon occurs during April and May . During this period , the southwest winds contribute to the formation of the southwest monsoon , which reaches Maldives in the beginning of June and lasts until the end of August . However , the weather patterns of Maldives do not always conform to the monsoon patterns of South Asia . The annual rainfall averages 254 centimetres ( 100 in ) in the north and 381 centimetres ( 150 in ) in the south . The monsoonal influence is greater in the north of the Maldives than in the south , more influenced by the equatorial currents . ( hide ) Climate data for Malé ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 114.2 ( 4.496 ) 38.1 ( 1.5 ) 73.9 ( 2.909 ) 122.5 ( 4.823 ) 218.9 ( 8.618 ) 167.3 ( 6.587 ) 149.9 ( 5.902 ) 175.5 ( 6.909 ) 199.0 ( 7.835 ) 194.2 ( 7.646 ) 231.1 ( 9.098 ) 216.8 ( 8.535 ) 1,901.4 ( 74.858 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 6 5 9 15 13 12 13 15 15 13 12 131 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 77.0 76.9 78.1 80.8 80.7 79.1 80.5 81.0 81.7 82.2 80.9 79.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 248.4 257.8 279.6 246.8 223.2 202.3 226.6 211.5 200.4 234.8 226.1 220.7 2,778.2 Source # 1 : World Meteorological Organization Source # 2 : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Environmental issues ( edit ) See also : The Island President The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's 2007 report predicted the upper limit of the sea level rises will be 59 centimetres ( 23 in ) by 2100 , which means that most of the republic 's 200 inhabited islands may need to be abandoned . One study appears to show that the sea level in the Maldives dropped 20 -- 30 centimetres ( 8 -- 12 in ) throughout the 1970s and ' 80s , although later studies failed to back this up . The observed rate of sea level rise is only 1.7 -- 1.8 millimetres per year . According to former Maldivian president Mohamed Nasheed , the Maldives are ranked the third most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change . In March and April 2012 , Nasheed stated , `` If carbon emissions were to stop today , the planet would not see a difference for 60 to 70 years . '' `` If carbon emissions continue at the rate they are climbing today , my country will be under water in seven years . '' He called for more climate change mitigation action while on the American television shows The Daily Show and the Late Show with David Letterman . This opinion was disputed in 2012 , when the next President said : `` The good news is that Maldives is not about to disappear ... on the basis of technical and scientific information that we have , that we will be able to manage climate change in the Maldives and prolong the life for the islands and for our life on these islands . '' In November 2008 , President Mohamed Nasheed announced plans to look into purchasing new land in India , Sri Lanka , and Australia because of his concerns about global warming , and the possibility of much of the islands being inundated with water from rising sea levels . The purchase of land will be made from a fund generated by tourism . The President has explained his intentions : `` We do not want to leave the Maldives , but we also do not want to be climate refugees living in tents for decades '' . On 22 April 2008 , then President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom pleaded for a cut in global greenhouse gas emissions , warning that rising sea levels could submerge the island nation of Maldives . By 2020 , Maldives plans to eliminate or offset all of its greenhouse gas emissions . At the 2009 International Climate Talks , President Mohamed Nasheed explained that : For us swearing off fossil fuels is not only the right thing to do , it is in our economic self - interest ... Pioneering countries will free themselves from the unpredictable price of foreign oil ; they will capitalise on the new green economy of the future , and they will enhance their moral standing giving them greater political influence on the world stage . Other environmental issues include bad waste disposal and beach theft . Although the Maldives are kept relatively pristine and little litter can be found on the islands , no good waste disposal sites exist . Most trash from Male and other resorts is simply dumped at Thilafushi . Marine ecosystem ( edit ) Further information : Wildlife of Maldives Maldives soft coral Oriental Sweetlips ( Plectorhinchus vittatus ) at Meeru Island , North Male Atoll The Maldives have a range of different habitats including deep sea , shallow coast , and reef ecosystems , fringing mangroves , wetlands and dry land . There are 187 species of coral forming the coral reefs . This area of the Indian Ocean , alone , houses 1100 species of fish , 5 species of sea turtle , 21 species of whale and dolphin , 400 species of mollusc , and 83 species of echinoderms . The area is also populated by a number of crustacean species : 120 copepod , 15 amphipod , as well as more than 145 crab and 48 shrimp species . Among the many marine families represented are Pufferfish , Fusiliers , Jackfish , Lionfish , Oriental Sweetlips , reef sharks , Groupers , Eels , Snappers , Bannerfish , Batfish , Humphead Wrasse , Spotted Eagle Rays , Scorpionfish , Lobsters , Nudibranches , Angelfish , Butterflyfish , Squirrelfish , Soldierfish , Glassfish , Surgeonfish , Unicornfish , Triggerfish , Napoleon wrasses , and Barracudas . These coral reefs are home to a variety of marine ecosystems that vary from planktonic organisms to whale sharks . Sponges have gained importance as five species have displayed anti-tumor and anti-cancer properties . In 1998 , sea - temperature warming of as much as 5 ° C ( 9.0 ° F ) due to a single El Niño phenomenon event caused coral bleaching , killing two - thirds of the nation 's coral reefs . In an effort to induce the regrowth of the reefs , scientists placed electrified cones anywhere from 20 -- 60 feet ( 6.1 -- 18.3 m ) below the surface to provide a substrate for larval coral attachment . In 2004 , scientists witnessed corals regenerating . Corals began to eject pink - orange eggs and sperm . The growth of these electrified corals was five times faster than untreated corals . Scientist Azeez Hakim stated : before 1998 , we never thought that this reef would die . We had always taken for granted that these animals would be there , that this reef would be there forever . El Niño gave us a wake - up call that these things are not going to be there for ever . Not only this , they also act as a natural barrier against the tropical storms , floods and tsunamis . Seaweeds grow on the skeletons of dead coral . Again , in 2016 , the coral reefs of the Maldives experienced a severe bleaching incident . Up to 95 % of coral around some islands have died , and , even after six months , 100 % of young coral transplants died . The surface water temperatures reached an all - time high in 2016 , at 31 degrees Celsius in May . Recent scientific studies suggest that the faunistic composition can vary greatly between neighbour atolls , especially in terms of benthic fauna . Differences in terms of fishing pressure ( including poaching ) could be the cause . Government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Maldives Independence Square in Malé Maldives is a presidential republic , with the President as head of government and head of state . The President heads the executive branch and appoints the cabinet which is approved by the People 's Majlis ( Parliament ) . Following the introduction of a new constitution in 2008 , direct elections for the President take place every five years , with a limit of two terms in office for any individual . The current President is Abdulla Yameen . Members of the unicameral Majlis serve five - year terms , with the total number of members determined by atoll populations . At the 2009 election , 77 members were elected . The People 's Majlis , located in Male , houses members from all over the country . The republican constitution came into force in 1968 , and was amended in 1970 , 1972 , and 1975 . On 27 November 1997 it was replaced by another Constitution assented to by the President Gayoom . This Constitution came into force on 1 January 1998 . All stated that the president was the Head of State , Head of Government and the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces and the Police of the Maldives . A third Constitution was ratified in 2008 , which separated the judiciary from the head of state . In 2018 , tensions with opposition and subsequent crackdown was termed as an `` Assault on democracy '' by the UN Human Rights chief . Law ( edit ) See also : Judiciary in the Maldives According to the Constitution of Maldives , `` the judges are independent , and subject only to the Constitution and the law . When deciding matters on which the Constitution or the law is silent , judges must consider Islamic Shari'ah '' . Article 15 of the Act Number 1 / 81 ( Penal Code ) gives provision for hudud punishments . Article 156 of the constitution states that law includes the norms and provisions of sharia . Islam is the official religion of the Maldives and open practice of any other religion is forbidden and liable to prosecution . Article 2 of the revised constitution says that the republic `` is based on the principles of Islam '' . Article nine says that `` a non-Muslim may not become a citizen '' ; article ten says that `` no law contrary to any principle of Islam can be applied '' . Article nineteen states that `` citizens are free to participate in or carry out any activity that is not expressly prohibited by sharia ( Islamic law ) or by the law '' . The requirement to adhere to a particular religion and prohibition of public worship following other religions is contrary to Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Maldives has recently become party and was addressed in Maldives ' reservation in adhering to the Covenant claiming that `` The application of the principles set out in Article 18 of the Covenant shall be without prejudice to the Constitution of the Republic of the Maldives . '' Human Rights ( edit ) Main articles : Human rights in the Maldives and LGBT rights in the Maldives Human rights in the Maldives is a contentious issue . In its 2011 Freedom in the World report , Freedom House declared the Maldives `` Partly Free '' , claiming a reform process which had made headway in 2009 and 2010 had stalled . The United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor claims in their 2012 report on human rights practices in the country that the most significant problems are corruption , lack of religious freedom , and abuse and unequal treatment of women . In February 2013 , the court sentenced a 15 - year - old rape victim to 100 lashes and 8 months of house arrest for having had extra-marital relations . The conviction was based on the confession of the girl shortly after being raped by her stepfather Same - sex relations are illegal in the Maldives . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of the Maldives Former Maldivian Defence Minister Mohamed Nazim at an Indian naval base in Kochi Since 1996 , the Maldives has been the official progress monitor of the Indian Ocean Commission . In 2002 , the Maldives began to express interest in the commission but as of 2008 had not applied for membership . Maldives ' interest relates to its identity as a small island state , especially economic development and environmental preservation , and its desire for closer relations with France , a main actor in the IOC region . The Maldives is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . The republic joined the Commonwealth in 1982 , some 17 years after gaining independence from the United Kingdom . In October 2016 , Maldives announced its withdrawal from the Commonwealth in protest at allegations of human rights abuse and failing democracy . The Maldives enjoys close ties with Commonwealth members Seychelles and Mauritius . The Maldives and Comoros are also both members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Military ( edit ) Main article : Maldives National Defence Force Fire & Rescue Service boats The Maldives National Defence Force is the combined security organisation responsible for defending the security and sovereignty of the Maldives , having the primary task of being responsible for attending to all internal and external security needs of the Maldives , including the protection of the Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) and the maintenance of peace and security . The MNDF component branches are the Coast Guard , Marine Corps , Special Forces , Service Corps and the Corps of Engineers . As a water - bound nation much of the security concerns lie at sea . Almost 99 % of the country is covered by sea and the remaining 1 % land is scattered over an area of 800 km ( 497 mi ) × 120 km ( 75 mi ) , with the largest island being not more than 8 km ( 3 sq mi ) . Therefore , the duties assigned to the MNDF of maintaining surveillance over Maldives ' waters and providing protection against foreign intruders poaching in the EEZ and territorial waters , are immense tasks from both logistical and economic viewpoints . The Coast Guard plays a vital role in carrying out these functions . To provide timely security its patrol boats are stationed at various MNDF Regional Headquarters . The Coast Guard is also assigned to respond to the maritime distress calls and to conduct search and rescue operations in a timely manner . Maritime pollution control exercises are conducted regularly on an annual basis for familiarisation and handling of such hazardous situations . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of the Maldives Each administrative atoll is marked , along with the thaana letter used to identify the atoll . Natural atolls are labelled in light blue . Full view of the map . The Maldives has twenty - six natural atolls and few island groups on isolated reefs , all of which have been divided into twenty - one administrative divisions ( 19 administrative atolls and cities of Malé and Addu ) . Each atoll is administered by an elected Atoll Council . The islands are administered by an elected Island Council . Between 2008 and 2010 the Maldives had 7 provinces each consisting of the following administrative divisions ( the capital Malé is its own administrative division ) : Mathi - Uthuru Province ; consists of Haa Alif Atoll , Haa Dhaalu Atoll and Shaviyani Atoll . Uthuru Province ; consists of Noonu Atoll , Raa Atoll , Baa Atoll and Lhaviyani Atoll . Medhu - Uthuru Province ; consists of Kaafu Atoll , Alifu Alifu Atoll , Alifu Dhaalu Atoll and Vaavu Atoll . Medhu Province ; consists of Meemu Atoll , Faafu Atoll and Dhaalu Atoll . Medhu - Dhekunu Province ; consists of Thaa Atoll and Laamu Atoll . Mathi - Dhekunu Province ; consists of Gaafu Alifu Atoll and Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll . Dhekunu Province ; consists of Gnaviyani Atoll and Addu City . In addition to a name , every administrative division is identified by the Maldivian code letters , such as `` Haa Alif '' for Thiladhunmati Uthuruburi ( Thiladhunmathi North ) ; and by a Latin code letter . The first corresponds to the geographical Maldivian name of the atoll ; the second is a code adopted for convenience . As there are certain islands in different atolls that have the same name , for administrative purposes this code is quoted before the name of the island , for example : Baa Funadhoo , Kaafu Funadhoo , Gaafu - Alifu Funadhoo . Since most Atolls have very long geographical names it is also used whenever the long name is inconvenient , for example in the atoll website names . The introduction of code - letter names has been a source of much puzzlement and misunderstandings , especially among foreigners . Many people have come to think that the code - letter of the administrative atoll is its new name and that it has replaced its geographical name . Under such circumstances it is hard to know which is the correct name to use . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the Maldives This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Malé harbour Graphical depiction of Maldives 's product exports in 28 color - coded categories In ancient times the Maldives were renowned for cowry shells , coir rope , dried tuna fish ( Maldive Fish ) , ambergris ( Maavaharu ) , and coco de mer ( Tavakkaashi ) . Local and foreign trading ships used to load these products in Sri Lanka and transport them to other harbours in the Indian Ocean . Historically Maldives provided enormous quantities of cowry shells , an international currency of the early ages . From the 2nd century AD the islands were known as the ' Money Isles ' by the Arabs . Monetaria moneta were used for centuries as a currency in Africa , and huge amounts of Maldivian cowries were introduced into Africa by western nations during the period of slave trade . The cowry is now the symbol of the Maldives Monetary Authority . The Maldivian government began an economic reform programme in 1989 , initially by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the private sector . Subsequently , it has liberalised regulations to allow more foreign investment . Real GDP growth averaged over 7.5 % per year for more than a decade . Today , the Maldives ' largest industry is tourism , accounting for 28 % of GDP and more than 60 % of the Maldives ' foreign exchange receipts . Fishing is the second leading sector . The Maldivian economy is to a large degree based on tourism . In late December 2004 , the major tsunami left more than 100 dead , 12,000 displaced , and property damage exceeding $400 million . As a result of the tsunami , the GDP contracted by about 3.6 % in 2005 . A rebound in tourism , post-tsunami reconstruction , and development of new resorts helped the economy recover quickly and showed an 18 % increase on 2006 . 2013 estimates show Maldivians enjoy the highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita $11,900 ( 2013 est ) among south Asian countries . Agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a lesser role in the economy , constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic labour . Tourism gave a major boost to the country 's fledgling traditional cottage industries such as mat weaving , lacquer work , handicraft , and coir rope making . New industries that have since emerged include printing , production of PVC pipes , brick making , marine engine repairs , bottling of aerated water , and garment production . Tourism ( edit ) Main articles : Tourism in the Maldives and Diving in the Maldives Filitheyo island beach with tall palm trees and blue fresh lagoons The Maldives remained largely unknown to tourists until the early 1970s . Only 185 islands are home to its 300,000 inhabitants . The other islands are used entirely for economic purposes , of which tourism and agriculture are the most dominant . Tourism accounts for 28 % of the GDP and more than 60 % of the Maldives ' foreign exchange receipts . Over 90 % of government tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism - related taxes . The development of tourism fostered the overall growth of the country 's economy . It created direct and indirect employment and income generation opportunities in other related industries . The first tourist resorts were opened in 1972 with Bandos island resort and Kurumba Village ( the current name is Kurumba Maldives ) , which transformed the Maldives economy . The resort island of Landaa Giraavaru ( Baa atoll ) According to the Ministry of Tourism , the emergence of tourism in 1972 transformed the economy , moving rapidly from dependence on fisheries to tourism . In just three and a half decades , the industry became the main source of income . Tourism was also the country 's biggest foreign currency earner and the single largest contributor to the GDP . As of 2008 , 89 resorts in the Maldives offered over 17,000 beds and hosted over 600,000 tourists annually . The number of resorts increased from 2 to 92 between 1972 and 2007 . As of 2007 , over 8,380,000 tourists had visited Maldives . Visitors to the Maldives do not need to apply for a visa pre-arrival , regardless of their country of origin , provided they have a valid passport , proof of onward travel , and the money to be self - sufficient while in the country . Most visitors arrive at Malé International Airport , on Hulhulé Island , adjacent to the capital Malé . The airport is served by flights to and from India , Sri Lanka , Doha , Dubai , Singapore , Istanbul , and major airports in South - East Asia , as well as charters from Europe . Gan Airport , on the southern atoll of Addu , also serves an international flight to Milan several times a week . British Airways offers direct flights to the Maldives around 2 -- 3 times per week . Fishing industry ( edit ) Main article : Fishing industry in the Maldives This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A mechanised traditional inter-island dhoni stripped of its sails For many centuries the Maldivian economy was entirely dependent on fishing and other marine products . Fishing remains the main occupation of the people and the government gives priority to the fisheries sector . The mechanisation of the traditional fishing boat called dhoni in 1974 was a major milestone in the development of the fisheries industry . A fish canning plant was installed on Felivaru in 1977 , as a joint venture with a Japanese firm . In 1979 , a Fisheries Advisory Board was set up with the mandate of advising the government on policy guidelines for the overall development of the fisheries sector . Manpower development programmes began in the early 1980s , and fisheries education was incorporated into the school curriculum . Fish aggregating devices and navigational aids were located at various strategic points . Moreover , the opening up of the exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) of the Maldives for fisheries has further enhanced the growth of the fisheries sector . As of 2010 , fisheries contributed over 15 % of the country 's GDP and engaged about 30 % of the country 's work force . Fisheries were also the second - largest foreign exchange earner after tourism . Demographics ( edit ) Malé , the capital of the Maldives Demographics of the Maldives , from 2000 to 2012 Main article : Demographics of the Maldives This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The largest ethnic group are Dhivehis , i.e. the Maldivians , native to the historic region of the Maldive Islands comprising today 's Republic of Maldives and the island of Minicoy in Union territory of Lakshadweep , India . They share the same culture and speak the Dhivehi language . They are principally an Indo - Aryan people , closely related to the Sinhalese and having traces of Middle Eastern , South Asian , Austronesian and African genes in the population . In the past there was also a small Tamil population known as the Giraavaru people . This group have now been almost completely absorbed into the larger Maldivian society but were once native to the island of Giraavaru ( Kaafu Atoll ) . This island was evacuated in 1968 due to heavy erosion of the island . Some social stratification exists on the islands . It is not rigid , since rank is based on varied factors , including occupation , wealth , Islamic virtue , and family ties . Instead of a complex caste system , there was merely a distinction between noble ( bēfulhu ) and common people in the Maldives . Members of the social elite are concentrated in Malé . The population doubled by 1978 , and the population growth rate peaked at 3.4 % in 1985 . At the 2006 census , the population had reached 298,968 , although the census in 2000 showed that the population growth rate had declined to 1.9 % . Life expectancy at birth stood at 46 years in 1978 , and later rose to 72 . Infant mortality has declined from 12.7 % in 1977 to 1.2 % today , and adult literacy reached 99 % . Combined school enrolment reached the high 90s . The population was projected to have reached 317,280 in 2010 . As of April 2008 , more than 70,000 foreign employees , along with 33,000 illegal immigrants , comprised more than one third of the Maldivian population. . There are 40,000 Bangladeshis in the Maldives , making them the largest group of foreigners working in that country . Other immigrants include Filipinos in the Maldives as well as various Western expatriates . Religion ( edit ) See also : Islam in the Maldives , Buddhism in the Maldives , Christianity in the Maldives , and Freedom of religion in the Maldives Maldives religions ( 2010 ) Islam 98.4 % Buddhism 0.1 % Mosque in Hulhumalé After the long Buddhist period of Maldivian history , Muslim traders introduced Islam . Maldivians converted to Islam by the mid-12th century . The islands have had a long history of Sufic orders , as can be seen in the history of the country such as the building of tombs . They were used until as recently as the 1980s for seeking the help of buried saints . They can be seen next to some old mosques and are considered a part of Maldives 's cultural heritage . Other aspects of tassawuf , such as ritualised dhikr ceremonies called Maulūdu ( Mawlid ) -- the liturgy of which included recitations and certain supplications in a melodical tone -- existed until very recent times . These Maulūdu festivals were held in ornate tents specially built for the occasion . At present Islam is the official religion of the entire population , as adherence to it is required for citizenship . According to Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta , the person responsible for this conversion was a Sunni Muslim visitor named Abu al - Barakat , sailing from Morocco . He is also referred to as Tabrizugefaanu . His venerated tomb now stands on the grounds of the Friday Mosque , or Hukuru Miskiy , in Malé . Built in 1656 , this is the country 's oldest mosque . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Maldives Thaana script The official and common language is Dhivehi , an Indo - Aryan language having some similarities with Elu , the ancient Sinhalese language . The first known script used to write Dhivehi is Eveyla akuru script which is found in historical recording of kings ( raadhavalhi ) . Later a script called Dhives akuru was used for a long period . The present - day script is called Thaana and is written from right to left . Thaana is said to have been introduced by the reign of Mohamed Thakurufaanu . English is widely spoken by the locals of Maldives . Population by locality ( edit ) Largest localities in Maldives by registered population as of July 4 , 2012 Rank Name Division Pop . Malé Addu City Malé Malé 103,693 Fuvahmulah Kulhudhuffushi Addu City Addu Atoll 31,999 Fuvahmulah Gnaviyani Atoll 11,857 Kulhudhuffushi Haa Dhaalu 8,974 5 Thinadhoo Gaafu Dhaalu 7,108 6 Naifaru Lhaviyani 5,133 7 Hinnavaru Lhaviyani 4,676 8 Gan Laamu 4,385 9 Dhuvaafaru Raa 4,368 10 Dhidhdhoo Haa Alifu 3,848 Culture ( edit ) Play media Playing an electric bulbul tarang Main article : Culture of the Maldives See also : Music of the Maldives and Maldivian folklore This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maahefun Festival in Fuvahmulah Since the 12th century AD there were also influences from Arabia in the language and culture of the Maldives because of the conversion to Islam and its location as a crossroads in the central Indian Ocean . This was due to the long trading history between the far east and the middle east . Somali travellers discovered the island for gold in the 13th century , before the Portuguese . Their brief stay later ended in a bloody conflict known by the Somalis as `` Dagaal Diig Badaaney '' in 1424 . However , unlike the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka and most of the Arabs , Africans and Europeans whose influence can be seen in borrow - words , material culture , and the diversity of Maldivian phenotype , Maldivians do not have the highly embedded patriarchal codes of honour , purity , corporate marriage , and sedentary private property that are typical of places where agriculture is the key form of subsistence and social relations have been built , historically , around tribute taking . Reflective of this is the fact that the Maldives has had the highest national divorce rate in the world for many decades . This , it is hypothesised , is due to a combination of liberal Islamic rules about divorce and the relatively loose marital bonds that have been identified as common in non - and semi-sedentary peoples without a history of fully developed agrarian property and kinship relations . Transportation ( edit ) TMA Terminal Velana International Airport is the principal gateway to the Maldives . International travel is available on a number of major airlines . Two Maldives based airlines also operate international flights . Privately owned MEGA Maldives Airlines has Boeing 737 and 767 aircraft and operates frequent services to Beijing , Shanghai , and Hong Kong . Government owned Island Aviation Services ( branded as Maldivian ) operates to nearly all Maldives domestic airports with several Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft and one A320 with international service to Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram , India , and Dhaka , Bangladesh . In Maldives there are three main ways to travel between islands : by domestic flight , by seaplane or by boat . For several years there were two seaplane companies operating : TMA ( Trans Maldivian Airways and Maldivian Air Taxi , but these merged in 2013 under the name TMA . The seaplane fleet is entirely made up of DHC - 6 Twin Otters . There is also another airline , Flyme , which operates using ATR planes to domestic airports , principally Maamagili and some others . The typical Maldivian boat is called a dhoni . Depending on the distance of the destination island from the airport , resorts organise domestic flight plus boat transfers , seaplane flights directly to the resort island jetty , or speedboat trips for their guests . There are also locally run ferries using large dhoni boats . Speedboats and seaplanes tend to be more expensive , while travel by dhoni , although slower , is relatively cheaper and convenient . Education ( edit ) The Maldives National University is one of the country 's three institutions of higher education . Its mission statement is as follows : To create , discover , preserve and disseminate knowledge that are necessary to enhance the lives and livelihoods of people and essential for the cultural , social and economic development of the society so that this nation shall remain free and Islamic forever . In 1973 , the Allied Health Services Training Centre ( the forerunner of the Faculty of Health Sciences ) was established by the Ministry of Health . The Vocational Training Centre was established in 1974 , providing training for mechanical and electrical trades . In 1984 , the Institute for Teacher Education was created and the School of Hotel and Catering Services was established in 1987 to provide trained personnel for the tourist industry . In 1991 , the Institute of Management and Administration was created to train staff for public and private services . In 1998 , the Maldives College of Higher Education was founded . The Institute of Shar'ah and Law was founded in January 1999 . In 2000 the college launched its first degree programme : Bachelor of Arts . On 17 January 2011 the Maldives National University Act was passed by the President of the Maldives ; The Maldives National University was named on 15 February 2011 . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal SAARC portal Maldives portal Islands portal 27596 Maldives , a minor planet named after the nation Commonwealth of Nations Desalination in the Maldives Index of Maldives - related articles List of island countries Outline of Maldives References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levinson , David ( 1947 ) . Ethnic groups worldwide : a ready reference handbook . Oryx Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 019 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Clarence . `` Maldives People '' . International Institute for Asian Studies . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maldives Enthongraphy '' . Maldives-ethnography.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The President 's Office -- His Excellency Abdulla Jihad sworn in as Vice President '' . www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth People 's Majlis elects Speaker and Deputy Speaker '' . People 's Majlis. 28 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of the Maldives '' . supremecourt.gov.mv . Jump up ^ `` FIELD LISTING : : AREA '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GeoHive -- Maldives Population '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maldives '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . p. 17 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . p. 13 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund ( 2001 ) . `` Maldives - Lakshadweep - Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests '' . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Henley , Jon ( 11 November 2008 ) . `` The last days of paradise '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . ( The Maldives ) holds the record for the country with the lowest high point on earth : nowhere on any of the islands on Maldives does the natural ground level exceed 2.3 m . Most of ( the Maldives ' ) land mass , which totals roughly one - fifth of Greater London , is a great deal lower ( ... ) , averaging around 1.5 m . Jump up ^ `` Copenhagen Accord '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives -- Country report -- Freedom in the World -- 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Upper middle income World Bank . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2016_statistical_annex.pdf ^ Jump up to : Hogendorn , Jan and Johnson Marion ( 1986 ) . The Shell Money of the Slave Trade . African Studies Series 49 , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge ISBN 0521541107 , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ P.E. P Deraniyagala in Senarat Paranavitana ; Leelananda Prematilleka ; Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen - De Leeuw ( 1978 ) . Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume . BRILL . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 05455 - 4 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Altername Names for Republic of Maldives '' . Geonames.org . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Apte , Vaman Shivram ( 1985 ) . Sanskrit -- English Dictionary . Motilal Banarsidass , New Delhi , 1985 . Jump up ^ Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia and Africa . translated by A.R. Gibb . Jump up ^ Akhbar al - Sin wa ' l - Hind ( Notes on China and India ) , which dates from 851 . Jump up ^ `` The Seas of Sinbad '' . Saudi Aramco World . 56 ( 4 ) . 2005 . Jump up ^ Orta , Garcia ( 2016 ) . Colloquies on the Simple and Drugs of India . India : Sri Satguru Publications . p. 22 . ISBN 81 - 7030 - 117 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kalpana Ram , Mukkuvar Women . Macquarie University . 1993 Jump up ^ Xavier Romero - Frias , The Maldive Islanders , A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom Jump up ^ Ellis , Royston ( 1 January 2008 ) . Maldives . Bradt Travel Guides . ISBN 9781841622668 . Jump up ^ Clarence Maloney . People of the Maldive Islands . Orient Longman Jump up ^ Battutah , Ibn ( 2002 ) . The Travels of Ibn Battutah . London : Picador . pp. 235 -- 236,320 . ISBN 9780330418799 . Jump up ^ The Adventures of Ibn Battuta : A Muslim Traveller of the Fourteenth Century Jump up ^ Paul , Ludwig ( 2003 ) . Persian Origins -- : Early Judaeo - Persian and the Emergence of New Persian : Collected Papers of the Symposium , Göttingen 1999 . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 04731 - 9 . Jump up ^ Boomgaard , P. ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Linking Destinies : Trade , Towns and Kin in Asian History '' . BRILL -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Sun never sets on the British Empire '' . Gan.philliptsmall.me.uk. 17 May 1971 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maldives -- Population '' . Library of Congress Country Studies ^ Jump up to : CNN ( 11 November 2008 ) . `` Sinking island nation seeks new home '' . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . BAT Jump up ^ `` Maldives -- Country Review Report on the Implementation of the Brussels Programme of Action for LDCS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maldives Skyscraper -- Floating States '' . UN.org . Jump up ^ `` UNDP : Discussion Paper -- Achieving Debt Sustainability and the MDGs in Small Island Developing States : The Case of the Maldives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives tsunami damage 62 percent of GDP : WB '' . 15 February 2005 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Maldives -- Tsunami : Impact and Recovery '' ( PDF ) . undp.org.mv . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Autocracy and Back Again : The Ordeal of the Maldives . Brown Political Review . Retrieved on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Raajje News ( 7 May 2009 ). `` he Quality of Political Appointees in the Nasheed Administration '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Al Jazeera ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Maldives president quits after protests '' . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The Huffington Post , ed. ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Mohamed Nasheed , Former Maldives President , Arrested after Failing to Appear in Court '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Maldives President Escapes Unhurt After Explosion on Boat . Time.com ( 28 September 2015 ) . Retrieved on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Maldives declares 30 - day emergency -- BBC News . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Majlis passes declaration to remove VP from office '' . 5 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maldives revokes state of emergency amid global outcry and tourism worries '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bosley , Daniel . ( 24 October 2015 ) Maldives vice president arrested in probe of explosion targeting president . Reuters . Retrieved on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis in Maldives - GK Padho '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives hit by hundreds of holiday cancellations as state of emergency continues '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Entire Maldives cabinet resigns '' . Al Jazeera English . 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Megan Angelo ( 1 May 2009 ) . `` Honey , I Sunk the Maldives : Environmental changes could wipe out some of the world 's most well - known travel destinations '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristina Stefanova ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Climate refugees in Pacific flee rising sea '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ `` Protected Areas -- Maldives '' . epa.gov.mv . Environmental Protection Agency . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maldives -- Atlapedia Online '' . Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service -- Malé '' . WMO . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malé Climate 1961 -- 90 '' . NOAA . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where climate change threatens survival '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mörner N. - A. ; Tooley M. & Possnert , G ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` New Perspectives for the future of the Maldives '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sea Level Trends -- Global Regional Trends . Tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov ( 15 October 2013 ) . Retrieved on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Marcus ( 14 November 2011 ) . `` A sinking feeling : Why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change ? '' . The New York Times Upfront . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Most Endangered Island nations at highest risk for flooding due to climate change 3 Maldives ( Indian Ocean ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive -- Mohamed Nasheed Extended Interview Pt. 2 '' . The Daily Show . Comedy Central . 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ World Nation ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Endangered island nations call for global action on climate change '' . Guilfordian.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramesh , Randeep ( 10 November 2008 ) . `` Paradise almost lost : Maldives seek to buy a new homeland '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramesh , Randeep ( 10 November 2008 ) . `` Paradise almost lost : Maldives seek to buy a new homeland '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ( AFP ) -- 22 April , `` awareness of threats from climate change to low - lying nations such as the Maldives . '' Jump up ^ Lang , Olivia ( 17 October 2009 ) . `` Maldives leader in climate change stunt '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Gridlock : Where Do We Go From Here ? ( Part 1 ) '' . Making Contact . National Radio Project . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Evans , Judith ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Maldives island swamped by rising tide of waste '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity of Maldives '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Housing and Environment . p. 7 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Maldives Marine Life '' . Scubadivemaldives.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sharks of the Maldives '' . TheMaldives.com . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs '' . Fao.org . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maldives Nurses Its Coral Reefs Back to Life '' . Globalcoral.org. 2 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coral Bleaching Updates '' . MarineSavers . Marine Savers and Four Seasons Resorts Maldives ( 2012 -- 2017 ) . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ducarme , Frédéric ( 2016 ) . `` Field Observations of Sea Cucumbers in Ari Atoll , and Comparison with Two Nearby Atolls in Maldives '' ( PDF ) . SPC Beche - de-mer Information Bulletin . 36 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives ' VP Hassan Takes Oath as President '' . Time Magazine . Male , Maldives . Associated Press . 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives crackdown an ' assault on democracy ' : UN rights chief '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives Penal Code '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Abdullahi Ahmed An - Na'im ( 2015 ) . `` Maldives , Republic of '' . Islamic Family Law . Emory University School of Law . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Maldives '' . Foreign.gov.mv . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Davis , Thomas W.D. ( 2011 ) . Human Rights in Asia . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84844 - 680 - 9 . Jump up ^ Freedom House ( 2011 ) . `` Freedom in the World 2011 : Maldives '' . Freedom House . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor ( 2012 ) . `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 : Maldives '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Merrick , Jane ( 7 July 2013 ) . `` Britons urged to boycott Maldives over sexist laws '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` State Sponsored Homophobia 2016 : A world survey of sexual orientation laws : criminalisation , protection and recognition '' ( PDF ) . International Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Trans and Intersex Association . 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Secretary - General statement on Maldives decision to leave the Commonwealth , 13 October 2016 Jump up ^ Maldives quits Commonwealth over alleged rights abuses , The Guardian , 13 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Maldives Atolls '' . Statoids.com . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Divehiraajjege Jōgrafīge Vanavaru . Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee Jump up ^ Lyon , James ( October 2003 ) . Maldives . Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 176 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hogendorn , Jan and Johnson Marion ( 1986 ) . The Shell Money of the Slave Trade . African Studies Series 49 , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge ISBN 0521541107 . Jump up ^ `` Coup ? What coup ? Tourists ignore Maldives turmoil '' . The Age . Melbourne . 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Tourism . Retrieved 3 April 2009 '' . Tourism.gov.mv . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 35 years of tourism '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Entry into Maldives '' . Department of Immigration and Emigration , Republic of Maldives . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Islands by Population Size and Percentage Share of Total Population '' . Maldives : Population and Housing Census 2006 . Ministry of Planning and National Development . Archived from the original on 19 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Census Analysis 2006 . Population Projection 2006 -- 2050 '' ( PDF ) . planning.gov.mv . p. 273 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Maldives to recruit more Bangladeshi workers , SATURDAY , 02 AUGUST 2008 . Jump up ^ Maldives . globalreligiousfutures.org Jump up ^ `` Conversion of the Maldives to Islam '' . maldivesstory.com.mv . Archived from the original on 2003 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives Languages -- Languages of Maldives -- Language Spoken In Maldives '' . maldives.tourism-srilanka.com . Jump up ^ Marcus , Anthony . 2012 . Reconsidering Talaq : Marriage , Divorce and Sharia Reform in the Republic of Maldives in Chitra Raghavan and James Levine . Self - Determination and Women 's Rights in Muslim Societies . Lebanon , NH : Brandeis University Press Jump up ^ Maldives -- Élite Diving Agency . Elitedivingagency.com . Retrieved on 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maldives National University '' . mnu.edu.mv . Jump up ^ `` The Maldives National University '' . mnu.edu.mv . Further reading ( edit ) Divehiraajjege Jōgrafīge Vanavaru . Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee . G. Sōsanī . Malé 1999 . H.C.P. Bell , The Maldive Islands , An account of the Physical Features , History , Inhabitants , Productions and Trade . Colombo 1883 , ISBN 81 - 206 - 1222 - 1 . H.C.P. Bell , The Maldive Islands ; Monograph on the History , Archaeology and Epigraphy . Reprint Colombo 1940 . Council for Linguistic and Historical Research . Malé 1989 . H.C.P. Bell , Excerpta Maldiviana . Reprint Colombo 1922 / 35 edn . Asian Educational Services . New Delhi 1999 . Divehi Tārīkhah Au Alikameh . Divehi Bahāi Tārikhah Khidmaiykurā Qaumī Markazu . Reprint 1958 edn . Malé , Maldives 1990 . Christopher , William ( 1836 -- 38 ) . Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society , Vol . I. Bombay . Lieut . I.A. Young & W. Christopher , Memoirs on the Inhabitants of the Maldive Islands . Geiger , Wilhelm . Maldivian Linguistic Studies . Reprint 1919 edn . Asian Educational Services . Delhi 1999 . Hockly , T.W. The Two Thousand Isles . Reprint 1835 edn . Asian Educational Services . Delhi 2003 . Hideyuki Takahashi , Maldivian National Security -- And the Threats of Mercenaries , The Round Table ( London ) , No. 351 , July 1999 , pp. 433 -- 444 . Malten , Thomas : Malediven und Lakkadiven . Materialien zur Bibliographie der Atolle im Indischen Ozean . Beiträge zur Südasien - Forschung Südasien - Institut Universität Heidelberg , Nr. 87 . Franz Steiner Verlag . Wiesbaden , 1983 . Vilgon , Lars : Maldive and Minicoy Islands Bibliography with the Laccadive Islands . Published by the author . Stockholm , 1994 . Clarence Maloney , People of the Maldive Islands , Orient Black Swan , 2013 Xavier Romero - Frias , The Maldive Islanders : a study of the popular culture of an ancient ocean kingdom , NEI , 1999 Xavier Romero - Frias , Folk Tales of the Maldives , Nordic Institute of Asian Studies , 2012 Djan Sauerborn , The Perils of Rising Fundamentalism in the Maldives , International Relations and Security Network ( ISN ) , Zürich , September 2013 Djan Sauerborn , Failing to Transition : Democratization under Stress in the Maldives , South Asia Democratic Forum ( SADF ) , February 2015 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMaldivesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official tourist information President 's Office `` Maldives '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Maldives from UCB Libraries GovPubs Maldives at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Maldives from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Maldives Key Development Forecasts for the Maldives from International Futures Constitution of the Republic of Maldives Maldives articles History Museum Folklore Buddhism Koimala Dynasties Sultans 1952 republic referendum 1968 republic referendum 1988 coup d'état 2003 civil unrest Black Friday 2004 tsunami 2005 civil unrest Multi-party democracy 2011 -- 12 political crisis Geography Atolls Channels Climate Islands Towns and villages Wildlife Baa atoll UNESCO biosphere reserve Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Religious freedom Irreligion LGBT LGBT history Judiciary Law enforcement Majlis ( parliament ) Military Political parties President Economy Economic aid Fishing Industries Rufiyaa ( currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Society People Anthem Crime Cuisine Culture Demographics Education Emblem Flag Names Islam Language scripts Music Sports Diaspora Outline Index Book Portal Articles related to the Maldives Geographic locale Island - level constituencies of the Maldives Haa Alif Baarah Dhidhdhoo Filladhoo Hoarafushi Ihavandhoo Kelaa Maarandhoo Mulhadhoo Muraidhoo Thakandhoo Thuraakunu Uligan Utheemu Vashafaru Haa Dhaalu Finey Hanimaadhoo Hirimaradhoo Kulhudhuffushi Kumundhoo Kurinbi Makunudhoo Naivaadhoo Nellaidhoo Neykurendhoo Nolhivaram Nolhivaranfaru Vaikaradhoo Shaviyani Bileffahi Feevah Feydhoo Foakaidhoo Funadhoo Goidhoo Kanditheemu Komandoo Lhaimagu Maaungoodhoo Maroshi Milandhoo Narudhoo Noomaraa Noonu Foddhoo Henbandhoo Holhudhoo Kendhikolhudhoo Kudafaree Landhoo Lhohi Maafaru Maalhendhoo Magoodhoo Manadhoo Miladhoo Velidhoo Raa Alifushi Angolhitheemu Dhuvaafaru Fainu Hulhudhuffaaru Inguraidhoo Innamaadhoo Kinolhas Maakurathu Maduvvaree Meedhoo Rashgetheemu Rasmaadhoo Ungoofaaru Vaadhoo Baa Dharavandhoo Dhonfanu Eydhafushi Fehendhoo Fulhadhoo Goidhoo Hithaadhoo Kamadhoo Kendhoo Kihaadhoo Kudarikilu Maalhos Thulhaadhoo Lhaviyani Hinnavaru Kurendhoo Naifaru Olhuvelifushi Kaafu Dhiffushi Gaafaru Gulhi Guraidhoo Himmafushi Huraa Kaashidhoo Maafushi Thulusdhoo Alif Alif Bodufulhadhoo Feridhoo Himandhoo Maalhos Mathiveri Rasdhoo Thoddoo Ukulhas Alif Dhaalu Dhangethi Dhigurah Didhdhoo Fenfushi Hangnaameedhoo Kunburudhoo Maamingili Mahibadhoo Mandhoo Omadhoo Vaavu Felidhoo Fulidhoo Keyodhoo Rakeedhoo Thinadhoo Meemu Dhiggaru Kolhufushi Maduvvaree Mulah Muli Naalaafushi Raimmandhoo Veyvah Faafu Bileddhoo Dharanboodhoo Feeali Magoodhoo Nilandhoo Dhaalu Bandidhoo Hulhudheli Kudahuvadhoo Maaenboodhoo Meedhoo Rinbudhoo Kolhumadulu ( Thaa ) Burunee Dhiyamingili Gaadhiffushi Guraidhoo Hirilandhoo Kandoodhoo Kinbidhoo Madifushi Omadhoo Thimarafushi Vandhoo Veymandoo Vilufushi Laamu Dhanbidhoo Fonadhoo Gaadhoo Gan Hithadhoo Isdhoo Kalhaidhoo Kunahandhoo Maabaidhoo Maamendhoo Maavah Mundoo Gaafu Alif Dhaandhoo Dhevvadhoo Gemanafushi Kanduhulhudhoo Kolamaafushi Kondey Maamendhoo Nilandhoo Vilingili Gaafu Dhaalu Fares - Maathodaa Fiyoaree Gaddhoo Hoandeddhoo Madaveli Nadellaa Rathafandhoo Thinadhoo Vaadhoo Gnaviyani Fuvammulah Dhadimagu Dhiguvaandu Dhoondigan Funaadu Hoadhadu Maadhadu Maalegan Miskiymagu The capitals of each atoll are in bold . This list excludes first - level administrative divisions , Malé and Addu cities . First - level administrative divisions of the Maldives Atolls Haa Alif Haa Dhaalu Shaviyani Noonu Raa Baa Lhaviyani Kaafu Alif Alif Alif Dhaal Vaavu Meemu Faafu Dhaalu Thaa Laamu Gaafu Alif Gaafu Dhaalu Gnaviyani Cities Malé Addu Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean Africa Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea France Mayotte Réunion Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rodrigues ( Mauritius ) Seychelles Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Zanzibar , Tanzania Asia Bangladesh British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago - United Kingdom Christmas Island ( Australia ) Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) India Indonesia Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Sri Lanka Thailand Timor - Leste Yemen Other Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory French Southern and Antarctic Lands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Australia Countries bordering the Arabian Sea India Iran Maldives Oman Pakistan Somalia Yemen Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory International membership Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Maldives Malaysia Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen Suspended Syria Observers Countries and territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Northern Cyprus Russia Thailand Muslim communities Moro National Liberation Front International organizations Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations As the `` Turkish Cypriot State '' . South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bangalore 1986 Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993 New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Non-Aligned Movement Members List of members of Non-Aligned Movement India and the Non-Aligned Movement Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement Structure Organizations NAM News Network Principles Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Summits Bandung Conference Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Founders Josip Broz Tito ( Yugoslavia ) Sukarno ( Indonesia ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( India ) Kwame Nkrumah ( Ghana ) Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Egypt ) People Houari Boumediene Fidel Castro Nelson Mandela Mohamed Morsi Nicolás Maduro Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia BNF : cb11932321r ( data ) GND : 4037212 - 1 LCCN : n81139903 NARA : 10044514 NDL : 00567502 VIAF : 173440507 Coordinates : 3 ° 12 ′ N 73 ° 13 ′ E / 3.20 ° N 73.22 ° E / 3.20 ; 73.22 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maldives&oldid=843424126 '' Categories : Maldives 1965 establishments in Asia Archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean Countries in Asia Countries of the Indian Ocean Landforms of South Asia Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Republics Small Island Developing States South Asian countries States and territories established in 1965 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use British English from February 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Old Tamil - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles containing Pali - language text Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Lingua Franca Nova 185 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how do you get to the maldives islands
|
[] |
[] |
88447260935714070
|
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
|
The tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck - wikipedia The tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck Jump to : navigation , search The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck First edition cover Author Beatrix Potter Illustrator Beatrix Potter Country England Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Frederick Warne & Co . Publication date July 1908 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Preceded by The Tale of Tom Kitten Followed by The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or , The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter . It was first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1908 . Potter composed the book at Hill Top , a working farm in the Lake District she bought in 1905 . Following the purchase , her works began to focus on country and village life , incorporating large casts of animal characters and sinister villains . Jemima Puddle - Duck was the first of her books set wholly at the farm with background illustrations based on the farm buildings and yard , and nearby locales . Jemima is a domestic duck of the Aylesbury breed , whose eggs are routinely confiscated by the farmer 's wife because she believes Jemima a poor sitter . Jemima searches for a place away from the farm where she can hatch her eggs without human interference , and naively confides her woes to a suave fox who invites her to nest in a shed at his home . Jemima accepts his invitation , little realising her danger : the fox plans to kill and roast her . Kep , a collie on the farm , discovers Jemima 's whereabouts and rescues her just in time . Potter indicated the tale was a revision of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' with Jemima , the fox , and the dog parallels to the fairy tale 's heroine , wolf , and woodcutter . Jemima , Kep , the farmer 's wife , and her two children were all modelled on real world individuals at Potter 's Hill Top farm . The book was hugely popular . Spinoff merchandise included a soft Jemima doll in bonnet and shawl , a Jemima painting book in 1925 , and illustrated fabric placemats hand - fashioned by Potter and distributed to friends . Critically , the book is considered one of Potter 's best . In 1971 , the tale became a segment in the Royal Ballet film , The Tales of Beatrix Potter , and , in 1993 , it was telecast as an episode on the animated BBC anthology series , The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Scholarly commentaries 3 Background 4 Production 5 Similarities to `` Little Red Riding Hood '' 6 Merchandising 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The frontispiece depicts Jemima confiding in the fox . Her poke bonnet was not the fashion among farmwomen at the time of the book 's publication but its incorporation in the text and illustrations sets the tale in a not - too - distant fairy tale past . The tale begins in a farmyard which is home to a duck called Jemima Puddle - duck . She wants to hatch her own eggs , but the farmer 's wife believes ducks make poor sitters and routinely confiscates their eggs to allow the hens to incubate them . Jemima tries to hide her eggs , but they are always found and carried away . She sets off along the road in her poke bonnet and shawl to find a safe place away from the farm to lay her eggs . At the top of a hill , she spies a distant wood , flies to it , and waddles about until she discovers an appropriate nesting place among the foxgloves . However , a charming gentleman with `` black prick ears and sandy - coloured whiskers '' persuades her to nest in a shed at his home . Jemima is led to his `` tumble - down shed '' ( which is curiously filled with feathers ) , and makes herself a nest with little ado . Jemima lays her eggs , and the fox suggests a dinner party to mark the event . He asks her to collect the traditional herbs used in stuffing a duck , telling her the seasonings will be used for an omelette . Jemima sets about her errand , but the farm collie , Kep , meets her as she carries onions from the farm kitchen and asks her what she is doing and where she keeps going . She reveals her errand , Kep sees through the fox 's plan at once , and finds out from Jemima where the fox lives . With the help of two fox - hound puppies who are out at walk at the farm , Kep rescues Jemima and the `` foxy - whiskered gentleman '' ( Mr. Tod ) is chased away and seen again in The Tale of Mr. Tod . However , the hungry fox - hounds eat Jemima 's eggs . Jemima is escorted back to the farm in tears over her lost eggs , but , in time , lays more eggs and successfully hatches four ducklings . Scholarly commentaries ( edit ) The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck is a tale of pursuit and prey . The theme runs through several of Potter 's tales : Mr. McGregor pursues Peter Rabbit , Simpkin lies in wait for the mice in the tailor 's shop , and the trout attempts to devour Jeremy Fisher . Potter was following the pattern of fairy tales by dwelling on the theme of pursuit and prey , and often pointed out that the tale of Jemima was a retelling of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' . Perrault 's tale ends with the death of the heroine , but Potter understood children will not tolerate tragedy . The prey in her books survive for better or worse ( Peter returns home for a dose of chamomile tea , for example ) and , though Jemima loses her eggs to her hungry rescuers , she lives to return to the farm to raise a brood of ducklings . The tale shows Potter at her best in depicting the life of the farm and the village of Near Sawrey , but the tale becomes one of something more than just local colour and interest . The archetypical tale upon which Jemima is based -- the foolish and naive are rescued from destruction by the loyal and dependable -- is transformed in Potter 's hands to one in which self - preservation and shrewdness become admirable virtues . Graham Greene thought the sandy - whiskered gentleman a character of ominous gloom and suggested Potter had suffered some sort of mental breakdown , but it is more likely she was simply coming to terms with life on a farm . Wild animals invade the precincts of the domesticated ones , and death is part of farming . The victor in the tale is the farmer 's wife : she regains her errant duck and is rid of the predatory fox . Ostensibly , she confiscates Jemima 's eggs believing Jemima will abandon them , but the eggs are not confiscated for the well - being of Jemima and her kin but for the well - being of the farmer 's wife and her family : the eggs ( or the ducks hatched from them ) will end up on their dinner table . In this respect , the farmer 's wife is a predator like the fox , but the fox is condemned for his predation . Human values are at the top of the tale 's hierarchy . Potter argues for the well - ordered home and the practicalities of farm life over the fantasy lives of animals . It was the modus vivendi Potter was to incorporate in her own life as she devoted more of her thoughts and hours to the business of farming and less to tales of fantasy animals . Like many fairy tales , Jemima Puddle - Duck belongs in a remote , but not - too - distant , past . Jemima 's shawl reflects the typical farm dress of the Lake District at the time of the tale 's composition , but the poke bonnet does not , and the fox 's long tail coat and exquisite manners also suggest another time . Jemima is a more interesting character when humanised with the clothing ; without it , she is just a farmyard duck . As Potter pointed out , the tale is a revision of a fairy tale and belongs in the indefinite period of `` once upon a time '' . The story is one of Potter 's more ominous and is fraught with tension . Jemima is a headstrong innocent distracted by her overwhelming desire to nest , and thus unable to penetrate the fox 's designs and comprehend her dangerous situation . The tension rises in increments from the mysterious feather - filled shed ( the place of slaughter ) , to the fox 's plan for an omelette ( of Jemima 's eggs ) , to the ultimate horror and crowning irony , Jemima 's errand to fetch the herbs that will be used to season herself . The fox is the first male villain in Potter 's work , saving Samuel Whiskers in The Roly Poly Pudding , the companion piece to Jemima , and , like all villains in Potter , the `` gentleman with sandy whiskers '' presents a false social front that conceals his bestial nature . He dresses and behaves as a country gentleman of leisure , idling with a newspaper and living off the labor of others by luring their fowl to his feather - filled shed . Potter had little tolerance for indolence and lack of industry , but , as a country woman , she knew foxes were clever and managed to escape more times than they were caught . From the first encounter between Jemima and the fox , the reader realises the fox is more clever than Jemima and is forced to extend him a grudging admiration . Background ( edit ) Main article : Beatrix Potter Beatrix Potter and Kep ( 1913 ) Helen Beatrix Potter was born on July 28 , 1866 to barrister Rupert William Potter and his wife Helen ( Leech ) Potter in London . She was educated by governesses and tutors , and passed a quiet childhood reading , painting , drawing , visiting museums and art exhibitions , and tending a nursery menagerie of small animals . Her interests in the natural world and country life were nurtured with holidays in Scotland , the Lake District , and Camfield Place , the Hertfordshire home of her paternal grandparents . Potter 's adolescence was as quiet as her childhood . She grew into a spinsterish young woman whose parents groomed her to be a permanent resident and housekeeper in their home . She continued to paint and draw , and experienced her first professional artistic success in 1890 when she sold six designs of humanised animals to a greeting card publisher . She hoped to lead a useful life independent of her parents , and tentatively considered a career in mycology , but the all - male scientific community regarded her as an amateur and she abandoned fungi . Potter had maintained contact with her last governess Annie Carter Moore and had grown fond of her children . Through the 1890s , she sent illustrated story letters to the children . Mrs. Moore recognised the literary and artistic value of the letters and urged her former charge to publish . Potter liked the suggestion , and , in 1900 , revised a tale she had written for five - year - old Noel Moore in 1893 , and fashioned a dummy book of it in imitation of Helen Bannerman 's 1899 bestseller The Story of Little Black Sambo . Unable to find a buyer for the tale , she published it for family and friends at her own expense in December 1901 . House at Hill Top Frederick Warne & Co. had once rejected the tale but , eager to compete in the booming small format children 's book market , reconsidered and accepted the `` bunny book '' ( as the firm called it ) following the recommendation of their prominent children 's book artist L. Leslie Brooke . Potter agreed to colour her pen and ink illustrations , chose the then - new Hentschel three - colour process for reproducing her watercolours , and on October 2 , 1902 The Tale of Peter Rabbit was released . Potter continued to publish with Warnes . Early in July 1905 she bought Hill Top , a working farm of 34 acres ( 14 ha ) at Sawrey in the Lake District with profits from her books and a small legacy from an aunt . On August 25 , 1905 Potter 's editor and fiancé , Norman Warne died suddenly and unexpectedly . Potter became deeply depressed and was ill for many weeks , but rallied to complete the last few tales she had planned and discussed with Warne . Production ( edit ) In 1900 Beatrix Potter revised a tale about a humanised rabbit she had written in 1893 , worked up a dummy book in imitation of the small format bestseller Little Black Sambo ( 1899 ) , and , after multiple rejections from London publishers , privately published her tale in December 1901 . Frederick Warne & Co. was eager to compete in the burgeoning and lucrative small format children 's book market , and accepted the `` bunny book '' ( as the firm called it ) after their prominent children 's book artist L. Leslie Brooke gave it his enthusiastic endorsement . Potter agreed to colour her pen and ink illustrations , chose the then - new Hentschel three - colour process for reproducing her watercolours , and in October 1902 The Tale of Peter Rabbit was released . The Tower Bank Arms , Near Sawrey is just a few hundred yards from Hill Top and was used as a subject for one of Potter 's illustrations for the book In the next few years , Potter published books similar in concept , style , or format to Peter Rabbit : The Tailor of Gloucester and The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin in 1903 , and the tales of Benjamin Bunny and Two Bad Mice in 1904 . In August 1905 , sales profits and a small legacy from an aunt enabled Potter to buy Hill Top , a working farm of 34 acres and 36 perches ( 13.85 ha ) in the Lake District . In the years immediately following its purchase , she produced tales and illustrations inspired by the farm , its woodland surroundings , and nearby villages . Potter worked on sketches for Jemima Puddle - Duck during the winter of 1907 while recuperating from respiratory infections . She accompanied her parents on a holiday to Sidmouth in April 1908 , and continued to work on Jemima Puddle - Duck . Potter 's cousin Caroline Hutton Clark was at Hill Top during the composition of Jemima Puddle - Duck and joined Potter as she searched the farmstead for a suitable place in which to situate Jemima 's nest for the illustrations . Kep was a real dog , and Mrs. Clark was given one of Kep 's sons . She later described the puppy as `` the dearest and cleverest dog I ever had . '' Two versions of the opening paragraph were written . The slightly cynical , `` What a gratifying thing it is in these days to meet with a female devoted to family life '' was revised to read , `` What a funny sight it is to see a brood of ducklings with a hen . '' The tale is complicated with irony ( the feather - filled shed and the herbs for roasting a duck ) and the co-existence of two time sequences or two different points of view : Kep 's as he seeks the assistance of the fox - hounds in rescuing Jemima , and the sandy - whiskered gentleman 's as he waits nervously for Jemima to return with the herbs . The `` farmyard tale '' was dedicated to Betsy and Ralph Cannon , the children of Potter 's farm manager , John Cannon . The children appear in one of the illustrations collecting Jemima 's eggs from the rhubarb patch , and their mother is depicted in the opening picture feeding the barnyard fowl . Jemima was based upon a real world duck at Hill Top Farm who evaded Mrs. Cannon and her children in their attempts to locate her eggs before she mismanaged their incubation . Mrs. Cannon believed ducks made poor sitters , and routinely confiscated the ducks ' eggs to allow the hens to incubate them . Potter may have taken inspiration from a drawing in her father 's 1853 sketchbook of a flying duck wearing a bonnet . Potter almost certainly chose the name `` Jemima '' in honour of Jemima Blackburn , an ornithological painter and illustrator whose Birds from Nature she had received as a gift on her tenth birthday and whom she met in 1891 . The illustrations depict the new barn and outbuildings at Hill Top , the wrought - iron gate Potter installed at the kitchen garden , the rhubarb patch , the entrance porch at the farmhouse , the exterior of the Tower Bank Arms in the village , and imagined aerial views of the countryside around Near Sawrey . In 1940 , Potter remarked upon the illustration of Jemima rushing downhill with her bonnet and shawl askew , `` That is what I used to look like to the Sawrey people . I rushed about quacking industriously . '' The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck was published in July 1908 after heated discussions with publisher Harold Warne about the dialogues and cover illustration . The book was an immediate success . In later years , Ernest Aris would blatantly plagiarise not only the Peter Rabbit character in his The Treasure Seekers but Jemima in his Mrs. Beak Duck . Potter was restrained when alerted to the imitations : she praised his technical artistry but chastised him for a lack of originality . At the time , her eyesight was deteriorating and her days were heavily invested in operating her farm ; her restraint with Aris may be attributed to her desire to enlist him as a collaborator . Similarities to `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ( edit ) `` Little Red Riding Hood '' illustration by Walter Crane , 1875 . Crane , Randolph Caldecott , and Kate Greenaway were Potter 's childhood favourites . Potter indicated Jemima was a revision of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , and the similarities between the two are numerous : Jemima and her eggs are substitutes for Red Riding Hood and her grandmother ; the farmer 's wife and Jemima 's sister - in - law Rebeccah are substitutes for Red Riding Hood 's mother ; the fox and the wolf both conceal their bestial natures beneath the polite behaviour of gentlemen , and the dogs are substitutes for the woodcutters . Both tales touch upon physical appetite , temptation , and foolish behaviour . Though the tale has a happy ending , tearful Jemima is led back to the farm in public humiliation after losing her eggs to her hungry rescuers . She is allowed to hatch a brood on the farm , but it only produces four ducklings . Potter 's revision of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' more nearly resembles Perrault 's tragic tale than the happily - ever - after Grimm version where the heroine is rescued by woodcutters . The author knew her young audience would sympathise with the unhatched ducklings and would not tolerate having Jemima , a mother figure , suffer a bloody end in the fox 's shed . The loss of the eggs is sad for the reader , but Potter ended the tale as happily as possible -- not only for her audience but for the sake of the real world children of her farm manager , Ralph and Betsy Cannon , to whom the tale was dedicated . Jemima is punished for her headstrong foolishness and must relinquish her hope of finding a nesting spot away from the farm , but the punishment is mitigated when she is allowed to hatch one brood herself . Merchandising ( edit ) Jemima Puddle - Duck was popular , almost as popular as Peter Rabbit , and became the subject of ancillary merchandise . She is depicted in one of the four well known endpapers of the Potter books , and was featured on a Christmas card for the Invalid Children 's Aid Association . She became the principal character in an unpublished painting book describing the livestock at Hill Top , and appeared in Peter Rabbit 's Painting Book and Tom Kitten 's Painting Book before being given her own painting book , Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book in 1925 , composed grudgingly in response to public demand for yet another book . Potter waited for ducklings to hatch at the farm to be used as models for the painting book , but in the end , the eggs were rotten . The instructions in Jemima 's painting book were similar to those in Tom Kitten 's painting book , but the kittens with crayons in Tom 's book accompanying the instructions were replaced by six ducklings splashing about in paint water for the similar page in Jemima 's book . In the original tale , Jemima 's eggs are eaten by her rescuers but in the painting book , a new design was executed for `` They took Jemima home '' ; in the painting book , Kep and the fox hound puppies lead Jemima away from her broken but uneaten eggs . The same theme was depicted on Crabtree & Evelyn chocolate Easter eggs . The painting book displays Potter 's willingness to exploit the commercial possibilities of her characters and tales . The purchaser was alerted to the existence of other Potter books on the inside front cover and directed to a list of books on the back cover . Other merchandise included sets of linen or silk placemats painted by Potter for friends with an abridged text and 12 of the illustrations . In 1910 , Potter patented a design for a soft toy duck based on her model of Jemima in a Paisley handkerchief shawl and bonnet . A soft Jemima doll was manufactured by J.I. Farnell of Acton . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Lane 2001 , pp. 126 - 8 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Kutzer 2003 , pp. 105 - 6 , 111 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 111 - 2 Jump up ^ Kutzer 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , pp. 51 -- 2 Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , p. 60 , 67 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , pp. 144 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Hobbs 1989 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Lane 1978 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , pp. 144 - 7 ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , Chronology Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 237 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Lear 2008 , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Lane 2001 , pp. 98 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1987 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Taylor 1987 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Taylor 1987 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Taylor 1987 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 428 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Kutzer 2003 , pp. 107 - 8 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 112 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1987 , p. 136 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 288 Works cited Denyer , Susan ( 2009 ) ( 2000 ) . At Home with Beatrix Potter : The creator of Peter Rabbit . Frances Lincoln Limited in association with the National Trust . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3018 - 7 . Kutzer , M. Daphne ( 2003 ) . Beatrix Potter : Writing in Code . New York & London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94352 - 3 . Lane , Margaret ( 1985 ) ( 1946 ) . The Tale of Beatrix Potter . London : Frederick Warne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7232 - 4676 - 3 . Lear , Linda ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . Beatrix Potter : A Life in Nature . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37796 - 0 . MacDonald , Ruth K. ( 1986 ) . Beatrix Potter . Boston : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 6917 - X . Taylor , Judy ; Whalley , Joyce Irene ; Hobbs , Anne Stevenson ; Battrick , Elizabeth M. ( 1987 ) . Beatrix Potter 1866 -- 1943 : The Artist and Her World . London : F. Warne & Co. and The National Trust . ISBN 0 - 7232 - 3561 - 9 . Taylor , Judy ( 1996 ) ( 1986 ) . Beatrix Potter : Artist , Storyteller and Countrywoman . Frederick Warne . ISBN 0 - 7232 - 4175 - 9 . External links ( edit ) The full text of The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck at Wikisource Media related to The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck at Wikimedia Commons The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck at Project Gutenberg Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr. Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr. McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck&oldid=800527802 '' Categories : 1908 children 's books Books by Beatrix Potter Frederick Warne & Co books Picture books by Beatrix Potter Ducks in literature Hidden categories : Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 02 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who wrote about peter rabbit and jemima puddle duck
|
[
"The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1908. Potter composed the book at Hill Top, a working farm in the Lake District she bought in 1905. Following the purchase, her works began to focus on country and village life, incorporating large casts of animal characters and sinister villains. Jemima Puddle-Duck was the first of her books set wholly at the farm with background illustrations based on the farm buildings and yard, and nearby locales."
] |
[
"Beatrix Potter"
] |
3968004732041811029
|
2018 Stanley Cup Finals
|
2018 Stanley Cup Finals - wikipedia 2018 Stanley Cup Finals 2018 Stanley Cup Finals 5 Total Washington Capitals 6 Vegas Golden Knights 6 Location ( s ) Washington : ( Capital One Arena ) ( 3 , 4 ) Vegas : ( T - Mobile Arena ) ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) Coaches Washington : Barry Trotz Vegas : Gerard Gallant Captains Washington : Alexander Ovechkin Vegas : Vacant National anthems Washington : Caleb Green and Bob McDonald ( game 3 ) Caleb Green , Bob McDonald and U.S. Army chorus ( game 4 ) Vegas : Carnell Johnson Referees Marc Joannette ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) , Wes McCauley ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) , Chris Rooney ( 2 , 4 ) , Kelly Sutherland ( 2 , 4 ) Dates May 28 -- June 7 MVP Alexander Ovechkin ( Capitals ) Series - winning goal Lars Eller ( 12 : 23 , Third , G5 ) Networks Canada ( English ) : CBC Canada ( French ) : TVA Sports United States ( English ) : NBC and NBCSN Announcers ( CBC ) Jim Hughson , Craig Simpson ( TVA ) Felix Seguin , Patrick Lalime , Renaud Lavoie ( NBC / NBCSN ) Mike Emrick , Eddie Olczyk , Pierre McGuire ( NHL International ) Steve Mears , Kevin Weekes ( NBC Sports Radio & NHL Radio ) Kenny Albert , Joe Micheletti ( 1 -- 4 ) , Ray Ferraro , Jim Fox ( 5 ) , Steve Goldstein Eastern Final Washington Capitals defeated Tampa Bay Lightning , 4 -- 3 Western Final Vegas Golden Knights defeated Winnipeg Jets , 4 -- 1 ← 2017 Stanley Cup Finals 2019 → The 2018 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's 2017 -- 18 season , and the culmination of the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals defeated the Western Conference champion Vegas Golden Knights four games to one to win their first championship in their 44th season . The Vegas Golden Knights made the Finals in their first season , while this was the second Finals appearance for the Capitals . This was the first Finals series since 2007 where neither team had previously won the Stanley Cup and the third consecutive year in which a Western Conference team made their Finals debut . This was the first Finals since 2014 to require less than six games . Washington captain Alexander Ovechkin was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs , The series began on May 28 and ended on June 7 . The Vegas Golden Knights had home ice advantage in the series since the Golden Knights won the Pacific Division with 109 points during the regular season , while the Capitals won the Metropolitan Division with 105 points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Path to the Finals 1.1 Washington Capitals 1.2 Vegas Golden Knights 2 Game summaries 2.1 Game one 2.2 Game two 2.3 Game three 2.4 Game four 2.5 Game five 3 Team rosters 3.1 Vegas Golden Knights 3.2 Washington Capitals 4 Washington Capitals -- 2018 Stanley Cup champions 4.1 Players 4.2 Coaching and administrative staff : 4.3 Stanley Cup engraving 5 TV and radio 6 References 7 External links Path to the Finals ( edit ) Washington Capitals ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Washington Capitals season This was Washington 's second Finals appearance ; the Capitals were swept in four games by the Detroit Red Wings in 1998 . The Capitals did not make many offseason transactions with the exception of signing forward Devante Smith - Pelly . Major re-signings during the off - season included forwards T.J. Oshie , Evgeny Kuznetsov , and Andre Burakovsky ; and goalie Philipp Grubauer . Washington then re-signed Lars Eller during the season . The team was conservative during the trade deadline . Wanting to make a Stanley Cup run with the core players that they already had , they only acquired defensemen Michal Kempny from the Chicago Blackhawks and Jakub Jerabek from the Montreal Canadiens . The Capitals finished the regular season with 105 points ( 49 -- 26 -- 7 ) , winning their division . Left winger and team captain Alexander Ovechkin was the winner of this season 's Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy , leading the league with 49 regular - season goals . Kuznetsov led the team in assists with 56 . In the first round of playoffs , Washington came back from a 2 -- 0 series deficit to win four in a row to beat the Columbus Blue Jackets in six games . The Capitals then won a 4 -- 2 series against their division rival and two - time defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins , whom the Capitals had beaten in a playoff series only once since 1994 . The Penguins had eliminated Washington from the playoffs in the second round the previous two years . Washington then defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in the Eastern Conference Finals in seven games , winning game seven on the road for only the second time in franchise history and first since 2012 . Vegas Golden Knights ( edit ) Main articles : 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights season and 2017 NHL Expansion Draft Vegas became the first expansion team since the 1967 -- 68 St. Louis Blues to make the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . However , the 1967 -- 68 expansion was structured so that an expansion team was guaranteed to make the final . By contrast , the Golden Knights entered the season as long shots to make the postseason , let alone the Final , with sources like Deadspin and Newsweek predicting that Vegas would be among the worst teams in the league . The team ended up enjoying one of the strongest debut seasons for an expansion team in North American professional sports history . Las Vegas was awarded as the NHL 's 31st franchise on June 22 , 2016 , to begin to play for the 2017 -- 18 season . On April 13 , 2017 , the team announced the hiring of their inaugural head coach , Gerard Gallant . The team then participated in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft on June 21 , selecting an available player from all of the other 30 NHL teams . Some notable selections included goalie Marc - Andre Fleury , who had won three Stanley Cups as a member of the Pittsburgh Penguins , winger James Neal from the Nashville Predators , and Jonathan Marchessault from the Florida Panthers . Fleury was left exposed by the Penguins because of the emergence of Matt Murray . The Panthers , who had salary cap issues , traded Reilly Smith to the Golden Knights in exchange for Vegas selecting Marchessault . The team started winning , despite Fleury being injured for most of the first months of the season . The team relied on four other goaltenders while their starter was injured . Instead of being sellers trying to unload players with one - year contracts by the trade deadline , Vegas became surprise buyers , acquiring Ryan Reaves from the Penguins and Tomas Tatar from the Detroit Red Wings . On March 26 , 2018 , Vegas became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers in the 1979 -- 80 season . Following that achievement , on March 31 , Vegas became the first modern - era expansion team from any of the four major sports and the first NHL team since the 1926 -- 27 New York Rangers to win their division in their inaugural season ( excluding the 1967 -- 68 Philadelphia Flyers , as all teams in the West Division that year were expansion teams ) . The Golden Knights ended up finishing the regular season with 109 points ( 51 -- 24 -- 7 ) . In the playoffs , Vegas swept the Los Angeles Kings in four games , defeated the San Jose Sharks in six games , and eliminated the Winnipeg Jets in the Western Conference Finals in five games . With Vegas ' trip to the 2018 Finals , a brand - new team in the league has now reached the Stanley Cup Finals every 50 years dating back to 1918 . The Toronto Arenas reached the 1918 Stanley Cup Finals and won the Cup , but this was the first year of the new NHL ( after every team except the Toronto Blueshirts left the National Hockey Association ) . The St. Louis Blues reached the 1968 Stanley Cup Finals and got swept by the Montreal Canadiens , but this was a year in which six brand - new expansion teams all entered the league at the same time and were all placed in the same division and the winner of that West Division would face the winner of the East Division . As such , 2018 was the first of these three occurrences where a team in their inaugural season was n't guaranteed a chance to reach the finals beforehand . Game summaries ( edit ) Number in parenthesis represents the player 's total goals or assists to that point of the entire four rounds of the playoffs Game one ( edit ) May 28 Washington Capitals 4 -- 6 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap Both teams scored twice in the opening period . The first goal came from Vegas Golden Knights defenseman Colin Miller whose slap shot went past Capitals goaltender Braden Holtby . Washington struck back later in the period as both Brett Connolly and Nicklas Backstrom scored 42 seconds apart . William Karlsson then snuck the puck in between Holtby and the left post to tie the game . Early in the second period , a rebound off the glass came to Deryk Engelland who passed to an open Reilly Smith firing one past Holtby . Capitals defenseman John Carlson tied up the score after some nice passing from the defender and T.J. Oshie left himself wide open for the goal . In the third period , Tom Wilson redirected Alexander Ovechkin 's shot past Vegas goaltender Marc - Andre Fleury to take the lead in the game . However , Vegas responded 1 : 41 later as Ryan Reaves went top - shelf to tie the game yet again . This goal proved to be controversial , as Ryan Reaves illegally cross-checked John Carlson to get into position to score . Tomas Nosek was able to score for Vegas later in the period , taking the pass from Shea Theodore . Vegas kept the lead in the penultimate minutes , grabbing an empty - net goal in the final minute to finish the game 6 -- 4 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st VGK Colin Miller ( 3 ) -- pp Erik Haula ( 5 ) 07 : 15 1 -- 0 VGK WSH Brett Connolly ( 5 ) Michal Kempny ( 2 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 1 ) 14 : 41 1 -- 1 WSH Nicklas Backstrom ( 5 ) T.J. Oshie ( 9 ) , Jakub Vrana ( 5 ) 15 : 23 2 -- 1 WSH VGK William Karlsson ( 7 ) Reilly Smith ( 15 ) , Deryk Engelland ( 1 ) 18 : 19 2 -- 2 2nd VGK Reilly Smith ( 3 ) Deryk Engelland ( 2 ) , Jonathan Marchessault ( 11 ) 03 : 21 3 -- 2 VGK WSH John Carlson ( 4 ) T.J. Oshie ( 10 ) , Nicklas Backstrom ( 13 ) 08 : 29 3 -- 3 3rd WSH Tom Wilson ( 4 ) Alexander Ovechkin ( 11 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 14 ) 01 : 10 4 -- 3 WSH VGK Ryan Reaves ( 2 ) Unassisted 02 : 41 4 -- 4 VGK Tomas Nosek ( 2 ) Shea Theodore ( 6 ) 09 : 44 5 -- 4 VGK VGK Tomas Nosek ( 3 ) -- en David Perron ( 8 ) 19 : 57 6 -- 4 VGK Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH Andre Burakovsky Boarding 05 : 53 2 : 00 2nd VGK Bench ( served by David Perron ) Too many men on the ice 13 : 55 2 : 00 3rd WSH Tom Wilson Interference 05 : 53 2 : 00 VGK David Perron Cross-checking 05 : 53 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total WSH 10 8 10 28 VGK 11 14 9 34 Game two ( edit ) May 30 Washington Capitals 3 -- 2 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap During the first period of game two , James Neal took a pass from Luca Sbisa , firing a wrist shot past Braden Holtby . The Capitals tied the game during a four - on - four when Lars Eller shot into an empty net from Michal Kempny 's pass . During the second period , Golden Knights rookie Alex Tuch was penalized for cross-checking , and on the ensuing power - play , Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin fired a shot from a tight angle to give Washington the lead . Brooks Orpik extended the Capitals ' lead to two goals when his shot deflected off Alex Tuch past Marc - Andre Fleury . Vegas cut the deficit by one goal when T.J. Oshie interfered with Colin Miller and Shea Theodore scored on the power - play . In the third period Holtby backstopped Washington to the victory , stopping the final fifteen shots from Vegas to win 3 -- 2 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st VGK James Neal ( 5 ) Luca Sbisa ( 3 ) , Colin Miller ( 2 ) 07 : 58 1 -- 0 VGK WSH Lars Eller ( 6 ) Michal Kempny ( 3 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 2 ) 17 : 27 1 -- 1 2nd WSH Alexander Ovechkin ( 13 ) -- pp Lars Eller ( 10 ) , Nicklas Backstrom ( 14 ) 05 : 38 2 -- 1 WSH WSH Brooks Orpik ( 1 ) Lars Eller ( 11 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 3 ) 09 : 41 3 -- 1 WSH VGK Shea Theodore ( 3 ) -- pp Reilly Smith ( 16 ) , William Karlsson ( 8 ) 17 : 47 3 -- 2 WSH 3rd None Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH T.J. Oshie Roughing 16 : 43 2 : 00 VGK Deryk Engelland Roughing 16 : 43 2 : 00 2nd WSH Brooks Orpik Illegal check to head 02 : 04 2 : 00 VGK Alex Tuch Cross-checking 05 : 13 2 : 00 WSH Nicklas Backstrom Holding 06 : 56 2 : 00 VGK Erik Haula Holding 06 : 56 2 : 00 VGK Ryan Reaves Roughing 10 : 10 2 : 00 WSH Dmitry Orlov Hooking 11 : 42 2 : 00 WSH T.J. Oshie Interference 17 : 27 2 : 00 3rd WSH Tom Wilson Interference 03 : 13 2 : 00 WSH Lars Eller Hooking 04 : 05 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total WSH 11 9 6 26 VGK 10 14 15 39 Game three ( edit ) June 2 Vegas Golden Knights 1 -- 3 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap After a tense first period in which neither team scored , Alexander Ovechkin scored early in the second period to give Washington the lead . Evgeny Kuznetsov , who was believed to have suffered an arm injury the game prior , scored 11 : 40 after Ovechkin , extending Washington 's lead to two . Tomas Nosek scored off of a Braden Holtby giveaway to cut the deficit in half early in the third period . However , 10 minutes later Shea Theodore mishandled the puck in his own zone and Jay Beagle capitalized on the error , making a pass to an open Devante Smith - Pelly who restored the two - goal lead for Washington . The Capitals played defensively for the final minutes of the game to win 3 -- 1 , and took the series lead . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st None 2nd WSH Alexander Ovechkin ( 14 ) John Carlson ( 14 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 15 ) 01 : 10 1 -- 0 WSH WSH Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 12 ) Jay Beagle ( 5 ) , T.J. Oshie ( 11 ) 12 : 50 2 -- 0 WSH 3rd VGK Tomas Nosek ( 4 ) Pierre - Edouard Bellemare ( 3 ) 03 : 29 2 -- 1 WSH WSH Devante Smith - Pelly ( 5 ) Jay Beagle ( 6 ) 13 : 53 3 -- 1 WSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH Devante Smith - Pelly Interference 05 : 04 2 : 00 VGK Reilly Smith Holding 11 : 21 2 : 00 2nd VGK Erik Haula Hooking 09 : 55 2 : 00 WSH Devante Smith - Pelly Tripping 18 : 34 2 : 00 VGK Marc - Andre Fleury Tripping 19 : 38 2 : 00 3rd VGK Deryk Engelland Tripping 07 : 35 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total VGK 5 8 9 22 WSH 7 14 5 26 Game four ( edit ) June 4 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 6 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap During the first period , a penalty called on Colin Miller for tripping allowed T.J. Oshie to give Washington the first lead . The Capitals extended the lead after Evgeny Kuznetsov fed a pass to Tom Wilson who fired a wrist shot past Marc - Andre Fleury . Devante Smith - Pelly then gave Washington a 3 -- 0 lead after a pass by Matt Niskanen deflected off Vegas forward Jonathan Marchessault to the stick of Smith - Pelly , who scored top - shelf on Fleury . Even with the Golden Knights more than doubling the shots of Washington , John Carlson gave the Capitals a 4 -- 0 lead , firing a slap shot on the power - play . In the third period , Vegas ended the shutout as James Neal scored just as Evgeny Kuznetsov 's tripping penalty had expired . Reilly Smith cut the deficit to two goals , scoring on the backhand past Braden Holtby . Washington restored a three - goal lead during a four - on - four ; as Nicklas Backstrom fed an open Michal Kempny , firing the shot past Fleury . Brett Connolly added an insurance goal with less than two minutes remaining , giving the Capitals a commanding 6 -- 2 lead . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st WSH T.J. Oshie ( 8 ) -- pp Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 16 ) , Nicklas Backstrom ( 15 ) 09 : 54 1 -- 0 WSH WSH Tom Wilson ( 5 ) Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 17 ) 16 : 26 2 -- 0 WSH WSH Devante Smith - Pelly ( 6 ) Matt Niskanen ( 8 ) , Alexander Ovechkin ( 12 ) 19 : 39 3 -- 0 WSH 2nd WSH John Carlson ( 5 ) -- pp Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 18 ) , T.J. Oshie ( 12 ) 15 : 23 4 -- 0 WSH 3rd VGK James Neal ( 6 ) Erik Haula ( 6 ) , Colin Miller ( 3 ) 05 : 43 4 -- 1 WSH VGK Reilly Smith ( 4 ) Jonathan Marchessault ( 12 ) , Luca Sbisa ( 4 ) 12 : 26 4 -- 2 WSH WSH Michal Kempny ( 2 ) Nicklas Backstrom ( 16 ) , T.J. Oshie ( 13 ) 13 : 39 5 -- 2 WSH WSH Brett Connolly ( 6 ) -- pp Nicklas Backstrom ( 17 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 19 ) 18 : 51 6 -- 2 WSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH John Carlson Tripping 03 : 58 2 : 00 VGK Colin Miller Tripping 09 : 22 2 : 00 2nd WSH John Carlson Tripping 05 : 21 2 : 00 WSH Tom Wilson Cross-checking 09 : 18 2 : 00 VGK James Neal Slashing 14 : 45 2 : 00 3rd VGK Erik Haula Slashing 01 : 33 2 : 00 WSH Evgeny Kuznetsov Tripping 03 : 42 2 : 00 WSH Tom Wilson Roughing 13 : 03 2 : 00 VGK Ryan Reaves Roughing 13 : 03 2 : 00 VGK Nate Schmidt Tripping 16 : 57 2 : 00 VGK Brayden McNabb Cross-checking 17 : 44 2 : 00 VGK Deryk Engelland Misconduct 17 : 44 10 : 00 WSH T.J. Oshie Misconduct 17 : 44 10 : 00 VGK Ryan Reaves Misconduct 19 : 17 10 : 00 Shots by period Team Total VGK 11 11 9 30 WSH 10 5 7 23 Game five ( edit ) June 7 Washington Capitals 4 -- 3 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap Although no goals were scored in the first period , the Capitals had the shot advantage nine to seven . During the second period , Tom Wilson passed to a speedy Jakub Vrana going past the Golden Knight 's defender and beating Marc - Andre Fleury to take the lead . The Golden Knights tied the game soon after as former - Capitals defenseman Nate Schmidt shot through a flurry of players and the puck deflected off of Matt Niskanen past Braden Holtby . Alexander Ovechkin gave the Capitals the lead again on the power play , firing a shot onto Fleury , bouncing off his back and into the net . With the goal , it broke a tie with John Druce for most goals in a postseason by a Capitals player with fifteen . David Perron tied the game for Vegas , scoring his first goal of the postseason via deflection . Coach Barry Trotz of the Capitals challenged the play on goaltender interference as Perron appeared to hit the skate of Holtby as he was battling for position ; the challenge was unsuccessful . An open Reilly Smith gave the Golden Knights the lead in the final minute of the second period , taking the pass from Alex Tuch . During the third period , Devante Smith - Pelly tied the game halfway through the period and less than three minutes later , a shot came from the slot and went between Fleury 's pads , but , unbeknownst to Fleury and his defensemen , the puck sneaked through and was laying in view just behind him and Lars Eller backhanded it into the net to give the Capitals the lead with 7 : 37 left . With two minutes left , Vegas pulled Fleury for an extra attacker . At 18 : 11 of the third period , the game clock froze , however , the next stoppage in play occurred at 28.9 seconds remaining , allowing the clock to be readjusted . Nevertheless , the attempts of the Golden Knights were thwarted as the Capitals held on to win the game and their first Stanley Cup . Ovechkin was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st None 2nd WSH Jakub Vrana ( 3 ) Tom Wilson ( 10 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 20 ) 06 : 24 1 -- 0 WSH VGK Nate Schmidt ( 3 ) Reilly Smith ( 17 ) , Jonathan Marchessault ( 13 ) 09 : 40 1 -- 1 WSH Alexander Ovechkin ( 15 ) -- pp Nicklas Backstrom ( 18 ) , John Carlson 10 : 14 2 -- 1 WSH VGK David Perron ( 1 ) Tomas Tatar ( 1 ) , Colin Miller ( 4 ) 12 : 56 2 -- 2 VGK Reilly Smith ( 5 ) -- pp Alex Tuch ( 4 ) , Shea Theodore ( 7 ) 19 : 31 3 -- 2 VGK 3rd WSH Devante Smith - Pelly ( 7 ) Brooks Orpik ( 4 ) 09 : 52 3 -- 3 WSH Lars Eller ( 7 ) Brett Connolly ( 3 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 4 ) 12 : 23 4 -- 3 WSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st VGK Colin Miller Interference 11 : 44 2 : 00 2nd VGK Shea Theodore Tripping 00 : 21 2 : 00 WSH Christian Djoos High sticking 03 : 19 2 : 00 VGK Brayden McNabb Tripping 09 : 51 2 : 00 WSH Alexander Ovechkin Tripping 17 : 46 2 : 00 WSH Brooks Orpik Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 VGK Reilly Smith Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 VGK Alex Tuch Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 WSH Jay Beagle Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 3rd VGK Tomas Tatar Hooking 05 : 37 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total WSH 9 11 13 33 VGK 7 13 11 31 Team rosters ( edit ) Vegas Golden Knights ( edit ) # Nat Player Position Hand Age Acquired Place of birth Finals appearance McNabb , Brayden Brayden McNabb 27 -- 120 27 2017 Davidson , Saskatchewan first 5 Engelland , Deryk Deryk Engelland -- A 36 -- 048 36 2017 Edmonton , Alberta first 6 Miller , Colin Colin Miller 25 -- 204 25 2017 Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario first 15 Merrill , Jon Jon Merrill 26 -- 107 26 2017 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma first 18 Neal , James James Neal -- A RW 30 -- 260 30 2017 Whitby , Ontario second ( 2017 ) 19 Smith , Reilly Reilly Smith -- A RW 27 -- 050 27 2017 Toronto , Ontario first 21 Eakin , Cody Cody Eakin 27 -- 004 27 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba first 24 Lindberg , Oscar Oscar Lindberg 26 -- 204 26 2017 Skellefteå , Sweden first 27 Theodore , Shea Shea Theodore 22 -- 291 22 2017 Langley , British Columbia first 28 Carrier , William William Carrier LW 23 -- 152 23 2017 LaSalle , Quebec first 29 Fleury , Marc - Andre Marc - Andre Fleury 33 -- 174 33 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec fifth ( 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 ) 30 Subban , Malcolm Malcolm Subban 24 -- 151 24 2017 Toronto , Ontario first 33 Lagace , Maxime Maxime Lagace 25 -- 129 25 2017 Saint - Agustin , Quebec first 40 Carpenter , Ryan Ryan Carpenter 27 -- 123 27 2017 Oviedo , Florida first 41 Bellemare , Pierre - Edouard Pierre - Edouard Bellemare -- A LW 33 -- 076 33 2017 Le Blanc - Mesnil , France first 47 Sbisa , Luca Luca Sbisa -- A 28 -- 111 28 2017 Ozieri , Italy first 56 Haula , Erik Erik Haula LW 27 -- 059 27 2017 Pori , Finland first 57 Perron , David David Perron -- A LW 29 -- 358 29 2017 Sherbrooke , Quebec first 71 Karlsson , William William Karlsson 25 -- 133 25 2017 Märsta , Sweden first 75 Reaves , Ryan Ryan Reaves RW 31 -- 121 31 2018 Winnipeg , Manitoba first 81 Marchessault , Jonathan Jonathan Marchessault 27 -- 145 27 2017 Cap - Rouge , Quebec second ( 2015 ) 88 Schmidt , Nate Nate Schmidt 26 -- 309 26 2017 St. Cloud , Minnesota first 89 Tuch , Alex Alex Tuch RW 22 -- 011 22 2017 Syracuse , New York first 90 Tatar , Tomas Tomas Tatar LW 27 -- 171 27 2018 Ilava , Czechoslovakia first 92 Nosek , Tomas Tomas Nosek LW 25 -- 262 25 2017 Pardubice , Czechoslovakia first Washington Capitals ( edit ) Alexander Ovechkin won the Conn Smythe Trophy # Nat Player Position Hand Age Acquired Place of birth Finals appearance Niskanen , Matt Matt Niskanen 31 -- 169 31 2014 Virginia , Minnesota first 6 Kempny , Michal Michal Kempny 27 -- 258 27 2018 Hodonin , Czechoslovakia first 8 Ovechkin , Alexander Alexander Ovechkin -- C LW 32 -- 249 32 Moscow , Soviet Union first 9 Orlov , Dmitry Dmitry Orlov 26 -- 305 26 2009 Novokuznetsk , Soviet Union first 10 Connolly , Brett Brett Connolly RW 26 -- 022 26 2016 Campbell River , British Columbia first 13 Vrana , Jakub Jakub Vrana LW 22 -- 085 22 2014 Prague , Czech Republic first 18 Stephenson , Chandler Chandler Stephenson 24 -- 032 24 2012 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan first 19 Backstrom , Nicklas Nicklas Backstrom -- A 30 -- 182 30 2006 Valbo , Sweden first 20 Eller , Lars Lars Eller 29 -- 016 29 2016 Rødovre , Denmark first 22 Bowey , Madison Madison Bowey 23 -- 033 23 2013 Winnipeg , Manitoba first 25 Smith - Pelly , Devante Devante Smith - Pelly LW 25 -- 344 25 2017 Scarborough , Ontario first 28 Jerabek , Jakub Jakub Jerabek 27 -- 012 27 2018 Plzeň , Czechoslovakia first 29 Djoos , Christian Christian Djoos 23 -- 291 23 2012 Gothenburg , Sweden first 31 Grubauer , Philipp Philipp Grubauer 26 -- 180 26 Rosenheim , Germany first 39 Chiasson , Alex Alex Chiasson RW 27 -- 235 27 2017 Montreal , Quebec first 43 Wilson , Tom Tom Wilson RW 24 -- 056 24 2012 Toronto , Ontario first 44 Orpik , Brooks Brooks Orpik -- A 37 -- 240 37 2014 San Francisco , California third ( 2008 , 2009 ) 63 Gersich , Shane Shane Gersich LW 21 -- 318 21 2014 Chaska , Minnesota first 65 Burakovsky , Andre Andre Burakovsky LW 23 -- 104 23 2013 Klagenfurt , Austria first 70 Holtby , Braden Braden Holtby 28 -- 250 28 2008 Lloydminster , Saskatchewan first 72 Boyd , Travis Travis Boyd 24 -- 252 24 2011 Hopkins , Minnesota first 74 Carlson , John John Carlson 28 -- 134 28 2008 Natick , Massachusetts first 77 Oshie , T.J. T.J. Oshie RW 31 -- 152 31 2015 Everett , Washington first 79 Walker , Nathan Nathan Walker LW 24 -- 249 24 2017 Cardiff , Wales first 83 Beagle , Jay Jay Beagle 32 -- 220 32 2008 Calgary , Alberta first 92 Kuznetsov , Evgeny Evgeny Kuznetsov 26 -- 005 26 Chelyabinsk , Russia first Washington Capitals -- 2018 Stanley Cup champions ( edit ) Stanley Cup at the Capitals ' victory celebration The Stanley Cup was presented to Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin by NHL commissioner Gary Bettman . The following players and staff qualified to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup : Players Centres 18 Chandler Stephenson 19 Nicklas Backstrom ( A ) 20 Lars Eller 83 Jay Beagle 92 Evgeny Kuznetsov Wingers 8 Alexander Ovechkin ( C ) 10 Brett Connolly 13 Jakub Vrana 25 Devante Smith - Pelly 39 Alex Chiasson 43 Tom Wilson 65 Andre Burakovsky 77 T.J. Oshie Defencemen 2 Matt Niskanen 6 Michal Kempny 9 Dmitry Orlov 22 Madison Bowey 29 Christian Djoos 44 Brooks Orpik ( A ) 74 John Carlson Goaltenders 31 Philipp Grubauer 70 Braden Holtby Coaching and administrative staff : Ted Leonsis ( Founder / Chairman / Majority Owner and Chief Executive Officer ) , Dick Patrick ( Vice Chairman / Chief Operating Officer and Capitals President ) , Raul Fernandez ( Vice Chairman ) , Sheila Johnson ( Vice Chairman ) Brian MacLellan ( Senior Vice President / General Manager ) , Ross Mahoney ( Asst . General Manager ) , Don Fishman ( Asst . General Manager / Dir. of Legal Affairs ) Barry Trotz ( Head Coach ) , Todd Reirden ( Associate Coach ) , Blaine Forsyth ( Asst . Coach ) Lane Lambert ( Asst . Coach ) , Brett Leonhardt ( Video Coach ) , Mark Nemish ( Strength and Conditioning Coach ) Scott Murray ( Goaltending Coach ) , Mitch Korn ( Director of Goaltending ) , Olie Kolzig ( Professional Development Coach ) Kris Wagner ( Director of Hockey Operations ) , Tim Barnes ( Director of Hockey Analytics ) , Rob Tillotson ( Director of Team Operations ) Chris Patrick ( Director of Player Personnel ) , Steve Richmond ( Director of Player Development ) , Steve Bowman ( Head Amateur Scout ) , Jason Fitzsimmons ( Pro Scout / Minor League Operations ) Stanley Cup engraving 39 Alex Chiasson -- played 61 regular season games and 16 playoff games , but no Stanley Cup Final games , qualifies to have his name on the Cup for meeting the 41 regular season game requirement . 22 Madison Bowey -- played 51 regular season games and no playoff games , qualifies to have his name on the Cup for meeting the 41 regular season game requirement . 28 Jakub Jerabek -- played 11 regular season games with Washington and two playoff games ( in the first round ) , does not automatically qualify to be included . 72 Travis Boyd -- played 8 regular season games and one playoff game ( in the second round ) , does not automatically qualify . 79 Nathan Walker -- played 7 regular season games with Washington and one playoff game ( in the second round ) , does not automatically qualify . 63 Shane Gersich -- played 3 regular season games and two playoff games ( in the second round ) , does not automatically qualify . Tv and radio ( edit ) In Canada , the series was broadcast by Sportsnet and CBC Television in English , and TVA Sports in French . In the U.S. , the Finals were split between NBC ( Games 1 , 4 and 5 ) and NBCSN ( Games 2 and 3 ) . In the U.S. , with an average of 4.918 million viewers across all games , they were the highest - rated Stanley Cup Finals without an `` Original Six '' team since 1994 . Game 5 drew 6.714 million viewers , making it the most - watched game 5 since 2002 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Final schedule '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Scott . `` Remembering the Caps ' run to the 1998 Stanley Cup finals : ' Nobody wanted to play against us ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Sign Devante Smith - Pelly '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P. July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign T.J. Oshie '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign Evgeny Kuznetsov '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign Andre Burakovsky '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign Philipp Grubauer '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Mike ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Caps and Eller Agree on Five - Year Extension '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khurshudyan , Isabelle ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` NHL trade deadline ahead and two deals done , will Capitals make another move ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Acquire Michal Kempny from Chicago Blackhawks '' . NHL.com . February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Acquire Jakub Jerabek from Montreal Canadiens '' . NHL.com . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglino , Matt ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ovechkin leads NHL in goals for seventh time '' . NHL.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 Washington Capitals Roster and Statistics '' . hockey-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals 4 , Tampa Bay Lightning 0 Game 7 highlights '' . NBC Sports . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Ability to win in different ways puts Golden Knights on brink of Stanley Cup Final '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wow The Golden Knights Are Going To Be Bad '' . Deadspin.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Teddy ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights Are Going to Suck in 2017 - 18 and Here 's Why '' . Newsweek . Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Has The Best Expansion Team In The History Of Pro Sports , And It 's Not Close '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Name Gerard Gallant Head Coach '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marc - Andre Fleury Claimed by Vegas Golden Knights in NHL Expansion Draft '' . NHL.com/Penguins ( Press release ) . NHL Enterprises , L.P. June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers Acquire 2018 Fourth Round Draft Choice from Vegas '' . NHL.com/Panthers . NHL Enterprises , L.P. June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fleury activated off injured reserve by Golden Knights '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Golden Knights be surprise trade deadline buyers ? '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Acquire Derick Brassard in Three - Team Trade with OTT and VGK '' . NHL.com . Pittsburgh Penguins . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Acquire Tomas Tatar From The Detroit Red Wings '' . NHL.com . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Emily ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas first to clinch playoff berth in inaugural season since ' 79 - 80 '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webster , Danny ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights top Sharks , clinch Pacific Division '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Stunned Jets credit Golden Knights : ' It was their time ' -- Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Reviewjournal.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights join elite group in professional sports history '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights defeat Capitals in back - and - forth Game 1 of Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals hang on to defeat Golden Knights in Game 2 , even Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals star Evgeny Kuznetsov may or may not play in Game 3 against Vegas '' . sbnation.com . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals lead Stanley Cup Final after Game 3 win against Golden Knights '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals top Golden Knights in Game 4 , move one win from first Cup title '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Game Clock Broke In Vegas And Caused Total Chaos '' . Deadspin.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals win Stanley Cup , defeat Golden Knights in Game 5 of Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals beat Golden Knights to win their first Stanley Cup '' . reuters.com . Reuters . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Emily ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Alex Ovechkin of Washington Capitals wins Conn Smythe Trophy as playoffs MVP '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Get to know the Stanley Cup , Washington D.C. 's newest bling '' . NBC Sports Washington . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Sports Group to Present Every Stanley Cup Playoff Game For Seventh Consecutive Season '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup playoffs tied for second-most watched since 1997 '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Links to related articles National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Washington Capitals Founded in 1974 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Vacant Team captain Alexander Ovechkin Current roster Arenas Capital Centre Capital One Arena Rivalries New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Affiliates AHL Hershey Bears ECHL South Carolina Stingrays Media TV NBCS Mid-Atlantic Radio WFED WJFK Caps Radio 24 / 7 ( Tunein app ) Culture and lore Easter Epic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series 2018 Stanley Cup Finals Kettler Capitals Iceplex Vegas Golden Knights Founded in 2017 Based in Paradise , Nevada Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Inaugural season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Current roster Arena T - Mobile Arena Affiliates AHL Chicago Wolves Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) Culture and lore `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Vegas Lights '' City National Arena 2017 -- 18 NHL season Pacific Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals See also Entry Draft Expansion Draft 100 Classic Winter Classic All - Star Game Stadium Series Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Finals Transactions Three Star Awards Suspensions and fines NHL on NBC Related programs NHL Awards Show NHL Live NHL on NBC Radio Olympics on NBC General coverage NHL Game of the Week Wednesday Night Rivalry Sunday Night Hockey Non-NBC outlets NHL on USA NHL on Versus Related articles Ratings History of the NHL on United States television Stanley Cup Finals television ratings NBC Sports Regional Networks California Chicago Chicago Blackhawks Northwest Vancouver Canucks Philadelphia Philadelphia Flyers Washington Commentators All - Star Game NHL Entry Draft Outdoor games Stanley Cup playoffs ( Original Six era ) Stanley Cup Finals ( American television ) Key figures Kenny Albert Marv Albert Brendan Burke Andrés Cantor Chris Cuthbert Ken Daniels Win Elliot Mike Emrick Pat Foley John Forslund Randy Hahn Jim Jackson Gord Miller Rick Peckham Tim Ryan Dave Strader Color commentators Jamie Baker John Davidson Darren Eliot Brian Engblom Brian Hayward Billy Jaffe Mike Johnson Ted Lindsay Peter McNab Eddie Olczyk Daryl Reaugh Studio hosts Dave Briggs Bill Clement Bob Costas Bill Cullen Gayle Gardner Bill Mazer Brian McFarlane Liam McHugh Bob Neumeier Bill Patrick Dan Patrick Jim Simpson Kathryn Tappen Mike Tirico Studio analysts Anson Carter Ray Ferraro Bret Hedican Brett Hull Mike Keenan Keith Jones Mike Milbury Jeremy Roenick Chris Therien Ice - level reporters Brian Boucher Brenda Brenon Cammi Granato Jim Gray Ron MacLean Pierre McGuire Joe Micheletti Darren Pang NHL insiders Darren Dreger Bob McKenzie Stanley Cup Finals 1966 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1973 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 6 ) 1974 ( Games 3 , 6 ) 1975 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 2006 ( Games 3 -- 7 ) 2007 ( Games 3 -- 5 ) 2008 ( Games 3 -- 6 ) 2009 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 ) 2010 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) 2011 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 ) 2012 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) 2013 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 6 ) 2014 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 ) 2015 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) 2016 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 6 ) 2017 ( Games 1 , 4 ) NBCSN 2012 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 2013 ( Games 2 -- 3 ) 2014 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 2015 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 2016 ( Games 2 -- 3 ) 2017 ( Games 2 -- 3 ) NBC Sports Radio 2016 2017 All - Star Game 1973 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 2017 2018 NBCSN 2012 2015 2016 Related events NHL All - Star Game SuperSkills Competition Outdoor games 2017 Centennial Classic Heritage Classic 2014 2016 Stadium Series 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Culture / Lore Hockey Weekend Across America Peter Puck Kraft Hockeyville Rivalries Flyers -- Rangers Flyers -- Penguins Blackhawks -- Red Wings Hockey Night in Canada Related programs La Soirée du hockey Don Cherry 's Rock'Em Sock'em Hockey NHL on Sportsnet ( commentators ) Reality programs Making the Cut : Last Man Standing Kraft Hockeyville Non-NHL programs American Hockey League Howie Meeker 's Hockey School Olympics on CBC ( commentators ) Related articles Canada Russia ' 72 Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Canadian Broadcasting Centre Rogers Communications Television coverage CBC City FX Canada Omni Sportsnet Sportsnet One Sportsnet 360 TVA Production companies CNR Radio ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( 1933 -- 1936 ) CBC Sports ( 1936 -- 2014 ) Rogers Communications ( 2014 -- present ) Radio coverage CNR Radio ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( 1933 -- 1936 ) CBC Radio ( 1936 -- 1976 ) Rogers Radio ( 2014 -- present ) American simulcasters SportsChannel America NHL Network ( 1975 -- 79 ) NHL Network Commentators All - Star Game Outdoor games Postseason Stanley Cup playoffs ( Original Six era ) Stanley Cup Finals Commentators by season 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Stanley Cup Finals 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 ( Games 1 -- 2 ) 1986 ( Games 3 -- 5 ) 1987 ( Games 1 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 ) 1988 ( Games 3 -- 4a , 4b ) 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outdoor games Heritage Classic 2003 2011 2014 2016 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 Stadium Series 2014 2015 Music `` The Hockey Theme '' Sponsors Imperial Oil Labatt Molson Culture Coach 's Corner Doubleheader Peter Puck Three stars Lore 1976 Flyers -- Red Army game Easter Epic Good Friday Massacre Miracle on Manchester The Monday Night Miracle NHL Radio Related programs NHL on NBC Related articles NHL on the radio NBC Sports Radio Westwood One Commentators All - Star Game Stanley Cup Finals Winter Classic Key figures Kenny Albert Roxy Bernstein Dave Goucher Randy Hahn Howie Rose Sam Rosen Dan Rusanowsky Dave Strader Ralph Strangis Color commentators Bob Beers Bill Clement Jim Fox Brian Hayward Gary Green Billy Jaffe Joe Micheletti Ed Olczyk Darren Pang Sherry Ross John Vanbiesbrouck Ice level reporters Darren Eliot Ray Ferraro Studio hosts Doug Brown Greg Dickerson Sean Grande Stanley Cup Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 2016 2017 2018 All - Star Game 1993 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 Winter Classic 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Stanley_Cup_Finals&oldid=846502165 '' Categories : 2018 Stanley Cup 2017 -- 18 NHL season Stanley Cup Finals May 2018 sports events in the United States June 2018 sports events in the United States Washington Capitals games Vegas Golden Knights games Sports competitions in Las Vegas Sports competitions in Washington , D.C. 2018 in sports in Nevada 2018 in sports in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 04 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who won game 4 of the stanley cup finals
|
[] |
[] |
5798692640277003451
|
Vesicoureteral reflux
|
Vesicoureteral reflux - wikipedia Vesicoureteral reflux Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vesicoureteral reflux Ultrasound image showing abnormal vesicoureteral junction and dilated distal ureter resulting in primary vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR ) . Classification and external resources Specialty urology ICD - 10 N13. 7 ICD - 9 - CM 593.7 DiseasesDB 13835 MedlinePlus 000459 eMedicine ped / 2750 MeSH D014718 ( edit on Wikidata ) Vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR ) , also known as vesicoureteric reflux , is a condition in which urine flows retrograde , or backward , from the bladder into the ureters / kidneys . Urine normally travels in one direction ( forward , or anterograde ) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters , with a 1 - way valve at the vesicoureteral ( ureteral - bladder ) junction preventing backflow . The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder , creating a short length of ureter ( 1 -- 2 cm ) that can be compressed as the bladder fills . Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling , i.e. , too `` end - on '' . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Primary VUR 2.2 Secondary VUR 2.2. 1 Anatomical 2.2. 2 Functional 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Severity 4 Treatment 4.1 Endoscopic injection 4.2 Medical treatment 4.3 Surgical management 5 Epidemiology 6 Surveillance 7 References Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic . Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR ( though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial ) . Reflux also increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections , so testing for reflux may be performed after a child has one or more infections . In infants , the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include only fever and lethargy , with poor appetite and sometimes foul - smelling urine , while older children typically present with discomfort or pain with urination and frequent urination . Causes ( edit ) In healthy individuals the ureters enter the urinary bladder obliquely and run submucosally for some distance . This , in addition to the ureter 's muscular attachments , helps secure and support them posteriorly . Together these features produce a valvelike effect that occludes the ureteric opening during storage and voiding of urine . In people with VUR , failure of this mechanism occurs , with resultant backward ( retrograde ) flow of urine . Primary VUR ( edit ) Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism . This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction ( UVJ ) abnormality . Secondary VUR ( edit ) In this category the ureters ' valvular mechanism is initially intact and healthy but becomes overwhelmed by increased bladder pressures associated with obstruction , which distorts the ureterovesicular junction . The obstructions may be anatomical or functional . Secondary VUR can be further divided into anatomical and functional groups . Anatomical ( edit ) Posterior urethral valves ; urethral or meatal stenosis . These causes are treated surgically when possible . Functional ( edit ) Bladder instability , neurogenic bladder and non-neurogenic bladder . Bladder infections may cause reflux due to the elevated pressures associated with inflammation . Resolution of functional VUR will usually occur if the precipitating cause is treated and resolved . Medical and / or surgical treatment may be indicated . Diagnosis ( edit ) VCUG demonstrating bilateral Grade II ( non-dilating ) vesicoureteral reflux . The following procedures may be used to diagnose VUR : Cystography Fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG ) Abdominal ultrasound Technetium - 99m Dimercaptosuccunic Acid ( DMSA ) Scintigraphy An abdominal ultrasound might suggest the presence of VUR if ureteral dilatation is present ; however , in many circumstances of VUR of low to moderate , even high severity , the sonogram may be completely normal , thus providing insufficient utility as a single diagnostic test in the evaluation of children suspected of having VUR , such as those presenting with prenatal hydronephrosis or urinary tract infection ( UTI ) . VCUG is the method of choice for grading and initial workup , while RNC is preferred for subsequent evaluations as there is less exposure to radiation . A high index of suspicion should be attached to any case where a child presents with a urinary tract infection , and anatomical causes should be excluded . A VCUG and abdominal ultrasound should be performed in these cases DMSA scintigraphy is used for the evaluation of the paranchymal damage , which is seen as cortical scars . After the first febrile UTI , the diagnostic role of an initial scintigraphy for detecting the damage before the VCUG was investigated and it was suggested that VCUG can be omitted in children who has no cortical scars and urinary tract dilatation . Early diagnosis in children is crucial as studies have shown that the children with VUR who present with a UTI and associated acute pyelonephritis are more likely to develop permanent renal cortical scarring than those children without VUR , with an odds ratio of 2.8 . Thus VUR not only increases the frequency of UTI 's , but also the risk of damage to upper urinary structures and end - stage renal disease . Severity ( edit ) Grade I -- reflux into non-dilated ureter Grade II -- reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces without dilatation Grade III -- mild / moderate dilatation of the ureter , renal pelvis and calyces with minimal blunting of the fornices Grade IV -- dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with moderate ureteral tortuosity Grade V -- gross dilatation of the ureter , pelvis and calyces ; ureteral tortuosity ; loss of papillary impressions The younger the patient and the lower the grade at presentation the higher the chance of spontaneous resolution . Approximately 85 % of grade I & II VUR cases will resolve spontaneously . Approximately 50 % of grade III cases and a lower percentage of higher grades will also resolve spontaneously . Treatment ( edit ) The goal of treatment is to minimize infections , as it is infections that cause renal scarring and not the vesicoureteral reflux . Minimizing infections is primarily done by prophylactic antibiotics in newborns and infants who are not potty trained . However , in children who are older , physicians and parents should focus on bowel and bladder management . Children who hold their bladder or who are constipated have a greater number of infections than children who void on a regular schedule . When medical management fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections , or if the kidneys show progressive renal scarring then surgical interventions may be necessary . Medical management is recommended in children with Grade I - III VUR as most cases will resolve spontaneously . A trial of medical treatment is indicated in patients with Grade IV VUR especially in younger patients or those with unilateral disease . Of the patients with Grade V VUR only infants are trialled on a medical approach before surgery is indicated , in older patients surgery is the only option . Endoscopic injection ( edit ) Endoscopic injection involves applying a gel around the ureteral opening to create a valve function and stop urine from flowing back up the ureter . The gel consists of two types of sugar - based molecules called dextranomer and hyaluronic acid . Trade names for this combination include Deflux and Zuidex . Both constituents are well - known from previous uses in medicine . They are also biocompatible , which means that they do not cause significant reactions within the body . In fact , hyaluronic acid is produced and found naturally within the body . Medical treatment ( edit ) Medical treatment entails low dose antibiotic prophylaxis until resolution of VUR occurs . Antibiotics are administered nightly at half the normal therapeutic dose . The specific antibiotics used differ with the age of the patient and include : Amoxicillin or ampicillin -- infants younger than 6 weeks Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( co-trimoxazole ) -- 6 weeks to 2 months After 2 months the following antibiotics are suitable : Nitrofurantoin ( 5 -- 7 mg / kg / 24hrs ) Nalidixic acid Bactrim Trimethoprim Cephalosporins Urine cultures are performed 3 monthly to exclude breakthrough infection . Annual radiological investigations are likewise indicated . Good perineal hygiene , and timed and double voiding are also important aspects of medical treatment . Bladder dysfunction is treated with the administration of anticholinergics . Surgical management ( edit ) A surgical approach is necessary in cases where a breakthrough infection results despite prophylaxis , or there is non-compliance with the prophylaxis . Similarly if the VUR is severe ( Grade IV & V ) , there are pyelonephritic changes or congenital abnormalities . Other reasons necessitating surgical intervention are failure of renal growth , formation of new scars , renal deterioration and VUR in girls approaching puberty . There are four types of surgical procedure available for the treatment of VUR : endoscopic ( STING / HIT procedures ) ; laparoscopic ; robotic - assisted laparoscopic ; and open procedures ( Cohen procedure , Leadbetter - Politano procedure , Lich - Gregoir technique ) . Laparoscopic and robotic - assisted laparoscopic procedures are often imitation of classical open procedures in laparoscopic or robotic - assisted laparoscopic environments . Epidemiology ( edit ) It has been estimated that VUR is present in more than 10 % of the population . Younger children are more prone to VUR because of the relative shortness of the submucosal ureters . This susceptibility decreases with age as the length of the ureters increases as the children grow . In children under the age of 1 year with a urinary tract infection , 70 % will have VUR . This number decreases to 15 % by the age of 12 . Although VUR is more common in males antenatally , in later life there is a definite female preponderance with 85 % of cases being female . Surveillance ( edit ) The American Urological Association recommends ongoing monitoring of children with VUR until the abnormality resolves or is no longer clinically significant . The recommendations are for annual evaluation of blood pressure , height , weight , analysis of the urine , and kidney ultrasound . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Institute of Urology & Nephrology , London , UK , The cellular basis of bladder instability UJUS 2009 , Retrieved 4 - 20 - 2010 Jump up ^ Wongbencharat , Kunruedi ; Tongpenyai , Yothi ; Na - rungsri , Kunyalak ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Renal ultrasound and DMSA screening for high - grade vesicoureteral reflux '' . Pediatrics International . 58 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 218 . ISSN 1442 - 200X . doi : 10.1111 / ped. 12803 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Xin ; Xu , Hong ; Zhou , Lijun ; Cao , Qi ; Shen , Qian ; Sun , Li ; Fang , Xiaoyan ; Guo , Wei ; Zhai , Yihui ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Accuracy of Early DMSA Scan for VUR in Young Children With Febrile UTI '' . Pediatrics. 133 ( 1 ) : e30 -- e38 . ISSN 0031 - 4005 . PMID 24366989 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2012 - 2650 . Jump up ^ Sheu , Ji - Nan ; Wu , Kang - Hsi ; Chen , Shan - Ming ; Tsai , Jeng - Dau ; Chao , Yu - Hua ; Lue , Ko - Huang . `` Acute 99mTc DMSA Scan Predicts Dilating Vesicoureteral Reflux in Young Children With a First Febrile Urinary Tract Infection '' . Clinical Nuclear Medicine . 38 ( 3 ) : 163 -- 168 . doi : 10.1097 / rlu. 0b013e318279f112 . ^ Jump up to : Peters CA , Skoog SJ , Arant BS , Copp HL , Elder JS , Hudson RG , Khoury AE , Lorenzo AJ , Pohl HG , Shapiro E , Snodgrass WT , Diaz M ( September 2010 ) . `` Summary of the AUA Guideline on Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children '' . The Journal of Urology. 184 ( 3 ) : 1134 -- 44 . PMID 20650499 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2010.05. 065 . Jump up ^ Brakeman , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Vesicoureteral Reflux , Reflux Nephropathy , and End - Stage Renal Disease '' . Advances in Urology. 2008 : 1 -- 7 . ISSN 1687 - 6369 . PMC 2478704 . PMID 18670633 . doi : 10.1155 / 2008 / 508949 . Jump up ^ Tekgül , S ; Riedmiller , H ; Hoebeke , P ; Kočvara , R ; Nijman , RJ ; Radmayr , C ; Stein , R ; Dogan , HS ; European Association of , Urology ( September 2012 ) . `` EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children . '' . European Urology. 62 ( 3 ) : 534 -- 42 . PMID 22698573 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eururo. 2012.05. 059 . Jump up ^ Akhavan , Ardavan ; Avery , Daniel ; Lendvay , Thomas S. `` Robot - assisted extravesical ureteral reimplantation : Outcomes and conclusions from 78 ureters '' . Journal of Pediatric Urology. 10 ( 5 ) : 864 -- 868 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpurol. 2014.01. 028 . ( hide ) Diseases of the urinary system ( N00 -- N39 , 580 -- 599 ) Kidney disease Glomerules Primarily nephrotic Non-proliferative Minimal change Focal segmental Membranous Proliferative Mesangial proliferative Endocapillary proliferative Membranoproliferative / mesangiocapillary By condition Diabetic Amyloidosis Primarily nephritic , RPG Type I RPG / Type II hypersensitivity Goodpasture 's syndrome Type II RPG / Type III hypersensitivity Post-streptococcal Lupus DPGN IgA / Berger 's Type III RPG / Pauci - immune Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Microscopic polyangiitis Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis General glomerulonephritis glomerulonephrosis Tubules Renal tubular acidosis proximal distal Acute tubular necrosis Genetic Fanconi syndrome Bartter syndrome Gitelman syndrome Liddle 's syndrome Interstitium Interstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis Balkan endemic nephropathy General General syndromes Nephritis Nephrosis Renal failure Acute renal failure Chronic kidney disease Uremic pericarditis Uremia Diabetes insipidus Nephrogenic Renal papilla Renal papillary necrosis Major calyx / pelvis Hydronephrosis Pyonephrosis Reflux nephropathy Vascular Renal artery stenosis Renal ischemia Hypertensive nephropathy Renovascular hypertension Renal cortical necrosis Other Analgesic nephropathy Renal osteodystrophy Nephroptosis Abderhalden -- Kaufmann -- Lignac syndrome Urinary tract Ureter Ureteritis Ureterocele Megaureter Bladder Cystitis Interstitial cystitis Hunner 's ulcer Trigonitis Hemorrhagic cystitis Neurogenic bladder dysfunction Bladder sphincter dyssynergia Vesicointestinal fistula Vesicoureteral reflux Urethra Urethritis Non-gonococcal urethritis Urethral syndrome Urethral stricture / Meatal stenosis Urethral caruncle Any / all Obstructive uropathy Urinary tract infection Retroperitoneal fibrosis Urolithiasis Bladder stone Kidney stone Renal colic Malakoplakia Urinary incontinence Stress Urge Overflow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vesicoureteral_reflux&oldid=791560840 '' Categories : Urinary bladder disorders Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
which disorder involves the retrograde passage of infected urine
|
[
"Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a 1-way valve at the vesicoureteral (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow. The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills. Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too \"end-on\".",
"Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a 1-way valve at the vesicoureteral (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow. The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills. Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too \"end-on\"."
] |
[
"Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)",
"Vesicoureteral reflux"
] |
-2084148059931110016
|
Kayla Brady
|
Kayla Brady - wikipedia Kayla Brady Kayla Johnson Mary Beth Evans as Kayla Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Catherine Mary Stewart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Mary Beth Evans ( 1986 -- ) Rhonda Aldrich ( 1989 , temp ) Duration 1982 -- 83 1986 -- 92 2006 -- First appearance January 18 , 1982 Created by Pat Falken Smith Introduced by Betty Corday Al Rabin Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Kayla Deveraux Kayla Johnson Kayla Caroline Brady Occupation Doctor Residence Salem , Illinois show Family Family Brady Parents Shawn Brady Caroline Brady Brothers Roman Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Sisters Kimberly Brady Half - brothers Bo Brady Spouse Jack Deveraux ( 1987 -- 88 ) Steve Johnson ( 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 2012 , 2017 -- ) Sons Joey Johnson Daughters Stephanie Johnson Stepsons Tripp Dalton Grandfathers Peter Brady Uncles Eric Brady Aunts Colleen Brady Molly Brady Nephews Eric Brady Rex Brady Andrew Donovan Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Nieces Carrie Brady Sami Brady Cassie Brady Theresa Donovan Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady First cousins Ryan Brady Colin Murphy Kayla Brady is a fictional character on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives . She made her first appearance in 1982 . Kayla was created by Pat Falken Smith as one of the original members of the Brady family , a fictional family on the serial . She is widely known for her popular pairing with Steve Johnson . This relationship gave the couple the title of a famous super couple . Kayla was described as being the `` good '' girl of the serial . During her time on Days of our Lives , Kayla was extremely well received by television critics . Kayla Brady Johnson is one of the six Brady children . She is the daughter of the late Shawn Brady and Caroline Brady . She is the sister of Roman and Kimberly Brady , the half - sister of Bo Brady , and the sister of adopted brothers Frankie and Max Brady . She has been married four times , once to Jack Deveraux and three times to Steve Johnson . Steve and Kayla have two children , a daughter , Stephanie , and a son , Joey . Mary Beth Evans returned to Days of Our Lives for a short - stint on June 18 , 2010 , and then again on recurring status starting in December 2011 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 1982 -- 83 , 1986 -- 92 2.2 2006 -- 3 Cultural impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The role was originated on January 18 , 1982 by actress Catherine Mary Stewart who played the role until December 14 , 1983 . The role is replaced in 1986 by actress Mary Beth Evans . Evans is most recognizable in the role as Kayla . She played the role from May 23 , 1986 to May 26 , 1992 . Mary Beth Evans returned to play Kayla on June 12 , 2006 . She announced her departure from the serial on February 17 , 2009 , and was dropped off canvas . She returned to play Kayla in a recurring capacity from June 18 to 29 , 2010 and September 23 , 2010 to February 15 , 2011 . In December 2011 , Evans began appearing on a regular basis in a recurring capacity . In May 2015 , Evans announced she had been put back on contract with Days of Our Lives . Storylines ( edit ) 1982 -- 83 , 1986 -- 92 ( edit ) Kayla is first introduced to the show in 1982 as Roman Brady 's younger sister and a nurse who works at University Hospital . Kayla shares a past relationship with Mike Horton , and also dates David Banning . She is involved with Chris Kositchek and loses her virginity to him . However , Kayla leaves town in 1983 when Chris can not commit to her . Kayla returns to Salem in 1986 with Mary Beth Evans in the role after Steve Johnson is hired to scare her away from Cleveland . Accepting a job offer from Tom Horton , Kayla establishes a low income clinic on the riverfront and continues to cross paths with Steve . The two help orphans Max and Frankie find a home with Kayla 's parents , and later go on the run together when Steve 's former paramour Britta Englund is killed . When Orpheus kidnaps Marlena , the `` Three Knives '' tattoos shared by Steve , Bo , and Britta , become an important clue in the story , with Steve and Kayla traveling to Stockholm to help Roman unravel the mystery . In 1987 , Kayla helps Adrienne Johnson find work at the Emergency Center , not knowing she is actually Steve 's long lost sister . Steve and Kayla are torn apart when Steve tries to take the fall for a traumatized Adrienne 's killing of their abusive father , Duke , but her memories of the incident return before he could be sentenced . Later in the year , Kayla goes on the run with Steve when he is framed for the shooting of Senator Harper Deveraux . After returning to Salem , Steve and Kayla finally make love for the first time . After Steve is cleared , Harper hires Kayla to be his son Jack 's nurse . An old friend of Kayla 's , Jack falls in love with her . Steve knows how happy Kayla makes a dying Jack , who is secretly another sibling whom Jo Johnson had placed up for adoption . Devastated by Steve 's rejection , Kayla marries Jack in the hopes it would help his health . Led to believe that Kayla knows the secret of Jack 's past , Harper begins poisoning her . Steve rescues her when she is near death . Though the two are reunited , they agree not to tell Jack until after his election to the town council . However , Jack discovers the affair the night of the election and rapes Kayla in a fit of rage . Kayla charges Jack with rape , but thanks to a plea deal , Jack receives only a slap on the wrist , even after Kayla confronts him on the stand . Kayla loses her hearing during an attack at the loft , and can not remember her attacker 's face . Steve learns sign language to communicate with her , and Kim works with her to help her memory . During this period , Jack finally grants her the divorce , but Kayla is n't sure if she can marry Steve without her hearing . Kayla finally remembers Harper was the man who attacked her , just before being taken hostage by him at the loft . After that experience , Kayla undergoes a risky surgery to restore her hearing and agrees to marry Steve . After their marriage , Steve and Kayla almost adopt a young deaf boy named Benji , who is eventually found to be Stefano DiMera 's son . Later , Steve helps Nick Corelli hide from the police . Nick gifts Steve and Kayla with a mansion for their trouble . In an old trunk in the mansion 's attic , Steve and Kayla find an old civil war diary and spend time reliving the love story of Emily and Gideon . Later , while helping Marcus search for his own past in Charleston , SC , they visit significant sites in the diary . Marcus ' search for his past leads to an involvement with a corrupt preacher . Steve agrees to undergo plastic surgery fix his eye , in order to infiltrate the preacher 's camp for the ISA as Daniel Lucas . After the ISA operation ends with the appearance of Shane 's death , life is upended for Steve and Kayla yet again when Marina Toscano appears , claiming to be Steve 's presumed dead first wife . Knowing she is pregnant but not yet having told Steve , Kayla encourages Steve to help Marina , in hopes the old entanglements can be resolved . Marina and Steve travel to Italy to retrieve the key , where Kayla catches them in an apparently compromising situation . Steve 's eye socket is damaged again in a fight , and he decides to start wearing the patch again . Back in Salem , Steve works to regain Kayla 's trust , and is shocked to learn from Jack she is pregnant . Kayla and Marina argue in her hotel room , where Marina is later found dead . Kayla is kidnapped by Victor Kiriakis , and released in exchange for the key . Steve and Kayla plan another wedding , as their marriage had been invalidated by the fact of Marina , but Kayla is arrested during the ceremony for her murder . Kayla gives birth to Stephanie Johnson after going into labor on the witness stand . Convicted of murder , Kayla is sent to prison . At first she tries to keep Stephanie with her , but then decides prison was no place for a baby . Sheila the nanny , who had become obsessed with the baby , kidnaps Stephanie and takes her to Australia . Upon hearing of Stephanie 's kidnapping , Kayla escapes from prison , and she and Steve follow Sheila to Australia where they manage to get their baby back . After word came that Kayla had been cleared of Marina 's murder , they return to Salem , where they are finally legally married . In the fall of 1990 , Steve decides to become a police officer . He is injured in a boat explosion , rigged by Lawrence Alamain and meant for Bo . Steve begins to recover , but is `` killed '' when Lawrence has his IV poisoned . Kayla moves in with Shane Donovan for protection , and the two eventually begin a relationship . Things become complicated when Kim returns to town in 1991 to find her sister and ex-husband living together , and circumstances lead her to become involved with Lawrence Alamain . Shane is paralyzed in the line of duty . At first he refuses to have the surgery to regain the use of his legs , but Kayla helps him recover as their relationship deepens . However , Kayla decides to move to Los Angeles in the spring of 1992 to start a new life for her and her daughter . 2006 -- ( edit ) In 2006 , Kayla , now a doctor , returns to Salem for Frankie and Jennifer 's wedding , having completed medical school in Los Angeles . She had been planning to go to Africa with Doctors Without Borders , but is shocked when Steve appears at the church . He does n't remember his past , and she is devastated to think he does n't know who she is and to watch him take up with Billie Reed . A series of events , including their daughter 's race car crash and a stay in quarantine after being exposed to a toxin at the hospital , help slowly bring them back together . Eventually , a trip to a cabin where they once hid out together on the run sparks Steve 's memory to return in its entirety , and the two are reunited . In 2007 , Benji DiMera ( who 's forced by EJ ) returns to Salem with a tarot card that turns Steve into a DiMera soldier . It turns out Stefano and EJ had tortured him during his missing years . Due to Steve 's programming , Kayla is forced into removing John Black 's kidney so an ailing Stefano can have it . Steve is committed to the mental hospital , and Kayla works to help him recover , despite his resistance . When his programming is again activated by EJ in order to have him kill Bo on Tinda Lau , Kayla is finally able to break through to him , and they spend some time on the island recovering . Back in Salem , Steve and Kayla begin to discuss the idea of having another baby . When Philip Kiriakis ' son Tyler is abandoned anonymously at the hospital by Philip and Mimi 's surrogate , Kayla and Steve take him in and care for him as Pocket . After Steve takes Stefano hostage in retaliation for Benji 's murder when the vendetta heats up , social services take Pocket away when he becomes ill . Steve and Kayla are accused of poisoning him by Philip , but it turns out to be a rare genetic disorder . Steve and Kayla and Philip all decide it was in his best interest to go live with another foster family . In 2008 , Kayla and Steve support Stephanie after it is revealed she was raped by Ford Decker . They travel to Ireland to help Shawn meet with the sister he had thought was dead . While there , Kayla learns she is pregnant . Kayla and Steve are both caught in the plane crash on the way back to Salem , which kills her father Shawn Brady and is later found to be the work of a deranged Ava Vitali . Kayla aids Daniel and Lexie in treating Bo 's pancreas condition . Under all these stresses , she begins to have problems with her pregnancy , which leads Steve to keep the information about his ex-girlfriend Ava from her . Ava mistakenly kidnaps Hope thinking she is Kayla , but Steve , Kayla , and Bo soon follow to rescue Hope . Kayla discovers the pills Ava had been taking kept Ava from ever becoming sane . Afterward , Ava leaves Steve and Kayla alone , though she fled the country rather than pay for her crimes . Stressed , and with an already troubled pregnancy , Kayla goes into premature labor . Joseph Johnson is delivered at 26 weeks . After stabilizing , he is briefly kidnapped in the late summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera . In early 2009 , Kayla is accidentally shot by Hope at University Hospital , a situation Bo has foreseen in his psychic visions . Though the bullet penetrates the sac around the heart , Kayla recovers after surgery . Offscreen , Kayla and Steve decide to leave Salem to run a clinic in a remote part of the world . They take their infant son with them , and relay their decision and details of their situation to their daughter Stephanie in a letter , in April 2009 . In June 2010 , Kayla briefly returns along with several other Brady and Horton family members to pay respects to Alice Horton after she took ill . Kayla returned once again in December 2011 to assist Caroline in running the Brady Pub . She further confesses she and Steve were experiencing issues , and he was back in the ISA . She confessed that while he was the man she loved , he was not the man she wanted to be with . Cultural impact ( edit ) In the mid-80s , the baby name `` Kayla '' jumped from the roughly 900th most popular girl 's name , to around the top 10 , where it has remained ever since . This is widely attributed to Kayla Brady 's arrival on the show , with which it coincides . See also ( edit ) Brady family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Supercouples - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site '' . Catherine Mary Stewart . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com > Days of our Lives '' . 2007 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Beth Evans - Days Of Our Lives - Bio - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans Fired From DAYS '' . Daysofourlives.about.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` MARY BETH EVANS BACK ON CONTRACT '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kayla Johnson Biography '' . Buddytv.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Baby Names - Kayla External links ( edit ) Kayla Brady Johnson profile - SoapCentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayla_Brady&oldid=838801098 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional physicians Fictional characters introduced in 1982 Fictional sexual assault victims Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 11 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who played kayla brady on days of our lives
|
[
"Kayla Johnson\nMary Beth Evans as Kayla BradyDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nCatherine Mary Stewart (1982–83)\nMary Beth Evans (1986–)\nRhonda Aldrich (1989, temp)\nDuration\n\n1982–83\n1986–92\n2006–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 18, 1982Created by\nPat Falken SmithIntroduced by\nBetty Corday Al RabinClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nKayla DeverauxKayla JohnsonKayla Caroline BradyOccupation\nDoctorResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nBradyParents\nShawn BradyCaroline BradyBrothers\nRoman BradyFrankie Brady (adoptive)Max Brady (adoptive)Sisters\nKimberly BradyHalf-brothers\nBo BradySpouse\nJack Deveraux(1987–88)Steve Johnson (1988–89, 1990–2012, 2017–)Sons\nJoey JohnsonDaughters\nStephanie JohnsonStepsons\nTripp DaltonGrandfathers\nPeter BradyUncles\nEric BradyAunts\nColleen BradyMolly BradyNephews\nEric BradyRex BradyAndrew DonovanShawn-Douglas BradyZack BradyNieces\nCarrie BradySami BradyCassie BradyTheresa DonovanChelsea BradyCiara BradyFirst cousins\nRyan Brady Colin Murphy",
"Kayla Johnson\nMary Beth Evans as Kayla BradyDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nCatherine Mary Stewart (1982–83)\nMary Beth Evans (1986–)\nRhonda Aldrich (1989, temp)\nDuration\n\n1982–83\n1986–92\n2006–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 18, 1982Created by\nPat Falken SmithIntroduced by\nBetty Corday Al RabinClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nKayla DeverauxKayla JohnsonKayla Caroline BradyOccupation\nDoctorResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nBradyParents\nShawn BradyCaroline BradyBrothers\nRoman BradyFrankie Brady (adoptive)Max Brady (adoptive)Sisters\nKimberly BradyHalf-brothers\nBo BradySpouse\nJack Deveraux(1987–88)Steve Johnson (1988–89, 1990–2012, 2017–)Sons\nJoey JohnsonDaughters\nStephanie JohnsonStepsons\nTripp DaltonGrandfathers\nPeter BradyUncles\nEric BradyAunts\nColleen BradyMolly BradyNephews\nEric BradyRex BradyAndrew DonovanShawn-Douglas BradyZack BradyNieces\nCarrie BradySami BradyCassie BradyTheresa DonovanChelsea BradyCiara BradyFirst cousins\nRyan Brady Colin Murphy",
"Kayla Johnson\nMary Beth Evans as Kayla BradyDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nCatherine Mary Stewart (1982–83)\nMary Beth Evans (1986–)\nRhonda Aldrich (1989, temp)\nDuration\n\n1982–83\n1986–92\n2006–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 18, 1982Created by\nPat Falken SmithIntroduced by\nBetty Corday Al RabinClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nKayla DeverauxKayla JohnsonKayla Caroline BradyOccupation\nDoctorResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nBradyParents\nShawn BradyCaroline BradyBrothers\nRoman BradyFrankie Brady (adoptive)Max Brady (adoptive)Sisters\nKimberly BradyHalf-brothers\nBo BradySpouse\nJack Deveraux(1987–88)Steve Johnson (1988–89, 1990–2012, 2017–)Sons\nJoey JohnsonDaughters\nStephanie JohnsonStepsons\nTripp DaltonGrandfathers\nPeter BradyUncles\nEric BradyAunts\nColleen BradyMolly BradyNephews\nEric BradyRex BradyAndrew DonovanShawn-Douglas BradyZack BradyNieces\nCarrie BradySami BradyCassie BradyTheresa DonovanChelsea BradyCiara BradyFirst cousins\nRyan Brady Colin Murphy"
] |
[
"Catherine Mary Stewart",
"Mary Beth Evans",
"Rhonda Aldrich"
] |
-472389026165539624
|
Queen of the South (TV series)
|
Queen of the South ( tv series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Queen of the South ( disambiguation ) . Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/queenofthesouth/ Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Recurring cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show . From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman , David T. Friendly , Alice Braga , Veronica Falcón , Joaquim De Almeida , Jon - Michael Ecker , Justina Machado , Peter Gadiot , Gerardo Taracena , Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Recurring cast ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 189 `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ' , Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena . `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Queen of the South on IMDb ( hide ) USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Current Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Colony ( since 2016 ) Falling Water ( since 2016 ) First Impressions ( since 2016 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Playing House ( since 2014 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Team Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Damnation ( 2017 ) Unsolved ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_(TV_series)&oldid=800045110 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American action television series American crime drama television series American television series based on telenovelas English - language television programs Serial drama television series USA Network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Universal Television Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Texas Television shows set in Dallas Television shows set in Costa Rica Television shows set in Spain Thriller television series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 07 : 34 . About Wikipedia
|
who are the characters in queen of the south
|
[] |
[] |
-6361223752285496139
|
Escape velocity
|
Escape velocity - wikipedia Escape velocity Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Escape velocity ( disambiguation ) . In physics , escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body . The escape velocity from Earth is about 11.186 km / s ( 6.951 mi / s ; 40,270 km / h ; 25,020 mph ) at the surface . More generally , escape velocity is the speed at which the sum of an object 's kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy is equal to zero ; an object which has achieved escape velocity is neither on the surface , nor in a closed orbit ( of any radius ) . With escape velocity in a direction pointing away from the ground of a massive body , the object will move away from the body , slowing forever and approaching , but never reaching , zero speed . Once escape velocity is achieved , no further impulse need be applied for it to continue in its escape . In other words , if given escape velocity , the object will move away from the other body , continually slowing , and will asymptotically approach zero speed as the object 's distance approaches infinity , never to come back . Speeds higher than escape velocity have a positive speed at infinity . Note that the minimum escape velocity assumes that there is no friction ( e.g. , atmospheric drag ) , which would increase the required instantaneous velocity to escape the gravitational influence , and that there will be no future sources of additional velocity ( e.g. , thrust ) , which would reduce the required instantaneous velocity . For a spherically symmetric , massive body such as a star , or planet , the escape velocity for that body , at a given distance , is calculated by the formula v e = 2 G M r , ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2GM ) ( r ) ) ) , ) where G is the universal gravitational constant ( G ≈ 6.67 × 10 m kg s ) , M the mass of the body to be escaped from , and r the distance from the center of mass of the body to the object . The relationship is independent of the mass of the object escaping the massive body . Conversely , a body that falls under the force of gravitational attraction of mass M , from infinity , starting with zero velocity , will strike the massive object with a velocity equal to its escape velocity given by the same formula . When given a speed V ( \ displaystyle V ) greater than the escape speed v e , ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) , ) the object will asymptotically approach the hyperbolic excess speed v ∞ , ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ infty ) , ) satisfying the equation : v ∞ 2 = V 2 − v e 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( v_ ( \ infty ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = V ^ ( 2 ) - ( v_ ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) In these equations atmospheric friction ( air drag ) is not taken into account . A rocket moving out of a gravity well does not actually need to attain escape velocity to escape , but could achieve the same result ( escape ) at any speed with a suitable mode of propulsion and sufficient propellant to provide the accelerating force on the object to escape . Escape velocity is only required to send a ballistic object on a trajectory that will allow the object to escape the gravity well of the mass M . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Escape velocity in various situations 2.1 From the surface of a body 2.2 From a rotating body 2.3 Practical considerations 2.4 From an orbiting body 2.5 Barycentric escape velocity 2.6 Height of lower velocity trajectories 3 Trajectory 4 Multiple bodies 5 List of escape velocities 6 Deriving escape velocity using calculus 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Luna 1 , launched in 1959 , was the first man - made object to attain escape velocity from Earth ( see below table ) . The existence of escape velocity is a consequence of conservation of energy and an energy field of finite depth . For an object with a given total energy , which is moving subject to conservative forces ( such as a static gravity field ) it is only possible for the object to reach combinations of locations and speeds which have that total energy ; and places which have a higher potential energy than this can not be reached at all . By adding speed ( kinetic energy ) to the object it expands the possible locations that can be reached , until , with enough energy , they become infinite . For a given gravitational potential energy at a given position , the escape velocity is the minimum speed an object without propulsion needs to be able to `` escape '' from the gravity ( i.e. so that gravity will never manage to pull it back ) . Escape velocity is actually a speed ( not a velocity ) because it does not specify a direction : no matter what the direction of travel is , the object can escape the gravitational field ( provided its path does not intersect the planet ) . The simplest way of deriving the formula for escape velocity is to use conservation of energy . For the sake of simplicity , unless stated otherwise , we assume that an object is attempting to escape from a uniform spherical planet by moving away from it and that the only significant force acting on the moving object is the planet 's gravity . In its initial state , i , imagine that a spaceship of mass m is at a distance r from the center of mass of the planet , whose mass is M. Its initial speed is equal to its escape velocity , v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) . At its final state , f , it will be an infinite distance away from the planet , and its speed will be negligibly small and assumed to be 0 . Kinetic energy K and gravitational potential energy U are the only types of energy that we will deal with , so by the conservation of energy , ( K + U g ) i = ( K + U g ) f ( \ displaystyle ( K + U_ ( g ) ) _ ( i ) = ( K + U_ ( g ) ) _ ( f ) \ , ) K = 0 because final velocity is zero , and U = 0 because its final distance is infinity , so ⇒ 1 2 m v e 2 + − G M m r = 0 + 0 ⇒ v e = 2 G M r = 2 μ r ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Rightarrow ( ) & ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( - GMm ) ( r ) ) = 0 + 0 \ \ ( 3pt ) \ Rightarrow ( ) &v_ ( e ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2GM ) ( r ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 \ mu ) ( r ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where μ is the standard gravitational parameter . The same result is obtained by a relativistic calculation , in which case the variable r represents the radial coordinate or reduced circumference of the Schwarzschild metric . Defined a little more formally , `` escape velocity '' is the initial speed required to go from an initial point in a gravitational potential field to infinity and end at infinity with a residual speed of zero , without any additional acceleration . All speeds and velocities measured with respect to the field . Additionally , the escape velocity at a point in space is equal to the speed that an object would have if it started at rest from an infinite distance and was pulled by gravity to that point . In common usage , the initial point is on the surface of a planet or moon . On the surface of the Earth , the escape velocity is about 11.2 km / s , which is approximately 33 times the speed of sound ( Mach 33 ) and several times the muzzle velocity of a rifle bullet ( up to 1.7 km / s ) . However , at 9,000 km altitude in `` space '' , it is slightly less than 7.1 km / s . The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the escaping object . It does not matter if the mass is 1 kg or 1,000 kg ; what differs is the amount of energy required . For an object of mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) the energy required to escape the Earth 's gravitational field is GMm / r , a function of the object 's mass ( where r is the radius of the Earth , G is the gravitational constant , and M is the mass of the Earth , M = 5.9736 × 10 kg ) . A related quantity is the specific orbital energy which is essentially the sum of the kinetic and potential energy divided by the mass . An object has reached escape velocity when the specific orbital energy is greater or equal to zero . Escape velocity in various situations ( edit ) From the surface of a body ( edit ) An alternative expression for the escape velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) particularly useful at the surface on the body is : v e = 2 g r ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2gr \ , ) ) ) where r is the distance between the center of the body and the point at which escape velocity is being calculated and g is the gravitational acceleration at that distance ( i.e. , the surface gravity ) . For a body with a spherically - symmetric distribution of mass , the escape velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) from the surface is proportional to the radius assuming constant density , and proportional to the square root of the average density ρ . v e = K r ρ ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = Kr ( \ sqrt ( \ rho ) ) ) where K = 8 3 π G ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi G ) ) ) ≈ 2.364 × 10 m kg s From a rotating body ( edit ) The escape velocity relative to the surface of a rotating body depends on direction in which the escaping body travels . For example , as the Earth 's rotational velocity is 465 m / s at the equator , a rocket launched tangentially from the Earth 's equator to the east requires an initial velocity of about 10.735 km / s relative to Earth to escape whereas a rocket launched tangentially from the Earth 's equator to the west requires an initial velocity of about 11.665 km / s relative to Earth . The surface velocity decreases with the cosine of the geographic latitude , so space launch facilities are often located as close to the equator as feasible , e.g. the American Cape Canaveral ( latitude 28 ° 28 ' N ) and the French Guiana Space Centre ( latitude 5 ° 14 ' N ) . Practical considerations ( edit ) In most situations it is impractical to achieve escape velocity almost instantly , because of the acceleration implied , and also because if there is an atmosphere the hypersonic speeds involved ( on Earth a speed of 11.2 km / s , or 40,320 km / h ) would cause most objects to burn up due to aerodynamic heating or be torn apart by atmospheric drag . For an actual escape orbit , a spacecraft will accelerate steadily out of the atmosphere until it reaches the escape velocity appropriate for its altitude ( which will be less than on the surface ) . In many cases , the spacecraft may be first placed in a parking orbit ( e.g. a low Earth orbit , LEO , at 160 -- 2,000 km ) and then accelerated to the escape velocity at that altitude , which will be slightly lower ( about 11.0 km / s at a LEO of 200 km ) . The required additional change in speed , however , is far less because the spacecraft already has significant orbital velocity ( in low Earth orbit speed is approximately 7.8 km / s , or 28,080 km / h ) . From an orbiting body ( edit ) The escape velocity at a given height is 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) times the speed in a circular orbit at the same height , ( compare this with the velocity equation in circular orbit ) . This corresponds to the fact that the potential energy with respect to infinity of an object in such an orbit is minus two times its kinetic energy , while to escape the sum of potential and kinetic energy needs to be at least zero . The velocity corresponding to the circular orbit is sometimes called the first cosmic velocity , whereas in this context the escape velocity is referred to as the second cosmic velocity . For a body in an elliptical orbit wishing to accelerate to an escape orbit the required speed will vary , and will be greatest at periapsis when the body is closest to the central body . However , the orbital speed of the body will also be at its highest at this point , and the change in velocity required will be at its lowest , as explained by the Oberth effect . Barycentric escape velocity ( edit ) Technically escape velocity can either be measured as a relative to the other , central body or relative to center of mass or barycenter of the system of bodies . Thus for systems of two bodies , the term escape velocity can be ambiguous , but it is usually intended to mean the barycentric escape velocity of the less massive body . In gravitational fields , escape velocity refers to the escape velocity of zero mass test particles relative to the barycenter of the masses generating the field . In most situations involving spacecraft the difference is negligible . For a mass equal to a Saturn V rocket , the escape velocity relative to the launch pad is 253.5 am / s ( 8 nanometers per year ) faster than the escape velocity relative to the mutual center of mass . Height of lower velocity trajectories ( edit ) Ignoring all factors other than the gravitational force between the body and the object , an object projected vertically at speed v ( \ displaystyle v ) from the surface of a spherical body with escape velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) and radius R ( \ displaystyle R ) will attain a maximum height h ( \ displaystyle h ) satisfying the equation v = v e h R + h , ( \ displaystyle v = v_ ( e ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( h ) ( R + h ) ) ) \ , ) which , solving for h results in h = x 2 1 − x 2 R , ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ R \ , ) where x = v v e ( \ displaystyle x = ( \ frac ( v ) ( v_ ( e ) ) ) ) is the ratio of the original speed v ( \ displaystyle v ) to the escape velocity v e . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) . ) Unlike escape velocity , the direction ( vertically up ) is important to achieve maximum height . Trajectory ( edit ) If an object attains exactly escape velocity , but is not directed straight away from the planet , then it will follow a curved path or trajectory . Although this trajectory does not form a closed shape , it can be referred to as an orbit . Assuming that gravity is the only significant force in the system , this object 's speed at any point in the trajectory will be equal to the escape velocity at that point due to the conservation of energy , its total energy must always be 0 , which implies that it always has escape velocity ; see the derivation above . The shape of the trajectory will be a parabola whose focus is located at the center of mass of the planet . An actual escape requires a course with a trajectory that does not intersect with the planet , or its atmosphere , since this would cause the object to crash . When moving away from the source , this path is called an escape orbit . Escape orbits are known as C3 = 0 orbits . C3 is the characteristic energy , = − GM / 2a , where a is the semi-major axis , which is infinite for parabolic trajectories . If the body has a velocity greater than escape velocity then its path will form a hyperbolic trajectory and it will have an excess hyperbolic velocity , equivalent to the extra energy the body has . A relatively small extra delta - v above that needed to accelerate to the escape speed can result in a relatively large speed at infinity . For example , at a place where escape speed is 11.2 km / s , the addition of 0.4 km / s yields a hyperbolic excess speed of 3.02 km / s : v ∞ = V 2 − v e 2 = 11.6 2 − 11.2 2 ≈ 3.02 . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ infty ) = ( \ sqrt ( V ^ ( 2 ) - ( v_ ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 11.6 ^ ( 2 ) - 11.2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ approx 3.02 . ) If a body in circular orbit ( or at the periapsis of an elliptical orbit ) accelerates along its direction of travel to escape velocity , the point of acceleration will form the periapsis of the escape trajectory . The eventual direction of travel will be at 90 degrees to the direction at the point of acceleration . If the body accelerates to beyond escape velocity the eventual direction of travel will be at a smaller angle , and indicated by one of the asymptotes of the hyperbolic trajectory it is now taking . This means the timing of the acceleration is critical if the intention is to escape in a particular direction . Multiple bodies ( edit ) When escaping a compound system , such as a moon orbiting a planet or a planet orbiting a sun , a rocket that leaves at escape velocity ( v e 1 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e1 ) ) ) for the first ( orbiting ) body , ( e.g. Earth ) will not travel to an infinite distance because it needs an even higher speed to escape gravity of the second body ( e.g. the Sun ) . Near the Earth , the rocket 's trajectory will appear parabolic , but it will still be gravitationally bound to the second body and will enter an elliptical orbit around that body , with a similar orbital speed to the first body . To escape the gravity of the second body once it has escaped the first body the rocket will need to be travelling at the escape velocity for the second body ( v e 2 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e2 ) ) ) ( at the orbital distance of the first body ) . However , when the rocket escapes the first body it will still have the same orbital speed around the second body that the first body has ( v o ( \ displaystyle v_ ( o ) ) ) . So its excess velocity as it escapes the first body will need to be the difference between the orbital velocity and the escape velocity . With a circular orbit , escape velocity is √ 2 times the orbital speed . Thus the total escape velocity v t e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( te ) ) when leaving one body orbiting a second and seeking to escape them both is , under simplified assumptions : v t e = ( v e 2 − v o ) 2 + v e 1 2 = ( k v e 2 ) 2 + v e 1 2 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( te ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( v_ ( e2 ) - v_ ( o ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( e1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( kv_ ( e2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( e1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where k = 1 − 1 2 ≈ 0.2929 ( \ displaystyle k = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ approx 0.2929 ) for circular orbits . List of escape velocities ( edit ) Location Relative to V ( km / s ) Location Relative to V ( km / s ) System escape V ( km / s ) On the Sun The Sun 's gravity 617.5 On Mercury Mercury 's gravity 4.25 At Mercury The Sun 's gravity ~ 67.7 ~ 20.3 On Venus Venus 's gravity 10.36 At Venus The Sun 's gravity 49.5 17.8 On Earth Earth 's gravity 11.186 At Earth / the Moon The Sun 's gravity 42.1 16.6 On the Moon The Moon 's gravity 2.38 At the Moon The Earth 's gravity 1.4 2.42 On Mars Mars ' gravity 5.03 At Mars The Sun 's gravity 34.1 11.2 On Ceres Ceres 's gravity 0.51 At Ceres The Sun 's gravity 25.3 7.4 On Jupiter Jupiter 's gravity 60.20 At Jupiter The Sun 's gravity 18.5 60.4 On Io Io 's gravity 2.558 At Io Jupiter 's gravity 24.5 7.6 On Europa Europa 's gravity 2.025 At Europa Jupiter 's gravity 19.4 6.0 On Ganymede Ganymede 's gravity 2.741 At Ganymede Jupiter 's gravity 15.4 5.3 On Callisto Callisto 's gravity 2.440 At Callisto Jupiter 's gravity 11.6 4.2 On Saturn Saturn 's gravity 36.09 At Saturn The Sun 's gravity 13.6 36.3 On Titan Titan 's gravity 2.639 At Titan Saturn 's gravity 7.8 3.5 On Uranus Uranus ' gravity 21.38 At Uranus The Sun 's gravity 9.6 21.5 On Neptune Neptune 's gravity 23.56 At Neptune The Sun 's gravity 7.7 23.7 On Triton Triton 's gravity 1.455 At Triton Neptune 's gravity 6.2 2.33 On Pluto Pluto 's gravity 1.23 At Pluto The Sun 's gravity ~ 6.6 ~ 2.3 At Solar System galactic radius The Milky Way 's gravity 492 -- 594 On the event horizon A black hole 's gravity 299,792.458 ( speed of light ) The last two columns will depend precisely where in orbit escape velocity is reached , as the orbits are not exactly circular ( particularly Mercury and Pluto ) . Deriving escape velocity using calculus ( edit ) Let G be the gravitational constant and let M be the mass of the earth ( or other gravitating body ) and m be the mass of the escaping body or projectile . At a distance r from the centre of gravitation the body feels an attractive force F = G M m r 2 . ( \ displaystyle F = G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The work needed to move the body over a small distance dr against this force is therefore given by d W = F d r = − G M m r 2 d r , ( \ displaystyle dW = Fdr = - G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dr , ) where the minus sign indicates the force acts in the opposite sense of d r ( \ displaystyle dr ) . The total work needed to move the body from the surface r of the gravitating body to infinity is then W = ∫ r 0 ∞ − G M m r 2 d r = − G M m r 0 = − m g r 0 . ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( \ infty ) - G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dr = - G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ) = - mgr_ ( 0 ) . ) This is the minimal required kinetic energy to be able to reach infinity , so the escape velocity v satisfies W + K = 0 ⇒ 1 2 m v 0 2 = G M m r 0 , ( \ displaystyle W + K = 0 \ Rightarrow ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) = G ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ) , ) which results in v 0 = 2 G M r 0 = 2 g r 0 . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( 0 ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2GM ) ( r_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2gr_ ( 0 ) ) ) . ) See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Black hole -- an object with an escape velocity greater than the speed of light Characteristic energy ( C ) Delta - v budget -- speed needed to perform manoeuvres . Gravitational slingshot -- a technique for changing trajectory Gravity well List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System Newton 's cannonball Oberth effect -- burning propellant deep in a gravity field gives higher change in kinetic energy Orbital speed Two - body problem Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gravitational potential energy is negative since gravity is an attractive force and the potential energy has been defined for this purpose to be zero at infinite distance from the centre of gravity . Jump up ^ The value GM is called the standard gravitational parameter , or μ , and is often known more accurately than either G or M separately . References ( edit ) Roger R. Bate ; Donald D. Mueller ; Jerry E. White ( 1971 ) . Fundamentals of astrodynamics . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 60061 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lai , Shu T. ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging : Spacecraft Interactions with Space Plasmas . Princeton University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 3909 - 4 . Extract of page 240 Jump up ^ Giancoli , Douglas C. ( 2008 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics . Addison - Wesley . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0131495081 . Jump up ^ Khatri , Poudel , Gautam , M.K. , P.R. , A.K. ( 2010 ) . Principles of Physics . Kathmandu : Ayam Publication . pp. 170 , 171 . ISBN 9789937903844 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bate , Roger R. ; Mueller , Donald D. ; White , Jerry E. ( 1971 ) . Fundamentals of Astrodynamics ( illustrated ed . ) . Courier Corporation . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 60061 - 1 . Extract of page 39 Jump up ^ NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Details Jump up ^ Taylor , Edwin F. ; Wheeler , John Archibald ; Bertschinger , Edmund ( 2010 ) . Exploring Black Holes : Introduction to General Relativity ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . pp. 2 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 51286 - 4 . Sample chapter , page 2 - 22 Jump up ^ Choquet - Bruhat , Yvonne ( 2015 ) . Introduction to General Relativity , Black Holes , and Cosmology ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966646 - 1 . Extract of page 116 , 117 Jump up ^ `` escape velocity physics '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bate , Mueller and White , p. 35 Jump up ^ Teodorescu , P.P. ( 2007 ) . Mechanical systems , classical models . Springer , Japan . p. 580 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 5441 - 6 . , Section 2.2. 2 , p. 580 Jump up ^ Bajaj , N.K. ( 2015 ) . Complete Physics : JEE Main . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 6.12 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 392 - 2032 - 7 . Example 21 , page 6.12 Jump up ^ note this assumes the excess velocity as the rocket escapes the first body is in the same direction as the orbital velocity ( i.e. they are parallel vectors ) . If the first body 's orbit is elliptical the total escape velocity will vary . ^ Jump up to : For planets : `` Planets and Pluto : Physical Characteristics '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Smith , Martin C. ; Ruchti , G.R. ; Helmi , A. ; Wyse , R.F.G. ( 2007 ) . `` The RAVE Survey : Constraining the Local Galactic Escape Speed '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 2 ( S235 ) : 137 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921306005692 . Jump up ^ Kafle , P.R. ; Sharma , S. ; Lewis , G.F. ; Bland - Hawthorn , J. ( 2014 ) . `` On the Shoulders of Giants : Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way Mass Distribution '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 794 ( 1 ) : 17 . arXiv : 1408.1787 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 794 ... 59K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 794 / 1 / 59 . Jump up ^ Muncaster , Roger ( 1993 ) . A-level Physics . Nelson Thornes . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 7487 - 1584 - 3 . Extract of page 103 External links ( edit ) Escape velocity calculator Web - based numerical escape velocity calculator Major subfields of astronomy and astrophysics Astrobiology Astrochemistry Astrometry Cosmochemistry Cosmology Extragalactic astronomy Galactic astronomy Orbital mechanics Physical cosmology Planetary geology Planetary science Solar astronomy Stellar astronomy Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν , θ , f True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escape_velocity&oldid=833641609 '' Categories : Astrodynamics Orbits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
escape speed for a rocket is less from
|
[] |
[] |
4030709756399800213
|
History of construction
|
History of construction - wikipedia History of construction Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints . Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( January 2013 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Inadequate lead , disorganized sections , overall need for copyediting Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article by removing images that are redundant to the topic or duplicate another image , in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The History of construction overlaps many other fields like structural engineering and relies on other branches of science like archaeology , history and architecture to investigate how the builders lived and recorded their accomplishments . Those fields allow us to analyse constructed buildings and other structures built since prehistory , the tools used and the different uses of building materials . History of building is evolving by different trends in time , marked by few key principles : durability of the materials used , the increasing of height and span , the degree of control exercised over the interior environment and finally the energy available to the construction process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronological development 1.1 Neolithic construction 1.2 Gallery of Neolithic tools 2 Copper Age and Bronze Age construction 3 Iron Age construction 3.1 Ancient Mesopotamia 3.1. 1 Materials 3.2 Ancient Egypt 3.2. 1 Materials 3.2. 2 Technology 3.2. 3 Achievements 3.3 Ancient Greece 3.4 Roman Empire 3.4. 1 Materials 3.4. 2 Organisation of labour 3.4. 3 Technology 3.5 China 3.5. 1 Stone Great Wall Sections 3.5. 2 Soil Great Wall Sections 3.5. 3 Sand ( and Reed / Willow ) Great Wall Sections 3.5. 4 Brick Great Wall Sections 4 Middle ages 4.1 Materials 4.2 Design 4.3 Labour 4.4 Techniques 4.5 Achievements 5 Renaissance 5.1 Materials 5.2 Design 5.3 Labour 5.4 Technical advances 6 The seventeenth century 6.1 Materials and tools 6.2 Methods 7 The eighteenth century 7.1 Materials 8 The nineteenth century : Industrial Revolution 9 The twentieth century 10 Academic discipline 10.1 Early writers 10.2 Nineteenth - century studies 10.3 The early twentieth century studies 10.4 The late twentieth century 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Chronological development ( edit ) Neolithic construction ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neolithic reconstructions . A reconstruction of a pit - house type dwelling made with mammoth bones Neolithic , also known as the New Stone Age , was a time period roughly from 9000 BC to 5000 BC named because it was the last period of the age before wood working began . The tools available were made from natural materials including bone , antler , hide , stone , wood , grasses , animal fibers , and the use of water . These tools were used by people to cut such as with the hand axe , chopper , adze , and celt . Also to scrape , chop such as with a flake tool , pound , pierce , roll , pull , leaver , and carry . Building materials included bones such as mammoth ribs , hide , stone , metal , bark , bamboo , clay , lime plaster , and more . For example , the first bridges made by humans were probably just wooden logs placed across a stream and later timber trackways . In addition to living in caves and rock shelters , the first buildings were simple shelters , tents like the Inuit 's tupiq , and huts sometimes built as pit - houses meant to suit the basic needs of protection from the elements and sometimes as fortifications for safety such as the crannog . Built self - sufficiently by their inhabitants rather than by specialist builders , using locally available materials and traditional designs and methods which together are called vernacular architecture . The very simplest shelters , tents , leave no traces . Because of this , what little we can say about very early construction is mostly conjecture and based on what we know about the way nomadic hunter - gatherers and herdsmen in remote areas build shelters today . The absence of metal tools placed limitations on the materials that could be worked , but it was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures with ingenuity using dry stone walling techniques such as at Skara Brae in Scotland , Europe 's most complete Neolithic village . The first mud bricks , formed with the hands rather than wooden moulds , belong to the late Neolithic period and were found in Jericho . One of the largest structures of this period was the Neolithic long house . In all cases of timber framed and log structures in these very early cultures , only the very lowest parts of the walls and post holes are unearthed in archaeological excavations , making reconstruction of the upper parts of these buildings largely conjectural . A reconstruction of a neolithic fortified village showing a palisade wall and stilt houses at the Pfahlbau Museum Unteruhldingen , Germany . Neolithic architecture ranges from the tent to the megalith ( an arrangement of large stones ) and rock - cut architecture which are frequently temples , tombs , and dwellings . The most remarkable Neolithic structure in Western Europe is the iconic megalith known as Stonehenge , regarded by some archaeologists as displaying methods of timber construction such as at woodhenge translated into stone , a process known as petrification . The now ruinous remains are of post and lintel construction and include massive sandstone lintels which were located on supporting uprights by means of mortise and tenon joints ; the lintels themselves being end - jointed by the use of tongue and groove joints . There is also evidence of prefabrication of the stonework ; the symmetrical geometric arrays of stone clearly indicate that the builders of Stonehenge had mastered sophisticated surveying methods . Neolithic villages large enough to have rural and urban features are called proto - cities to distinguish them from cities beginning with Eridu . Gallery of Neolithic tools ( edit ) Man using a hand axe A Neolithic stone axe with a wooden handle . A sickle for harvesting crops and thatching materials . Various bone tools from China Bone hammer from the Linear Pottery Culture A chisel made of bone , Sechseläutenplatz , Zürich A sledge for moving heavy materials . A stone drill Copper Age and bronze Age construction ( edit ) A bronze saw from the archaeological site of Akrotiri - Museum of prehistoric Thera - Santorini , Greece . Image : Norbert Nagel / Wikimedia Commons The Copper Age is the early part of the Bronze Age . Bronze is made when tin is added to copper and brass is copper with zinc . Copper came into use before 5,000 BC and bronze around 3,100 BC , although the times vary by region . Copper and bronze were used for the same types of tools as stone such as axes and chisels , but the new , less brittle , more durable material cut better . Bronze was cast into desired shapes and if damaged could be recast . A new tool developed in the copper age is the saw . Other uses of copper and bronze were to `` harden '' the cutting edge of tools such as the Egyptians using copper and bronze points for working soft stone including quarrying blocks and making rock - cut architecture . During the Bronze Age the corbelled arch came into use such as for beehive tombs . The wheel came into use but was not common until much later . Heavy loads were moved on boats , sledges ( a primitive sled ) or on rollers . The Egyptians began building stone temples with the post and lintel construction method and the Greeks and Romans followed this style . Iron Age construction ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The Iron Age is a cultural period from roughly 1200 BC to 50 BC with the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons . Iron is not much harder than bronze but by adding carbon iron becomes steel which was being produced after about 300 BC . Steel can be hardened and tempered producing a sharp , durable cutting edge . A new woodworking tool allowed by the use of steel is the hand - plane . Ancient Mesopotamia ( edit ) The earliest large - scale buildings for which evidence survives have been found in ancient Mesopotamia . The smaller dwellings only survive in traces of foundations , but the later civilizations built very sizeable structures in the forms of palaces , temples and ziggurats and took particular care to build them out of materials that last , which has ensured that very considerable parts have remained intact . Major technical achievement is evidenced by the construction of great cities such as Uruk and Ur . The Ziggurat of Ur is an outstanding building of the period , despite major reconstruction work . Another fine example is the ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil in modern Iran . Cities created demands for new technologies such as drains for animal and human sewage and paved streets . Archaeological evidence has shown the existence of pitched - brick vault s such as at Tell al - Rimah in what is now Iraq . Materials ( edit ) The chief building material was the mud - brick , formed in wooden moulds similar to those used to make adobe bricks . Bricks varied widely in size and format from small bricks that could be lifted in one hand to ones as big as large paving slabs . Rectangular and square bricks were both common . They were laid in virtually every bonding pattern imaginable and used with considerable sophistication . Drawings survive on clay tablets from later periods showing that buildings were set out on brick modules . By 3500 BC , fired bricks came into use and surviving records show a very complex division of labour into separate tasks and trades . Fired bricks and stone were used for pavement . Life in general was governed by complex ritual and this extended to rituals for setting - out buildings and moulding the first bricks . Contrary to popular belief the arch was not invented by the Romans , but was used in these civilizations . The later Mesopotamian civilizations , particularly Babylon and thence Susa , developed glazed brickwork to a very high degree , decorating the interiors and exteriors of their buildings with glazed brick reliefs , examples of which survive in the Tehran archaeological museum , the Louvre Museum in Paris and the Pergamon Museum in Berlin . Detail of the Ishtar Gate ( 575 BC ) showing the exceptionally fine glazed brickwork of the later period . Glazed bricks have been found from the 13th century B.C. The pitched - brick vault is a type found in Mesopotamia circa 2000 BC . Babylon , the archaeological site in 1932 , before major reconstruction work undertaken by Sadam Hussein Dried bricks stacked ready for firing without the use of a kiln . Egyptian stonework showing tool marks and butterfly interlocks in the Temple of Kom Ombo begun 180 - 145 BC Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient architecture . Further information : Ancient Egypt , Ancient Egyptian architecture , List of ancient Egyptian sites , List of Egyptian pyramids , and Egyptian pyramids Aerial view of the Ramasseum in Thebes with its associated adobe structures A copy of a wall painting in the tomb of Rekhmire between 1550 and 1292 BC . As opposed to the cultures of ancient Mesopotamia which built in brick , the pharaohs of Egypt built huge structures in stone . The arid climate has preserved much of the ancient buildings . Materials ( edit ) Adobe ( sun - baked mud brick ) construction was used for ancillary buildings and normal houses in ancient times and is still commonly used in rural Egypt . The hot , dry climate was ideal for mud - brick , which tends to wash away in the rain . The Ramesseum in Thebes , Egypt ( Luxor ) provides one of the finest examples of mud brick construction . Extensive storehouses with mud - brick vaults also survive , all constructed with sloping courses to avoid the need for formwork . The grandest buildings were constructed in stone , often from massive masonry blocks . The techniques used to move massive blocks used in pyramids and temples have been subject to extensive debate . Some authors have suggested that the larger may not be cut stone but fabricated with concrete . Technology ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian technology Although the Egyptians achieved extraordinary feats of engineering , they appear to have done so with relatively primitive technology . As far as is known they did not use wheels or pulleys . They transported massive stones over great distances using rollers , ropes and sledges hauled by large numbers of workers . The ancient Egyptians are credited with inventing the ramp , lever , lathe , oven , ship , paper , irrigation system , window awning , door , glass , a form of plaster of Paris , the bath , lock , shadoof , weaving , a standardized measurement system , geometry , silo , a method of drilling stone , saw , steam power , proportional scale drawings , enameling , veneer , plywood , rope truss , and more . There are no surviving Egyptian manuals so there has been considerable speculation on how stones were lifted to great heights and obelisks erected . Most theories centre on the use of ramps . Imhotep , who lived circa 2650 -- 2600 BC , is credited with being the first recorded architect and engineer . Achievements ( edit ) The pyramids are chiefly impressive for their enormous size and the staggering manpower that must have been employed in their construction . The largest is the Great Pyramid of Giza which remained the tallest structure in the world for 3800 years ( see List of tallest freestanding structures in the world ) . The engineering problems involved were chiefly to do with the transport of blocks , sometimes over long distances , their movement into location and exact alignment . It is now generally agreed that the skilled building workers were respected and well treated , but undoubtedly very large numbers of labourers were necessary to provide the brute force . The methods used in the construction of the pyramids have been the subject of considerable research and discussion ( see : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques ) . Great Pyramid of Giza , the tallest building in the world for over 3800 years Menkaures Pyramid , Giza Ancient Greece ( edit ) An illustration showing masonry techniques of ancient Greece and Rome . Further information : Architecture of ancient Greece , List of ancient architectural records , and List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs The ancient Greeks , like the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians , tended to build most of their common buildings out of mud brick , leaving no record behind them . However very many structures do survive , some of which are in a very good state of repair , although some have been partly reconstructed or re-erected in the modern era . The most dramatic are the Greek Temples . The Greeks made many advances in technology including plumbing , the spiral staircase , central heating , urban planning , the water wheel , the crane , and more . The oldest `` construction drawing '' is in the Temple of Apollo at Didyma . An unfinished stone wall was etched with the profiles of columns and moldings , and the wall was never finished so the drawing was not erased : a rare glimpse into the history of working construction drawings . No timber structures survive ( roofs , floors etc . ) , so our knowledge of how these were put together is limited . The spans are , in the main , limited and suggest very simple beam and post structures spanning stone walls . For the longer spans it is uncertain if the Greeks or Romans invented the truss but the Romans certainly used timber roof trusses . Before 650 B.C.E. the now famous ancient Greek temples were built of wood , but after this date began to be built of stone . The process of a timber structure being repeated in stone is called petrification or `` petrified carpentry '' . Fired clay was mainly restricted to roofing tiles and associated decorations , but these were quite elaborate . The roof tiles allow a low roof pitch characteristic of ancient Greek architecture . Fired bricks began to be employed with lime mortar . Very prominent buildings were roofed in stone tiles , which mimicked the form of their terracotta counterparts . While later cultures tended to construct their stone buildings with thin skins of finished stones over rubble cores , the Greeks tended to build out of large cut blocks , joined with metal cramps . This was a slow , expensive and laborious process which limited the number of buildings that could be constructed . The metal cramps often failed through corrosion . Building structures mostly used a simple beam and column system without vaults or arches , which based strict limits on the spans that could achieved . However , the Greeks did construct some groin vaults , arch bridges and , with the Egyptians , the first `` high rise '' , the Lighthouse of Alexandria , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Greek mathematics was technically advanced and we know for certain that they employed and understood the principles of pulleys , which would have enabled them to build jibs and cranes to lift heavy stonework to the upper parts of buildings . Their surveying skills were exceptional , enabling them to set out the incredibly exact optical corrections of buildings like the Parthenon , although the methods used remain a mystery . Simpler decoration , such as fluting on columns , was simply left until the drums of the columns were cut in place . The ancient Greeks never developed the strong mortars which became an important feature of Roman construction . Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Roman engineering , Concrete Revolution , and Roman technology Reconstructed Roman treadwheel crane at Bonn , Germany The hand plane developed in the Iron Age and was known to be used by the Romans . These Roman planes were found in Germany and date to the 1st to 3rd century AD In striking contrast to previous cultures , an enormous amount is known about Roman building construction . A very large amount survives , including complete intact buildings like the Pantheon , Rome and very well preserved ruins at Pompeii and Herculaneum . We also have the first surviving treatise on architecture by Vitruvius which includes extensive passages on construction techniques . Materials ( edit ) The great Roman development in building materials was the use of hydraulic lime mortar called Roman cement . Previous cultures had used lime mortars but by adding volcanic ash called a pozzolana the mortar would harden under water . This provided them with a strong material for bulk walling . They used brick or stone to build the outer skins of the wall and then filled the cavity with massive amounts of concrete , effectively using the brickwork as permanent shuttering ( formwork ) . Later they used wooden shuttering that was removed for the concrete to cure . An example of a temple made of Roman concrete in the 1st century BC is the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli , Italy . The concrete was made of nothing more than rubble and mortar . It was cheap and very easy to produce and required relatively unskilled labour to use , enabling the Romans to build on an unprecedented scale . They not only used it for walls but also to form arches , barrel vaults and domes , which they built over huge spans . The Romans developed systems of hollow pots for making their domes and sophisticated heating and ventilation systems for their thermal baths. . The Romans substituted bronze for wood in the roof truss ( s ) of the Pantheon 's portico which was commissioned between 27 BC and 14 AD . The bronze trusses were unique but in 1625 Pope Urban VIII had the trusses replaced with wood and melted the bronze down for other uses . The Romans also made bronze roof tiles Lead was used for roof covering material and water supply and waste pipes . The Latin name for lead is plumbum thus plumbing . Romans also made use of glass in construction with colored glass in mosaics and clear glass for windows . Glass came to be fairly commonly used in windows of public buildings . Central heating in the form of a hypocaust , a raised floor heated by the exhaust of a wood or coal fire . Organisation of labour ( edit ) The Romans had trade guilds . Most construction was done by slaves or freed men . The use of slave labour undoubtedly cut costs and was one of the reasons for the scale of some of the structures . The Romans placed a considerable emphasis in building their buildings extremely fast , usually within two years . For very large structures the only way this could be achieved was by the application of vast numbers of workers to the task . Technology ( edit ) The invention of the waterwheel , sawmill , arch , and were by the Romans . The Romans also began using glass for architectural purposes after about 100 CE and used double glazing as insulated glazing . Roman roads included corduroy roads and paved roads , sometimes supported on raft or pile foundations and bridges . Vitruvius gives details of many Roman machines . The Romans developed sophisticated timber cranes allowing them to lift considerable weights to great heights . The upper limit of lifting appears to have been about 100 tonnes . Trajan 's column in Rome contains some of the largest stones ever lifted in a Roman building , and engineers are still uncertain exactly how it was achieved . A list of the longest , highest and deepest Roman structures can be found in the List of ancient architectural records . Roman building ingenuity extended over bridges , aqueducts , and covered amphitheatres . Their sewerage and water - supply works were remarkable and some systems are still in operation today . The only aspect of Roman construction for which very little evidence survives is the form of timber roof structures , none of which seem to have survived intact . Possibly , triangulated roof trusses were built , this being the only conceivable way of constructing the immense spans achieved , the longest exceeding 30 metres ( see List of Ancient Greek and Roman roofs ) . China ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The Far East used a different method of sawing logs than the West 's method of pit - sawing with a saw pit : The concept is the same but as shown here the log is angled and no pit is used . China is a cultural hearth area of eastern Asia , many Far East building methods and styles evolved from China . A famous example of Chinese construction is the Great Wall of China built between the 7th and 2nd centuries BC . The Great Wall was built with rammed earth , stones , and wood and later bricks and tiles with lime mortar . Wooden gates blocked passageways . The oldest archaeological examples of mortise and tenon type woodworking joints were found in China dating to about 5000 BC . The Yingzao Fashi is the oldest complete technical manual on Chinese architecture . The Chinese followed the state rules for thousands of years so many of the ancient , surviving buildings were built with the methods and materials still used in the 11th century . Chinese temples are typically wooden timber frames on an earth and stone base . The oldest wooden building is the Nanchan Temple ( Wutai ) dating from 782 CE . However , Chinese temple builders regularly rebuild the wooden temples so some parts of these ancient buildings are of different ages . Traditional Chinese timber frames do not use trusses but rely only on post and lintel construction . An important architectural element are the dougong bracket sets . The Songyue Pagoda is the oldest brick pagoda dating to 523 AD . It was built with yellow fired bricks laid in clay mortar , with twelve sides and fifteen levels of roofs . The Anji Bridge is the worlds oldest `` open - spandrel stone segmental arch bridge '' built in 595 - 605 AD . The bridge is built with sandstone joined with dovetail , iron joints . Most of the ( restored ) Great Wall sections we see today were built with bricks , and cut stone blocks / slabs . Where bricks and blocks were n't available , tamped earth , uncut stones , wood , and even reeds were used as local materials . Wood was used for forts and as an auxiliary material . Where local timber was n't enough , they had it delivered in . Stone Great wall sections ( edit ) In mountain areas , workers quarried stone to build the Great Wall . Using the mountains themselves as footings , the outer layer of the Great Wall was built with stone blocks ( and bricks ) , and filled with uncut stone and anything else available ( like earth and dead workers ) . Soil Great wall sections ( edit ) On the plains Great Wall workers made use of local soil ( sand , loess , etc . ) and rammed it into compact layers . Jiayuguan 's Great Wall section in west China was mainly built with dusty loess soil -- `` the most erodible soil on the planet '' . It 's amazing that sections 2,000 years old still remain mostly intact ! Sand ( and reed / willow ) Great wall sections ( edit ) Sand does n't stick together , so how could a wall be built with sand ? Sand was used as a fill material between reed and willow layers . West China around Dunhuang is desert . Innovative builders there made use of reeds and willow brought in from rivers and oases to build a strong wall . Jade Gate Pass ( Yumenguan ) Great Wall Fort was built with 20 - cm layers of sand and reed , an impressive 9 meters high . Brick Great wall sections ( edit ) The Ming Dynasty Great Wall was mostly built with bricks . To build a strong wall with bricks , they used lime mortar . Workers built brick and cement factories with local materials near the wall . Middle Ages ( edit ) Further information : Medieval technology and Vault ( architecture ) The Middle Ages of Europe span from the 5th to 15th centuries AD from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance and is divided into Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque periods . Fortifications , castles and cathedrals were the greatest construction projects . The Middle Ages began with the end of the Roman era and many Roman building techniques were lost . But some Roman techniques , including the use of iron ring - beams , appear to have been used in the Palatine Chapel at Aachen , c. 800 AD , where it is believed builders from the Langobard Kingdom in northern Italy contributed to the work . A revival of stone buildings in the 9th century and the Romanesque style of architecture began in the late 11th century . Also notable are the stave churches in Scandinavia . Villard de Honnecourt 's drawing of a flying buttress at Reims , ca . AD 1320 -- 1335 ( Bibliothèque nationale ) Materials ( edit ) Most buildings in Northern Europe were constructed of timber until c. 1000 AD . In Southern Europe adobe remained predominant . Brick continued to be manufactured in Italy throughout the period 600 -- 1000 AD but elsewhere the craft of brick - making had largely disappeared and with it the methods for burning tiles . Roofs were largely thatched . Houses were small and gathered around a large communal hall . Monasticism spread more sophisticated building techniques . The Cistercians may have been responsible for reintroducing brick - making to the area from the Netherlands , through Denmark and Northern Germany to Poland leading to Backsteingotik . Brick remained the most popular prestige material in these areas throughout the period . Elsewhere buildings were typically in timber or where it could be afforded , stone . Medieval stone walls were constructed using cut blocks on the outside of the walls and rubble infill , with weak lime mortars . The poor hardening properties of these mortars were a continual problem , and the settlement of the rubble filling of Romanesque and Gothic walls and piers is still a major cause for concern . Design ( edit ) There were no standard textbooks on building in the Middle Ages . Master craftsmen transferred their knowledge through apprenticeships and from father to son . Trade secrets were closely guarded , as they were the source of a craftsman 's livelihood . Drawings only survive from the later period . Parchment was too expensive to be commonly used and paper did not appear until the end of the period . Models were used for designing structures and could be built to large scales . Details were mostly designed at full size on tracing floors , some of which survive . Labour ( edit ) In general , medieval buildings were built by paid workers . Unskilled work was done by labourers paid by the day . Skilled craftsmen served apprenticeships or learned their trade from their parents . It is not clear how many women were members of a guild holding a monopoly on a particular trade in a defined area ( usually within the town walls ) . Towns were in general very small by modern standards and dominated by the dwellings of a small number of rich nobles or merchants , and by cathedrals and churches . Techniques ( edit ) Church in Kizhi , Russia is listed as a UNESCO world heritage site as a building constructed entirely out of wood , in the log building technique Romanesque buildings of the period 600 -- 1100 AD were entirely roofed in timber or had stone barrel vaults covered by timber roofs . The Gothic style of architecture with its vaults , flying buttresses and pointed gothic arches developed in the twelfth century , and in the centuries that followed ever more incredible feats of constructional daring were achieved in stone . Thin stone vaults and towering buildings were constructed using rules derived by trial and error . Failures were frequent , particularly in difficult areas such as crossing towers . The pile driver was invented around 1500 . Achievements ( edit ) The scale of fortifications and castle building in the Middle Ages was remarkable , but the outstanding buildings of the period were the Gothic cathedrals with thin masonry vaults and walls of glass . Outstanding examples are : Beauvais Cathedral , Chartres Cathedral , King 's College Chapel and Notre Dame , Paris . Renaissance ( edit ) Further information : Renaissance Architecture The Renaissance in Italy , the invention of moveable type and the Reformation changed the character of building . The rediscovery of Vitruvius had a strong influence . During the Middle Ages buildings were designed by the people that built them . The master mason and master carpenters learnt their trades by word of mouth and relied on experience , models and rules of thumb to determine the sizes of building elements . Vitruvius however describes in detail the education of the perfect architect who , he said , must be skilled in all the arts and sciences . Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the first of the new style of architects . He started life as a goldsmith and educated himself in Roman architecture by studying ruins . He went on to engineer the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence . Materials ( edit ) The major breakthroughs in this period were to do with the technology of conversion . Water mills in most of western Europe were used to saw timber and convert trees into planks . Bricks were used in ever increasing quantities . In Italy the brickmakers were organised into guilds although the kilns were mostly in rural areas because of the risk of fire and easy availability of firewood and brickearth . Brickmakers were typically paid by the brick , which gave them an incentive to make them too small . As a result , legislation was laid down regulating the minimum sizes and each town kept measures against which bricks had to be compared . An increasing amount of ironwork was used in roof carpentry for straps and tension members . The iron was fixed using forelock bolts . The screw - threaded bolt ( and nut ) could be made and are found in clockmaking in this period , but they were labour - intensive and thus not used on large structures . Roofing was typically of terracotta roof tiles . In Italy they followed Roman precedents . In northern Europe plain tiles were used . Stone , where available , remained the material of choice for prestige buildings . Design ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rebirth of the idea of an architect in the Renaissance radically changed the nature of building design . The Renaissance reintroduced the classical style of architecture . Leon Battista Alberti 's treatise on architecture raised the subject to a new level , defining architecture as something worthy of study by the aristocracy . Previously it was viewed merely as a technical art , suited only to the artisan . The resulting change in status of architecture and more importantly the architect is key to understanding the changes in the process of design . The Renaissance architect was often an artist ( a painter or sculptor ) who had little knowledge of building technology but a keen grasp of the rules of classical design . The architect thus had to provide detailed drawings for the craftsmen setting out the disposition of the various parts . This was what is called the process of design , from the Italian word for drawing . Occasionally the architect would get involved in particularly difficult technical problems but the technical side of architecture was mainly left up to the craftsmen . This change in the way buildings were designed had a fundamental difference on the way problems were approached . Where the Medieval craftsmen tended to approach a problem with a technical solution in mind , the Renaissance architects started with an idea of what the end product needed to look like and then searched around for a way of making it work . This led to extraordinary leaps forward in engineering . Labour ( edit ) The structure of the dome of Florence cathedral , showing the double skin structure Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's Tower of Babel , illustrating construction techniques of the 16th century Labour in the Renaissance was much the same as in the Middle Ages : buildings were built by paid workers . Unskilled work was done by labourers paid by the day . Skilled craftsmen served apprenticeships or learned their trade from their parents . Craftsmen were organized in guilds which provided a limited form of building regulation in return for members of the guild holding a monopoly on a particular trade in a defined area ( usually within the town walls ) . Towns were in general very small by modern standards and dominated by the dwellings of a small number of rich nobles or merchants and cathedrals and churches . Technical advances ( edit ) The wish to return to classical architecture created problems for the Renaissance buildings . The builders did not use concrete and thus comparable vaults and domes had to be replicated in brick or stone . The greatest technical feats were undoubtedly in these areas . The first major breakthrough was Brunelleschi 's project for the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore . Brunelleschi managed to devise a way of building a huge dome without formwork , relying instead on the weight of the bricks and the way they were laid to keep them in position and the shape of the dome to keep it standing . The exact way the dome was built is still subject to debate today as it is not possible to take the dome apart to study its construction without destroying it . The dome is a double skin , linked by ribs , with a series of wooden and stone chains around it at intervals to attempt to deal with hoop stresses . Brunelleschi 's dome was completed ( up to the base of the lantern ) in 1446 . Its size was soon surpassed by the dome of St Peter 's , built using flying scaffolding supported on the cornices and constructed using two stone shells . The seventeenth century ( edit ) The seventeenth century saw the birth of modern science which would have profound effects on building construction in the centuries to come . The major breakthroughs were towards the end of the century when architect - engineers began to use experimental science to inform the form of their buildings . However it was not until the eighteenth century that engineering theory developed sufficiently to allow sizes of members to be calculated . Seventeenth - century structures relied strongly on experience , rules of thumb and the use of scale models . Materials and tools ( edit ) The major breakthrough in this period was in the manufacture of glass , with the first cast plate glass being developed in France . Iron was increasingly employed in structures . Christopher Wren used iron hangers to suspend floor beams at Hampton Court Palace , and iron rods to repair Salisbury Cathedral and strengthen the dome of St Paul 's Cathedral . Most buildings had stone ashlar surfaces covering rubble cores , held together with lime mortar . Experiments were made mixing lime with other materials to provide a hydraulic mortar , but there was still no equivalent of the Roman concrete . In England , France and the Dutch Republic , cut and gauged brickwork was used to provide detailed and ornate facades . The triangulated roof truss was introduced to England and used by Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren . Many tools have been made obsolete by modern technology , but the line gauge , plumb - line , the carpenter 's square , the spirit level , and the drafting compass are still in regular use . Methods ( edit ) Despite the birth of experimental science , the methods of construction in this period remained largely medieval . The same types of crane that had been used in previous centuries were being still being employed . Flying scaffolds were employed at St Paul 's Cathedral , England and in the dome of St Peters , Rome , but otherwise the same types of timber scaffolding that had been in use centuries before were retained . Cranes and scaffolding depended on timber . Complex systems of pulleys allowed comparatively large loads to be lifted , and long ramps were used to haul loads up to the upper parts of buildings . The eighteenth century ( edit ) The eighteenth century saw the development of many the ideas that had been born in the late seventeenth century . The architects and engineers became increasingly professionalised . Experimental science and mathematical methods became increasingly sophisticated and employed in buildings . At the same time the birth of the industrial revolution saw an increase in the size of cities and increase in the pace and quantity of construction . Materials ( edit ) The major breakthroughs in this period were in the use of iron ( both cast and wrought ) . Iron columns had been used in Wren 's designs for the House of Commons and were used in several early eighteenth - century churches in London , but these supported only galleries . In the second half of the eighteenth century the decreasing costs of iron production allowed the construction of major pieces of iron engineering . The Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale ( 1779 ) is a particularly notable example . Large - scale mill construction required fire - proof buildings and cast iron became increasingly used for columns and beams to carry brick vaults for floors . The Louvre in Paris boasted an early example of a wrought - iron roof . Steel was used in the manufacture of tools but could not be made in sufficient quantities to be used for building . Brick production increased markedly during this period . Many buildings throughout Europe were built of brick , but they were often coated in lime render , sometimes patterned to look like stone . Brick production itself changed little . Bricks were moulded by hand and fired in kilns no different to those used for centuries before . Terracotta in the form of Coade stone was used as an artificial stone in the UK . The nineteenth century : industrial revolution ( edit ) The industrial revolution was manifested in new kinds of transportation installations , such as railways , canals and macadam roads . These required large amounts of investment . New construction devices included steam engines , machine tools , explosives and optical surveying . The steam engine combined with two other technologies which blossomed in the nineteenth century , the circular saw and machine cut nails , lead to the use of balloon framing and the decline of traditional timber framing . As steel was mass - produced from the mid-19th century , it was used , in form of I - beams and reinforced concrete . Glass panes also went into mass production , and changed from luxury to every man 's property . Plumbing appeared , and gave common access to drinking water and sewage collection . Building codes have been applied since the 19th century , with special respect to fire safety . The twentieth century ( edit ) Woolworth Building under construction in 1912 A structural worker on the Empire State Building . Workers such as this man were often referred to as `` old timers '' because in that time era , most men working on building structures were middle - aged . Burj Khalifa , the world 's tallest building , was finished in 2010 . With the Second Industrial Revolution in the early 20th century , elevators and cranes made high rise buildings and skyscrapers possible , while heavy equipment and power tools decreased the workforce needed . Other new technologies were prefabrication and computer - aided design . Trade unions were formed to protect construction workers ' interests . Personal protective equipment such as hard hats and earmuffs also came into use . From the 20th century , governmental construction projects were used as a part of macroeconomic stimulation policies , especially during the Great depression ( see New Deal ) . For economy of scale , whole suburbs , towns and cities , including infrastructure , are often planned and constructed within the same project ( called megaproject if the cost exceeds US $1 billion ) , such as Brasília in Brazil , and the Million Programme in Sweden . In the end of the 20th century , ecology , energy conservation and sustainable development have become more important issues of construction . Academic discipline ( edit ) There is no established academic discipline of construction history but a growing number of researchers and academics are working in this field , including structural engineers , archaeologists , architects , historians of technology and architectural historians . Although the subject has been studied since the Renaissance and there were a number of important studies in the nineteenth century , it largely went out of fashion in the mid-twentieth century . In the last thirty years there has been an enormous increase in interest in this field , which is vital to the growing practice of building conservation . Early writers ( edit ) The earliest surviving book detailing historical building techniques is the treatise of the Roman author , Vitruvius , but his approach was neither scholarly nor systematic . Much later , in the Renaissance , Vasari mentions Filippo Brunelleschi 's interest in researching Roman building techniques , although if he wrote anything on the subject it does not survive . In the seventeenth century , Rusconi 's illustrations for his version of Leon Battista Alberti 's treatise explicitly show Roman wall construction but most of the interest in antiquity was in understanding its proportions and detail and the architects of the time were content to build using current techniques . While early archaeological studies and topographic works such as the engravings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi show Roman construction they were not explicitly analytical and much of what they do show is made up . Nineteenth - century studies ( edit ) In the nineteenth century , lecturers increasingly illustrated their lectures with images of building techniques used in the past and these type of images increasingly appeared in construction text books , such as Rondelet 's . The greatest advances however were made by English and French ( and later German ) architects attempting to understand , record and analyse Gothic buildings . Typical of this type of writing are the works of Robert Willis in England , Viollet - le - Duc in France and Ungewitter in Germany . None of these however were seeking to suggest that the history of construction represented a new approach to the subject of architectural history . August Choisy was perhaps the first author to seriously attempt to undertake such a study . The early twentieth century studies ( edit ) Santiago Heurta has suggested that it was modernism , with its emphasis on the employment of new materials , that abruptly ended the interest in construction history that appeared to have been growing in the last few decades of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth . With the advent of concrete and steel frame construction , architects , who had been the chief audience for such studies , were no longer as interested as they had been in understanding traditional construction , which suddenly appeared redundant . Very little was thus published between 1920 and 1950 . The revival of interest started in archaeology with the studies of Roman construction in the 1950s , but it was not until the 1980s that construction history began to emerge as an independent field . The late twentieth century ( edit ) By the end of the twentieth century , steel and concrete construction were themselves becoming the subject of historical investigation. The Construction History Society was formed in the UK in 1982 . It produces the only academic international journal devoted to the subject annually . The First International Congress on Construction History was held in Madrid in 2003 . This was followed by the Second International Congress in 2006 in Queens College , Cambridge , England and the Third International Congress held in Cottbus in 2009 , and the Fourth International Congress held in Paris in July 2012 See also ( edit ) Architecture portal History of architecture History of structural engineering History of water supply and sanitation The Construction History Society Timeline of architecture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alfred Swenson and Pao - Chi Chang , `` History of Building '' Jump up ^ Atkinson , Richard , Stonehenge Penguin Books 1956 Jump up ^ A paper showing the joints used at Stonehenge Jump up ^ Johnson , Anthony , Solving Stonehenge : The New Key to an Ancient Enigma . ( Thames & Hudson , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 Jump up ^ Trudy S. Kawami , `` Parthian Brick Vaults in Mesopotamia , Their Antecedents and Descendants '' Columbia University Jump up ^ Alfred Swenson and Pao - Chi Chang ( Britannica ) , `` The History of Building Construction Jump up ^ Hunt , Norman . Living in ancient Greece . New York , N.Y. : Chelsea House Publishers , 2009 . 24 . ISBN 0816063397 Jump up ^ Strickland , Carol , and Amy Handy . The Annotated Arch : A Crash Course in the History of Architecture . Kansas City , MO : Andrews McMeel Pub. , 2001 . 12 . ISBN 0740710249 Jump up ^ `` The History of Building '' Jump up ^ Stephany , Erich Der Dom zu Aachen ( Aachen Cathedral ) Arend und Ortmann , Aachen , 1972 Jump up ^ Upton , Dell . Architecture in the United States . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 . 153 . ISBN 019284217X Jump up ^ Bill Addis . Building : 3000 years of Design Engineering and Construction . Phaidon. 2007 . p. 632 Jump up ^ A. Becchi , M. Corradi , F. Foce & O. Pedemonte ( eds . ) . Construction History : Research Perspectives in Europe . Associazione Eduardo Benvenuto. 2004 Jump up ^ http://www.constructionhistory.co.uk Jump up ^ First International Congress on Construction History Madrid 2003 Jump up ^ Second International Congress on Construction History'at University of Cambridge , 2006 Jump up ^ Third International Congress on Construction History May 2009 Jump up ^ Fourth International Congress on Construction History Paris , July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historical building construction . History of construction at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Construction History Society ( International ) ( 1 ) Construction History Society ( USA ) ( 2 ) Sociedad Espanola de Historia de la Construction ( in Spanish ) ( 3 ) I. International Congress on Construction History : Congress Page ( English ) including free online proceedings ( 4 ) II . International Congress on Construction History : Congress Page ( English ) including free online proceedings ( 5 ) III . International Congress on Construction History : Congress page ( English ) including free online proceedings ( 6 ) and review ( 7 ) ( German ) IV . International Congress on Construction History : to be held in Paris in 2012 ( 8 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_construction&oldid=833064579 '' Categories : History of construction History of industries Hidden categories : Articles needing more viewpoints from January 2013 Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing cleanup from May 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2016 Pages with too many photos Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Română Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what is one of the greatest structural achievements of the bronze age
|
[
"During the Bronze Age the corbelled arch came into use such as for beehive tombs. The wheel came into use but was not common until much later. Heavy loads were moved on boats, sledges (a primitive sled) or on rollers. The Egyptians began building stone temples with the post and lintel construction method and the Greeks and Romans followed this style."
] |
[
"the corbelled arch"
] |
6921477575121526761
|
Kim Hyde
|
Kim Hyde - Wikipedia Kim Hyde Kim Hyde Home and Away character Portrayed by Chris Hemsworth Duration 2004 -- 2007 First appearance 17 February 2004 Last appearance 3 July 2007 Introduced by Julie McGauran Book appearances Home and Away : Mayday Classification Former , regular Profile Occupation Student Lifeguard Personal trainer Home Sydney show Family Father Barry Hyde Mother Kerry Hyde Brothers Jonathan Hyde Wife Rachel Armstrong ( 2006 -- 07 ) Kit Hunter ( 2007 -- ) Sons Archie Hunter Hyde Grandfathers Jim Hyde Aunts Lorraine Robertson Kimberly Jonathan `` Kim '' Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away , played by Chris Hemsworth . He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) Hemsworth originally auditioned for the role of Robbie Hunter , but he was turned down by the Home and Away producers and the role went to Jason Smith . Hemsworth was then asked to return and try out for the role of Kim Hyde . He won the role and had to relocate to Sydney to film his scenes . Of joining Home and Away , Hemsworth said `` The role in Home and Away is consistent work for me and is a great experience . It is so fast - paced and basically it allows me to learn a lot about the industry . '' Hemsworth appeared for three and a half years on Home and Away , before leaving in 2007 to focus on his film career . Hemsworth returned to the set of Home and Away in November 2014 to film a scene in the Pier Diner , as an extra and not as his character Kim Hyde , in which he was seen at a table in the background , wearing a black baseball cap . He appeared in the episode broadcast on 19 May 2015 . Storylines ( edit ) Kim arrives in Summer Bay after his father , Barry ( Ivar Kants ) is appointed principal of Summer Bay High at the start of the school year . It is clear the two do not get along and already had previous issues when Barry taught at Kim 's previous school . He quickly befriends Robbie and embarrasses him in front of his girlfriend Tasha Andrews ( Isabel Lucas ) when he questions Robbie 's virginity . The moment is interrupted when the three witness Noah Lawson ( Beau Brady ) wipe out while surfing . Kim dives into the sea and saves Noah . Robbie and Tasha are impressed with his heroics and suggest he join a swimming team , which Kim declines having previously been on one . Kim and Barry 's relationship becomes more and more strained to the point where Kim moves in with Tasha and Irene Roberts . His ex , Brooke McPherson ( Alyssa McClelland ) returns , telling him he is the father of her son Charlie . Kim is furious when realises Barry knew about the child but grows to love Charlie . The truth is revealed that Charlie is not his son and Brooke leaves , with Kim and Barry 's relationship no better than before . He then drops out of school and begins working at the gym after Tasha buys him a share much to his father 's chagrin . He re-enrolls after Noah 's death and participates in a memorial concert . Matilda Hunter ( Indiana Evans ) takes an interest in Kim and feigns drowning to get his attention only for it to backfire and end up struggling for real . However , she is rescued . Matilda overhears Kim talking to Robbie and saying he will ask out his sister . However , Kim means Robbie and Matilda 's older sister , Kit ( Amy Mizzi ) . Kim and Kit begin a relationship before she heads to Paris . Kim gets his driver 's license and takes a camping trip with Robbie and Tasha . Robbie steps on a needle and fears he has contracted HIV . Kim supports him , but their friendship becomes somewhat strained when Robbie 's behaviour becomes erratic . During this time , Kim becomes close to Noah 's widow , Hayley ( Bec Cartwright ; Ella Scott Lynch ) and they have a brief fling which ends . Kim dates Eve Jacobsen ( Emily Perry ) , who is using the identity of Zoe McCallister . When Kim returns from the city after a break , he is alarmed to learn that Eve has apparently died and was the Summer Bay Stalker . His next big shock is Hayley is pregnant and he is possibly the father , Scott Hunter ( Kip Gamblin ) who is dating Hayley is also a possibility . Scott and Hayley break up , and Kim gets together with Hayley and he proposes , but some people suspect Hayley is only with Kim because of the baby . On the day of the wedding , Hayley discovers she still loves Scott and jilts Kim at the altar . Scott proposes to Hayley and they plan to leave Summer Bay with baby Noah , which infuriates Kim and he seeks legal advice . After a meeting , Kim is run over by a car and it is revealed he does not share the baby 's blood type , meaning he is not the father despite paternity results saying so ( they were secretly swapped by Eve ) . Scott and Hayley leave for Paris and Kim becomes depressed . He then befriends Kylie Kopperton ( Leah Etkind ) who introduces him to ecstasy . Kim overdoses one night and is thrown out of a car outside the hospital during the storm . Rachel Armstrong ( Amy Mathews ) finds him and he is revived . She becomes his counsellor in order to help him handle his recent grief . They become closer and Kim steps up his quest to woo her and they become a couple . Brian Helpman ( John Noble ) , Rachel 's superior begins blackmailing her about the relationship and Rachel is forced to come clean and is luckily able to continue as a doctor . Kim is shocked when Barry is unmasked as the murderer of local mayor Josh West ( Daniel Collopy ) who blackmailed him about the death of Kim 's mother , Kerry and stands by his father . During this time , Charlie McKinnon ( Matt Levett ) befriends Kim and Rachel and becomes dangerously obsessed with Kim . Charlie kidnaps Rachel but he is foiled and instituationalised . When Eve reappears much to the shock of everyone at Jack Holden ( Paul O'Brien ) and Martha MacKenzie 's ( Jodi Gordon ) wedding and causes an explosion which kills her , Tracey Thompson ( Sarah Enright ) and Rachel 's mother , Elaine ( Julie Hudspeth ) , Kim is among the casualties . He , Robbie , Matilda , Martha , Kit and Belle Taylor ( Jessica Tovey ) are airlifted to the city but their helicopter crashes in the bush , leaving them stranded . While the others go for help , Kim stays behind with Kit and fearing they will die , the pair have sex . The party is found and Kim and Kit 's liaison is revealed to Rachel , who forgives Kim . Following an unfounded accusation from Tara O'Neill ( Cashelle Dunn ) of sexual assault and his wedding to Rachel , the drama in Kim 's life escalates when Kit returns for the Christmas , announcing she is pregnant with their child . Rachel has some difficulty accepting after plans to adopt Lee Morton 's ( Natasha Lee ) newborn son Joe , fall through . Kim and Kit grow closer together and Kim and Rachel 's marriage begins to feel strained . Kim and Kit share a kiss , and following the revelation that Rachel slept with Hugh Sullivan ( Rodger Corser ) , Kim decides to leave her and be with Kit and baby Archie in the city . Reception ( edit ) For his portrayal of Kim , Hemsworth won the Most Popular New Male Talent award at the 2005 Logie Awards , he also received a nomination for Most Popular Actor . The following year , Hemsworth was again nominated for Most Popular Actor . At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards , Hemsworth earned a nomination for Best Exit . Hannah Rand of The Daily Telegraph said Hemsworth was `` born to play hunky high school dropout '' Kim , due to his physique and pin - up looks . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rand , Hannah ( 25 January 2009 ) . `` Home and Away in LA '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Hemsworth '' . Yahoo ! 7 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Hemsworth Is ' Thor ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth : ' Natalie Portman kiss crazy ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay ! '' . TV Week . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , Jonathon ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 TV Week Logie Awards '' . TV Week . Ninemsn . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Browne , Rachel ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` TV & Radio '' . The Sun - Herald . Fairfax Media . p. 46 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Lucy ( 4 May 2006 ) . `` What 's the value of a Logie ? '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . p. 3 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 21 March 2008 ) . `` Digital Spy Soap Awards 2008 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Character profile at Yahoo ! 7 Home and Away characters Present characters Marilyn Chambers Willow Harris Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hyde&oldid=841775756 '' Categories : Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional lifeguards Fictional personal trainers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use Australian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 00 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who does chris hemsworth play in home and away
|
[
"Kimberly Jonathan \"Kim\" Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007.\n"
] |
[
"Kimberly Jonathan \"Kim\" Hyde"
] |
-4120425465617795772
|
Sebaceous gland
|
Sebaceous gland - wikipedia Sebaceous gland This is the current revision of this page , as edited by MinusBot ( talk contribs ) at 02 : 26 , 14 June 2017 ( Proper minus signs and other cleanup . Report bugs , errors , and suggestions at User talk : MinusBot ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 02 : 26 , 14 June 2017 by MinusBot ( talk contribs ) ( Proper minus signs and other cleanup . Report bugs , errors , and suggestions at User talk : MinusBot ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Sebaceous gland Schematic view of hair follicle and sebaceous gland . Cross-section of all skin layers . A hair follicle with associated structures . ( Sebaceous glands labeled at center left . ) Details Identifiers Latin glandula sebacea MeSH A10. 336.827 Dorlands / Elsevier 12392642 TA A16. 0.00. 030 FMA 59160 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter , called sebum , to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals . In humans , they occur in the greatest number on the face and scalp , but also on all parts of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet . The type of secretion of the sebaceous glands is referred to as holocrine . In the eyelids , meibomian glands , also called tarsal glands , are a type of sebaceous gland that secrete a special type of sebum into tears . Fordyce spots are ectopic ( misplaced ) sebaceous glands found usually on the lips , gums and inner cheeks , and genitals . Areolar glands surround the female nipples . Preputial glands also known as Tyson 's glands are found in the genitals of both sexes of mice and rats . Several related medical conditions involve sebum -- including acne , sebaceous cysts , hyperplasia , and sebaceous adenoma . These are usually attributable to overactive sebaceous glands , which produce excess sebum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Location 1.2 Development 2 Function 2.1 Sebum 2.2 Immune function and nutrition 2.3 Unique sebaceous glands 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Acne 3.2 Other 4 History 5 Other animals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Location ( edit ) The sebaceous glands are found throughout all areas of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet . There are two types of sebaceous gland , those connected to hair follicles , in pilosebaceous units , and those that exist independently . Sebaceous glands are found in hair - covered areas , where they are connected to hair follicles . One or more glands may surround each hair follicle , and the glands themselves are surrounded by arrector pili muscles . The glands have an acinar structure ( like a many - lobed berry ) , in which multiple glands branch off a central duct . Relative to keratinocytes that make up the hair follicle , sebaceous glands are composed of huge cells with many large vesicles that contain the sebum . These cells express Na and Cl ion channels , ENaC and CFTR ( see Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 in reference ) . The glands deposit sebum on the hairs , and bring it to the skin surface along the hair shaft . The structure consisting of hair , hair follicle , arrector pili muscles , and sebaceous gland is an epidermal invagination known as a pilosebaceous unit . Sebaceous glands are also found in hairless areas ( glabrous skin ) of the eyelids , nose , penis , labia minora , the inner mucosal membrane of the cheek , and nipples . Some sebaceous glands have unique names . Sebaceous glands on the lip and mucosa of the cheek , and on the genitalia , are known as Fordyce spots , and glands on the eyelids are known as meibomian glands . Sebaceous glands of the breast are also known as Montgomery 's glands . Development ( edit ) Sebaceous glands are first visible from the 13th to the 16th week of fetal development , as bulgings off hair follicles . Sebaceous glands develop from the same tissue that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin . Overexpression of the signalling factors Wnt , Myc and SHH all increase the likelihood of sebaceous gland presence . The sebaceous glands of a human fetus secrete a substance called vernix caseosa , a waxy , translucent white substance coating the skin of newborns . After birth , activity of the glands decreases until there is almost no activity during ages 2 -- 6 years , and then increases to a peak of activity during puberty , due to heightened levels of androgens . Base of pilosebaceous unit Insertion of sebaceous glands into hair shaft Sagittal section through the upper eyelid . A hair follicle with associated structures . Function ( edit ) Sebaceous glands secrete the oily , waxy substance called sebum ( Latin : fat , tallow ) that is made of triglycerides , wax esters , squalene , and metabolites of fat - producing cells . Sebum waterproofs and lubricates the skin and hair of mammals . Sebaceous secretions in conjunction with apocrine glands also play an important thermoregulatory role . In hot conditions , the secretions emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine glands and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat . This is of importance in delaying dehydration . In colder conditions , the nature of sebum becomes more lipid and in coating the hair and skin , rain is effectively repelled . Sebum is produced in a holocrine process , in which cells within the sebaceous gland rupture and disintegrate as they release the sebum and the cell remnants are secreted together with the sebum . The cells are constantly replaced by mitosis at the base of the duct . Sebum ( edit ) Sebum , secreted by the sebaceous gland in humans , is primarily composed of triglycerides ( ~ 41 % ) , wax esters ( ~ 26 % ) , squalene ( ~ 12 % ) , and free fatty acids ( ~ 16 % ) . The composition of sebum varies across species . Wax esters and squalene are unique to sebum and not produced as final products anywhere else in the body . Sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans , and is implicated in the development of acne . Sebum is odorless , but its breakdown by bacteria can produce strong odors . Sex steroids are known to affect the rate of sebum secretion ; androgens such as testosterone have been shown to stimulate secretion , and estrogens have been shown to inhibit secretion . Dihydrotestosterone acts as the primary androgen in the prostate and in hair follicles . Immune function and nutrition ( edit ) Sebaceous glands are part of the body 's integumentary system and serve to protect the body against germs . Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the acid mantle . This is a very fine , slightly acidic film on the surface of the skin that acts as a barrier to bacteria , viruses , and other potential contaminants that might penetrate the skin . The pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 6.2 , and this acidity helps to neutralise the primarily alkaline nature of contaminants . Sebaceous lipids make an important contribution in maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier , and express both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties . Sebum may act as a delivery system for antioxidants , antimicrobial lipids , pheromones , and hydration of the stratum corneum . The insoluble fatty acids contained within sebum have broad antimicrobial activity . Additionally , sebaceous gland secretion provides vitamin E to the upper layers of facial skin . Unique sebaceous glands ( edit ) During the last three months of fetal development , the sebaceous glands of the fetus produce vernix caseosa , a waxy white substance that coats the skin to protect it from amniotic fluid . The areolar glands are in the areola that surrounds the nipple in the female breast . These glands secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the nipple , and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn . During pregnancy and lactation these glands , also called Montgomery 's glands , become enlarged . Meibomian glands , in the eyelids , secrete a form of sebum called meibum onto the eye , that slows the evaporation of tears . It also serves to create an airtight seal when the eyes are closed and its lipid quality also prevents the eyelids from sticking together . The meibomian glands are also known as tarsal glands , Zeis glands and palpebral glands . They attach directly to the follicles of the eyelashes , which are arranged vertically within the tarsal plates of the eyelids . Fordyce spots , or Fordyce granules , are ectopic sebaceous glands found on the genitals and oral mucosa . They show themselves as yellowish - white milia ( milk spots ) . Earwax is partly composed of sebum produced by glands in the ear canal . These secretions are viscous and have a high lipid content , which provides good lubrication . Clinical significance ( edit ) Conditions of sebaceous glands . Sebaceous glands are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris . In the skin pores , sebum and keratin can create a hyperkeratotic plug called a comedo . Acne ( edit ) Main article : Acne Acne is a very common problem , particularly during puberty in teenagers , and is thought to relate to an increased production of sebum due to hormonal factors . The increased production of sebum can lead to a blockage of the sebaceous gland duct . This can cause a comedo , ( commonly called a blackhead or a whitehead ) , which can lead to infection , particularly by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes . This can inflame the comedones , which then change into the characteristic acne lesions . Comedones generally occur on the areas with more sebaceous glands , particularly the face , shoulders , upper chest and back . Comedones may be ' black ' or ' white ' depending on whether the entire pilosebaceous unit , or just the sebaceous duct , is blocked . Sebaceous filaments -- innocuous build - ups of sebum -- are often mistaken for whiteheads . There are many treatments available for acne from reducing sugars in the diet , to medications that include antibiotics , benzoyl peroxide , retinoids and hormonal treatments . Retinoids reduce the amount of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands . Should the usual treatments fail , the presence of the Demodex mite could be looked for as the possible cause . Other ( edit ) Other conditions that involve the sebaceous glands include : Seborrhoea refers to overactive sebaceous glands , a cause of oily skin or hair . Sebaceous hyperplasia , referring to excessive proliferation of the cells within the glands , and visible macroscopically as small papules on the skin , particularly on the forehead , nose and cheeks . Seborrhoeic dermatitis , a chronic , usually mild form of dermatitis effected by changes in the sebaceous glands . In newborn infants seborrhoea dermatitis can occur as cradle cap . Seborrheic - like psoriasis ( also known as `` Sebopsoriasis , '' and `` Seborrhiasis '' ) is a skin condition characterized by psoriasis with an overlapping seborrheic dermatitis . Sebaceous adenoma , a benign slow - growing tumour -- which may , however , in rare cases be a precursor to a cancer syndrome known as Muir -- Torre syndrome . Sebaceous carcinoma , an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous tumour . Sebaceous cyst is a term used to refer to both an epidermoid cyst and a pilar cyst , though neither of these contain sebum , only keratin and do not originate in the sebaceous gland and so are not true sebaceous cysts . A true sebaceous cyst is relatively rare and is known as a steatocystoma . Phymatous rosacea is a cutaneous condition characterized by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands . History ( edit ) The word sebaceous , meaning `` consisting of sebum '' , was first termed in 1728 and comes from the Latin for tallow . Sebaceous glands have been documented since at least 1746 by Jean Astruc , who defined them as `` ... the glands which separate the fat . '' He describes them in the oral cavity , on the head , eyelids and ears , as `` universally '' acknowledged. , viii Astruc describes them being blocked by `` small animals '' that are `` implanted '' in the excretory ducts , and attributes their presence in the oral cavity to apthous ulcers , noting `` these glands naturally ( secrete ) a viscous humour , which puts on various colours and consistencies ... in its natural state is very mild , balsamic , and intended to wet and lubricate the mouth '' In The Principles of Physiology 1834 , A. Combe noted that the glands were not present in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet . Other animals ( edit ) File : Cheiromeles torquatus. jpg Example of a gular gland in a male black bonneted bat The preputial glands of mice and rats are large modified sebaceous glands that produce pheromones used for territorial marking . These and the scent glands in the flanks of hamsters have a similar composition to human sebaceous glands , are androgen responsive , and have been used as a basis for study . Some species of bat , including the Mexican free - tailed , have a specialized sebaceous gland occurring on the throat called a `` gular gland . '' This gland is present more frequently in males than females , and it is hypothesized that the secretions of the gland are used for scent - marking . Sebaceous adenitis is an autoimmune disease that affects sebaceous glands . It is mainly known to occur in dogs , particularly poodles and akitas , where it is thought to be generally autosomal recessively inherited . It has also been described in cats , and one report describes this condition in a rabbit . In these animals , it causes hair loss , though the nature and distribution of the hair loss differs greatly . See also ( edit ) List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system Sebaceous filament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk M. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Barbra ; Lowe , James S ; Stevens , Alan ; Heath , John W ; Deakin , Philip J ( March 2006 ) . Wheater 's Functional Histology ( 5 ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 175 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Boggula VR , Vaknine H , Sharma S , Kleyman T , Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ) . `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748 . PMID 28130590 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , K.R. ; Thiboutot , D.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Thematic Review Series : Skin Lipids . Sebaceous Gland Lipids : Friend Or Foe ? '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 49 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 281 . PMID 17975220 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. R700015 - JLR200 . ^ Jump up to : Thiboutot , D ( July 2004 ) . `` Regulation of human sebaceous glands . '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 123 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . PMID 15191536 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1747.2004. t01 - 2 -. x . ^ Jump up to : Thody , A.J. ; Shuster , S. ( 1989 ) . `` Control and Function of Sebaceous Glands '' . Physiological Reviews . 69 ( 2 ) : 383 -- 416 . PMID 2648418 . Jump up ^ `` Exercise 15 : Hair '' , VT.edu , 2008 , webpage : Vetmed - lab15 . Jump up ^ Lampe MA , Burlingame AL , Whitney J , Williams ML , Brown BE , Roitman E , Elias PM ( 1983 ) . `` Human stratum corneum lipids : characterization and regional variations '' . J. Lipid Res. 24 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 30 . PMID 6833889 . Jump up ^ Dellmann 's textbook of veterinary histology ( 405 pages ) , Jo Ann Coers Eurell , Brian L. Frappier , 2006 , p. 29 , weblink : Books - Google - RTOC . ^ Jump up to : Zouboulis , C.C. ( 2004 ) . `` Acne and Sebaceous Gland Function '' . Clinics in Dermatology. 22 ( 5 ) : 360 -- 366 . PMID 15556719 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2004.03. 004 . Jump up ^ Porter AM ( 2001 ) . `` Why do we have apocrine and sebaceous glands ? '' . JR Soc Med. 94 ( 5 ) : 236 -- 7 . PMC 1281456 . PMID 11385091 . Jump up ^ Victor Eroschenko , diFiore 's Atlas of Histology with functional correlations , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 10th edition , 2005 . p. 41 Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 866 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cheng JB , Russell DW ; Russell ( September 2004 ) . `` Mammalian Wax Biosynthesis II : Expression cloning of wax synthase cDNAs encoding a member of the acyltransferase enzyme family '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 ( 36 ) : 37798 -- 807 . PMC 2743083 . PMID 15220349 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M406226200 . Jump up ^ Webster , Guy F. ; Anthony V. Rawlings ( 2007 ) . Acne and Its Therapy . Basic and clinical dermatology. 40 . CRC Press . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 2971 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Draelos , Zoe Diana ( 2005 ) . Hair care : an illustrated dermatologic handbook . London ; New York : Taylor & Francis . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84184 - 194 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Thomas M ( December 1968 ) . `` The Effect of Estrogen and Androgen on the Sebaceous Gland Turnover Time '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 53 : 8 -- 10 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1969.100 . Jump up ^ Amory JK , Anawalt BD , Matsumoto AM , Page ST , Bremner WJ , Wang C , Swerdloff RS , Clark RV ( June 2008 ) . `` The effect of 5alpha - reductase inhibition with dutasteride and finasteride on bone mineral density , serum lipoproteins , hemoglobin , prostate specific antigen and sexual function in healthy young men '' . J. Urol. 179 ( 6 ) : 2333 -- 8 . PMC 2684818 . PMID 18423697 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2008.01. 145 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , P.F. Millington , R. ( 1983 ) . Skin ( Digitally printed version ed . ) . Cambridge ( GB ) ( etc . ) : Cambridge university press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24122 - 9 . Jump up ^ Monika - Hildegard Schmid - Wendtner ; Korting Schmid - Wendtner ( 2007 ) . Ph and Skin Care . ABW Wissenschaftsverlag . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 936072 - 64 - 8 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Zlotogorski A ( 1987 ) . `` Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of adults '' . Arch . Dermatol . Res. 279 ( 6 ) : 398 -- 401 . PMID 3674963 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00412626 . Jump up ^ Schmid MH , Korting HC ( 1995 ) . `` The concept of the acid mantle of the skin : its relevance for the choice of skin cleansers '' ( PDF ) . Dermatology ( Basel ) . 191 ( 4 ) : 276 -- 80 . PMID 8573921 . doi : 10.1159 / 000246568 . Jump up ^ Youn , S.W. ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Facial Sebum Secretion in Acne Pathogenesis : Facts and Controversies '' . Clinics in Dermatology. 28 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 11 . PMID 20082943 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2009.03. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Mackenna , R.M.B. ; Wheatley , V.R. ; Wormall , A. ( 1950 ) . `` The Composition of the Surface Skin Fat ( ' Sebum ' ) from the Human Forearm '' . Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 15 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 47 . PMID 14774573 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1950.69 . Jump up ^ `` Thematic Review Series : Skin Lipids . Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface '' . 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Thiele , Jens J. ; Weber , Stefan U. ; Packer , Lester ( 1999 ) . `` Sebaceous Gland Secretion is a Major Physiologic Route of Vitamin E Delivery to Skin '' . Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 113 ( 6 ) : 1006 -- 1010 . PMID 10594744 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1747.1999. 00794. x . Jump up ^ Zouboulis , Christos C. ; et al. , Jens Malte ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Frontiers in Sebaceous Gland Biology and Pathology '' . Experimental Dermatology. 17 ( 6 ) : 542 -- 551 . PMID 18474083 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0625.2008. 00725. x . Jump up ^ Doucet , Sébastien ; Soussignan , Robert ; Sagot , Paul ; Schaal , Benoist ( 2009 ) . Hausberger , Martine , ed . `` The Secretion of Areolar ( Montgomery 's ) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective , Unconditional Responses in Neonates '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 10 ) : e7579 . PMC 2761488 . PMID 19851461 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0007579 . Jump up ^ McCulley , JP ; Shine , WE ( March 2004 ) . `` The lipid layer of tears : dependent on meibomian gland function . '' . Experimental eye research . 78 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 5 . PMID 15106913 . doi : 10.1016 / s0014 - 4835 ( 03 ) 00203 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 781 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 802 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roeser , RJ ; Ballachanda , BB ( December 1997 ) . `` Physiology , pathophysiology , and anthropology / epidemiology of human earcanal secretions . '' . Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 ( 6 ) : 391 -- 400 . PMID 9433685 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine . ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 1267 -- 1268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Jump up ^ Farrell LN , Strauss JS , Stranieri AM ; Strauss ; Stranieri ( December 1980 ) . `` The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13 - cis - retinoic acid . Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple - dose trial '' . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 3 ( 6 ) : 602 -- 11 . PMID 6451637 . doi : 10.1016 / S0190 - 9622 ( 80 ) 80074 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Zhao YE , Peng Y , Wang XL , Wu LP , Wang M , Yan HL , Xiao SX ( 2011 ) . `` Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex : a case - control study '' . J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 12 ( 12 ) : 1008 -- 15 . PMC 3232434 . PMID 22135150 . doi : 10.1631 / jzus. B1100179 . Jump up ^ James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . p. 662 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dessinioti , C. ; Katsambas , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Seborrheic dermatitis : etiology , risk factors , and treatments : facts and controversies '' . Clin Dermatol. 31 ( 4 ) : 343 -- 51 . PMID 23806151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2013.01. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Rapini , Ronald P. ; Bolognia , Jean L. ; Jorizzo , Joseph L. ( 2007 ) . Dermatology : 2 - Volume Set . St. Louis : Mosby . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2999 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nelson BR , Hamlet KR , Gillard M , Railan D , Johnson TM ; Hamlet ; Gillard ; Railan ; Johnson ( July 1995 ) . `` Sebaceous carcinoma '' . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 33 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 ; quiz 16 -- 8 . PMID 7601925 . doi : 10.1016 / 0190 - 9622 ( 95 ) 90001 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Neville BW , Damm DD , Allen CA , Bouquot JE ( 2002 ) . Oral & maxillofacial pathology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9003 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Sebaceous '' . Etymology Online . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Astruc , Jean ( 1746 ) . A General and Compleat Treatise on All the Diseases Incident to Children . J. Nourse . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Stanley A ; Furnari , Domenica ( 1958 ) . `` Slide Agglutination as a Presumptive Test in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida Albicans1 '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 31 ( 5 ) : 251 -- 253 . PMID 13598929 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1958.50 . Jump up ^ Dobson , G.E. ( 1878 ) . Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum . Order of the Trustees . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , M. , & Aoki , A. ( 1973 ) . Fine structure of the gular gland of the free ‐ tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis . Journal of morphology , 141 ( 3 ) , 293 - 305 . Jump up ^ Heideman , P.D. , Erickson , K.R. , & Bowles , J.B. ( 1990 ) . Notes on the breeding biology , gular gland and roost habits of Molossus sinaloae ( Chiroptera , Molossidae ) . Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde , 55 ( 5 ) , 303 - 307 . Jump up ^ Lars Mecklenburg ; Monika Linek ; Desmond J. Tobin ( 15 September 2009 ) . Hair Loss Disorders in Domestic Animals . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 269 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8138 - 1934 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Histology image : 08801loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University - `` Integument : scalp '' Sebaceous Glands at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) ( show ) Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe ( show ) Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebaceous_gland&oldid=785536247 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Glands Secretion Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where would you find the type of gland that secretes an oily substance called sebum
|
[] |
[] |
-6566624660760297912
|
Big Five personality traits
|
Big Five personality traits - wikipedia Big Five personality traits Jump to : navigation , search The relationship between the big five personality traits The Big Five personality traits , also known as the five factor model ( FFM ) , is a model based on common language descriptors of personality . When factor analysis ( a statistical technique ) is applied to personality survey data , some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person . For example , someone described as `` conscientious '' is more likely to be described as `` always prepared '' rather than `` messy '' . This theory is based therefore on the association between words but not on neuropsychological experiments . This theory uses descriptors of common language and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human personality and psyche . The five factors have been defined as openness to experience , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism , often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE . Beneath each proposed global factor , there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors . For example , extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness , assertiveness , excitement seeking , warmth , activity , and positive emotions . That these underlying factors can be found is consistent with the lexical hypothesis : personality characteristics that are most important in peoples ' lives will eventually become a part of their language and , secondly , that more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word . The five factors are : Openness to experience ( inventive / curious vs. consistent / cautious ) . Appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , curiosity , and variety of experience . Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity , creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person has . It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine . High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus , and more likely to engage in risky behaviour or drug taking . Moreover , individuals with high openness are said to pursue self - actualization specifically by seeking out intense , euphoric experiences . Conversely , those with low openness seek to gain fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized as pragmatic and data - driven -- sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed - minded . Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor . Conscientiousness ( efficient / organized vs. easy - going / careless ) . A tendency to be organized and dependable , show self - discipline , act dutifully , aim for achievement , and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior . High conscientiousness is often perceived as stubbornness and obsession . Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity , but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability . Extraversion ( outgoing / energetic vs. solitary / reserved ) . Energy , positive emotions , surgency , assertiveness , sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others , and talkativeness . High extraversion is often perceived as attention - seeking , and domineering . Low extraversion causes a reserved , reflective personality , which can be perceived as aloof or self - absorbed . Agreeableness ( friendly / compassionate vs. challenging / detached ) . A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others . It is also a measure of one 's trusting and helpful nature , and whether a person is generally well - tempered or not . High agreeableness is often seen as naive or submissive . Low agreeableness personalities are often competitive or challenging people , which can be seen as argumentativeness or untrustworthiness . Neuroticism ( sensitive / nervous vs. secure / confident ) . The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily , such as anger , anxiety , depression , and vulnerability . Neuroticism also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control and is sometimes referred to by its low pole , `` emotional stability '' . A high need for stability manifests itself as a stable and calm personality , but can be seen as uninspiring and unconcerned . A low need for stability causes a reactive and excitable personality , often very dynamic individuals , but they can be perceived as unstable or insecure . People who do n't exhibit a clear tendency towards specific characteristics chosen from the above - mentioned related pairs in all five dimensions are considered adaptable , moderate and reasonable personalities , but can be perceived as unprincipled , inscrutable and calculating . The Big five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors . This model was defined by several independent sets of researchers . These researchers began by studying relationships between a large number of known personality traits . They reduced the lists of these traits ( arbitrarily ) by 5 -- 10 fold and then used factor analysis to group the remaining traits ( using data mostly based upon people 's estimations , in self - report questionnaire and peer ratings ) in order to find the underlying factors of personality . The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961 , but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s . In 1990 , J.M. Digman advanced his five - factor model of personality , which Lewis Goldberg extended to the highest level of organization . These five overarching domains have been found to contain and subsume most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits . At least four sets of researchers have worked independently for decades on this problem and have identified generally the same five factors : Tupes and Christal were first , followed by Goldberg at the Oregon Research Institute , Cattell at the University of Illinois , and Costa and McCrae at the National Institutes of Health . These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits , and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different names and definitions . However , all have been found to be highly inter-correlated and factor - analytically aligned . Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behavior as are the more numerous facets or primary traits . Each of the Big Five personality traits contains two separate , but correlated , aspects reflecting a level of personality below the broad domains but above the many facet scales that are also part of the Big Five . The aspects are labeled as follows : Volatility and Withdrawal for Neuroticism ; Enthusiasm and Assertiveness for Extraversion ; Intellect and Openness for Openness to Experience ; Industriousness and Orderliness for Conscientiousness ; and Compassion and Politeness for Agreeableness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Descriptions of the particular personality traits 1.1 Openness to experience 1.1. 1 Sample items 1.2 Conscientiousness 1.2. 1 Sample items 1.3 Extraversion 1.3. 1 Sample items 1.4 Agreeableness 1.4. 1 Sample items 1.5 Neuroticism 1.5. 1 Sample items 2 History 2.1 Early trait research 2.2 Hiatus in research 2.3 Renewed attention 3 Biological and developmental factors 3.1 Temperament vs. personality 3.2 Heritability 3.3 Non-humans 3.4 Development during childhood and adolescence 3.4. 1 Extraversion / positive emotionality 3.5 Development throughout adulthood 4 Group differences 4.1 Gender differences 4.2 Birth - order differences 5 Cultural differences 6 Relationships 6.1 Personality disorders 6.2 Common mental disorders 6.2. 1 The personality - psychopathology models 6.3 Health 6.4 Education 6.4. 1 Academic achievement 6.4. 2 Learning styles 6.5 Work success 6.6 Romantic relationships 6.7 Predictive power of personality traits 7 Measurements 8 Critique 8.1 Limited scope 8.2 Methodological issues 8.3 Theoretical status 8.4 Evidence for six factors rather than five 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Descriptions of the particular personality traits ( edit ) Openness to experience ( edit ) Openness is a general appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , imagination , curiosity , and variety of experience . People who are open to experience are intellectually curious , open to emotion , sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things . They tend to be , when compared to closed people , more creative and more aware of their feelings . They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs . A particular individual , however , may have a high overall openness score and be interested in learning and exploring new cultures but have no great interest in art or poetry . Sample items ( edit ) I have excellent ideas . I am quick to understand things . I use difficult words . I am full of ideas . I am not interested in abstractions . ( reversed ) I do not have a good imagination . ( reversed ) I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas . ( reversed ) Conscientiousness ( edit ) Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self - discipline , act dutifully , and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations . It is related to the way in which people control , regulate , and direct their impulses . High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior . The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults . Sample items ( edit ) I am always prepared . I pay attention to details . I get chores done right away . I like order . I follow a schedule . I am exacting in my work . I leave my belongings around . ( reversed ) I make a mess of things . ( reversed ) I often forget to put things back in their proper place . ( reversed ) I shirk my duties . ( reversed ) Extraversion ( edit ) Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities ( as opposed to depth ) , surgency from external activity / situations , and energy creation from external means . The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world . Extraverts enjoy interacting with people , and are often perceived as full of energy . They tend to be enthusiastic , action - oriented individuals . They possess high group visibility , like to talk , and assert themselves . Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts . They tend to seem quiet , low - key , deliberate , and less involved in the social world . Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression ; instead they are more independent of their social world than extraverts . Introverts need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone . This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial ; rather , they are reserved in social situations . Sample items ( edit ) I am the life of the party . I do n't mind being the center of attention . I feel comfortable around people . I start conversations . I talk to a lot of different people at parties . I do n't talk a lot . ( reversed ) I think a lot before I speak or act . ( reversed ) I do n't like to draw attention to myself . ( reversed ) I am quiet around strangers . ( reversed ) I have no intention of talking in large crowds . ( reversed ) Agreeableness ( edit ) The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony . Agreeable individuals value getting along with others . They are generally considerate , kind , generous , trusting and trustworthy , helpful , and willing to compromise their interests with others . Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature . Disagreeable individuals place self - interest above getting along with others . They are generally unconcerned with others ' well - being , and are less likely to extend themselves for other people . Sometimes their skepticism about others ' motives causes them to be suspicious , unfriendly , and uncooperative . Because agreeableness is a social trait , research has shown that one 's agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one 's team members . Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills . In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions , individuals were asked to take a personality test and have two evaluations completed by directly supervised subordinates . Leaders with high levels of agreeableness were more likely to be considered transformational rather than transactional . Although the relationship was not strong , ( r = 0.32 , β = 0.28 , p < 0.01 ) it was the strongest of the Big Five traits . However , the same study showed no predictive power of leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader 's direct supervisor . Agreeableness , however , has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military . A study of Asian military units showed leaders with a high level of agreeableness to be more likely to receive a low rating for transformational leadership skills . Therefore , with further research organizations may be able to determine an individual 's potential for performance based on their personality traits . Sample items ( edit ) I am interested in people . I sympathize with others ' feelings . I have a soft heart . I take time out for others . I feel others ' emotions . I make people feel at ease . I am not really interested in others . ( reversed ) I insult people . ( reversed ) I am not interested in other people 's problems . ( reversed ) I feel little concern for others . ( reversed ) Neuroticism ( edit ) Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions , such as anger , anxiety , or depression . It is sometimes called emotional instability , or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability . According to Eysenck 's ( 1967 ) theory of personality , neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli . Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress . They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening , and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult . Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time , which means they are often in a bad mood . For instance , neuroticism is connected to a pessimistic approach toward work , confidence that work impedes personal relationships , and apparent anxiety linked with work . Furthermore , those who score high on neuroticism may display more skin - conductance reactivity than those who score low on neuroticism . These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly , make decisions , and cope effectively with stress . Lacking contentment in one 's life achievements can correlate with high neuroticism scores and increase one 's likelihood of falling into clinical depression . Moreover , individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more negative life events , but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences . At the other end of the scale , individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive . They tend to be calm , emotionally stable , and free from persistent negative feelings . Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low - scorers experience a lot of positive feelings . Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense ( i.e. , neurosis . ) Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test . Sample items ( edit ) I get irritated easily . I get stressed out easily . I get upset easily . I have frequent mood swings . I worry about things . I am much more anxious than most people . I am relaxed most of the time . ( reversed ) I seldom feel blue . ( reversed ) History ( edit ) Early trait research ( edit ) In 1884 , Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language : the lexical hypothesis . In 1936 , Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton 's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time . In 1940 , Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives , and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171 . He constructed a self - report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives , which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire . Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered , Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled : `` surgency '' , `` agreeableness '' , `` dependability '' , `` emotional stability '' , and `` culture '' . Warren Norman subsequently relabeled `` dependability '' as `` conscientiousness '' . Hiatus in research ( edit ) For the next two decades , the changing zeitgeist made publication of personality research difficult . In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment , Walter Mischel asserted that personality instruments could not predict behavior with a correlation of more than 0.3 . Social psychologists like Mischel argued that attitudes and behavior were not stable , but varied with the situation . Predicting behavior from personality instruments was claimed to be impossible . However , it has subsequently been demonstrated empirically that the magnitude of the predictive correlations with real - life criteria can increase significantly under stressful emotional conditions ( as opposed to the typical administration of personality measures under neutral emotional conditions ) , thereby accounting for a significantly greater proportion of the predictive variance . In addition , emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s . Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior , which was unreliable , researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations . As a result , correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially , and it was clear that `` personality '' did in fact exist . Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior . Trait theories became justified , and there was a resurgence of interest in this area . In the 1980s , Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project , emphasizing five broad factors once again . He later coined the term `` Big Five '' as a label for the factors . Renewed attention ( edit ) In a 1980 symposium in Honolulu , four prominent researchers , Lewis Goldberg , Naomi Takemoto - Chock , Andrew Comrey , and John M. Digman , reviewed the available personality instruments of the day . This event was followed by widespread acceptance of the five - factor model among personality researchers during the 1980s . Peter Saville and his team included the five - factor `` Pentagon '' model with the original OPQ in 1984 . Pentagon was closely followed by the NEO five - factor personality inventory , published by Costa and McCrae in 1985 . However , the methodology employed in constructing the NEO instrument has been subjected to critical scrutiny ( see section below ) . Biological and developmental factors ( edit ) Temperament vs. personality ( edit ) There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically - based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality . The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals ( such as animals or young infants ) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio - cultural concept . For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality . Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age - specific manifestations of virtually the same latent qualities . Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals ' basic genetic characteristics actively , reactively , and passively interact with their changing environments . Researchers of adult temperament point out that , similarly to sex , age and mental illness , temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialization of an individual possessing these four types of features . Temperament interacts with social - cultural factors , but still can not be controlled or easily changed by these factors . Therefore , it is suggested that temperament should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality . Moreover , temperament refers to dynamical features of behaviour ( energetic , tempo , sensitivity and emotionality - related ) , whereas personality is to be considered a psycho - social construct comprising the content characteristics of human behavior ( such as values , attitudes , habits , preferences , personal history , self - image ) . Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to extant temperament research by the developers of the Big Five model lead to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier . For example , neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality , extraversion the temperament dimension of `` energy '' or `` activity '' , and openness to experience the temperament dimension of sensation - seeking . Heritability ( edit ) Personality research conducted on twin subjects suggests that both heritable and environmental factors contribute to the Big Five personality traits . Genetically informative research , including twin studies , suggest that heritability and environmental factors both influence all five factors to the same degree . Among four recent twin studies , the mean percentage for heritability was calculated for each personality and it was concluded that heritability influenced the five factors broadly . The self - report measures were as follows : openness to experience was estimated to have a 57 % genetic influence , extraversion 54 % , conscientiousness 49 % , neuroticism 48 % , and agreeableness 42 % . Non-humans ( edit ) The Big 5 personality traits can be seen in chimpanzees . The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable . In one series of studies , human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire , revealed factors of extraversion , conscientiousness and agreeableness -- as well as an additional factor of dominance -- across hundreds of chimpanzees in zoological parks , a large naturalistic sanctuary , and a research laboratory . Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample , but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings ( perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ ) . A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion , neuroticism , and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species , followed by openness ; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior . Development during childhood and adolescence ( edit ) Research on the Big Five , and personality in general , has focused primarily on individual differences in adulthood , rather than in childhood and adolescence . Yet , recent studies have begun to explore the developmental origins and trajectories of the Big Five among children and adolescents . Contrary to some researchers who question whether children have stable personality traits , Big Five or otherwise , most researchers contend that there are significant psychological differences between children that are associated with relatively stable , distinct , and salient behavior patterns . Some of these differences are evident at , if not before , birth . For example , both parents and researchers recognize that some newborn infants are peaceful and easily soothed while others are comparatively fussy and hard to calm . The structure , manifestations , and development of the Big Five in childhood and adolescence has been studied using a variety of methods , including parent - and teacher - ratings , preadolescent and adolescent self - and peer - ratings , and observations of parent - child interactions . Results from these studies support the relative stability of personality traits across the human lifespan , at least from preschool age through adulthood . More specifically , research suggests that four of the Big Five -- namely Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - reliably describe personality differences in childhood , adolescence , and adulthood . However , some evidence suggests that Openness may not be a fundamental , stable part of childhood personality . Although some researchers have found that Openness in children and adolescents relates to attributes such as creativity , curiosity , imagination , and intellect , many researchers have failed to find distinct individual differences in Openness in childhood and early adolescence . Potentially , Openness may ( a ) manifest in unique , currently unknown ways in childhood or ( b ) may only manifest as children develop socially and cognitively . Other studies have found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child - specific traits : Irritability and Activity . Despite these specific differences , the majority of findings suggest that personality traits -- particularly Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - are evident in childhood and adolescence and are associated with distinct social - emotional patterns of behavior that are largely consistent with adult manifestations of those same personality traits . Extraversion / positive emotionality ( edit ) In Big Five studies , extraversion has been associated with surgency . Children with high Extraversion are energetic , talkative , social , and dominant with children and adults ; whereas , children with low Extraversion tend to be quiet , calm , inhibited , and submissive to other children and adults . Individual differences in Extraversion first manifest in infancy as varying levels of positive emotionality . These differences in turn predict social and physical activity during later childhood and may represent , or be associated with , the behavioral activation system . In children , Extraversion / Positive Emotionality includes four sub-traits : three traits that are similar to the previously described traits of temperament -- activity , sociability , shyness , and the trait of dominance . Activity : Similarly to findings in temperament research , children with high activity tend to have high energy levels and more intense and frequent motor activity compared to their peers . Salient differences in activity reliably manifest in infancy , persist through adolescence , and fade as motor activity decreases in adulthood or potentially develops into talkativeness . Dominance : Children with high dominance tend to influence the behavior of others , particularly their peers , to obtain desirable rewards or outcomes . Such children are generally skilled at organizing activities and games and deceiving others by controlling their nonverbal behavior . Shyness : Children with high shyness are generally socially withdrawn , nervous , and inhibited around strangers . In time , such children may become fearful even around `` known others '' , especially if their peers reject them . Similar pattern was described in temperament longitudinal studies of shyness Sociability : Children with high sociability generally prefer to be with others rather than alone . During middle childhood , the distinction between low sociability and high shyness becomes more pronounced , particularly as children gain greater control over how and where they spend their time . Development throughout adulthood ( edit ) Many studies of longitudinal data , which correlate people 's test scores over time , and cross-sectional data , which compare personality levels across different age groups , show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood , similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits . It is shown that the personality stabilizes for working - age individuals within about four years after starting working . There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals . More recent research and meta - analyses of previous studies , however , indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan . The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect . On average , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time , whereas extraversion , neuroticism , and openness tend to decrease . Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual 's current stage of development . For example , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood . In addition to these group effects , there are individual differences : different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life . In addition , some research ( Fleeson , 2001 ) suggests that the Big Five should not be conceived of as dichotomies ( such as extraversion vs. introversion ) but as continua . Each individual has the capacity to move along each dimension as circumstances ( social or temporal ) change . He is or she is therefore not simply on one end of each trait dichotomy but is a blend of both , exhibiting some characteristics more often than others : Research regarding personality with growing age has suggested that as individuals enter their elder years ( 79 -- 86 ) , those with lower IQ see a raise in extraversion , but a decline in conscientiousness and physical well being . Research by Cobb - Clark and Schurer indicates that personality traits are generally stable among adult workers . The research done on personality also mirrors previous results on locus of control . Group differences ( edit ) Gender differences ( edit ) Cross-cultural research has shown some patterns of gender differences on responses to the NEO-PI - R and the Big Five Inventory . For example , women consistently report higher Neuroticism , Agreeableness , warmth ( an extraversion facet ) and openness to feelings , and men often report higher assertiveness ( a facet of extraversion ) and openness to ideas as assessed by the NEO-PI - R . A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism , extraversion , agreeableness , and conscientiousness . The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent , with significant differences found in 49 of the 55 nations surveyed . Gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous , healthy , and more gender - egalitarian cultures . A plausible explanation for this is that acts by women in individualistic , egalitarian countries are more likely to be attributed to their personality , rather than being attributed to ascribed gender roles within collectivist , traditional countries . Differences in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were due to differences between men , not women , in these respective regions . That is , men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic , extraverted , conscientious and agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions . Women , on the other hand tended not to differ in personality traits across regions . The authors of this study speculated that resource - poor environments ( that is , countries with low levels of development ) may inhibit the development of gender differences , whereas resource - rich environments facilitate them . This may be because males require more resources than females in order to reach their full developmental potential . The authors also argued that due to different evolutionary pressures , men may have evolved to be more risk taking and socially dominant , whereas women evolved to be more cautious and nurturing . Ancient hunter - gatherer societies may have been more egalitarian than later agriculturally oriented societies . Hence , the development of gender inequalities may have acted to constrain the development of gender differences in personality that originally evolved in hunter - gatherer societies . As modern societies have become more egalitarian , again , it may be that innate sex differences are no longer constrained and hence manifest more fully than in less - developed cultures . Currently , this hypothesis remains untested , as gender differences in modern societies have not been compared with those in hunter - gatherer societies . Birth - order differences ( edit ) Main article : Birth order Frank Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious , more socially dominant , less agreeable , and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns . Large - scale studies using random samples and self - report personality tests , however , have found milder effects than Sulloway claimed , or no significant effects of birth order on personality . Cultural differences ( edit ) Main article : Big Five personality traits and culture The Big Five have been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures , such as German , Chinese , Indian , etc . For example , Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five structure across several cultures using an international English language scale . Cheung , van de Vijver , and Leong ( 2011 ) suggest , however , that the Openness factor is particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified . Recent work has found relationships between Geert Hofstede 's cultural factors , Individualism , Power Distance , Masculinity , and Uncertainty Avoidance , with the average Big Five scores in a country . For instance , the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average extraversion , whereas people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on conscientiousness . Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have succeeded in some countries but not in others . Apparently , for instance , Hungarians do not appear to have a single agreeableness factor . Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors . Relationships ( edit ) Personality disorders ( edit ) Main article : Personality disorders As of 2002 , there were over fifty published studies relating the FFM to personality disorders . Since that time , quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains . In her review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007 , Lee Anna Clark asserted that `` the five - factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher - order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits '' . However , other researches disagree that this model is widely accepted ( see the section Critique below ) and suggest that it simply replicates early temperament research . Noticeably , FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and mental disorders ( especially personality disorders ) are thought to be based on the same neurotransmitter imbalances , just to varying degrees . The five - factor model was claimed to significantly predict all ten personality disorder symptoms and outperform the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) in the prediction of borderline , avoidant , and dependent personality disorder symptoms . However , most predictions related to an increase in Neuroticism and a decrease in Agreeableness , and therefore did not differentiate between the disorders very well . Common mental disorders ( edit ) Average deviation of five factor personality profile of heroin users from the population mean . N stands for Neuroticism , E for Extraversion , O for Openness to experience , A for Agreeableness and C for Conscientiousness . Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population : Depressive disorders ( e.g. , major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , dysthymic disorder ) , anxiety disorders ( e.g. , generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , panic disorder , agoraphobia , specific phobia , and social phobia ) , and substance use disorders ( SUDs ) . These common mental disorders ( CMDs ) have been empirically linked to the Big Five personality traits , neuroticism in particular . Numerous studies have found that having high scores of neuroticism significantly increases one 's risk for developing a CMD . A large - scale meta - analysis ( n > 75,000 ) examining the relationship between all of the Big Five personality traits and CMDs found that low conscientiousness yielded consistently strong effects for each CMD examined ( i.e. , MDD , dysthymic disorder , GAD , PTSD , panic disorder , agoraphobia , social phobia , specific phobia , and SUD ) . This finding parallels research on physical health , which has established that conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictor of mortality and is highly correlated with making poor health choices . In regards to the other personality domains , the meta - analysis found that all CMDs examined were defined by high neuroticism , most exhibited low extraversion , only SUD was linked to agreeableness ( negatively ) , and no disorders were associated with Openness . A meta - analysis of 59 longitudinal studies showed that high neuroticism predicted the development of anxiety , depression , substance abuse , psychosis , schizophrenia , and non-specific mental distress , also after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history . The personality - psychopathology models ( edit ) Five major models have been posed to explain the nature of the relationship between personality and mental illness . There is currently no single `` best model '' , as each of them has received at least some empirical support . It is also important to note that these models are not mutually exclusive -- more than one may be operating for a particular individual and various mental disorders may be explained by different models . The Vulnerability / Risk Model : According to this model , personality contributes to the onset or etiology of various common mental disorders . In other words , pre-existing personality traits either cause the development of CMDs directly or enhance the impact of causal risk factors . There is strong support for neuroticism being a robust vulnerability factor . The Pathoplasty Model : This model proposes that premorbid personality traits impact the expression , course , severity , and / or treatment response of a mental disorder . An example of this relationship would be a heightened likelihood of committing suicide for a depressed individual who also has low levels of constraint . The Common Cause Model : According to the common cause model , personality traits are predictive of CMDs because personality and psychopathology have shared genetic and environmental determinants which result in non-causal associations between the two constructs . The Spectrum Model : This model proposes that associations between personality and psychopathology are found because these two constructs both occupy a single domain or spectrum and psychopathology is simply a display of the extremes of normal personality function . Support for this model is provided by an issue of criterion overlap . For instance , two of the primary facet scales of neuroticism in the NEO-PI - R are `` depression '' and `` anxiety '' . Thus the fact that diagnostic criteria for depression , anxiety , and neuroticism assess the same content increases the correlations between these domains . The Scar Model : According to the scar model , episodes of a mental disorder ' scar ' an individual 's personality , changing it in significant ways from premorbid functioning . An example of a scar effect would be a decrease in openness to experience following an episode of PTSD . Health ( edit ) Being highly conscientious may add as much as five years to one 's life . The Big Five personality traits also predict positive health outcomes . In an elderly Japanese sample , conscientiousness , extraversion , and openness were related to lower risk of mortality . Education ( edit ) Academic achievement ( edit ) Personality plays an important role that affects academic achievement . A study conducted with 308 undergraduates who completed the Five Factor Inventory Processes and offered their GPA suggested that conscientiousness and agreeableness have a positive relationship with all types of learning styles ( synthesis analysis , methodical study , fact retention , and elaborative processing ) , whereas neuroticism has an inverse relationship with them all . Moreover , extraversion and openness were proportional to elaborative processing . The Big Five personality traits accounted for 14 % of the variance in GPA , suggesting that personality traits make some contributions to academic performance . Furthermore , reflective learning styles ( synthesis - analysis and elaborative processing ) were able to mediate the relationship between openness and GPA . These results indicate that intellectual curiousness has significant enhancement in academic performance if students can combine their scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing . Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal A recent study of Israeli high - school students found that those in the gifted program systematically scored higher on openness and lower on neuroticism than those not in the gifted program . While not a measure of the Big Five , gifted students also reported less state anxiety than students not in the gifted program . Specific Big Five personality traits predict learning styles in addition to academic success . GPA and exam performance are both predicted by conscientiousness neuroticism is negatively related to academic success openness predicts utilizing synthesis - analysis and elaborative - processing learning styles neuroticism negatively correlates with learning styles in general openness and extraversion both predict all four learning styles . Studies conducted on college students have concluded that hope , which is linked to agreeableness , has a positive effect on psychological well being . Individuals high in neurotic tendencies are less likely to display hopeful tendencies and are negatively associated with well - being . Personality can sometimes be flexible and measuring the big five personality for individuals as they enter certain stages of life may predict their educational identity . Recent studies have suggested the likelihood of an individual 's personality affecting their educational identity . Learning styles ( edit ) Learning styles have been described as `` enduring ways of thinking and processing information '' . Although there is no evidence that personality determines thinking styles , they may be intertwined in ways that link thinking styles to the Big Five personality traits . There is no general consensus on the number or specifications of particular learning styles , but there have been many different proposals . Smeck , Ribicj , and Ramanaih ( 1997 ) defined four types of learning styles : synthesis analysis methodical study fact retention elaborative processing When all four facets are implicated within the classroom , they will each likely improve academic achievement . This model asserts that students develop either agentic / shallow processing or reflective / deep processing . Deep processors are more often than not found to be more conscientious , intellectually open , and extraverted when compared to shallow processors . Deep processing is associated with appropriate study methods ( methodical study ) and a stronger ability to analyze information ( synthesis analysis ) , whereas shallow processors prefer structured fact retention learning styles and are better suited for elaborative processing . The main functions of these four specific learning styles are as follows : Name Function Synthesis analysis : processing information , forming categories , and organizing them into hierarchies . This is the only one of the learning styles that has explained a significant impact on academic performance . Methodical study : methodical behavior while completing academic assignments Fact retention : focusing on the actual result instead of understanding the logic behind something Elaborative processing : connecting and applying new ideas to existing knowledge Openness has been linked to learning styles that often lead to academic success and higher grades like synthesis analysis and methodical study . Because conscientiousness and openness have been shown to predict all four learning styles , it suggests that individuals who possess characteristics like discipline , determination , and curiosity are more likely to engage in all of the above learning styles . According to the research carried out by Komarraju , Karau , Schmeck & Avdic ( 2011 ) , conscientiousness and agreeableness are positively related with all four learning styles , whereas neuroticism was negatively related with those four . Furthermore , extraversion and openness were only positively related to elaborative processing , and openness itself correlated with higher academic achievement . Besides openness , all Big Five personality traits helped predict the educational identity of students . Based on these findings , scientists are beginning to see that there might be a large influence of the Big Five traits on academic motivation that then leads to predicting a student 's academic performance . Recent studies suggest that Big Five personality traits combined with learning styles can help predict some variations in the academic performance and the academic motivation of an individual which can then influence their academic achievements . This may be seen because individual differences in personality represent stable approaches to information processing . For instance , conscientiousness has consistently emerged as a stable predictor of success in exam performance , largely because conscientious students experience fewer study delays . The reason conscientiousness shows a positive association with the four learning styles is because students with high levels of conscientiousness develop focused learning strategies and appear to be more disciplined and achievement - oriented . The Association for Psychological Science ( APS ) , however , recently commissioned a report whose conclusion indicates that no significant evidence exists to make the conclusion that learning - style assessments should be included in the education system . The APS also suggested in their report that all existing learning styles have not been exhausted and that there could exist learning styles that have the potential to be worthy of being included in educational practices . Thus it is premature , at best , to conclude that the evidence linking the Big Five to `` learning styles '' , or `` learning styles '' to learning itself , is valid . Work success ( edit ) Controversy exists as to whether or not the Big 5 personality traits are correlated with success in the workplace . Within organizational communication , personality is taken into account of how a person carries themselves in the workplace . The five factor personality theory encompasses five different personalities which are as follows : openness , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism . Openness is being original and having imagination . Conscientiousness is being goal oriented with a willingness to achieve . Extraversion is being sociable and being an emotionally positive person . Agreeableness is being able to adapt and as a leader make necessary accommodations . The last personality trait was neuroticism which is usually when a leader tends to be negative emotionally and having a need for stability . It is believed that the Big Five traits are predictors of future performance outcomes . Job outcome measures include job and training proficiency and personnel data . However , research demonstrating such prediction has been criticized , in part because of the apparently low correlation coefficients characterizing the relationship between personality and job performance . In a 2007 article co-authored by six current or former editors of psychological journals , Dr. Kevin Murphy , Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University and Editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology ( 1996 -- 2002 ) , states : The problem with personality tests is ... that the validity of personality measures as predictors of job performance is often disappointingly low . The argument for using personality tests to predict performance does not strike me as convincing in the first place . Such criticisms were put forward by Walter Mischel , whose publication caused a two - decades ' long crisis in personality psychometrics . However , later work demonstrated ( 1 ) that the correlations obtained by psychometric personality researchers were actually very respectable by comparative standards , and ( 2 ) that the economic value of even incremental increases in prediction accuracy was exceptionally large , given the vast difference in performance by those who occupy complex job positions . There have been studies that link national innovation to openness to experience and conscientiousness . Those who express these traits have showed leadership and beneficial ideas towards the country of origin . Some businesses , organizations , and interviewers assess individuals based on the Big Five personality traits . Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits , maintain higher levels of openness ( envisioning success ) , balanced levels of conscientiousness ( well - organized ) , and balanced levels of extraversion ( outgoing , but not excessive ) . Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism , and extraversion to enduring positive work experience . When it comes to making money , research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness ( especially men ) are not as successful in accumulating income . Some research suggests that vocational outcomes are correlated to Big Five personality traits . Conscientiousness predicts job performance in general . In addition , research has demonstrated that Agreeableness is negatively related to salary . Those high in Agreeableness make less , on average , than those low in the same trait . Neuroticism is also negatively related to salary while Conscientiousness and Extraversion are positive predictors of salary . Occupational self - efficacy has also been shown to be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with neuroticism . Significant predictors of career - advancement goals are : extraversion , conscientiousness , and agreeableness . Research designed to investigate the individual effects of Big Five personality traits on work performance via worker completed surveys and supervisor ratings of work performance has implicated individual traits in several different work roles performances . A `` work role '' is defined as the responsibilities an individual has while they are working . Nine work roles have been identified , which can be classified in three broader categories : proficiency ( the ability of a worker to effectively perform their work duties ) , adaptivity ( a workers ability to change working strategies in response to changing work environments ) , and proactivity ( extent to which a worker will spontaneously put forth effort to change the work environment ) . These three categories of behavior can then be directed towards three different levels : either the individual , team , or organizational level leading to the nine different work role performance possibilities . Openness is positively related to proactivity at the individual and the organizational levels and is negatively related to team and organizational proficiency . These effects were found to be completely independent of one another . Agreeableness is negatively related to individual task proactivity . Extraversion is negatively related to individual task proficiency . Conscientiousness is positively related to all forms of work role performance . Neuroticism is negatively related to all forms of work role performance . Two theories have been integrated in an attempt to account for these differences in work role performance . Trait activation theory posits that within a person trait levels predict future behavior , that trait levels differ between people , and that work - related cues activate traits which leads to work relevant behaviors . Role theory suggests that role senders provide cues to elicit desired behaviors . In this context , role senders ( i.e. : supervisors , managers , et cetera ) provide workers with cues for expected behaviors , which in turn activates personality traits and work relevant behaviors . In essence , expectations of the role sender lead to different behavioral outcomes depending on the trait levels of individual workers and because people differ in trait levels , responses to these cues will not be universal . Romantic relationships ( edit ) The predictive power of the Big Five personality traits extends to satisfaction in romantic relationships . Recent research demonstrates that personality trait levels may predict relationship quality in dating , engaged , and married couples via measures of the Big Five , self - reported measures of personality traits and relationship quality by participants in romantic relationships , partner - reported measures of participating partner 's personality traits and relationship quality , physiological measures , and ratings of relationship quality by a qualified observer . Dating couples Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to partner - reported neuroticism and positively related to both self and partner - reported conscientiousness Engaged couples Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in partner - reported openness , agreeableness and conscientiousness . Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in self - reported extraversion and agreeableness . Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to both self and partner - reported neuroticism Observers rated the relationship quality higher if the participating partner 's self - reported extraversion was high Married couples High self - reported neuroticism , extraversion , and agreeableness are related to high levels of self - reported relationship quality Partner - reported agreeableness is related to observed relationship quality . Predictive power of personality traits ( edit ) The predictive power of the Big Five personality traits is robust across life domains : personal , interpersonal , and social or institutional . Recent research indicated that personality traits may be equally strong predictors of mortality ( adding as much as five years to one 's life ) , divorce , and job performance as socioeconomic status and cognitive ability . High neuroticism precedes the development of all common mental disorders . However , research in support of this finding is limited and further evidence is required to fully uncover the strength of the predictive power of personality traits on life outcomes . Social and contextual parameters also play a role in outcomes and the interaction between the two is not yet fully understood . Measurements ( edit ) Several measures of the Big Five exist : International Personality Item Pool ( IPIP ) NEO-PI - R The Ten - Item Personality Inventory ( TIPI ) and the Five Item Personality Inventory ( FIPI ) are very abbreviated rating forms of the Big Five personality traits . Self - descriptive sentence questionnaires Lexical questionnaires Self - report questionnaires Relative - scored Big 5 measure The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self - descriptive sentences or , in the case of lexical measures , items that are single adjectives . Due to the length of sentence - based and some lexical measures , short forms have been developed and validated for use in applied research settings where questionnaire space and respondent time are limited , such as the 40 - item balanced International English Big - Five Mini-Markers or a very brief ( 10 item ) measure of the Big Five domains . Research has suggested that some methodologies in administering personality tests are inadequate in length and provide insufficient detail to truly evaluate personality . Usually , longer , more detailed questions will give a more accurate portrayal of personality . The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports . However , many of the substantive findings rely on self - reports . Much of the evidence on the measures of the Big 5 relies on self - report questionnaires , which makes self - report bias and falsification of responses difficult to deal with and account for . It has been argued that the Big Five tests do not create an accurate personality profile because the responses given on these tests are not true in all cases . For example , questionnaires are answered by potential employees who might choose answers that paint them in the best light . Research suggests that a relative - scored Big Five measure in which respondents had to make repeated choices between equally desirable personality descriptors may be a potential alternative to traditional Big Five measures in accurately assessing personality traits , especially when lying or biased responding is present . When compared with a traditional Big Five measure for its ability to predict GPA and creative achievement under both normal and `` fake good '' - bias response conditions , the relative - scored measure significantly and consistently predicted these outcomes under both conditions ; however , the Likert questionnaire lost its predictive ability in the faking condition . Thus , the relative - scored measure proved to be less affected by biased responding than the Likert measure of the Big Five . Andrew H. Schwartz analyzed 700 million words , phrases , and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers , who also took standard personality tests , and found striking variations in language with personality , gender , and age . Critique ( edit ) The proposed Big Five model has been subjected to considerable critical scrutiny and defense for the model . Subsequent critical replies by Jack Block at the University of California Berkeley followed . It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory . It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56 % of the normal personality trait sphere alone ( not even considering the abnormal personality trait sphere ) . Also , the static Big Five is not theory - driven , it is merely a data - driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less than optimal factor analytic procedures . Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews , self - descriptions and observations , and this static five - factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures . However , while genotypic temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures , the phenotypic expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio - cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings . Moreover , the fact that the Big Five model was based on lexical hypothesis , ( i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences ) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model , especially related to its main factors , Extraversion and Neuroticism . First , there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people 's verbal evaluations . After all , language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization , the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity . This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behaviour : there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior . The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into a largest factor in any language , and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up . Second , there is also a negativity bias in emotionality ( i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity ) , and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions . Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language . Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality , grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions . This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed . Limited scope ( edit ) One common criticism is that the Big Five does not explain all of human personality . Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality , such as religiosity , manipulativeness / machiavellianism , honesty , sexiness / seductiveness , thriftiness , conservativeness , masculinity / femininity , snobbishness / egotism , sense of humour , and risk - taking / thrill - seeking . Dan P. McAdams has called the Big Five a `` psychology of the stranger '' , because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger ; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context - dependent are excluded from the Big Five . In many studies , the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another ; that is , the five factors are not independent . Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions . This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few variables as possible . Methodological issues ( edit ) Factor analysis , the statistical method used to identify the dimensional structure of observed variables , lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors . A five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst . A larger number of factors may underlie these five factors . This has led to disputes about the `` true '' number of factors . Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single dataset , only the five factor structure consistently replicates across different studies . Moreover , the factor analysis that this model is based on is a linear method incapable of capturing nonlinear , feedback and contingent relationships between core systems of individual differences . Theoretical status ( edit ) A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying theory ; it is merely an empirical finding that certain descriptors cluster together under factor analysis . Although this does not mean that these five factors do not exist , the underlying causes behind them are unknown . Jack Block 's final published work before his death in January 2010 drew together his lifetime perspective on the five - factor model . He summarized his critique of the model in terms of : the atheoretical nature of the five - factors . their `` cloudy '' measurement . the model 's inappropriateness for studying early childhood . the use of factor analysis as the exclusive paradigm for conceptualizing personality . the continuing non-consensual understandings of the five - factors . the existence of unrecognized but successful efforts to specify aspects of character not subsumed by the five - factors . He went on to suggest that repeatedly observed higher order factors hierarchically above the proclaimed Big Five personality traits may promise deeper biological understanding of the origins and implications of these superfactors . Marks & Schutte have essayed a theoretical explanation of the Big Five based upon the three biogenic amines of the brain - stem and the emergence of the Berger rhythm in the EEG with the advent of self - consciousness . Essentially , they surmise that CANOE ( the Big Five ) comprise N , O and E due to Nature and C and A due to Nurture , which corresponds to the 60 -- 40 % nature - nurture split held to describe the heritability of personality . Evidence for six factors rather than Five ( edit ) It has been noted that even though early lexical studies in the English language indicated five large groups of personality traits , more recent , and more comprehensive , cross-language studies have provided evidence for six large groups rather than five . These six groups forms the basis of the HEXACO model of personality structure . Based on these findings it has been suggested that the Big Five system should be replaced by HEXACO , or revised to better align with lexical evidence . See also ( edit ) Big Five personality traits and culture Core self - evaluations DISC assessment Facet Goal orientation HEXACO model of personality structure Moral foundations theory Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator Personality psychology Szondi test Trait theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1993 ) . `` The structure of phenotypic personality traits '' . American Psychologist. 48 : 26 -- 34 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 48.1. 26 . PMID 8427480 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ Matthews , Gerald ; Deary , Ian J. ; Whiteman , Martha C. ( 2003 ) . Personality Traits ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83107 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ambridge , Ben ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Psy - Q : You know your IQ - now test your psychological intelligence '' . Profile . p. 11 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Toegel , G. ; Barsoux , J.L. ( 2012 ) . `` How to become a better leader '' . MIT Sloan Management Review . 53 ( 3 ) : 51 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Poropat , A.E. ( 2009 ) . `` A meta - analysis of the five - factor model of personality and academic performance '' . Psychological Bulletin . 135 : 322 -- 338 . doi : 10.1037 / a0014996 . Jump up ^ Digman , J.M. ( 1990 ) . `` Personality structure : Emergence of the five - factor model '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 41 : 417 -- 440 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ps. 41.020190. 002221 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick E. Shrout , Susan T. Fiske ( 1995 ) . `` Personality research , methods , and theory '' . Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Allport , G.W. ; Odbert , H.S. ( 1936 ) . `` Trait names : A psycholexical study '' . Psychological Monographs. 47 : 211 . doi : 10.1037 / h0093360 . ^ Jump up to : Cattell , R.B. ; Marshall , MB ; Georgiades , S ( 1957 ) . `` Personality and motivation : Structure and measurement '' . Journal of Personality Disorders. 19 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 67 . doi : 10.1521 / pedi. 19.1. 53.62180 . PMID 15899720 . ^ Jump up to : Tupes , E.C. , & Christal , R.E. ( 1961 ) . Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings . USAF ASD Tech . Rep. No. 61 - 97 , Lackland Airforce Base , TX : U.S. Air Force . ^ Jump up to : Norman , W.T. ( 1963 ) . `` Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes : Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings '' . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 66 ( 6 ) : 574 -- 583 . doi : 10.1037 / h0040291 . PMID 13938947 . Jump up ^ Tupes , E.C. , & Christal , R.E. , Recurrent Personality Factors Based on Trait Ratings . Technical Report ASD - TR - 61 - 97 , Lackland Air Force Base , TX : Personnel Laboratory , Air Force Systems Command , 1961 Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1993 ) . `` The structure of phenotypic personality traits '' . American Psychologist. 48 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 34 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 48.1. 26 . PMID 8427480 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Brian ( 2002 ) . `` A Quantitative Review of the Comprehensiveness of the Five - Factor Model in Relation to Popular Personality Inventories '' . Assessment . 9 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 203 . doi : 10.1177 / 1073191102092010 . PMID 12066834 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1982 ) . `` From Ace to Zombie : Some explorations in the language of personality '' . In C.D. Spielberger & J.N. Butcher . Advances in personality assessment . 1 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . pp. 201 -- 234 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Norman , W.T. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 1966 ) . `` Raters , ratees , and randomness in personality structure '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 4 ( 6 ) : 681 -- 691 . doi : 10.1037 / h0024002 . Jump up ^ Peabody , D. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Some determinants of factor structures from personality - trait descriptors '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 57 ( 3 ) : 552 -- 567 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.57. 3.552 . PMID 2778639 . Jump up ^ Saucier , G. & Goldberg , L.R. ( 1996 ) . The language of personality : Lexical perspectives on the five - factor model . In J.S. Wiggins ( Ed . ) , The five - factor model of personality : Theoretical perspectives . New York : Guilford . Jump up ^ Digman , J.M. ( 1989 ) . `` Five robust trait dimensions : Development , stability , and utility '' . Journal of Personality . 57 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 214 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1989. tb00480. x . PMID 2671337 . Jump up ^ Karson , S. & O'Dell , J.W. ( 1976 ) . A guide to the clinical use of the 16PF . Champaign , IL : Institute for Personality & Ability Testing . Jump up ^ Krug , S.E. ; Johns , E.F. ( 1986 ) . `` A large scale cross-validation of second - order personality structure defined by the 16PF '' . Psychological Reports . 59 ( 2 ) : 683 -- 693 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1986.59. 2.683 . Jump up ^ Cattell , H.E.P , and Mead , A.D. ( 2007 ) . The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire ( 16PF ) . In G.J. Boyle , G. Matthews , and D.H. Saklofske ( Eds . ) , Handbook of personality theory and testing : Vol. 2 : Personality measurement and assessment . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. ; Jr , RR ; McCrae , R.R. ( 1976 ) . `` Age differences in personality structure : A cluster analytic approach '' . Journal of Gerontology. 31 ( 5 ) : 564 -- 570 . doi : 10.1093 / geronj / 31.5. 564 . PMID 950450 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1985 ) . The NEO Personality Inventory manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. ; Costa , P.T. ; Jr ( 1987 ) . `` Validation of the five - factor model of personality across instruments and observers '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 52 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 90 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.52. 1.81 . PMID 3820081 . Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. ; John , O.P. ( 1992 ) . `` An introduction to the five - factor model and its applications '' . Journal of Personality . 60 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1992. tb00970. x . PMID 1635039 . Jump up ^ International Personality Item Pool . ( 2001 ) . A scientific collaboration for the development of advanced measures of personality traits and other individual differences ( IPIP.ori.org ) Jump up ^ Carnivez , G.L. & Allen , T.J. ( 2005 ) . Convergent and factorial validity of the 16PF and the NEO-PI - R. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Conn , S. & Rieke , M. ( 1994 ) . The 16PF Fifth Edition technical manual . Champaign , IL : Institute for Personality & Ability Testing . Jump up ^ Cattell , H.E. ( 1996 ) . `` The original big five : A historical perspective '' . European Review of Applied Psychology . 46 : 5 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Grucza , R.A. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 2007 ) . `` The comparative validity of 11 modern personality inventories : Predictions of behavioral acts , informant reports , and clinical indicators '' . Journal of Personality Assessment . 89 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 187 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223890701468568 . PMID 17764394 . Jump up ^ Mershon , B. ; Gorsuch , R.L. ( 1988 ) . `` Number of factors in the personality sphere : does increase in factors increase predictability of real - life criteria ? '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 55 ( 4 ) : 675 -- 680 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.55. 4.675 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. ; Ashton , M.S. ( 2001 ) . `` Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior '' . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology . 81 ( 3 ) : 524 -- 539 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.81. 3.524 . ^ Jump up to : DeYoung , C.G. ; Quilty , L.C. ; Peterson , J.B. ( 2007 ) . `` Between facets and domain : 10 aspects of the Big Five '' . J. Pers . Soc . Psychol. 93 : 880 -- 896 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPIP Home '' . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. , & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Neo PI - R professional manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological . Jump up ^ `` Research Reports on Science from Michigan State University Provide New Insights '' . Science Letter . Gale Student Resource in Context . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Laney , Marti Olsen ( 2002 ) . The Introvert Advantage . Canada : Thomas Allen & Son Limited . pp. 28 , 35 . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2369 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` An Examination of the Impact of Selected Personality Traits on the Innovative Behaviour of Entrepreneurs in Nigeria '' . cscanada . Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rothmann , S ; Coetzer , E.P. ( 24 October 2003 ) . `` The big five personality dimensions and job performance '' . SA Journal of Industrial Psychology . 29 . doi : 10.4102 / sajip. v29i1. 88 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Daisy , daisy , give me your answer do ! '' switching off a robot `` . Bartneck , C. Van der Hoek , M. ; Mubin , O. ; Al Mahmud , A. Dept. of Ind . Design , Eindhoven Univ. of Technol. , Eindhoven , Netherlands . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Judge , TA. ; Bono , JE ( 2000 ) . `` Five - factor model of personality and transformational leadership '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 85 ( 5 ) : 751 -- 765 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.85. 5.751 . PMID 11055147 . Jump up ^ Lim , B. ; Ployhart , R.E. ( 2004 ) . `` Transformational leadership : Relations to the five - factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 89 ( 4 ) : 610 -- 621 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.89. 4.610 . PMID 15327348 . ^ Jump up to : Jeronimus , B.F. ; Riese , H. ; Sanderman , R. ; Ormel , J. ( 2014 ) . `` Mutual Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences : A Five - Wave , 16 - Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 107 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 64 . doi : 10.1037 / a0037009 . PMID 25111305 . ^ Jump up to : Norris , C.J. ; Larsen , J.T. ; Cacioppo , J.T. ( 2007 ) . `` Neuroticism is associated with larger and more prolonged electrodermal responses to emotionally evocative pictures '' ( PDF ) . Psychophysiology. 44 ( 5 ) : 823 -- 826 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8986.2007. 00551. x . PMID 17596178 . Jump up ^ Fiske , S.T. ; Gilbert , D.T. ; Lindzey , G. ( 2009 ) . Handbook of Social Psychology . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . Jump up ^ Reynaud , E ; El Khoury - Malhame , M ; Rossier , J ; Blin , O ; Khalfa , S ( 2012 ) . `` Neuroticism Modifies Psychophysiological Responses to Fearful Films '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e32413 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032413 . PMC 3316522 . PMID 22479326 . Jump up ^ `` Neuroticism '' . 5 ( 2 ) . 2008 : 486 -- 487 . ^ Jump up to : Jeronimus , B.F. ; Ormel , J. ; Aleman , A. ; Penninx , B.W.J.H. ; Riese , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism '' . Psychological Medicine . 43 ( 11 ) : 2403 -- 15 . doi : 10.1017 / s0033291713000159 . PMID 23410535 . Jump up ^ Dolan , S.L. ( 2006 ) . Stress , Self - Esteem , Health and Work , pp 76 . Jump up ^ Strack , S. ( 2006 ) . Differentiating Normal and Abnormal Personality : Second Edition . New York , NY : Springer Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Allport , G.W ; Odbert , H. S ( 1936 ) . `` Trait names : A psycholexical study '' . Psychological Monographs. 47 : 211 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Effects on academic learning of manipulating emotional states and motivational dynamics '' . British Journal of Educational Psychology . 53 : 347 -- 357 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8279.1983. tb02567. x . Jump up ^ Epstein , S. & O'Brien , E.J. ( 1985 ) . `` The person - situation debate in historical and current perspective '' . Psychological Bulletin . 98 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 537 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.98. 3.513 . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D.T. & Funder , D.C. ( 1988 ) . `` Profiting from controversy : Lessons from the person - situation debate '' . American Psychologist. 43 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 34 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 43.1. 23 . PMID 3279875 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Richard E. & Donnellan , M. Brent ( 2009 ) . `` If the person - situation debate is really over , why does it still generate so much negative affect ? '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 43 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2009.02. 009 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , M.W. ; Eysenck , H.J. ( 1980 ) . `` Mischel and the concept of personality '' . British Journal of Psychology . 71 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 204 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1980. tb01737. x . Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1981 ) . Language and individual differences : The search for universals in personality lexicons . In Wheeler ( ed . ) , Review of Personality and social psychology , vol. 1 , 141 -- 165 . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1980 , May ) . Some ruminations about the structure of individual differences : Developing a common lexicon for the major characteristics of human personality . Symposium presentation at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association , Honolulu , HI . Jump up ^ Saville & Holdsworth Ltd. ( 1984 ) . Occuparional Personulity Questionnaires manual . Esher , Surrey : Saville & Holdsworth Ltd . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( pp. 431 -- 433 ) . ^ Jump up to : Rothbart , M.K. ; Ahadi , S.A. ; Evans , D.E. ( 2000 ) . `` Temperament and personality : Origins and outcomes '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 78 ( 1 ) : 122 -- 135 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.78. 1.122 . ^ Jump up to : Shiner , R. ; Caspi , A. ( 2003 ) . `` Personality differences in childhood and adolescence : Measurement , development , and consequences '' . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry . 44 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 32 . doi : 10.1111 / 1469 - 7610.00101 . PMID 12553411 . Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. ; Costa , P.T. ; Ostendorf , F. ; Angleitner , A. ; Hrebickova , M. ; Avia , M.D. ; Sanz , J. ; Sanchez - Bernardos , M.L. ( 2000 ) . `` Nature over nurture : Temperament , personality , and life span development '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 78 : 173 -- 186 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.78. 1.173 . PMID 10653513 . ^ Jump up to : Markley , P.M. ; Markey , C.N. ; Tinsley , B.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Children 's behavioral manifestations of the five - factor model of personality '' . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 30 ( 4 ) : 423 -- 432 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167203261886 . Jump up ^ Rusalov , VM ( 1989 ) . `` Motor and communicative aspects of human temperament : a new questionnaire of the structure of temperament '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 10 : 817 -- 827 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 89 ) 90017 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Strelau , J ( 1998 ) . Temperament : A Psychological Perspective . New York : Plenum . ^ Jump up to : Rusalov , VM ; Trofimova , IN ( 2007 ) . Structure of Temperament and Its Measurement . Toronto , Canada : Psychological Services Press . ^ Jump up to : Trofimova , IN ( 2016 ) . `` The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of adult temperament '' . In Arnold , M.C. Temperaments : Individual Differences , Social and Environmental Influences and Impact on Quality of Life . New York : Nova Science Publishers . pp. 77 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Trofimova , IN ( 2010 ) . `` An investigation into differences between the structure of temperament and the structure of personality '' . American Journal of Psychology . 123 ( 4 ) : 467 -- 480 . doi : 10.5406 / amerjpsyc. 123.4. 0467 . Jump up ^ Jang , K. ; Livesley , W.J. ; Vemon , P.A. ( 1996 ) . `` Heritability of the Big Five Personality Dimensions and Their Facets : A Twin Study '' . Journal of Personality . 64 ( 3 ) : 577 -- 591 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1996. tb00522. x . PMID 8776880 . Jump up ^ Bouchard , Thomas J. ; McGue , Matt ( 2003 ) . `` Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences '' . Journal of Neurobiology. 54 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 45 . doi : 10.1002 / neu. 10160 . PMID 12486697 . Jump up ^ Weiss , A ; King , JE ; Hopkins , WD ( 2007 ) . `` A Cross-Setting Study of Chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) Personality Structure and Development : Zoological Parks and Yerkes National Primate Research Center '' . American Journal of Primatology. 69 ( 11 ) : 1264 -- 77 . doi : 10.1002 / ajp. 20428 . PMC 2654334 . PMID 17397036 . Jump up ^ Gosling , S.D. ; John , O.P. ( 1999 ) . `` Personality Dimensions in Nonhuman Animals : A Cross-Species Review '' ( PDF ) . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 8 ( 3 ) : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8721.00017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , M ( 2001 ) . `` Issues in the study of personality development '' . Psychological Inquiry. 12 : 67 -- 83 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327965pli1202_02 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , L.R. ( 2001 ) . `` Analyses of Digman 's child - personality data : Derivation of Big Five Factor Scores from each of six samples '' . Journal of Personality . 69 : 709 -- 743 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.695161 . Jump up ^ Mervielde , I. , & De Fruyt , F. ( 1999 ) . Construction of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children ( Hi - PIC ) . In I. Mervielde , I. Deary , F. De Fruyt , & F. Ostendorf ( Eds . ) . Personality psychology in Europe : Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Personality ( pp. 107 -- 127 ) . Tilburg University Press . Jump up ^ Resing , W.C.M. ; Bleichrodt , N. ; Dekker , P.H. ( 1999 ) . `` Measuring personality traits in the classroom '' . European Journal of Personality . 13 : 493 -- 509 . doi : 10.1002 / ( sici ) 1099 - 0984 ( 199911 / 12 ) 13 : 6 < 493 : : aid - per355 > 3.0.co ; 2 - v . Jump up ^ Markey , P.M. ; Markey , C.N. ; Ericksen , A.J. ; Tinsley , B.J. ( 2002 ) . `` A preliminary validation of preadolescents ' self - reports using the Five - Factor Model of personality '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 36 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 181 . doi : 10.1006 / jrpe. 2001.2341 . Jump up ^ Scholte , R.H.J. ; van Aken , M.A.G. ; van Lieshout , C.F.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Adolescent personality factors in self - ratings and peer nominations and their prediction of peer acceptance and peer rejection '' . Journal of Personality Assessment . 69 : 534 -- 554 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327752jpa6903_8 . Jump up ^ van Lieshout , C.F.M. , & Haselager , G.J.T. ( 1994 ) . The Big Five personality factors in Q - sort descriptions of children and adolescents . In C.F. Halverson Jr. , G.A. Kohnstamm & R.P. Martin ( Eds . ) . The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood ( pp. 293 -- 318 ) . Hillsdale NJ : Erlbaum . ^ Jump up to : Halverson , C.F. , Kohnstamm , G.A. , & Martin , R.P. ( Eds . ) . ( 1994 ) . The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . ^ Jump up to : Kohnstamm , G.A. , Halverson , C.F. , Mervielde , I. , & Avilla , V. ( 1998 ) . Parental descriptions of child personality : Developmental antecedents of the Big Five ? Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum . Jump up ^ Mervielde , I. , De Fruyt , F. , & Jarmuz , S. ( 1998 ) . Linking openness and intellect in childhood and adulthood . In G.A. Kohnstamm , C.F. Halverson , I. Mervielde , & V.L. Havill ( Eds . ) , Parental descriptions of child personality : Developmental antecedents of the Big Five ? ( pp. 105 -- 126 ) . Mahway , NJ : Erlbaum Jump up ^ John , O.P. , & Srivastava , S. ( 1999 ) . The Big - Five trait taxonomy : history , measurement , and theoretical perspectives . In L.A. Pervin & O.P. John ( Eds . ) , Handbook of personality : Theory and research ( Vol. 2 , pp. 102 -- 138 ) . New York : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Lemery , K.S. ; Goldsmith , H.H. ; Klinnert , M.D. ; Mrazek , D.A. ( 1999 ) . `` Developmental models of infant and childhood temperament '' . Developmental Psychology . 35 : 189 -- 204 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.35. 1.189 . Jump up ^ Buss , A. & Plomin , R. ( 1984 ) Temperament : early developing personality trait . Hillsdale : Erlbaum . ^ Jump up to : Kagan J & Snidman N ( 2009 ) . The Long Shadow of Temperament . Harward University Press : MA . Jump up ^ Rothbart , M.K. ; Ahadi , S.A. ; Hershey , K.L. ; Fisher , P. ( 2001 ) . `` Investigations of temperament at three to seven years : The Children 's Behavior Questionnaire '' . Child Development . 72 : 1394 -- 1408 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8624.00355 . Jump up ^ John , O.P. ; Caspi , A. ; Robins , R.W. ; Moffitt , T.E. ; Stouthamer - Loeber , M. ( 1994 ) . `` The ' Little Five ' : Exploring the five - factor model of personality in adolescent boys '' . Child Development . 65 : 160 -- 178 . doi : 10.2307 / 1131373 . Jump up ^ Eaton , W.O. ( 1994 ) . Temperament , development , and the Five - Factor Model : Lessons from activity level . In C.F. Halverson , G.A. Kohnstamm , & R.P. Martin ( Eds . ) , The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood ( pp. 173 -- 187 ) . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . Jump up ^ Hawley , P.H. ( 1999 ) . `` The ontogenesis of social domin - ance : A strategy - based evolutionary perspective '' . Developmental Review . 19 : 97 -- 132 . doi : 10.1006 / drev. 1998.0470 . Jump up ^ Hawley , P.H. ; Little , T.D. ( 1999 ) . `` On winning some and losing some : A social relations approach to social dominance in toddlers '' . Merrill Palmer Quarterly . 45 : 185 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Sherif , M. , Harvey , O. , White , B.J. , Hood , W.R. , & Sherif , C. ( 1961 ) . Intergroup conflict and cooperation : The robbers ' cave experiment . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Keating , C.F. ; Heltman , K.R. ( 1994 ) . `` Dominance and deception in children and adults : Are leaders the best misleaders ? '' . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 20 : 312 -- 321 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167294203009 . Jump up ^ Asendorpf , J.B. ( 1990 ) . `` Development of inhibition during childhood : Evidence for situational specificity and a two - factor model '' . Developmental Psychology . 26 : 721 -- 730 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.26. 5.721 . Jump up ^ Asendorpf , J.B. ; Meier , G.H. ( 1993 ) . `` Personality effects on children 's speech in everyday life : Sociability - mediated exposure and shyness - mediated re - activity to social situations '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 64 : 1072 -- 1083 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.64. 6.1072 . Jump up ^ Harrist , A.W. ; Zaia , A.F. ; Bates , J.E. ; Dodge , K.A. ; Pettit , G.S. ( 1997 ) . `` Subtypes of social withdrawal in early childhood : Sociometric status and social - cognitive differences across four years '' . Child Development . 68 : 278 -- 294 . doi : 10.2307 / 1131850 . Jump up ^ Mathiesen , K.S. ; Tambe , K. ( 1999 ) . `` The EAS Temperament Questionnaire -- Factor structure , age trends , reliability , and stability in a Norwegian sample '' . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry . 40 : 431 -- 439 . doi : 10.1111 / 1469 - 7610.00460 . Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. & Costa , P.T. ( 1990 ) . Personality in adulthood . New York : The Guildford Press . Jump up ^ Cobb - Clark , D.A. ; Schurer , S. ( 2012 ) . `` The stability of big - five personality traits '' . Economics Letters. 115 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / 2011.11. 015 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , S. ; John , O.P. ; Gosling , S.D. ; Potter , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Development of personality in early and middle adulthood : Set like plaster or persistent change ? '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 84 ( 5 ) : 1041 -- 1053 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.84. 5.1041 . PMID 12757147 . Jump up ^ Soto , C.J. ; Gosling , Potter ( Feb 2011 ) . `` Age differences in personality traits from 10 to 65 : Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 100 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 348 . doi : 10.1037 / a0021717 . PMID 21171787 . Jump up ^ Roberts , B.W. ; Mroczek , D. ( 2008 ) . `` Personality Trait Change in Adulthood '' . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 17 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 35 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8721.2008. 00543. x . PMC 2743415 . PMID 19756219 . Jump up ^ Fleeson , W. ( 2001 ) . `` Towards a structure - and process - integrated view of personality : Traits as density distributions of states '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 80 : 1011 -- 1027 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.80. 6.1011 . Jump up ^ Mõttus , René ; Johnson , Wendy ; Starr , John M. ; Dearya , Ian J. ( June 2012 ) . `` Correlates of personality trait levels and their changes in very old age : The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 46 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2012.02. 004 . Jump up ^ Cobb - Clark , Deborah A. ; Schurer , Stefanie ( April 2012 ) . `` The stability of big - five personality traits '' . Economics Letters. 115 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. econlet. 2011.11. 015 . Jump up ^ Cavallera , G. ; Passerini , A. ; Pepe , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Personality and gender in swimmers in indoor practice at leisure level '' . Social Behaviour and Personality . 41 ( 4 ) : 693 -- 704 . doi : 10.2224 / 2013414693 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , P.T. Jr. ; Terracciano , A. ; McCrae , R.R. ( 2001 ) . `` Gender Differences in Personality Traits Across Cultures : Robust and Surprising Findings '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 81 ( 2 ) : 322 -- 331 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.81. 2.322 . PMID 11519935 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , D.P. ; Realo , A. ; Voracek , M. ; Allik , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Why ca n't a man be more like a woman ? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 94 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 182 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.94. 1.168 . PMID 18179326 . Jump up ^ Harris , J.R. ( 2006 ) . No two alike : Human nature and human individuality . WW Norton & Company . Jump up ^ Jefferson , T. ; Herbst , J.H. ; McCrae , R.R. ( 1998 ) . `` Associations between birth order and personality traits : Evidence from self - reports and observer ratings '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 32 ( 4 ) : 498 -- 509 . doi : 10.1006 / jrpe. 1998.2233 . Jump up ^ Ostendorf , F. ( 1990 ) . Sprache und Persoenlichkeitsstruktur : Zur Validitaet des Funf - Factoren - Modells der Persoenlichkeit . Regensburg , Germany : S. Roderer Verlag . Jump up ^ Trull , T.J. ; Geary , D.C. ( 1997 ) . `` Comparison of the big - five factor structure across samples of Chinese and American adults '' . Journal of Personality Assessment . 69 ( 2 ) : 324 -- 341 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327752jpa6902_6 . PMID 9392894 . Jump up ^ Lodhi , P.H. , Deo , S. , & Belhekar , V.M. ( 2002 ) . The Five - Factor model of personality in Indian context : measurement and correlates . In R.R. McCrae & J. Allik ( Eds . ) , The Five - Factor model of personality across cultures ( pp. 227 -- 248 ) . N.Y. : Kluwer Academic Publisher Jump up ^ McCrae , R.R. ( 2002 ) . NEO-PI - R data from 36 cultures : Further Intercultural comparisons . In R.R. McCrae & J. Alik . ( Eds . ) , The Five - Factor model of personality across cultures ( pp. 105 -- 125 ) . New York : Kluwer Academic Publisher . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , E.R. ( 2008 ) . `` Development and validation of an international English big - five mini-markers '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 45 ( 6 ) : 542 -- 548 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2008.06. 013 . Jump up ^ Cheung , F.M. ; Vijver , F.J.R. van de ; Leong , F.T.L. ( 2011 ) . `` Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture '' . American Psychologist. 66 : 593 -- 603 . doi : 10.1037 / a0022389 . PMID 21261408 . Jump up ^ McCrae , Robert R. ; Terracciano , Antonio ; Personality Profiles of Cultures Project ( September 2005 ) . `` Personality profiles of cultures : aggregate personality traits '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 89 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 25 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.89. 3.407 . PMID 16248722 . Jump up ^ Szirmak , Z. ; De Raad , B. ( 1994 ) . `` Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits '' . European Journal of Personality . 8 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 117 . doi : 10.1002 / per. 2410080203 . ^ Jump up to : De Fruyt , F. ; McCrae , R.R. ; Szirmák , Z. ; Nagy , J. ( 2004 ) . `` The Five - Factor personality inventory as a measure of the Five - Factor Model : Belgian , American , and Hungarian comparisons with the NEO-PI - R '' . Assessment . 11 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 215 . doi : 10.1177 / 1073191104265800 . PMID 15358876 . Jump up ^ Widiger TA , Costa PT . Jr . Five - Factor model personality disorder research . In : Costa Paul T Jr , Widiger Thomas A. , editors . Personality disorders and the five - factor model of personality . 2nd . Washington , DC , US : American Psychological Association ; 2002 . pp. 59 -- 87 . 2002 . Jump up ^ Mullins - Sweatt SN , Widiger TA . The five - factor model of personality disorder : A translation across science and practice . In : Krueger R , Tackett J , editors . Personality and psychopathology : Building bridges . New York : Guilford ; 2006 . pp. 39 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Clark , LA ( 2007 ) . `` Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder : Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 58 : 227 -- 257 ( 246 ) . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 57.102904. 190200 . PMID 16903806 . Jump up ^ Trofimova , IN ; Robbins , TW ( 2016 ) . `` Temperament and arousal systems : a new synthesis of differential psychology and functional neurochemistry '' . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews . 64 : 382 -- 402 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2016.03. 008 . Jump up ^ Trofimova , I.N. ; Sulis , W ( 2016 ) . `` Benefits of distinguishing between physical and social - verbal aspects of behaviour : an example of generalized anxiety '' . Frontiers in Psychology . 7 : 338 . doi : 10.3389 / fpsyg. 2016.00338 . Jump up ^ Trofimova , I. ; Christiansen , J. ( 2016 ) . `` Coupling of temperament traits with mental illness in four age groups '' . Psychological Reports . 118 : 2 . doi : 10.1177 / 0033294116639430 . PMID 27154370 . Jump up ^ Depue , R. & Fu , Y. ( 2012 ) Neurobiology and neurochemistry of temperament in adults . In : Zentner , M. & Shiner , R. ( Eds . ) Handbook of Temperament . NY : Guilford Publications , 368 -- 399 . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ R. Michael Bagby , Martin Sellbom , Paul T. Costa Jr. , and Thomas A. Widiger was published in Personality and Mental Health , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , pages 55 -- 69 , April 2008 Jump up ^ The five - factor model and personality disorder empirical literature : A meta - analytic review . LM Saulsman , AC Page -- Clinical Psychology Review , 2004 -- Elsevier Science Jump up ^ Fehrman , E. , Muhammad , A.K. , Mirkes , E.M. , Egan , V. , Gorban , A.N. The Five Factor Model of personality and evaluation of drug consumption risk , arXiv : 1506.06297 ( stat. AP ) , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Kessler , R. ; Chiu , W. ; Demler , O. ; Merikangas , K. ; Walters , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Prevalence , severity , and comorbidity of 12 - month DSM - IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication '' . Archives of General Psychiatry . 62 : 617 -- 627 . doi : 10.1001 / archpsyc. 62.6. 617 . PMC 2847357 . PMID 15939839 . Jump up ^ Compton , W. ; Conway , K. ; Stinson , F. ; Colliver , J. ; Grant , B. ( 2005 ) . `` Prevalence , correlates , and comorbidity of DSM - IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States : Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions '' . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 66 ( 6 ) : 677 -- 685 . doi : 10.4088 / jcp. v66n0602 . PMID 15960559 . Jump up ^ Hasin , D. ; Goodwin , R. ; Stinson , F. ; Grant , B. ( 2005 ) . `` Epidemiology of major depressive disorder : results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions '' . Archives of General Psychiatry . 62 : 1097 -- 1106 . doi : 10.1001 / archpsyc. 62.10. 1097 . PMID 16203955 . Jump up ^ Khan , A. ; Jacobson , K. ; Gardner , C. ; Prescott , C. ; Kendler , K. ( 2005 ) . `` Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders '' . British Journal of Psychiatry . 186 ( 3 ) : 190 -- 196 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 186.3. 190 . PMID 15738498 . Jump up ^ Cuijpers , P. ; Smit , F. ; Pennix , B. ; de Graaf , R. ; Have , M. ; Beekman , A. ( 2010 ) . `` Economic costs of neuroticism '' . Archives of General Psychiatry . 67 : 1086 -- 1093 . doi : 10.1001 / archgenpsychiatry. 2010.130 . PMID 20921124 . ^ Jump up to : Kotov , R. , Gamez , W. , Schmidt , F. , & Watson , D. ( 2010 ) . `` Linking `` big '' personality traits to anxiety , depressive , and substance use disorders : a meta - analysis `` . Psychological Bulletin . 136 ( 5 ) : 768 -- 821 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020327 . PMID 20804236 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bogg , T. ; Roberts , B. ( 2004 ) . `` Conscientiousness and health - related behaviors : a meta - analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality '' . Psychological Bulletin . 130 : 887 -- 919 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.130. 6.887 . PMID 15535742 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , B. , Kuncel , N. , Shiner , R. , Caspi , A. , & Goldberg , L. ( 2007 ) . `` The power of personality : The comparative validity of personality traits , socioeconomic status , and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 2 ( 4 ) : 313 -- 345 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6916.2007. 00047. x . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jeronimus B.F. ; Kotov , R. ; Riese , H. ; Ormel , J. ( 2016 ) . `` Neuroticism 's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history , but the adjusted association hardly decays with time : a meta - analysis on 59 longitudinal / prospective studies with 443 313 participants '' . Psychological Medicine . 46 ( 14 ) : 2883 -- 2906 . doi : 10.1017 / S0033291716001653 . PMID 27523506 . Jump up ^ Livesley , W. ( 2001 ) . Handbook of Personality Disorders . pp. 84 -- 104 . ^ Jump up to : Ormel , J. , Jeronimus , B. , Kotov , R. , Riese , H. , Bos , E. , Hankin , B. , Rosmalen , J. , & Oldehinkel , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Neuroticism and common mental disorders : Meaning and utility of a complex relationship '' . Clinical Psychological Review . 33 ( 5 ) : 686 -- 697 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cpr. 2013.04. 003 . PMC 4382368 . PMID 23702592 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Millon , T. ; Krueger , R. ; Simonsen , E. ( 2011 ) . Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology : Scientific Foundations of the DSM - IV and ICD - 11 . Guilford Press . ^ Jump up to : Krueger , R. ; Tackett , L ( 2006 ) . Personality and Psychopathology . Guilford Press . Jump up ^ De Bolle , M. , Beyers , W. , De Clercq , B. , & De Fruyt , F. ( 2012 ) . `` General personality and psychopathology in referred and nonreferred children and adolescents : An investigation of continuity , pathoplasty , and complication models '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 121 ( 4 ) : 958 -- 970 . doi : 10.1037 / a0027742 . PMID 22448741 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Iwasa Hijime ; Masui , Gondo , Inagaki , Kawaai , Suzuki ( December 2007 ) . `` Personality and All - Cause Mortality Among Older Adults Dwelling in a Japanese Community : A Five - Year Population Based Prospective Study '' . American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry . 16 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 405 . doi : 10.1097 / JGP. 0b013e3181662ac9 . PMID 18403571 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Komarraju , Meera ; Steven J. Karau ; Ronald R. Schmeck ; Alen Avdic ( September 2011 ) . `` The Big Five personality traits , learning styles , and academic achievement '' . The Big Five personality traits , learning styles , and academic achievement . Jump up ^ Zeidner , Moshe ; Shani - Zinovich ( 11 Oct 2011 ) . `` Do academically gifted and nongifted students differ on the Big - Five and adaptive status ? Some recent data and conclusions '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 51 ( 5 ) : 566 -- 570 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2011.05. 007 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . 1 Jump up ^ Komarraju , Meera ; Karau , Schmeck , Avdic ( 2 June 2011 ) . `` The Big Five personality traits , learning styles , and academic achievement '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 51 ( 4 ) : 472 -- 477 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2011.04. 019 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Singh , A.K. ( 2012 ) . `` Does trait predict psychological well - being among students of professional courses ? '' . Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology . 38 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Klimstra , T. ( 2012 ) . `` Personality traits and educational identity formation in late adolescents : Longitudinal associations and academic progress '' . Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 41 : 341 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Komarraju , Meera ; Steven J. Karau ; Ronald R. Schmeck ; Alen Avdic ( 2 June 2011 ) . `` The Big Five Personality traits , learning styles , and academic achievement '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 51 : 472 -- 477 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2011.04. 019 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Li - fang ( 6 September 2001 ) . `` Measuring thinking styles in addition to measuring personality traits ? '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 33 : 445 -- 458 . doi : 10.1016 / s0191 - 8869 ( 01 ) 00166 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Komarraju , Meera ( 2 June 2011 ) . `` The Big Five personality traits , learning styles , and academic achievement '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 51 : 472 -- 477 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2011.04. 019 . Jump up ^ Komarraju , M. ; Karau , S.J. ; Schmeck , R.R. ; Avdic , A. ( 2011 ) . `` The big five personality traits , learning styles , and academic achievement '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 51 ( 4 ) : 472 -- 477 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2011.04. 019 . ^ Jump up to : Klimstra , Theo A. ; Luyckx , Koen ; Germeijs , Veerle ; Meeus , Wim H.J. ; Goossens , Luc ( March 2012 ) . `` Personality Traits and Educational Identity Formation in Late Adolescents : Longitudinal Associations and Academic Progress '' . Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 41 ( 3 ) : 346 -- 61 . doi : 10.1007 / s10964 - 011 - 9734 - 7 . PMID 22147120 . Jump up ^ De Feyter , Tim ; Ralf Caers ; Claudia Vigna ; Dries Berings ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Unraveling the impact of the Big Five personality traits on academic performance : The moderating and mediating effects of self - efficacy and academic motivation '' . Learning and Individual Differences. 22 : 439 -- 448 . doi : 10.1016 / j. lindif. 2012.03. 013 . Jump up ^ Pashler , Harold ; McDaniel , Mark ; Rohrer , Doug ; Bjork , Robert ( December 2008 ) . `` Learning Styles : Concepts and Evidence '' . Psychological Science in the Public Interest . 9 ( 3 ) : 105 -- 19 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1539 - 6053.2009. 01038. x . Jump up ^ Five Factor Personality Model of Leadership Jump up ^ Dima Jump up ^ Amber Yang Jump up ^ Mount , M.K. ; Barrick , M.R. ( 1998 ) . `` Five reasons why the `` big five '' article has been frequently cited `` . Personnel Psychology . 51 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 857 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 6570.1998. tb00743. x . Jump up ^ Morgeson , F.P. ; Campion , M.A. ; Dipboye , R.L. ; Hollenbeck , J.R. ; Murphy , K. ; Schmitt , N. ( 2007 ) . `` Reconsidering the use of personality tests in personnel selection contexts '' . Personnel Psychology . 60 : 683 -- 729 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 6570.2007. 00089. x . Jump up ^ Mischel , Walter . Personality and Assessment , London , Wiley , 1968 Jump up ^ Rosenthal , R. ( 1990 ) . `` How are we doing in soft psychology ? '' . American Psychologist. 45 : 775 -- 777 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 45.6. 775 . Jump up ^ Hunter , J.E. ; Schmidt , F.L. ; Judiesch , M.K. ( 1990 ) . `` Individual differences in output variability as a function of job complexity '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 75 : 28 -- 42 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.75. 1.28 . Jump up ^ Fairweather , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Personality , nations , and innovation : Relationships between personality traits and national innovation scores '' . Cross-Cultural Research : The Journal of Comparative Social Science . 46 : 3 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Executive Coaching and Leadership Consulting . ( n.d. ) . Working Resources . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 , from http://www.workingresources.com/nss-folder/pdffolder/LeadershipPersonality.pdf Jump up ^ Mehta , Penkak ( 2012 ) . `` Personality as a predictor of burnout among managers of manufacturing industries . '' . Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology . 32 : 321 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Judge , T. ; Livingston , BA ; Hurst , C ( 2012 ) . `` Do nice guys -- and gals -- really finish last ? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 102 ( 2 ) : 390 -- 407 . doi : 10.1037 / a0026021 . PMID 22121889 . ^ Jump up to : Spurk , Daniel ; Abele ( 16 June 2010 ) . `` Who Earns More and Why ? A Multiple Mediation Model from Personality to Salary '' . Journal of Business Psychology . 26 : 87 -- 103 . doi : 10.1007 / s10869 - 010 - 9184 - 3 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Neal , Andrew ; Yeo , Koy , Xiao ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Predicting the Form and Direction of Work Role Performance From the Big 5 Model of Personality Traits '' . Journal of Organizational Behavior . 33 : 175 -- 192 . doi : 10.1002 / job. 742 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Holland , Ashley ; Roisman ( October 2008 ) . `` Big five personality traits and relationship quality : Self - reported , observational , and physiological evidence '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 25 ( 5 ) : 811 -- 829 . doi : 10.1177 / 0265407508096697 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 338 Jump up ^ `` IPIP Home '' . ipip.ori.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Samuel D ; Rentfrow , Peter J ; Swann , William B ( 2003 ) . `` A very brief measure of the Big - Five personality domains '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 37 ( 6 ) : 504 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 6566 ( 03 ) 00046 - 1 . ISSN 0092 - 6566 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , L.R. ( 1992 ) . `` The development of markers for the Big - five factor structure '' . Psychological Assessment . 4 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 42 . doi : 10.1037 / 1040 - 3590.4. 1.26 . ^ Jump up to : Donaldson , Stewart I. ; Grant - Vallone , Elisa J. ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding self - report bias in organizational behavior research '' . Journal of Business and Psychology . 17 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 260 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1019637632584 . JSTOR 25092818 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsh , Jacob B. ; Peterson , Jordan B. ( October 2008 ) . `` Predicting creativity and academic success with a ' Fake - Proof ' measure of the Big Five '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 42 ( 5 ) : 1323 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2008.04. 006 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Samuel D ; Rentfrow , Peter J ; Swann , William B ( 2003 ) . `` A very brief measure of the Big - Five personality domains '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 37 ( 6 ) : 504 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 6566 ( 03 ) 00046 - 1 . Jump up ^ Harms , P. ( 2012 ) . `` An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 102 : 874 -- 888 . doi : 10.1037 / a0027403 . PMID 22352328 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1990 ) . `` An alternative `` description of personality '' : The big - five factor structure `` . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 59 ( 6 ) : 1216 -- 1229 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.59. 6.1216 . PMID 2283588 . Jump up ^ `` Big Five Personality Tests , traits and background '' . Personality and Aptitude Career Tests . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , H. Andrew ; Eichstaedt , Johannes C. ; Kern , Margaret L. ; Dziurzynski , Lukasz ; Ramones , Stephanie M. ; Agrawal , Megha ; Shah , Achal ; Kosinski , Michal ; Stillwell , David ; Seligman , Martin E.P. ; Ungar , Lyle H. ( 2013 ) . `` Personality , gender , and age in the language of social media : the open - vocabulary approach '' . PLOS ONE . 8 ( 9 ) : e73791 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0073791 . PMC 3783449 . PMID 24086296 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 1995a ) . `` A contrarian view of the five - factor approach to personality description '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 215 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.187 . PMID 7724687 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Dimensions of personality : 16 , 5 , 3 ? '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 12 : 773 -- 790 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 91 ) 90144 - z . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are not basic '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 : 667 -- 673 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90237 - j . Jump up ^ Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere . The Psychologist , May , 207 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Trofimova , IN ( 2014 ) . `` Observer bias : an interaction of temperament traits with biases in the semantic perception of lexical material '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : e85677 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0085677 . PMC 3903487 . PMID 24475048 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. , & Jackson , D.N. ( 2000 ) What is beyond the Big Five ? Plenty ! Journal of Personality , 68 ( 5 ) , 821 -- 835 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( Chapter 20 , pp. 417 -- 446 ) . New York : Plenum . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , G.J. ( 2008 ) . Critique of Five - Factor Model ( FFM ) . In G.J. Boyle , G. Matthews , & D.H. Saklofske . ( Eds . ) , The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment : Vol. 1 -- Personality theories and models . Los Angeles , CA : SAGE . ISBN 9 - 781412 - 946513 Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. ; McCrae , R.R. ( 1995 ) . `` Solid ground in the wetlands of personality : A reply to Block '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 220 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.216 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 1995b ) . `` Going beyond the five factors given : Rejoinder to Costa and McCrae and Goldberg and Saucier '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 : 226 -- 229 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.226 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 2001 ) . `` Millennial contrarianism '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 35 : 98 -- 107 . doi : 10.1006 / jrpe. 2000.2293 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 2010 ) . `` The Five - Factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Cattell , R.B. ; Boyle , G.J. ; Chant , D. ( 2002 ) . `` The enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus '' . Psychological Review . 109 : 202 -- 205 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 109.1. 202 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( pp. 431 -- 433 ) . Jump up ^ Schacter , Gilbert , Wegner ( 2011 ) . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Worth . pp. 474 -- 475 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Piekkola , B ( 2011 ) . `` Traits across cultures : A neo-Allportian perspective '' . Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology . 31 : 2 -- 24 . doi : 10.1037 / a0022478 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , Sampo V ; Jackson , Douglas N ( 2000 ) . `` What Is Beyond the Big Five ? Plenty ! '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality . 68 ( October 2000 ) : 821 -- 835 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.00117 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. ; Haddock , G. ; Forsterling , F. ; Keinonen , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Broad versus Narrow Personality Measures and the Prediction of Behaviour Across Cultures '' . European Journal of Personality . 17 : 413 -- 433 . doi : 10.1002 / per. 496 . Jump up ^ McAdams , D.P. ( 1995 ) . `` What do we know when we know a person ? '' . Journal of Personality . 63 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 396 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1995. tb00500. x . Jump up ^ Musek , Janet ( 2007 ) . `` A general factor of personality : Evidence for the Big One in the five - factor model '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 41 : 1213 -- 1233 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2007.02. 003 . Jump up ^ van der Linden , Dimitri ; te Nijenhuis , J. ; Bakker , A.B. ( 2010 ) . `` The General Factor of Personality : A meta - analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion - related validity study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research in Personality . 44 : 315 -- 327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2010.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Hans J. Eysenck ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are not basic '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 667 -- 673 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90237 - j . Jump up ^ Paul T. Costa ; Robert R. McRae ( 1992 ) . `` Reply to Eysenck '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 861 -- 865 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90002 - 7 . Jump up ^ Block , Jack ( 2010 ) . `` The five - factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Marks JA & Schutte J ( 2014 ) `` Electroencephalographic Correlates of Psychometry '' Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ( New York ) . 2 : 675 - 678 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 2004 ) . `` A Hierarchical Analysis of 1,710 English Personality - Descriptive Adjectives '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 87 : 707 -- 721 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.87. 5.707 . PMID 15535781 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; de Vries , R.E. ( 2014 ) . `` The HEXACO Honesty - Humility , Agreeableness , and Emotionality Factors : A Review of Research and Theory '' . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 18 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 152 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088868314523838 . External links ( edit ) International Personality Item Pool , public domain list of items keyed to the big five personality traits . Selection from the `` Handbook of personality : Theory and research '' for researchers Rentfrow , Peter J ; Jokela , Markus ; Lamb , Michael E ( 2015 ) . `` Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain '' . Plos One . 10 ( 3 ) : e0122245 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022245R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122245 . PMC 4372610 . PMID 25803819 . Northern American Geography of Personality The Big Five Personality Model on YouTube World map of the Big 5 Personality Traits on YouTube ( hide ) Big Five personality traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Other personality models Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Five_personality_traits&oldid=817681270 '' Categories : Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
studies have found that the big five dimensions of personality can be used to predict
|
[] |
[] |
-6066432259145378734
|
2018 Wimbledon Championships
|
2018 Wimbledon Championships - Wikipedia 2018 Wimbledon Championships Further information on singles results at : Gentlemen 's singles draw and Ladies ' singles draw 2018 Wimbledon Championships Date 2 -- 15 July Edition 132nd Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 48XD Prize money £ 34,000,000 Surface Grass Location Church Road SW19 , Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom Venue All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Champions Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main tournament began on Monday , 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday , 15 July 2018 . Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman 's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title . The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships , the 125th staging of the Ladies ' Singles Championship event , the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year . It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour . The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation . Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles . Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson , while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck . Contents 1 Tournament 2 Point and prize money distribution 2.1 Point distribution 2.1. 1 Senior points 2.1. 2 Wheelchair points 2.1. 3 Junior points 2.2 Prize money 3 Singles players 3.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 3.2 Ladies ' Singles 4 Day - by - day summaries 5 Singles seeds 5.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 5.1. 1 Withdrawn players 5.2 Ladies ' Singles 6 Doubles seeds 6.1 Gentlemen 's Doubles 6.2 Ladies ' Doubles 6.3 Mixed Doubles 7 Champions 7.1 Seniors 7.1. 1 Gentlemen 's Singles 7.1. 2 Ladies ' Singles 7.1. 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.1. 4 Ladies ' Doubles 7.1. 5 Mixed Doubles 7.2 Juniors 7.2. 1 Boys ' Singles 7.2. 2 Girls ' Singles 7.2. 3 Boys ' Doubles 7.2. 4 Girls ' Doubles 7.3 Invitation 7.3. 1 Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.3. 2 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles 7.3. 3 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.4 Wheelchair events 7.4. 1 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles 7.4. 2 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles 7.4. 3 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.4. 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles 7.4. 5 Wheelchair Quad Doubles 8 Main draw wild card entries 8.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 8.2 Ladies ' Singles 8.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 8.4 Ladies ' Doubles 8.5 Mixed Doubles 9 Main draw qualifier entries 9.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 9.1. 1 Lucky Losers 9.2 Ladies ' Singles 9.2. 1 Lucky Losers 9.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 9.4 Ladies ' Doubles 10 Protected ranking 11 Withdrawals 12 References 13 External links Tournament ( edit ) Centre Court where the Finals of Wimbledon take place The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London . The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament consisted of men 's ( singles and doubles ) , women 's ( singles and doubles ) , mixed doubles , boys ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) and girls ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) , which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18 , and singles and doubles events for men 's and women 's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category . The tournament was played only on grass courts ; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , Wimbledon . Qualifying matches were played , from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018 , at the Bank of England Sports Ground , Roehampton . The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June . Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament . Senior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 -- -- 0 Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair points ( edit ) Event 3rd 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Junior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 1000 600 370 200 100 45 30 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 750 450 275 150 75 N / A N / A N / A Girls ' Doubles N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £ 34,000,000 , up by 7.6 % on 2017 . The winners of the men 's and women 's singles titles will earn £ 2.25 m . Prize money for the men 's and women 's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition . A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on - site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money , the other half to be awarded to the replacement Lucky Loser . Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards , may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money , to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles £ 2,250,000 £ 1,125,000 £ 562,000 £ 281,000 £ 163,000 £ 100,000 £ 63,000 £ 39,000 £ 19,500 £ 9,750 £ 4,875 Doubles * £ 450,000 £ 225,000 £ 112,000 £ 56,000 £ 29,000 £ 17,750 £ 11,500 -- -- -- -- Mixed Doubles * £ 110,000 £ 55,000 £ 27,500 £ 13,750 £ 6,500 £ 3,250 £ 1,625 -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Singles £ 40,000 £ 20,000 £ 13,000 £ 8,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Doubles * £ 14,000 £ 7,000 £ 4,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Invitation Doubles £ 26,000 £ 22,000 £ 19,000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Singles players ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Semifinals out John Isner ( 9 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) Quarterfinals out Roger Federer ( 1 ) Milos Raonic ( 13 ) Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 5 ) 4th round out Adrian Mannarino ( 22 ) Gaël Monfils Mackenzie McDonald Stefanos Tsitsipas ( 31 ) Karen Khachanov Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) Gilles Simon Jiří Veselý 3rd round out Jan - Lennard Struff Daniil Medvedev Sam Querrey ( 11 ) Philipp Kohlschreiber ( 25 ) Guido Pella Dennis Novak ( Q ) Radu Albot Thomas Fabbiano ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Kyle Edmund ( 21 ) Nick Kyrgios ( 15 ) Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) Benoît Paire Matthew Ebden Fabio Fognini ( 19 ) Alex de Minaur 2nd round out Lukáš Lacko Ivo Karlović Ryan Harrison Guillermo García López Sergiy Stakhovsky ( WC ) Paolo Lorenzi Gilles Müller Andreas Seppi Marin Čilić ( 3 ) Nicolás Jarry Lucas Pouille ( 17 ) John Millman Ruben Bemelmans ( Q ) Aljaž Bedene Jared Donaldson Stan Wawrinka Marcos Baghdatis Julien Benneteau Bradley Klahn ( Q ) Horacio Zeballos Robin Haase Bernard Tomic ( LL ) Damir Džumhur ( 27 ) Taylor Fritz Feliciano López Denis Shapovalov ( 26 ) Matteo Berrettini Stéphane Robert ( Q ) Diego Schwartzman ( 14 ) Simone Bolelli ( LL ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert Mikhail Kukushkin 1st round out Dušan Lajović Benjamin Bonzi ( Q ) Mikhail Youzhny Leonardo Mayer ( 32 ) Christian Garín ( Q ) Roberto Carballés Baena Gastão Elias Borna Ćorić ( 16 ) Jordan Thompson João Sousa Laslo Đere Richard Gasquet ( 23 ) Evgeny Donskoy Michael Mmoh ( LL ) John - Patrick Smith ( Q ) Norbert Gombos ( Q ) Yoshihito Nishioka ( PR ) Jason Kubler ( Q ) Ričardas Berankis Filip Krajinović ( 28 ) Denis Kudla ( WC ) Peter Polansky ( LL ) Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) Liam Broady ( WC ) Yannick Maden ( Q ) Steve Johnson Cameron Norrie Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) Grégoire Barrère ( Q ) Malek Jaziri Yuki Bhambri Grigor Dimitrov ( 6 ) Dominic Thiem ( 7 ) David Ferrer Márton Fucsovics Fernando Verdasco ( 30 ) Alex Bolt ( Q ) Yūichi Sugita Guido Andreozzi Tennys Sandgren Denis Istomin Marius Copil Hubert Hurkacz ( LL ) Christian Harrison ( Q ) Maximilian Marterer Jay Clarke ( WC ) Lorenzo Sonego ( LL ) James Duckworth ( PR ) Peter Gojowczyk Federico Delbonis Jason Jung ( LL ) Jérémy Chardy Jack Sock ( 16 ) Nikoloz Basilashvili Albert Ramos Viñolas David Goffin ( 10 ) Mirza Bašić Florian Mayer Pablo Cuevas Taro Daniel Marco Cecchinato ( 29 ) Mischa Zverev Vasek Pospisil Dudi Sela Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) Semifinals out Jeļena Ostapenko ( 12 ) Julia Görges ( 13 ) Quarterfinals out Dominika Cibulková Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) Camila Giorgi 4th round out Hsieh Su - wei Aliaksandra Sasnovich Alison Van Uytvanck Belinda Bencic Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) Donna Vekić Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) Ekaterina Makarova 3rd round out Simona Halep ( 1 ) Elise Mertens ( 15 ) Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) Daria Gavrilova ( 26 ) Anett Kontaveit ( 28 ) Ashleigh Barty ( 17 ) Naomi Osaka ( 18 ) Carla Suárez Navarro ( 27 ) Mihaela Buzărnescu ( 29 ) Venus Williams ( 9 ) Barbora Strýcová ( 23 ) Yanina Wickmayer Kristina Mladenovic Madison Keys ( 10 ) Kateřina Siniaková Lucie Šafářová 2nd round out Zheng Saisai ( PR ) Lara Arruabarrena Johanna Konta ( 22 ) Sachia Vickery Kirsten Flipkens Sofia Kenin Samantha Stosur Taylor Townsend Garbiñe Muguruza ( 3 ) Jennifer Brady Eugenie Bouchard ( Q ) Yulia Putintseva Claire Liu ( Q ) Katie Boulter ( WC ) Sara Sorribes Tormo ( Q ) Alison Riske Victoria Azarenka Katie Swan ( WC ) Anna Blinkova Alexandra Dulgheru ( Q ) Vera Lapko Lesia Tsurenko Andrea Petkovic Rebecca Peterson Tatjana Maria Viktoriya Tomova ( Q ) Sorana Cîrstea Luksika Kumkhum Ons Jabeur ( WC ) Madison Brengle Agnieszka Radwańska ( 32 ) Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 1st round out Kurumi Nara Wang Qiang Ana Bogdan Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 30 ) Natalia Vikhlyantseva Alizé Cornet Markéta Vondroušová Danielle Collins Katy Dunne ( WC ) Heather Watson Maria Sakkari Maria Sharapova ( 24 ) Caroline Dolehide ( LL ) Peng Shuai Pauline Parmentier Petra Kvitová ( 8 ) Naomi Broady ( WC ) Polona Hercog Kateryna Kozlova Denisa Allertová Stefanie Vögele Gabriella Taylor ( WC ) Magda Linette Jana Fett Vera Zvonareva ( Q ) Ana Konjuh Verónica Cepede Royg Monica Niculescu Carina Witthöft Kaia Kanepi Mariana Duque Mariño ( LL ) Caroline Garcia ( 6 ) Harriet Dart ( WC ) Ekaterina Alexandrova Irina - Camelia Begu Aryna Sabalenka Barbora Štefková ( Q ) Wang Yafan Kristýna Plíšková Johanna Larsson Monica Puig Christina McHale Tímea Babos Svetlana Kuznetsova Zhang Shuai ( 31 ) Mona Barthel ( Q ) Viktória Kužmová Sloane Stephens ( 4 ) Elina Svitolina ( 5 ) Anna Karolína Schmiedlová Tereza Smitková ( WC ) Arantxa Rus Magdaléna Rybáriková ( 19 ) Antonia Lottner ( Q ) Bernarda Pera Ajla Tomljanović Coco Vandeweghe ( 16 ) Viktorija Golubic Aleksandra Krunić Anastasija Sevastova ( 21 ) Elena - Gabriela Ruse ( Q ) Kateryna Bondarenko Petra Martić Varvara Lepchenko Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Day - by - day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's singles ( edit ) The seeds for men 's singles are adjusted on a surface - based system to reflect more accurately the individual player 's grass court achievement as per the following formula , which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP Rankings on 25 June 2018 : Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018 . Add 100 % points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months ( 26 June 2017 -- 24 June 2018 ) . Add 75 % points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that ( 20 June 2016 -- 25 June 2017 ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Roger Federer 8,720 2,000 360 7,080 Quarterfinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Rafael Nadal 8,770 180 720 9,310 Semifinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 5 Marin Čilić 5,060 1,200 45 3,905 Second round lost to Guido Pella Alexander Zverev 5,755 180 90 5,665 Third round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 5 Juan Martín del Potro 5,080 45 360 5,395 Quarterfinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) 6 6 Grigor Dimitrov 4,780 180 10 4,610 First round lost to Stan Wawrinka 7 7 Dominic Thiem 3,835 180 10 3,665 First round retired against Marcos Baghdatis 8 8 Kevin Anderson 3,635 180 1,200 4,655 Runner - up , lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 9 10 John Isner 3,045 45 720 3,720 Semifinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 10 9 David Goffin 3,110 0 10 3,120 First round lost to Matthew Ebden 11 13 Sam Querrey 2,130 720 90 1,500 Third round lost to Gaël Monfils 12 21 Novak Djokovic 1,715 360 2,000 3,355 Champion , defeated Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 13 32 Milos Raonic 1,430 360 360 1,430 Quarterfinals lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 14 11 Diego Schwartzman 2,435 10 45 2,470 Second round lost to Jiří Veselý 15 18 Nick Kyrgios 1,855 10 90 1,935 Third round lost to Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) 16 20 Borna Ćorić 1,745 10 10 1,745 First round lost to Daniil Medvedev 17 19 Lucas Pouille 1,835 45 45 1,835 Second round lost to Dennis Novak ( Q ) 18 15 Jack Sock 2,110 45 10 2,075 First round lost to Matteo Berrettini 19 16 Fabio Fognini 2,030 90 90 2,030 Third round lost to Jiří Veselý 20 12 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,145 0 10 2,155 First round lost to Radu Albot 21 17 Kyle Edmund 1,950 45 90 1,995 Third round lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 22 26 Adrian Mannarino 1,580 180 180 1,580 Fourth round lost to Roger Federer ( 1 ) 23 31 Richard Gasquet 1,465 10 10 1,465 First round lost to Gaël Monfils 24 28 Kei Nishikori 1,530 90 360 1,800 Quarterfinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 25 27 Philipp Kohlschreiber 1,575 10 90 1,655 Third round lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 26 25 Denis Shapovalov 1,588 0 45 1,633 Second round lost to Benoît Paire 27 23 Damir Džumhur 1,665 45 45 1,665 Second round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 28 30 Filip Krajinović 1,489 ( 80 ) 10 1,419 First round lost to Nicolás Jarry 29 29 Marco Cecchinato 1,514 10 + 10 10 + 6 1,510 First round lost to Alex de Minaur 30 34 Fernando Verdasco 1,280 10 10 1,280 First round lost to Frances Tiafoe 31 35 Stefanos Tsitsipas 1,254 35 180 1,399 Fourth round lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 32 36 Leonardo Mayer 1,235 ( 48 ) 10 1,197 First round lost to Jan - Lennard Struff † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead . Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Reason 14 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,120 180 1,940 Hip injury 22 Chung Hyeon 1,685 0 1,685 Ankle injury 24 Tomáš Berdych 1,625 720 905 Back injury 33 Andrey Rublev 1,281 70 1,211 Back injury Ladies ' singles ( edit ) The seeds for ladies ' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018 , with an exception for Serena Williams ( details are given below ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Simona Halep 7,871 430 130 7,571 Third round lost to Hsieh Su - wei Caroline Wozniacki 6,910 240 70 6,740 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova Garbiñe Muguruza 6,550 2,000 70 4,620 Second round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck Sloane Stephens 5,463 10 10 5,463 First round lost to Donna Vekić 5 5 Elina Svitolina 5,250 240 10 5,020 First round lost to Tatjana Maria 6 6 Caroline Garcia 4,960 240 10 4,730 First round lost to Belinda Bencic 7 8 Karolína Plíšková 4,315 70 240 4,485 Fourth round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 8 7 Petra Kvitová 4,610 70 10 4,550 First round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 9 9 Venus Williams 3,971 1,300 130 2,801 Third round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 10 11 Madison Keys 3,536 70 130 3,596 Third round lost to Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) 11 10 Angelique Kerber 3,545 240 2,000 5,305 Champion , defeated Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 12 12 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,437 430 780 3,787 Semifinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 13 13 Julia Görges 3,210 10 780 3,980 Semifinals lost to Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 14 14 Daria Kasatkina 3,165 70 430 3,525 Quarterfinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 15 15 Elise Mertens 2,635 10 130 2,755 Third round lost to Dominika Cibulková 16 16 CoCo Vandeweghe 2,603 430 10 2,183 First round lost to Kateřina Siniaková 17 17 Ashleigh Barty 2,435 10 130 2,555 Third round lost to Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) 18 18 Naomi Osaka 2,350 130 130 2,350 Third round lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 19 19 Magdaléna Rybáriková 2,310 780 10 1,540 First round lost to Sorana Cîrstea 20 20 Kiki Bertens 2,090 10 430 2,510 Quarterfinals lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 21 21 Anastasija Sevastova 2,005 70 10 1,945 First round lost to Camila Giorgi 22 24 Johanna Konta 1,866 780 70 1,156 Second round lost to Dominika Cibulková 23 23 Barbora Strýcová 1,915 70 130 1,975 Third round lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 24 22 Maria Sharapova 1,943 0 10 1,953 First round lost to Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) 25 181 Serena Williams 315 0 1,300 1,615 Runner - up , lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 26 25 Daria Gavrilova 1,765 10 130 1,885 Third round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 27 26 Carla Suárez Navarro 1,677 70 130 1,737 Third round lost to Belinda Bencic 28 27 Anett Kontaveit 1,656 130 130 1,656 Third round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck 29 28 Mihaela Buzărnescu 1,648 ( 85 ) 130 1,693 Third round lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) 30 29 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 1,596 10 10 1,596 First round lost to Hsieh Su - wei 31 31 Zhang Shuai 1,545 10 10 1,545 First round lost to Andrea Petkovic 32 30 Agnieszka Radwańska 1,580 240 70 1,410 Second round lost to Lucie Šafářová † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 . Accordingly , points for her 16th best result are deducted instead . ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced , because she missed most of the last 12 - month period due to her pregnancy . Nevertheless she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers . Doubles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Oliver Marach Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7 Henri Kontinen John Peers 15 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 19 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 27 5 Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 28 6 Mike Bryan Jack Sock 31 7 Nikola Mektić Alexander Peya 37 8 Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Jean - Julien Rojer 44 9 Ivan Dodig Rajeev Ram 46 10 Pablo Cuevas Marcel Granollers 50 11 Rohan Bopanna Édouard Roger - Vasselin 50 12 Raven Klaasen Michael Venus 53 13 Ben McLachlan Jan - Lennard Struff 61 14 Dominic Inglot Franko Škugor 66 15 Max Mirnyi Philipp Oswald 75 16 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic 12 Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Barbora Strýcová 12 Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková 15 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 26 Latisha Chan Peng Shuai 27 5 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 27 6 Chan Hao - ching Yang Zhaoxuan 34 7 Elise Mertens Demi Schuurs 41 8 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 45 9 Ashleigh Barty CoCo Vandeweghe 48 10 Raquel Atawo Anna - Lena Grönefeld 49 11 Nicole Melichar Květa Peschke 51 12 Kirsten Flipkens Monica Niculescu 63 13 Lucie Hradecká Hsieh Su - wei 67 14 Irina - Camelia Begu Mihaela Buzărnescu 72 15 Lyudmyla Kichenok Alla Kudryavtseva 77 16 Vania King Katarina Srebotnik 79 17 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Team Rank Seed Mate Pavić Gabriela Dabrowski 10 Bruno Soares Ekaterina Makarova 15 Ivan Dodig Latisha Chan 21 Jean - Julien Rojer Demi Schuurs 27 Nikola Mektić Chan Hao - ching 29 5 Édouard Roger - Vasselin Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková 31 6 Robert Farah Anna - Lena Grönefeld 34 7 Rajeev Ram Andreja Klepač 42 8 Michael Venus Katarina Srebotnik 51 9 Juan Sebastián Cabal Abigail Spears 52 10 Alexander Peya Nicole Melichar 52 11 Matwé Middelkoop Johanna Larsson 55 12 Max Mirnyi Květa Peschke 56 13 Ben McLachlan Eri Hozumi 59 14 Marcelo Demoliner María José Martínez Sánchez 61 15 Henri Kontinen Heather Watson 65 16 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018 . Champions ( edit ) Seniors ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic def . Kevin Anderson , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber def . Serena Williams , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def . Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def . Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def . Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Juniors ( edit ) Boys ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin def . Jack Draper , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek def . Leonie Küng , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Boys ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def . Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def . Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 Invitation ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def . Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def . Cara Black / Martina Navratilova , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def . Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair events ( edit ) Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson def . Gustavo Fernández , 6 -- 2 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot def . Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def . Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def . Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Wheelchair Quad Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def . Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Main draw wild card entries ( edit ) The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events . Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Liam Broady Jay Clarke Denis Kudla Sergiy Stakhovsky Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Katie Boulter Naomi Broady Harriet Dart Katy Dunne Ons Jabeur Tereza Smitková Katie Swan Gabriella Taylor Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Jonny O'Mara Alex Bolt / Lleyton Hewitt Liam Broady / Scott Clayton Jay Clarke / Cameron Norrie Jürgen Melzer / Daniel Nestor Frederik Nielsen / Joe Salisbury Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Katie Boulter / Katie Swan Naomi Broady / Asia Muhammad Harriet Dart / Katy Dunne Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Christian Harrison Ruben Bemelmans Dennis Novak Grégoire Barrère Stefano Travaglia Norbert Gombos Stéphane Robert Jason Kubler Yannick Maden John - Patrick Smith Christian Garín Ernests Gulbis Alex Bolt Benjamin Bonzi Bradley Klahn Thomas Fabbiano Lucky Losers ( edit ) Bernard Tomic Peter Polansky Michael Mmoh Hubert Hurkacz Lorenzo Sonego Simone Bolelli Jason Jung Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Alexandra Dulgheru Eugenie Bouchard Sara Sorribes Tormo Antonia Lottner Claire Liu Vera Zvonareva Viktoriya Tomova Mona Barthel Evgeniya Rodina Elena - Gabriela Ruse Vitalia Diatchenko Barbora Štefková Lucky Losers ( edit ) Mariana Duque Mariño Caroline Dolehide Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Qualifying Sriram Balaji / Vishnu Vardhan Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies Andre Begemann / Yasutaka Uchiyama Austin Krajicek / Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan Ladies ' doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Qualifying Ysaline Bonaventure / Bibiane Schoofs Alexa Guarachi / Erin Routliffe Han Xinyun / Luksika Kumkhum Arina Rodionova / Maryna Zanevska The following pairs received entry as Lucky Losers : Nicola Geuer / Viktorija Golubic Georgina García Pérez / Fanny Stollár Anna Blinkova / Markéta Vondroušová Protected ranking ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking : Gentlemen 's Singles James Duckworth Yoshihito Nishioka Ladies ' Singles Serena Williams Zheng Saisai Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries , suspensions , or personal reasons : Gentlemen 's Singles Roberto Bautista Agut → replaced by Peter Polansky Tomáš Berdych → replaced by Guido Andreozzi Chung Hyeon → replaced by Lorenzo Sonego Alexandr Dolgopolov → replaced by Simone Bolelli Nicolás Kicker → replaced by Dudi Sela Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Bernard Tomic Andy Murray → replaced by Jason Jung Andrey Rublev → replaced by Hubert Hurkacz Viktor Troicki → replaced by Michael Mmoh Jo - Wilfried Tsonga → replaced by Laslo Đere Ladies ' Singles Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Mariana Duque Mariño Catherine Bellis → replaced by Arantxa Rus Zarina Diyas → replaced by Caroline Dolehide Sara Errani → replaced by Viktorija Golubic Beatriz Haddad Maia → replaced by Anna Blinkova Laura Siegemund → replaced by Jana Fett Elena Vesnina → replaced by Andrea Petkovic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Announcements for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Jurejko ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon 2018 : Serena Williams could be top seed on return '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CHAMPIONSHIPS , WIMBLEDON -- PRIZE MONEY PER PROGRAMME '' ( PDF ) . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Newman ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon set to introduce new rules that penalise injured players who retire mid-match '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild cards for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 24 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by 2018 French Open Grand Slam Tournaments Succeeded by 2018 US Open Preceded by 2017 Wimbledon Championships The Championships , Wimbledon Succeeded by 2019 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) 2018 in tennis Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP Finals Next Generation ATP Finals ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA Premier WTA Finals WTA Elite Trophy WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team events Davis Cup World Group Fed Cup World Group Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Other events Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Mediterranean Games South American Games Summer Youth Olympic Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Wimbledon_Championships&oldid=864607098 '' Categories : 2018 Wimbledon Championships 2018 ATP World Tour 2018 in English sport 2018 in tennis 2018 sports events in London 2018 WTA Tour Wimbledon Championships by year July 2018 sports events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 09 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
wimbledon men's final prize money runner up
|
[] |
[] |
6837826006720627407
|
Phasmatodea
|
Phasmatodea - wikipedia Phasmatodea For the water stick insect ( a true bug ) , see Ranatra . Phasmatodea Temporal range : Cenomanian - Recent Leptynia hispanica Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Superorder : Exopterygota Order : Phasmatodea Jacobson & Bianchi , 1902 Suborders Agathemerodea Timematodea Verophasmatodea Phasmid in marginal forest , Philippines The Phasmatodea ( also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera ) are an order of insects , whose members are variously known as stick insects in Europe and Australasia ; stick - bugs , walking sticks or bug sticks in the United States and Canada ; or as phasmids , ghost insects or leaf insects ( generally the family Phylliidae ) . The group 's name is derived from the Ancient Greek φάσμα phasma , meaning an apparition or phantom , referring to the resemblance of many species to sticks or leaves . Their natural camouflage makes them difficult for predators to detect , but many species have a secondary line of defence in the form of startle displays , spines or toxic secretions . The genus Phobaeticus includes the world 's longest insects . Members of the order are found in all continents except Antarctica , but they are most abundant in the tropics and subtropics . They are herbivorous with many species living unobtrusively in the tree canopy . They have a hemimetabolous life cycle with three stages : eggs , nymphs and adults . Many phasmids are parthenogenic , and do not require fertilised eggs for female offspring to be produced . In hotter climates , they may breed all year round ; in more temperate regions , the females lay eggs in the autumn before dying , and the new generation hatches out in the spring . Some species have wings and can disperse by flying , while others are more restricted . Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Antipredator adaptations 4 Life cycle 5 Ecology 6 Taxonomy 7 Notable species 8 Phasmids in Europe 9 Behavior 10 In human culture 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) Female Phobaeticus chani , the world 's longest insect . This species grows to a total length of 567 mm ( 22.3 in ) ( front legs fully extended ) and body length of 357 mm ( 14.1 in ) . Phasmids can be relatively large , ranging from 1.5 centimetres ( 0.6 in ) to over 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in length . Females of the genus Phobaeticus are the world 's longest insects , measuring up to 56.7 centimetres ( 22.3 in ) in total length in the case of Phobaeticus chani , including the outstretched legs . The heaviest species of phasmid is likely to be Heteropteryx dilatata , the females of which may weigh as much as 65 g ( 2.3 oz ) . Some phasmids have cylindrical stick - like shapes , while others have flattened , leaflike shapes . Many species are wingless , or have reduced wings . The thorax is long in the winged species , since it houses the flight muscles , and is typically much shorter in the wingless forms . Where present , the first pair of wings is narrow and cornified ( hardened ) , while the hind wings are broad , with straight veins along their length and multiple cross-veins . The body is often further modified to resemble vegetation , with ridges resembling leaf veins , bark - like tubercles , and other forms of camouflage . A few species , such as Carausius morosus , are even able to change their pigmentation to match their surroundings . The mouthparts project out from the head . Chewing mandibles are uniform across species . The legs are typically long and slender , and some species are capable of limb autotomy ( appendage shedding ) . Phasmids have long , slender antennae , as long as or longer than the rest of the body in some species . Head of a female Extatosoma tiaratum All phasmids possess compound eyes , but ocelli ( light - sensitive organs ) are only found in some winged males . Phasmids have an impressive visual system that allows them to perceive significant detail even in dim conditions , which suits their typically nocturnal lifestyle . They are born equipped with tiny compound eyes with a limited number of facets . As phasmids grow through successive molts , the number of facets in each eye is increased along with the number of photoreceptor cells . The sensitivity of the adult eye is at least tenfold that of the nymph in its first instar ( developmental stage ) . As the eye grows more complex , the mechanisms to adapt to dark / light changes are also enhanced : eyes in dark conditions evidence fewer screening pigments , which would block light , than during the daytime , and changes in the width of the retinal layer to adapt to changes in available light are significantly more pronounced in adults . However , the larger size of the adult insects ' eyes makes them more prone to radiation damage . This explains why fully grown individuals are mostly nocturnal . Lessened sensitivity to light in the newly emerged insects helps them to escape from the leaf litter wherein they are hatched and move upward into the more brightly illuminated foliage . Young stick insects are diurnal ( daytime ) feeders and move around freely , expanding their foraging range . Stick insects have two types of pads on their legs : sticky `` toe pads '' and non-stick `` heel pads '' a little further up their legs . The heel pads are covered in microscopic hairs which create strong friction at low pressure , enabling them to grip without having to be peeled energetically from the surface at each step . The sticky toe pads are used to provide additional grip when climbing but are not used on a level surface . Distribution ( edit ) Phasmatodea can be found all over the world except for the Antarctic and Patagonia . They are most numerous in the tropics and subtropics . The greatest diversity is found in Southeast Asia and South America , followed by Australia , Central America , and the southern United States . Over 300 species are known from the island of Borneo , making it the richest place in the world for Phasmatodea . Antipredator adaptations ( edit ) A pair of camouflaged Dares ulula Further information : Antipredator adaptations , Camouflage , and Deimatic behaviour Phasmatodea species exhibit mechanisms for defense from predators that prevent an attack from happening in the first place ( primary defense ) , and defenses that are deployed after an attack has been initiated ( secondary defense ) . The defense mechanism most readily identifiable with Phasmatodea is camouflage , in the form of plant mimicry . Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves , and the bodies of some species ( such as Pseudodiacantha macklotti and Bactrododema centaurum ) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise . Remaining absolutely stationary enhances their disguise . Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift ( Bostra scabrinota , Timema californica ) . In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis , a number of species perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side ; this is thought to mimic the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze . Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by entering a cataleptic state , where the insect adopts a rigid , motionless posture that can be maintained for a long period . The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also help Phasmatodea to remain concealed from predators . Hindwing deimatic ( startle ) display of a male Peruphasma schultei Defensive pose of a subadult female Haaniella dehaanii In a seemingly opposite method of defense , many species of Phasmatodea , seek to startle the encroaching predator by flashing bright colors that are normally hidden , and making a loud noise . When disturbed on a branch or foliage , some species , while dropping to the undergrowth to escape , will open their wings momentarily during free fall to display bright colors that disappear when the insect lands . Others will maintain their display for up to 20 minutes , hoping to frighten the predator and convey the appearance of a larger size . Some , such as Pterinoxylus spinulosus , accompany the visual display with noise made by rubbing together parts of the wings . Some species , such as the young nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum , have been observed to curl the abdomen upwards over the body and head to resemble ants or scorpions in an act of mimicry , another defense mechanism by which the insects avoid becoming prey . The eggs of some species such as Diapheromera femorata have fleshy projections resembling elaiosomes ( fleshy structures sometimes attached to seeds ) that attract ants . When the egg has been carried to the colony , the ant feeds the elaiosome to a larva and the phasmid egg develops in the recesses of the nest in a protected environment . When threatened , some phasmids that are equipped with femoral spines on the metathoracic legs ( Oncotophasma martini , Eurycantha calcarata , Eurycantha horrida , Diapheromera veliei , Diapheromera covilleae ) respond by curling the abdomen upward and repeatedly swinging the legs together , grasping at the threat . If the menace is caught , the spines can draw blood and inflict considerable pain . Some species are equipped with a pair of glands at the anterior ( front ) edge of the prothorax that enables the insect to release defensive secretions , including chemical compounds of varying effect : some produce distinct odors , and others cause a stinging , burning sensation in the eyes and mouth of a predator . The spray often contains pungent - smelling volatile metabolites , previously thought to be concentrated in the insect from its plant food sources . However , it now seems more likely that the insect manufactures its own defensive chemicals . Additionally , the chemistry of the defense spray from at least one species , Anisomorpha buprestoides , has been shown to vary based on the insect 's life stage or the particular population it is part of . This chemical spray variation also corresponds with regionally specific color forms in populations in Florida , with the different variants having distinct behaviors . The spray from one species , Megacrania nigrosulfurea , is used as a treatment for skin infections by a tribe in Papua New Guinea because of its antibacterial constituents . Some species employ a shorter - range defensive secretion , where individuals bleed reflexively through the joints of their legs and the seams of the exoskeleton when bothered , allowing the blood ( hemolymph ) , which contains distasteful additives , to discourage predators . Another ploy is to regurgitate their stomach contents when harassed , repelling potential predators . Life cycle ( edit ) Mating pair of Anisomorpha buprestoides The life cycle of the stick insect begins when the female deposits her eggs through one of these methods of oviposition : she will either flick her egg to the ground by a movement of the ovipositor or her entire abdomen , carefully place the eggs in the axils of the host plant , bury them in small pits in the soil , or stick the eggs to a substrate , usually a stem or leaf of the food plant . A single female lays from 100 to 1,200 eggs after mating , depending on the species . Many species of phasmids are parthenogenic , meaning the females lay eggs without needing to mate with males to produce offspring . Eggs from virgin mothers are entirely female and hatch into nymphs that are exact copies of their mothers . Stick insect species that are the product of hybridisation are usually obligate parthenogens , but non-hybrids are facultative parthenogens , meaning they retain the ability to mate and their sexual behavior depends on the presence and abundance of males . Phasmatodea eggs resemble seeds in shape and size , and have hard shells . They have a lid - like structure called an operculum at the anterior pole , from which the nymph emerges during hatching . The eggs vary in the length of time before they hatch which varies from 13 to more than 70 days , with the average around 20 to 30 days . Some species , particularly those from temperate regions , undergo diapause , where development is delayed during the winter months . Diapause is initiated by the effect of short day lengths on the egg - laying adults or can be genetically determined . Diapause is broken by exposure to the cold of winter , causing the eggs to hatch during the following spring . Among species of economic importance such as Diapheromera femorata , diapause results in the development of two - year cycles of outbreaks . Eggs of various phasmid species ( not to scale ) Many species ' eggs bear a fatty , knoblike capitulum that caps the operculum . This structure attracts ants because of its resemblance to the elaiosome of some plant seeds that are sought - after food sources for ant larvae , and usually contribute to ensuring seed dispersal by ants , a form of ant - plant mutualism called myrmecochory . The ants take the egg into their nest underground and can remove the capitulum to feed to their larvae without harming the phasmid embryo . There , the egg hatches and the young nymph , which initially resembles an ant ( another instance of mimicry among Phasmatodea ) , eventually emerges from the nest and climbs the nearest tree to safety in the foliage . The eggs of stick insects has a coating of calcium oxalate which makes them survive unscathed in the digestive tract of birds . It has been suggested that birds may have a role in the dispersal of parthenogenetic stick insect species , especially to islands . The Phasmatodea life cycle is hemimetabolous , proceeding through a series of several nymphal instars . As is the case with hatching , if the nymph is caught in the encasing of a cast skin or egg capsule , it will likely die because it can not free itself . Once emerged , the nymphs will eat the cast skin . Adulthood is reached for most species after several months and many molts . The lifespan of Phasmatodea varies by species , but ranges from a few months to up to three years . Ecology. ( edit ) Phasmids are herbivorous , feeding mostly on the leaves of trees and shrubs , and a conspicuous component of many neotropical ( South American ) systems . Phasmatodea have been postulated as dominant light - gap herbivores there . Their role in the forest ecosystem is considered important by many scientists , who stress the significance of light gaps in maintaining succession and resilience in climax forests . The presence of phasmids lowers the net production of early successional plants by consuming them and then enriches the soil by defecation . This enables the late succession plants to become established and encourages the recycling of the tropical forest . Phasmatodea are recognized as injurious to forest and shade trees by defoliation . Didymuria violescens , Podacanthus wilkinsoni and Ctenomorphodes tessulatus in Australia , Diapheromera femorata in North America and Graeffea crouani in coconut plantations in the South Pacific all occur in outbreaks of economic importance . Indeed , in the American South , as well as in Michigan and Wisconsin , the walking stick is a significant problem in parks and recreation sites where it consumes the foliage of oaks and other hardwoods . Severe outbreaks of the walking stick , Diapheromera femorata , have occurred in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma . The insects eat the entire leaf blade . In the event of heavy outbreaks , entire stands of trees can be completely ravaged . Continuous defoliation over several years often results in the death of the tree . Because the insects can not fly , infestations are typically contained to a radius of a few hundred yards . Nevertheless , the damage incurred to parks in the region is often costly . Control efforts in the case of infestations have typically involved chemical pesticides ; ground fires are effective at killing eggs but have obvious disadvantages . In New South Wales , research has been done into the feasibility of controlling stick insects using natural enemies such as parasitic wasps ( Myrmecomimesis spp . ) . Taxonomy ( edit ) True leaf insects , like this Phyllium bilobatum , belong to the family Phylliidae . The classification of the Phasmatodea is complex and the relationships between its members are poorly understood . Furthermore , there is much confusion over the ordinal name . Phasmida is preferred by many authors , though it is incorrectly formed ; Phasmatodea is correctly formed , and is widely accepted . The order Phasmatodea is sometimes considered related to other orders , including the Blattodea , Mantodea , Notoptera and Dermaptera , but the affiliations are uncertain and the grouping ( sometimes referred to as `` Orthopteroidea '' ) may be paraphyletic ( not have a common ancestor ) and hence invalid in the traditional circumscription ( set of attributes that all members have ) . Phasmatodea , once considered a suborder of Orthoptera , is now treated as an order of its own . Anatomical features separate them as a monophyletic ( descended from a common ancestor ) group from the Orthoptera . One is the instance among all species of Phasmatodea of a pair of exocrine glands inside the prothorax used for defense . Another is the presence of a specially formed sclerite ( hardened plate ) called a vomer that allows the male to clasp the female during mating . The order is divided into two , or sometimes three , suborders . The most common division is into the suborder groups Anareolatae and Areolatae , which are distinguished according to whether the insect has sunken areola , or circular areas , on the underside of the apices of the middle and hind tibiae ( Areolate ) or not ( Anareolate ) . However the phylogenetic ( evolutionary ) relationships between the different groups is poorly resolved . The monophyly of Anareolatae has been questioned and the morphology of the eggs may be a better basis for classification . An alternative is to divide the Phasmatodea into three suborders Agathemerodea ( 1 genus and 8 species ) , Timematodea ( 1 genus and 21 species ) and Verophasmatodea for the remaining taxa . This division is , however , not fully supported by the molecular studies , which recover Agathemerodea as nested within Verophasmatodea rather than being the sister group of the latter group . Over 3,000 species have been described , with many more yet to be described both in museum collections and in the wild . Phasmatodea fossils are rare , whether as adults or as eggs ; isolated wings are the parts most commonly found . The modern group is monophyletic . Several Mesozoic families appear to be related to the phasmids , and are generally but not universally agreed to be stem group stick insects . One species is known ( as a forewing ) from the productive Crato Formation fossil beds of Brazil , Cretophasma araripensis ( Aerophasmatidae ) . Other members of the Aerophasmatidae are known from the Jurassic of England , Germany and Kazakhstan . Phasmids are rare in amber , but Gallophasma longipalpis was found in 2010 in the Early Eocene of France . Engel , Wang and Alqarni ( 2016 ) described a member of the family Phasmatidae sensu lato from the Cretaceous ( Cenomanian ) Burmese amber , Echinosomiscus primoticus . According to the authors , the discovery of E. primoticus provides the first reliable evidence for Euphasmatodea ( the clade containing all living phasmatodeans except members of the genus Timema ) and even Neophasmatodea ( the clade containing all living members of Euphasmatodea except aschiphasmatids ) in the Cenomanian . The earliest leaf insect ( Phylliinae ) fossil is Eophyllium messelensis from the 47 - million - year - old Eocene of Messel , Germany . In size and cryptic ( leaflike ) body form , it closely resembles extant species , suggesting that the behavior of the group has changed little since that time . Suborders No. of Species Defining Notes Image Agathemerodea 8 More information needed Timema 21 Considered earliest to branch from phylogenetic tree Verophasmatodea Unknown Vast majority of extant species Need specific image Notable species ( edit ) Acanthoxyla prasina or the prickly stick insect , native to New Zealand , is believed to reproduce by parthenogenesis ; no males have been found . One Australian species , the Lord Howe Island stick insect , is now listed as critically endangered . It was believed extinct until its rediscovery on the rock known as Ball 's Pyramid . An effort is underway in Australia to rear this species in captivity . The best known of the stick insects is the Indian or laboratory stick insect ( Carausius morosus ) . This insect grows to roughly 10 cm ( 4 in ) and reproduces parthenogenically , and although males have been recorded , they are rare . Fossils of the extinct genus and species Eoprephasma hichensi have been recovered from Ypresian age sediments in the U.S. state of Washington and British Columbia , Canada . The species is one of the youngest members of the stem phasmatodean group Susumanioidea . Phasmids in Europe ( edit ) In Europe there are 17 species of stick insect described , belonging to the genera Bacillus , Clonopsis , Leptynia y Pijnackeria . There are also a few other species that live in Europe but are introduced , as for example with a couple of species of Acanthoxyla , which are native to New Zealand but are present in southern England . In the Iberian Peninsula there are currently described 13 species and several subspecies . Its life cycle is annual , living only during the hottest months ( especially gender Leptynia and Pijnackeria ) , which usually means late spring to early autumn . Phyllium spp. , de los Ghats Occidentales . Clonopsis gallica . Ctenomorpha chronus . Leptynia hispanica Behavior ( edit ) Play media Video of a walking phasmid Stick insects , like praying mantises , show rocking behavior in which the insect makes rhythmic , repetitive , side - to - side movements . The common interpretation of this behavior 's function is it enhances crypsis by mimicking vegetation moving in the wind . However , these movements may be most important in allowing the insects to discriminate objects from the background by relative motion . Rocking movements by these generally sedentary insects may replace flying or running as a source of relative motion to help them discern objects in the foreground . Mating behavior in Phasmatodea is impressive because of the extraordinarily long duration of some pairings . A record among insects , the stick insect Necroscia sparaxes , found in India , is sometimes coupled for 79 days at a time . It is not uncommon for this species to assume the mating posture for days or weeks on end , and among some species ( Diapheromera veliei and D. covilleae ) , pairing can last three to 136 hours in captivity . Overt displays of aggression between males over mates suggests that extended pairing may have evolved to guard females from sperm competition . Fighting between competing males has been observed in the species D. veiliei and D. covilleae . During these encounters , the approach of a challenger causes the existing mate to manipulate the female 's abdomen , which he has clasped by means of the clasping organ , or vomer , down upon itself to block the site of attachment . Occasionally , the consort will strike out at the competitor with the mid femora , which are equipped with an enlarged and hooked spine in both sexes that can draw the blood of the opponent when they are flexed against the body to puncture the integument . Usually , a strong hold on the female 's abdomen and blows to the intruder are enough to deter the unwanted competition , but occasionally the competitor has been observed to employ a sneaky tactic to inseminate the female . While the first mate is engaged in feeding and is forced to vacate the dorsal position , the intruder can clasp the female 's abdomen and insert his genitalia . If he is discovered , the males will enter into combat wherein they lean backward , both clasped to the female 's abdomen , and freely suspended , engage in rapid , sweeping blows with their forelegs in a manner similar to boxing . Usually , when the intruder gains attachment to the female 's abdomen , these conflicts result in the displacement of the original mate . Carausius morosus is often kept as a pet by schools and individuals . Lengthy pairings have also been described in terms of a defensive alliance . When cleaved together , the pair is more unwieldy for predators to handle . Also , the chemical defenses ( secretions , reflex bleeding , regurgitation ) of the individual stick insect are enhanced when two are paired . Females survive attacks by predators significantly better when pairing , largely because the dorsal position of the male functions well as a shield . This could indicate that manipulation by females is taking place : if females accept ejaculate at a slow rate , for instance , the males are forced to remain in copulo for longer and the female 's chances of survival are enhanced . Also , evolution could have simply favored males that remained attached to their females longer , since females are often less abundant than males and represent a valuable prize , so for the lucky male , even the sacrifice of his own life to preserve his offspring with the female may be worthwhile . Sexual dimorphism in the species , where females are usually significantly larger than the males , may have evolved due to the fitness advantage accrued to males that can remain attached to the female , thereby blocking competitors , without severely impeding her movement . Certain Phasmatodea , such as Anisomorpha buprestoides , sometimes form aggregations . These insects have been observed to congregate during the day in a concealed location , going their separate ways at nightfall to forage , and returning to their refuge before dawn . Such behavior has been little studied , and how the insects find their way back is unknown . In human Culture ( edit ) Painting of Leaf Insects and Stick Insects by Marianne North , 1870s Stick insects are often kept in captivity : almost 300 species have been reared in laboratories or as pets . The most commonly kept is the Indian ( or laboratory ) stick insect , Carausius morosus , which eats vegetables such as lettuce . The botanical illustrator Marianne North ( 1830 -- 1890 ) painted leaf and stick insects that she saw on her travels in the 1870s . Tribesmen in Sarawak eat phasmids and their eggs . Research has been conducted to analyze the stick insect method of walking and apply this to the engineering of six - legged walking robots . Instead of one centralized control system , it seems each leg of a phasmid operates independently . In Australia many kinds of stick insects are kept as pets including the Strong , Goliath , Spiny and Children 's . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael S. Engel , Bo Wang & Abdulaziz S. Alqarni ( 2016 ) . `` A thorny , ' anareolate ' stick - insect ( Phasmatidae s.l. ) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar , with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea '' . Cretaceous Research . 63 : 45 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2016.02. 015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phobaeticus chani : Chan 's megastick '' . Picture library . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phasmids : An Introduction to the Stick Insects and Leaf Insects '' . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hoell , H.V. ; Doyen , J.T. ; Purcell , A.H. ( 1998 ) . Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 398 -- 399 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510033 - 4 . Jump up ^ Meyer - Rochow , V. Benno ; Essi Keskinen ( 2003 ) . `` Post-embryonic photoreceptor development and dark / light adaptation in the stick insect Carausius morosus ( Phasmida , Phasmatidae ) '' . Applied Entomology and Zoology. 38 ( 3 ) : 281 -- 291 . doi : 10.1303 / aez. 2003.281 . Jump up ^ `` How stick insects honed friction to grip without sticking '' . Phys.org. 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution for order Phasmida '' . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bragg , Philip E. ( 2001 ) . Phasmids of Borneo . Kota Kinabalu . ISBN 978 - 983 - 812 - 027 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Robert W. ; Matthews , Janice R. ( 2009 ) . Insect Behavior . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 187 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2389 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bedford , Geoffrey O. ( 1978 ) . `` Biology and Ecology of the Phasmatodea '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 23 : 125 -- 149 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. en. 23.010178. 001013 . Jump up ^ Bian , Xue ; Elgar , Mark A. ; Peters , Richard A. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The swaying behavior of Extatosoma tiaratum : motion camouflage in a stick insect ? '' . Behavioral Ecology. 27 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / beheco / arv125 . ISSN 1045 - 2249 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Michael H. ( 1968 ) . `` The defensive behaviour of the Javanese stick insect , Orxines macklotti De Haan , with a note on the startle display of Metriotes diocles ( Westw . ) ( Phasmatodea , Phasmidae ) '' . Entomologist 's Monthly Magazine . 104 : 46 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Michael H. ( 1968 ) . `` The defensive behavior of Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher , a winged stick insect from Panama ( Phasmatodea ) '' . Psyche. 75 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 207 . doi : 10.1155 / 1968 / 19150 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Lindsay ; Sannino , Dave ( 2011 ) . `` Diapheromera femorata : Common American Walkingstick '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Dossey , Aaron ( December 2010 ) . `` Insects and their chemical weaponry : New potential for drug discovery '' . Natural Product Reports . 27 ( 12 ) : 1737 -- 1757 . doi : 10.1039 / C005319H . PMID 20957283 . ^ Jump up to : Dossey , Aaron ; Spencer Walse ; James R. Rocca ; Arthur S. Edison ( September 2006 ) . `` Single - Insect NMR : A New Tool To Probe Chemical Biodiversity '' . ACS Chemical Biology . 1 ( 8 ) : 511 -- 514 . doi : 10.1021 / cb600318u . PMID 17168538 . Jump up ^ Dossey , Aaron ; Spencer S. Walse ; Arthur S. Edison ( 2008 ) . `` Developmental and Geographical Variation in the Chemical Defense of the Walkingstick Insect Anisomorpha buprestoides '' . Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34 ( 5 ) : 584 -- 590 . doi : 10.1007 / s10886 - 008 - 9457 - 8 . PMID 18401661 . Jump up ^ Conle , Oskar ; Frank H. Hennemann ; Aaron T. Dossey ( March 2009 ) . `` Survey of the Color Forms of the Southern Twostriped Walkingstick ( Phasmatodea : Areolatae : Pseudophasmatidae : Pseudophasmatinae : Anisomorphini ) , With Notes on Its Range , Habitats , and Behaviors '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 102 ( 2 ) : 210 -- 232 . doi : 10.1603 / 008.102. 0204 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Prescott , T. ; Bramham , J. ; Zompro , O. ; Maciver , S.K. ( 2010 ) . `` Actinidine and glucose from the defensive secretion of the stick insect Megacrania nigrosulfurea '' . Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 37 ( 6 ) : 759 -- 760 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bse. 2009.11. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , James T. ( 2006 ) . The Other Insect Societies . Harvard University Press . pp. 141 -- 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02163 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan - Richards , M. ; Trewick , S.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Hybrid origin of a parthenogenetic genus ? '' . Molecular Ecology. 14 ( 7 ) : 2133 -- 2142 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 2005.02575. x . PMID 15910332 . Jump up ^ Morgan - Richards , M. ; Trewick , S.A. ; Stringer , I.N.A.N. ( 2010 ) . `` Geographic parthenogenesis and the common tea - tree stick insect of New Zealand '' . Molecular Ecology. 19 ( 6 ) : 1227 -- 1238 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 2010.04542. x . PMID 20163549 . Jump up ^ Resh , Vincent H. ; Cardé , Ring T. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Insects . Academic Press . p. 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 092090 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suetsugu , Kenji ; Funaki , Shoichi ; Takahashi , Asuka ; Ito , Katsura ; Yokoyama , Takeshi ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Potential role of bird predation in the dispersal of otherwise flightless stick insects '' . Ecology. 99 ( 6 ) : 1504 -- 1506 . doi : 10.1002 / ecy. 2230 . ISSN 0012 - 9658 . PMID 29809279 . Jump up ^ `` Stick Insect : Phasmida '' . Animals A-Z . National Geographic . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Willig , Michael R. ; Rosser W. Garrison ; Arlene J. Bauman ( 1986 ) . `` Population dynamics and natural history of a neotropical walking stick , Lamponius Portoricensis Rehn ( Phasmatodea : Phasmatidae ) '' . The Texas Journal of Science . 38 . Jump up ^ Baker , E. ( 2015 ) . `` The worldwide status of stick insects ( Insecta : Phasmida ) as pests of agriculture and forestry , with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks '' . Agriculture and Food Security . 4 ( 22 ) . doi : 10.1186 / s40066 - 015 - 0040 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Craighead , Frank Cooper ; Schaffner , John Valentine ( 1950 ) . Insect Enemies of Eastern Forests . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Campbell , K.G. ( 1959 ) . `` The importance of research into forest insect problems in New South Wales '' . Australian Forestry. 23 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 00049158.1959. 10675860 . Jump up ^ `` Classification of the Phasmatodea '' . Phasmatodea.com . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zompro , O. ( 2004 ) . `` Revision of the genera of the Areolatae , including the status of Timema and Agathemera ( Insecta : Phasmatodea ) '' . Organización Para Estudios Tropicales , ( OET ) , Costa Rica Bibliografía Nacional en Biología Tropical ( BINABITROP ) . 37 : 1 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Brock , Paul D. `` Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0 '' . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , Christopher . `` Leaf and Stick Insects '' . Oxford University Press . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Animal biodiversity : An outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . Magnolia Press . 2011 . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86977 - 849 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas R. Buckley ; Dilini Attanayake ; Sven Bradler ( 2009 ) . `` Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution : phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 276 ( 1659 ) : 1055 -- 1062 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1552 . PMC 2679072 . PMID 19129110 . Jump up ^ Sven Bradler ; James A. Robertson ; Michael F. Whiting ( 2014 ) . `` A molecular phylogeny of Phasmatodea with emphasis on Necrosciinae , the most species - rich subfamily of stick insects '' . Systematic Entomology. 39 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 222 . doi : 10.1111 / syen. 12055 . Jump up ^ Bragg , P.E. ( 2001 ) Phasmids of Borneo , Natural History Publications ( Borneo ) , Kota Kinabalu . - see p. 614 . Jump up ^ Martill , David M. ; Bechly , Günter ; Loveridge , Robert F. ( 2007 ) . The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil : Window into an Ancient World . Cambridge University Press . pp. 265 -- 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46776 - 6 . Jump up ^ Penney , David ; Green , David I. ; Marusik , Yuri M. ( 2011 ) . Fossils in Amber : Remarkable Snapshots of Prehistoric Forest Life . Siri Scientific Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558636 - 6 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wedmann , Sonja ; Bradler , Sven ; Rust , Jes ( 2006 ) . `` The first fossil leaf insect : 47 million years of specialized cryptic morphology and behavior '' . PNAS. 104 ( 2 ) : 565 -- 569 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0606937104 . PMC 1766425 . PMID 17197423 . Jump up ^ `` Insect poses prickly questions '' on Otago Daily Times website , viewed 2013 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ ANZECC Endangered Fauna Network ( 2002 ) . `` Dryococelus australis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Headrick , D.H. ; Walen , C.A. ( 1 May 2011 ) . `` Indian walking stick '' . Pests in Gardens and Landscapes . UC IPM . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Archibald , SB ; Bradler , S ( 2015 ) . `` Stem - group stick insects ( Phasmatodea ) in the early Eocene at McAbee , British Columbia , Canada , and Republic , Washington , United States of America '' . Canadian Entomologist. 147 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2015.2 . Jump up ^ O'Dea , JD . Eine zusatzliche oder alternative Funktion der ' kryptischen ' Schaukelbewegung bei Gottesanbeterinnen und Stabschrecken ( Mantodea , Phasmatodea ) . Entomologische Zeitschrift , 101 , Nr. 1 / 2 , 15 Januar 1991 , 25 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Sivinski , John ( 1980 ) . `` Effects of Mating on Predation in the Stick Insect Diapheromera veliei Walsh ( Phasmatodea : Heteronemiidae ) '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 73 ( 5 ) : 553 -- 556 . doi : 10.1093 / aesa / 73.5. 553 . ^ Jump up to : Sivinski , John ( 1978 ) . `` Intersexual Aggression in the Stick Insects Diapheromera veliei and D. covilleae and Sexual Dimorphism in the Phasmatodea '' . Psyche. 85 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 403 . doi : 10.1155 / 1978 / 35784 . Jump up ^ Bragg , P ( 2008 ) . `` Changes to the PSG Culture List '' . Phasmid Study Group Newsletter. 113 : 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Stephanie ; Hirondelle Varady - Szabo ( 2005 ) . `` Effects of different diets on the survival , longevity and growth rate of the Annam stick insect , Medauroidea extradentata ( Phasmatodea : Phasmatidae ) '' . Journal of Orthoptera Research ( Submitted manuscript ) . 14 : 115 -- 118 . doi : 10.1665 / 1082 - 6467 ( 2005 ) 14 ( 115 : eoddot ) 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ North , Marianne . `` Leaf - Insects and Stick - Insects '' . Your Paintings . BBC . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Edward ( 2015 ) . `` The worldwide status of phasmids ( Insecta : Phasmida ) as pests of agriculture and forestry , with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks '' . Agriculture and Food Security . 4 . doi : 10.1186 / s40066 - 015 - 0040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dean , Jeffery ; Kindermann , Thomas ; Schmitz , Josef ; Schumm , Michael ; Cruse , Holk ( 1999 ) . `` Control of Walking in the Stick Insect : From Behavior and Physiology to Modeling '' . Autonomous Robots. 7 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 288 . Jump up ^ `` Care of Stick Insects - Australian Museum '' . australianmuseum.net.au . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phasmatodea . Wikispecies has information related to Phasmatodea The Phasmid Study Group Phasmatodea.com Phasmida Species File New Zealand Stick Insect Web Site ASPER : Lesser Antilles and French stick insects Phasmid gut Insect orders Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda ( unranked ) : Pancrustacea Subphylum : Hexapoda Extant Monocondylia Archaeognatha ( jumping bristletails ) i o n d y l i Apterygota * Thysanura ( Zygentoma ) ( silverfish , firebrats ) r y g o Palaeoptera Ephemeropteroidea Ephemeroptera ( mayflies ) Odonatoptera Odonata ( dragonflies , damselflies ) o p r Polyneoptera Plecoptera ( stoneflies ) Dermaptera ( earwigs ) Embioptera ( webspinners ) Phasmatodea ( stick and leaf insects ) Notoptera ( ice - crawlers , gladiators ) Orthoptera ( crickets , wetas , grasshoppers , locusts ) Zoraptera ( angel insects ) Dictyoptera Blattodea ( cockroaches , termites ) Mantodea ( mantises ) u m o l Paraneoptera * Psocodea ( barklice , lice ) Thysanoptera ( thrips ) Hemiptera ( cicadas , aphids , true bugs ) n d o p r y g o basal Hymenoptera ( sawflies , wasps , ants , bees ) Neuropteroidea Coleopterida Strepsiptera ( twisted - winged parasites ) Coleoptera ( beetles ) Neuropterida Raphidioptera ( snakeflies ) Megaloptera ( alderflies , dobsonflies , fishflies ) Neuroptera ( net - winged insects : lacewings , mantidflies , antlions ) Panorpida ( Mecopterida ) Antliophora Mecoptera ( scorpionflies ) + Siphonaptera ( fleas ) Diptera ( gnats , mosquitoes , flies ) Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera ( caddisflies ) Lepidoptera ( moths , butterflies ) Four most speciose orders are marked in bold Italic are paraphyletic groups Based on Sasaki et al. ( 2013 ) Extinct Aethiocarenodea Alienoptera Archodonata Blattoptera Caloneurodea Campylopteridae Carbotriplurida Coxoplectoptera Diaphanopterodea Eoblattodea Eudiaphanoptera Geroptera Glosselytrodea Heraridea Hypoperlida Lapeyriidae Meganisoptera Megasecoptera Miomoptera Monura Palaeodictyoptera Paoliida Permoplecoptera Protanisoptera Protelytroptera Protephemerida Protodiptera Protorthoptera Protozygoptera Syntonoptera Titanoptera Triadophlebioptera Extinct incertae sedis families and genera are marked in italic Wikispecies Extant Phasmatodea families Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Orthopterida Agathemerodea Agathemeridae Timematodea Timematidae Verophasmatodea Anareolatae Diapheromeridae Phasmatidae Areolatae Aschiphasmatidae Bacillidae Heteronemiidae Phylliidae ( leaf insects ) Pseudophasmatidae ( striped walkingsticks ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q188029 Wikispecies : Phasmatodea BugGuide : 74 EoL : 645 EPPO : 1PHASO Fauna Europaea : 11925 GBIF : 1460 iNaturalist : 47198 IRMNG : 12370 ITIS : 666755 NBN : NHMSYS0020787704 NCBI : 7020 NZOR : f6b43006 - 184a - 4f1f - b5ee - f83017bb34b9 PSF : 1199226 NDL : 00805733 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phasmatodea&oldid=863190463 '' Categories : Phasmatodea Insect orders Cenomanian first appearances Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 07 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what does it mean to see a stick bug
|
[] |
[] |
-1025776297254408015
|
Sclera
|
Sclera - wikipedia Sclera Sclera The sclera , as separated from the cornea by the corneal limbus . Details Part of Eye System Visual system Artery anterior ciliary arteries , long posterior ciliary arteries , short posterior ciliary arteries Identifiers Latin Sclera MeSH D012590 TA A15. 2.02. 002 FMA 58269 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sclera , also known as the white of the eye , is the opaque , fibrous , protective , outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber . In humans , the whole sclera is white , contrasting with the coloured iris , but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris , so the white part does not normally show . In the development of the embryo , the sclera is derived from the neural crest . In children , it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment , appearing slightly blue . In the elderly , fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow . Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae , the result of melanin pigmentation . The human eye is relatively rare for having an iris that is small enough for its position to be plainly visible against the sclera . This makes it easier for one individual to infer where another individual is looking , and the cooperative eye hypothesis suggests this has evolved as a method of nonverbal communication . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 2 Function 3 Injury 3.1 Trauma 3.2 Thermal trauma 3.3 Chemical injury 4 Clinical significance 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Goat eye with relatively dark sclera and horizontal pupil Cow eye with dark sclera The sclera forms the posterior five - sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe . It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea , and maintains the shape of the globe , offering resistance to internal and external forces , and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions . The sclera is perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen , the hole that is formed by the optic nerve . At the optic disc the outer two - thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater ( outer coat of the brain ) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve . The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate ( lamina cribrosa ) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers ( fasciculi ) pass . The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions . The sclera 's blood vessels are mainly on the surface . Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva ( which is a thin layer covering the sclera ) , those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red . In many vertebrates , the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone , together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring . In primitive fish , this ring consists of four plates , but the number is lower in many living ray - finned fishes , and much higher in lobe - finned fishes , various reptiles , and birds . The ring has disappeared in many groups , including living amphibians , some reptiles and fish , and all mammals . The eyes of all non-human primates are dark with small , barely visible sclera . Histology ( edit ) The collagen of the sclera is continuous with the cornea . From outer to innermost , the four layers of the sclera are : episclera stroma lamina fusca endothelium The sclera is opaque due to the irregularity of the Type I collagen fibers , as opposed to the near - uniform thickness and parallel arrangement of the corneal collagen . Moreover , the cornea bears more mucopolysaccharide ( a carbohydrate that has among its repeating units a nitrogenous sugar , hexosamine ) to embed the fibrils . The cornea , unlike the sclera , has five layers . The middle , thickest layer is also called the stroma . The sclera , like the cornea , contains a basal endothelium , above which there is the lamina fusca , containing a high count of pigment cells . Sometimes , very small gray - blue spots can appear on the sclera , a harmless condition called scleral melanocytosis . Function ( edit ) Human eyes are somewhat distinctive in the animal kingdom in that the sclera is very plainly visible whenever the eye is open . This is not just due to the white color of the human sclera , which many other species share , but also to the fact that the human iris is relatively small and comprises a significantly smaller portion of the exposed eye surface compared to other animals . It is theorized that this adaptation evolved because of our social nature as the eye became a useful communication tool in addition to a sensory organ . It is believed that the conspicuous sclera of the human eye makes it easier for one individual to infer where another individual is looking , increasing the efficacy of this particular form of nonverbal communication . Animal researchers have also found that , in the course of their domestication , dogs have also developed the ability to pick up visual cues from the eyes of humans . Dogs do not seem to use this form of communication with one another and only look for visual information from the eyes of humans . Injury ( edit ) Trauma ( edit ) The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera . However , if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object , the recovery of full former vision is usually rare . If pressure is applied slowly , the eye is actually very elastic . However , most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity . The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head - on blunt forces , but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion . Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common , along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light . However , low - velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object . Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign cyst , causing no other damage or discomfort . Thermal trauma ( edit ) The sclera is rarely damaged by brief exposure to heat : the eyelids provide exceptional protection , and the fact that the sclera is covered in layers of moist tissue means that these tissues are able to cause much of the offending heat to become dissipated as steam before the sclera itself is damaged . Even relatively low - temperature molten metals when splashed against an open eye have been shown to cause very little damage to the sclera , even while creating detailed casts of the surrounding eyelashes . Prolonged exposure , however -- on the order of 30 seconds -- at temperatures above 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) will begin to cause scarring , and above 55 ° C ( 131 ° F ) will cause extreme changes in the sclera and surrounding tissue . Such long exposures even in industrial settings are virtually nonexistent . Chemical injury ( edit ) The sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals . The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants , preventing further harm . Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic burn risk , with sulfuric acid , the kind present in car batteries and therefore commonly available , being among the most dangerous in this regard . However , acid burns , even severe ones , seldom result in loss of the eye . Alkali burns , on the other hand , such as those resulting from exposure to ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5 , will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to saponify and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment . Clinical significance ( edit ) Yellowing of the sclera is a visual symptom of jaundice . In very rare but severe cases of kidney failure and liver failure , the sclera may turn black . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The word sclera ( / ˈsklɛərə / or / ˈsklɪərə / ; both are common ) , plural sclerae ( / ˈsklɛəri / or / ˈsklɪəri / ) or scleras , is from the Greek skleros , meaning hard . See also ( edit ) Extraocular implant Scleral tattooing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mosby 's Medical , Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary , Fourth Edition , Mosby - Year Book Inc. , 1994 , p. 1402 Jump up ^ Cassin , B. and Solomon , S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology . Gainesville , Florida : Triad Publishing Company , 1990 . Jump up ^ Hermann D. Schubert . Anatomy of the Orbit `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 461 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Keeley , FW ; Morin , JD ; Vesely , S ( November 1984 ) . `` Characterization of collagen from normal human sclera '' . Experimental Eye Research . 39 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4835 ( 84 ) 90053 - 8 . PMID 6519194 . Jump up ^ Michael Tomasello , Brian Hare , Hagen Lehmann , Josep Call . `` Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants : the cooperative eye hypothesis '' http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/eyes-cooperation.pdf Jump up ^ Director and Producer : Dan Child , Executive Producer : Andrew Kohen ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) . `` The Secret Life of the Dog '' . Horizon . BBC . BBC2 . ^ Jump up to : Peter G Watson ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Chapter 9 '' . The Sclera and Systemic Disorders . JP Medical Ltd. p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907816 - 07 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sclera . Histology image : 08008loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Atlas image : eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System -- `` Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball '' MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002295 hide Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall The orbit of the eye Bones Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Muscles Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Superior oblique muscle Trochlea of superior oblique Inferior oblique muscle Eyelid Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Tarsus Medial palpebral ligament Epicanthic fold Meibomian gland Ciliary glands Eyelash Palpebral fissure Canthus Gland of Zeis Lacrimal apparatus Krause 's glands Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal caruncle Lacrimal gland Lacrimal lake Lacrimal papilla Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct Other Eyebrow Conjunctiva Plica semilunaris Orbital septum Periorbita Suspensory ligament of eyeball Tenon 's capsule Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sclera&oldid=846550976 '' Categories : Eye Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
is cornea the white part of the eye
|
[] |
[] |
4461379046524408659
|
List of The Mindy Project episodes
|
List of the Mindy Project episodes - wikipedia List of the Mindy Project episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Mindy Project is an American comedy television series which aired on Fox for three seasons from on September 25 , 2012 , to March 24 , 2015 . The fourth season began on September 15 , 2015 , on Hulu . The series stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri , a young OB / GYN , as she navigates through her professional life and romantic relationships . On May 6 , 2015 the series was canceled on Fox . On May 15 , 2015 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 26 - episode season 4 , with the option of future seasons . On May 4 , 2016 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16 - episode season 5 , which was later reduced to 14 . On March 29 , 2017 , The Mindy Project was renewed for a sixth and final season , which premiered on September 12 , 2017 , and the final episode aired on November 14 , 2017 . A total of 117 episodes of The Mindy Project aired over six seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) Fox 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 21 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 26 September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) Hulu 5 14 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 6 10 September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Charles McDougall Mindy Kaling August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) ( online ) September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) ( Fox ) 101 4.67 Mindy Lahiri is introduced as an OB / GYN trying to find love in New York City with the help of her eccentric friends and co-workers . `` Hiring and Firing '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 102 3.68 When Dr. Schulman realizes Beverly is a terrible nurse , he assigns Mindy and Danny to hire a new nurse , and they can not agree on whom to hire . Jeremy on the other hand is assigned to fire Beverly and simply can not bring himself to do it . `` In the Club '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 104 3.55 Mindy and the others go clubbing for a night and learn that cold Dr. Castellano is actually a stellar dancer and ladies ' man . Mindy also discovers that Shauna is harboring some hidden feelings for Danny . `` Halloween '' Jesse Peretz Chris McKenna October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 105 3.12 Mindy wrestles with whether or not she should take things one step further with her new beau Josh . Danny and Jeremy visit the DMV to take the driver 's test , a task Danny has failed countless times in the past . 5 5 `` Danny Castellano Is My Gynecologist '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 103 3.17 When Mindy 's gynecologist retires , she and Danny bet on who will back out first if Danny were to be her new gynecologist . 6 6 `` Thanksgiving '' Michael Spiller Adam Countee November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 107 2.64 Mindy is shocked to learn that Josh may not want to be exclusive with her . Things go even more awry when Mindy runs into an ex and his `` new Indian girlfriend '' at Gwen 's Thanksgiving party . 7 7 `` Teen Patient '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 109 2.76 When Mindy encourages a teenager in her building to take things slowly in the romance department , she is forced to reflect on her own relationship with Josh . Danny is concerned about an anonymous complaint he receives at the office . 8 8 `` Two to One '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 108 2.68 The practice is being threatened by a midwives center in the same building , so Mindy sets out to win her old patients back and gain more respect from Danny and Jeremy . 9 9 `` Josh and Mindy 's Christmas Party '' Charles McDougall Jeremy Bronson December 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) 110 3.07 Mindy comes to a shocking realization about her seemingly perfect relationship with Josh at her annual Christmas party . 10 10 `` Mindy 's Brother '' Michael Spiller Chris McKenna January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 112 2.85 Mindy 's brother comes to NYC to visit his older sister and all is well until he informs her that he will be dropping out of Stanford to pursue a rap career . Danny and Jeremy are at odds with their landlord 's successor , his spoiled son . 11 11 `` Bunk Bed '' Don Scardino Jeremy Bronson January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 106 2.76 When Gwen breaks her arm and has to go to the emergency room , Mindy helps out by watching Gwen 's daughter Riley for the day . Meanwhile , Danny has an interesting experience with another patient in the emergency room lobby and Shauna , Morgan , and Betsy discover the reason Danny and his wife divorced . 12 12 `` Hooking Up Is Hard '' Paul Lieberstein Mindy Kaling January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 111 3.05 Mindy starts an interesting , secret relationship with Brendan Deslaurier ( Mark Duplass ) , one of the midwives . Danny and Eye Patch go out on a date . 13 13 `` Harry & Sally '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & B.J. Novak January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 114 3.20 Mindy meets a great guy at a party but has suspicions about his extremely close relationship with his girl best friend . Danny tries to win back Eye Patch after she dumps him for being too self - absorbed . 14 14 `` Harry & Mindy '' Michael Weaver Harper Dill February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 113 3.60 It 's Valentine 's Day and Mindy and Danny find themselves in a love triangle . Morgan turns to Jeremy for help picking up a girl he likes . 15 15 `` Mindy 's Minute '' B.J. Novak Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 116 3.05 Mindy starts doing a new educational segment for taxi cab TV and turns to Danny for on - screen coaching . Beverly returns to the office as a secretary . 16 16 `` The One That Got Away '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 117 3.26 Mindy is thrilled when her fling from a Jewish summer camp she attended as a kid returns to NYC . However , she soon learns that she only has a day to spend with him before he must leave on a U.S. Army deployment to Afghanistan again . 17 17 `` Mindy 's Birthday '' Claire Scanlon Adam Countee March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 115 3.07 Mindy did not want a birthday party , and after her friends throw her an annoying dinner party with insulting gifts , she storms out and ends up on an odyssey involving a table of mean girls and the surprising return of ex-nurse Beverly . Danny and Jeremy both like Mindy 's friend and Danny decides he is not going to step aside and let his handsome colleague simply win the girl . 18 18 `` Danny 's Friend '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Matt Warburton March 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 118 2.62 Mindy unknowingly starts seeing Danny 's friend from Staten Island and Danny tries everything he can to stop it when he finds out . 19 19 `` My Cool Christian Boyfriend '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt April 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) 120 2.47 A young Christian minister takes an interest in Mindy until he realizes they value different things in life . 20 20 `` Pretty Man '' Rob Schrab Tucker Cawley April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 119 3.24 Mindy has an interesting night with a man she meets at a bar , until she realizes he is a male prostitute . Things go awry at Danny 's party as a result . 21 21 `` Santa Fe '' B.J. Novak Tracey Wigfield April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 121 2.66 The associates go to Santa Fe for a medical conference and Mindy gets a chance to find closure with Josh . Things do not go as planned for Jeremy and Morgan 's presentation . 22 22 `` Triathlon '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Burditt April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 122 2.56 Danny fires Morgan from the practice , and consequently loses a member of the team for the triathlon . Mindy volunteers to replace him , and quickly regrets her actions . Meanwhile , Morgan begins working for the Deslaurier Brothers , which further increases the rivalry between the two practices . 23 23 `` Frat Party '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 123 2.61 Mindy takes on a young medical student to pass on her wisdom to , and soon finds herself at a college frat party , where an encounter with a former flame has disastrous consequences . Meanwhile , Danny and Jeremy go to great lengths to try to get Morgan to return to Shulman & Associates . 24 24 `` Take Me with You '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 124 2.57 Mindy makes the bold decision to move to Haiti with Casey for a year , much to the amusement of her co-workers . In order to prove that she can survive in rough conditions , Mindy invites herself and Casey on a camping trip with Danny and his ex-wife , Christina , with whom he has recently reconciled . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` All My Problems Solved Forever ... '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 201 3.83 Mindy returns from Haiti for an emergency surgery . She meets Dr. Paul Leotard ( James Franco ) and must decide what she wants to do : stay in New York or go back to Haiti . 26 `` The Other Dr. L '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 202 2.94 Mindy challenges Paul for a chance to win back her old office . Danny joins a support group to help him get over his breakup with Christina . 27 `` Music Festival '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 203 2.86 Casey has an identity crisis after returning from Haiti and decides to become a DJ . When Mindy and her colleagues attend a music festival where he is performing , the freewheeling atmosphere leads to one mishap after another . Meanwhile , a new doctor ( Adam Pally ) wants to join the practice . 28 `` Magic Morgan '' Neal Brennan Tracey Wigfield October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 204 2.89 Morgan says that anyone who sleeps with him will find the love of their life immediately afterward . Mindy offers to test Morgan 's theory but backs out at the last minute , much to Morgan 's embarrassment . This causes him to hire lawyer , Cliff Gilbert ( Glenn Howerton ) , who files a $200,000 lawsuit against Mindy for sexual harassment . Mindy is reluctantly persuaded by co-workers into having one date with Morgan to end the lawsuit . 29 5 `` Wiener Night '' Michael Weaver Jack Burditt October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 206 2.73 Mindy meets and begins dating an Arts and Culture writer named Jason ( Ben Feldman ) . After Jason discerns that Mindy may not be cultured enough for him , she decides to invite him to Christina 's art show , which features nude photos of Danny . Danny does not want anyone to see these photos , and asks Cliff to figure out a way to shut down the exhibit . 30 6 `` Bro Club for Dudes '' David Rogers Jeremy Bronson October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 207 2.69 After several failed attempts at bonding with Peter , Mindy joins the other doctors in attending his debut MMA match to show her support . Morgan tries to ask Tamra out on the day of her anniversary with Ray Ron ( Josh Peck ) but is disappointed . 31 7 `` Sk8er Man '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 205 2.88 When Danny tells Mindy she is too picky and judgmental of other people , she tries to prove him wrong by going on a date with her complete opposite : wild and crazy skateboarder Graham ( Timothy Olyphant ) . Jeremy is distressed when his dad ( Alan Dale ) visits the practice and prefers Peter over Jeremy . 32 8 `` You 've Got Sext '' Alex Hardcastle Mindy Kaling November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 208 2.66 Mindy loses her purse at the clinic , and decides to spend the night at Danny 's apartment . She confesses that she is interested in somebody who works on their floor ( Cliff ) , and Danny suspects that she is talking about him . Meanwhile , Morgan and Peter find Mindy 's missing purse and engage in a raunchy text conversation with Cliff using her phone . 33 9 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist '' Greg Daniels Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 209 2.40 Danny learns that one of his patients is a mommy blogger and allows for her to write a review of Shulman & Associates on her website , but the practice is quickly cast in a racist light after they discover that the review had been posted to a white supremacy blog . Jeremy hires a PR specialist ( Jenna Elfman ) in order to neutralize their image but things get worse . Meanwhile , Morgan seeks Cliff 's forgiveness for not deleting the raunchy texts Cliff sent to Mindy . 34 10 `` Wedding Crushers '' Charles McDougall Lang Fisher November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 211 2.66 Mindy 's philandering ex-boyfriend Josh invites her to his wedding , and in her haste to find a date settles on Peter , who turns out to be an ideal companion -- until he makes one huge blunder which puts Mindy on a tightrope . Meanwhile , Danny 's younger brother pays a visit and a has a big announcement to make . 35 11 `` Christmas Party Sex Trap '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 210 2.34 Mindy throws a Christmas bash for all of the building 's businesses so she can spend more time with Cliff , but Brendan 's date zaps Mindy 's holiday spirit with a seductive rendition of `` Santa Baby '' for the guests . 36 12 `` Danny Castellano Is My Personal Trainer '' Rob Schrab Charlie Grandy January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 212 2.62 With Danny as her fitness coach , Mindy is determined to get in shape for her winter getaway . Jeremy begins using some of his leftover sick days and places Peter in charge as managing partner in his absence . 37 13 `` L.A. '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Tracey Wigfield January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 214 2.47 Jeremy sends the rest of the team to an L.A. seminar to get certified for treating a wider , more vain audience . While Danny is concerned about running into his dad during the trip , Mindy bumps into her ex-fiancé , Casey . 38 14 `` The Desert '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield & Mindy Kaling January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 215 3.02 Mindy is determined to fly back to New York immediately to win Cliff back , but is dragged along by a persistent Danny to visit his distant father . Having returned to the office early , Peter and Morgan come across Cliff , who appears to be equally heartbroken . 39 15 `` French Me , You Idiot '' Paul Lieberstein Jack Burditt April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 216 1.88 Now that she has chosen to pursue her feelings with Danny , Mindy must figure out how to gently end her recently rekindled relationship with Cliff . Peter steps up as a representative for Shulman & Associates in an attempt to take in Lincoln Center dancers as new patients . 40 16 `` Indian BBW '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 217 1.87 Just as Mindy begins to settle into her relationship with Danny , an old sex tape between her and Tom surfaces online . Danny becomes ill with meningitis . 41 17 `` Be Cool '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 218 2.26 Danny urges Mindy to keep their romance a secret , which makes her begin to question his intentions . Morgan temporarily moves in with Mindy after learning that her apartment was robbed . 42 18 `` Girl Crush '' David Rogers Chris Schleicher April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 213 2.33 Mindy deals with her break - up with Danny . Feeling undervalued at Shulman & Associates , Mindy meets famous OB / GYN Sheila Hamilton ( Anna Gunn ) and flirts with the idea of working at her fancy practice , which caters to rich celebrities and upper class women . Jeremy rents out a medical bus to perform free breast exams for women on the streets of East Harlem . 43 19 `` Think Like a Peter '' Ken Whittingham Charlie Grandy April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 219 1.95 Peter convinces Mindy to tag along with him to a bar to help her overcome her recent heartbreak . Feeling shunned by Mindy , Danny seeks someone new to talk to at work and turns to Morgan and Tamra after finding out about their scandalous secret . 44 20 `` An Officer and a Gynecologist '' David Rogers Jack Burditt & Lang Fisher April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 220 2.14 Mindy clashes with a police officer when she gives his daughter birth - control pills . Meanwhile , a rabbi thinks Danny is Jewish when he refers his congregation to the practice . 45 21 `` Girl Next Door '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Alina Mankin April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 221 2.20 Mindy is on the hunt to buy her own apartment space so that she can be completely self - reliant . She agrees to try out Danny 's second place , which is right next door to him , but their friendship is put to the test when Mindy decides to have Charlie ( Tim Daly ) visit . Tired of dating mundane and uncultured women , Peter agrees to stop by Jeremy 's place to meet and mingle with his friends . 46 22 `` Danny and Mindy '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 222 2.48 Mindy thinks she has met the man of her dreams after he writes a description of their encounter in a New York newspaper . After a failed attempt at meeting each other , Mindy once again spots whom she believes to be her mystery man but is left with an even bigger reveal . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` We 're a Couple Now , Haters ! '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 301 2.68 Mindy finds it difficult to keep the details of her and Danny 's relationship private from the office , especially after she discovers a surprising secret from Danny 's past . Peter grows suspicious of his girlfriend Lauren 's ( Tracey Wigfield ) behavior when she begins organizing a charity event with Jeremy . Morgan 's cousin , Lou Tookers ( Rob McElhenney ) , stops by the practice . 48 `` Annette Castellano Is My Nemesis '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 303 2.10 Danny 's mother , Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) , is in town , and Mindy is determined to win her approval . Meanwhile , Peter convinces Morgan to be more assertive in his relationship with Tamra . 49 `` Crimes & Misdemeanors & Ex-BFs '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 302 2.35 After it is revealed that Mindy has been committing tax fraud for years , she seeks Cliff 's help to clear her name and save the practice . Peter faces off against Jeremy to win back Lauren 's affection . 50 `` I Slipped '' Lynn Shelton Charlie Grandy October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 304 2.19 Danny tries something new in bed that horrifies Mindy , and she begins to worry she is not exciting enough sexually . Morgan is disappointed when none of his coworkers show up to celebrate his graduation from the nurse practitioner 's program . Jeremy finds out everyone in the office is `` Team Peter '' with regards to their falling out over Lauren . 51 5 `` The Devil Wears Lands ' End '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 305 2.21 After first getting the practice into big trouble with Dr. Jean Fishman ( Niecy Nash ) , the new head of obstetrics , Mindy makes matters even worse when the two spend time alone together . Despite their ongoing feud , Peter must learn to work with Jeremy when he realizes his beer pong skills will be a necessity for an upcoming Dartmouth Alumni matchup against Shonda Rhimes . 52 6 `` Caramel Princess Time '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy & Mindy Kaling November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 306 2.84 Danny 's plan to teach Mindy the importance of being on time backfires when Dr. Fishman steps in . Tamra and Morgan set Peter up on a blind date with Tamra 's `` twin , '' Abby ( Allison Tolman ) . 53 7 `` We Need to Talk About Annette '' Michael Weaver Alina Mankin November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 307 2.47 Mindy catches Danny 's mom shoplifting and must figure out how to bring this to his attention . Mindy accidentally accusing Annette about stealing the jacket to gives to Danny . Peter struggles to find balance between his adult life and his new laid back friend , Abby . 54 8 `` Diary of a Mad Indian Woman '' Alex Hardcastle Lang Fisher November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 308 2.37 Mindy 's plan to have Danny stay at her place are interrupted when Dr. Fishman asserts that she must begin mentoring the residents at the hospital . Left to his own devices , Danny stumbles upon Mindy 's diary and gets himself into a tough situation . 55 9 `` How to Lose a Mom in Ten Days '' David Rogers Tracey Wigfield November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 309 2.33 Mindy is tired of Annette hovering around her relationship with Danny and decides to set her up on a date with Dr. Ledreau , an older practitioner from their building . Jeremy also has his eyes on this soon - to - be-retired doctor , as he is hoping for the practice to receive his patient list . Saddened by his breakup with Tamra , Morgan is convinced by Peter to set up an online dating profile . 56 10 `` What About Peter ? '' David Stassen Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 310 2.45 Appalled by Peter 's living situation , Mindy convinces him to move next door to Danny 's second apartment space . Danny , however , has other plans with the room . Jeremy 's parenting skills are put to the test when he and Morgan are responsible for looking after Lauren 's baby boy . 57 11 `` Christmas '' Paul Lieberstein Charlie Grandy December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 311 2.55 Mindy questions whether or not Danny will propose to her by Christmas time and is presented with the opportunity to apply to a medical fellowship at Stanford . Meanwhile , Danny 's plan to set Peter up on a date with Dr. Jessica Lieberstein ( Julia Stiles ) go astray when she mistakenly takes Morgan out instead . 58 12 `` Stanford '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 312 2.24 Mindy has to overcome multiple bad impressions and a lack of confidence when she arrives at Stanford to start her fellowship , but things get crazy when Danny offers to help with a hostile doctor who was a friend of his in med school . Back in New York , a basketball game becomes a battleground between exes Tamra and Morgan . 59 13 `` San Francisco Bae '' Michael Spiller Chris Schleicher January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 314 2.42 On a night out in San Francisco , Mindy runs into the man whose virginity she took , Alex ( Lee Pace ) . He is now very successful and she contemplates how things who have been if she were with him and not Danny . Back in New York , Morgan and Danny try to spy on Peter next door as they suspect Lauren cheating on Jeremy with Peter . 60 14 `` No More Mr. Noishe Guy '' Michael Weaver Jeremy Bronson February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 313 2.22 Mindy contemplates starting a fertility clinic in San Francisco with Rob , but talking to Danny becomes a problem especially when he buys a brownstone for the two of them in New York . Meanwhile Lauren 's move to Texas encourages Peter to follow her , but it would mean him having to leave the practice . 61 15 `` Dinner at the Castellanos '' David Rogers Charlie Grandy February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 315 2.33 Mindy has big news to tell Danny , however this is delayed due to the arrival of Danny 's father and half - sister , leading to an awkward dinner . 62 16 `` Lahiri Family Values '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 316 2.47 Danny promises to move to San Francisco with Mindy and tries to tell the practice , but they are confused and concerned about his motives . In California , Mindy reconnects with her little brother when she discovers he has damaged her credit , leaving her unable to get a business loan . 63 17 `` Danny Castellano Is My Nutritionist '' Lynn Shelton Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 317 2.28 Mindy and Danny pressure each other to be healthier in preparation for parenthood , the goal being for Mindy to eat less junk food and for Danny to quit smoking . The practice is busy and needs to hire an additional doctor , so they focus on impressing Dr. Phillips ( Vanessa L. Williams ) , a glamorous former professor of Mindy 's who is bored with retirement . 64 18 `` Fertility Bites '' Nisha Ganatra Jeremy Bronson & Chris Schleicher March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 318 2.13 Mindy 's fertility clinic finally opens , but she struggles to attract patients due to her lack of experience in helping women conceive . Morgan , Tamra , and Beverly butt heads with Dr. Bergdahl ( Dan Bakkedahl ) , leaving Jeremy caught in the middle of the feud . 65 19 `` Confessions of a Catho - holic '' Ike Barinholtz Jack Burditt March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 319 1.76 Mindy pretends to be Catholic in order to win the approval of the strict new priest at Danny 's church ( Stephen Colbert ) , who is also a reformed bad boy from Danny 's old neighborhood . Morgan helps Jeremy prepare for his one - man show about his early life and emigration to America . 66 20 `` What to Expect When You 're Expanding '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Lang Fisher March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 320 2.00 Tamra 's cousin Sheena ( Laverne Cox ) , a stylist , tries to help Mindy regain her lost self - confidence as she gains pregnancy weight . Jeremy gets back into the dating game when he meets Whitney ( Cristin Milioti ) who shuts down a loud singles party . 67 21 `` Best Man '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 321 2.05 Mindy questions Danny 's commitment when he fails to meet her parents , who are about to move back to India for a year . Everyone prepares to attend Peter 's wedding in Texas . Meanwhile , Morgan believes he has overheard shocking information about the paternity of Mindy 's baby . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 68 `` While I Was Sleeping '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 402 Mindy dreams of how her life would have been different had she not fallen in love with Danny . Meanwhile , Danny meets Mindy 's parents in India . 69 `` C Is for Coward '' Alex Hardcastle Matt Warburton September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 401 Mindy wants a scheduled C - section , but Danny is in favor of a natural birth . However , when Mindy 's water breaks on the way to an expo , Danny races to be there in time for their son 's birth . 70 `` Leo Castellano Is My Son '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 403 As Danny heads back to work after the birth of their son , Mindy finds herself a bit stir crazy . Morgan finds romance with Mindy and Danny 's neighbour , Chelsea . Tamra convinces Jeremy that his new girlfriend , Whitney , is cheating on him . 71 `` The Bitch Is Back '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 404 As Mindy prepares to go back to work after her maternity leave , she visits the office with Leo and meets her new coworkers . Mindy 's instant dislike for the new doctor in the office makes her debate returning to work at all . 72 5 `` Stay at Home MILF '' Rachel Goldenberg Chris Schleicher October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 405 Mindy realizes being a stay - at - home mom is harder than she anticipated . After Danny patronizes her efforts , Mindy challenges Danny to be a stay - at - home dad . At the office , Morgan pretends to be Colette 's boyfriend so her brother , Jody , does not find out that she is gay . 73 6 `` Road Trip '' David Stassen David Stassen October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 407 After his dad has a heart attack , Danny heads to California with Morgan in tow on a cross-country road trip . They make a pit stop in Oklahoma , where Danny is hiding a dark secret . 74 7 `` Mindy and Nanny '' Roger Kumble Lang Fisher October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 406 Mindy must fire Annette and hire a new nanny while Danny is away . Meanwhile , Jody helps Jeremy see Whitney is not all she seems . 75 8 `` Later , Baby '' Ryan Case Tracey Wigfield November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 411 When Mindy learns her fertility practice is struggling financially , Jody offers to help . Meanwhile , Peter 's unexpected visit to NYC forces him to hash out his friendship issues with Jeremy . 76 9 `` Jody Kimball - Kinney Is My Husband '' Marco Fargnoli Chris Schleicher November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 412 While Danny is away , Mindy pretends Jody is her husband in order to get Leo into an elite preschool . In return , Mindy pretends to be Jody 's girlfriend for a dinner with Jody 's sister - in - law . 77 10 `` The Departed '' Claire Scanlon Lang Fisher November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 413 With Danny still away , Mindy accidentally joins a bereavement group while trying to sell her apartment . Elsewhere , Morgan and Colette attend Tamra 's open mic performance against her will . 78 11 `` The Lahiris and the Castellanos '' Kate Dennis Charlie Grandy November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 408 Finally back from California , Danny and Mindy begin to plan their wedding . The Lahiri and Castellano families meet at their engagement party and cause drama . During the party Mindy tells an unhappy Danny about her new business venture . 79 12 `` The Parent Trap '' David Rogers Matt Warburton December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 410 Business is going well at The Lahiri Fertility Clinic with Mindy 's first patient about to give birth . However , Mindy 's relationship with Danny is strained when she finds out he is trying to intentionally impregnate her without her knowledge . 80 13 `` When Mindy Met Danny '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 409 Mindy and Danny continue to argue with Christmas approaching , so Mindy reflects on meeting Danny on her first day of work at Shulman & Associates . 81 14 `` Will They or Wo n't They '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 414 Mindy deals with the fallout after her breakup with Danny while trying to deal with her spring break Later , Baby clients . 82 15 `` So You Think You Can Finance '' Ryan Case Landon Young April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) ( AU ) April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) ( US ) 415 Mindy realizes she needs help to get her finances in order so she enlists the help of Whitney , Jeremy 's ex-girlfriend . Meanwhile , Jeremy begins dating a much older woman . 83 16 `` Mindy Lahiri is DTF '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 417 In search of a no - strings - attached hookup , Mindy dabbles with online dating . After a few embarrassing encounters , she steps up and asks for what she wants . Jody accidentally invites everyone over for a viewing party of the office 's favorite TV show . 84 17 `` 2 Fast 2 Serious '' Ike Barinholtz Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 416 After her breakup with Danny , Mindy begins to date again . Meanwhile , Colette finds it difficult to tell Jody that she is moving in with Morgan . 85 18 `` Bernardo & Anita '' David Rogers Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 418 Mindy tries to get in touch with her heritage when a date implies she is more white than Indian . Morgan and Jody vie for the attention of the same girl , a virgin , but realize they are not capable of being abstinent for her . 86 19 `` Baby Got Backslide '' Geeta V. Patel Chris Schleicher May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 421 Casey returns to New York and Mindy must fight the temptation to reignite a relationship with her former flame . 87 20 `` The Greatest Date in the World '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 420 Mindy starts dating Casey 's friend Marcus ( Ne - Yo ) , whose trendy hipsterism clashes with Mindy 's love of the familiar . 88 21 `` Under the Texan Sun '' David Stassen Lang Fisher May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 419 Mindy visits Peter and his wife , Lauren , in Texas and ends up in the middle of their problems . 89 22 `` Princeton Charming '' David Rogers Guy Branum June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 422 Mindy , Morgan , and Jody head to Mindy 's alma mater , Princeton University , for a presentation , but things get complicated when Jody 's new girlfriend decides to come along . 90 23 `` There 's No Crying in Softball '' Michael Weaver Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 423 Mindy is roped into playing in a softball tournament with her coworkers while her new boyfriend visits for the weekend . 91 24 `` My Kid Stays in the Picture '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 424 Mindy auditions Leo for a role on a soap opera . The nurses try to switch the doctors they work for at the practice . Jody 's brother Forbes comes by . 92 25 `` Freedom Tower Women 's Health '' Linda Mendoza Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 425 Morgan and Jeremy visit Danny at his new office , and Mindy ends up getting a mysterious new patient . Meanwhile , a dirty secret threatens to derail her budding romance . 93 26 `` Homewrecker '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher & Chris Schleicher July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 426 Mindy and Danny reconnect while trapped on an elevator at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Jody breaks into Mindy 's apartment to apologize through a grand gesture . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 94 `` Decision 2016 '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 501 After Jody tries to win Mindy 's heart by buying her an apartment , Mindy is torn between her old love , Danny , and a relationship with Jody . Tamra is suspicious about Mindy 's trip to Miami so she and Colette go undercover to figure out what really happened . 95 `` Nurses ' Strike '' David Rogers Matt Warburton October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 502 While Mindy struggles to take care of a sick Leo , Shulman and Associates is rocked by a nurses ' strike led by Ben , a handsome male nurse . Meanwhile , Jody tries to sell the upstairs apartment and Brendan comes to Mindy seeking help . 96 `` Margaret Thatcher '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 503 The nurses ' strike continues , while Mindy finds herself having romantic feelings for the enemy - Ben , the leader of the nurses . As the doctors and nurses try to stay strong , Jeremy finds that the stress is taking a serious toll on his health . 97 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Misogynist '' Ike Barinholtz Lang Fisher October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 504 As Jeremy recovers from his heart attack , the practice needs another doctor . Jeremy and Jody want to hire a woman , but Mindy is not sure about sharing the spotlight . Meanwhile , she and Ben are getting serious . 98 5 `` Leland Breakfast Is the Miracle Worker '' David Stassen Chris Schleicher November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 505 When Mindy discovers that her new boyfriend is not being exclusive , she goes on a date with a famous actor aka `` the bad boy of London theater . '' The nurses try to cheer up Jody , who 's lost his mojo , and discover he might be planning something drastic . 99 6 `` Concord '' Michael Spiller Guy Branum November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) 506 Mindy escapes to her childhood home in Massachusetts and discovers that her mom is using dubious methods to further her acting career in local theater . As Mindy and Rishi try to intervene , she learns that Danny is having doubts about marrying Sarah . 100 7 `` Revenge of the Nurse '' Michael Spiller Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 507 Mindy is afraid that she and Ben do not have similar desires for their futures ; a former fling of Mindy 's returns with an interesting new job . 101 8 `` Hot Mess Time Machine '' David Rogers Matt Warburton February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 508 Still reeling from her breakup with Ben , Mindy finds herself living the same day over and over again , and realizes that the only way to break the spell is to make things right with Ben . 102 9 `` Bat Mitzvah '' Kate Dennis Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 509 Mindy panics when her new boyfriend Ben does not invite her to his daughter 's bat - mitzvah . Meanwhile , Jody , claiming he is over his heartache , dates Mindy 's doppelgänger . 103 10 `` Take My Ex-Wife , Please '' Daniella Eisman Chris Schleicher February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 510 Mindy acts out after learning that Ben 's attractive ex-wife is in town visiting him . Anna , having trouble at home , begrudgingly asks her coworkers for help . 104 11 `` Dibs '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 511 A heartbroken Anna grieves her breakup at Mindy 's place , while Jody and Jeremy compete for her affection . Morgan , trying to jump - start his dating life , blows up at Colette 's new girlfriend , Karen , when she accidentally interrupts his make out session . 105 12 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a White Man '' Marco Fargnoli Lang Fisher March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 512 Mindy is unfairly passed over for a promotion and goes to bed wishing things were different . She wakes up in the body of a handsome white man and quickly discovers the perks that supposedly come with white male privilege . 106 13 `` Mindy 's Best Friend '' Geeta V. Patel Guy Branum March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 513 Mindy 's world is turned upside down when her cool friend from childhood moves to New York and starts dating Morgan . Meanwhile , Ben has to cover his tracks after the nurses spot him in a provocative situation . 107 14 `` A Decent Proposal '' Michael Spiller Charlie Grandy March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 514 Mindy hears that Ben might be planning to propose , just as she decides she never wants to get married . Colette and Karen get engaged , but Colette immediately gets cold feet . Jeremy and Anna 's friendship is tested when Anna 's ex-husband comes back . Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 108 `` Is That All There Is ? '' David Stassen Mindy Kaling & Sonia Kharkar September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 601 As Mindy adjusts to married life with Ben , Jeremy tries to take things to the next level with Anna , while Tamra makes a life - changing decision . 109 `` A Romantical Decouplement '' Lang Fisher Lang Fisher September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 602 Anna and Jeremy break up , despite still having feelings for one another . Mindy and Ben decide to get divorced . 110 `` May Divorce Be With You '' Linda Mendoza Matt Warburton & Jennifer Vierck September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 603 Mindy turns to her ex Cliff ( Glenn Howerton ) for help navigating her messy divorce . But Peter ( Adam Pally ) is back in town to help pull Mindy out of her slump with an epic office karaoke party ! 111 `` Leo 's Girlfriend '' Ike Barinholtz Charlie Grandy & Meredith Dawson October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 604 Mindy goes toe to toe with a cliquey mom ( Julie Bowen ) at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Tamra fends off the advances of an ex she never thought she would backslide with . 112 5 `` Jeremy & Anna 's Meryl Streep Costume Party '' Geeta V. Patel Mackenzie Dohr October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 605 Jeremy 's hosting a party the office is actually excited for ! Adding to the intrigue , Mindy invites a handsome stranger ( Yassir Lester ) who has an unexpected interest in Shulman and Associates . Jody competes with a beautiful doctor ( Ana Ortiz ) after she steals one of his patients . 113 6 `` The Midwife 's Tale '' Daniela Eisman Chris Schleicher October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 606 Shulman and Associates is turned upside down when Mindy hires Brendan after he considered suicide . Meanwhile , rumors fly about who is the father of Tamra 's baby . 114 7 `` Girl Gone Wild '' David Rogers Miranda Berman October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 607 Mindy reluctantly goes on the honeymoon she never went on by herself . During a hike , she gets trapped 127 Hours - style and gets visited by a hallucination of Reese Witherspoon ( playing herself ) . 115 8 `` Doctors Without Boundaries '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 608 Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) is furious when Mindy uncovers a secret about her and decides to get involved . Jody attempts to keep his new girlfriend ( Ana Ortiz ) from taking a job overseas , while Tamra dives headfirst into Morgan 's religion . 116 9 `` Danny in Real Life '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton & Mindy Kaling November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 609 Mindy and Danny ca n't agree on the best way to care for an ailing Annette . Meanwhile , Anna throws a disastrous bridal / baby shower for Tamra , where Colette has a heated confrontation with her brother , Jody . 117 10 `` It Had to Be You '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton & Mindy Kaling November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 610 In the series finale , Mindy 's fertility practice is in danger and Annette 's upcoming surgery looms . While Mindy and Danny wait , Mindy attends Morgan and Tamra 's wedding , where she and the rest of the Shulman gang try to find their own happy endings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mindy Project ' Cancelled by FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mindy Project Renewed for Super-Sized Season 4 at Hulu After Fox Cancellation '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Renews The Mindy Project for Season Five '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hulu 's Mid-Season Programming Slate '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , & ' Ben & Kate ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' , ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' & ' Take It All ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Taste ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Emily Owens M.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Raising Hope ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Smash ' , ' New Girl ' & ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Betty White 's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special ' and ' Vegas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Golden Boy ' , ' The New Normal ' or ' Smash ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Splash ' , ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & `` Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' Dancing with the Stars ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' About a Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Manhattan Love Story ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' The Flash ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' About a Boy ' & ' Selfie ' Adjusted Down + Final Election Coverage Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Undateable ' & ' One Big Happy ' Slide , ' The Mindy Project ' Finale Hits New Low + ' Forever ' Matches Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Mindy Project episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mindy_Project_episodes&oldid=815323276 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 04 : 49 . About Wikipedia
|
how many episodes is season 6 of mindy project
|
[
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nNetwork\n\n\n\n1\n24\nSeptember 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)\nMay 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)\nFox\n\n\n\n2\n22\nSeptember 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)\nMay 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)\n\n\n\n3\n21\nSeptember 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)\nMarch 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)\n\n\n\n4\n26\nSeptember 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)\nJuly 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)\nHulu\n\n\n\n5\n14\nOctober 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)\nMarch 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)\n\n\n\n6\n10\nSeptember 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)\nNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)\n\n"
] |
[
"10"
] |
-2536270506768889282
|
Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016
|
Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 - Wikipedia Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 An Act to provide for , as a good governance , efficient , transparent , and targeted delivery of subsidies , benefits and services , the expenditure for which is incurred from the Consolidated Fund of India , to individuals residing in India through assigning of unique identity numbers to such individuals and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Citation 47 of 2016 Territorial extent Whole of India ( except Jammu and Kashmir ) Enacted by Parliament of India Date passed 11 March 2016 Status : In force The Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 is a money bill of the Parliament of India . It aims to provide legal backing to the Aadhaar unique identification number project . It was passed on 11 March 2016 by the Lok Sabha . Certain provisions of the Act came into force from 12 July 2016 and 12 September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary 2.1 Chapter I : Preliminary 2.2 Chapter II : Enrolment 2.3 Chapter III : Authentication 2.4 Chapter IV : Unique Identification Authority of India 2.5 Chapter V : Grants , Accounts and Audit and Annual Report 2.6 Chapter VI : Protection of Information 2.7 Chapter VII : Offences and Penalty 2.8 Chapter VIII : Miscellaneous 3 Reactions 4 Supreme Court Observation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) During the budget presentation on 29 February 2016 , Finance Minister Arun Jaitley announced that a bill will be introduced within a week which will provide legislative support to the Aadhaar . On 3 March 2016 , the Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies , Benefits and Services ) Bill , 2016 was introduced in the Parliament as a money bill by Jaitley as it fulfilled Article 110 's provisos - 110 ( 1 ) ( c ) , 110 ( 1 ) ( d ) and 110 ( 1 ) ( e ) of the Constitution of India . The decision to introduce it as a money bill was criticised by the opposition parties . Ghulam Nabi Azad , an INC leader , wrote in a letter to the Jaitley that the ruling party BJP was trying to bypass the Rajya Sabha , as they did not have the majority in the upper house . A money bill is only required to pass in the lower house Lok Sabha . Jyotiraditya Scindia of INC asked why a new bill was introduced when the National Identification Authority of India Bill , 2010 was still pending in the Rajya Sabha . The bill was passed on the 11 March 2016 by the Lok Sabha by a voice vote after a brief debate . Tathagata Satpathy of Biju Janata Dal ( BJD ) had raised concerns that the project could be used for mass surveillance or ethnic cleansing in the future . He also raised questions about why a new identity card project was created despite having several identity card systems . He also questioned why the bill was introduced as a money bill . He also said that although the bill allows the sharing of biometric under the circumstances of national security , no concrete definition of national security was included . Bhartruhari Mahtab of BJD requested that the bill should not be rushed and referred to a parliamentary panel . Mallikarjun Kharge of INC said that they supported the bill but wanted some suggestions to be discussed . Rajeev Satav of INC reminded the house that initially the ruling - party BJP had opposed the Aadhaar during the reign of United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) , before turning around and supporting it . During the debate , Finance Minister Arun Jaitley assured the house that the Aadhaar project will not be misused . Jaitley stated that 97 % of the adult and 67 % of children had already been registered under the project . He also said that the definition of national security is up to the courts to define . On 15 March 2016 , Shumsher K. Sheriff , Secretary of the Rajya Sabha , formally notified the house that the bill has been passed in the Lok Sabha . During the debate spanning over two days , Naresh Agrawal of Samajwadi Party ( SP ) said that the bill does n't fit into the definition of a money bill . P.J. Kurien , Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha , said that it was the decision of Lok Sabha Chairperson Sumitra Mahajan to allow the bill , so it should not be questioned . Sitaram Yechury of Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( CPI - M ) argued that the bill was unconstitutional as the Constitution guarantees the freedom of life and liberty and privacy comes under it . Jaitley responded to Yechury by saying that privacy is not an absolute right and it can be restricted by the law . Jairam Ramesh of INC said Aadhaar should be limited to subsidies only and not made mandatory for any purpose . On 16 March 2016 , the bill was returned to the Lok Sabha by the Rajya Sabha with some suggested amendments . The Lok Sabha was free to accept or reject the amendments . But , Lok Sabha rejected the amendments and passed the bill . Summary ( edit ) Most of the provisions of the Bill have been borrowed from the previous National Identification Authority of India Bill , 2010 . The major difference is that the three - member committee called the Identity Review Committee of the previous bill was removed in the new bill . Also , the section 8 of Aadhaar Act is significantly different from that of NIAI bill , 2010 . While the NIAI bill allowed the authentication limited to the biometric match only with Yes / No option , the Aadhaar Act allows the requesting agency / person to ask for other information too , pertaining to the person 's identity . Chapter i : preliminary ( edit ) The Clause 2 ( g ) defines `` biometric information '' as photograph , finger print , iris scan , or `` other such biological attributes '' of an individual . The Clause 2 ( k ) defines `` demographic information '' as name , date of birth , address and `` other relevant information '' of an individual . It explicitly excludes race , religion , caste , tribe , ethnicity , language , records of entitlement , income or medical history . The Clause 2 ( v ) defines `` resident '' as an individual who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to 182 days or more in the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment . Chapter II : Enrolment ( edit ) The Clause 3 ( 1 ) states that every resident is entitled to obtain an Aadhaar number by submitting their biometric and demographic information . The central government may however in future require other categories of individuals to enrol by releasing a notification . According to Clause 3 ( 2 ) , at the time of registration the enrolling agency must inform the resident about the manner in which the data will be used , with whom it will be shared and procedure of access . The UIDAI will issue an Aadhaar number to the resident after verifying the data . According to Clause 4 , it should be unique and random . The Clause 6 states that the UIDAI may require Aadhaar number holders to submit additional biometric and demographic information , or update the information in the future . 1058 / 13797 / 48987 Chapter iii : authentication ( edit ) The Clause 7 states that the central or state government may require a person to possess an Aadhaar number if he / she is receiving some subsidy . If they do not possess an Aadhaar number , they will be required to apply for other , in meantime the government will provide them the subsidy using an alternate mean of identification . According to Clause 8 , UIDAI may perform verification of Aadhaar for other private and public agencies on request in exchange for a fee . The requesting must obtain the consent of the Aadhaar holder for verification , and inform him / her of nature of the information that will be shared upon verification . The Clause 8 ( 4 ) states that UIDAI may share identity information , but it can not share the biometric information . The Clause 9 states that Aadhaar is not a proof of citizenship or domicile . Chapter IV : unique identification Authority of India ( edit ) The Chapter IV details the functions and powers of the UIDAI . The Clause 23 ( 2 ) states that the UIDAI has the power to specify the demographic and biometric information that must be collected for registration . It can issue Aadhaar numbers to residents and perform verifications . It can also specify the subsidies and services for which Aadhaar will be required . The Clause 12 states that the UIDAI will consist of a chairperson , two part - time members and a chief executive officer . The Clause 13 states the chairperson and members must have experience and knowledge of at least 10 years in matters relating to technology , governance , law , development , economics , finance , management , public affairs or administration . Chapter v : grants , accounts and audit and annual report ( edit ) The Clause 25 states that any fees collected and revenue generated by the UIDAI will be deposited in the Consolidated Fund of India . The Clause 27 ( 2 ) states that the UIDAI must submit an annual report to the central government detailing its activities of the past year , revenues and expenditures of the past year , and plans for the upcoming year . Chapter vi : protection of information ( edit ) The Clause 28 ( 1 ) states that the UIDAI must ensure the security of identity information and authentication records . The authentication records has been as `` record of the time of authentication and identity of the requesting entity and the response provided '' in Clause 2 ( d ) . The Clause 32 states that the UIDAI must maintain the authentication records for the specified period . The Aadhaar number holder may access his authentication records subject to regulation . The UIDAI is not required to maintain the record of the purpose of authentication . The Clause 33 ( 1 ) states that a District Judge or higher court may force the UIDAI to reveal a person 's identity information , i.e. Aadhaar number , photograph and demographic information , and authentication records , but not the core biometric information . The Clause 33 ( 2 ) states that an official with the rank of Joint Secretary or higher may access a person 's identity information including core biometric information , if the official has an order issued in the interest of national security by the central government . Chapter vii : offences and penalty ( edit ) The Clause 34 states that providing false information in an attempt to impersonate carries a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison and / or a fine of ₹ 10,000 . The Clause 38 states that unauthorised access to the Central Identities Data Repository , causing damaging to it or leaking the information stored on it carries a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison and / or a minimum fine or ₹ 100,000 . The Clause 47 states that the complaints under this law must be tried under a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or a Chief Judicial Magistrate , or a higher court . No court can recognise a complaint under this law unless filed by the UIDAI or a person authorised by it . Chapter viii : miscellaneous ( edit ) The Clause 48 states that the central government may supersede the UIDAI for a period of up to 6 months , if it fails to performs its duties or due to a public emergency . The Clause 57 states that state or private agencies may use Aadhaar for verifying the identity of a person for any purpose . Reactions ( edit ) Nandan Nilekani , the former chairman of UIDAI , welcomed the bill . He used Clarke 's third law to describe the project . He also said that this technology will allow India to develop into a modern welfare state . He argued that this technology will give Indian residents a secure digital ID to access the internet and prevent `` digital colonization '' by foreign firms . He also said that this will check wastage of public funds , corruption , fake degrees and improve matching of jobs to employees in the labour market . Jean Drèze , development economist , said that the bill was designed to evade Supreme Court orders restricting the usage of Aadhaar . He also said that bill was presented as a money bill to prevent debate . He argued that despite declaring it voluntary the government had created practical compulsions for enrolment , and an intervention of the Supreme Court was need to end the `` doublespeak '' . Supreme court observation ( edit ) SC has orally observed that Aadhar can not be made mandatory for availing welfare schemes . The Center has declared that Aadhaar card will be mandatory for opening new bank accounts and for transactions above Rs . 50,000. All existing account holders will also have to submit their Aadhaar details by December 31 , 2017 , failing which accounts will be deemed invalid . ( Update ) A five judge bench on December 15 , 2017 agreed to the Central government 's decision to extend the deadline of linking of `` everything '' , including mobile phones and bank accounts , to Aadhaar card till March 31 , 2018 . But SC also ordered that an Aadhaar card holder opening a new bank account will have to furnish his Aadhaar card to the bank . See also ( edit ) Unique Identification Authority of India Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lok Sabha passes Aadhaar bill to empower citizens '' . The Times of India . 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ https://uidai.gov.in/images/notification_of_sections_13072016.pdf Jump up ^ https://uidai.gov.in/images/notification_regarding_enforcing_provisions_of_sections1to10_24to47_14092016.pdf Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar legislation might be a Money Bill '' . Rediff. 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar legislation tabled as a money Bill '' . The Hindu Business Line . 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Article 110 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Opposition livid over money bill on Aadhaar '' . The Hindu . 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar bill tabled in LS amid protest '' . Deccan Chronicle. 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition Alleges Aadhaar Data Could Be Used For Mass Surveillance '' . NDTV. 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As Aadhaar Bill Is Passed In Lok Sabha , Opposition Alleges Dirty Trick '' . NDTV. 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arun Jaitley Says Aadhaar Now With 97 Per Cent Adults '' . NDTV. 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhar Bill passed in Lok Sabha amid Opposition protests '' . The Indian Express . 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Bill tabled in RS , Opposition cries foul '' . The Hindu . 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government , opposition clash over Aadhaar Bill in Rajya Sabha '' . The Times of India . 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaitley , Yechury spar in Rajya Sabha on Aadhaar as a Money Bill '' . India Today . 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajya Sabha returns Aadhaar bill to Lok Sabha with amendments '' . Hindustan Times . 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhar bill passed in Lok Sabha after rejection of amendments introduced in Rajya Sabha '' . DNA India . 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government adopts UPA 's Aadhaar Bill '' . Business Standard . 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case of Aadhaar '' . Anupamtimes. 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies , Benefits and Services ) Bill , 2016 , Bill No. 47 of 2016 . Retrieved on 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NDA govt ' gracious ' in taking forward Aadhaar : Nilekani '' . Money Control . 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Basis of a revolution '' . The Indian Express . 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Aadhaar coup '' . The Hindu . 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court counters push for Aadhaar , The Hindu Jump up ^ SC extends Aadhaar linking deadline to March 31 , but spells no relief for Aadhaar holders opening new bank accounts , The Hindu External links ( edit ) Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies , Benefits and Services ) Bill , 2016 ( hide ) Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act , 2016 Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aadhaar_(Targeted_Delivery_of_Financial_and_other_Subsidies,_benefits_and_services)_Act,_2016&oldid=831900994 '' Categories : Anti-corruption measures in India 2016 in Indian law Government finances in India 2016 in Indian economy Acts of the Parliament of India 2016 Modi administration Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use Indian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
targeted delivery of financial and other subsidies benefits and services) act 2016
|
[] |
[] |
-3232428630222566494
|
To Kill a Mockingbird
|
To Kill a Mockingbird - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird Jump to : navigation , search For the film based on the novel , see To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . To Kill a Mockingbird First edition cover -- late printing Author Harper Lee Country United States Language English Genre Southern Gothic , Bildungsroman Published July 11 , 1960 Publisher J.B. Lippincott & Co . Pages 281 To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . '' As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book `` an astonishing phenomenon '' . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' . It was adapted into an Oscar - winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown . To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biographical background and publication 2 Plot summary 3 Autobiographical elements 4 Style 4.1 Genres 5 Themes 5.1 Southern life and racial injustice 5.2 Class 5.3 Courage and compassion 5.4 Gender roles 5.5 Laws , written and unwritten 5.6 Loss of innocence 6 Reception 6.1 Atticus Finch and the legal profession 6.2 Social commentary and challenges 6.3 Honors 7 Adaptations 7.1 1962 film 7.2 Play 8 Go Set a Watchman 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Biographical background and publication Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 -- 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 -- 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J.B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey -- known professionally as Tay Hohoff -- a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s . Hohoff was impressed . `` ( T ) he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , '' she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott . But as Hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . It was , as she described it , `` more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . '' During the next couple of years , she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird . Ultimately , Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird . The book was published on July 11 , 1960 . After rejecting the `` Watchman '' title , it was initially re-titled Atticus , but Lee renamed it `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait . The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . In 1964 , Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , `` I never expected any sort of success with ' Mockingbird . ' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . Public encouragement . I hoped for a little , as I said , but I got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death I 'd expected . '' Instead of a `` quick and merciful death '' , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . Since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . Plot summary See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters The story takes place during three years ( 1933 -- 35 ) of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County . It focuses on six - year - old Jean Louise Finch ( nicknamed Scout ) , who lives with her older brother , Jeremy ( nicknamed Jem ) , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor , the reclusive Arthur `` Boo '' Radley . The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo , and few of them have seen him for many years . The children feed one another 's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place . Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . Although many of Maycomb 's citizens disapprove , Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability . Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus 's actions , calling him a `` nigger - lover '' . Scout is tempted to stand up for her father 's honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom . This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's perspective . Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial . No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony . Atticus establishes that the accusers -- Mayella and her father , Bob Ewell , the town drunk -- are lying . It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . Despite significant evidence of Tom 's innocence , the jury convicts him . Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he `` destroyed ( Ewell 's ) last shred of credibility at that trial . '' Ewell vows revenge , spitting in Atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge 's house , and menacing Tom Robinson 's widow . Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant . Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children 's rescue . The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley . Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight . The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem ( whom Atticus believes to be responsible ) or Boo ( whom Tate believes to be responsible ) . Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife . Boo asks Scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . While standing on the Radley porch , Scout imagines life from Boo 's perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them . Scout then goes back home to Atticus and stays up with him for a while in Jem 's room . Soon Atticus takes her to bed and tucks her in , before leaving to go back to Jem . Autobiographical elements Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author `` should write about what he knows and write truthfully '' . Nevertheless , several people and events from Lee 's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , was an attorney , similar to Atticus Finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . After they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . Lee 's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper . Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . Though Scout 's mother died when she was a baby , Lee was 25 when her mother , Frances Cunningham Finch , died . Lee 's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . Lee 's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem . Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons . Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City . Like Dill , Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . Both Lee and Capote were atypical children : both loved to read . Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee 's father gave them . They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them `` apart people '' . In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood . Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up ; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys . The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame . He was hidden until virtually forgotten ; he died in 1952 . The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her . The story and the trial were covered by her father 's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death . After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . He died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . Scholars believe that Robinson 's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . However , in 2005 , Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices . Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson . Style The narrative is very tough , because ( Lee ) has to both be a kid on the street and aware of the mad dogs and the spooky houses , and have this beautiful vision of how justice works and all the creaking mechanisms of the courthouse . Part of the beauty is that she ... trusts the visual to lead her , and the sensory . -- Allan Gurganus The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee 's talent for narration , which in an early review in Time was called `` tactile brilliance '' . Writing a decade later , another scholar noted , `` Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story - telling . Her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . '' Lee combines the narrator 's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman 's reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . This narrative method allows Lee to tell a `` delightfully deceptive '' story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . However , at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout 's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson 's life . Writing about Lee 's style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar Jacqueline Tavernier - Courbin states : `` Laughter ... ( exposes ) the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . '' Scout 's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspired National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her `` hysterically funny '' . To address complex issues , however , Tavernier - Courbin notes that Lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child 's perspective . After Dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with Jem , Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . Scout 's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids Atticus from teaching her further . Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier - Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book 's title : Lee is doing the mocking -- of education , the justice system , and her own society -- by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval . Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . When Atticus is out of town , Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach . This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as Tom Robinson 's . Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . Genres Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and a Bildungsroman . The grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson , contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel . Lee used the term `` Gothic '' to describe the architecture of Maycomb 's courthouse and in regard to Dill 's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley . Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem 's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Despite challenging the town 's systems , Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one 's conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . However , scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification , noting that Boo Radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . Furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . As children coming of age , Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them . Lee seems to examine Jem 's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout 's . Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial , `` It 's like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that 's what they seemed like '' . This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . As one scholar writes , `` To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman , for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . '' Themes In the 33 years since its publication , ( To Kill a Mockingbird ) has never been the focus of a dissertation , and it has been the subject of only six literary studies , several of them no more than a couple of pages long . -- Claudia Johnson in To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries , 1994 Despite the novel 's immense popularity upon publication , it has not received the close critical attention paid to other modern American classics . Don Noble , editor of a book of essays about the novel , estimates that the ratio of sales to analytical essays may be a million to one . Christopher Metress writes that the book is `` an icon whose emotive sway remains strangely powerful because it also remains unexamined '' . Noble suggests it does not receive academic attention because of its consistent status as a best - seller ( `` If that many people like it , it ca n't be any good . '' ) and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation . Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s . However , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : `` Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , Christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all Southerners . '' Southern life and racial injustice When the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about Lee 's ability to connect them . The first part of the novel concerns the children 's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem 's observations of their quirky neighbors . One writer was so impressed by Lee 's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism . This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee 's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character 's behavior in the novel . Scout 's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb 's inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb . This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell 's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson , and Scout 's definition of `` fine folks '' being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . The South itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed `` the spirit - corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro '' . In the years following its release , many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . Claudia Durst Johnson considers it `` reasonable to believe '' that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama : Rosa Parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott , and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted ( Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . In writing about the historical context of the novel 's construction , two other literary scholars remark : `` To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict - ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction . Inevitably , despite its mid-1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . '' Scholar Patrick Chura , who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced . Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the `` mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood '' . Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . Tom Robinson 's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury 's decision . Furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as `` stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him '' . Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , being shot seventeen times . The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . For example , Atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb , and Atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town 's racism without help from other white citizens . He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom 's trial . Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . Jones writes , `` ( t ) he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury 's and the town 's anger . '' Class One of the amazing things about the writing in To Kill a Mockingbird is the economy with which Harper Lee delineates not only race -- white and black within a small community -- but class . I mean different kinds of black people and white people both , from poor white trash to the upper crust -- the whole social fabric . -- Lee Smith In a 1964 interview , Lee remarked that her aspiration was `` to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama . '' Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . Atticus respects Calpurnia 's judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable Aunt Alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia . One writer notes that Scout , `` in Austenian fashion '' , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : `` affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status '' . Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . '' Lee 's use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . Sharing Scout and Jem 's perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose ; the lower - class Ewells , and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond ; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community . The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior . Courage and compassion The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . Scout 's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . Atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus ' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , Atticus tells Jem that courage is `` when you 're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what '' . Charles J. Shields , who wrote the first book - length biography of Harper Lee , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' . Atticus ' lesson to Scout that `` you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view -- until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it '' exemplifies his compassion . She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell 's testimony . When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus ' question if she has any friends , Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley . Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives , Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo 's perspective . One writer remarks , `` ... ( w ) hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense ( of ) courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . '' Gender roles Just as Lee explores Jem 's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , Scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . Scout 's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . Scout 's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie , both of whom are strong - willed , independent , and protective . Mayella Ewell also has an influence ; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . The female characters who comment the most on Scout 's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . For example , Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting Atticus ' intentions to defend Tom Robinson . By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . '' Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . Scout and Jem 's mother died before Scout could remember her , Mayella 's mother is dead , and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo 's confinement to the house . Apart from Atticus , the fathers described are abusers . Bob Ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house to the extent that Boo is remembered only as a phantom . Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men , as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society , can lead society astray . Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : `` It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . '' Laws , written and unwritten Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , have drawn the attention of legal scholars . Claudia Durst Johnson writes that `` a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . The opening quote by the 19th - century essayist Charles Lamb reads : `` Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . '' Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem 's childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one 's palm , and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children : is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season ? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non-person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's `` fanatical '' attempts to place her in them made her feel `` a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on ( her ) '' . Johnson states , `` ( t ) he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . '' Loss of innocence Lee used the mockingbird to symbolize innocence in the novel Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . Their family name Finch is also Lee 's mother 's maiden name . The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air - rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot . Atticus warns them that , although they can `` shoot all the bluejays they want '' , they must remember that `` it 's a sin to kill a mockingbird '' . Confused , Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , `` They do n't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . '' Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , `` ' To kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless -- like Tom Robinson . '' Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . However , scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley : `` Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , Scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' -- that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . '' The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her , and , in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson , states about a character who was misunderstood , `` when they finally saw him , why he had n't done any of those things ... Atticus , he was real nice , '' to which he responds , `` Most people are , Scout , when you finally see them . '' The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R.A. Dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy . In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat , Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools . She guides the reader in such judgments , alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony . Scout 's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her , gossip , and `` reflect a smug , colonialist attitude toward other races '' while giving the `` appearance of gentility , piety , and morality '' . Conversely , when Atticus loses Tom 's case , he is last to leave the courtroom , except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony , who rise silently as he walks underneath them , to honor his efforts . Reception Despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles , in her hometown of Monroeville , and throughout Alabama . The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books . Initial reactions to the novel were varied . The New Yorker declared Lee `` a skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenuous writer '' , and The Atlantic Monthly 's reviewer rated the book `` pleasant , undemanding reading '' , but found the narrative voice -- `` a six - year - old girl with the prose style of a well - educated adult '' -- to be implausible . Time magazine 's 1960 review of the book states that it `` teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life '' and calls Scout Finch `` the most appealing child since Carson McCullers ' Frankie got left behind at the wedding '' . The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even - handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : `` This is in no way a sociological novel . It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . '' Not all reviewers were enthusiastic . Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners , and one - dimensional black victims , and Granville Hicks labeled the book `` melodramatic and contrived '' . When the book was first released , Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented , `` I think for a child 's book it does all right . It 's interesting that all the folks that are buying it do n't know they 're reading a child 's book . Somebody ought to say what it is . '' Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review , writing to a cousin : `` Well , honey , one thing we know is that she 's been poaching on my literary preserves . '' One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 -- 12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are `` most often cited as making a difference '' . It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel . The 50th anniversary of the novel 's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee 's `` rich use of language '' but writes that the central lesson is that `` courage is n't always flashy , is n't always enough , but is always in style '' . Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees , stating that the book `` still rouses fresh and horrified indignation '' as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee , rare among American novelists , writes with `` a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question '' , comparing her to William Faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland 's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen , stating the book 's central theme , that `` one 's moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled '' is eloquently discussed . Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a `` repository of cracker - barrel epigrams '' and the novel represents a `` sugar - coated myth '' of Alabama history . Barra writes , `` It 's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature . Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated '' . Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus ' stiff and self - righteous demeanor , and calls Scout `` a kind of highly constructed doll '' whose speech and actions are improbable . Although acknowledging that the novel works , Mallon blasts Lee 's `` wildly unstable '' narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that `` the book has begun to cherish its own goodness '' by the time the case is over . Defending the book , Akin Ajayi writes that justice `` is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . '' Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them . Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo . Atticus Finch and the legal profession Main article : Atticus Finch I promised myself that when I grew up and I was a man , I would try to do things just as good and noble as what Atticus had done for Tom Robinson . -- Scott Turow One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession . As scholar Alice Petry explains , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . '' Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , '' before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun '' . In 1992 , an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus , saying that as liberal as Atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' . In 2008 , Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who `` has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor '' . Social commentary and challenges To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . The book 's racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States . The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 -- 2009 . One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover , Virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about Mayella Ewell 's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape . Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book 's appropriateness for the classroom , Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of `` the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice '' . The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations -- after Little Black Sambo . With a shift of attitudes about race in the 1970s , To Kill a Mockingbird faced challenges of a different sort : the treatment of racism in Maycomb was not condemned harshly enough . This has led to disparate perceptions that the novel has a generally positive impact on race relations for white readers , but a more ambiguous reception by black readers . In one high - profile case outside the U.S. , school districts in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia attempted to have the book removed from standard teaching curricula in the 1990s , stating : The terminology in this novel subjects students to humiliating experiences that rob them of their self - respect and the respect of their peers . The word ' Nigger ' is used 48 times ( in ) the novel ... We believe that the English Language Arts curriculum in Nova Scotia must enable all students to feel comfortable with ideas , feelings and experiences presented without fear of humiliation ... To Kill a Mockingbird is clearly a book that no longer meets these goals and therefore must no longer be used for classroom instruction . Furthermore , despite the novel 's thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . In its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and Calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the `` contented slave '' motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . One writer asserts that the use of Scout 's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . Scout 's voice `` functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us -- black and white , male and female -- to find our relative position in society '' . A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions , `` what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another '' . A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it `` demoralizing '' . Another criticism , articulated by Michael Lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural `` white trash '' . The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it `` arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement '' . Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book 's effectiveness is that it `` inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion '' and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . Young views the novel as `` an act of humanity '' in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War . Childress states the novel `` gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they 've been brought up with and to find another way . And most white people in the South were good people . Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child 's point of view . '' Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize - winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . McWhorter writes of Lee , `` for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual -- by its very existence an act of protest . '' Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : `` I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar 's been lowered . And that 's really distressing . We need a thousand Atticus Finches . '' McBride , however , defends the book 's sentimentality , and the way Lee approaches the story with `` honesty and integrity '' . Honors Harper Lee and President George W. Bush at the November 5 , 2007 , ceremony awarding Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom for To Kill a Mockingbird During the years immediately following the novel 's publication , Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee . It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year , and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962 . Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . Since then , she declined talking with reporters about the book . She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : `` Introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . Mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . '' In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor . In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program . Lee declared that `` there is no greater honor the novel could receive '' . By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts , who supervised The Big Read , states `` people just seem to connect with it . It dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . It 's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people 's lives , and they cherish it . '' In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame . During the ceremony , the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her . Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush . In his remarks , Bush stated , `` One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . It 's been a gift to the entire world . As a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . '' Adaptations 1962 film Main article : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) The book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch . The film 's producer , Alan J. Pakula , remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : `` They said , ' What story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' I said , ' Have you read the book ? ' They said , ' Yes . ' I said , ' That 's the story . ' '' The movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2 - million budget . It won three Oscars : Best Actor for Gregory Peck , Best Art Direction - Set Decoration , Black - and - White , and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote . It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham , the actress who played Scout . Film producer Alan J. Pakula with Lee ; Lee spent three weeks watching the filming , then `` took off when she realized everything would be fine without her '' . Harper Lee was pleased with the movie , saying : `` In that film the man and the part met ... I 've had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into TV or stage plays , but I 've always refused . That film was a work of art . '' Peck met Lee 's father , the model for Atticus , before the filming. Lee 's father died before the film 's release , and Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for Best Actor . Years later , he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport . When Peck eventually did tell Lee , he said she responded , `` ' Well , it 's only a watch . ' Harper -- she feels deeply , but she 's not a sentimental person about things . '' Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . Peck 's grandson was named `` Harper '' in her honor . In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : `` She 's like a national treasure . She 's someone who has made a difference ... with this book . The book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . '' Play The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel . It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' . The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : `` It becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras . With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it 's part of a central , civic education -- what Monroeville aspires to be . '' Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch . The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch , his first London appearance in 22 years . The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a UK tour . According to a National Geographic article , the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture ; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances , because `` she abhors anything that trades on the book 's fame '' . To underscore this sentiment , Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia 's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum . David Lister in The Independent states that Lee 's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence `` makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart '' . Despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination , hoping to see Lee 's inspiration for the book , or Lee herself . Local residents call them `` Mockingbird groupies '' , and although Lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic `` Hell , no ! '' Go set a Watchman Main article : Go Set a Watchman An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 . This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father , Atticus Finch , in Maycomb , Alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it , but this claim has been widely disputed . Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird . According to Lee 's agent Andrew Nurnberg , Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : `` They discussed publishing Mockingbird first , Watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . '' This assertion has been discredited , however , by rare - books expert James S. Jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee 's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird . Nurnberg 's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler 's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird . Instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . See also Southern literature Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Notes Jump up ^ It has appeared on numerous other lists that describe its impact . In 1999 , it was voted the `` Best Novel of the 20th century '' by readers of the Library Journal . It is listed as number five on the Modern Library 's Reader 's List of the 100 Best Novels in the English language since 1900 and number four on the rival Radcliffe Publishing Course 's Radcliffe Publishing Course 's 100 Best Board Picks for Novels and Nonfiction . To Kill a Mockingbird appeared first on a list developed by librarians in 2006 who answered the question , `` Which book should every adult read before they die ? '' followed by the Bible and The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The British public voted in the BBC 's Big Read broadcast to rank it 6th of all time in 2003 . BBC -- The Big Read . Two thousand readers at Play.com voted it the ' Greatest novel of all time ' in 2008 . ( Urmee Khan , June 6 , 2008 . To Kill a Mockingbird voted Greatest Novel Of All Time , The Daily Telegraph ) . Jump up ^ Mallon received hate mail for his commentary , and declined to answer challenges about his observations from professional writers , saying he did not want to be the `` skunk at the garden party '' . ( Murphy , p. 18 . ) Jump up ^ In August 2009 , St. Edmund Campion Secondary School in Toronto removed To Kill a Mockingbird from the grade 10 curriculum because of a complaint regarding the language in the book . ( Noor , Javed ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Complaint prompts school to kill ' Mockingbird ' `` , The Star ( Toronto ) . Retrieved on August 19 , 2009 . ) Jump up ^ McWhorter went to school with Mary Badham , the actor who portrayed Scout in the film adaptation . ( Murphy , p. 141 ) Jump up ^ Lee has also been awarded honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke College ( 1962 ) and the University of Alabama ( 1990 ) . ( Noble , p. 8 . ) References Jump up ^ Crespino , J. ( 2000 ) . `` The Strange Career of Atticus Finch '' . Southern Cultures. 6 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 30 . doi : 10.1353 / scu. 2000.0030 . Jump up ^ Zipp , Yvonne ( July 7 , 2010 ) . Scout , Atticus & Boo , The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Michelle ( March 2 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee tops librarians ' must - read list , Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved on February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 79 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Nelle Harper Lee Alabama Academy of Honor : Alabama Department of Archives and History ( 2001 ) . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mahler , Jonathan ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lacher , Irene ( May 21 , 2005 ) . `` Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend ; The author of ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' shuns fanfare . But for the kin of Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ Shields , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. xii Jump up ^ Lee , p. 249 Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee , '' in American Decades . Gale Research , 1998 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 122 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Albin . `` Truman Capote Is Dead at 59 ; Novelist of Style and Clarity '' , The New York Times , August 26 , 1984 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Capote '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Advameg , Inc. 2003 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Anne Taylor ( July 9 , 1976 ) . `` The Private World of Truman Capote '' , The New York Times Magazine . p . SM6 . Jump up ^ Steinem , Gloria ( November 1967 ) . `` Go Right Ahead and Ask Me Anything ( And So She Did ) : An Interview with Truman Capote '' , McCall 's , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Clasen , Sharon ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Read Harper Lee 's Profile of `` In Cold Blood '' Detective Al Dewey That Has n't Been Seen in More Than 50 Years `` . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hile , Kevin S. `` Harper Lee '' in Authors and Artists for Young Adults , Gale Research 13 ( August 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 8566 - 5 Jump up ^ Bigg , Matthew ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Novel Still Stirs Pride , Debate ; ' Mockingbird ' Draws Tourists to Town Coming to Grips With Its Past , The Washington Post , p . A3 Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Noble , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Chura , Patrick ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Prolepsis and Anachronism : Emmet Till and the Historicity of To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Literary Journal 32 ( 2 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : About Life & Little Girls Time ( August 1 , 1980 ) . Retrieved on February 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dave , R.A. ( 1974 ) . `` Harper Lee 's Tragic Vision '' Indian Studies in American Fiction MacMillan Company of India , Ltd . pp. 311 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 90034 - 5 Jump up ^ Graeme Dunphy , `` Meena 's Mockingbird : From Harper Lee to Meera Syal '' , Neophilologus , 88 ( 2004 ) 637 -- 660 . PDF online Jump up ^ Ward , L. `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( book review ) . '' Commonwealth : December 9 , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Phoebe ( August 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee ( review ) '' . The Atlantic Monthly . New York . 206 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 99 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : LeMay , Harding ( July 10 , 1960 ) . `` Children Play ; Adults Betray '' , New York Herald Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Granville ( July 23 , 1970 ) . `` Three at the Outset '' , Saturday Review , 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tavernier - Courbin , Jacqueline `` Humor and Humanity in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Boerman - Cornell , William `` The Five Humors '' , The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 ( 4 ) , p. 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 822422 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Blackall , Jean `` Valorizing the Commonplace : Harper Lee 's Response to Jane Austen '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) . University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 39 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. x , 96 , 149 . Jump up ^ Fine , Laura `` Structuring the Narrator 's Rebellion in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Ware , Michele `` ' Just a Lady ' : Gender and Power in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' in Women in Literature : Reading Through the Lens of Gender Jerilyn Fisher and Ellen S. Silber ( eds . ) , Greenwood Press ( 2003 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31346 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metress , Christopher ( September 2003 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Atticus Finch '' , The Chattahoochee Review , 24 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Noble , pp. vii -- viii . ^ Jump up to : `` Harper Lee Twits School Board In Virginia for Ban on Her Novel '' , The New York Times ( January 6 , 1966 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 20 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Erisman , Fred ( April 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Regionalism of Harper Lee '' , The Alabama Review , 27 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bruell , Edwin ( December 1964 ) . `` Keen Scalpel on Racial Ills '' , The English Journal 51 ( 9 ) pp. 658 -- 661 . Jump up ^ Henderson , R. ( May 15 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Library Journal . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Claudia ( Autumn 1991 ) . `` The Secret Courts of Men 's Hearts '' , Studies in American Fiction 19 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hovet , Theodore and Grace - Ann ( Fall 2001 ) . `` ' Fine Fancy Gentlemen ' and ' Yappy Folk ' : Contending Voices in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 40 pp. 67 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Roslyn `` The Black Man and the Macabre in American Literature '' , Black American Literature Forum ( 1976 ) , 10 ( 4 ) , p. 133 . doi : 10.2307 / 3041614 Jump up ^ Lee , pp. 107 -- 113 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Carolyn ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Atticus Finch and the Mad Dog '' Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 34 ( 4 ) , pp. 53 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Shackelford , Dean ( Winter 1996 -- 1997 ) . `` The Female Voice in To Kill a Mockingbird : Narrative Strategies in Film and Novel '' , Mississippi Quarterly : The Journal of Southern Cultures , 50 ( 1 ) , pp. 101 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nelle Harper Lee . '' Contemporary Authors Online , Gale , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jolley , Susan `` Integrating Poetry and ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' , The English Journal ( 2002 ) , 92 ( 2 ) , p. 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 822224 Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , Laura ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Gender Conflicts and Their ' Dark ' Projections in Coming of Age White Female Southern Novels '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South 36 ( 4 ) , pp. 121 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Baecker , Diane ( Spring 1998 ) . `` Telling It In Black and White : The Importance of the Africanist Presence in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 36 ( 3 ) , pp. 124 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Edgar `` Discovering Theme and Structure in the Novel '' The English Journal ( 1963 ) , 52 ( 7 ) p. 506 . doi : 10.2307 / 810774 Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. 207 . Jump up ^ Metress , Christopher . `` Lee , Harper . '' Contemporary Southern Writers . St. James Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 185 -- 188 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Robert `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 1980 ) , pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0390 - X Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The New Yorker ( September 10 , 1960 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Richard ( July 17 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Chicago Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 21 , 24 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , F. , `` Carson McCullers '' ( Book Review ) . Atlantic Monthly ( 1993 ) v. 287 no . 4 ( April 2001 ) pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Book description : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee HarperCollins ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 14 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) . `` ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' : Endearing , enduring at 50 years '' . USA Today . `` It is Lee 's only book and one of the handful that could earn the title of Great American Novel . '' Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' Turns 50 : Fans Descend on Alabama Town to Celebrate Scout , Atticus and Boo Radley CBS News ( July 11 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zorn , Eric ( July 9 , 2010 ) , ' Mockingbird ' still sings after 50 years , The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jane ( July 9 , 2010 ) . To celebrate a Mockingbird , The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adichie , Chimamanda Ngozi ( July 10 , 2010 ) . Rereading : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Loxton , Rachel ( July 10 , 2010 ) . America 's favourite novel still vital after 50 years , The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( June 24 , 2010 ) . What ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' Is n't , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mallon , Thomas ( May 29 , 2006 ) . `` Big Bird : A biography of the novelist Harper Lee '' , The New Yorker , 82 ( 15 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ajayi , Akin ( July 9 , 2010 ) To Kill a Mockingbird : the case for the defence , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird '' . HarperCollins Publishers . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Lubet , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` Reconstructing Atticus Finch '' , Michigan Law Review 97 ( 6 ) pp. 1339 -- 1362 . doi : 10.2307 / 1290205 Jump up ^ Petry , pp. xxv -- xxvii . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingbird ' Hero Honored in Monroeville '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) ( May 3 , 1997 ) , p. 7A . Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee Can Take a Place at the Bar '' , The Birmingham News ( March 17 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 -- 2009 American Library Association . Retrieved July 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook pp. 208 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Saney , Isaac ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The Case Against To Kill a Mockingbird '' Race & Class 45 ( 1 ) , pp. 99 -- 110 . doi : 10.1177 / 0306396803045001005 Jump up ^ Beryle , Banfield `` Commitment to Change : The Council on Interracial Books for Children and the World of Children 's Books '' , African American Review ( 1998 ) 32 ( 17 ) , pp. 17 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3042264 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Suhor , Charles , Bell , Larry `` Preparing to Teach To Kill a Mockingbird , The English Journal ( 1997 ) 86 ( 4 ) , pp. 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.2307 / 820996 Jump up ^ Martelle , Scott ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` A Different Read on ' Mockingbird ' ; Long a classroom starting point for lessons about intolerance , the Harper Lee classic is being reexamined by some who find its perspective limited '' , The Los Angeles Times , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` White Trash Gothic '' . thesmartset.com . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flora , Joseph `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A New Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. xi -- xiv Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold `` Modern Critical Interpretations : To Kill a Mockingbird '' Chelsea House Publishers ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 219 -- 220 , 223 , 233 -- 235 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 206 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 141 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tabor , May ( August 23 , 1998 ) . `` A ' new foreword ' that is n't '' , The New York Times , p . C11 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( January 20 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee , Gregarious for a Day , The New York Times . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Launches City - wide Book Group '' , Library Journal ( August 13 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` To Read a Mockingbird '' Library Journal ( September 1 , 2004 ) 129 ( 14 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Commencement 2006 Notre Dame Magazine ( July 2006 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients , White House press release ( November 5 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter ( February 27 , 1998 ) . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ( Review ) '' , The New York Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn `` Harper Lee '' , in The History of Southern Women 's Literature , Carolyn Perry ( ed . ) : Louisiana State University Press ( 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2753 - 7 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 21 , 1997 ) . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) , p. 1. F Jump up ^ King , Susan ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A With Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 1 Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 18 , 1999 ) . `` Q&A ; Film Honors Peck , ' Perfectly Happy ' in a Busy Retirement '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 4 Jump up ^ Noble , p. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Roy ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` Long Lives the Mockingbird '' , The New York Times Book Review , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Walker , Lynne ( 30 September 2006 ) . `` To Kill A Mockingbird , West Yorkshire , Leeds Playhouse '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , Theatre Royal , York '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Returns '' . openairtheatre.com . Open Air Theatre . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Cathy ( January 2006 ) . To Catch a Mockingbird , National Geographic . Retrieved on November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , David. The One and Only , The Scotsman . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( July 10 , 2010 ) . David Lister : Those reclusive authors really know how to live , The Independent . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pressley , Sue ( June 10 , 1996 ) . `` Quiet Author , Home Town Attract ' Groupies , ' Press ; To Live With ' Mockingbird ' '' , The Washington Post p . A3 ^ Jump up to : `` The Harper Lee ' Go Set a Watchman ' Fraud '' . The New York Times . 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marja Mills ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` The Harper Lee I knew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Maloney . `` What Would Gregory Peck Think of ' Go Set a Watchman ' ? His Son Weighs In '' . WSJ . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee to release second novel 50 years after To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee 's ' lost ' novel was intended to complete a trilogy , says agent '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Expert Says Manuscript Is Not Harper Lee 's Third Novel '' . The New York Times . 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Collins . `` See how Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' became ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . Quartz . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Bibliography Johnson , Claudia . To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries . Twayne Publishers : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 8068 - 8 Johnson , Claudia . Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historic Documents . Greenwood Press : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29193 - 4 Lee , Harper . To Kill a Mockingbird . HarperCollins : 1960 ( Perennial Classics edition : 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093546 - 4 Mancini , Candice , ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . Racism in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird , The Gale Group . ISBN 0 - 7377 - 3904 - 5 Murphy , Mary M. ( ed . ) Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird , HarperCollins Publishers : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 192407 - 1 Noble , Don ( ed . ) . Critical Insights : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , Salem Press : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 618 - 7 Petry , Alice . `` Introduction '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections . University of Tennessee Press : 1994 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 578 - 5 Shields , Charles . Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. : 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7919 - X External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' dated 2008 - 07 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Quotations related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( novel ) at Wikiquote To Kill a Mockingbird in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Lee , Harper ( 1988 ) ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . In association with McIntosh and Otis , Inc. at the Internet Archive . Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other characters popular culture Broken `` '' Hey , Boo `` : Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Kill_a_Mockingbird&oldid=804936159 '' Categories : 1960 American novels American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Debut novels Novels about racism Novels set in Alabama Novels set in the 1930s Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - winning works Southern Gothic novels To Kill a Mockingbird J.B. Lippincott & Co. books Law in fiction Novels by Harper Lee False allegations of sex crimes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Spoken articles Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when did to kill a mockingbird come out
|
[
"To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old."
] |
[
"1960"
] |
-561502943926072858
|
Slim Jim (snack food)
|
Slim Jim ( snack food ) - wikipedia Slim Jim ( snack food ) Jump to : navigation , search Slim Jim Product type Jerky sticks Owner ConAgra Brands Country U.S. Introduced 1929 ; 89 years ago ( 1929 ) Previous owners General Mills GoodMark Foods , Inc . Tagline Snap into a Slim Jim Website www.slimjim.com Slim Jim is an American brand of jerky snacks or dried sausage sold globally and manufactured by ConAgra Brands . They are widely available and popular in the United States , with 2015 revenues of $575 million . About 500 million are produced annually in at least 21 varieties . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Advertising campaigns 3 Ingredients 4 Product line , varieties 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Slim Jim was first invented by Adolph Levis in 1929 in Philadelphia , although he and his partner subsequently hired a meatpacker to develop the product for production in the 1940s . He later sold the company in 1967 for about $20 million to General Mills , who moved the operations to Raleigh , North Carolina , and merged them into other meatpacking operations that it renamed Goodmark Foods . He sold Goodmark in 1982 to a group led by Ron Doggett . ConAgra bought Goodmark in 1998 . The product Levis created is different from the one produced since the 1990s , with Lon Adams developing the current Slim Jim recipe while working for Goodmark . Slim Jim is an example of a food product which is listed as containing mechanically separated chicken in its ingredients by requirement of the USDA . Production was interrupted after an explosion and fire on June 9 , 2009 destroyed the plant in Garner , North Carolina , killing three workers . Operations resumed in Garner and in Troy , Ohio . On May 20 , 2011 , the facility in Garner closed , the same day that the company _́ s former spokesman `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage died . Advertising campaigns ( edit ) From 1993 to 2000 , advertising for the product included commercials that featured professional wrestler `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage , who served as spokesperson . Each commercial would close with Savage bellowing `` Need a little excitement ? Snap into a Slim Jim ! '' Other notable spokespersons have included rapper Vanilla Ice and wrestlers The Ultimate Warrior , Bam Bam Bigelow , Kevin Nash , and Edge . The advertising campaign was developed at North Castle Partners in Greenwich , Connecticut , by Tom Leland and Roger Martensen , under the creative direction of Hal Rosen . The `` Snap Into A Slim Jim '' concept was originally intended for comedian Sam Kinison , but he declined . Hal Rosen then suggested using WWF wrestlers , and The Ultimate Warrior was selected for the kickoff spot . In addition to a TV spot , the Ultimate Warrior also recorded several radio commercials for Slim Jim in 1991 . A subsequent campaign featured Slim Jim Guy ( played by actor Demetri Goritsas ) in a giant Slim Jim costume , proclaiming `` Eat me ! '' These ads personified the irreverent personality of the brand and were also from North Castle Partners . Slim Jim advertisements were also heavily featured on MTV , ESPN , WWF , and Disney Channel . Slim Jim was one of the earliest sponsors of the ASA Pro Tour ( the aggressive inline skating tour ) from 1997 - 2000 . The ASA Pro Tour was a qualifier for ESPN 's X Games . In 2005 , Slim Jim advertising featured the Fairy Snapmother , described in a ConAgra press release as `` a character resembling a tattooed rocker with wings - and a familiar MTV - type of humor young males enjoy . '' Another campaign depicted hunters hunting a fictitious `` Snapalope '' within convenience stores using urban camouflage . The Snapalope is a deer - like puppet made from Slim Jims . In 2008 , Slim Jim launched the website `` SpicySide.com '' , encouraging consumers to get in touch with their `` Spicy Side '' by creating an avatar and fighting their friends in an online landscape called Spicy Town . Slim Jim also partnered with a well known Machinima artist Myndflame to develop a World of Warcraft parody . Slim Jim sponsored Bobby Labonte and David Green when they won the NASCAR Busch Series championship in 1991 and 1994 , respectively . Ingredients ( edit ) A 2009 Wired article listed some of the ingredients as beef , mechanically separated chicken , lactic acid starter culture , dextrose , salt , sodium nitrite and hydrolyzed soy . They note that although ConAgra refers to Slim Jim as a `` meat stick '' , it resembles a fermented sausage , such as salami or pepperoni , which uses bacteria and sugar to produce lactic acid , lowering the pH of the sausage to around 5.0 and firming up the meat . Sodium nitrite is added to prevent the meat from turning gray , and hydrolyzed soy contains monosodium glutamate . Product line , varieties ( edit ) Slim Jim has launched several spin - off products of its main brand . These products are often of higher quality than the original Slim Jim , using premium meats . Such products include both tender steak strips and beef jerky . The tender steak strips come in three flavors . Its companion beef jerky comes in three flavors : an original flavor and two spicy flavors . See also ( edit ) 2009 Slim Jim plant explosion List of brand name snack foods Peperami Kabanos References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LaVito , Angelica ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Conagra is revamping the Slim Jim brand : Think office , not gas station '' . CNBC . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Greg ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Slim Jim knows you 've given up its meat sticks , and it wants you back '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauria , Peter ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Where 's the Beef ? '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Hansell , Saul ( March 25 , 2001 ) . `` Adolph Levis , Entrepreneur And Philanthropist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Doggett '' . NC Business Hall of Fame . North Carolina Business History . Jump up ^ `` ConAgra Inc. buys GoodMark Foods Inc. for $225 million '' . Triangle Business Journal . American City Business Journals . February 15 , 1999 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim : Present at the Creation '' . The New York Times . July 28 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim Monster Smoked Snacks , Original , 1.94 - Ounce Sticks ( Pack of 18 ) by Slim Jim '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim maker closes Garner plant Friday '' . WRAL.com . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Demetri Goritsas on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 1997 ASA Pro Tour Sponsors - Thank You ! '' . aggroskate.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 1998 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNAP ! Slim Jim 's Fairy Snapmother Flies Into Convenience Stores '' ( Press release ) . ConAgra Foods . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Di Justo , Patrick ( 24 August 2009 ) . `` What 's Inside a Slim Jim ? '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim beef jerky '' . Snack Memory . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Obituary of the inventor of Slim Jims ( hide ) Conagra Brands Brands and divisions Act II Andy Capp 's Banquet Bertolli ( frozen foods only ) Blue Bonnet Chef Boyardee Crunch ' n Munch David Sunflower Seeds Del Monte ( Canada and Mexico ) Egg Beaters Fiddle Faddle Gulden 's Healthy Choice Hebrew National Hunt 's Hunt 's Snack Pack Jiffy Pop Kid Cuisine La Choy Libby 's Manwich Marie Callender 's Orville Redenbacher 's P.F. Chang 's Home Menu PAM Parkay Peter Pan Poppycock Reddi - wip Ro - Tel Ry - Krisp Slim Jim Swiss Miss Van Camp 's Wesson Wolf Brand Chili Acquisitions Beatrice Foods International Home Foods Lincoln Snacks Company Ralcorp Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slim_Jim_(snack_food)&oldid=827603755 '' Categories : ConAgra Foods brands Brand name snack foods Brand name meats Products introduced in 1929 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what is the skin of a slim jim made of
|
[] |
[] |
2093937212568481617
|
Hey Diddle Diddle
|
Hey Diddle Diddle - wikipedia Hey Diddle Diddle For other uses , see Hey Diddle Diddle ( disambiguation ) . `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' Illustration by William Wallace Denslow Nursery rhyme Published c. 1765 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown In this Randolph Caldecott rendition , a dish , spoon , and other utensils are anthropomorphized while a cat in a red jacket holds a fiddle in the manner of a string bass . `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' ( also `` Hi Diddle Diddle '' , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' , or `` The Cow Jumped Over the Moon '' ) is an English nursery rhyme . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478 . Contents 1 Lyrics and music 2 Origins 3 Meaning 4 Melody 5 In popular culture 6 Notes Lyrics and Music ( edit ) A common modern version of the rhyme is Hey Diddle Diddle , The cat and the fiddle , The cow jumped over the moon . The little dog laughed , To see such sport , And the dish ran away with the spoon . The rhyme is the source of the English expression `` over the moon '' , meaning `` delighted , thrilled , extremely happy '' . Origins ( edit ) The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century . Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years : in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image . There is a reference in Thomas Preston 's play A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth , conteyning the life of Cambises King of Percia , printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme : They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle ; They can play a new dance called hey - diddle - diddle . Another possible reference is in Alexander Montgomerie 's The Cherry and the Slae from 1597 : But since you think 't an easy thing To mount above the moon , Of your own fiddle take a spring And dance when you have done . The name `` Cat and the Fiddle '' was a common name for inns , including one known to have been at Old Chaunge , London by 1587 . The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in Mother Goose 's Melody with the lyrics : Hey diddle diddle , The Cat and the Fiddle , The Cow jump 'd over the Moon , The little dog laugh 'd to see such Craft , And the Fork ran away with the Spoon . Meaning ( edit ) There are numerous theories about the origin of the rhyme , including : James Orchard Halliwell 's suggestion that it was a corruption of ancient Greek , probably advanced as a result of a deliberate hoax ; that it was connected with Hathor worship ; that it refers to various constellations ( Taurus , Canis Minor , etc . ) ; that it describes the Flight from Egypt ; that it depicts Elizabeth , Lady Katherine Grey , and her relationships with the earls of Hertford and Leicester ; that it deals with anti-clerical feeling over injunctions by Catholic priests for harder work ; that it describes Katherine of Aragon ( Katherine la Fidèle ) ; Catherine , the wife of Peter the Great ; Canton de Fidèle , a supposed governor of Calais and the game of cat ( trap - ball ) . This profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J.R.R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of ' The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late ' . Most scholarly commentators consider these to be unproven and state that the verse is probably meant to be simply nonsense . Melody ( edit ) The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( 1870 ) . In popular culture ( edit ) There are several variants of the following joke : A pilot returning from a mission could not locate his aircraft carrier and in addition failed to establish secure communication . So he circled around the formation and radioed : `` Rub - a-dub - dub , where is my tub ? '' And received : `` Hey Diddle Diddle ! Right here in the middle ! '' Some memoirs claim it was a real incident . Piggy In The Middle , a song by Beatles pastiche band The Rutles , also include the lyrics ' Hey diddle diddle , the cat and the fiddle ' . The children 's book Goodnight Moon features a bunny saying `` good night '' to everything around , including `` Goodnight cow jumping over the moon '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roud Folksong Index S298441 Sing hey , diddle ' diddle , the cat and the fiddle '' . Vaughan Williams Memorial Library . English Folk Dance and Song Society . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell , Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins ( 2010 , ISBN 0199547939 ) , page 279 , entry moon Jump up ^ `` Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts '' ( Penguin Random House , 2016 , 1st ed ) , Christopher de Hamel , p323 ^ Jump up to : C.R. Wilson and M. Calore , Music in Shakespeare : a Dictionary ( London : Continuum , 2005 ) , ISBN 0826478468 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ S.H. Gale , Encyclopedia of British Humorists : Geoffrey Chaucer to John Cleese ( London : Taylor & Francis , 1996 ) , p. 1127 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( Courier Dover Publications , 5th edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ The Escort Carriers In Action : The Story , In Pictures , Of The Escort Carrier Force , US Pacific Fleet , 1945 ( public domain archive ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKezWLZqRik Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Diddle_Diddle&oldid=865403354 '' Categories : English nursery rhymes Cats in literature Dogs in literature Cattle in literature Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where did the cow jump over the moon come from
|
[] |
[] |
3525293952148781802
|
Ariel Winter
|
Ariel Winter - wikipedia Ariel Winter Jump to : navigation , search Ariel Winter Winter at the 2015 PaleyFest Ariel Winter Workman ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education University of California , Los Angeles Occupation Actress , voice actress , singer Years active 2002 -- present Relatives Shanelle Workman ( sister ) Jimmy Workman ( brother ) Ariel Winter Workman ( born January 28 , 1998 ) , better known as Ariel Winter , is an American actress , voice actress , and singer . She is known for her role as Alex Dunphy in the comedy series Modern Family , as well as the voice of the title character in the Disney Junior show Sofia the First and the voice of Penny Peterson in the 2014 animated film Mr. Peabody and Sherman . Winter and her Modern Family cast mates have won four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Screen Actors Guild Awards 5.2 Young Artist Awards 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Winter was born in Los Angeles , California , on January 28 , 1998 , the daughter of Chrisoula ( née Batistas ) and Glenn Workman . She is the sister of actors Shanelle Workman and Jimmy Workman . Her mother 's family is Greek , while her father is of English and German descent . She reports that her Greek name is Eleftheria ( Ελευθερία ) . She states that her sister and brother are fluent in the language , but that she is not , although she knows some basic phrases like ti káneis ( τι κάνεις , `` how are you ? '' ) and kalá ( καλά , `` fine '' or `` well '' ) . Her favorite Greek musician is Sakis Rouvas , with whom she worked on a movie when she was nine years old . Career ( edit ) Winter obtained her first entertainment industry job in a Cool Whip commercial advertisement in 2002 when she was four years old . She had her first television role in an episode of Listen Up ! , and followed it with appearances in a variety of shows such as Freddie , Monk , Bones , and ER . In the animated children 's show Phineas and Ferb , she voiced the character of Gretchen before winning the regular role of Alex Dunphy in the series Modern Family , which premiered in 2009 . She has continued to work in TV animation , including providing the voice of Marina the Mermaid on Disney Junior 's Jake and the Never Land Pirates . In 2012 , Winter was cast as Sofia , the lead character in a then - new Disney animated franchise Sofia the First . The series premiered in January 2013 on Disney Junior . In 2014 , she voiced Penny Peterson , Sherman 's enemy turned friend in the 2014 Dreamworks Animation film Mr. Peabody and Sherman . She also lent her voice to characters in the animated films , Disney 's Bambi II and Blue Sky 's Ice Age : The Meltdown . Winter has appeared in feature films , most notably in Kiss Kiss Bang Bang , Speed Racer , Duress , Opposite Day , and Fred 2 . For her leading role in the film The Chaperone , she was nominated at the Young Artist Awards 2012 as Best Actress in a Motion Picture . Personal Life ( edit ) In October 2012 , Winter 's sister Shanelle Workman filed to become her guardian , alleging that their mother had been physically and emotionally abusive . On May 5 , 2014 , the court ordered guardianship to Workman and removed Winter from her mother 's guardianship permanently . Their mother later released a statement stating that `` the family has moved beyond the conflict '' . On May 15 , 2015 , Winter declared on Twitter that she was officially emancipated . In June 2015 , Winter underwent breast reduction surgery . In April 2016 , Winter was accepted to University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and was slated to begin attendance in the fall semester of 2016 . However , on September 12 she confirmed that she will attend UCLA in fall 2017 . On her decision to go to college , she explained , `` You got ta have something else you can do . I 've always been interested in law so I think it 'll definitely be something that I 'll love to do and also go to school for . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Kiss Kiss Bang Bang Young Harmony Faith Lane 2006 Bambi II Thumper 's sister Voice role 2006 Curious George Kid Voice role 2006 Ice Age : The Meltdown Various characters Voice role 2006 Over the Hedge Additional voices Voice role 2006 Grilled Dolly 2008 One Missed Call Ellie Layton 2008 Horton Hears a Who ! Various characters Voice role 2008 Speed Racer Young Trixie Shimura 2009 Tales from the Catholic Church of Elvis ! Little girl 2009 Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children Complete Marlene Wallace Voice role 2009 Life Is Hot in Cracktown Suzie 2009 Duress Sarah Barnett 2009 Opposite Day Carla Benson 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Various characters Voice role 2009 Afro Samurai : Resurrection Young Sio Voice role Killers Sadie Nic & Tristan Go Mega Dega Lisa DC Showcase : Green Arrow Princess Perdita Voice role 2011 Chaperone , The The Chaperone Sally 2011 Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Gretchen / Various characters Voice role 2011 Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred Talia Dawg 2012 Excision Grace 2012 ParaNorman Blithe Hollow -- kid Voice role 2012 / 13 Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Parts 1 & 2 Carrie Kelley / Robin ( voice ) Direct - to - video ; originally released separately 2012 Sofia the First : Once Upon a Princess Sofia Voice role 2013 Dora the Explorer and the Destiny Medallion Dora YouTube short film series by CollegeHumor 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Chrissy Damon Voice role 2013 Sofia the First : The Floating Palace Sofia Voice role 2013 Tad , The Lost Explorer Sara Lavrof Voice role 2014 Mr. Peabody & Sherman Penny Peterson Voice role 2015 Safelight Kate 2016 Elena and the Secret of Avalor Sofia Voice role 2017 Smurfs : The Lost Village Smurf Lily Voice role 2017 Dog Years Lil Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Listen Up ! Little Girl Episode : `` Last Vegas '' 2005 Tickle - U Pipoca 2005 Freddie Hobo Episode : `` Halloween '' 2006 Monk Donna Cain Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the Astronaut '' 2006 So NoTORIous Little Tori 5 episodes 2006 Jericho Julie Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 Bones Liza Episode : `` The Girl with the Curl '' 2006 Nip / Tuck Kid Episode : `` Reefer '' 2007 Crossing Jordan Gwen Episode : `` Faith '' 2007 Shorty McShorts ' Shorts Taffy Episode : `` Flip - Flopped '' ; voice role 2007 Criminal Minds Katie Jacobs Episode : `` Seven Seconds '' 2007 -- 15 Phineas and Ferb Gretchen / Various characters Voice role 2008 Ghost Whisperer Natalie Episode : `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' 2009 ER Lucy Moore 5 episodes 2009 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Little girl Episode : `` What Goes Around / Mask of the Raccoon '' ; voice role 2009 -- present Modern Family Alex Dunphy Main role 2011 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Marina the Mermaid 15 episodes ; voice role 2011 Minnie 's Bow - Toons Roxie Squirrel Episode : `` Pom Pom Problem ; Pet Adoption '' 2011 WWE Raw Appearing as herself Appeared February 14 , 2011 on the Valentine 's Day Edition as a Guest Star 2011 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : The Series Jenny Episode : `` Fear Never Knocks '' 2012 Gracie Episode : `` Headshot '' 2013 -- present Sofia the First Sofia Voice role 2016 Milo Murphy 's Law Jackie Episode : `` The Wilder West '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Young Kairi 2012 Final Fantasy XIII - 2 Mog 2012 Guild Wars 2 Cassie 2014 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Young Kairi 2015 Final Fantasy Type - 0 HD Moglin Awards and nominations ( edit ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2009 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family ( shared with Ed O'Neill , Sofía Vergara , Julie Bowen , Ty Burrell , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Eric Stonestreet , Sarah Hyland , Rico Rodriguez , and Nolan Gould ) Nominated Won 2011 Won 2012 Won 2013 Won 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result Ref . Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series Modern Family Won 2011 Nominated 2012 Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film The Chaperone Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Ariel Winter Celebrates Her Birthday With Friends , a Cake and a Wish ! '' . E !. Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Alison ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ariel Winter 's grandfather : ' I never witnessed any abuse ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ken ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Ariel Winter to Stay with Sister , Dad to Oversee Estate '' . People . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Helen G. Batistas Obituary '' . The Washington Post via Legacy.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Ariel ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Ariel Winter - Interview with the Modern Family teen star in LA for MTV Greece '' ( Interview ) . Interview with George Satsidis . Los Angeles : YouTube . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Evening in America '' . Vanity Fair , May 2012 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Ariel Winter Looks Ahead , Prepares for Life After Modern Family and Sofia the First '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family star Ariel Winter in custody battle '' . December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Anthony ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Family settles guardianship dispute over ' Modern Family ' teen actress Ariel Winter '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Modern Family 's Ariel Winter Is Emancipated , Thanks ' Amazing Support System ' '' . People . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yagoda , Maria ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ariel Winter Explains Decision to Undergo Breast Reduction Surgery : People.com '' . people.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radloff , Jessica ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ariel Winter Breast Reduction Surgery Exclusive Interview '' . glamour.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Celebrity Ariel Winter has committed to UCLA '' . University Prime Time . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie . `` ' Modern Family ' star Ariel Winter headed for UCLA '' . UPI . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31st Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ariel Winter . Ariel Winter on IMDb Ariel Winter on Instagram Ariel Winter on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 160221783 LCCN : no2010185927 GND : 1061631168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariel_Winter&oldid=813098265 '' Categories : 1998 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Greek descent American child actresses American film actresses American people of Greek descent American people of German descent American people of English descent American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who did ariel winter play in cloudy with a chance of meatballs
|
[
"\n\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n\n2005\nKiss Kiss Bang Bang\nYoung Harmony Faith Lane\n\n\n\n2006\nBambi II\nThumper's sister\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nCurious George\nKid\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nIce Age: The Meltdown\nVarious characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nOver the Hedge\nAdditional voices\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nGrilled\nDolly\n\n\n\n2008\nOne Missed Call\nEllie Layton\n\n\n\n2008\nHorton Hears a Who!\nVarious characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2008\nSpeed Racer\nYoung Trixie Shimura\n\n\n\n2009\nTales from the Catholic Church of Elvis!\nLittle girl\n\n\n\n2009\nFinal Fantasy VII: Advent Children Complete\nMarlene Wallace\nVoice role\n\n\n2009\nLife Is Hot in Cracktown\nSuzie\n\n\n\n2009\nDuress\nSarah Barnett\n\n\n\n2009\nOpposite Day\nCarla Benson\n\n\n\n2009\nCloudy with a Chance of Meatballs\nVarious characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2009\nAfro Samurai: Resurrection\nYoung Sio\nVoice role\n\n\n2010\nKillers\nSadie\n\n\n\n2010\nNic & Tristan Go Mega Dega\nLisa\n\n\n\n2010\nDC Showcase: Green Arrow\nPrincess Perdita\nVoice role\n\n\n2011\nChaperone, TheThe Chaperone\nSally\n\n\n\n2011\nPhineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension\nGretchen / Various characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2011\nFred 2: Night of the Living Fred\nTalia Dawg\n\n\n\n2012\nExcision\nGrace\n\n\n\n2012\nParaNorman\nBlithe Hollow – kid\nVoice role\n\n\n2012/13\nBatman: The Dark Knight Returns – Parts 1 & 2\nCarrie Kelley/Robin (voice)\nDirect-to-video; originally released separately\n\n\n2012\nSofia the First: Once Upon a Princess\nSofia\nVoice role\n\n\n2013\nDora the Explorer and the Destiny Medallion\nDora\nYouTube short film series by CollegeHumor\n\n\n2013\nScooby-Doo! Stage Fright\nChrissy Damon\nVoice role\n\n\n2013\nSofia the First: The Floating Palace\nSofia\nVoice role\n\n\n2013\nTad, The Lost Explorer\nSara Lavrof\nVoice role\n\n\n2014\nMr. Peabody & Sherman\nPenny Peterson\nVoice role\n\n\n2015\nSafelight\nKate\n\n\n\n2016\nElena and the Secret of Avalor\nSofia\nVoice role\n\n\n2017\nSmurfs: The Lost Village\nSmurf Lily\nVoice role\n\n\n2017\nDog Years\nLil\n\n\n"
] |
[
"Various characters"
] |
4548635687582000239
|
Blue Bloods (season 5)
|
Blue Bloods ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Blue Bloods ( season 5 ) Blue Bloods ( season 5 ) Region 1 DVD cover art Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Blue Bloods episodes The fifth season of Blue Bloods , a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess , premiered on CBS on September 26 , 2014 and concluded on May 1 , 2015 . Leonard Goldberg serves as executive producer . CBS had renewed the series for a fifth season on March 13 , 2014 , with a 22 - episode order . The series aired its 100th episode ( `` Baggage '' ) during the fifth season . On May 11 , 2015 , CBS renewed Blue Bloods for a sixth season . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main Cast 1.2 Recurring Cast 2 Broadcast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Donnie Wahlberg ( Danny Reagan ) , Bridget Moynahan ( Erin Reagan ) , Will Estes ( Jamie Reagan ) and Len Cariou ( Henry Reagan ) are first credited . Amy Carlson ( Linda Reagan ) and Sami Gayle ( Nicky Reagan - Boyle ) are credited next , marking the first season they have been included in the opening credits . Tom Selleck ( Frank Reagan ) receives an `` and '' billing at the close of the main title sequence . Marisa Ramirez continued into season 5 as Danny 's partner Detective Maria Baez , and she receives an `` also starring '' billing . Vanessa Ray , who was listed as a `` special guest star '' in season 4 as Jamie 's partner Eddie Jenko , receives `` also starring '' status for season 5 . Appearing regularly and receiving `` special guest star '' billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore , Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley , and Abigail Hawk as Detective Baker , Frank 's primary aide . Main Cast ( edit ) Tom Selleck as Police Commissioner Francis `` Frank '' Reagan Donnie Wahlberg as Detective Daniel `` Danny '' Reagan Bridget Moynahan as ADA Erin Reagan - Boyle Will Estes as Officer Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan Len Cariou as Henry Reagan Amy Carlson as Linda Reagan Sami Gayle as Nicole `` Nicky '' Reagan - Boyle Recurring Cast ( edit ) Marisa Ramirez as Detective Maria Baez Vanessa Ray as Officer Edit `` Eddie '' Janko Abigail Hawk as Detective Abigail Baker Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore Robert Clohessy as Lieutenant Sidney Gormley Broadcast ( edit ) The season airs simultaneously on CTV in Canada . In Africa , it began airing on Dstv on October 23 , 2014 . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it began on Sky Atlantic on November 5 , 2014 . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 90 `` Partners '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 501 10.88 While Danny and Baez are part of a convoy escorting an undercover moving van transporting $30 million worth of confiscated narcotics , they are ambushed by armed gunmen , injuring Baez , and killing the driver of the truck . As she and Danny try to uncover a DEA mole , Maria is upset to later find out that her brother Javi is involved with the drug cartel . But Javi reveals he has been a DEA informant for the past three months . As the partners infiltrate a building housing the drugs , Maria sees that Javi is working both sides . When a cartel member fires at Maria , however , Javi steps in front and takes the fatal bullet . Elsewhere , Jamie must make a decision between acting on his newly realized feelings for Eddie or keeping her as a partner , after Renzulli reminds him how a romantic relationship between partners is strictly forbidden . Frank is put in a tough spot after a highly commended lieutenant and former partner of Gormley gives the order for a crazed man in the middle of Times Square to be tazed , causing the man to fall into the path of an oncoming van and get killed . While Mayor Poole advises Frank to be deliberately ambiguous at a press conference , Gormley verbally attacks Frank for not defending his friend and former partner . 91 `` Forgive and Forget '' Eric Laneuville Ian Biederman October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) 502 10.85 Officer Kara Walsh , the woman who confessed to seeing her partner , Officer Randy Cudder , use an unauthorized chokehold that killed a man in custody ( see episode 4x20 `` Custody Battle '' ) , is back on the job and is being shunned by fellow officers . This includes Eddie , who calls Walsh a `` rat '' and becomes angered when Jamie offers to be Kara 's temporary partner . When Jamie and Kara get in a shootout while responding to an armed robbery at a local pharmacy , nearby officers ignore the call for backup . Eddie and her temporary partner eventually get from the other side of the precinct service area , arriving in time to see Kara take a bullet . Jamie then makes it clear to the rest of the precinct that if they keep disrespecting Kara , then they will have to answer to him . Danny attends the funeral for a girl who was shot by a gang member eight years earlier in a case that was assigned to him . The shooter , Damon , was a juvenile at the time and served only a short sentence . When the autopsy shows the bullet was the ultimate cause of the girl 's delayed death , her father Marcus ( played by Eric Laneuville , who also directed this episode ) urges Danny to reopen the case as a murder . Erin gets the go - ahead from her office , but upon meeting with Damon , she sees how he has turned his life around and is running a center for at - risk youths . Danny gets ticked off when Erin is reluctant to prosecute . Elsewhere , Frank gets news of a detective and old friend being involved in the accidental shooting of his own partner . Garrett says the partner 's blood alcohol level was twice the legal limit , but there is no breathalizer data for Frank 's friend . Frank suspects a cover - up , after finding out his friend is four months from retirement with a full pension . 92 `` Burning Bridges '' John Behring Willie Reale October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) 503 11.09 A detective at Danny 's precinct is unwillingly outed as gay after attempting to stop a hate crime at a gay bar he was patronizing , causing his partner to refuse to work with him . This forces Sgt . Gormley to temporarily split up Danny and Maria , assigning each to one of the squabbling partners . In a related matter , Henry and a nun from St. Dominic 's , Frank 's childhood school , convince Frank to use his friendship with the local archbishop to try and save the school from being closed due to budget cuts . When a recent assault is classified as a hate crime due to the victim being gay , a reporter 's question backs Frank into a corner , causing Frank to admit that he thinks the Catholic church is `` behind the times '' in its stance on homosexuality . Meanwhile , a young graduate of the police academy vultures a collar from Jamie and Eddie . Jamie finds a way to get back at the detective , with help from Erin . 93 `` Excessive Force '' Alex Zakrzewski Brian Burns October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) 504 10.70 After chasing a robbery suspect into an apartment building , Danny watches as the young man hurls himself out a third floor window , breaking his leg on the ground , before screaming that Danny pushed him out the window . A crowd gathers in support of the man and begin cursing at Danny , who looks confusedly out the broken glass . Reverend Potter , who has chastised the NYPD 's methods before , begins a crusade to get Danny fired and builds up scores of supporters . Danny finds out that a young boy named Ernesto , who lives in the building , witnessed the suspect jumping out the window , but when he goes to talk to the boy , he learns the family has moved for fear of being deported . Frank meets with Potter , who tells him that he 'll make everything go away if he fires Danny . But further investigation leads Frank and Danny to learn that Potter is now housing Ernesto 's family , and that Ernesto has changed his story . They are able to get a warrant for witness tampering from Erin , and after assurances that they will not deport his family , Ernesto tells the truth to the press . Frank confronts Potter with the charges , but ultimately just warns him and lets him save face with his flock . Elsewhere , Eddie suggests that Jamie turn on the charm to get information from an attractive E.R. doctor , but she then appears to get jealous when Jamie makes a date with the woman . After stern rejections , Eddie finally admits she was a little jealous . Jamie says they have something special going as partners and friends and hopes encounters do n't `` get weird '' between them , after which they agree to keep matters neutral . Also , Gormley thinks he is being transferred after standing up for Danny and his precinct in a heated meeting . Instead , Frank offers Gormley the position of Special Assistant to the Commissioner , effectively replacing Dino Arbogast as Chief of Department . 94 5 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Chapple Daniel Truly October 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 24 ) 505 11.42 While out jogging , Jamie encounters a young woman with a black eye , sitting on a bench and weeping . She is afraid to say anything , so Jamie hands her his card and plans to get her into police custody . However , before he can , she suddenly vanishes . The woman later ends up in the hospital hours later , severely beaten , with Danny and Maria paying her a visit . She dies before she can tell them the name of her killer , but not before she says that he will certainly be out to kill Jamie for simply talking to her . Suspicion falls on the boyfriend , a club bouncer named Little G , but he seems genuinely upset when Danny and Maria tell him the news of the girl 's death . He mentions an ex-boyfriend named Price , who continued to stalk and harass the girl after she broke up with him . Jamie refuses to accept a desk assignment for protection , and his car is fire - bombed that night , with he and Eddie narrowly escaping . Danny and Maria arrest Price at his auto shop , where he pushes Maria . With three charges now against Price , Erin tries to get him arraigned , but the judge declares all evidence circumstantial and lets Price walk . After Price gives `` the eye '' to Jamie in the precinct , Eddie goes after him . The next day , Eddie is kidnapped by Price and his men , forcing Danny , Maria and Jamie to quickly try to save her . Elsewhere , social media affects both Nicky and Henry . Nicky loses a chance at admission to Rutgers due to some disparaging Tweets she made about a rude teacher in her school ( though after meeting said teacher in person , Erin turns to her daughter and admits , `` You 're not kidding ! '' ) , while Henry causes a stink when he 's secretly caught on cameraphone making a comment to a friend about how the cops would knock around some low - lifes in his day to get information , regarding how he would handle Jamie 's situation . This puts Frank in a difficult position when the clip gets posted to the Internet and he and Henry end up trading words at Sunday dinner . 95 6 `` Most Wanted '' Ralph Hemecker Bryan Goluboff October 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 31 ) 506 11.39 During a road rage incident , an internationally - wanted crime boss named Zoran Brasha beats a truck driver with a tire iron . The case is of particular interest to Frank and Danny , given that Brasha has been arrested for other violent crimes in New York and has always been able to escape conviction by intimidating victims , killing off witnesses or getting others on his crime team to take the rap for him . As Erin prepares to prosecute Brasha , she meets his lawyer , a woman who was her college classmate . When Brasha threatens his latest victim 's family and is able to get bail , Erin confronts her friend , convinced she is aware of the witness tampering . Danny and Maria have to take another angle to produce evidence against Brasha , but are racing against the clock as he prepares to leave the country . Meanwhile , Erin has been considering leaving the DA 's office and getting into private practice , especially after adding up what Nicky 's college will cost . For her part , Nicky chooses to stay in New York to attend Columbia and live with a friend who also got in , which will at least reduce her living expenses . Elsewhere , Frank asks Jamie to participate in an NYPD - FDNY charity boxing match , fighting in Danny 's old weight class , after a fellow officer who was in line to box injures his ankle . Danny meets his new by - the - book boss , Lt. Dee Ann Carver ( LaTanya Richardson ) , and she says she 's not particularly fond of what she 's heard about his methods in working cases . 96 7 `` Shoot the Messenger '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 507 11.51 Lt. Carver wants to ride along with each of her detectives , and Danny is first in line . While investigating a drive - by shooting at a playground , they find a young mother has been gunned down but her baby is unharmed . A young man tries to flee , though in an interview with Danny later , he identifies himself as Rudy , the father of the now motherless baby . He says that the mother became a target when her ex-boyfriend got out of prison , knowing that the baby was too young to be his , and Rudy fears he is next . Danny gets Rudy to I.D. the drug - dealing former boyfriend , but Carver becomes irate over his techniques . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie find a young woman who has apparently hanged herself . But further investigation shows she was the victim of sexual harassment by her boss at her tavern job , and after quitting , the boss raped her . Meanwhile , in an interview on CBS This Morning featuring Frank and newly - appointed D.A. Robert McCoy , McCoy states he does n't plan to prosecute petty marijuana possession charges , and he asks what Frank thinks about that . Frank feels like he was ambushed , and when Erin is ambivalent upon being questioned about it by Frank , her dad correctly surmises that Erin and McCoy are romantically involved . 97 8 `` Power of the Press '' Tawnia McKiernan Ian Biederman November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 508 11.62 As part of a deal made with the NYPD , a drug dealer named Javier Rojas , facing conviction for being an accessory to murder , testifies against drug kingpin Rolando Vega . Though Rojas has been promised witness protection , the feds find a technicality and says the deal is not legally binding , thus putting Rojas back on the street and in danger . Lt. Carver tells Danny and Maria that they have no choice but to obey the Feds ' decision , but the two detectives secretly protect Rojas anyway . After avoiding a reporter who wants an exclusive on the Vega conviction , Danny realizes he can use the press to put pressure on the Feds . Elsewhere , Erin meets with Hannah , the daughter of one of her old schoolmates . Hannah says she was raped several weeks ago at a freshman orientation party by a star soccer player , but did not report it because the dean of students said the school could act on the incident quicker than the cops . The perpetrator walked free , and Erin can not find any evidence to bring him to trial , but she does find a way to punish the dean and her office for deliberately ignoring evidence in a cover - up attempt . Frank deals with the case of an officer accused of knocking a suspect to the ground , causing a head injury . The officer was wearing a body camera as part of a pilot program , but the camera either malfunctioned or was shut off just prior to the incident . To exonerate the officer , Frank has to convince an unwilling mother in the neighborhood to share a cell phone video that captured what really happened . 98 9 `` Under the Gun '' David M. Barrett Willie Reale & Kevin Wade December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) 509 11.09 Danny and Maria investigate the drive - by shootings of three prominent Jewish community leaders . A representative the Jewish community pressures that the murders to be investigated as hate crimes , but Frank says that the evidence has yet to be found for a hate crime finding . Eventually , the Jewish leader says they have hired 500 private security officers to guard synagogues , and takes out a newspaper ad stating so . Linda volunteers at a mobile free clinic at a housing project and is mugged . Danny angers her by demanding that she quit her time there . Linda decides to carry a gun , attempts to secretly purchase one but is seen by Jamie when he walks into the gun store . Elsewhere , Erin finds that a gun that was used as a murder weapon disappeared from a locked evidence room and was swapped for another , threatening her case against a gang member . When all signs point to someone within the prosecutor 's office being the culprit , Erin learns that her young intern has a brother who used to be in the gang . 99 10 `` Sins of the Father '' David M. Barrett Daniel Truly January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) 510 11.61 Donald DeCarlo is a man accused of murdering a police officer in 1976 ( while Henry was on the job ) , but has been in hiding since then , attends the NYPD ceremony for his son 's promotion to detective , along with Sgt . Gormley 's promotion to Lieutenant . Henry and Frank watch Lt. Gormley interview DeCarlo . He had changed his name years ago and his son was unaware of his involvement . DeCarlo tells Gormley he was on the scene , but says someone behind him pulled the trigger . Henry is certain he saw DeCarlo with the gun . Erin is interviewed and his recollection of events is sketchy . Erin tells Frank she does not think Henry 's testimony will stand up to cross-examination , so Frank reluctantly asks DeCarlo 's son to try to get a confession out of his father . Danny and Maria investigate the death of a man they suspect was killed over debts to a loan shark . A woman turns up dead soon after and they are found to have worked for a local porn video operation ; the investigation turns toward the parents of a young woman from Montana who committed suicide after being fired from the same production company . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie are on the scene of a young girl who was struck by a passing van . They see a mob gathering to attack the driver who had returned to the scene . The girl has only minor cuts and bruises , the driver 's blood - alcohol level is found to be 0.12 ( over the legal limit of 0.08 ) , meaning he will be charged . The detective on the case gets a confession from the man . Eddie has interviewed a witness who says there were two people in the van and the person driving was not the person that returned to the scene . Eddie irks the detective , who wants to close the case , while she also gets angry with Jamie when he hints that she may not have conducted the witness interview properly . 100 11 `` Baggage '' John Behring Brian Burns January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) 511 12.86 Danny and Linda go to their bank to refinance their home mortgage , they are rejected and while figuring out why , the bank is robbed by a group of Army veterans . Danny sets out to find out why . He finds culprits lookout spot littered with cigarette butts . DNA matches a veteran not yet arrested for the robbery ; he refused to speak with Danny and Maria . He makes a call ; Maria traces it to a restaurant . Danny hears a waitress who sounds like one of the robbers . He later visits the woman 's husband and find he has no legs and is also suffering from traumatic brain injury the result of combat . He tells the detectives he has had numerous delays in approval for treatment from the Veteran 's Administration , but that his wife was able to come up with $100,000 in a `` fundraiser '' . Danny and Maria realize the bank robbery was the `` fundraiser '' , but they do not let on the soldier . Danny also finds out the woman was cheating on her husband , he gets photographic proof and he uses it as leverage to get her to confess . Each member of the group ultimately receives five years in prison , while Danny and Frank are able to pull some strings with the VA to get the soldier treated immediately . Meanwhile , the work of a guerilla street artist named Spanky ( in the vein of Banksy ) is causing public scares in the form of pop - ups that emerge from unattended bags . This creates a rift between Garrett and Gormley on how to treat these actions while maintaining the image of the NYPD . Garrett becomes annoyed when he thinks Frank is favoring Gormley . Ultimately , Spanky is arrested while trying to fly to the UK . Garrett realizes that Gormley was right to treat Spanky 's actions as terrorism , and apologizes by asking him to be a speaker at an upcoming lecture series . 101 12 `` Home Sweet Home '' Robert Harmon Bryan Goluboff January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) 512 12.61 Jamie and Eddie encounter on the street a homeless 12 - year - old boy , who flees from them . When they catch him ; his name is T.J. His mother in Baltimore got in trouble with drugs and sent him to be with his aunt in New York . His aunt is a homeless addict and has been missing for three days . T.J. is certain that his aunt was killed by her boyfriend . Danny and Maria follow up , and find that the boyfriend has an alibi . T.J. is moved to a temporary Children 's Services home , where Jamie and Eddie see him reading to the younger children there and acting like a big brother . Danny and Maria find the aunt very much alive , living in a cheap motel room and doing drugs . She complains about her sister always sending T.J. to live with her , oblivious to the fact that she left T.J. to fend for himself on the streets . Jamie and Eddie follow up and decide to tell T.J. the truth . While he is disappointed , T.J. is also happy that a family with younger children wants to adopt him . In another case , Erin refuses to give a plea to a lawyer who is defending a Rikers warden accused of providing drugs to prisoners . DA McCoy takes the case from Erin , claiming her rocky history with the defense attorney is clouding her judgment , and Erin becomes furious after McCoy accepts the plea . She investigates further and finds that several of the warden 's colleagues have been involved in a drug ring , while another warden who refused to play along killed himself due to the pressure . She also finds that McCoy 's family history with the head of that Rikers cell block played into his decision . Elsewhere , Frank is laid up with an ankle injury , and has to hold a staff meeting at home . Henry becomes upset when Frank appears to shun his advice in front of the group . 102 13 `` Love Stories '' Alex Zakrzewski Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) 513 11.87 Danny and Maria investigate when a homeowner shoots an intruder in what appears to be a robbery attempt . Things get complicated when the detectives learn the intruder was a hitman with mob ties , while the homeowner and his wife both had affairs on each other . Erin challenges a young attorney who successfully scores a retrial for his mother , whom Erin put away on an accessory to murder charge 12 years ago . While Erin does find that the detective on the case made many mistakes , her department 's investigation ultimately finds that the mother was guilty and has been lying to her son for years . Meanwhile , Gormley has submitted Danny and Maria for medals of valor for their actions in `` Partners '' , but Frank is reluctant to decorate his son for fear of backlash against himself and Danny . Henry reveals that he regrets not giving Frank the same medal for a 1988 collar , deciding not to for the same reasons Frank is contemplating . 103 14 `` The Poor Door '' Alex Chapple Willie Reale February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 514 11.32 Danny and Maria investigate the death of Bobby Torres , a resident of the `` poor '' section of an otherwise upscale apartment building . Maria notes that , to get permits approved faster , developers sometimes offer to allocate 20 percent of a building to low - income housing . It is revealed that Bobby , a young school teacher , was dating Rada , whose father Ivan , a wealthy Russian immigrant , rents the building 's penthouse . While Ivan has an alibi for the night of Bobby 's murder , video surveillance shows him nodding to an unknown man in the lobby that same day . Rada is shocked when she views the video and recognizes the man as someone who once worked for her father . Jamie and Eddie arrive on the scene of an armed robbery , and get involved in a shootout that injures both a fellow officer and a perp named Wally . Though Wally was unarmed , he is arrested for the robbery attempt and cuffed to his hospital bed . Eddie and Jamie play a game of `` bad cop / worse cop '' , but can not get Wally to reveal where the shooter might be hiding . After a doctor confirms that Wally will likely die from sepsis caused by the bullet wound , however , he finally confides in Jamie , who in turn offers to help locate Wally 's estranged mother before he dies . Elsewhere , Detective Weams , a former colleague of Gormley 's , has been photographed by the Daily News driving a $300,000 Ferrari . It appears that Weams has been using his knowledge of what drug houses will be hit to purchase the properties soon after and flip them . What Gormley views as `` savvy '' , Frank views as `` shady '' . It is n't until Gormley visits a family in a shelter that was displaced by one of Weams ' schemes that he changes his mind about his former partner . 104 15 `` Power Players '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 515 11.46 When Erin loses a star witness in a case that will convict mob boss Victor Dano , she and McBride try to get Vincent Rela ( Dan Hedaya ) , a man currently in witness protection , to risk his life and come back to the city and testify . Jamie and Eddie follow up on a tip from a civilian volunteer named Andy about a man selling drugs near a school . While the officers try to apprehend the perp , Andy approaches the man and is shot in the foot . The perp then turns the gun toward Eddie , who shoots and kills him . After the usual hearing , everyone agrees it was a clean shoot , but Jamie can see his partner is having a tough time dealing with her first kill . Meanwhile , Mayor Poole asks Frank to `` look into '' an arrest that involves the husband of a favorite employee . Gormley and Garrett think Frank should invoke `` quid pro quo '' and use the request to get Poole to quit dragging his feet on increasing the police pension funding . 105 16 `` In The Box '' Holly Dale Brian Burns February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 516 11.60 A man named Anthony Drake is brought to the 54th precinct so that Maria can serve and explain a restraining order placed by the man 's wife . Realizing the order will allow the wife to keep him away from their daughter , Anthony takes Maria hostage in the room , demanding that his wife bring his daughter to the station so he can talk to her . When Maria creates a distraction , Danny intervenes and winds up being held in the line of fire himself . Garrett 's stepson Sam is arrested trying to buy oxycodone during a sting operation , and Garrett asks Frank to release the young man into his custody so he can get him into rehab . Frank later learns that Garrett has used the pull of 1PP twice before to get his stepson special treatment . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie try to raise funds for the funeral of an old man shot by gang members , after learning his wife of 50 years can not afford a burial . In doing so , they stumble upon a young man who knows what happened but is afraid to say anything . 106 17 `` Occupational Hazard '' David M. Barrett Daniel Truly March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 517 11.03 Erin becomes unnerved when she sees that her apartment may have been burglarized , and her suspicions are confirmed when an unidentified assailant violently attacks a co-worker . When a patch from a local biker gang is left behind at the scene of the attack , Erin tells Danny and Maria about putting away the gang 's leader several months ago , and they investigate . Their investigation of that gang turns up nothing , but they later find evidence that a rival biker group had a run - in with the suspected gang , and is trying to frame them . Jamie and Eddie find a pipe bomb in an elderly woman 's apartment , but their investigation is derailed by a zealous detective . Complicating things , the elderly woman shows signs of Alzheimer 's disease and thinks Eddie is her estranged niece , making any testimony from her unreliable . Elsewhere , Frank and Nicky are eating breakfast and get approached by a young man soliciting donations for a Local Heroes Fund . Frank is quickly suspicious because the fund is using the NYPD logo and he has never heard of them . Frank investigates the fund 's director , a woman who appears to be sincere despite never submitting paperwork to become a licensed charity . Further investigation , at Frank 's insistence , by Det . Baker and Lt. Gormley , reveals that the woman is using an assumed name and is wanted for running similar fraudulent fundraising operations in three other cities . 107 18 `` Bad Company '' Tawnia McKiernan Bryan Goluboff March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 518 11.07 Danny and Maria learn of a sex slave kidnapping ring , which is luring in young Eastern European women with Web sites for phony hostels . Working with Federal authorities , the detectives determine that Eddie would be the perfect cop to go undercover and allow herself to be kidnapped , but Jamie worries that she is n't yet ready for such a dangerous assignment . As the two discuss Jamie 's first undercover assignment in the Sanfino crime family , Jamie reluctantly agrees when Eddie says she wants to prove herself the way he did . Sarah , a woman now in her 20s , comes to Frank after she receives a letter from the inmate who murdered her family when she was seven . The inmate , Donald Berry , wants to meet with Sarah , saying he 's found God in prison , but Frank advises against it . Sarah agrees with Frank at first , but then decides she wants to confront Berry once and for all before she gets married . Meanwhile , Henry introduces his new female companion to Erin , who immediately becomes suspicious after a brief conversation between the three of them . After meeting the woman for lunch and doing some background checks , it appears that Erin 's suspicions have merit . 108 19 `` Through The Looking Glass '' Eric Laneuville Siobhan Byrne O'Connor April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) 519 10.70 A homeless man in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn is set on fire while he sleeps on a park bench , and he dies . A zealous reporter named Anne Farrell ( played by Leslie Hope ) covers the story , and also makes derogatory Tweets about how poorly the NYPD patrols neighborhoods like Brownsville . Franks asks to meet with Anne , but the meeting does not go well and she continues to take issue with the NYPD , and Frank in particular . Farrell then scores an interview with the murder suspect , who says while his face and voice are altered that he set the man on fire as part of a gang initiation , and that she can be certain it will happen again . Farrell claims First Amendment protection , but Erin is able to get a judge to compel Farrell to give up the information in order to prevent a future violent crime from being committed . Farrell refuses to testify and goes to jail , where Frank visits her . He says he has nothing to do with her being in jail , then tries to convince her that her information will save lives . Meanwhile , Danny and Maria are ordered by Lt. Carver to take a 16 - year troublemaker named Charelle along with them for the Rescue Ride program . This happens just before the detectives have to investigate a drug - related homicide . Danny orders Charelle to stay in the car , but she ignores Danny and then pukes after observing the body of one of the victims . Charelle later complicates a raid on an apartment building by showing up after seeing the info posted on a board in the squad room , prompting Danny and Baez to take her into custody after the incident . Carver asks if he thinks that 's the right thing to do . Danny says yes , then relays a story about skipping school and his father letting him get sent to juvenile detention for it . He mentions of never skipping school again . Elsewhere , Erin has opened up a 20 - year - old cold case that turns out to be the murder of McBride 's mother . She tells McBride she really wants to help him solve it , but he says he has investigated every angle . Erin is certain that more modern DNA testing methods could be the key . She is right , but the DNA evidence implicates McBride 's father , who left the home when McBride was very young . McBride then tells Erin that 's why he stopped investigating the case ... because he was afraid that his father might have done it , and he did n't want to be thought of as a murderer 's son . 109 20 `` Payback '' Alex Chapple Lauren Gautier & Kevin Wade April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 520 10.31 Danny and Maria investigate the murder of a chef known for winning a reality show , but who was struggling to get his new restaurant opened . They visit the owner of the restaurant property , Lech Choinski , a powerful and well - connected real estate developer , and his assistant , Elena . Choinski confirms the deceased chef was behind a half - million dollars on his payments , and points the detectives toward a young man whom Choinski labels as a `` troubled '' former employee . The young man , who turns out to be a 16 - year - old , confesses to robbery and to killing the chef in self defense , but his story does n't match the facts of the case and the detectives know he 's taking a fall for the real killer . Danny and Maria track down another former employee who went to jail rather than turning on Choinski and get him to wear a wire and visit his former boss . Just as the man is about to be made , Elena brags about killing the chef , saying Choinski 's male employees were afraid to do it . Jamie and Eddie find a young woman in the street , stripped to her underwear and nearly blacked out , surrounded by numerous other young people with cell phones . When she comes to , the young woman , Christina , says she was involved in an online game that crosses over into the real world . She says the only person who might have drugged her was a former boyfriend and gamer who got jealous when she changed sides . They interview the young man , who says he was jealous but denies taking it any farther . It becomes a he said / she said case , until Erin convinces Jamie that they can get around the regulations at the young man 's college and see if he 's had any trouble . With Erin 's help , Jamie learns the guy was disciplined twice for stalking former girlfriends , and now he and Eddie must race to keep Christina safe . Elsewhere , a traffic stop for suspicion of DUI involving a female driver becomes complicated when State Senator McCreary is revealed to be a passenger in the car and gives the officer a card with Frank 's name and number on it . McCreary is an old friend of Frank 's who helped him ascend to the position of Commissioner . Over a meal , McCreary tells Frank the driver was his chief - of - staff , Jess Weinstein . Frank tells the married Senator that the arresting officer proclaimed `` off the record '' that the two were having a lovers ' quarrel in the car . McCreary pleads for a way to bury the arrest and save his reputation , but Frank is more worried about giving the arresting officer the impression that the P.C. can be bought . 110 21 `` New Rules '' John Behring Ian Biederman April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) 521 9.99 Shortly after Frank awards Deputy Chief Donald Kent ( Dennis Haysbert ) , commander of the NYPD gang division , with his second star , Kent and his wife Margret are shot and killed in a likely gang hit . Frank personally assigns Danny to the case , but impresses upon his son that everything must be done by the book . Danny believes he can get information from Hector , who witnessed the hit and is in the hospital with a stray bullet wound , but Hector fears the gangs and does n't want to cause any trouble . Danny also finds evidence that Warrior Kings gang leader Mario Hunt was in the area where the hit took place and he brings him in , but Erin frustrates Danny by saying there is no direct evidence to hold Hunt . Meanwhile , Jamie encounters Curtis , a young man who works as an orderly at Linda 's hospital , hanging around an area known for Warrior Kings activity . Curtis assures Jamie he is just passing through , but Curtis ' mother , a nurse , confides in Linda that she is afraid that Curtis is being recruited into the gang . Danny finally gets information from Hector that Hunt ordered the hit , but as he had to let Hunt go , he is now in hiding . Danny and Maria meet with Hunt 's old boss , Clinton Wallace , who is serving a life sentence in Rikers . While the boss wo n't give up where Hunt may be hiding , he does hint to Danny and Maria that their witness may be in trouble . As Danny and Maria race back to the hospital , it appears they will be too late . Curtis wheels a cart into Hector 's room and pulls a gun from it . Linda is treating Hector , and she instinctively steps in front to protect her patient . As the screen goes black , several gunshots ring out . 111 22 `` The Art of War '' David M. Barrett Brian Burns May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) 522 11.28 It is revealed that Hector was shot by Curtis . The officer supposed to be guarding Hector 's room has not returned from his break . Curtis gets away as Linda and a team of doctors and nurses try to save Hector 's life but they are unsuccessful . The staff then notices that an exhausted Linda has blood covering her right side , having also been hit by a bullet . Linda falls to the floor , and Danny arrives in time to see her being wheeled off to surgery . As this is now personal , Danny rails on Frank and Erin for letting Hunt go . Frank pulls Danny aside and shares a story with him about Chief Kent . He says Kent was successful in cleaning up gang activity not just because he made arrests , but because he also obtained solid evidence to assure convictions . He implores Danny that there is a way to convict Hunt using proper methods . Danny interviews Curtis , and finds the gang threatened to harm Curtis ' mother , Faith , before the shooting . Curtis wo n't testify against Hunt , for fear of Faith being harmed . Frank visits Faith in the hospital chapel , and convinces her to do the right thing . As Curtis is interviewed again , Faith is brought in , beaten and scarred . Angered , Curtis finally gives up Hunt , but now the team must find him . ( Danny then reveals that Faith 's wounds were just makeup . ) Frank looks through Kent 's belongings , and finds the Indian book Arthasasthra , which has the theme `` the enemy of my enemy is my friend . '' Danny and Maria arrest numerous members of a rival gang for curfew breaking , and accuse their leader Victor Perez of putting the hit on Kent . Perez of course denies the charges , and eventually gives up a person who would know where Mario Hunt is hiding , Hunt 's girl , Regina . With the use of intelligence received from wiretapping Regina 's phone ( legally ) , the detectives coax Hunt out of hiding and make an arrest . Frank then visits Warrior King 's ringleader Clinton Wallace at the Rikers Island Detention Facility and arrests Wallace for conspiracy to murder the Kent couple and Hector , as well as the attempted murder of Linda . Wallace laughs at the charges as he is already serving life , but Frank then drops a bomb ... Chief Kent took an oath with the Federal Marshals , meaning Wallace conspired to kill a Federal agent . And while New York does not have a death penalty , the Feds do . Then Frank mentions that Wallace will be transferred to the federal correctional department located in Terre Haute , Indiana , to await trial for the murder of Chief Donald Kent as a federal officer and Frank will see Wallace at the execution chamber in Terre Haute . Later , the Reagans meet for their Sunday dinner , with Danny and Linda absent as she is still recovering from her wound in the hospital . The couple is then brought to the table via speakerphone , and the entire family says grace together . Ratings ( edit ) No Episode Air date 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Live + 7 18 - 49 Live + 7 viewers ( millions ) `` Partners '' September 26 , 2014 1.2 10.88 # 19 2.1 14.66 `` Forgive and Forget '' October 3 , 2014 1.2 10.85 # 15 2.0 14.32 `` Burning Bridges '' October 10 , 2014 1.3 11.09 # 13 N / A 14.24 `` Excessive Force '' October 17 , 2014 1.2 10.70 # 18 2.0 14.58 5 `` Loose Lips '' October 24 , 2014 1.3 11.42 # 15 2.1 15.25 6 `` Most Wanted '' October 31 , 2014 1.1 11.39 # 11 2.0 15.54 7 `` Shoot the Messenger '' November 7 , 2014 1.3 11.51 # 9 N / A 15.36 8 `` Power of the Press '' November 21 , 2014 1.3 11.62 # 8 2.1 15.38 9 `` Under the Gun '' December 12 , 2014 1.2 11.09 # 7 2.0 14.94 10 `` Sins of the Father '' January 2 , 2015 1.4 11.61 # 4 2.1 15.07 11 `` Baggage '' January 9 , 2015 1.4 12.86 # 7 2.1 16.43 12 `` Home Sweet Home '' January 16 , 2015 1.4 12.61 # 4 16.57 13 `` Love Stories '' January 30 , 2015 1.3 11.87 # 6 2.1 15.92 14 `` The Poor Door '' February 6 , 2015 1.3 11.32 # 7 N / A 15.12 15 `` Power Players '' February 13 , 2015 1.3 11.46 # 6 N / A 15.40 16 `` In The Box '' February 20 , 2015 1.5 11.60 # 11 N / A 15.14 17 `` Occupational Hazard '' March 6 , 2015 1.4 11.03 # 6 2.1 15.08 18 `` Bad Company '' March 13 , 2015 1.4 11.07 # 9 2.3 15.13 19 `` Through The Looking Glass '' April 3 , 2015 1.3 10.70 # 5 2.1 14.66 20 `` Payback '' April 10 , 2015 1.2 10.31 # 11 1.9 14.10 21 `` New Rules '' April 24 , 2015 1.0 9.99 # 12 1.9 14.36 22 `` The Art of War '' May 1 , 2015 1.3 11.28 # 5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Renews ' The Good Wife ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Mom ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Elementary ' and 11 More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Person of Interest ' & Many More Renewed by CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Fall 2014 lineup premiere dates announced '' . CTV Insider . Bell Media . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Season 5 '' . DSTV . Multichoice . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sky Atlantic Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Blue Bloods ' Season 5 '' . TV Wise . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted up ; ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Cristela ' or ' The Amazing Race ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up , ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Grimm ' , ' Constantine ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' or ' Shark Tank ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Cristela ' or ' Constantine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Constantine ' , ' Cristela ' or ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' or ' Undercover Boss ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Cristela ' or ' Glee ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Constantine ' Sinks in New Time Slot , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Dips + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Flat '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Grimm ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cristela ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Dateline ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' Masters of Illusion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cristela ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustment to ' Cristela ' , ' Last Man Standing ' or ' Glee ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Glee ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' or ' Shark Tank ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Cristela ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustments to ' Grimm ' or ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : `` Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cedric 's Barber Battle ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Downn '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Beyond the Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Barber Shop Battle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 1 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 2 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 3 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 4 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 5 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 6 With Adults 18 - 49 , While World Series Tops Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 7 With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 9 With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers for the Week Ending December 14 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL Football Playoffs Tops Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers for the week ending January 4 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Revenge ' , ' Galavant ' & ' Family Guy ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Revenge ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' Blue Bloods ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 15 Ending January 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL Football Tops Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers for the week ending January 11 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Revenge ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 16 Ending January 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : AFC Championship Tops Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers for the Week Ending January 18 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Revenge ' , ' Forever ' and ' State of Affairs ' Tops Percentage Gainers ; ' Castle ' Grows Most in Viewership in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 17 Ending January 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Super Bowl Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 1 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gainer & Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Grammy Awards Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 8 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 15 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Academy Awards Telecast Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending February 22 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' The Big Bang Theory ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 8 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' The Big Bang Theory ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 15 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 5 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 12 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Following ' Tops Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 29 Ending April 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Bruce Jenner : The Interview ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 26 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 While ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers for the Week Ending May 3 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com Blue Bloods Characters Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bloods_(season_5)&oldid=848375179 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when does new season of lets make a deal start
|
[] |
[] |
3915802458601026174
|
Smiling Buddha
|
Smiling Buddha - Wikipedia Smiling Buddha For the religious figure known as the Laughing Buddha , see Budai . Pokhran - I Smiling Buddha Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range ( IA ) Coordinates 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 21 '' E / 27.0788 ° N 71.7224 ° E / 27.0788 ; 71.7224 Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 21 '' E / 27.0788 ° N 71.7224 ° E / 27.0788 ; 71.7224 Period 18 May 1974 , 8 : 05 a.m. ( IST ) Number of tests Test type Underground Device type Fission Max . yield 8 kilotons of TNT ( 33 TJ ) Test chronology Pokhran - II → Smiling Buddha ( MEA designation : Pokhran - I ) was the assigned code name of India 's first successful nuclear bomb test on 18 May 1974 . The bomb was detonated on the army base , Pokhran Test Range ( PTR ) , in Rajasthan by the Indian Army under the supervision of several key Indian generals . Pokhran - I was also the first confirmed nuclear weapons test by a nation outside the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Officially , the Indian Ministry of External Affairs ( MEA ) claimed this test was a `` peaceful nuclear explosion '' , but it was an accelerated nuclear programme . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early origins , 1944 -- 1960s 1.2 Weapons development , 1967 -- 72 1.3 Secrecy and test preparations , 1972 -- 74 1.4 Development teams and sites 2 Nuclear weapon design 2.1 Cross-section 2.2 Controversy regarding the yield 3 Aftermath 3.1 Domestic reaction 3.2 International reaction 3.2. 1 Pakistan 3.2. 2 Canada and United States 3.2. 3 France 4 Subsequent nuclear explosions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early origins , 1944 -- 1960s ( edit ) India started its own nuclear programme in 1944 when Homi Jehangir Bhabha founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research . Physicist Raja Ramanna played an essential role in nuclear weapons technology research ; he expanded and supervised scientific research on nuclear weapons and was the first directing officer of the small team of scientists that supervised and carried out the test . After Indian independence from the British Empire , Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru authorised the development of a nuclear programme headed by Homi Bhabha . The Atomic Energy Act of 1948 focused on peaceful development . India was heavily involved in the development of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , but ultimately opted not to sign it . We must develop this atomic energy quite apart from war -- indeed I think we must develop it for the purpose of using it for peaceful purposes ... Of course , if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes , possibly no pious sentiments of any of us will stop the nation from using it that way . -- Jawaharalal Nehru , First Prime Minister of India , In 1954 , Homi jehangir Bhabha steered the nuclear programme in the direction of weapons design and production . Two important infrastructure projects were commissioned . The first established Trombay Atomic Energy Establishment at Mumbai ( Bombay ) . The other created a governmental secretariat , Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) , of which Bhabha was the first secretary . From 1954 to 1959 , the nuclear programme grew swiftly . By 1958 , the DAE had one - third of the defence budget for research purposes . In 1954 , India reached a verbal understanding with Canada and the United States under the Atoms for Peace programme ; Canada and the United States ultimately agreed to provide and establish the CIRUS research reactor also at Trombay . The acquisition of CIRUS was a watershed event in nuclear proliferation with the understanding between India and the United States that the reactor would be used for peaceful purposes only . CIRUS was an ideal facility to develop a plutonium device , and therefore Nehru refused to accept nuclear fuel from Canada and started the programme to develop an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle . In July 1958 , Nehru authorised `` Project Phoenix '' to build a reprocessing plant with a capacity of 20 tons of fuel a year -- a size to match the production capacity of CIRUS . The plant used the PUREX process and was designed by the American firm Vitro International . Construction of the plutonium plant began at Trombay on 27 March 1961 , and it was commissioned in mid-1964 . The nuclear programme continued to mature , and by 1960 , Nehru made the critical decision to move the programme into production . At about the same time , Nehru held discussions with the American firm Westinghouse Electric to construct India 's first nuclear power plant in Tarapur , Maharashtra . Kenneth Nichols , a US Army engineer , recalls from a meeting with Nehru , `` it was that time when Nehru turned to Bhabha and asked Bhabha for the timeline of the development of a nuclear weapon '' . Bhabha estimated he would need about a year to accomplish the task . By 1962 , the nuclear programme was still developing , but at a slow rate . Nehru was distracted by the Sino - Indian War , during which India lost territory to China . Nehru turned to the Soviet Union for help , but the Soviet Union was preoccupied with the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Soviet Politburo turned down Nehru 's request for arms and continued backing the Chinese . India concluded that the Soviet Union was an unreliable ally , and this conclusion strengthened India 's determination to create a nuclear deterrent . Design work began in 1965 under Bhabha and proceeded under Raja Ramanna who took over the programme after the former 's death . Weapons development , 1967 -- 72 ( edit ) Bhabha was now aggressively lobbying for nuclear weapons and made several speeches on Indian radio . In 1964 , Bhabha told the Indian public via Indian radio that `` such nuclear weapons are remarkably cheap '' and supported his arguments by referring to the economical cost of American nuclear testing programme ( Plowshare ) . Bhabha stated to the politicians that a 10 kt device would cost around $350,000 , and $600,000 for a 2 mt . From this , he estimated that `` a stockpile '' of around 50 atomic bombs would cost under $21 million and a stockpile of 50 two - megaton hydrogen bombs would cost around $31.5 million . '' Bhabha did not realise , however , that the U.S. Plowshare cost - figures were produced by a vast industrial complex costing tens of billions of dollars , which had already manufactured nuclear weapons numbering in the tens of thousands . The delivery systems for nuclear weapons typically cost several times as much as the weapons themselves . The nuclear programme was partially slowed down when Lal Bahadur Shastri became the prime minister . In 1965 , Shastri faced another war with Pakistan . Shastri appointed physicist Vikram Sarabhai as the head of the nuclear programme but because of his Gandhian beliefs Sarabhai directed the programme toward peaceful purposes rather than military development . In 1967 , Indira Gandhi became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed with renewed vigour . Homi Sethna , a chemical engineer , played a significant role in the development of weapon - grade plutonium while Ramanna designed and manufactured the whole nuclear device . The first nuclear bomb project did not employ more than 75 scientists because of its sensitivity . The nuclear weapons programme was now directed towards the production of plutonium rather than uranium . In 1968 -- 69 , P.K. Iyengar visited the Soviet Union with three colleagues and toured the nuclear research facilities at Dubna , Russia . During his visit , Iyengar was impressed by the plutonium - fueled pulsed fast reactor . Upon his return to India , Iyengar set about developing plutonium reactors approved by the Indian political leadership in January 1969 . The secret plutonium plant was known as Purnima , and construction began in March 1969 . The plant 's leadership included Iyengar , Ramanna , Homi Sethna , and Sarabhai . Sarabhai 's presence indicates that , with or without formal approval , the work on nuclear weapons at Trombay had been commenced . Secrecy and test preparations , 1972 -- 74 ( edit ) India continued to harbour ambivalent feelings about nuclear weapons , and accorded low priority to their production until the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . In December 1971 , Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group led by the USS Enterprise ( CVN - 65 ) into the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to intimidate India . The Soviet Union responded by sending a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force . The Soviet response demonstrated the deterrent value and significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to Indira Gandhi . India gained the military and political initiative over Pakistan after acceding to the treaty that divided Pakistan into two different political entities . On 7 September 1972 , near the peak of her post-war popularity , Indira Gandhi authorised the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) to manufacture a nuclear device and prepare it for a test . Although the Indian Army was not fully involved in the nuclear testing , the army 's highest command was kept fully informed of the test preparations . The preparations were carried out under the watchful eyes of the Indian political leadership , with civilian scientists assisting the Indian Army . The device was formally called the `` Peaceful Nuclear Explosive '' , but it was usually referred to as the Smiling Buddha . The device was detonated on 18 May 1974 , Buddha Jayanti ( a festival day in India marking the birth of Gautama Buddha ) . Indira Gandhi maintained tight control of all aspects of the preparations of the Smiling Buddha test , which was conducted in extreme secrecy ; besides Gandhi , only advisers Parmeshwar Haksar and Durga Dhar were kept informed . Scholar Raj Chengappa asserts the Indian Defence Minister Jagjivan Ram was not provided with any knowledge of this test and came to learn of it only after it was conducted . Swaran Singh , the Minister of External Affairs , was given 48 hours advance notice . The Indira Gandhi administration employed no more than 75 civilian scientists while General G.G. Bewoor , Indian army chief , and the commander of Indian Western Command were the only military commanders kept informed . Development teams and sites ( edit ) The head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC , Raja Ramanna . In later years , his role in the nuclear programme would be more deeply integrated as he remained head of the nuclear programme most of his life . The designer and creator of the bomb was P.K. Iyengar , who was the second in command of this project . Iyengar 's work was further assisted by the chief metallurgist , R. Chidambaram , and by Nagapattinam Sambasiva Venkatesan of the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory , who developed and manufactured the high explosive implosion system . The explosive materials and the detonation system were developed by Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan of the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory . The overall project was supervised by chemical engineer Homi Sethna , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India . Chidambaram , who would later coordinate work on the Pokhran - II tests , began work on the equation of state of plutonium in late 1967 or early 1968 . To preserve secrecy , the project employed no more than 75 scientists and engineers from 1967 -- 74 . Abdul Kalam also arrived at the test site as the representative of the DRDO . The device was of the implosion - type design and had a close resemblance to the American nuclear bomb called the Fat Man . The implosion system was assembled at the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) of the DRDO in Chandigarh . The detonation system was developed at the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) of the DRDO in Pune , Maharashtra State . The 6 kg of plutonium came from the CIRUS reactor at BARC . The neutron initiator was of the polonium -- beryllium type and code - named Flower . The complete nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site . Nuclear weapon design ( edit ) Cross-section ( edit ) The fully assembled device had a hexagonal cross section , 1.25 metres in diameter , and weighed 1400 kg . The device was mounted on a hexagonal metal tripod , and was transported to the shaft on rails which the army kept covered with sand . The device was detonated when Dastidar pushed the firing button at 8.05 a.m. ; it was in a shaft 107 m under the army Pokhran test range in the Thar Desert ( or Great Indian Desert ) , Rajasthan . Controversy regarding the yield ( edit ) The nuclear yield of this test still remains controversial , with unclear data provided by Indian sources , although Indian politicians have given the country 's press a range from 2 kt to 20 kt . The official yield was initially set at 12 kt ; post-Operation Shakti claims have raised it to 13 kt . Independent seismic data from outside and analysis of the crater features indicate a lower figure . Analysts usually estimate the yield at 4 to 6 kt , using conventional seismic magnitude - to - yield conversion formulas . In recent years , both Homi Sethna and P.K. Iyengar have conceded the official yield to be an exaggeration . Iyengar has variously stated that the yield was 8 -- 10 kt , that the device was designed to yield 10 kt , and that the yield was 8 kt `` exactly as predicted '' . Although seismic scaling laws lead to an estimated yield range between 3.2 kt and 21 kt , an analysis of hard rock cratering effects suggests a narrow range of around 8 kt for the yield , which is within the uncertainties of the seismic yield estimate . Aftermath ( edit ) Domestic reaction ( edit ) Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had already gained much popularity and publicity after her successful military campaign against Pakistan in the 1971 war . The test caused an immediate revival of Indira Gandhi 's popularity , which had flagged considerably from its high after the 1971 war . The overall popularity and image of the Congress Party was enhanced and the Congress Party was well received in the Indian Parliament . In 1975 , Homi Sethna , a chemical engineer and the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission ( AECI ) , Raja Ramanna of BARC , and Basanti Nagchaudhuri of DRDO , all were honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , India 's second highest civilian award . Five other project members received the Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian award . India consistently maintained that this was a peaceful nuclear bomb test and that it had no intentions of militarising its nuclear programme . However , according to independent monitors , this test was part of an accelerated Indian nuclear programme . In 1997 Raja Ramanna , speaking to the Press Trust of India , maintained : The Pokhran test was a bomb , I can tell you now ... An explosion is an explosion , a gun is a gun , whether you shoot at someone or shoot at the ground ... I just want to make clear that the test was not all that peaceful . -- Raja Ramanna 1997 , International reaction ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear Suppliers Group While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes , it encountered opposition from many quarters . The Nuclear Suppliers Group ( NSG ) was formed in reaction to the Indian tests to check international nuclear proliferation . The NSG decided in 1992 to require full - scope IAEA safeguards for any new nuclear export deals , which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India , but in 2008 it waived this restriction on nuclear trade with India as part of the Indo - US civilian nuclear agreement . Pakistan ( edit ) Pakistan did not view the test as a `` peaceful nuclear explosion '' , and cancelled talks scheduled for 10 June on normalisation of relations . Pakistan 's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto vowed in June 1974 that he would never succumb to `` nuclear blackmail '' or accept `` Indian hegemony or domination over the subcontinent '' . The chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission , Munir Ahmed Khan , said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist , Pervez Hoodbhoy , stated in 2011 that he believed the test `` pushed ( Pakistan ) further into the nuclear arena '' . Canada and United States ( edit ) The plutonium used in the test was created in the CIRUS reactor supplied by Canada and using heavy water supplied by the United States . Both countries reacted negatively , especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the economic aid both countries had provided to India . Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states , and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction . The United States concluded that the test did not violate any agreement and proceeded with a June 1974 shipment of enriched uranium for the Tarapur reactor . France ( edit ) France sent a congratulatory telegram to India but later withdrew it . Subsequent nuclear explosions ( edit ) Despite many proposals , India did not carry out further nuclear tests until 1998 . After the 1998 general elections , Operation Shakti ( also known as Pokhran - II ) was carried out at the Pokhran test site , using devices designed and built over the preceding two decades . See also ( edit ) India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons List of countries with nuclear weapons Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This test has many code names . Civilian scientists called it `` Operation Smiling Buddha '' and the Indian Army referred to it as Operation Happy Krishna . According to United States Military Intelligence , Operation Happy Krishna was the code name for the Indian Army 's construction of the underground site in which the tests were conducted . The Ministry of External Affairs designated the test as Pokhran - I . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : FIles. `` 1974 Nuclear files '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Nuclear files archives . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smiling Buddha , 1974 '' . India 's Nuclear Weapons Program . Nuclear Weapon Archive . Jump up ^ NSG . `` History of the NSG '' . Nuclear Suppliers Group . Nuclear Suppliers Group . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Carey . `` Origins of Indian nuclear program '' . Nuclear weapon Archive . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Perkovich , George ( 2002 ) . India 's nuclear bomb : the impact on global proliferation . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23210 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA THE ULTIMATE POWER with Adi Kalita and 4 others '' . Facebook.com. 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 Sep 2014 . ^ Jump up to : et . al 30 March 2001 ( 30 March 2001 ) . `` On to Weapons Development , 1960 -- 67 '' . India 's Nuclear Weapons Program . India 's Nuclear Weapons Program . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kanavi , Shivanand . `` How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs '' . Shivanand Kanavi . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's First Bomb , 1967 -- 74 '' . India 's First Bomb , 1967 -- 74 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ N / A , N / A ( 1 Sep 2003 ) . `` NTI.org and ( 1 ) Andrew Koch , `` Selected Indian Nuclear Facilities , '' Center for Nonproliferation Studies ( CNS ) , 1999 ; http://cns.miis.edu ; ( 2 ) Bhabha Atomic Research Center ( BARC ) , www.barc.ernet.in ; ( 3 ) George Perkovich , India 's Nuclear Bomb : the impact on Global Proliferation ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1999 ) , pp. 149 -- 150 ; ( 4 ) 2000 World Nuclear Industry Handbook ( Wilmington , UK : Nuclear Engineering International , 2000 ) , p. 198 `` . NTI Building a Safer World . NTI . Retrieved 8 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arihant : the annihilator '' . Indian Defence Review . 25 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Pahuja , Om Parkash . India : A Nuclear Weapon State . Prabhat Prakashan . pp. 63 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87100 - 69 - 0 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Chengappa , Raj ( 2000 ) . Weapons of peace : the secret story of India 's quest to be a nuclear power . New Delhi : Harper Collins Publishers , India . ISBN 81 - 7223 - 330 - 2 . Jump up ^ Perkovich , George ( 1999 ) . India 's nuclear bomb : the impact on global proliferation ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Berkeley ( u.a. ) : Univ. of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21772 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richelson , Jefferey T ( March 1999 ) . Spying on the Bomb : American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea . WW Norton . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05383 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaRealYields.html ^ Jump up to : `` Reaction and Long Pause '' . Reaction and Long Pause . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Nuclear Suppliers Group . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Suppliers Group ( NSG ) '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Threat Initiative . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 May 2003 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Deal : A chronology of key developments '' . The Indian Express . 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhutto , Zulfikar Ali ( 18 May 1974 ) , Prime minister Secretariat Press Release , Associated Press of Pakistan ( APP ) and Pakistan Television ( PTV ) , archived from the original on 18 September 2011 , India 's so - called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion ( PNE ) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish `` Indian hegemony in the subcontinent '' , most particularly Pakistan ... Jump up ^ Khan , Munir Ahmad ( 18 May 1974 ) . `` India 's nuclear explosion : Challenge and Response '' . International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , Pervez Amerali , PhD ( Nuclear Physics ) ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Pakistan 's nuclear bayonet '' . The Herald . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ripples in the nuclear pond '' . The Deseret News . 22 May 1974 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Anderson , Robert ( 24 June -- 7 July 2000 ) , `` Who is smiling now ? '' , Frontline , The Hindu , 17 ( 13 ) , retrieved 12 March 2012 Jump up ^ Reed , Thomas C ; Stillman , Danny B ( 2009 ) . The nuclear express : a political history of the bomb and its proliferation . Zenith . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3502 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) Sites Trombay Pokhran CIRUS reactor Rajasthan Thar Desert Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Administrators Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Tapishwar Narain Raina Swaran Singh Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Related articles Indian nuclear programme History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - II ( May 13 , 1998 ) Indo - American nuclear deal Nuclear proliferation See also : Nuclear power in India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smiling_Buddha&oldid=865330005 '' Categories : 1974 in India 1974 in military history Indian nuclear weapons testing Political history of India Underground nuclear weapons testing Indira Gandhi administration Code names Pokaran Nuclear history of India Nuclear proliferation Military history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1974 events History of the Indian Army Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use Indian English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Português සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who was the president when first nuclear test in 1947 conducted
|
[] |
[] |
-3507982907473017790
|
Political action committee
|
Political action committee - Wikipedia Political action committee This article is about political organizations . For other uses , see PAC . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2016 ) In the United States and Canada , a political action committee ( PAC ) is an organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates , ballot initiatives , or legislation . The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States . This term is quite specific to all activities of campaign finance in the United States . Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition ( see political finance ) . At the U.S. federal level , an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election , and registers with the Federal Election Commission , according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( also known as the McCain - Feingold Act ) . At the state level , an organization becomes a PAC according to the state 's election laws . Contributions from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal , though they may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising ; Union - affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from members ; Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds . Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows : $5,000 to a candidate or candidate committee for each election ( primary and general elections count as separate elections ) ; $15,000 to a political party per year ; and $5,000 to another PAC per year . PACs may make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party In its 2010 case Citizens United v. FEC , the Supreme Court of the United States overturned sections of the Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( also known as the McCain - Feingold Act ) that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns . Citizens United made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures related to campaigns , but did not alter the prohibition on direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns . Organizations seeking to contribute directly to federal candidate campaigns must still rely on traditional PACs for that purpose . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Categorization 2.1 Connected PACs 2.2 Non-connected PACs 2.2. 1 Leadership PACs 2.2. 2 Controversial use of leadership PACs 2.3 Super PACs 2.3. 1 2012 presidential election 2.3. 2 Disclosure rules 3 2008 election 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first PAC was the CIO - PAC , formed in July 1943 under CIO president Philip Murray and headed by Sidney Hillman . Categorization ( edit ) Further information : List of political action committees Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs : connected and non-connected . Judicial decisions added a third classification , independent - expenditure only committees , which are colloquially known as `` Super PACs '' . Connected PACs ( edit ) Most of the 4,600 active , registered PACs are `` connected PACs '' established by businesses , labor unions , trade groups , or health organizations . These PACs receive and raise money from a `` restricted class '' , generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation and members in the case of a union or other interest group . As of January 2009 , there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs , 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations . Non-connected PACs ( edit ) Groups with an ideological mission , single - issue groups , and members of Congress and other political leaders may form `` non-connected PACs '' . These organizations may accept funds from any individual , connected PAC , or organization . As of January 2009 , there were 1,594 non-connected PACs , the fastest - growing category . Leadership PACs ( edit ) Elected officials and political parties can not give more than the federal limit directly to candidates . However , they can set up a Leadership PAC that makes independent expenditures . Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate , this type of spending is not limited . Under the FEC ( Federal Election Commission ) rules , leadership PACs are non-connected PACs , and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs . Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions , Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties . A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official can not use funds to support that official 's own campaign . However , it may fund travel , administrative expenses , consultants , polling , and other non-campaign expenses . Between 2008 and 2009 , leadership PACs raised and spent more than $47 million . Controversial use of leadership PACs ( edit ) Former Rep. John Doolittle 's ( R ) leadership PAC paid 15 % to a firm that only employed his wife . Payouts to his wife 's firm were $68,630 in 2003 and 2004 , and $224,000 in 2005 and 2006 . The Doolittle home was raided in 2007 . After years of investigation , the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010 . One Leadership PAC purchased $2,139 in gifts from Bose Corporation . Former Rep. Richard Pombo ( R ) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ( $22,896 ) and buy baseball tickets ( $320 ) for donors . Former Speaker Nancy Pelosi 's ( D ) leadership PAC , Team Majority , was fined $21,000 by federal election officials `` for improperly accepting donations over federal limits . '' Super PACs ( edit ) Super PACs , officially known as `` independent - expenditure only committees '' , may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties , but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns . Unlike traditional PACs , they can raise funds from individuals , corporations , unions , and other groups without any legal limit on donation size . Super PACs were made possible by two judicial decisions : the aforementioned Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and , two months later , Speechnow.org v. FEC . In Speechnow.org , the federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held that PACs that did not make contributions to candidates , parties , or other PACs could accept unlimited contributions from individuals , unions , and corporations ( both for profit and not - for - profit ) for the purpose of making independent expenditures . The result of the Citizens United and SpeechNow.org decisions was the rise of a new type of political action committee in 2010 , popularly dubbed the `` super PAC '' . In an open meeting on July 22 , 2010 , the FEC approved two Advisory Opinions to modify FEC policy in accordance with the legal decisions . These Advisory Opinions were issued in response to requests from two existing PACs , Club for Growth , and Commonsense Ten , which later became Senate Majority PAC . The opinions gave a sample wording letter which all Super PACs must submit to qualify for the deregulated status , and such letters continue to be used by Super PACs up to the present date . FEC Chairman Steven T. Walther dissented on both opinions and issued a statement giving his thoughts . In the statement , Walther stated `` There are provisions of the Act and Commission regulations not addressed by the court in SpeechNow that continue to prohibit Commonsense Ten from soliciting or accepting contributions from political committees in excess of $5,000 annually or any contributions from corporations or labor organizations . '' ( emphasis in original ) The term `` Super PAC '' was coined by reporter Eliza Newlin Carney . According to Politico , Carney , a staff writer covering lobbying and influence for CQ Roll Call , `` made the first identifiable , published reference to ' super PAC ' as it 's known today while working at National Journal , writing on June 26 , 2010 , of a group called Workers ' Voices , that it was a kind of ' '' super PAC '' that could become increasingly popular in the post-Citizens United world . ' '' According to FEC advisories , Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties . This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in quid pro quo bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder . However , it is legal for candidates and Super PAC managers to discuss campaign strategy and tactics through the media . 2012 presidential election ( edit ) Super PACs may support particular candidacies . In the 2012 presidential election , Super PACs played a major role , spending more than the candidates ' election campaigns in the Republican primaries . As of early April 2012 , Restore Our Future -- a Super PAC usually described as having been created to help Mitt Romney 's presidential campaign -- had spent $40 million . Winning Our Future ( a pro -- Newt Gingrich group ) spent $16 million . Some Super PACs are run or advised by a candidate 's former staff or associates . In the 2012 election campaign , most of the money given to super PACs came from wealthy individuals , not corporations . According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics , the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011 -- 2012 made up just 3.7 % of contributors , but accounted for more than 80 % of the total money raised , while less than 0.5 % of the money given to `` the most active Super PACs '' was donated by publicly traded corporations . Super PACs have been criticized for relying heavily on negative ads . As of February 2012 , according to Center for Responsive Politics , 313 groups organized as Super PACs had received $98,650,993 and spent $46,191,479 . This means early in the 2012 election cycle , PACs had already greatly exceeded total receipts of 2008 . The leading Super PAC on its own raised more money than the combined total spent by the top 9 PACS in the 2008 cycle . The 2012 figures do not include funds raised by state level PACs . Disclosure rules ( edit ) By January 2010 , at least 38 states and the federal government required disclosure for all or some independent expenditures or electioneering communications . These disclosures were intended to deter potentially or seemingly corrupting donations . Yet despite disclosure rules , it is possible to spend money without voters knowing the identities of donors before the election . In federal elections , for example , political action committees have the option to choose to file reports on a `` monthly '' or `` quarterly '' basis . This allows funds raised by PACs in the final days of the election to be spent and votes cast before the report is due . In one high - profile case , a donor to a super PAC kept his name hidden by using an LLC formed for the purpose of hiding their personal name . One super PAC , that originally listed a $250,000 donation from an LLC that no one could find , led to a subsequent filing where the previously `` secret donors '' were revealed . However , campaign finance experts have argued that this tactic is already illegal , since it would constitute a contribution in the name of another . 2008 election ( edit ) In the 2008 election , the top nine PACs spent a total of $25,794,807 ( directly , and via their affiliates and subsidiaries ) as follows : International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers PAC $3,344,650 AT&T Federal PAC $3,108,200 American Bankers Association ( BANK PAC ) $2,918,140 National Beer Wholesalers Association PAC $2,869,000 Dealers Election Action Committee of the National Automobile Dealers Association $2,860,000 International Association of Fire Fighters $2,734,900 International Union of Operating Engineers PAC $2,704,067 American Association for Justice PAC $2,700,500 Laborers ' International Union of North America PAC $2,555,350 See also ( edit ) List of political action committees 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organizations 527 group Advocacy group Campaign finance in the United States Issue advocacy ads Lobbying in the United States Money loop Politics of the United States Soft money Dark money References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) . The Challenge of Democracy : American Government in a Global World ( 10 ed . ) . Boston : Cengage Learning . p. 309 . ISBN 054720454X . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky : Secretary of State - Civics Glossary '' . Sos.ky.gov. 2010 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ 52 U.S.C. § 30101 http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title52-section30101&num=0&edition=prelim . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ely , Jr. , James W. ( 2012 ) ( 2005 ) . Hall , Kermit L. , ed . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States ( Electronic ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Encyclopedia ) ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199916467 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 441b Jump up ^ https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-637/4637-21.pdf Jump up ^ Murse , Tom . `` What is a Super PAC ? '' . About.com U.S. Politics . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Citizens United raises $4 million , projects $35 million haul for midterms '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20090309PACcount '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurtzleben , Danielle ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` DeMint 's PAC Spends $1.5 Million in Independent Expenditures '' . U.S. News and World Report . Jump up ^ Stern , Marcus ; LaFleur , Jennifer 's ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Leadership PACs : Let the Good Times Roll '' . ProPublica . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership PACs and Sponsors '' Archived 2012 - 03 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Federal Election Commission . Jump up ^ `` Congress 101 : Political Action Committees '' . Congressional Quarterly . Jump up ^ `` Leadership PACs '' . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FBI raids U.S. Rep. Doolittle 's home - politics - NBC News '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Political Action Committees '' . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ; Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Lawmaker Criticized for PAC Fees Paid to Wife '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi PAC fined $21,000 by federal elections officials '' . USA Today . February 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Outside Spending ( 2010 ) '' . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Jump up ^ Cordes , Nancy ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Colbert gets a Super PAC ; So what are they ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 20100722OpenMtng '' . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Component Parts '' , Matt Corley , March 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` How Super PACs got their name '' , Dave Levinthal , January 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Will Jon Stewart go to jail for running Stephen Colbert 's super PAC ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katla ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Stewart , Stephen Colbert Expose More Super PAC Loopholes Without ' Coordinating ' '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Crankocracy In America . Who really benefitted from Citizens United ? . Timothy Noah . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Winning Our Future . factcheck.org. 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Financing the ' Super PACs ' '' . The New York Times , February 20 , 2012 ( February 1 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Can 46 rich dudes buy an election ? By Charles Riley @ CNNMoney March 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ Corporations do n't pony up for super PACs By ANNA PALMER and ABBY PHILLIP politico.com 3 / 8 / 12 Jump up ^ Mooney , Brian C. ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Super PACs fueling GOP attack ads '' . The Boston Globe . 2012 - 02 - 02 Jump up ^ `` Super PACs '' . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cookies Disabled '' . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie '' . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Towards a Madisonian , interest - group - based , approach to lobbying regulation , University of Alabama School of Law , by Anita S. Krishnakumar , Page 10 of 61 , February 18 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Who funds Super PAC ? FEC looks into powerful influence '' , By Gail Russell Chaddock , The Christian Science Monitor , Feb 02 , 2012 Archived 2012 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Super PACs '' in Federal Elections : Overview and Issues for Congress , Congressional Research Service , by R. Sam Garrett , December 2 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Timely Tips Archive '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ John Blake , CNN ( 4 February 2012 ) . `` Forgetting a key lesson from Watergate ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Colbert I. King ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` How D.C. interests sidestep campaign finance limits '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Luo , Michael . `` A Secret Donor Revealed '' . Jump up ^ `` The strange case of W. Spann , LLC '' . Center for Competitive Politics . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) FEC.gov - Political Action Committees ( PAC ) FEC.gov - Speechnow.org v. FEC OpenSecrets.org from the Center for Responsive Politics FactCheck.org Players Guide 2012 FactCheck.org Players Guide 2014 PoliticalMoneyLine dot - com company that offers some free information ; detailed info requires a subscription Sunlight Foundation hide Lobbying in the United States Topics Political action committee 527 organization Campaign finance ( reform ) Major industrial and business lobbies Agricultural Energy Health Insurance Organized labor Software Tobacco Transportation Major single - issue lobbies Administration Abortion Environmental Federal leadership Feminism Foreign policy Guns Immigration LGBT `` Homosexual agenda '' Retirees Taxes Diaspora and ethnic lobbies Arab Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Armenia China Cuba ( Anti Castro ) Greece Ireland Israel `` Jewish lobby '' Anti-Israel lobby Pakistan Turkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&oldid=845775078 '' Categories : Campaign finance in the United States Political terminology United States political action committees Lobbying in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
which is not a reason for forming a political action committee
|
[] |
[] |
-6456542750109732737
|
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
|
Carlsbad Caverns National Park - wikipedia Carlsbad Caverns National Park Jump to : navigation , search Carlsbad Caverns National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) The cave is decorated with a large number of calcite formations such as this column and array of stalactites Location Eddy County , New Mexico , U.S. Nearest city Carlsbad , New Mexico , U.S. Coordinates 32 ° 10 ′ 31 '' N 104 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 32.17528 ° N 104.44389 ° W / 32.17528 ; - 104.44389 Coordinates : 32 ° 10 ′ 31 '' N 104 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 32.17528 ° N 104.44389 ° W / 32.17528 ; - 104.44389 Area 46,766 acres ( 18,926 ha ) 339 acres ( 137 ha ) private Established May 14 , 1930 Visitors 466,773 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Carlsbad Caverns National Park UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Natural : ( vii ) , ( viii ) Reference 721 Inscription 1995 ( 19th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico . The primary attraction of the park is the show cave , Carlsbad Cavern . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is open every day of the year except Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Year 's Day . Visitors to the cave can hike in on their own via the natural entrance or take an elevator from the visitor center . The park entrance is located on US Highway 62 / 180 , approximately 18 miles ( 29 km ) southwest of Carlsbad , New Mexico . Carlsbad Caverns National Park participates in the Junior Ranger Program . The park has two entries on the National Register of Historic Places : The Caverns Historic District and the Rattlesnake Springs Historic District . Approximately two thirds of the park has been set aside as a wilderness area , helping to ensure no future changes will be made to the habitat . Carlsbad Cavern includes a large cave chamber ( The Big Room ) , a natural limestone chamber almost 4,000 feet ( 1,220 m ) long , 625 feet ( 191 m ) wide , and 255 feet ( 78 m ) high at the highest point . It is the fifth largest chamber in North America and the twenty - eighth largest in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 1.1 Capitan Reef 1.2 Speleogenesis 2 History 2.1 Legislative history 3 Named rooms 4 Tourist information 5 Recent exploration 6 Other caves 7 Bats 8 Other attractions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geology ( edit ) For details on the region 's geology , see Delaware Basin . Capitan reef ( edit ) An estimated 250 million years ago , the area surrounding Carlsbad Caverns National Park served as the coastline for an inland sea . Present in the sea was a plethora of marine life , whose remains formed a reef . Unlike modern reef growths , the Permian reef contained bryozoans , sponges , and other microorganisms . After the Permian Period , most of the water evaporated and the reef was buried by evaporites and other sediments . Tectonic movement occurred during the late Cenozoic , uplifting the reef above ground . Susceptible to erosion , water sculpted the Guadalupe Mountain region into its present - day state . Speleogenesis ( edit ) Carlsbad Caverns National Park is situated in a bed of limestone above groundwater level . During cavern development , it was within the groundwater zone . Deep below the limestones are petroleum reserves ( part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field ) . At a time near the end of the Cenozoic , hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) began to seep upwards from the petroleum into the groundwater . The combination of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the water formed sulfuric acid : H S + 2O → H SO . The sulfuric acid then continued upward , aggressively dissolving the limestone deposits to form caverns . The presence of gypsum within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process , as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone . Once the acidic groundwater drained from the caverns , speleothems began to be deposited within the cavern . Erosion above ground created the natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns within the last million years . Exposure to the surface has allowed for the influx of air into the cavern . Rainwater and snowmelt percolating downward into the ground pick up carbon dioxide ; once this water reaches a cavern ceiling , it precipitates and evaporates , leaving behind a small calcium carbonate deposit . Growths from the roof downward formed through this process are known as stalactites . Additionally , water on the floor of the caverns can contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation . Growths from the floor upward through this process are known as stalagmites . Different formations of speleothems include columns , soda straws , draperies , helictites , and popcorn . Changes in the ambient air temperature and rainfall affect the rate of growth of speleothems , as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil . The color of the speleothems is determined by the trace constituents in the minerals of the formation . History ( edit ) Elevator house , circa 1933 - 42 . Photo by Ansel Adams . While a young boy , Jim White explored the cavern with his homemade wire ladder . He named many of the rooms , including the Big Room , New Mexico Room , Kings Palace , Queens Chamber , Papoose Room , and Green Lake Room . He also named many of the cave 's more prominent formations , such as the Totem Pole , Witch 's Finger , Giant Dome , Bottomless Pit , Fairyland , Iceberg Rock , Temple of the Sun , and Rock of Ages . Max Frisch incorporates the story about White 's discovery of the caves in his novel I 'm Not Stiller . The town of Carlsbad , which lends its name to the cavern and national park , is in turn named after the Czech town formerly known by the German name Karlsbad ( English spelling Carlsbad ) and now known by the Czech name Karlovy Vary , both of which mean `` Charles ' Bath ( s ) . '' Until 1932 , visitors to the cavern had to walk down a switchback ramp that took them 750 feet ( 230 m ) below the surface . The walk back up was tiring for some . In 1932 the national park opened up a large visitor center building that contained two elevators that would take visitors in and out of the caverns below . The new center included a cafeteria , waiting room , museum and first aid area . Legislative History ( edit ) October 25 , 1923 -- President Calvin Coolidge signed a proclamation ( 1679 - Oct. 25 , 1923 - 43 Stat. 1929 ) establishing Carlsbad Cave National Monument . April 2 , 1924 -- President Calvin Coolidge issued an executive order ( 3984 ) for a possible national park or monument at the site . May 3 , 1928 -- a supplemental executive order ( 4870 ) was issued reserving additional land for the possible monument or park . May 14 , 1930 -- an act of the United States Congress ( 46 Stat. 279 ) established Carlsbad Caverns National Park to be directed by the Secretary of the Interior and administered by the National Park Service . June 17 , 1930 -- President Herbert Hoover signed Executive Order 5370 reserving additional land for classification . November 10 , 1978 -- Carlsbad Caverns Wilderness was established with the National Parks and Recreation Act ( 95 - 625 ) signed by President Jimmy Carter . `` ... a limestone cavern known as the Carlsbad Cave , of extraordinary proportions and of unusual beauty and variety of natural decoration ; ... beyond the spacious chambers that have been explored , other vast chambers of unknown character and dimensions exist ; ... the several chambers contain stalactites , stalagmites , and other formations in such unusual number , size , beauty of form , and variety of figure as to make this a cavern equal , if not superior , in both scientific and popular interest to the better known caves ... '' Named rooms ( edit ) Rock of Ages in the Big Room , photo by Ansel Adams , c. 1941 On the tour route Outside the entrance to the caverns . Balloon Ballroom Located in the ceiling above the main entrance hall , this small room was first accessed by tying a rope to a bunch of balloons and floating them up into the passage . Bat Cave A large , unadorned rocky passage connected to the main entrance corridor . The majority of the cave 's bat population lives in this portion of the cave , which was mined for bat guano in the early 20th century . Bell Cord Room Named for a long , narrow stalactite coming through a hole in the ceiling , resembling the rope coming through the roof of a belfry . This room is located at the end of the Left Hand Tunnel . Bifrost Room Discovered in 1982 , it is located in the ceiling above Lake of the Clouds . Its name refers to a Norse myth about a world in the sky that was accessed from Earth by a rainbow ( the `` Bifrost Bridge '' ) . The room was given this name because of its location above the Lake of the Clouds and its colorful oxide - stained formations . Big Room or The Hall of the Giants The largest chamber in Carlsbad Caverns , with a floor space of 357,469 square feet ( 33,210 m ) . Chocolate High A maze of small passages totalling nearly a mile ( 1500 m ) in combined length , discovered in 1993 above a mud - filled pit in the New Mexico Room known as Chocolate Drop . Green Lake Room The uppermost of the `` Scenic Rooms '' , it is named for a deep , malachite - colored pool in the corner of the room . In the 1940s , when the military was testing the feasibility of Carlsbad Cavern as an emergency fallout shelter , the Green Lake was used to look for ripples caused by a nuclear bomb test many miles away . None appeared . Guadalupe Room Discovered by a park ranger in 1966 , this is the second largest room in Carlsbad Caverns . It is known for its dense collection of `` soda straw '' stalactites . Hall of the White Giant A large chamber containing a large , white stalagmite . Rangers regularly lead special wild - cave tours to this room . Halloween Hall A room roughly 30 feet in length located above the Spirit World . Named for its discovery on October 31 , 2013 . King 's Palace The first of four chambers in a wing known as the `` scenic rooms '' , it is named for a large castle - like formation in the center of the room . Lake of the Clouds The lowest known point in the cave . It is located in a side passage off the Left Hand Tunnel . It is named for its large lake containing globular , cloud - like rock formations that formed under water when the lake level was much higher . Left Hand Tunnel A long , straight passage marked by deep fissures in the floor . These fissures are not known to lead anywhere . The Left Hand Tunnel leads to the Lake of the Clouds and the Bell Cord Room . Mabel 's Room A moderate - sized room located past the Talcum Passage in Lower Cave . Mystery Room A large , sloping room located off the Queen 's Chamber , named for an unexplained noise heard only here . A small vertical passage at the far end connects it to Lower Cave . New Mexico Room Located adjacent to the Green Lake Room and accessed by means of a somewhat narrow corridor . New Section A section of fissures east of the White Giant formation and paralleling the Bat Cave . New discoveries are still being made in this section . Papoose Room Located between the King 's Palace and Queen 's Chamber . Queen 's Chamber Widely regarded as the most beautiful and scenic area of the cave . Jim White 's lantern went out in this chamber while he was exploring , and he was in the dark for over half an hour . Spirit World Located in the ceiling of the Big Room at its highest point ( an area known as the Top of the Cross ) , this area is filled with white stalagmites that resembled angels to the room 's discoverers . Talcum Passage A room located in Lower Cave where the floor is coated with gypsum dust . The Rookery One of the larger rooms in Lower Cave . A large number of cave pearls are found in this area . Underground Lunchroom Located in the Big Room at the head of the Left Hand Tunnel . It contains a cafeteria that was built in the 1950s , and is where the elevators from the visitor center exit into the cave . Panorama of cavern 's interior . Tourist information ( edit ) Map of park grounds Carlsbad Caverns had an average annual visitation of about 410,000 in the period from 2007 to 2016 . Peak visitation typically occurs on the weekends following Memorial Day and the Fourth of July . Free admittance for self - guided tours is often granted on holidays such as Martin Luther King , Jr. weekend , National Park Week , and Veterans Day weekend . Camping is permitted in the back country of the park , but a permit is required from the visitor center . One of the extra events hosted by the park is the bat flight viewing . A program is given in the early evening at the amphitheater near the main entrance prior to the start of the flight , which varies with the sunset time . Flight programs are scheduled from Memorial Day weekend through the middle of October . Optimal viewing normally occurs in July and August when the current year bat pups first join the flight of adult bats . Morning programs are also hosted pre-dawn to witness the return of bats into the cave . Once a year , a bat flight breakfast is held where visitors can eat breakfast at the park prior to the morning return of bats . Throughout the year , star parties are hosted by the park at night . Rangers host informational programs on the celestial night sky and telescopes are also made available . These parties are often held in conjunction with special astronomical events , such as a transit of Venus . Recent exploration ( edit ) In 1985 a distinctive method of exploration was invented . In a dome area 255 feet ( 78 m ) above the Big Room floor not far from the Bottomless Pit , a stalagmite leaned out . Using a balsa wood loop with helium - filled balloons attached , the explorers , ( after several tries over several years ) , floated a lightweight cord up , over the target stalagmite , and back down to the ground . Then they pulled a climbing rope into position , and the explorers ascended into what they named The Spirit World . A similar , smaller room was found in the main entrance corridor , and was named Balloon Ballroom in honor of this technique . In 1993 , a series of small passages totaling nearly a mile in combined length was found in the ceiling of the New Mexico Room . Named `` Chocolate High '' , it was the largest discovery in the cave since the Guadalupe Room was found in 1966 . The Bottomless Pit was originally said to have no bottom . Stones were tossed into it , but no sound of the stones striking the bottom was heard . Later exploration revealed the bottom was about 140 feet ( 43 m ) deep and covered with soft dirt . The stones made no sound when they struck the bottom because they were lodged in the soft soil . On October 31 , 2013 , a cave technician exploring the Spirit World area discovered a new chamber hundreds of feet up from the main area . Dubbed `` Halloween Hall '' for the date of its discovery , the fresh find marks the biggest discovery for the caverns in more than 25 years . The room 's diameter is about 100 feet ( 30 m ) , and more than 1,000 bat bones were discovered inside the room . Other caves ( edit ) The park contains over 119 caves . Three caves are open to public tours . Carlsbad Caverns is the most famous and is fully developed with electric lights , paved trails , and elevators . Slaughter Canyon Cave and Spider Cave are undeveloped , excepted for designated paths for the guided `` adventure '' caving tours . Lechuguilla Cave is well known for its delicate speleothems and pristine underground environment . Guano mining occurred in the pit below the entrance in the 1910s . After gaining permission from the national park managers to dig into a rubble pile where wind whistled between the rocks when the weather changed , cavers broke through into a room in 1986 . Over 120 miles ( 190 km ) of cave passage has been explored and mapped . It has been mapped to a depth of 1,600 feet ( 490 m ) , making it the second deepest limestone cave in the U.S. To protect the fragile environment , access is limited to permitted scientific expeditions only . Bats ( edit ) Mexican free - tailed bats emerging from the natural entrance and flying to the nearest water Seventeen species of bats live in the park , including a large number of Mexican free - tailed bats . It has been estimated that the population of Mexican free - tailed bats once numbered in the millions but has declined drastically in modern times . The cause of this decline is unknown but the pesticide DDT is often listed as a primary cause . A study published in 2009 by a team from Boston University questions whether millions of bats ever existed in the caverns . Many techniques have been used to estimate the bat population in the cave . The most recent and most successful of these attempts involved the use of thermal imaging camera to track and count the bats . A count from 2005 estimated a peak of 793,000 . The Mexican free - tailed bats are present from April or May to late October or early November . They emerge in a dense group , corkscrewing upwards and counterclockwise , usually starting around sunset and lasting about three hours . ( Jim White decided to investigate the caverns when he saw the bats from a distance and at first thought they were a volcano or a whirlwind . ) Every early evening from Memorial Day weekend to mid October ( with possible exceptions for bad weather ) , a ranger gives a talk on the bats while visitors sitting in the amphitheater wait to watch the bats emerge . Other attractions ( edit ) Carlsbad Cavern amphitheater Three hiking trails and an unpaved drive provide access to the desert scenery and ecosystem . The developed portion around the cave entrance has been designated as The Caverns Historic District . A detached part of the park , Rattlesnake Springs Picnic Area , is a natural oasis with landscaping , picnic tables , and wildlife habitats . As a wooded riparian area in the desert , it is home to remarkable variety of birds ; over 300 species have been recorded . About 500 species have been recorded in the whole state of New Mexico . Rattlesnake Springs is designated a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places . The National Audubon Society has designated Rattlesnake Springs an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) . The natural entrance to the caverns is also an IBA because of its colony of cave swallows , possibly the world 's largest . Antibiotic - resistant bacteria have been discovered in the isolated and little - visited Lechuguilla Cave within the park . See also ( edit ) U.S. Forest Service Blanchard Springs Caverns Mammoth Cave National Park Guadalupe Mountains National Park McKittrick Canyon Wind Cave National Park List of areas in the National Park System of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/721 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park -- Park Fun '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service , Cave Geology : Dissolution and decoration ( PDF ) , retrieved 13 July 2012 Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Surface Geology : From living reef to desert mountains . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elevators Whisk Tourist to Bottom of 750 - Foot Cave '' Popular Science , May 1932 , drawings of visitor center and elevators ^ Jump up to : `` Creation of Carlsbad Cave National Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Cave National Monument -- Executive Order '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Cave National Monument -- Supplemental Executive Order '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Creation of Carlsbad Cavern National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park -- Executive Order '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carter -- National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 Statement on Signing S. 791 Into Law . '' . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big Room Self - Guided Route '' . National Park Service . 2005 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Fees and Reservations '' . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Bat Flight Program '' . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Night Sky Events '' . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cave History Update # 8 , December 15 , 2003 : 18th Anniversary of Spirit World Exploration at Caverns '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) . `` ' Halloween Hall ' at Carlsbad Caverns is biggest area discovered in more than 25 years '' . Current - Argus News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park ; Slaughter Canyon Cave Tour '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park ; Spider Cave Tour '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park : Lechuguilla Cave '' . NPS . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Deepest cave discovered in the Bob '' . Missoula Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park : Bats '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Susan Millius . `` Carlsbad 's 8 million ' lost ' bats likely never existed '' ( PDF ) . Science News . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park : Bat Research : How many bats and other common questions '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park - Bat Flight Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park -- Brazilian Free - Tail Bat Outflight '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jim White . `` Carlsbad , New Mexico '' . PBS Weekend Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Betsy ( August 1986 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form : The Caverns Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park - Animals '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Parmeter , John ; Neville , Bruce ; Emkalns , Doug ( 2002 ) . New Mexico Bird Finding Guide ( Third ed . ) . New Mexico Ornithological Society . pp. 2 , 251 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Betsy ( October 1986 ) . `` National Register of Historic Place Inventory - Nomination Form : Rattlesnake Springs Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Antibiotics - resistant bacteria in Lechuguilla Cave accessdate = 2013 - 11 - 30 The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003 . Washington : U.S. Department of the Interior . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCarlsbad Caverns National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site : Carlsbad Caverns National Park USGS 3D Photographic Geology Tour for Carlsbad Caverns National Park Fly - through of Historic Carlsbad Caverns Stairs ( HABS , HAER , March 2013 ) National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of New Mexico National Parks Carlsbad Caverns National Historical Parks Chaco Culture Manhattan Project Pecos National Monuments Aztec Ruins Bandelier Capulin Volcano El Malpais El Morro Fort Union Gila Cliff Dwellings Petroglyph Salinas Pueblo Missions White Sands National Trails El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Old Spanish Trail Santa Fe Trail National Forests Apache - Sitgreaves Carson Cibola Coronado Gila Lincoln Santa Fe National Grasslands Kiowa National Wildlife Refuges Bitter Lake Bosque del Apache Grulla Las Vegas Maxwell San Andres Sevilleta National Conservation Areas El Malpais Fort Stanton -- Snowy River Cave BLM National Monuments Kasha - Katuwe Tent Rocks Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks Prehistoric Trackways Rio Grande del Norte National Natural Landmarks See List of National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico National Preserves Valles Caldera Wilderness Aldo Leopold Apache Kid Bandelier Bisti / De-Na - Zin Blue Range Bosque del Apache Capitan Mountains Carlsbad Caverns Cebolla Chama River Canyon Columbine - Hondo Cruces Basin Dome Gila Latir Peak Manzano Mountain Ojito Pecos Sabinoso Salt Creek San Pedro Parks Sandia Mountain West Malpais Wheeler Peak White Mountain Withington State Parks Bluewater Lake Bottomless Lakes Brantley Lake Caballo Lake Cerrillos Hills Cimarron Canyon City of Rocks Clayton Lake Conchas Lake Coyote Creek Eagle Nest Lake El Vado Lake Elephant Butte Lake Fenton Lake Heron Lake Hyde Memorial Leasburg Dam Living Desert Zoo and Gardens Manzano Mountains Mesilla Valley Bosque Morphy Lake Navajo Lake Oasis Oliver Lee Memorial Pancho Villa Percha Dam Rio Grande Nature Center Rockhound Santa Rosa Lake Storrie Lake Sugarite Canyon Sumner Lake Ute Lake Vietnam Veterans Memorial Villanueva World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park&oldid=797151607 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Carlsbad Caverns National Park Caves of New Mexico Limestone caves Parks in Eddy County , New Mexico Geology museums in New Mexico Museums in Eddy County , New Mexico Natural history museums in New Mexico Show caves in the United States Landforms of Eddy County , New Mexico Limestone formations of the United States 1930 establishments in New Mexico Protected areas established in 1930 National parks in New Mexico World Heritage Sites in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 07 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where is the carlsbad caverns national park located
|
[
"Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. The primary attraction of the park is the show cave, Carlsbad Cavern. Carlsbad Caverns National Park is open every day of the year except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day. Visitors to the cave can hike in on their own via the natural entrance or take an elevator from the visitor center."
] |
[
"Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico"
] |
4288973207490432820
|
2017 Las Vegas shooting
|
2017 Las Vegas shooting - Wikipedia 2017 Las Vegas shooting This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 June 2018 . `` Las Vegas shooting '' redirects here . For other uses , see Las Vegas shooting ( disambiguation ) . 2017 Las Vegas shooting Mandalay Bay Hotel Route 91 Harvest country music festival grounds ( Full screen ) Location Las Vegas Strip , Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Date October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) c. 10 : 05 -- 10 : 15 p.m. ( PDT ; UTC − 07 : 00 ) Target Audience of the Route 91 Harvest music festival Attack type Mass shooting , murder -- suicide Weapons 24 guns in total , including : 14 . 223 - caliber AR - 15 - type rifles 8 . 308 - caliber AR - 10 - type rifles . 308 - caliber Ruger American bolt - action rifle . 38 - caliber Smith & Wesson Model 342 AirLite TI revolver Deaths 59 ( including the perpetrator ) Non-fatal injuries 851 ( 422 by gunfire ) Perpetrator Stephen Paddock The 2017 Las Vegas shooting occurred on the night of Sunday , October 1 , 2017 when a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , leaving 58 people dead and 851 injured . Between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT , 64 - year - old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite , Nevada , fired more than 1,100 rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel . About an hour after he fired his last shot into the crowd , he was found dead in his room from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . His motive remains unknown . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States . It reignited the debate about gun laws in the U.S. , with attention focused on bump fire stocks , which Paddock used to fire semi-automatic rifles at a rate similar to that of a fully automatic weapon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Location 1.2 Perpetrator 2 Shooting 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Attack 2.3 Immediate response 2.4 Casualties 3 Aftermath 3.1 Gun control discussion 4 Investigation 4.1 Early reports 4.2 Preliminary investigation 4.3 Weaponry 5 Conspiracy theories 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Location ( edit ) The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard immediately south of the city of Las Vegas in Clark County , Nevada . The Strip is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels , including the 43 - story Mandalay Bay southwest of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road , in the unincorporated town of Paradise . Las Vegas Village , a 15 - acre ( 6.1 - hectare ) lot used for outdoor performances , is located diagonally across the intersection to the northeast . From 2014 onward , the venue hosted the annual Route 91 Harvest country music festival . The 2017 festival ran from September 29 to October 1 , with over 22,000 attendees on the final day . Perpetrator ( edit ) Main article : Stephen Paddock Stephen Paddock was a 64 - year - old former auditor and real estate businessman who had been living 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of Las Vegas in a retirement community in Mesquite , Nevada . Paddock was twice divorced , had a long - term girlfriend , and had no known children . He was a son of Benjamin Paddock , a bank robber who was on the FBI 's most - wanted list between 1969 and 1977 . Paddock 's only recorded interactions with law enforcement were traffic citations . Paddock was a high - stakes gambler who placed bets at a high enough level to earn valuable comps -- free benefits such as rooms and meals . He was a familiar figure to casino hosts in Las Vegas , but was not well known among other high - stakes gamblers because he mostly played video poker . He reportedly kept to himself and was a heavy drinker . Paddock had lost a significant amount of his wealth over the previous two years , but had paid off all gambling debts before the shooting . Paddock may have considered attacking other events . He had researched large - scale venues in cities such as Boston since at least May 2017 , and had reserved a room overlooking the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago , but did not use it . According to his girlfriend , she and Paddock were at the Mandalay Bay during an earlier stay a month before the attack when he repeatedly cased out Las Vegas Village from different windows in their room . From September 17 , Paddock stayed at The Ogden in Downtown Las Vegas , which overlooked the open - air Life Is Beautiful festival that ran from September 22 to September 24 . His internet search terms from mid-September included `` swat weapons '' , `` ballistics chart 308 '' , `` SWAT Las Vegas '' , and `` do police use explosives '' . Shooting ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Paddock arrived at the Mandalay Bay on September 25 , 2017 . He was booked into Room 32 - 135 , a complimentary room on the 32nd floor . Four days later , he also checked into the directly - connected Room 32 - 134 . Both suites overlook the site of the concert at Las Vegas Village . Between September 25 and October 1 -- the day of the shooting -- he stockpiled an arsenal of weapons , associated equipment and ammunition that included fourteen AR - 15 rifles ( twelve of which had bump stocks and 100 - round magazines ) , eight AR - 10 rifles , a bolt - action rifle , and a revolver . Often with the help of hotel bellhops , he brought five suitcases to his room on September 25 , seven on the 26th , two on the 28th , six on the 30th , and two on October 1 . Cell phone records also show that he also made multiple visits to his home in Mesquite . On September 30 , he placed `` Do not disturb '' signs on the doors of both rooms . Paddock spent much of his time at the Mandalay Bay before the shooting gambling , often at night . He interacted with Mandalay Bay employees more than ten times during his stay , including twice on the day of the shooting ; an MGM Resorts International spokesperson said they were all `` normal in nature '' . Attack ( edit ) Schematic of the shooting scene . Paddock indiscriminately fired rifle rounds from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel toward the concertgoers at Las Vegas Village . The mass shooting occurred between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT on October 1 , 2017 , which was the third and final night of the festival . When the shooting began , country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance . Shortly before 10 : 00 p.m. , hotel security guard Jesus Campos was sent to the 32nd floor to investigate an open - door alert . He attempted to open a door that provided immediate access to the floor , but found that it would not open . After Campos entered the floor , he discovered an L - shaped bracket screwed into the door and door frame , which was responsible for barring the door from opening . After reporting the discovery to his dispatch center , he heard the sound of rapid drilling coming from Room 32 - 135 and went to investigate the matter . At approximately 10 : 05 , he was hit in the right thigh by one of about 35 bullets that Paddock fired through the door of his suite . After Campos was hit , he took cover in the alcove between Rooms 32 - 122 and 32 - 124 and immediately informed the hotel by radio and cellphone that he had been shot , though he believed he had been shot with a BB or pellet gun . At the same time , maintenance worker Stephen Schuck was on the same floor to fix the door that Campos had reported as being barricaded . Campos , who was already injured , encountered Schuck and told him to take cover . Schuck contacted hotel dispatchers over his radio , informed them of the ongoing shooting , and told them to call the police . Neither Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department nor MGM Resorts International , the Mandalay Bay 's owner , have confirmed when information about the initial shooting was relayed to the police . Mandalay Bay hotel Main stage of Route 91 Harvest festival Jet fuel tanks at McCarran International Airport After Paddock used a hammer to break two of the windows in both of his suites , he began shooting through them at 10 : 05 p.m. He ultimately fired more than 1,100 rifle rounds approximately 490 yards ( 450 m ) into the festival audience . He initially started out with a few single gunshots before firing in prolonged bursts . Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks . During the shooting , a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15 - acre concrete lot . The gunfire continued , with some momentary pauses , over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10 : 15 p.m. In addition to shooting at the concertgoers , Paddock fired eight bullets at a large jet fuel tank at McCarran International Airport 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) away . Two of those bullets struck the exterior of the tank , with one bullet penetrating the tank . The fuel did not explode because jet fuel is mostly kerosene , which is unlikely to ignite when struck by a bullet . During the shooting , police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay , the nearby Luxor hotel , or the festival grounds . There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip . Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire in the middle of the northern side of Mandalay Bay and responded to the hotel . At 10 : 12 p.m. , two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them . When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10 : 17 p.m. and encountered Campos a minute later , he directed them to Paddock 's room and helped others evacuate . Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself . Between 10 : 26 and 10 : 30 p.m. , eight additional officers arrived at the 32nd floor ; some of those officers manually breached through the door Paddock had screwed shut with the bracket . The gunfire had ceased , and the police moved systematically down the hallway , searching and clearing each room , using a master key that was provided by Campos . At 10 : 55 p.m. , the officers finished evacuating guests . At 11 : 20 p.m. , police breached Room 32 - 135 with explosives . Paddock was found dead on the floor from a self - inflicted gunshot wound to the head . Police then breached Room 32 - 134 ; while entering the hotel suite , an officer accidentally fired a three - round burst from his weapon , but the bullets did not hit anyone . At 11 : 27 p.m. , officers announced over the police radio that a suspect was down . Immediate response ( edit ) Much of Las Vegas Boulevard was closed while police SWAT teams combed the venue and neighboring businesses . McCarran International Airport , adjacent to the shooting site , was shut down for several hours . Approximately 300 people entered the airport property as they fled to safety from the shooting . This prompted officials to shut down all four runways . More than 25 flights were rerouted to ensure that no aircraft would be hit by gunfire , while other flights were canceled before airfield operations resumed at 12 : 40 a.m. on October 2 . At approximately 2 : 45 p.m. PDT on October 2 , a state of emergency was declared in Clark County . Early on October 2 , Sheriff Lombardo identified the suspect as Stephen Paddock . Casualties ( edit ) Fifty - eight people were shot to death at the music festival ; Paddock 's suicide was the only death at the Mandalay Bay Hotel . The fatalities included 36 women and 22 men . The oldest was 67 , the youngest 20 . Six were from Nevada , 35 from California , 13 from other states , and four from Canada . The Clark County Coroner 's Office determined that all 58 victims died as a result of gunshot wounds . Thirty one of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene , while the rest were pronounced dead at hospitals . An additional 851 people were injured , 422 of them with gunshot wounds . In the aftermath , many victims were transported to area hospitals , which included University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center , and at least one of the six hospitals of Valley Health System . Sunrise Hospital treated the largest portion of the wounded : 199 patients , 150 of whom arrived within a timespan of about 40 minutes . For reasons that are unclear , most patients were transported to Sunrise , a Level II trauma center . University Medical Center , a nearby Level I trauma center , treated 104 patients . Six victims sought medical treatment in Southern California ; UC Irvine Medical Center treated four and Loma Linda University Medical Center treated two . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States , exceeding the death toll of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , where 49 people were shot and killed . Aftermath ( edit ) The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign adorned with flowers on October 9 , 2017 , a week after the shooting President Trump visits a Las Vegas shooting victim as his wife Melania looks on . On the morning after the shooting , lines to donate blood in Las Vegas stretched for blocks . Wait times were as much as six hours or more . Millions of dollars have also been raised to help victims and their families . Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval called the shooting `` a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family '' . Jason Aldean , who was singing when the shooting started , posted his condolences on Instagram and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack . At a press conference , President Donald Trump described Paddock as `` a very very sick individual '' , and `` a demented man , ( with ) a lot of problems '' . He added , `` the police department has done such an incredible job , and we 'll be talking about gun laws as time goes by '' . A White House official talking points memo , distributed to Trump allies , opposed tightening gun control since `` new laws wo n't stop a mad man '' , but `` will curtail the freedoms of law abiding citizens '' . On October 2 , Trump issued a proclamation to honor the victims and their families . On October 4 , Trump visited the shooting victims and first responders . A unity prayer walk and ceremony was held in Las Vegas on October 7 in honor of the dead . Speakers at the ceremony included Vice President Mike Pence and Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman . On the evening of October 15 , thousands participated in a commemorative 3 mile walk between Circus Circus and Mandalay Bay . The annual Rock ' n ' Roll Las Vegas Marathon took place on November 12 and was the largest event to be held in the city since the shooting . The event received a massive amount of security , which included 350 officers , counter-sniper surveillance posts , and a number of barriers composed of dump trucks , buses , and other large vehicles . The expansion Vegas Golden Knights of the NHL held a tribute to the victims and honoured response personnel before their inaugural home game on October 10 . Later during the season , the number 58 became the first number in team history to be retired , chosen for the 58 deaths during the shooting . The future of the Las Vegas Village site remains undetermined . Gun control discussion ( edit ) The shooting prompted support in the U.S. Congress for assault weapons legislation that would ban bump fire stocks . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) came out in favor of administrative bump fire stock regulations . Many Congressional Democrats and some Republicans expressed their support of a prohibition of bump fire stocks . Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced a Senate bill that gained 39 Democratic co-sponsors . Two bipartisan bills have been introduced in the House of Representatives . As of November , no Congressional action has been taken . House leaders said the issue of bump fire stock regulation should be decided by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms , which originally approved gun - stocks . On November 6 , Massachusetts became the first state to ban the sale , possession , or use of the devices . Nine days after the shooting , eighteen Democratic U.S. Senators introduced a bill , the Keep Americans Safe Act , which , if signed into law , would ban gun magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition . Stock prices of firearms manufacturers rose the day after the shooting , as has happened after similar incidents . Investors expect gun sales will increase over concerns that such an event could lead to more stringent gun - control legislation and a rush of customers wishing to defend themselves against future attacks . Investigation ( edit ) According to authorities with the Clark County Commissioner , the name `` 1 October '' was declared the official title for investigations into the mass shooting . Early reports ( edit ) Investigators found hidden surveillance cameras that were placed inside and outside the hotel room , presumably so Paddock could monitor the arrival of others . The cameras were not in record mode . Police said a handwritten note found in the room indicated Paddock had been calculating the distance , wind , and trajectory from his 32nd floor hotel suite to the concertgoers he was targeting on the festival lot . At a press conference on October 4 , Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo stated there was evidence -- which he declined to discuss -- that Paddock intended to escape the scene , and that he may have had assistance from an accomplice . Investigators searched Paddock 's room and found a `` bulletproof vest '' and breathing apparatus , which were survival gear that Paddock never used . There have been several changes in the official account and timeline of Paddock 's shooting of hotel security guard Campos . Police officials described these adjustments as `` minute changes '' that are common in complex investigations . In their first statement about the incident , police officials inaccurately reported that Campos arrived on the scene after Paddock began firing into the crowd . In a second statement , police officials reported , again inaccurately , that Campos was shot six minutes before Paddock began firing into the crowd . That report had been based on a 9 : 59 p.m. notation in a hotel security log , which in a third statement was determined to have been the time when Campos encountered the barricaded door . Sheriff Lombardo dismissed allegations that the changing timeline was the result of some kind of conspiracy between the police department , the FBI , and MGM Resorts International saying , `` Nobody is attempting to hide anything in reference to this investigation . The dynamics and the size of this investigation requires us to go through voluminous amounts of information in order to draw an accurate picture . '' Preliminary investigation ( edit ) Although the investigation remains ongoing , the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department released a preliminary report on the event on January 18 , 2018 . Police speculate that Paddock acted alone and have not determined his motive . No links have been identified to any hate groups , terrorist groups or ideologies , and he did not record a reason for his actions . On February 2 , 2018 , Douglas Haig , an Arizonan ammunition dealer , was charged in a Nevada federal court with `` conspiracy to manufacture and sell armor - piercing ammunition without a license '' after his fingerprints were discovered on unfired armor - piercing ammunition inside Paddock 's suite . Weaponry ( edit ) Twenty - four firearms , a large quantity of ammunition , and numerous high - capacity magazines capable of holding up to 100 rounds apiece were found in the suite . Fourteen of the firearms were . 223 - caliber AR - 15 - type semi-automatic rifles : three manufactured by Colt , two by Daniel Defense , two by FN Herstal , two by LWRC International , two by POF - USA , one with a . 223 Wylde chamber by Christensen Arms , one made - to - order by LMT , and one by Noveske . The others were eight . 308 - caliber AR - 10 - type rifles , one . 308 - caliber Ruger American bolt - action rifle , and one . 38 - caliber Smith & Wesson Model 342 revolver . The AR - 15 rifles were fitted with vertical forward grips and bump fire stocks , the latter of which allowed for recoil to actuate their triggers at a rate of 90 rounds in 10 seconds . The AR - 10 rifles were equipped with various telescopic sights and mounted on bipods . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives determined that the firearms found in his hotel room , along with more guns found in his homes , had been legally purchased in Nevada , California , Texas , and Utah . In the month preceding the shooting , he had attempted to purchase tracer ammunition , but the gun dealer he approached did not have the item in stock . He bought tracer ammunition from a private seller at a Phoenix , Arizona gun show . During subsequent investigations , ammonium nitrate ( often used in improvised explosive devices ) was found in the trunk of his Hyundai Tucson SUV , along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of Tannerite , a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges . Undersheriff Kevin McMahill said that while Paddock had `` nefarious intent '' with the material , he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device . Conspiracy theories ( edit ) In the hours and days after the shooting , false information and fake news about the shooter 's identity and motive went viral on social media : A 4chan / pol / thread , which misidentified the shooter and described him as a registered Democrat , briefly featured in the `` Top Stories '' section of a Google search for the man 's name . The misinformation was circulated by a number of websites including The Gateway Pundit . The fake news website YourNewsWire spread false information about a second gunman who was shooting from the fourth floor of the hotel . Two of Facebook 's top trending pages were items from Sputnik , a Russian government news agency . These included one story that falsely claimed the FBI had linked the shooter to a terrorist group . The stories were later removed from Sputnik with an apology . Stories linking the shooter to Antifa have also been discredited . The terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) claimed that Paddock was their `` soldier '' and that he had answered Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi 's call to attack coalition countries . ISIS provided no evidence for its claim , and had previously released multiple false claims of responsibility for incidents with which they had no connection . On October 9 , 2017 , the FBI declared that Paddock 's attack was not linked to international terrorism . Google and Facebook were criticized for displaying such false news stories in some of their search results . The two technology companies were said to have failed in their responsibility of keeping false stories from reaching the public . Facebook later said its algorithms were designed to detect and remove false stories , but failed to work adequately in this instance . In the aftermath of the shooting , some media outlets reported that YouTube search results for information about the shooting returned links to conspiracy videos . YouTube stated that it had tweaked its search algorithm to promote news sources which it considered more authoritative . Some experts have stated that the removal of this content ironically fuels conspiracy theories by making a cover - up seem evident . Survivors of the shooting have been accused of being paid actors , with some having received death threats on social media . Conspiracy theorist Alex Jones stated that `` Vegas is as phony as a three dollar bill or as Obama 's birth certificate . '' Conspiracy theorists claim that there were multiple shooters and that details of the massacre are being covered up for the sake of promoting gun control laws . See also ( edit ) Gun violence in the United States Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States Gun laws in Nevada Mass shootings in the United States List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of rampage killers List of rampage killers ( Americas ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the layout of the festival , see `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For a diagram of Paddock 's hotel suite and connecting room , see : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 ... Jump up ^ For an infographic of what occurred at the venue during the shooting , see the fourth image of : `` Las Vegas Shooting : Chaos at a Concert and a Frantic Search at Mandalay Bay '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 ... References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas shooting : This is what investigators found in Stephen Paddock 's hotel room '' . KTNV - TV . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Google . `` 2017 Las Vegas shooting '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Festival attacked by Las Vegas shooter had been success story in creating outdoor music destination '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event : 171001 - 3519 '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vives , Ruben ; Ryan , Harriet ; Serna , Joseph ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The mystery of Stephen Paddock -- gambler , real estate investor , mass killer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Something went ' incredibly wrong ' with Las Vegas gunman , brother says '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Report : Strip shooter Paddock was ' germaphobic ' and had strong reactions to smells '' . LasVegasSun.com . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Tavernise , Sabrina ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Chased Gambling 's Payouts and Perks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ; Prince , Todd ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paddock 's game of choice , video poker , allowed him to blend in '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Holly ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Portrait of Las Vegas gunman : A narcissist on a losing streak '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andone , Dakin ; Sidner , Sara ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` What we learned from the Las Vegas shooting report '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' forceful ' with Chicago hotel manager : TMZ '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` A New Report on the Las Vegas Gunman Was Released . Here Are Some Takeaways '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Lawsuit filed as new questions raised over timeline '' . CNN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Matt ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` The most comprehensive look yet at how the Las Vegas concert massacre unfolded '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince , Todd ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mandalay Bay staff interacted with Las Vegas shooter more than 10 times in days before Oct. 1 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turkewitz , Julie ; Goldman , Adam ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Another Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Caps Days of Confusion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mitch ; Turkewitz , Julie ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say there was no six - minute gap between first shots and concert massacre '' . Washington Post . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worker warned hotel before Las Vegas shooter opened fire on crowd '' . CBS News . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Mounts for Vegas Police to Explain Response Time '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Vegas authorities did not respond to questions about whether hotel security or anyone else in the hotel called 911 to report the gunfire Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ; Medina , Jennifer ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . It is not known when and how the hotel security officials informed the police that Mr. Campos had been shot ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say no 6 - minute gap between 1st shots and concert attack '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police defend shifting timeline of shooting , warn it could change again '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . The revelation from Joseph Lombardo , the Las Vegas sheriff , gave way to a new round of questions , including when information about this shooting was relayed to hotel security and when -- or if -- that detail was then given to the local police . So far , neither the police or the hotel have offered any answers Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` The cold , calculating timeline of the Las Vegas gunman '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas massacre gunman fired more than 1,100 rounds , sheriff says '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yablonski , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Only on Boston 25 : Exclusive photos of Las Vegas shooter 's guns '' . WFXT . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Meg ; Rocha , Veronica ; Wills , Amanda ; Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Live updates '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Aldean Responds To Route 91 Festival Shooting : ' Tonight Has Been Beyond Horrific ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schick , Camilla ; Horn , Dave ; Cirillo , Chris ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting Live Updates : Multiple Weapons Found in Las Vegas Gunman 's Hotel Room '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Sally ; Garcia Cano , Regina ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm going to die ' : fear grips Vegas strip ; gunman kills 59 '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German , Jeff ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Commissioner calls for security review of jet fuel tanks after Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : del Castillo Galvan , Severiano ; Rand , Wesley ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minute - by - minute breakdown of Las Vegas Strip shooting -- TIMELINE '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Christal ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : Cops Took More Than An Hour to Storm Gunman 's Room '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Lynh ; Zapotosky , Matt ; Barrett , Devlin ; Berman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` At least 59 killed in Las Vegas shooting rampage , more than 500 others injured '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Law , James ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Wade ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Officer accidentally fired weapon in Las Vegas gunman 's Mandalay Bay suite '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lupiani , Joyce ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest news updates on the mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . KTNV . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tchekmedyian , Alene ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas airport temporary closed by mass shooting ; delays continue '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` McCarran 's fence breached by people fleeing Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary - Anne ; King , Yolanda T. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Declaration of Emergency '' ( PDF ) . Clark County , Nevada . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ ClarkCountyNV ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` An # emergency has been declared in # ClarkCounty as a result of # vegasshooting . It was issued a short time ago . # PrayForVegas '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Zhou , Naaman ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ; Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Names of Las Vegas victims emerge as police reveal gun stockpile -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Landler , Mark ; Jordan , Miriam ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Fink , Sheri ; Haag , Matthew ; Goldman , Russell ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` N.R.A. Supports New Rules on ' Bump Stock ' Devices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mims , Bob ; Ramseth , Luke ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Third Utahn dies in wake of Las Vegas massacre '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Coroner Releases Names of Deceased from Oct. 1 Mass Shooting '' . Clark County , Nevada . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , John ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joe ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases all 58 1 October victims ' cause of death '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff : Person of interest part of Strip shooting probe ; Paddock had child porn '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Brean , Henry ; Hassan , Anita ; Munks , Jamie ; Bekker , Jessie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' It was a horror show ' : Mass shooting leaves at least 59 dead , 527 wounded on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Amanda Lee ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bekker , Jessie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` 58 still in critical condition after Las Vegas mass shooting '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Alden ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Is this real ? ' : Seven hours of chaos , bravery at Las Vegas hospital after mass shooting '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` In the minutes and hours after the Las Vegas shooting , here 's what an emergency room nurse from Utah saw '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Alden ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Patients went to wrong hospital as misinformation spread '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix : Gannett . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , Suzanne ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Southern California hospitals treat at least six Las Vegas mass shooting survivors '' . The Orange County Register . Southern California News Group . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Susan ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting now tops list of worst mass shootings in U.S. history '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Christine ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Donation Lines for Las Vegas Shooting Victims Stretch for Blocks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donations for Las Vegas shooting victims are plentiful but disjointed '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Brian ( @ GovSandoval ) ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A tragic & heinous act of violence has shaken the # Nevada family . Our prayers are w / the victims & all affected by this act of cowardice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna and More React to Vegas Shooting '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Lauren ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gun control : Trump says lawmakers will discuss issue ' as time goes by ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Trump dubs killer ' sick and demented ' '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tong , Judy ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting suspect 's girlfriend is a ' person of interest ' -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Presidential Proclamation Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' . whitehouse.gov . Washington , D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Scott ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Visits Shooting Victims , First Responders in Las Vegas '' . NPR . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ; Montero , David ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Vice President Mike Pence in Las Vegas : ' We are united in our grief ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munks , Jamie ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Thousands walk on Strip to remember Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Rehbein , Matt ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Heavy security blankets Las Vegas Marathon in wake of shooting '' . CNN . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights opt for # VegasStrong on boards over ads in home opener '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights retire jersey No. 58 to honor shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segall , Eli ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Site of Las Vegas shooting faces a cloudy future '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting highlights wide gaps in gun laws '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proposed bans on bump stocks have stalled in Congress '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Valle , Lauren ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Massachusetts becomes first state to ban bump stocks since Vegas massacre '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bill to ban high - capacity gun magazines introduced in Senate '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Tomi ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Gun - maker stocks rally after mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosendz , Polly ; Stock , Kyle ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Horror Drives All - Too - Predictable Gun Stock Rally '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 days after Las Vegas massacre many questions remain , few answers '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Berman , Mark ; Barrett , Devlin ; Zapotosky , Matt ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Police say Las Vegas gunman planned ' extensively , ' used cameras to monitor police as they approached '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slattery , Denis ; Cullen , Terence ; McShane , Larry ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer Stephen Paddock was planning to escape after the mass shooting '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas gunman 's nightstand note contained figures for wind , trajectory and distance : Officials '' . ABC News . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Note in Las Vegas gunman 's hotel room included details of bullet trajectory '' . CBS News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Paddock may have planned to escape '' . BBC News . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock fired ' incendiary ' rounds at fuel tank '' . News Channel 5 Network . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. ; Berman , Mark ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter was sober , autopsy finds , leaving his motives a mystery '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Thevenot , Carri Geer ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` Prosecutors charge Arizona man who sold ammo to Las Vegas shooter '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Kevin ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` High - capacity magazine used by Vegas shooter in high demand '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leefeldt , Ed ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock used a ' bump stock ' to make his guns even deadlier '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . At least one of the weapons was a made - to - order firearm made by Lewis Machine & Tool Company ( LMT ) . Jump up ^ Fonrouge , Gabrielle ; Celona , Larry ; Fears , Danika ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' tricked out ' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Alex ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Las Vegas shooter had 23 guns . Here 's what we know about them '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Grothjan , Evan ; Huang , Jon ; Parshina - Kottas , Yuliya ; Pearce , Adam ; Yourish , Karen ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ; Elinson , Zusha ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Gunman Had Arsenal in Hotel Room '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Delreal , Jose A. ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock , Las Vegas Suspect , Was a Gambler Who Drew Little Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter 's girlfriend returns to US as police reveal details of his planning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Almaguer , Miguel ; Winter , Tom ; Hunt , Kasie ; Helsel , Phil ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer to Question in Las Vegas Massacre , ' Why ? ' , Elusive So Far '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Ken ; Snow , Anita ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Man Says He Sold Ammunition to Las Vegas Shooter for a ' Light Show ' '' . Time . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' disturbed , dangerous ' , stockpiled weapons for decades : police '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chia , Jessica ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas mass shooter fired at aviation fuel tanks '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Paddock , Richard C. ; Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Mele , Christopher ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : At a Loss on Motive , F.B.I. Turns to Billboards for Leads '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tech giants sorry for false Vegas news '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Vynck , Gerrit ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fake News Fills Information Vacuum in Wake of Las Vegas Shooting '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palma , Bethania ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Did a Second Gunman Shoot From the Fourth Floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel ? '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ; Robertson , Derek ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roose , Kevin ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` After Las Vegas Shooting , Fake News Regains Its Megaphone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Saranac Hale ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` No Evidence Linking Vegas Shooter to Antifa '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : Isis gives Las Vegas gunman jihadi name in new claim amid widespread scepticism over terror links '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jason ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Did some media play into ISIS 's hands ? Some conservative outlets hyped the terror group 's claim that it was responsible for the Las Vegas shooting '' . Politico . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind ISIS ' bizarre claim on the Las Vegas massacre '' . CBS News . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` FBI : Las Vegas shooting has no connection with international terrorist group '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google promote politicized fake news about Las Vegas shooter '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pierson , David ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google pledged to stop fake news . So why did they promote Las Vegas - shooting hoaxes ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madrigal , Alexis C. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Google and Facebook Failed Us '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Heather ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube changes search to combat Las Vegas conspiracy videos '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guynn , Jessica ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube alters algorithm after searches for Las Vegas shooting turn up conspiracy theories '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` ' Taking them down fuels it more ' : why conspiracy theories are unstoppable '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' I hope someone truly shoots you ' : online conspiracy theorists harass Vegas victims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Chris ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) . `` The people who think mass shootings are staged '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip shooting . LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event : 171001 - 3519 - Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Recording of police radio communications for the incident - from Broadcastify.com LVMPD Dispatch Logs dated 10 / 03 / 2017 LVMPD Officer Reports LVMPD Witness Statements Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department : Press Releases , dated : October 2 , 2017 List of victims fatally shot Short tribute to each victim hide Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Facilities Clark County Detention Center Incidents 2014 Las Vegas shootings 2017 Las Vegas shooting Davis v. City of Las Vegas Misconduct in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area 2010s portal Criminal justice portal Death portal Las Vegas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Las_Vegas_shooting&oldid=846526671 '' Categories : 2017 in American music 2017 in Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting 2017 mass shootings in the United States 2017 murders in the United States 21st century in Las Vegas Attacks in the United States in 2017 Attacks on music venues Deaths by firearm in Nevada Filmed killings Las Vegas Strip Mandalay Bay Massacres in the United States Massacres in 2017 Mass murder in 2017 Mass murder in the United States Mass shootings in Nevada Murder in Nevada Murder -- suicides in Nevada October 2017 crimes in the United States Suicides by firearm in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 09 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who was playing during the las vegas shooting
|
[
"The mass shooting occurred between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT on October 1, 2017, which was the third and final night of the festival. When the shooting began, country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance.[17]"
] |
[
"Jason Aldean"
] |
-7536969777705803637
|
Magnifying glass
|
Magnifying glass - wikipedia Magnifying glass Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Text seen through a magnifying glass A plastic Fresnel lens sold as a TV - screen magnifier Diagram of a single lens magnifying glass . A magnifying glass ( called a hand lens in laboratory contexts ) is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object . The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle ( see image ) . A magnifying glass can be used to focus light , such as to concentrate the sun 's radiation to create a hot spot at the focus for fire starting . A sheet magnifier consists of many very narrow concentric ring - shaped lenses , such that the combination acts as a single lens but is much thinner . This arrangement is known as a Fresnel lens . The magnifying glass is an icon of detective fiction , particularly that of Sherlock Holmes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Magnification 3 Alternatives 4 Uses as a symbol 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) The earliest evidence of a magnifying device was a joke in Aristophanes 's The Clouds from 424 BC , where magnifying lenses to start kindling were sold in a pharmacy , and Pliny the Elder 's `` lens '' , a glass globe filled with water , used to cauterize wounds . ( Seneca wrote that it could be used to read letters `` no matter how small or dim '' ) . Roger Bacon described the properties of a magnifying glass in 13th - century England . Eyeglasses were developed in 13th - century Italy . Magnification ( edit ) Magnifying glass on an arm lamp The magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user 's eye and the object being viewed , and the total distance between them . The magnifying power is equivalent to angular magnification ( this should not be confused with optical power , which is a different quantity ) . The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the user 's retina with and without the lens . For the `` without '' case , it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as close to one eye as possible without it becoming blurry . This point , known as the near point , varies with age . In a young child , it can be as close as 5 cm , while , in an elderly person it may be as far as one or two metres . Magnifiers are typically characterized using a `` standard '' value of 0.25 m . The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens very close to one eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best focus . The object will then typically also be close to the lens . The magnifying power obtained in this condition is MP = ( 0.25 m ) Φ + 1 , where Φ is the optical power in dioptres , and the factor of 0.25 m represents the assumed near point ( 1⁄4 m from the eye ) . This value of the magnifying power is the one normally used to characterize magnifiers . It is typically denoted `` m × '' , where m = MP . This is sometimes called the total power of the magnifier ( again , not to be confused with optical power ) . However , magnifiers are not always used as described above because it is more comfortable to put the magnifier close to the object ( one focal length away ) . The eye can then be a larger distance away , and a good image can be obtained very easily ; the focus is not very sensitive to the eye 's exact position . The magnifying power in this case is roughly MP = ( 0.25 m ) Φ . A typical magnifying glass might have a focal length of 25 cm , corresponding to an optical power of 4 dioptres . Such a magnifier would be sold as a `` 2 × '' magnifier . In actual use , an observer with `` typical '' eyes would obtain a magnifying power between 1 and 2 , depending on where lens is held . Alternatives ( edit ) A 30 × Hastings triplet magnifier Magnifying glasses typically have low magnifying power : 2 × -- 6 × , with the lower - power types being much more common . At higher magnifications , the image quality of a simple magnifying glass becomes poor due to optical aberrations , particularly spherical aberration . When more magnification or a better image is required , other types of hand magnifier are typically used . A Coddington magnifier provides higher magnification with improved image quality . Even better images can be obtained with a multiple - lens magnifier , such as a Hastings triplet . High power magnifiers are sometimes mounted in a cylindrical or conical holder with no handle . This is called a loupe . Such magnifiers can reach up to about 30 × , and at these magnifications the aperture of the magnifier becomes very small and it must be placed very close to both the object and the eye . For more convenient use or for magnification beyond about 30 × , one must instead use a microscope . Uses as a symbol ( edit ) The magnifying glass ( i.e. , or U + 1F50D in Unicode : 🔍 ) is commonly used as a symbolic representation for the ability to search or zoom , especially in computer software and websites . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnifying glasses . Burning - glass Reading stone Glasses Macro lens Screen magnifier Graphoscope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The history of the telescope by Henry C. King , Harold Spencer Jones Publisher Courier Dover Publications , 2003 Pg 25 ISBN 0 - 486 - 43265 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43265 - 6 Jump up ^ Kriss , Timothy C. ; Kriss , Vesna Martich ( April 1998 ) . `` History of the Operating Microscope : From Magnifying Glass to Micro neurosurgery '' . Neurosurgery. 42 ( 4 ) : 899 -- 907 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006123 - 199804000 - 00116 . PMID 9574655 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Eugene ( 1987 ) . Optics ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . pp. 186 -- 188 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . Jump up ^ `` Bing Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Google Search '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnifying_glass&oldid=821505724 '' Categories : Magnifiers English inventions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 22 : 15 . About Wikipedia
|
where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens which signifies it as a magnifying glass
|
[] |
[] |
5170952914059339951
|
Courage the Cowardly Dog
|
Courage the Cowardly Dog - wikipedia Courage the Cowardly Dog Courage the Cowardly Dog Genre Horror Comedy Science fantasy Created by John R. Dilworth Written by John R. Dilworth David Steven Cohen Irvin S. Bauer ( season 1 ) Billy Aronson Craig Shemin Bill Marsilii Lory Lazarus Allan Neuwirth Gary Cooper Directed by John R. Dilworth Voices of Marty Grabstein Thea White Lionel G. Wilson Arthur Anderson Simon Prebble Paul Schoeffler Billie Lou Watt Opening theme `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' Ending theme `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jody Gray Andy Ezrin Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John R. Dilworth Producer ( s ) Robert Winthrop ( season 1 ) Winnie Chaffee ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Stretch Films Hanna - Barbera ( pilot only ) Wang Films Productions and Cuckoo 's Nest Studio Atomic Cartoons ( additional storyboards only ) Distributor Cartoon Network Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080p ( special ) Audio format Stereo Original release November 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) -- November 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) Chronology Related shows What a Cartoon ! Courage the Cowardly Dog is an American animated horror comedy television series created by John R. Dilworth for Cartoon Network 's Cartoon Cartoons block . The main character is the eponymous pink , anthropomorphic dog named Courage , who lives with a married elderly couple in the middle of Nowhere . The trio are frequently thrown into bizarre misadventures , often involving the paranormal or supernatural . The series is known for its dark , surreal humor and atmosphere . Dilworth pitched the series to Hanna - Barbera 's animated shorts showcase What a Cartoon ! , and a pilot ( titled `` The Chicken from Outer Space '' ) aired on Cartoon Network in early 1996 . The segment was nominated for an Academy Award , but lost to Wallace and Gromit 's A Close Shave . Cartoon Network greenlit a series from the short , which premiered on November 12 , 1999 and ended on November 22 , 2002 , with four seasons of 13 episodes each produced . During its run , the series was nominated for 3 Golden Reel Awards and 1 Annie Award . The series received critical acclaim from critics and audiences and has developed a strong cult following . Spin - off media include home video releases and collectible toys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Creation 2.2 Sound design 2.3 Broadcast history 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Merchandise 5.1 Home media releases 5.2 Video games 6 Planned CGI revival 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Courage the Cowardly Dog characters Courage the Cowardly Dog follows Courage ( Marty Grabstein ) , a pink and easily frightened dog . He was abandoned while a puppy after his parents were forcibly sent into outer space by a crazed veterinarian . He lives in a house with a connected garage near the fictional town of Nowhere , Kansas with Muriel Bagge ( Thea White ) , a friendly , sweet - natured Scottish woman , and her husband Eustace Bagge ( Lionel G. Wilson episodes 1 -- 33 , Arthur Anderson episodes 34 -- 52 ) , a grumpy , greedy farmer who regularly mistreats Courage and refers to him as `` stupid dog . '' Muriel found Courage in an alleyway and took him in as her own . Courage , Muriel , and Eustace frequently encounter monsters , aliens , demons , mad scientists , zombies and other such perils from myths and legends . The plot generally uses conventions common to horror films . Although most of the creatures that the three face are hostile , some turn out to be friendly and are simply suffering from distress and acting in desperation . The task of protecting the three main characters from such dangers falls on Courage , who endeavors to thwart or reconcile with the monster of the week and remedy or repair any damages done . Although Courage is occasionally aided with that task , the full extent of his efforts is usually performed unbeknownst to Muriel and Eustace . Ironically , given his name , Courage is a genuine coward , but still goes to great lengths to protect his owners . Although episodic in nature , there are a handful of recurring characters in the show 's cast , including Courage 's sarcastic , sentient computer ( Simon Prebble ) ; the family physician Dr. Vindaloo ( Paul Schoeffler ) ; a fortune - telling chihuahua named Shirley the Medium ( Mary Testa ) ; Eustace 's mother `` Ma '' ( Billie Lou Watt ) ; and villains Katz and Le Quack ( both voiced by Schoeffler ) . Production ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) Originally , Courage the Cowardly Dog was created as a seven - minute animated short , `` The Chicken from Outer Space '' . Dilworth started the animated short with Hanna - Barbera , sponsored by Cartoon Network and introduced Courage . Dilworth graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the School of Visual Arts in New York in 1985 . He became an art director and founded his own animation studio , Stretch Films in 1991 , and incorporated in 1994 . The animated short was shown as one of the episodes of Cartoon Network 's World Premiere Toons in 1996 , a Hanna - Barbera Cartoons innovation by then - president Fred Seibert . The short served as a de facto pilot for the future series . The original animated short had no dialogue except for one line spoken by Courage , who had a more authoritative voice than in the series . It was uttered by voice actor Howard Hoffman who also provided all the other vocal sounds and effects for the short . An alien chicken was the villain in this short , who later reappears in the series to seek revenge . His sons also attempt to seek revenge too in a later episode . The short was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 68th Academy Awards . Sound Design ( edit ) When deciding on sound effects , Dilworth tried to avoid pre-made stock sounds . He contributed a substantial amount of new material to sound designer Michael Geisler and only looked for sounds that made him laugh . The composition of the series ' music relied on what was being portrayed : suspense , comedy , or action . The production crew worked together to come up with new music for the series that had not previously been used . There were a few sections on one particular piece that Dilworth exceptionally liked . The production crew was able to isolate these sections and expand them into a usable theme . Dilworth further complicated the crew 's job by suggesting layering the theme with a variety of funny sounds , a strange tempo and a voice over of a crazed laugh or person singing to give the music and sound effects their own personality beyond anything else out there . Original music featured in Courage the Cowardly Dog was composed by Jody Gray and Andy Ezrin . Classical music can be heard at times , which pays homage to classic Warner Bros. animation and the scores of Carl Stalling . In several episodes , Gray arranged various famous classical pieces , such as Wagner 's `` Ride of the Valkyries '' , and wrote up to 15 songs . In 1999 , Cartoon Network gave Dilworth permission to turn the short into an animated series . Hanna - Barbera was responsible for the What a Cartoon ! anthology and intended on developing the series . However , Dilworth insisted on taking the production to his Stretch Films Studios . The stories ' plots were written by the show 's head writer , David Steven Cohen , in addition to Irv Bauer , Craig Shemin , Lory Lazarus , Bill Marsilii , Allan Neuwirth , Bill Aronson and Michelle Dilworth . Broadcast history ( edit ) Courage the Cowardly Dog originally was premiered as a short on February 18 , 1996 . The show premiered on November 12 , 1999 and became the highest - rated premiere in Cartoon Network history at the time . It last aired on November 22 , 2002 , with 52 episodes produced in four seasons . The series is available for streaming on Boomerang 's website . Reruns have aired on Boomerang . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Courage the Cowardly Dog episodes In total , there were 52 episodes in four seasons produced , plus a pilot episode and a special episode . The series ran from November 12 , 1999 , to November 22 , 2002 . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot February 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 18 ) 13 November 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) March 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 30 ) 13 October 31 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 31 ) November 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) 13 January 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 12 ) August 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 09 ) 13 September 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 06 ) November 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) Special October 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 31 ) Reception ( edit ) John G. Nettles of PopMatters reviewed the show and called it , `` a fascinating and textured mixture of cartoon and horror - movie conventions , and a joy to watch . '' Alex Mastas of Lights Out Films reviewed the show gave it a grade `` A − '' and described it : `` The backgrounds are rich and imaginative -- they composite a lot of the show over real photos and occasionally integrate CGI into the cartoon . The look is weird and ethereal , just like the show itself . '' KJ Dell Antonia of Common Sense Media gave three stars out of five with the summary , `` Cult fave ' toon plays over-the - top violence for laughs . '' Antonia warned parents that the series contains graphic animated violence , including `` exploding organs , growing extra limbs , turning inside out , you name it '' . Antonia said shows aimed at younger audiences `` usually do n't go for thrills and chills , so it 's good to see a genuinely surreal and slanted series develop a decent following . '' Jeff Swindoll of Monsters and Critics reviewed the first season DVD and felt a bit disappointed about its lack of the original Hanna - Barbera short `` The Chicken from Outer Space . '' Swindoll felt that the lack of special features still should not deter fans from buying the season since the other episodes have appeared on other releases of the series . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Academy Awards 1995 John R. Dilworth Best Animated Short Film Nominated Annie Awards 2000 John R. Dilworth Outstanding Individual Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television Production Won Golden Reel Awards 2000 For episode `` The Duck Brothers '' Best Sound Editing -- Television Animated Series -- Sound Nominated For episode `` Courage in the Big Stinkin ' City '' Best Sound Editing -- Television Animated Series -- Sound Won 2003 For episode `` The Tower of Dr. Zalost '' Best Sound Editing -- Television Animated Series -- Sound Nominated Merchandise ( edit ) Home Media releases ( edit ) VHS editions of Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost and Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders each include an episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog as a bonus . Courage the Cowardly Dog : Season One , a two - disc DVD set featuring all 13 episodes from the show 's first season , was released in Australia ( Region 4 ) on September 12 , 2007 , by Madman Entertainment . On January 13 , 2010 , the complete second season was also released . A Region 1 release of the first season was done by Warner Home Video ( via Warner Archive ) on July 20 , 2010 . The release is the second in an official release of several Cartoon Cartoons on DVD , under the `` Cartoon Network Hall of Fame '' name . The second season was released on October 14 , 2014 as the fourth in the `` Hall of Fame '' series . The third season was originally supposed to be released on DVD in Region 1 on February 2 , 2016 , but it was delayed to ( and was released on ) March 22 , 2016 . It is the fifth title in the Cartoon Network Hall of Fame series . The fourth and final season was released on September 27 , 2016 . In addition , all four seasons of the series are available for download on iTunes . The PlayStation 2 version of the video game Cartoon Network Racing contains the episodes `` Robot Randy '' and `` The Magic Tree of Nowhere '' as unlockable extras . Title Season ( s ) Episode count Release date Episodes Region 1 Region 4 The Powerpuff Girls : Dream Scheme ( VHS ) November 7 , 2000 N / A 12b ( `` Journey to the Center of Nowhere '' ) Cartoon Network Halloween : 9 Creepy Cartoon Capers August 10 , 2004 N / A 4a ( `` The Demon in the Mattress '' ) Cartoon Network Christmas : Yuletide Follies October 5 , 2004 N / A 40b ( `` The Nutcracker '' ) Cartoon Network Halloween 2 : Grossest Halloween Ever 1 , 2 August 9 , 2005 N / A 5a ( `` Night of the Weremole '' ) and 17a ( `` Courage Meets the Mummy '' ) Cartoon Network : Christmas Rocks October 4 , 2005 N / A 10a ( `` The Snowman Cometh '' ) The Complete First Season 13 July 20 , 2010 September 12 , 2007 1 ( `` A Night at the Katz Motel '' / `` Cajun Granny Stew '' ) -- 13 ( `` Little Muriel '' / `` The Great Fusilli '' ) 4 Kid Favorites : The Hall of Fame Collection 8 March 13 , 2012 N / A 1 ( `` A Night at the Katz Motel '' / `` Cajun Granny Stew '' ) -- 8 ( `` The Hunchback of Nowhere '' / `` The Gods Must Be Goosey '' ) 4 Kid Favorites : The Hall of Fame Collection Vol. 2 5 March 12 , 2013 N / A 9 ( `` Queen of the Black Puddle '' / `` Everyone Wants to Direct '' ) -- 13 ( `` Little Muriel '' / `` The Great Fusilli '' ) The Complete Second Season 13 October 14 , 2014 January 13 , 2010 14 ( `` The Magic Tree of Nowhere '' / `` Robot Randy '' ) -- 26 ( `` The Tower of Dr. Zalost '' ) Extra : Pilot ( `` The Chicken from Outer Space '' ) The Complete Third Season March 22 , 2016 N / A 27 ( `` Muriel Meets Her Match '' / `` Courage vs. Mecha - Courage '' ) -- 39 ( `` King of Flan '' / `` Courage Under the Volcano '' ) The Complete Fourth Season September 27 , 2016 N / A 40 ( `` A Beaver 's Tale '' / `` The Nutcracker '' ) -- 52 ( `` Remembrance of Courage Past '' / `` Perfect '' ) The Complete Series 1 -- 4 52 October 2 , 2018 N / A 1 ( `` A Night at the Katz Motel '' / `` Cajun Granny Stew '' ) -- 52 ( `` Remembrance of Courage Past '' / `` Perfect '' ) Video games ( edit ) Though the series has no official video games , characters from Courage the Cowardly Dog appear in the Cartoon Network games Cartoon Network : Block Party , Cartoon Network Racing , Cartoon Network Speedway , and Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall . Planned CGI Revival ( edit ) In February 2012 , BuzzFeed reported that a CGI special of Courage the Cowardly Dog was in development . The special , entitled `` The Fog of Courage '' , was finally aired in 2014 . However , BuzzFeed also stated that there are strong chances of bringing back Courage the Cowardly Dog in a CGI format . A Facebook campaign was launched in July 2016 to convince Cartoon Network to greenlight a fifth season of Courage . Also , it was said that voice actor Brian Doyle - Murray was assigned to voice Eustace Bagge in a potential CGI reboot of the series due to the death of Arthur Anderson in April 2016 . However , no other information has been said since . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mendoza , N.F. ( February 18 , 1996 ) . `` SHOWS FOR YOUNGSTERS AND THEIR PARENTS TOO : Cartoon Network stars a hen from outer space ; ' Human Animal ' explores our needs on TLC '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance of Courage Past '' . Courage the Cowardly Dog . Season 4 . Episode 13a. 2002 - 11 - 22 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Bob ( November 1 , 1999 ) . `` The Triumphant Independent -- an interview with John R. Dilworth '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Strike , Joe ( July 15 , 2003 ) . `` The Fred Seibert Interview -- Part 1 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenge of the Chicken from Outer Space '' . Courage the Cowardly Dog . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 06 - 09 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards , USA ( 1996 ) , Best Short Film , Animated '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chan , Darlene ( November 14 , 2002 ) . `` Creating Successful Music For Animation '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sporn , Michael ( August 9 , 2008 ) . `` Splog '' Dil & Dali `` . Michael Sporn Animation . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Guerin , Ada ( April 23 , 2002 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Cartoon Network '' . Jodygray.com . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Crisafull , Chuck ( August 20 , 2002 ) . `` Children 's programming is pacing the field of TV music '' . Jodygray.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Best Series Premiere in Cartoon Network History '' . Time Warner . November 16 , 1999 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 1 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 2 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 3 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 4 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nettles , John G. ( 2001 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mastas , Alex ( March 4 , 2003 ) . `` TV Review : Courage the Cowardly Dog ( 2003 ) '' . Lights Out Films . Archived from the original on 2003 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Antonia , KJ Dell . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Television Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller III , Randy ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Season One : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Swindoll , Jeff ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Season 1 - DVD review '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Annie Awards -- Category # 15 - Outstanding Individual Achievement for Design In an Animated Television Production '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' ( 1999 ) `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment ( Australia ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Season 1 '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment ( Australia ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Season 2 '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment ( Australia ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lacey , Gord ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Cartoon Network Hall of Fame : Season 1 Press Release '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network to Release Season 2 of ' Courage the Cowardly Dog ' '' . AWN.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Release Date for Courage the Cowardly Dog - Season 3 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Update about Season 3 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 1 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 2 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 3 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 4 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Release Date for Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Season 3 TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Release Date for Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Season 4 TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage The Cowardly Dog Is Returning To TV '' . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Revival Campaign '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ http://entertainment.inquirer.net/193707/voice-of-eustace-in-courage-the-cowardly-dog-is-dead External links ( edit ) Cartoon Network portal Animation portal United States portal Television portal Horror fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Book : Cartoon Network Book : Cartoon Cartoons Media related to Category : Courage the Cowardly Dog at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Courage the Cowardly Dog at Wikiquote Courage the Cowardly Dog - Cartoon Network Department of Cartoons ( Archive ) Courage the Cowardly Dog at the Big Cartoon DataBase Courage the Cowardly Dog on IMDb hide Cartoon Network original programming Current Adventure Time ( since 2010 ) The Amazing World of Gumball ( since 2011 ) Teen Titans Go ! ( since 2013 ) Steven Universe ( since 2013 ) Mighty Magiswords ( since 2015 ) We Bare Bears ( since 2015 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( since 2016 ) Ben 10 ( since 2016 ) OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes ( since 2017 ) Unikitty ! ( since 2017 ) Craig of the Creek ( since 2018 ) Summer Camp Island ( since 2018 ) Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon ! ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Dexter 's Laboratory ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Big Bag ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Johnny Bravo ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Cow and Chicken ( 1997 -- 1999 ) I Am Weasel ( 1997 -- 2000 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Ed , Edd n Eddy ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Mike , Lu & Og ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Courage the Cowardly Dog ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Sheep in the Big City ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Time Squad ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Samurai Jack ( 2001 -- 2004 , 2017 ) Grim & Evil ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Justice League ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Codename : Kids Next Door ( 2002 -- 2008 ) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Evil Con Carne ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Teen Titans ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Duck Dodgers ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Megas XLR ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Justice League Unlimited ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Baby Looney Tunes ( 2004 -- 2006 ) The Batman ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Krypto the Superdog ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Life and Times of Juniper Lee ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Camp Lazlo ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Firehouse Tales ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Sunday Pants ( 2005 ) Robotboy ( 2005 -- 2008 ) My Gym Partner 's a Monkey ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Ben 10 ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Squirrel Boy ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Class of 3000 ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Out of Jimmy 's Head ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chowder ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Transformers : Animated ( 2007 -- 2009 ) The Mr. Men Show ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Ben 10 : Alien Force ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2013 ) The Secret Saturdays ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2008 -- 2011 ) The Othersiders ( 2009 ) BrainRush ( 2009 ) Destroy Build Destroy ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Bobb'e Says ( 2009 ) Dude , What Would Happen ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Generator Rex ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Mad ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Regular Show ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Sym - Bionic Titan ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tower Prep ( 2010 ) Hole in the Wall ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Robotomy ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Young Justice ( 2010 -- 2013 ) The Problem Solverz ( 2011 -- 2013 ) The Looney Tunes Show ( 2011 -- 2014 ) ThunderCats ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Secret Mountain Fort Awesome ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Level Up ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Green Lantern : The Animated Series ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Cartoon Planet ( 2012 -- 2014 ) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange ( 2012 -- 2014 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Ben 10 : Omniverse ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Incredible Crew ( 2013 ) Beware the Batman ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Uncle Grandpa ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mixels ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Clarence ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Over the Garden Wall ( 2014 ) New Looney Tunes ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Long Live the Royals ( 2015 ) Bunnicula ( 2016 ) Justice League Action ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Apple & Onion ( 2018 ) Upcoming DC Super Hero Girls Infinity Train ThunderCats Roar Victor and Valentino See also : Cartoon Network Studios ( co-productions , films ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courage_the_Cowardly_Dog&oldid=850229271 '' Categories : Courage the Cowardly Dog 1990s American animated television series 1990s American comic science fiction television series 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comic science fiction television series 1999 American television series debuts 2002 American television series endings American children 's animated comic science fiction television series American children 's animated science fantasy television series Shapeshifting in fiction 1990s American supernatural television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television shows about dogs Television shows set in Kansas Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional characters from Kansas Anthropomorphic dogs Animated horror television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 15 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when did courage the cowardly dog stop airing
|
[
"Dilworth pitched the series to Hanna-Barbera's animated shorts showcase What a Cartoon!, and a pilot (titled \"The Chicken from Outer Space\") aired on Cartoon Network in early 1996.[1] The segment was nominated for an Academy Award, but lost to Wallace and Gromit's A Close Shave. Cartoon Network greenlit a series from the short, which premiered on November 12, 1999 and ended on November 22, 2002, with four seasons of 13 episodes each produced. During its run, the series was nominated for 3 Golden Reel Awards and 1 Annie Award. The series received critical acclaim from critics and audiences and has developed a strong cult following. Spin-off media include home video releases and collectible toys.\n"
] |
[
"November 22, 2002"
] |
7968296286655798045
|
Seismic magnitude scales
|
Seismic magnitude scales - Wikipedia Seismic magnitude scales For use of earthquake magnitude scales in Wikipedia see Template : M . Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine Supershear Tsunami Earthquake swarm Causes Fault movement Volcanism Induced seismicity Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter Shadow zone Seismic waves P - wave S - wave Measurement Seismometer Seismic magnitude scales Seismic intensity scales Prediction Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Forecasting Other topics Shear wave splitting Adams -- Williamson equation Flinn -- Engdahl regions Earthquake engineering Seismite Seismology Earth Sciences Portal Related topics Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or `` size '' of an earthquake . These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking ( quaking ) caused by an earthquake at a given location . Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake 's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram . Magnitude scales vary on the type and component of the seismic waves measured and the calculations used . Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes , and in the purposes for which magnitudes are used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earthquake magnitude and ground - shaking intensity 2 Magnitude scales 2.1 `` Richter '' magnitude scale 2.2 Other `` Local '' magnitude scales 2.2. 1 Japanese Meteorological Agency magnitude scale 2.3 Body - wave magnitude scales 2.3. 1 mB scale 2.3. 2 mb scale 2.3. 3 mb scale 2.4 Surface - wave magnitude scales 2.5 Moment magnitude and energy magnitude scales 2.6 Energy class ( K - class ) scale 2.7 Tsunami magnitude scales 2.8 Duration and Coda magnitude scales 2.9 Macroseismic magnitude scales 2.10 Other magnitude scales 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources 6 External links Earthquake magnitude and ground - shaking intensity ( edit ) The Earth 's crust is stressed by tectonic forces . When this stress becomes great enough to rupture the crust , or to overcome the friction that prevents one block of crust from slipping past another , energy is released , some of it in the form of various kinds of seismic waves that cause ground - shaking , or quaking . Magnitude is an estimate of the relative `` size '' or strength of an earthquake , and thus its potential for causing ground - shaking . It is `` approximately related to the released seismic energy . '' Isoseismal map for the 1968 Illinois earthquake Intensity refers to the strength or force of shaking at a given location , and can be related to the peak ground velocity . With an isoseismal map of the observed intensities ( see illustration ) an earthquake 's magnitude can be estimated from both the maximum intensity observed ( usually but not always near the epicenter ) , and from the extent of the area where the earthquake was felt . The intensity of local ground - shaking depends on several factors besides the magnitude of the earthquake , one of the most important being soil conditions . For instance , thick layers of soft soil ( such as fill ) can amplify seismic waves , often at a considerable distance from the source , while sedimentary basins will often resonate , increasing the duration of shaking . This is why , in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , the Marina district of San Francisco was one of the most damaged areas , though it was nearly 100 km from the epicenter . Geological structures were also significant , such as where seismic waves passing under the south end of San Francisco Bay reflected off the base of the Earth 's crust towards San Francisco and Oakland . A similar effect channeled seismic waves between the other major faults in the area . Magnitude scales ( edit ) Typical seismogram . The compressive P - waves ( following the red lines ) -- essentially sound passing through rock -- are the fastest seismic waves , and arrive first , typically in about 10 seconds for an earthquake around 50 km away . The sideways - shaking S - waves ( following the green lines ) arrive some seconds later , traveling a little over half the speed of the P - waves ; the delay is a direct indication of the distance to the quake . S - waves may take an hour to reach a point 1000 km away . Both of these are body - waves , that pass directly through the earth 's crust . Following the S - waves are various kinds of surface - waves -- Love waves and Rayleigh waves -- that travel only at the earth 's surface . Surface waves are smaller for deep earthquakes , which have less interaction with the surface . For shallow earthquakes -- less than roughly 60 km deep -- the surface waves are stronger , and may last several minutes ; these carry most of the energy of the quake , and cause the most severe damage . An earthquake radiates energy in the form of different kinds of seismic waves , whose characteristics reflect the nature of both the rupture and the earth 's crust the waves travel through . Determination of an earthquake 's magnitude generally involves identifying specific kinds of these waves on a seismogram , and then measuring one or more characteristics of a wave , such as its timing , orientation , amplitude , frequency , or duration . Additional adjustments are made for distance , kind of crust , and the characteristics of the seismograph that recorded the seismogram . The various magnitude scales represent different ways of deriving magnitude from such information as is available . All magnitude scales retain the logarithmic scale as devised by Charles Richter , and are adjusted so the mid-range approximately correlates with the original `` Richter '' scale . Since 2005 the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth 's Interior ( IASPEI ) has standardized the measurement procedures and equations for the principal magnitude scales , M , M , mb , mB and mb . `` Richter '' magnitude scale ( edit ) Main article : Richter magnitude scale The first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes , developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter and popularly known as the `` Richter '' scale , is actually the Local magnitude scale , label ML or M. Richter established two features now common to all magnitude scales . First , the scale is logarithmic , so that each unit represents a ten-fold increase in the amplitude of the seismic waves . As the energy of a wave is 10 times its amplitude , each unit of magnitude represents a nearly 32-fold increase in the energy ( strength ) of an earthquake . Second , Richter arbitrarily defined the zero point of the scale to be where an earthquake at a distance of 100 km makes a maximum horizontal displacement of 0.001 millimeters ( 1 μm , or 0.00004 in . ) on a seismogram recorded with a Wood - Anderson torsion seismograph . Subsequent magnitude scales are calibrated to be approximately in accord with the original `` Richter '' ( local ) scale around magnitude 6 . All `` Local '' ( ML ) magnitudes are based on the maximum amplitude of the ground shaking , without distinguishing the different seismic waves . They underestimate the strength : of distant earthquakes ( over ~ 600 km ) because of attenuation of the S - waves , of deep earthquakes because the surface waves are smaller , and of strong earthquakes ( over M ~ 7 ) because they do not take into account the duration of shaking . The original `` Richter '' scale , developed in the geological context of Southern California and Nevada , was later found to be inaccurate for earthquakes in the central and eastern parts of the continent ( everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains ) because of differences in the continental crust . All these problems prompted development of other scales . Most seismological authorities , such as the United States Geological Survey , report earthquake magnitudes above 4.0 as moment magnitude ( below ) , which the press describes as `` Richter magnitude '' . Other `` local '' magnitude scales ( edit ) Richter 's original `` local '' scale has been adapted for other localities . These may be labelled `` ML '' , or with a lowercase `` l `` , either M l , or M . ( Not to be confused with the Russian surface - wave MLH scale . ) Whether the values are comparable depends on whether the local conditions have been adequately determined and the formula suitably adjusted . Japanese Meteorological Agency magnitude scale ( edit ) In Japan , for shallow ( depth < 60 km ) earthquakes within 600 km , the Japanese Meteorological Agency calculates a magnitude labeled MJMA , M , or M . ( These should not be confused with moment magnitudes JMA calculates , which are labeled M ( JMA ) or M , nor with the Shindo intensity scale . ) JMA magnitudes are based ( as typical with local scales ) on the maximum amplitude of the ground motion ; they agree `` rather well '' with the seismic moment magnitude M in the range of 4.5 to 7.5 , but underestimate larger magnitudes . Body - wave magnitude scales ( edit ) Body - waves consist of P - waves that are the first to arrive ( see seismogram ) , or S - waves , or reflections of either . Body - waves travel through rock directly . Mb scale ( edit ) The original `` body - wave magnitude '' -- mB or m ( uppercase `` B '' ) -- was developed by Gutenberg ( 1945b , 1945c ) and Gutenberg & Richter ( 1956 ) to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M scale inherent in the use of surface waves . mB is based on the P - and S - waves , measured over a longer period , and does not saturate until around M 8 . However , it is not sensitive to events smaller than about M 5.5 . Use of mB as originally defined has been largely abandoned , now replaced by the standardized mB scale . Mb scale ( edit ) The mb or m scale ( lowercase `` m '' and `` b '' ) is similar to mB , but uses only P - waves measured in the first few seconds on a specific model of short - period seismograph . It was introduced in the 1960s with the establishment of the World Wide Standardized Seismograph Network ( WWSSN ) for monitoring compliance with the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ; the short period improves detection of smaller events , and better discriminates between tectonic earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions . Measurement of mb has changed several times . As originally defined by Gutenberg ( 1945c ) m was based on the maximum amplitude of waves in the first 10 seconds or more . However , the length of the period influences the magnitude obtained . Early USGS / NEIC practice was to measure mb on the first second ( just the first few P - waves ) , but since 1978 they measure the first twenty seconds . The modern practice is to measure short - period mb scale at less than three seconds , while the broadband mB scale is measured at periods of up to 30 seconds . Mb scale ( edit ) Differences in the crust underlying North America east of the Rocky Mountains makes that area more sensitive to earthquakes . Shown here : the 1895 New Madrid earthquake , M ~ 6 , was felt through most of the central U.S. , while the 1994 Northridge quake , though almost ten times stronger at M 6.7 , was felt only in southern California . From USGS Fact Sheet 017 - 03 . The regional mb scale -- also denoted mb_Lg , mbLg , MLg ( USGS ) , Mn , and m -- was developed by Nuttli ( 1973 ) for a problem the original M scale could not handle : all of North America east of the Rocky Mountains . The M scale was developed in southern California , which lies on blocks of oceanic crust , typically basalt or sedimentary rock , which have been accreted to the continent . East of the Rockies the continent is a craton , a thick and largely stable mass of continental crust that is largely granite , a harder rock with different seismic characteristics . In this area the M scale gives anomalous results for earthquakes which by other measures seemed equivalent to quakes in California . Nuttli resolved this by measuring the amplitude of short - period ( ~ 1 sec . ) Lg waves , a complex form of the Love wave which , although a surface wave , he found provided a result more closely related the mb scale than the M scale . Lg waves attenuate quickly along any oceanic path , but propagate well through the granitic continental crust , and Mb is often used in areas of stable continental crust ; it is especially useful for detecting underground nuclear explosions . Surface - wave magnitude scales ( edit ) Main article : Surface wave magnitude Surface waves propagate along the Earth 's surface , and are principally either Rayleigh waves or Love waves . For shallow earthquakes the surface waves carry most of the energy of the earthquake , and are the most destructive . Deeper earthquakes , having less interaction with the surface , produce weaker surface waves . The surface - wave magnitude scale , variously denoted as Ms , M , and M , is based on a procedure developed by Beno Gutenberg in 1942 for measuring shallow earthquakes stronger or more distant than Richter 's original scale could handle . Notably , it measured the amplitude of surface waves ( which generally produce the largest amplitudes ) for a period of `` about 20 seconds '' . The M scale approximately agrees with M at ~ 6 , then diverges by as much as half a magnitude . A revision by Nuttli ( 1983 ) , sometimes labeled M , measures only waves of the first second . A modification -- the `` Moscow - Prague formula '' -- was proposed in 1962 , and recommended by the IASPEI in 1967 ; this is the basis of the standardized M scale ( Ms_20 , M ( 20 ) ) . A `` broad - band '' variant ( Ms_BB , M ( BB ) ) measures the largest velocity amplitude in the Rayleigh - wave train for periods up to 60 seconds . The M scale used in China is a variant of M calibrated for use with the Chinese - made `` type 763 '' long - period seismograph . The MLH scale used in some parts of Russia is actually a surface wave magnitude . Moment magnitude and energy magnitude scales ( edit ) Main article : Moment magnitude scale Other magnitude scales are based on aspects of seismic waves that only indirectly and incompletely reflect the force of an earthquake , involve other factors , and are generally limited in some respect of magnitude , focal depth , or distance . The moment magnitude scale -- Mw or M -- developed by Kanamori ( 1977 ) and Hanks & Kanamori ( 1979 ) , is based on an earthquake 's seismic moment , M , a measure of how much `` work '' an earthquake does in sliding one patch of rock past other rock . Seismic moment is measured in Newton - meters ( N m or Nm ) in the SI system of measurement , or dyne - centimeters ( dyn - cm ) in the older CGS system . In the simplest case the moment can be calculated knowing only the amount of slip , the area of the surface ruptured or slipped , and a factor for the resistance or friction encountered . These factors can be estimated for an existing fault to determine the magnitude of past earthquakes , or what might be anticipated for the future . An earthquake 's seismic moment can be estimated in various ways , which are the bases of the M , M , M , M , M , M , and M scales , all subtypes of the generic M scale . See Moment magnitude scale § Subtypes for details . Seismic moment is considered the most objective measure of an earthquake 's `` size '' in regard of total energy . However , it is based on a simple model of rupture , and on certain simplifying assumptions ; it incorrectly assumes that the proportion of energy radiated as seismic waves is the same for all earthquakes . Much of an earthquake 's total energy as measured by M is dissipated as friction ( resulting in heating of the crust ) . An earthquake 's potential to cause strong ground shaking depends on the comparatively small fraction of energy radiated as seismic waves , and is better measured on the energy magnitude scale , M. The proportion of total energy radiated as seismic varies greatly depending on focal mechanism and tectonic environment ; M and M for very similar earthquakes can differ by as much as 1.4 units . Despite the usefulness of the M scale , it is not generally used due to difficulties in estimating the radiated seismic energy . Two earthquakes differing greatly in the damage done In 1997 there were two large earthquakes off the coast of Chile . The magnitude of the first , in July , was estimated at M 6.9 , but was barely felt , and only in three places . In October a M 7.1 quake in nearly the same location , but twice as deep and on a different kind of fault , was felt over a broad area , injured over 300 people , and destroyed or seriously damaged over 10,000 houses . As can be seen in the table below , this disparity of damage done is not reflected in either the moment magnitude ( M ) nor the surface - wave magnitude ( M ) . Only when the magnitude is measured on the basis of the body - wave ( mb ) or the seismic energy ( M ) is there a difference comparable to the difference in damage . Date ISC # Lat . Long . Depth Damage mb Type of fault 06 July 1997 1035633 − 30.06 − 71.87 23 km Barely felt 6.5 6.9 5.8 6.1 interplate - thrust 15 Oct. 1997 1047434 − 30.93 − 71.22 58 km Extensive 6.8 7.1 6.8 7.5 intraslab - normal Difference : 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.4 Rearranged and adapted from Table 1 in Choy , Boatwright & Kirby 2001 , p. 13 . Seen also in IS 3.6 2012 , p. 7 . Energy class ( K - class ) scale ( edit ) Main article : Energy class K ( from the Russian word класс , `` class '' , in the sense of a category ) is a measure of earthquake magnitude in the energy class or K - class system , developed in 1955 by Soviet seismologists in the remote Garm ( Tadjikistan ) region of Central Asia ; in revised form it is still used for local and regional quakes in many states formerly aligned with the Soviet Union ( including Cuba ) . Based on seismic energy ( K = log E , in Joules ) , difficulty in implementing it using the technology of the time led to revisions in 1958 and 1960 . Adaptation to local conditions has led to various regional K scales , such as K and K . K values are logarithmic , similar to Richter - style magnitudes , but have a different scaling and zero point . K values in the range of 12 to 15 correspond approximately to M 4.5 to 6 . M ( K ) , M , or possibly M indicates a magnitude M calculated from an energy class K . Tsunami magnitude scales ( edit ) Earthquakes that generate tsunamis generally rupture relatively slowly , delivering more energy at longer periods ( lower frequencies ) than generally used for measuring magnitudes . Any skew in the spectral distribution can result in larger , or smaller , tsunamis than expected for a nominal magnitude . The tsunami magnitude scale , M , is based on a correlation by Katsuyuki Abe of earthquake seismic moment ( M ) with the amplitude of tsunami waves as measured by tidal gauges . Originally intended for estimating the magnitude of historic earthquakes where seismic data is lacking but tidal data exist , the correlation can be reversed to predict tidal height from earthquake magnitude . ( Not to be confused with the height of a tidal wave , or run - up , which is an intensity effect controlled by local topography . ) Under low - noise conditions , tsunami waves as little as 5 cm can be predicted , corresponding to an earthquake of M ~ 6.5 . Another scale of particular importance for tsunami warnings is the mantle magnitude scale , M . This is based on Rayleigh waves that penetrate into the Earth 's mantle , and can be determined quickly , and without complete knowledge of other parameters such as the earthquake 's depth . Duration and coda magnitude scales ( edit ) Main article : Earthquake duration magnitude M designates various scales that estimate magnitude from the duration or length of some part of the seismic wave - train . This is especially useful for measuring local or regional earthquakes , both powerful earthquakes that might drive the seismometer off - scale ( a problem with the analog instruments formerly used ) and preventing measurement of the maximum wave amplitude , and weak earthquakes , whose maximum amplitude is not accurately measured . Even for distant earthquakes , measuring the duration of the shaking ( as well as the amplitude ) provides a better measure of the earthquake 's total energy . Measurement of duration is incorporated in some modern scales , such as M and mB . M scales usually measure the duration or amplitude of a part of the seismic wave , the coda . For short distances ( less than ~ 100 km ) these can provide a quick estimate of magnitude before the quake 's exact location is known . Macroseismic magnitude scales ( edit ) Magnitude scales generally are based on instrumental measurement of some aspect of the seismic wave as recorded on a seismogram . Where such records do not exist , magnitudes can be estimated from reports of the macroseismic events such as described by intensity scales . One approach for doing this ( developed by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter in 1942 ) relates the maximum intensity observed ( presumably this is over the epicenter ) , denoted I ( capital I , subscripted zero ) , to the magnitude . It has been recommended that magnitudes calculated on this basis be labeled M ( I ) , but are sometimes labeled with a more generic M . Another approach is to make an isoseismal map showing the area over which a given level of intensity was felt . The size of the `` felt area '' can also be related to the magnitude ( based on the work of Frankel 1994 and Johnston 1996 ) . While the recommended label for magnitudes derived in this way is M ( An ) , the more commonly seen label is M. A variant , M , adapted to California and Hawaii , derives the Local magnitude ( M ) from the size of the area affected by a given intensity . M ( upper - case letter `` I `` , distinguished from the lower - case letter in M ) has been used for moment magnitudes estimated from isoseismal intensities calculated per Johnston 1996 . Peak Ground Velocity ( PGV ) and Peak Ground Acceleration ( PGA ) are measures of the force that causes destructive ground shaking . In Japan , a network of strong - motion accelerometers provides PGA data that permits site - specific correlation with different magnitude earthquakes . This correlation can be inverted to estimate the ground shaking at that site due to an earthquake of a given magnitude at a given distance . From this a map showing areas of likely damage can be prepared within minutes of an actual earthquake . Other magnitude scales ( edit ) Many earthquake magnitude scales have been developed or proposed , with some never gaining broad acceptance and remaining only as obscure references in historical catalogs of earthquakes . Other scales have been used without a definite name , often referred to as `` the method of Smith ( 1965 ) '' ( or similar language ) , with the authors often revising their method . On top of this , seismological networks vary on how they measure seismograms . Where the details of how a magnitude has been determined are unknown catalogs will specify the scale as unknown ( variously Unk , Ukn , or UK ) . In such cases the magnitude is considered generic and approximate . A special case is the `` Seismicity of the Earth '' catalog of Gutenberg & Richter ( 1954 ) . Hailed as a milestone as a comprehensive global catalog of earthquakes with uniformly calculated magnitudes , they never published the details of how they determined those magnitudes . Consequently , while some catalogs identify these magnitudes as M , others use UK ( meaning `` computational method unknown '' ) . Subsequent study found that most of the M magnitudes `` are basically M for large shocks shallower than 40 km , but are basically mB for large shocks at depths of 40 -- 60 km . '' Further study has found many of the M values to be `` considerably overestimated . '' See also ( edit ) Magnitude of completeness Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 37 . The relationship between magnitude and the energy released is complicated . See § 3.1. 2.5 and § 3.3. 3 for details . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.1. 2.1 . Jump up ^ Bolt 1993 , p. 164 et seq ... Jump up ^ Bolt 1993 , pp. 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Bolt 1993 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ See Bolt 1993 , Chapters 2 and 3 , for a very readable explanation of these waves and their interpretation . J.R. Kayal 's excellent description of seismic waves can be found here . Jump up ^ See Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , § 1.4 , pp. 20 -- 21 , for a short explanation , or MNSOP - 2 EX 3.1 2012 for a technical description . Jump up ^ Chung & Bernreuter 1980 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ IASPEI IS 3.3 2014 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Kanamori 1983 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Richter 1935 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Spence , Sipkin & Choy 1989 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Richter 1935 , pp. 5 ; Chung & Bernreuter 1980 , p. 10 . Subsequently redefined by Hutton & Boore 1987 as 10 mm of motion by an M 3 quake at 17 km . Jump up ^ Chung & Bernreuter 1980 , p. 1 ; Kanamori 1983 , p. 187 , figure 2 . Jump up ^ Chung & Bernreuter 1980 , p. ix . Jump up ^ The USGS policy for reporting magnitudes to the press was posted at USGS policy Archived 2016 - 05 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , but has been removed . A copy can be found at http://dapgeol.tripod.com/usgsearthquakemagnitudepolicy.htm . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Rautian & Leith 2002 , pp. 158 , 162 . Jump up ^ See Datasheet 3.1 in NMSOP - 2 for a partial compilation and references . Jump up ^ Katsumata 1996 ; Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4.7 , p. 78 ; Doi 2010 . Jump up ^ Bormann & Saul 2009 , p. 2478 . Jump up ^ See also figure 3.70 in NMSOP - 2 . Jump up ^ Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 37 ; Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , § 6.5 . See also Abe 1981 . Jump up ^ Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Bormann & Saul 2009 , p. 2482 . Jump up ^ MNSOP - 2 / IASPEI IS 3.3 2014 , § 4.2 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Kanamori 1983 , pp. 189 , 196 ; Chung & Bernreuter 1980 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , pp. 37 , 39 ; Bolt ( 1993 , pp. 88 -- 93 ) examines this at length . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ IASPEI IS 3.3 2014 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Nuttli 1983 , p. 104 ; Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ IASPEI / NMSOP - 2 IS 3.2 2013 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4.4 . The `` g '' subscript refers to the granitic layer through which L waves propagate . Chen & Pomeroy 1980 , p. 4 . See also J.R. Kayal , `` Seismic Waves and Earthquake Location '' , here , page 5 . Jump up ^ Nuttli 1973 , p. 881 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4.4 . Jump up ^ Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , pp. 17 -- 19 . See especially figure 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gutenberg 1945a ; based on work by Gutenberg & Richter 1936 . Jump up ^ Gutenberg 1945a . Jump up ^ Kanamori 1983 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , pp. 81 -- 84 . Jump up ^ MNSOP - 2 DS 3.1 2012 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bormann et al. 2007 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Rautian & Leith 2002 , pp. 162 , 164 . Jump up ^ The IASPEI standard formula for deriving moment magnitude from seismic moment is M = ( 2 / 3 ) ( log M -- 9.1 ) . Formula 3.68 in Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2003 , p. 944 . Jump up ^ Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , p. 198 ; Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 23 Jump up ^ NMSOP - 2 IS 3.6 2012 , § 7 . Jump up ^ See Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 7.2 for an extended discussion . Jump up ^ NMSOP - 2 IS 3.6 2012 , § 5 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Rautian et al. 2007 , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Rautian et al. 2007 ; NMSOP - 2 IS 3.7 2012 ; Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4.6 . Jump up ^ Bindi et al. 2011 , p. 330 . Additional regression formulas for various regions can be found in Rautian et al. 2007 , Tables 1 and 2 . See also IS 3.7 2012 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Rautian & Leith 2002 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 6.7 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Abe 1979 ; Abe 1989 , p. 28 . More precisely , M is based on far - field tsunami wave amplitudes in order to avoid some complications that happen near the source . Abe 1979 , p. 1566 . Jump up ^ Blackford 1984 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Abe 1989 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 8.5 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4.5 . Jump up ^ Havskov & Ottemöller 2009 , § 6.3 . Jump up ^ Bormann , Wendt & Di Giacomo 2013 , § 3.2. 4.5 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Musson & Cecić 2012 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Gutenberg & Richter 1942 . Jump up ^ Grünthal 2011 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Grünthal 2011 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Stover & Coffman 1993 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002 . Jump up ^ Makris & Black 2004 , p. 1032 . Jump up ^ Doi 2010 . Jump up ^ NMSOP - 2 IS 3.2 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Abe 1981 , p. 74 ; Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002 , p. 667 . Jump up ^ Engdahl & Villaseñor 2002 , p. 688 . Jump up ^ Abe 1981 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Abe & Noguchi 1983 . Sources ( edit ) Abe , K. ( April 1979 ) , `` Size of great earthquakes of 1837 -- 1874 inferred from tsunami data '' , Journal of Geophysical Research , 84 ( B4 ) : 1561 -- 1568 , Bibcode : 1979JGR ... 84.1561 A , doi : 10.1029 / JB084iB04p01561 . Abe , K. ( October 1981 ) , `` Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980 '' , Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , 27 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 92 , Bibcode : 1981PEPI ... 27 ... 72A , doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 81 ) 90088 - 1 . Abe , K. ( September 1989 ) , `` Quantification of tsunamigenic earthquakes by the M scale '' , Tectonophysics , 166 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 27 -- 34 , Bibcode : 1989Tectp. 166 ... 27A , doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 89 ) 90202 - 3 . Abe , K ; Noguchi , S. ( August 1983 ) , `` Revision of magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes , 1897 - 1912 '' , Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , 33 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 , Bibcode : 1983PEPI ... 33 ... 1A , doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 83 ) 90002 - X . Anderson , J.G. ( 2003 ) , `` Chapter 57 : Strong - Motion Seismology '' , International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology , Part B , pp. 937 -- 966 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 440658 - 0 . Bindi , D. ; Parolai , S. ; Oth , K. ; Abdrakhmatov , A. ; Muraliev , A. ; Zschau , J. ( October 2011 ) , `` Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia '' , Geophysical Journal International , 187 : 327 -- 337 , Bibcode : 2011GeoJI. 187 ... 327B , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2011.05142. x . Blackford , M.E. ( 1984 ) , `` Use of the Abe magnitude scale by the Tsunami Warning System . '' ( PDF ) , Science of Tsunami Hazards : The International Journal of The Tsunami Society , 2 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 30 . Bolt , B.A. ( 1993 ) , Earthquakes and geological discovery , Scientific American Library , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5040 - 6 . Bormann , P. , ed. ( 2012 ) , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , Potsdam : IASPEI / GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2 . Bormann , P. ( 2012 ) , `` Data Sheet 3.1 : Magnitude calibration formulas and tables , comments on their use and complementary data . '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_DS_3. 1 . Bormann , P. ( 2012 ) , `` Exercise 3.1 : Magnitude determinations '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_EX_3 . Bormann , P. ( 2013 ) , `` Information Sheet 3.2 : Proposal for unique magnitude and amplitude nomenclature '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_IS_3. 3 . Bormann , P. ; Dewey , J.W. ( 2014 ) , `` Information Sheet 3.3 : The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes . '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_IS_3. 3 . Bormann , P. ; Fugita , K. ; MacKey , K.G. ; Gusev , A. ( July 2012 ) , `` Information Sheet 3.7 : The Russian K - class system , its relationships to magnitudes and its potential for future development and application '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_IS_3. 7 . Bormann , P. ; Saul , J. ( 2009 ) , `` Earthquake Magnitude '' ( PDF ) , Encyclopedia of Complexity and Applied Systems Science , 3 , pp. 2473 -- 2496 . Bormann , P. ; Wendt , S. ; Di Giacomo , D. ( 2013 ) , `` Chapter 3 : Seismic Sources and Source Parameters '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_ch3 . Chen , T.C. ; Pomeroy , P.W. ( 1980 ) , Regional Seismic Wave Propagation . Choy , G.L. ; Boatwright , J.L. ( 2012 ) , `` Information Sheet 3.6 : Radiated seismic energy and energy magnitude '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_IS_3. 6 . Choy , G.L. ; Boatwright , J.L. ; Kirby , S. ( 2001 ) , `` The Radiated Seismic Energy and Apparent Stress of Interplate and Intraslab Earthquakes at Subduction Zone Environments : Implications for Seismic Hazard Estimation '' ( PDF ) , U.S. Geological Survey , Open - File Report 01 - 0005 . Chung , D.H. ; Bernreuter , D.L. ( 1980 ) , Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales . , NUREG / CR - 1457 . Doi , K. ( 2010 ) , `` Operational Procedures of Contributing Agencies '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre , 47 ( 7 -- 12 ) : 25 , ISSN 2309 - 236X . Also available here ( sections renumbered ) . Engdahl , E.R. ; Villaseñor , A. ( 2002 ) , `` Chapter 41 : Global Seismicity : 1900 -- 1999 '' , in Lee , W.H.K. ; Kanamori , H. ; Jennings , P.C. ; Kisslinger , C. , International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology ( PDF ) , Part A , Academic Press , pp. 665 -- 690 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 440652 - 1 . Frankel , A. ( 1994 ) , `` Implications of felt area - magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion '' , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 84 ( 2 ) : 462 -- 465 . Grünthal , G. ( 2011 ) , `` Earthquakes , Intensity '' , in Gupta , H. , Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics , pp. 237 -- 242 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 8701 - 0 . Gutenberg , B. ( January 1945a ) , `` Amplitudes of surface Waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 35 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . Gutenberg , B. ( 1 April 1945c ) , `` Magnitude determination for deep - focus earthquakes '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 35 ( 3 ) : 117 -- 130 Gutenberg , B. ; Richter , C.F. ( 1936 ) , `` On seismic waves ( third paper ) '' , Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik , 47 : 73 -- 131 . Gutenberg , B. ; Richter , C.F. ( 1942 ) , `` Earthquake magnitude , intensity , energy , and acceleration '' , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America : 163 -- 191 , ISSN 0037 - 1106 . Gutenberg , B. ; Richter , C.F. ( 1954 ) , Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena ( 2nd ed . ) , Princeton University Press , 310p . Havskov , J. ; Ottemöller , L. ( October 2009 ) , Processing Earthquake Data ( PDF ) . Hough , S.E. ( 2007 ) , Richter 's scale : measure of an earthquake , measure of a man , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12807 - 8 , retrieved 10 December 2011 . Hutton , L.K. ; Boore , David M. ( December 1987 ) , `` The M scale in Southern California '' ( PDF ) , Nature , 271 : 411 -- 414 , Bibcode : 1978Natur. 271 ... 411K , doi : 10.1038 / 271411a0 . Johnston , A. ( 1996 ) , `` Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions -- II . Historical seismicity '' , Geophysical Journal International , 125 ( 3 ) : 639 -- 678 , Bibcode : 1996GeoJI. 125 ... 639J , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246x. 1996. tb06015. x . Kanamori , H. ( July 10 , 1977 ) , `` The energy release in great earthquakes '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Geophysical Research , 82 ( 20 ) : 2981 -- 2987 , Bibcode : 1977JGR ... 82.2981 K , doi : 10.1029 / JB082i020p02981 . Kanamori , H. ( April 1983 ) , `` Magnitude Scale and Quantification of Earthquake '' ( PDF ) , Tectonophysics , 93 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 185 -- 199 , Bibcode : 1983Tectp ... 93 ... 185K , doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 83 ) 90273 - 1 . Katsumata , A. ( June 1996 ) , `` Comparison of magnitudes estimated by the Japan Meteorological Agency with moment magnitudes for intermediate and deep earthquakes . '' , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 86 ( 3 ) : 832 -- 842 . Makris , N. ; Black , C.J. ( September 2004 ) , `` Evaluation of Peak Ground Velocity as a `` Good '' Intensity Measure for Near - Source Ground Motions `` , Journal of Engineering Mechanics , 130 ( 9 ) : 1032 -- 1044 , doi : 10.1061 / ( asce ) 0733 - 9399 ( 2004 ) 130 : 9 ( 1032 ) . Musson , R.M. ; Cecić , I. ( 2012 ) , `` Chapter 12 : Intensity and Intensity Scales '' ( PDF ) , in Bormann , New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 ( NMSOP - 2 ) , doi : 10.2312 / GFZ. NMSOP - 2_ch12 . Nuttli , O.W. ( 10 February 1973 ) , `` Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America '' , Journal of Geophysical Research , 78 ( 5 ) : 876 -- 885 , Bibcode : 1973JGR ... 78 ... 876N , doi : 10.1029 / JB078i005p00876 . Nuttli , O.W. ( April 1983 ) , `` Average seismic source - parameter relations for mid-plate earthquakes '' , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 73 ( 2 ) : 519 -- 535 . Rautian , T.G. ; Khalturin , V.I. ; Fujita , K. ; Mackey , K.G. ; Kendall , A.D. ( November -- December 2007 ) , `` Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K - Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales '' ( PDF ) , Seismological Research Letters , 78 ( 6 ) : 579 -- 590 , doi : 10.1785 / gssrl. 78.6. 579 . Rautian , T. ; Leith , W.S. ( September 2002 ) , `` Developing Composite Regional Catalogs of the Seismicity of the Former Soviet Union . '' ( PDF ) , 24th Seismic Research Review -- Nuclear Explosion Monitoring : Innovation and Integration , Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida . Richter , C.F. ( January 1935 ) , `` An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 25 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Spence , W. ; Sipkin , S.A. ; Choy , G.L. ( 1989 ) , `` Measuring the size of an Earthquake '' ( PDF ) , Earthquakes and Volcanoes , 21 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 63 . Stover , C.W. ; Coffman , J.L. ( 1993 ) , Seismicity of the United States , 1568 -- 1989 ( Revised ) ( PDF ) , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527 . External links ( edit ) Perspective : a graphical comparison of earthquake energy release -- Pacific Tsunami Warning Center USGS ShakeMap Providing near - real - time maps of ground motion and shaking intensity following significant earthquakes . hide Seismic scales Modern scales Intensity scales Environmental Seismic Intensity scale ( ESI ) European Macroseismic Scale ( EMS ) Liedu ( Chinese ) Medvedev -- Sponheuer -- Karnik ( MSK ) Modified Mercalli ( MM ) PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale ( PEIS ) Shindo ( Japanese ) Magnitude scales Body wave magnitude Duration magnitude Local magnitude ( Richter scale ) Moment magnitude Surface wave magnitude Energy class ( K - class ) Historical scales GEOFIAN Mercalli -- Cancani -- Sieberg ( MCS ) Mercalli -- Wood -- Neuman ( MWN ) Omori Rossi -- Forel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismic_magnitude_scales&oldid=847556694 '' Categories : Seismic magnitude scales Seismology measurement Seismology Earthquake engineering Hidden categories : ML Webarchive template wayback links M w M 0 M t M s M b MB M bLg M Bbb M e M wpd M Bc M gr Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto 한국어 Latina 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Português Slovenčina Suomi தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 05 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
who developed procedure used to measure size of an earthquake
|
[] |
[] |
-5561157478354552840
|
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
|
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Sixteenth Amendment in the National Archives The Sixteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVI ) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes , after income taxes on rents , dividends , and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) . The amendment was adopted on February 3 , 1913 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Other Constitutional provisions regarding taxes 3 Income taxes before the Pollock case 4 The Pollock case 5 Adoption 6 Pollock overruled 7 Case law 7.1 The Brushaber case 7.2 The Kerbaugh - Empire Co. case 7.3 The Glenshaw Glass case 7.4 Income taxation of wages , etc . 7.5 The Penn Mutual case 7.6 The Murphy case 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Text The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . Other constitutional provisions regarding taxes Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 : Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers ... Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 : The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 : No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . This clause basically refers to a tax on property , such as a tax based on the value of land , as well as a capitation . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 5 : No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . Income taxes before the Pollock case Until 1913 , customs duties ( tariffs ) and excise taxes were the primary sources of federal revenue . During the War of 1812 , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas made the first public proposal for an income tax , but it was never implemented . The Congress did introduce an income tax to fund the Civil War through the Revenue Act of 1861 . It levied a flat tax of three percent on annual income above $800 . This act was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862 , which levied a graduated tax of three to five percent on income above $600 and specified a termination of income taxation in 1866 . The Civil War income taxes , which expired in 1872 , proved to be both highly lucrative and drawing mostly from the more industrialized states , with New York , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts generating about 60 percent of the total revenue that was collected . During the two decades following the expiration of the Civil War income tax , the Greenback movement , the Labor Reform Party , the Populist Party , the Democratic Party and many others called for a graduated income tax . The Socialist Labor Party advocated a graduated income tax in 1887 . The Populist Party `` demand ( ed ) a graduated income tax '' in its 1892 platform . The Democratic Party , led by William Jennings Bryan , advocated the income tax law passed in 1894 , and proposed an income tax in its 1908 platform . Before Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , all income taxes had been considered to be indirect taxes imposed without respect to geography , unlike direct taxes , that have to be apportioned among the states according to population . The Pollock case In 1894 , an amendment was attached to the Wilson -- Gorman Tariff Act that attempted to impose a federal tax of two percent on incomes over $4,000 ( equal to $113,000 in 2017 ) . The federal income tax was strongly favored in the South , and it was moderately supported in the eastern North Central states , but it was strongly opposed in the Far West and the Northeastern States ( with the exception of New Jersey ) . The tax was derided as `` un-Democratic , inquisitorial , and wrong in principle '' . In Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , the U.S. Supreme Court declared certain taxes on incomes -- such as those on property under the 1894 Act -- to be unconstitutionally unapportioned direct taxes . The Court reasoned that a tax on income from property should be treated as a tax on `` property by reason of its ownership '' and so should be required to be apportioned . The reasoning was that taxes on the rents from land , the dividends from stocks , and so forth , burdened the property generating the income in the same way that a tax on `` property by reason of its ownership '' burdened that property . After Pollock , while income taxes on wages ( as indirect taxes ) were still not required to be apportioned by population , taxes on interest , dividends , and rental income were required to be apportioned by population . The Pollock ruling made the source of the income ( e.g. , property versus labor , etc . ) relevant in determining whether the tax imposed on that income was deemed to be `` direct '' ( and thus required to be apportioned among the states according to population ) or , alternatively , `` indirect '' ( and thus required only to be imposed with geographical uniformity ) . Dissenting in Pollock , Justice John Marshall Harlan stated : When , therefore , this court adjudges , as it does now adjudge , that Congress can not impose a duty or tax upon personal property , or upon income arising either from rents of real estate or from personal property , including invested personal property , bonds , stocks , and investments of all kinds , except by apportioning the sum to be so raised among the States according to population , it practically decides that , without an amendment of the Constitution -- two - thirds of both Houses of Congress and three - fourths of the States concurring -- such property and incomes can never be made to contribute to the support of the national government . Members of Congress responded to Pollock by expressing widespread concern that many of the wealthiest Americans had consolidated too much economic power . Adoption This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 16 , 1909 , President William Howard Taft , in an address to the Sixty - first Congress , proposed a two percent federal income tax on corporations by way of an excise tax and a constitutional amendment to allow the previously enacted income tax . Upon the privilege of doing business as an artificial entity and of freedom from a general partnership liability enjoyed by those who own the stock . An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska . He submitted two proposals , Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39 . The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40 , introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island , the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman . On July 12 , 1909 , the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures . Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states and opposition was strongest in the northeastern states . Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs , which were the primary source of revenue at the time . From well before 1894 , Democrats , Progressives , Populists and other left - oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor , interfered with prices , were unpredictable , and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue . The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous , more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices . A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes , including in the urban Northeast . A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea , notably Theodore Roosevelt and the `` Insurgent '' Republicans ( who would go on to form the Progressive Party ) . These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan , Britain and the European powers , their own imperial ambitions and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships . Moreover , these progressive Republicans were , as the name suggests , convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies . A bigger government and a bigger military , of course , required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it . Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists , although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax . In 1910 , New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes , shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice , spoke out against the income tax amendment . While he supported the idea of a federal income tax , Hughes believed the words `` from whatever source derived '' in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds . He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and `` would make it impossible for the state to keep any property '' . Between 1909 and 1913 , several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment . Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices . The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive party , a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast . The Democrats won both houses and the Presidency in 1912 and the country was generally in a left - leaning mood , with the Socialist Party winning a seat in the House in 1910 and polling six percent of the popular presidential vote in 1912 . Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912 . On February 25 , 1913 , Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three - fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution . The Revenue Act of 1913 was enacted shortly thereafter . According to the United States Government Publishing Office , the following states ratified the amendment : Alabama ( August 10 , 1909 ) Kentucky ( February 8 , 1910 ) South Carolina ( February 19 , 1910 ) Illinois ( March 1 , 1910 ) Mississippi ( March 7 , 1910 ) Oklahoma ( March 10 , 1910 ) Maryland ( April 8 , 1910 ) Georgia ( August 3 , 1910 ) Texas ( August 16 , 1910 ) Ohio ( January 19 , 1911 ) Idaho ( January 20 , 1911 ) Oregon ( January 23 , 1911 ) Washington ( January 26 , 1911 ) Montana ( January 27 , 1911 ) Indiana ( January 30 , 1911 ) California ( January 31 , 1911 ) Nevada ( January 31 , 1911 ) South Dakota ( February 1 , 1911 ) Nebraska ( February 9 , 1911 ) North Carolina ( February 11 , 1911 ) Colorado ( February 15 , 1911 ) North Dakota ( February 17 , 1911 ) Michigan ( February 23 , 1911 ) Iowa ( February 24 , 1911 ) Kansas ( March 2 , 1911 ) Missouri ( March 16 , 1911 ) Maine ( March 31 , 1911 ) Tennessee ( April 7 , 1911 ) Arkansas ( April 22 , 1911 ) , after having previously rejected the amendment Wisconsin ( May 16 , 1911 ) New York ( July 12 , 1911 ) Arizona ( April 3 , 1912 ) Minnesota ( June 11 , 1912 ) Louisiana ( June 28 , 1912 ) West Virginia ( January 31 , 1913 ) Delaware ( February 3 , 1913 ) Ratification ( by the requisite 36 states ) was completed on February 3 , 1913 with the ratification by Delaware . The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states , bringing the total number of ratifying states to forty - two of the forty - eight then existing : New Mexico ( February 3 , 1913 ) Wyoming ( February 3 , 1913 ) New Jersey ( February 4 , 1913 ) Vermont ( February 19 , 1913 ) Massachusetts ( March 4 , 1913 ) New Hampshire ( March 7 , 1913 ) , after rejecting the amendment on March 2 , 1911 The legislatures of the following states rejected the amendment without ever subsequently ratifying it : Connecticut Rhode Island Utah Virginia The legislatures of the following states never considered the proposed amendment : Florida Pennsylvania Pollock overruled This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Sixteenth Amendment removed the precedent set by the Pollock decision . Professor Sheldon D. Pollack at the University of Delaware wrote : On February 25 , 1913 , in the closing days of the Taft administration , Secretary of State Philander C. Knox , a former Republican senator from Pennsylvania and attorney general under McKinley and Roosevelt , certified that the amendment had been properly ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures . Three more states ratified the amendment soon after , and eventually the total reached 42 . The remaining six states either rejected the amendment or took no action at all . Notwithstanding the many frivolous claims repeatedly advanced by so - called tax protestors , the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was duly ratified as of February 3 , 1913 . With that , the Pollock decision was overturned , restoring the status quo ante . Congress once again had the `` power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration '' . From William D. Andrews , Professor of Law , Harvard Law School : In 1913 the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted , overruling Pollock , and the Congress then levied an income tax on both corporate and individual incomes . From Professor Boris Bittker , who was a tax law professor at Yale Law School : As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , of the original Constitution rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . A corollary of this conclusion is that any direct tax that is not imposed on `` income '' remains subject to the rule of apportionment . Because the Sixteenth Amendment does not purport to define the term `` direct tax , '' the scope of that constitutional phrase remains as debatable as it was before 1913 ; but the practical significance of the issue was greatly reduced once income taxes , even if direct , were relieved from the requirement of apportionment . Professor Erik Jensen at Case Western Reserve University Law School has written : ( The Sixteenth Amendment ) was a response to the Income Tax Cases ( Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . ) , and it exempts only `` taxes on incomes '' from the apportionment rule that otherwise applies to direct taxes . Professor Calvin H. Johnson , a tax professor at the University of Texas School of Law , has written : The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution , ratified in 1913 , was written to allow Congress to tax income without the hobbling apportionment requirement . ... Pollock was itself overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment as to apportionment of income ... From Gale Ann Norton : Courts have essentially abandoned the permissive interpretation created in Pollock . Subsequent cases have viewed the Sixteenth Amendment as a rejection of Pollock 's definition of `` direct tax '' . The apportionment requirement again applies only to real estate and capitation taxes . Even if the Sixteenth Amendment is not viewed as narrowing the definition of direct taxes , it at least introduces an additional consideration to analysis under the Apportionment Clause . For the Court to strike an unapportioned tax , plaintiffs must establish not only that a tax is a direct tax , but also that it is not in the subset of direct taxes known as an income tax . From Alan O. Dixler : In Brushaber , the Supreme Court validated the first post - 16th Amendment income tax . Chief Justice White , who as an associate justice had dissented articulately in Pollock , wrote for a unanimous Court . Upholding the income tax provisions of the tariff act of October 3 , 1913 , Chief Justice White observed that the 16th Amendment did not give Congress any new power to lay and collect an income tax ; rather , the 16th Amendment permitted Congress to do so without apportionment ... Congress may impose taxes on income from any source without having to apportion the total dollar amount of tax collected from each state according to each state 's population in relation to the total national population . In Wikoff v. Commissioner , the United States Tax Court said : ( I ) t is immaterial , with respect to Federal income taxes , whether the tax is a direct or an indirect tax . Mr. Wikoff ( the taxpayer ) relied on the Supreme Court 's decision in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co ... but the effect of that decision has been nullified by the enactment of the 16th Amendment . In Abrams v. Commissioner , the Tax Court said : Since the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , it is immaterial with respect to income taxes , whether the tax is a direct or indirect tax . The whole purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment was to relieve all income taxes when imposed from ( the requirement of ) apportionment and from ( the requirement of ) a consideration of the source whence the income was derived . Case Law The federal courts ' interpretations of the Sixteenth Amendment have changed considerably over time and there have been many disputes about the applicability of the amendment . The Brushaber case In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income `` derived from real property '' that were the subject of the Pollock decision ) , be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment 's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 requirement that excises , also known as indirect taxes , be imposed with geographical uniformity . The Kerbaugh - Empire Co. case In Bowers v. Kerbaugh - Empire Co. , 271 U.S. 170 ( 1926 ) , the Supreme Court , through Justice Pierce Butler , stated : It was not the purpose or the effect of that amendment to bring any new subject within the taxing power . Congress already had the power to tax all incomes . But taxes on incomes from some sources had been held to be `` direct taxes '' within the meaning of the constitutional requirement as to apportionment . ( citations omitted ) The Amendment relieved from that requirement and obliterated the distinction in that respect between taxes on income that are direct taxes and those that are not , and so put on the same basis all incomes `` from whatever source derived '' . ( citations omitted ) `` Income '' has been taken to mean the same thing as used in the Corporation Excise Tax of 1909 ( 36 Stat. 112 ) , in the Sixteenth Amendment , and in the various revenue acts subsequently passed . ( citations omitted ) After full consideration , this court declared that income may be defined as gain derived from capital , from labor , or from both combined , including profit gained through sale or conversion of capital . The Glenshaw Glass case In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. , 348 U.S. 426 ( 1955 ) , the Supreme Court laid out what has become the modern understanding of what constitutes `` gross income '' to which the Sixteenth Amendment applies , declaring that income taxes could be levied on `` accessions to wealth , clearly realized , and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion '' . Under this definition , any increase in wealth -- whether through wages , benefits , bonuses , sale of stock or other property at a profit , bets won , lucky finds , awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit , qui tam actions -- are all within the definition of income , unless the Congress makes a specific exemption , as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party , gifts , bequests , devises and inheritances , and certain scholarships . Income Taxation of wages , etc. . Federal courts have ruled that the Sixteenth Amendment allows a direct tax on `` wages , salaries , commissions , etc. without apportionment '' . The Penn Mutual case Although the Sixteenth Amendment is often cited as the `` source '' of the congressional power to tax incomes , at least one court has reiterated the point made in Brushaber and other cases that the Sixteenth Amendment itself did not grant the Congress the power to tax incomes , a power the Congress had since 1789 , but only removed the possible requirement that any income tax be apportioned among the states according to their respective populations . In Penn Mutual Indemnity , the United States Tax Court stated : In dealing with the scope of the taxing power the question has sometimes been framed in terms of whether something can be taxed as income under the Sixteenth Amendment . This is an inaccurate formulation ... and has led to much loose thinking on the subject . The source of the taxing power is not the Sixteenth Amendment ; it is Article I , Section 8 , of the Constitution . The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit agreed with the Tax Court , stating : It did not take a constitutional amendment to entitle the United States to impose an income tax . Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , only held that a tax on the income derived from real or personal property was so close to a tax on that property that it could not be imposed without apportionment . The Sixteenth Amendment removed that barrier . Indeed , the requirement for apportionment is pretty strictly limited to taxes on real and personal property and capitation taxes . It is not necessary to uphold the validity of the tax imposed by the United States that the tax itself bear an accurate label . Indeed , the tax upon the distillation of spirits , imposed very early by federal authority , now reads and has read in terms of a tax upon the spirits themselves , yet the validity of this imposition has been upheld for a very great many years . It could well be argued that the tax involved here ( an income tax ) is an `` excise tax '' based upon the receipt of money by the taxpayer . It certainly is not a tax on property and it certainly is not a capitation tax ; therefore , it need not be apportioned . We do not think it profitable , however , to make the label as precise as that required under the Food and Drug Act . Congress has the power to impose taxes generally , and if the particular imposition does not run afoul of any constitutional restrictions then the tax is lawful , call it what you will . The Murphy case On December 22 , 2006 , a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated its unanimous decision ( of August 2006 ) in Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States . In an unrelated matter , the court had also granted the government 's motion to dismiss Murphy 's suit against the Internal Revenue Service . Under federal sovereign immunity , a taxpayer may sue the federal government , but not a government agency , officer , or employee ( with some exceptions ) . The Court ruled : Insofar as the Congress has waived sovereign immunity with respect to suits for tax refunds under 28 U.S.C. § 1346 ( a ) ( 1 ) , that provision specifically contemplates only actions against the `` United States '' . Therefore , we hold the IRS , unlike the United States , may not be sued eo nomine in this case . An exception to federal sovereign immunity is in the United States Tax Court , in which a taxpayer may sue the Commissioner of Internal Revenue . The original three - judge panel then agreed to rehear the case itself . In its original decision , the Court had ruled that 26 U.S.C. § 104 ( a ) ( 2 ) was unconstitutional under the Sixteenth Amendment to the extent that the statute purported to tax , as income , a recovery for a nonphysical personal injury for mental distress and loss of reputation not received in lieu of taxable income such as lost wages or earnings . Because the August 2006 opinion was vacated , the Court of Appeals did not hear the case en banc . On July 3 , 2007 , the Court ( through the original three - judge panel ) ruled ( 1 ) that the taxpayer 's compensation was received on account of a nonphysical injury or sickness ; ( 2 ) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code does include compensatory damages for nonphysical injuries , even if the award is not an `` accession to wealth '' , ( 3 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries is an indirect tax , regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of `` human capital '' , and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 , that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population ; ( 4 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , that all duties , imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States ; ( 5 ) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity , the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name . The Court stated that `` ( a ) lthough the ' Congress can not make a thing income which is not so in fact ' , ... it can label a thing income and tax it , so long as it acts within its constitutional authority , which includes not only the Sixteenth Amendment but also Article I , Sections 8 and 9 . '' The court ruled that Ms. Murphy was not entitled to the tax refund she claimed , and that the personal injury award she received was `` within the reach of the Congressional power to tax under Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution '' -- even if the award was `` not income within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment '' . See also the Penn Mutual case cited above . On April 21 , 2008 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals . See also Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments Notes Jump up ^ Knowlton v. Moore 178 U.S. 41 ( 1900 ) and Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 220 U.S. 107 ( 1911 ) Jump up ^ Hylton v. United States 3 U.S. 171 ( 1796 ) Jump up ^ Buenker , John D. 1981 . `` The Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment . '' The Cato Journal . 1 : 1 . PDF Jump up ^ Baack , Bennet T. and Edward John Ray . 1985 . `` Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States . '' The Journal of Economic History V. 45 , No. 3 . pp. 607 - 625 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : Congress Passes Act Creating First Income Tax '' . Findingdulcinea.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Baack and Ray , p. 608 . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Labor Party Platform '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Populist Party Platform , 1892 '' . Historymatters.gmu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Speeches of William Jennings Bryan , pp. 159 - 179 . Books.google.com. 1909 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 1908 Democratic party platform Archived January 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Commentary , James W. Ely , Jr. , on the case of Springer v. United States , in answers.com , at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Again the situation is aptly illustrated by the various acts taxing incomes derived from property of every kind and nature which were enacted beginning in 1861 , and lasting during what may be termed the Civil War period . It is not disputable that these latter tax laws were classed under the head of excises , duties , and imposts because it was assumed that they were of that character , although putting a tax burden on income of every kind , including that derived from property real or personal , since they were not taxes directly on property because of its ownership . '' Brushaber v. Union Pac . Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , at 15 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baack and Ray , p. 610 Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cockran 's Final Effort '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1894 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Read a description of the decision at the Tax History Museum Archived 2010 - 08 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Justice Harlan 's dissenting opinion in ' ' Pollock ' ' '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ See the quotes from Theodore Roosevelt at the Tax History Museum Archived 2010 - 08 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Taft Address of June 16 , 1909 ( American Presidency Project ) '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu. 1909 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ President Taft Presidential addresses . Books.google.com. 1910 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Volume 36 , Statutes at Large , 61st Congress Session I , Senate Joint Resolution No. 40 , p. 184 , approved July 31 , 1909 Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 40 , 36 Stat. 184 . Jump up ^ `` The Ratification of the Federal Income Tax Amendment , John D. Buenker '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 189 Jump up ^ Baack and Jay , p. 613 - 614 Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Arthur A. Ekirch , Jr. , `` The Sixteenth Amendment : The Historical Background , '' p. 175 , ' ' Cato Journal ' ' , Vol. 1 , No. 1 , Spring 1981 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buenker , pp. 219 - 221 Jump up ^ Adam Young , `` The Origin of the Income Tax '' , Ludwig von Mises Institute , Sept. 7 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` FindLaw : U.S. Constitution : Amendments '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 ... Jump up ^ See Senate Document # 108 - 17 , 108th Congress , Second Session , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28 , 2002 , at pp. 33 - 34 , footnote 8 , Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress , U.S. Gov 't Printing Office ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Virginia House Opposes Federal Clause by 54 to 37 '' , The Washington Post , March 8 , 1910 Jump up ^ Boris Bittker , `` Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government , '' The Tax Lawyer , Fall 1987 , Vol. 41 , No. 1 , p. 3 ( American Bar Association ) ( Pollock case `` was in effect reversed by the sixteenth amendment '' ) Jump up ^ `` The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution overruled Pollock ... '' Graf v. Commissioner , 44 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 66 , TC Memo. 1982 - 317 , CCH Dec . 39,080 ( M ) ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sheldon D. Pollack , `` Origins of the Modern Income Tax , 1894 - 1913 , '' 66 Tax Lawyer 295 , 323 - 324 , Winter 2013 ( Amer . Bar Ass'n ) ( footnotes omitted ; italics in original ) . Jump up ^ William D. Andrews , Basic Federal Income Taxation , p. 2 , Little , Brown and Company ( 3d ed. 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Boris I. Bittker , Martin J. McMahon , Jr. and Lawrence A. Zelenak , Federal Income Taxation of Individuals ( 2d ed. 2006 ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Erik M. Jensen , `` The Taxing Power , The Sixteenth Amendment , And the Meaning of ' Incomes ' '' , Oct. 4 , 2002 , Tax Analysts ( footnotes not reproduced ) . Jump up ^ Calvin H. Johnson , `` Purging Out Pollock : The Constitutionality of Federal Wealth or Sales Tax '' , Dec. 27 , 2002 , Tax Analysts . Jump up ^ Gale Ann Norton , `` The Limitless Federal Taxing Power , '' Vol. 8 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 591 ( Summer , 1985 ) ( footnotes omitted ) . Jump up ^ Alan O. Dixler , `` Direct Taxes Under the Constitution : A Review of the Precedents '' , Nov. 20 , 2006 , Tax Analysts . Jump up ^ `` Findlaw : Sixteenth Amendment , History and Purpose of the Amendment '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wikoff v. Commissioner , 37 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 1539 , T.C. Memo. 1978 - 372 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ 82 T.C. 403 , CCH Dec. 41,031 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 of the Constitution , rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . '' Boris I. Bittker , Martin J. McMahon , Jr . & Lawrence A. Zelenak , Federal Income Taxation of Individuals , ch. 1 , paragr. 1.01 ( 1 ) ( a ) , Research Institute of America ( 2d ed. 2005 ) , as retrieved from 2002 WL 1454829 ( W.G. & L . ) . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 101 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 102 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 117 . Jump up ^ Parker v. Commissioner , 724 F. 2d 469 , 84 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9209 ( 5th Cir. 1984 ) ( closing parenthesis in original has been omitted ) . For other court decisions upholding the taxability of wages , salaries , etc. see United States v. Connor , 898 F. 2d 942 , 90 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,166 ( 3d Cir. 1990 ) ; Perkins v. Commissioner , 746 F. 2d 1187 , 84 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9898 ( 6th Cir. 1984 ) ; White v. United States , 2005 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,289 ( 6th Cir. 2004 ) , cert . denied , ____ U.S. ____ ( 2005 ) ; Granzow v. Commissioner , 739 F. 2d 265 , 84 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9660 ( 7th Cir. 1984 ) ; Waters v. Commissioner , 764 F. 2d 1389 , 85 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9512 ( 11th Cir. 1985 ) ; United States v. Buras , 633 F. 2d 1356 , 81 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9126 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 32 T.C. 653 at 659 ( 1959 ) , aff 'd , 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶. 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) ( footnotes omitted ) . Jump up ^ Order , Dec. 22 , 2006 , the ruling of Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Jump up ^ 460 F. 3d 79 , 2006 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,476 , 2006 WL 2411372 ( D.C. Cir . August 22 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ ( Murphy v. United States ) Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 61 ( Murphy v United States , on rehearing ) Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , p. 16 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , p. 5 - 6 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Court to hear anti-dumping , sentencing cases '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . External links Sixteenth Amendment and 1913 tax return form Images of original documents CRS Annotated Constitution : Sixteenth Amendment Pollock Decision The decision nullified by the Sixteenth Amendment Brushaber Decision Supreme Court opinion on the apportionment clause of the Constitution . Stanton Decision - no new power of taxation ( affirming constitutionality of income tax after Sixteenth Amendment ) ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 175899214 LCCN : n97009346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=826354851 '' Categories : 1913 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) 1913 in American politics Presidency of Woodrow Wilson History of taxation in the United States United States Sixteenth Amendment case law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what was the purpose of the 16th amendment
|
[] |
[] |
213235019395490925
|
List of When Calls the Heart episodes
|
List of when Calls the Heart episodes - wikipedia List of when Calls the Heart episodes Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of episodes for When Calls the Heart , an American - Canadian television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West Series . Developed by Michael Landon Jr. , the series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . As of December 25 , 2017 , 40 episodes of When Calls the Heart have aired , including the third Christmas movie . On April 24 , 2017 , star Erin Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Special ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Special ( 2016 ) 2.6 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.7 Special ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Lost and Found '' Michael Landon Jr . Michael Landon Jr. and Cindy Kelley January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) 1.69 When a wooden plank inscribed with a sentimental message is discovered in the mine , new constable Jack Thornton tries to discover the plank 's rightful owner . Elizabeth struggles with capturing the enthusiasm of her students in the wake of tragedy . `` Cease And Desist '' Michael Landon Jr . Brian Bird January 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 18 ) 1.59 When all the widows in Coal Valley receive eviction notices from the Coal Company to make way for new miner recruits , Elizabeth hatches a plan to keep the widows from moving out of the only town they know . `` A Telling Silence '' Michael Landon Jr . Ken LaZebnik January 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 25 ) 1.39 Elizabeth helps a mute student who is struggling to cope with the death of her father . Jack investigates the mysterious circumstances surrounding the burning of Coal Valley 's only church . `` Secrets and Lies '' Michael Landon Jr . John Wierick February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) 1.19 After finding the cans of whale oil , Jack investigates Cat Montgomery for her possible involvement in the church arson case . When the evidence points to Cat , Gabe becomes infuriated by the idea of his mother being imprisoned for something she did n't do . 5 5 `` The Dance '' Anne Wheeler Ken LaZebnik February 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) 1.50 When a group of new male miners comes to Coal Valley , many of the town 's women get caught up in the idea of the single men . One of the new miners begins courting Elizabeth and Jack seems to have concerns that resemble jealousy . Abigail takes in Carla Noonan , a pregnant widow , to keep an eye on her health while Coal Valley 's doctor is away . 6 6 `` These Games '' Anne Wheeler Sheryl J. Anderson February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 1.15 The Miners ' Games allow the townspeople to cut loose and have a little fun . Elizabeth is feeling caught between overprotective Jack and new miner Billy Hamilton , but when Jack tells her he has proof Billy lied to her , Elizabeth decides she 's had enough . Abigail suggests Jack try a gentler approach to reach Elizabeth . Jack also investigates a series of robberies that are plaguing Coal Valley . 7 7 `` Second Chances '' Neill Fearnley Kim Beyer - Johnson February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 1.15 Abigail is encouraged to reopen Coal Valley 's dilapidated and abandoned cafe and make it her own after Elizabeth raves about Abigail 's baking . Jack accidentally insults Elizabeth as he fumbles to confess his feelings for her . One of Elizabeth 's students has trouble reading so she enlists Jack 's help for a creative solution . 8 8 `` Perils of the Soloists '' Neill Fearnley Jon Nappa March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 1.04 Elizabeth and Abigail move into rooms above Abigail 's cafe . The only surviving miner from the explosion comes home from the hospital with a shocking surprise . Elizabeth and her students must put on the Coal Valley Founders ' Day play on short notice . 9 9 `` Change of Heart '' Anne Wheeler Ken Craw March 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 08 ) 1.65 Jack makes his intentions known by asking an excited Elizabeth on date . Her younger sister Julie also makes a surprise visit . Julie wants to know all about Elizabeth 's new life and her new romance . Elizabeth is careful with her emotions , until she sees the romantic evening at the café that he and Abigail planned for them . However , Jack has been granted a transfer to another post , which he requested upon arriving at Coal Valley . Now happy , he must break the news to Elizabeth . Meanwhile , Gowen has a sudden interest in Abigail , who mentions this to Jack . He informs her that Gowen 's role in the mine explosion is being investigated . Elsewhere , a naive Julie helps an injured man shown to be a wanted outlaw . 10 10 `` Love Comes First '' Neill Fearnley Vanessa Parise March 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) 1.24 After Jack 's departure from Coal Valley , Abigail learns her husband might be at fault for the mine disaster . Julie unknowingly nurses wanted outlaw Nate Tolliver back to health and gives him directions to the cabin where they met , and where his loot is stashed . Julie confides in Elizabeth about her newfound love , but a suspicious Elizabeth goes to tell Abigail , just as the trouble arrives . The Thatcher women are put in danger , and Elizabeth realizes that love is stronger than fear . 11 11 `` Rules of Engagement '' Neill Fearnley Neal Dobrofsky & Tippi Dobrofsky March 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 22 ) 2.01 After taking care of the Tollivers , hero Jack returns to Coal Valley . His ex-fiancée Rosemary LeVeaux also arrives . Rosemary broke up with him long ago to become an actress . However , she now seeks to make Coal Valley her home and Jack her husband , putting Elizabeth at odds with Jack . Meanwhile , he has asked forensic investigator and friend Bill Avery to help Abigail in regards to Gowen , the mining company and the explosion . As Bill works with Abigail , he becomes interested in her , admitting his intentions to Jack . Abigail also has the same intentions . Elizabeth receives news from home , causing her to ponder leaving Coal Valley . 12 12 `` Prelude to a Kiss '' Neill Fearnley Neal Dobrofsky & Tippi Dobrofsky March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 2.07 Coal Valley is finally going to get some justice for the mine explosion when Circuit Judge Jedidiah Black comes to town . Jack confronts Elizabeth about her teaching offer . Abigail begins letting go of the past and starts looking to the future with Bill Avery . Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship changes in a big way . Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Trials of the Heart '' Neill Fearnley Tippi Dobrofsky & Neal Dobrofsky April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) 1.94 Elizabeth and Jack are closer than ever after their first kiss and Jack gains a new understanding of Elizabeth 's high - society family life . Abigail confronts Bill about a shocking discovery that could put their romantic future on hold and the mining disaster trial takes a surprising turn , when a shocking witness is called to the stand , and its result creates a name change for the town . 14 `` Heart and Soul '' Mike Rohl Robin Bernheim May 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) 1.35 Elizabeth grows nostalgic while spending time with her friend Charles in Hamilton , further complicating her feelings , while Jack returns to the renamed Hope Valley to rebuild the church and school . He enlists the help of new friend and timber tycoon Lee Coulter , who has taken interest in Jack 's ex-fiancée , Rosemary . Abigail says goodbye to Bill , who claims he has a new investigation back East , but promises to return to her . Abigail is devastated after a visit from someone very close to Bill , claiming he has n't been completely truthful . Meanwhile , conman Floyd Conklin arrives in town to swindle the hard - working residents , but is quickly mistaken for the church 's new Reverend , Frank Hogan , who is expected to arrive any day . After Lee rejects Gowen 's offer to work together on the new saw mill , Gowen threatens him and soon has another tactic for getting what he wants that will drastically affect the whole town . Floyd and Gowen 's manipulative exploits explode in the saloon as a beloved Hope Valley couple prepares to exchange vows . Back in Hamilton , Elizabeth feels the pressure from her parents and her newly engaged sister Viola to make a decision about Charles and Jack , wondering if her adventure on the frontier prevented her from finding happiness and true love . 15 `` Heart 's Desire '' Mike Rohl & Neill Fearnley Andrea Stevens ( Part I ) / Derek Thompson ( Part II ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 1.62 Abigail travels to Hamilton to stay with Elizabeth 's family and is compelled to accept Bill 's help on a personal matter . A heroic act by Jack brings him closer to Rosemary . Elizabeth returns to Hope Valley and she and Jack come together to consider what the future holds . 16 `` Awakenings & Revelations '' Neill Fearnley Tony Blake May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.51 Elizabeth 's conflict of the heart follows her to Hope Valley when she is surprised with a visitor from Hamilton , Charles . Although he has new business with Lee at the sawmill , Elizabeth knows it is more than just a coincidence that her father sent him to town , as does Jack . As the two men attempt to hide their thinly veiled fight for Elizabeth 's affections , Clara meets a charming suitor , leaving her uncertain about how her new courtship could affect Abigail . Sensing Clara is upset , Abigail goes to Pastor Frank for advice . Meanwhile , Rosemary promises Lee an evening he will never forget as she aims to get what she desires . Then , Bill Avery returns to Hope Valley and begins evading Jack 's questioning about a gang of counterfeiting criminals in the region . Elizabeth ponders her romance with Jack , and confusion about Charles , putting her relationship at an emotional impasse . 17 5 `` Heart of the Family '' Martin Wood Robin Bernheim May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) 1.63 Elizabeth and Jack both receive telegrams about an automobile accident involving Tom and Julie . Julie is fine , but Jack has received no word on Tom 's condition . Elizabeth 's family is furious and Julie is refusing to speak to anyone . Elizabeth and Jack must return to Hamilton to help in the situation . Meanwhile , Abigail tries to find forgiveness in her heart for Bill as Lee asks Rosemary 's help to fight Gowen and keep Hope Valley from falling apart . 18 6 `` Coming Together , Coming Apart '' Martin Wood Tony Blake June 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) 1.52 Elizabeth and Jack , still upset after their fight , separately set out to help their younger siblings move toward a better future -- apart from each other . When Tom and Julie run off together , Elizabeth enlists Jack 's help to find them before they make an even bigger mistake . In Hope Valley , Gowen , still reeling from his loss in the poker game , begins pressuring Abigail to sell the café to a new investor . When Abigail refuses , Gowen conspires with Dottie to threaten Abigail into understanding the consequences . Abigail looks to Pastor Frank for guidance and finds the spark of something new with him , even as his past remains a mystery . At the same time , Lee wants something more with Rosemary , but her independence proves she is n't ready to settle down , making him reconsider his approach . In Hamilton , Jack realizes Tom 's troubling behavior has roots in their past as he helps his brother say an emotional farewell . Then , a calculated offer from William makes Jack realize Elizabeth 's family might never accept him for who he is , and their different worlds suddenly seem even farther apart . 19 7 `` With All My Heart '' Neill Fearnley Derek Thompson ( Part I ) ; Tony Blake & Derek Thompson ( Part II ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) 1.78 Elizabeth and Jack return from Hamilton at odds with each other . Jack 's dog Rip gets lost during storm , and they set out to find him before taking shelter in an old mine tunnel . Trapped together and narrowly escaping danger , they discuss what has been keeping them apart . Meanwhile , Gowen threatens to shut down the café if Abigail does n't finish a long list of repairs . She is grateful when Pastor Frank offers to help -- but a confession about his past could make her ponder their new connection . Then , after Jack arrests a third counterfeiter in town , Bill returns under the guise of investigating , while seemingly falling deeper into corruption . Tipped off to her husband 's whereabouts , Nora arrives , hoping to mend their marriage and keep Abigail away . Nora 's history with her surprising informant complicates her feelings . Finally , as Jack captures a special memory for Elizabeth and her schoolchildren , he plans a bold new proposal for their future . Special ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 20 `` New Year 's Wish '' Neill Fearnley Robin Bernheim Burger December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 2.49 A fresh start for Jack and Elizabeth , a surprise guest for Abbys , an adventure for Rosemary and Lee , an unwanted visitor from Pastor Hogan 's past , and new beginnings for the town makes this the most unforgettable New Year 's celebration Hope Valley has ever seen . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Troubled Hearts '' Martin Wood Derek Thompson February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 1.70 Elizabeth surprises Jack with a home of her own as Abigail learns of Gowen 's latest greedy scheme and Frank 's past quickly closes in on him . 22 `` A Time to Speak '' Martin Wood Richard Manning February 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 28 ) 1.74 After the discovery that Frank is a wanted man , Hope Valley quickly turns on their pastor before Abigail sets out to prove that the mistakes of the past do n't define the future . 23 `` Heart of a Hero '' Neill Fearnley Josef Anderson March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 1.76 After Hope Valley learns redemption is possible , Abigail and Frank pursue a romance before the heart of the town is tested by the threat of a gang of outlaws . 24 `` A Gentle Heart '' Neill Fearnley Derek Thompson March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 2.05 Jack and Elizabeth are stronger than ever - but as Faith prepares to make a permanent move to Hope Valley while leaning on Jack for emotional support , Elizabeth grows wary of their friendship . 25 5 `` Forever in My Heart '' Peter DeLuise Josef Anderson March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 1.80 Elizabeth attempts to trust Jack when she learns Faith is staying in Hope Valley for good , even as Jack sneaks around to negotiate a big purchase as he dreams of a future with her . Then , Elizabeth inspires her students with a science fair project , and Abigail learns Becky is finally coming home from the hospital . However , Becky 's surprising debilitating condition concerns everyone , as Abigail contemplates the emotional decision of taking in Becky and Cody as her own . Meanwhile , a frustrated Bill Avery is determined to prove Henry Gowen is sabotaging Lee 's business and causing it to fail . Then , just as Becky finds the courage to overcome the obstacle she fears most , Abigail assures her love is the best medicine after all before a visitor to the café threatens to tear the happy new family apart . 26 6 `` Heartbreak '' Peter DeLuise Richard Manning and Robin Bernheim Burger March 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 27 ) 1.94 Abigail is stunned at the arrival of Becky and Cody 's Aunt Carolyn , who announces plans to move the children away from Hope Valley . Elizabeth fears a distraught Becky will have a setback in her recovery hampering a chance to demonstrate her talent at the science fair . Meanwhile , Jack and Bill find the needed proof to arrest Gowen in the sawmill case . The mayor insists on being framed and accuses Bill of having a personal vendetta against him for his romance with Nora . New clues lead Jack to another surprising suspect . At the settlement , Jack enlists Faith 's help to convince Roy to return to Edith and let go of his fear of failure . Back home , Elizabeth shares her writing with Jack . He assures her she has something important to say about life on the frontier , and their relationship seems stronger than ever . As a producer gives Rosemary the opportunity to become a Hollywood star , she is forced to reconsider her life 's dream and her love for Lee . Abigail , Cody and Becky prepare for a heartbreaking farewell , and Elizabeth makes an impassioned plea . 27 7 `` Hearts in Question '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 2.07 Jack 's mother Charlotte ( Brooke Shields ) arrives unannounced . As Elizabeth eagerly attempts to get to know her , she quickly finds she has little in common with her . Meanwhile , Abigail and Frank make their courtship official , causing her to wonder if she has found love again . Rosemary , busy planning her dream wedding to Lee , enlists the help of Abigail , Dottie and others in town to make it perfect , as well as extravagant . However , her preparations hit a snag , and she worries about her compatibility with Lee . At the settlement , Elizabeth urges the mothers to let her give their children lessons , but it takes Jack 's confidence in her to finally convince them and impress Charlotte in the process . When Bill learns of a misuse of city funds , he begins a quiet investigation as a nervous Gowen convinces Nora to leave town with him in search of a new beginning ; but bad weather looms near Hope Valley and its surrounding frontier . The settlement workers are at risk of a natural disaster that will threaten their land as well as their lives . 28 8 `` Prayers from the Heart '' Neill Fearnley Paul Jackson April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 2.53 Hope Valley comes to the aid of the Silverton miners trapped in the mudslide . As Jack leads a rescue team of Frank , Lee , Jesse and others out to the mine to find survivors , Elizabeth , Abigail and Faith convert the schoolhouse into a makeshift infirmary . Concerned for Jack , both Elizabeth and Charlotte come to understand each other through the crisis . Abigail must inform the settlement families about the disaster , a reminder of Hope Valley 's own mining tragedy and the loss of her husband . Bill searches for a friend in trouble and discovers Nora and Gowen , who is left fighting for his life after their accident . Back in town , bride - to - be Rosemary makes a selfless gesture for the sake of the injured . Before the rescue mission is complete , Jack puts himself into even more danger to help a young girl near the swollen river . The strength of the town is again tested in this fight for survival , before coming together for the wedding . Special ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Christmas '' Neill Fearnley Robin Bernheim Burger December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 3.66 An intriguing peddler comes to Hope Valley selling the townspeople his wares and teaching them valuable lessons about joy and giving . When the townspeople realize that the recently displaced settlers in the area will not have a proper Christmas , they come together to create a special holiday celebration -- including a Nativity presentation from the schoolchildren -- that will infuse everyone with the true spirit of Christmas . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Words from the Heart '' Peter DeLuise Charles Lazer February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 2.19 Abigail begins her duties as mayor , and nearly everyone in Hope Valley seems to want her attention . Ray Wyatt ( Jeremy Guilbaut ) of the National Pacific Railroad proposes a new route that he claims will bring business to the area . Abigail must determine the course of action best for the town , while not sacrificing the individual interests of its people . Bill is asked to head the railroad security team . Meanwhile , in an effort to integrate Elizabeth 's new students from the settlement with the Hope Valley children , Jack proposes a friendly baseball game . He and Elizabeth divide them into teams and the two serve as respective coaches . The whole town turns out for the game , and one of the new children becomes a hero after Elizabeth encourages him to overcome his fear . 31 `` Heart of Truth '' Peter DeLuise Derek Thompson February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 1.86 Hope Valley 's prosperity from the railroad begins when the mill gets a big contract and Lee Coulter expands his workforce to meet the demand . Rosemary worries about her new marriage , since Lee is working so many hours . Jack is honored by the Mounted Police for his outstanding work , while Elizabeth receives a rejection letter from the publisher about her book . The debate surrounding the railroad 's plan to route through Hope Valley reaches a boiling point , and Abigail as mayor must break the town 's tie vote on the matter . Bill accepts the railroad 's offer as security head , after a fire on railroad property appears to be arson . 32 `` The Heart of the Community '' Neill Fearnley Richard Manning March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 2.13 Abigail finalizes a deal with Ray Wyatt to bring the railroad to Hope Valley , and new families flock to the town with the promise of work . When word reaches the town that a notorious gang is at large and may be heading their way , Jack and Bill enlist Frank 's counsel in thwarting their plan to rob the incoming stage carrying the railroad 's payroll . Elizabeth takes a strong interest in new student Philip Cantrell , whose single father Shane ( Niall Matter ) is working overtime at the mill and has little time left over for his son . She also plans a carnival to raise funds for supplies the school needs to accommodate the new students , and the entire town turns out in support . Rosemary 's new job at the café comes to an abrupt end , but she quickly eyes a new opportunity . 33 `` Change of Heart '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 2.21 Abigail 's mayoral tenure is threatened as Gowen plots to be reinstated . Ray Wyatt promises Elizabeth that the railroad will help the underfunded school , but she ultimately finds her teaching position in jeopardy . Jack reunites with a younger Mountie that he mentored at the academy , while newcomer Carson Shepherd lands a job at the café after being sidelined from railroad labor with an injury . Abigail and Frank 's relationship is still in limbo , but Rosemary schemes with Cody to get them back together . Not swayed by their failed stagecoach heist , the Tate brothers return to Hope Valley intent on carrying out a daring bank robbery . 34 5 `` Heart of a Teacher '' Michael Landon Jr . Derek Thompson March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 2.01 When the key witness against him fails to appear , Gowen reassumes his position as mayor and , without warning , summarily fires Elizabeth as the school 's teacher , citing a hidden scandal from her past . With nearly the entire town 's support , especially the children , and Abigail at her side , she travels to Cape Fullerton in hopes of resolving the false allegations . Bill lays out a plan to learn what underhandedness is going on between Gowen and Ray Wyatt . Following days of instruction under Mr. Stoneman , the school 's strict new teacher , Cody takes a stand in defense of Emily and leads the students in a walkout . When Jack delivers the Tate brothers to Mountie Headquarters , he receives bad news about the young Mountie he mentored . 35 6 `` My Heart Will Go On '' Peter DeLuise Charles Lazer March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 2.02 Elizabeth tutors Hope Valley 's children after school , while continuing to fight for her rightful job as their teacher . Abigail and Cody spearhead a letter - writing campaign for Elizabeth 's reinstatement , while an unexpected ally steps in on Elizabeth 's behalf . Gowen continues to act as the puppet of Ray Wyatt , who remains intent on controlling the town and its inhabitants . Meanwhile , Bill redoubles his efforts to locate the missing witness , an accountant whose testimony could help finally bring Gowen to justice . Jack attends the funeral of the young Mountie and begins to question his own devotion to duty . 36 7 `` Healing Heart '' Michael Rohl Richard Manning April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 2.08 Elizabeth is overjoyed by her engagement to Jack and begins to plan their future together in Hope Valley , as she nervously awaits word that her betrothed is safe amidst the danger of the Northern Territories . When Lee loses his voice , Rosemary helps him run the mill , with some unforeseen results . At the café , Carson Shepherd , Abigail 's new cook with a mysterious past , implements a plan to attract customers in the wake of Wyatt 's obvious attempts to squeeze her out of business . Elizabeth has a challenge with a pair of newly enrolled students , railroad kids who are ill - behaved bullies harboring a family secret . She 's determined to discover the source of their anger so she can help them but gets no help from their uncle , Ray Wyatt . Acting on an informant 's tip , Bill finally captures the mystery witness , but both Avery and the witness , A.J. Foster ( Josie Bissett ) , engage in a firefight when Wyatt learns that Avery might be onto his and Gowen 's plans . 37 8 `` Courageous Hearts '' Michael Rohl Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 2.31 Elizabeth further attracts Wyatt 's ire when she asks his brother Russ to help his sons deal with the loss of their mother . Bill 's plan to bring A.J. Foster back to testify against Gowen is complicated by Dale Kellogg , who was ordered by Wyatt to stop them by any means necessary . Frank Hogan 's suspicions about Carson 's past prompt the newcomer to share his big secret . Meanwhile , Abigail receives an offer from Wyatt that could save the café . After Lee buys a new car , Rosemary insists that he teach her to drive but instead learns a lesson about humility . 38 9 `` Heart of a Secret '' Neill Fearnley Robin Bernheim Burger April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 2.16 Abigail is reinstated as mayor with Gowen in jail . A mystery woman arrives bearing harmful allegations about Carson 's secret past that confirm Frank 's suspicions . Elizabeth tends to Opal for a few days , learns about motherhood , and is thrilled when a young Mountie under Jack 's command gives her an update on him . Cody is excited that his sister Becky has returned from school on a surprise visit but is saddened that she does n't seem to have any time for him . Meanwhile , Rosemary questions her own talents when she is unable to make sales at Dottie 's Dress Shop . 39 10 `` Heart of a Fighter '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 2.58 Cody lies seriously ill at the infirmary with apparent appendicitis , and a race is on to get a qualified surgeon to Hope Valley in time . When Dr. Strohm arrives the next day and declares that Cody does not have appendicitis , Abigail is relieved . However , Carson vehemently disagrees with the diagnosis and insists Cody needs lifesaving emergency surgery . Abigail must decide whether to allow Carson to operate against Dr. Strohm 's orders , while Elizabeth tries to convince his sister - in - law that his Carson was not responsible for his wife 's death . Everyone in town is concerned for Cody , including Becky , who promises to spend more time with him when he gets better , and Gowen . During this crisis , Abigail finally receives news about her status as Cody and Becky 's guardian . Special ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 40 `` The Christmas Wishing Tree '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 3.61 Hope Valley is buzzing from the introduction of the Wishing Tree , with all the townspeople eagerly placing their wishes on its branches in the hopes they will be granted . Elizabeth wishes for Jack 's return . Meanwhile , Abigail spearheads the town 's first Christmas parade , featuring an energetic band , led by Bill . Abigail 's newly adopted son , Cody , tries to make their first Christmas together special , connecting her past with their future . Rosemary and Lee discover the importance of Christmas traditions and treasured memories . Meanwhile , Doctor Carson Shepherd exhibits faith and resilience in trying to heal and inspire a guarded woman who has given up on the spirit of Christmas . Also , disgraced former mayor , Henry Gowen , gets a second chance at redemption . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Patriots / Colts Comes Up Big for CBS '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Flowers in the Attic , '' `` Sam & Cat '' Top Charts `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : FOX Claims Demo Crown with UFC '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` 48 Hours '' Tops Viewers , College Basketball Leads Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Olympic Winter Games Keep NBC on Top '' . The Futon Critic . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Olympic Winter Games Continue Their Reign '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NBC Tops Charts with Penultimate Night of Winter Games '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NBC Tops Demo Chart with NHL Coverage '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : College Basketball Leads Demos , `` 48 Hours '' Tops Viewers `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Quartet of Newsmagazines Tops Charts '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Scores Series ' High Ratings '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season Finale for Hallmark Channel 's Second Original Scripted Series , `` When Calls the Heart , '' Finishes on Top `` . TheFutonCritic.com. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.25. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.2. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.30. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 6.06. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.13. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) List of When Calls the Heart episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_When_Calls_the_Heart_episodes&oldid=817684251 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 23 : 19 . About Wikipedia
|
when calls the heart season 4 episodes list
|
[] |
[] |
-8441807181762103132
|
Mosquito
|
Mosquito - wikipedia Mosquito This article is about the insect . For other uses , see Mosquito ( disambiguation ) . Mosquito Temporal range : 226 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Jurassic -- Recent Female Culiseta longiareolata Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Superfamily : Culicoidea Family : Culicidae Meigen , 1818 Subfamilies Anophelinae Culicinae Diversity 41 genera Mosquitoes are small , midge - like flies that constitute the family Culicidae . Females of most species are ectoparasites , whose tube - like mouthparts ( called a proboscis ) pierce the hosts ' skin to consume blood . The word `` mosquito '' ( formed by mosca and diminutive - ito ) is Spanish for `` little fly '' . Thousands of species feed on the blood of various kinds of hosts , mainly vertebrates , including mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and even some kinds of fish . Some mosquitoes also attack invertebrates , mainly other arthropods . Though the loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the victim , the saliva of the mosquito often causes an irritating rash that can be a nuisance . Much more serious , though , is the role of many species of mosquitoes as vectors of diseases . In passing from host to host , some transmit extremely harmful infections such as malaria , yellow fever , Chikungunya , West Nile virus , dengue fever , filariasis , Zika virus and other arboviruses , rendering the Culicidae the deadliest animal family in the world . Contents 1 Taxonomy and evolution 1.1 Subfamilies 1.2 Genera 2 Species 3 Lifecycle 3.1 Eggs and oviposition 3.2 Larva 3.3 Pupa 3.4 Adult 4 Feeding by adults 4.1 Hosts of blood - feeding mosquito species 4.2 Mouthparts 4.3 Saliva 4.4 Egg development and blood digestion 5 Distribution 5.1 Means of dispersal 6 Disease 7 Urban ecology 8 Control 8.1 Repellents 9 Bites and treatment 10 In human culture 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Taxonomy and evolution The oldest known mosquito with an anatomy similar to modern species was found in 79 - million - year - old Canadian amber from the Cretaceous . An older sister species with more primitive features was found in Burmese amber that is 90 to 100 million years old . Two mosquito fossils have been found that show very little morphological change in modern mosquitoes against their counterpart from 46 million years ago . These fossils are also the oldest ever found to have blood preserved within their abdomens . Despite no fossils being found earlier than the Cretaceous , recent studies suggest that the earliest divergence of mosquitoes between the lineages leading to Anophelinae and Culicinae occurred 226 million years ago . The Old and New World Anopheles species are believed to have subsequently diverged about 95 million years ago . The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is currently undergoing speciation into the M ( opti ) and S ( avanah ) molecular forms . Consequently , some pesticides that work on the M form no longer work on the S form . Over 3,500 species of the Culicidae have already been described . They are generally divided into two subfamilies which in turn comprise some 43 genera . These figures are subject to continual change , as more species are discovered , and as DNA studies compel rearrangement of the taxonomy of the family . The two main subfamilies are the Anophelinae and Culicinae , with their genera as shown in the subsection below . The distinction is of great practical importance because the two subfamilies tend to differ in their significance as vectors of different classes of diseases . Roughly speaking , arboviral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever tend to be transmitted by Culicine species , not necessarily in the genus Culex . Some transmit various species of avian malaria , but it is not clear that they ever transmit any form of human malaria . Some species do however transmit various forms of filariasis , much as many Simuliidae do . Anopheline mosquitoes , again not necessarily in the genus Anopheles , sometimes bear pathogenic arboviruses , but it is not yet clear that they ever transmit them as effective vectors . However , all the most important vectors of human malaria are Anopheline . Subfamilies Anophelinae Culicinae Genera Aedeomyia Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Ayurakitia Borachinda Coquillettidia Culex Culiseta Deinocerites Eretmapodites Ficalbia Galindomyia Haemagogus Heizmannia Hodgesia Isostomyia Johnbelkinia Kimia Limatus Lutzia Malaya Mansonia Maorigoeldia Mimomyia Onirion Opifex Orthopodomyia Psorophora Runchomyia Sabethes Shannoniana Topomyia Toxorhynchites Trichoprosopon Tripteroides Udaya Uranotaenia Verrallina Wyeomyia Species Mosquitoes are members of a family of nematocerid flies : the Culicidae ( from the Latin culex , genitive culicis , meaning `` midge '' or `` gnat '' ) . Superficially , mosquitoes resemble crane flies ( family Tipulidae ) and chironomid flies ( family Chironomidae ) . In particular , the females of many species of mosquitoes are blood - eating pests and dangerous vectors of diseases , whereas members of the similar - looking Chironomidae and Tipulidae are not . Many species of mosquitoes are not blood eaters and of those that are , many create a `` high to low pressure '' in the blood to obtain it and do not transmit disease . Also , in the bloodsucking species , only the females suck blood . Furthermore , even among mosquitoes that do carry important diseases , neither all species of mosquitoes , nor all strains of a given species transmit the same kinds of diseases , nor do they all transmit the diseases under the same circumstances ; their habits differ . For example , some species attack people in houses , and others prefer to attack people walking in forests . Accordingly , in managing public health , knowing which species or even which strain of mosquito one is dealing with is important . Over 3,500 species of mosquitoes have already been described from various parts of the world . Some mosquitoes that bite humans routinely act as vectors for a number of infectious diseases affecting millions of people per year . Others that do not routinely bite humans , but are the vectors for animal diseases , may become disastrous agents for zoonosis of new diseases when their habitats are disturbed , for instance by sudden deforestation . Lifecycle Anatomy of a Culex larva Image of pitcher plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii , showing segmentation and partial anatomy of circulatory system Like all flies , mosquitoes go through four stages in their lifecycles : egg , larva , pupa , and adult or imago . In most species , adult females lay their eggs in stagnant water ; some lay eggs near the water 's edge ; others attach their eggs to aquatic plants . Each species selects the situation of the water into which it lays its eggs and does so according to its own ecological adaptations . Some are generalists and are not very fussy . Some breed in lakes , some in temporary puddles . Some breed in marshes , some in salt - marshes . Among those that breed in salt water , some are equally at home in fresh and salt water up to about one - third the concentration of seawater , whereas others must acclimatize themselves to the salinity . Such differences are important because certain ecological preferences keep mosquitoes away from most humans , whereas other preferences bring them right into houses at night . Some species of mosquitoes prefer to breed in phytotelmata ( natural reservoirs on plants ) , such as rainwater accumulated in holes in tree trunks , or in the leaf - axils of bromeliads . Some specialize in the liquid in pitchers of particular species of pitcher plants , their larvae feeding on decaying insects that had drowned there or on the associated bacteria ; the genus Wyeomyia provides such examples -- the harmless Wyeomyia smithii breeds only in the pitchers of Sarracenia purpurea . However , some of the species of mosquitoes that are adapted to breeding in phytotelmata are dangerous disease vectors . In nature , they might occupy anything from a hollow tree trunk to a cupped leaf . Such species typically take readily to breeding in artificial water containers . Such casual puddles are important breeding places for some of the most serious disease vectors , such as species of Aedes that transmit dengue and yellow fever . Some with such breeding habits are disproportionately important vectors because they are well - placed to pick up pathogens from humans and pass them on . In contrast , no matter how voracious , mosquitoes that breed and feed mainly in remote wetlands and salt marshes may well remain uninfected , and if they do happen to become infected with a relevant pathogen , might seldom encounter humans to infect , in turn . The first three stages -- egg , larva , and pupa -- are largely aquatic . These stages typically last 5 to 14 days , depending on the species and the ambient temperature , but there are important exceptions . Mosquitoes living in regions where some seasons are freezing or waterless spend part of the year in diapause ; they delay their development , typically for months , and carry on with life only when there is enough water or warmth for their needs . For instance , Wyeomyia larvae typically get frozen into solid lumps of ice during winter and only complete their development in spring . The eggs of some species of Aedes remain unharmed in diapause if they dry out , and hatch later when they are covered by water . Eggs hatch to become larvae , which grow until they are able to change into pupae . The adult mosquito emerges from the mature pupa as it floats at the water surface . Bloodsucking mosquitoes , depending on species , sex , and weather conditions , have potential adult lifespans ranging from as short as a week to as long as several months . Some species can overwinter as adults in diapause . Eggs and oviposition Mosquito habits of oviposition , the ways in which they lay their eggs , vary considerably between species , and the morphologies of the eggs vary accordingly . The simplest procedure is that followed by many species of Anopheles ; like many other gracile species of aquatic insects , females just fly over the water , bobbing up and down to the water surface and dropping eggs more or less singly . The bobbing behavior occurs among some other aquatic insects as well , for example mayflies and dragonflies ; it is sometimes called `` dapping '' . The eggs of Anopheles species are roughly cigar - shaped and have floats down their sides . Females of many common species can lay 100 -- 200 eggs during the course of the adult phase of their lifecycles . Even with high egg and intergenerational mortality , over a period of several weeks , a single successful breeding pair can create a population of thousands . An egg raft of a Culex species , partly broken , showing individual egg shapes Some other species , for example members of the genus Mansonia , lay their eggs in arrays , attached usually to the under - surfaces of waterlily pads . Their close relatives , the genus Coquillettidia , lay their eggs similarly , but not attached to plants . Instead , the eggs form layers called `` rafts '' that float on the water . This is a common mode of oviposition , and most species of Culex are known for the habit , which also occurs in some other genera , such as Culiseta and Uranotaenia . Anopheles eggs may on occasion cluster together on the water , too , but the clusters do not generally look much like compactly glued rafts of eggs . In species that lay their eggs in rafts , rafts do not form adventitiously ; the female Culex settles carefully on still water with its hind legs crossed , and as it lays the eggs one by one , it twitches to arrange them into a head - down array that sticks together to form the raft . Aedes females generally drop their eggs singly , much as Anopheles do , but not as a rule into water . Instead , they lay their eggs on damp mud or other surfaces near the water 's edge . Such an oviposition site commonly is the wall of a cavity such as a hollow stump or a container such as a bucket or a discarded vehicle tire . The eggs generally do not hatch until they are flooded , and they may have to withstand considerable desiccation before that happens . They are not resistant to desiccation straight after oviposition , but must develop to a suitable degree first . Once they have achieved that , however , they can enter diapause for several months if they dry out . Clutches of eggs of the majority of mosquito species hatch as soon as possible , and all the eggs in the clutch hatch at much the same time . In contrast , a batch of Aedes eggs in diapause tends to hatch irregularly over an extended period of time . This makes it much more difficult to control such species than those mosquitoes whose larvae can be killed all together as they hatch . Some Anopheles species do also behave in such a manner , though not to the same degree of sophistication . Larva The mosquito larva has a well - developed head with mouth brushes used for feeding , a large thorax with no legs , and a segmented abdomen . Larvae breathe through spiracles located on their eighth abdominal segments , or through a siphon , so must come to the surface frequently . The larvae spend most of their time feeding on algae , bacteria , and other microbes in the surface microlayer . They dive below the surface only when disturbed . Larvae swim either through propulsion with their mouth brushes , or by jerky movements of their entire bodies , giving them the common name of `` wigglers '' or `` wrigglers '' . Larvae develop through four stages , or instars , after which they metamorphose into pupae . At the end of each instar , the larvae molt , shedding their skins to allow for further growth . Mosquito larvae and pupa resting at water surface Anopheles larva from southern Germany , about 8 mm long Aedes aegypti larva Culex larva and pupa Culex larvae plus one pupa Electron micrograph of a mosquito egg Pupa As seen in its lateral aspect , the mosquito pupa is comma - shaped . The head and thorax are merged into a cephalothorax , with the abdomen curving around underneath . The pupa can swim actively by flipping its abdomen , and it is commonly called a `` tumbler '' because of its swimming action . As with the larva , the pupa of most species must come to the surface frequently to breathe , which they do through a pair of respiratory trumpets on their cephalothoraxes . However , pupae do not feed during this stage ; typically they pass their time hanging from the surface of the water by their respiratory trumpets . If alarmed , say by a passing shadow , they nimbly swim downwards by flipping their abdomens in much the same way as the larvae do . If undisturbed , they soon float up again . After a few days or longer , depending on the temperature and other circumstances , the pupa rises to the water surface , the dorsal surface of its cephalothorax splits , and the adult mosquito emerges . The pupa is less active than the larva because it does not feed , whereas the larva feeds constantly . Adult The period of development from egg to adult varies among species and is strongly influenced by ambient temperature . Some species of mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as few as five days , but a more typical period of development in tropical conditions would be some 40 days or more for most species . The variation of the body size in adult mosquitoes depends on the density of the larval population and food supply within the breeding water . Anatomy of an adult mosquito Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage . In most species , the males form large swarms , usually around dusk , and the females fly into the swarms to mate . Males typically live for about 5 -- 7 days , feeding on nectar and other sources of sugar . After obtaining a full blood meal , the female will rest for a few days while the blood is digested and eggs are developed . This process depends on the temperature , but usually takes two to three days in tropical conditions . Once the eggs are fully developed , the female lays them and resumes host - seeking . The cycle repeats itself until the female dies . While females can live longer than a month in captivity , most do not live longer than one to two weeks in nature . Their lifespans depend on temperature , humidity , and their ability to successfully obtain a blood meal while avoiding host defenses and predators . The length of the adult is typically between 3mm and 6mm . The smallest known mosquitoes are around 2 mm ( 0.1 in ) , and the largest around 19 mm ( 0.7 in ) . Mosquitoes typically weigh around 5 mg . All mosquitoes have slender bodies with three segments : a head , a thorax and an abdomen . The head is specialized for receiving sensory information and for feeding . It has eyes and a pair of long , many - segmented antennae . The antennae are important for detecting host odors , as well as odors of breeding sites where females lay eggs . In all mosquito species , the antennae of the males in comparison to the females are noticeably bushier and contain auditory receptors to detect the characteristic whine of the females . Adult yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti , typical of subfamily Culicinae . Note bushy antennae and longer palps of male on left vs. females at right . The compound eyes are distinctly separated from one another . Their larvae only possess a pit - eye ocellus . The compound eyes of adults develop in a separate region of the head . New ommatidia are added in semicircular rows at the rear of the eye . During the first phase of growth , this leads to individual ommatidia being square , but later in development they become hexagonal . The hexagonal pattern will only become visible when the carapace of the stage with square eyes is molted . The head also has an elongated , forward - projecting , stinger - like proboscis used for feeding , and two sensory palps . The maxillary palps of the males are longer than their proboscises , whereas the females ' maxillary palps are much shorter . In typical bloodsucking species , the female has an elongated proboscis . The thorax is specialized for locomotion . Three pairs of legs and a pair of wings are attached to the thorax . The insect wing is an outgrowth of the exoskeleton . The Anopheles mosquito can fly for up to four hours continuously at 1 to 2 km / h ( 0.6 -- 1 mph ) , traveling up to 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) in a night . Males beat their wings between 450 and 600 times per second . The abdomen is specialized for food digestion and egg development ; the abdomen of a mosquito can hold three times its own weight in blood . This segment expands considerably when a female takes a blood meal . The blood is digested over time , serving as a source of protein for the production of eggs , which gradually fill the abdomen . Feeding by adults Aedes aegypti , a common vector of dengue fever and yellow fever Typically , both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices , but in many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites . In many species , the female needs to obtain nutrients from a blood meal before it can produce eggs , whereas in many other species , it can produce more eggs after a blood meal . A mosquito has a variety of ways of finding its prey , including chemical , visual , and heat sensors . Both plant materials and blood are useful sources of energy in the form of sugars , and blood also supplies more concentrated nutrients , such as lipids , but the most important function of blood meals is to obtain proteins as materials for egg production . The feeding preferences of mosquitoes include those with type O blood , heavy breathers , those with a lot of skin bacteria , people with a lot of body heat , and the pregnant . Individuals ' attractiveness to mosquitoes also has a heritable , genetically - controlled component . When a female reproduces without such parasitic meals , it is said to practice autogenous reproduction , as in Toxorhynchites ; otherwise , the reproduction may be termed anautogenous , as occurs in mosquito species that serve as disease vectors , particularly Anopheles and some of the most important disease vectors in the genus Aedes . In contrast , some mosquitoes , for example , many Culex , are partially anautogenous : they do not need a blood meal for their first cycle of egg production , which they produce autogenously ; however , subsequent clutches of eggs are produced anautogenously , at which point their disease vectoring activity becomes operative . Here an Anopheles stephensi female is engorged with blood and beginning to pass unwanted liquid fractions of the blood to make room in its gut for more of the solid nutrients . Female mosquitoes hunt their blood host by detecting organic substances such as carbon dioxide ( CO ) and 1 - octen - 3 - ol produced from the host , and through visual recognition . Mosquitoes prefer some people over others . The preferred victim 's sweat simply smells better than others ' because of the proportions of the carbon dioxide , octenol and other compounds that make up body odor . The most powerful semiochemical that triggers the keen sense of smell of Culex quinquefasciatus is nonanal . Another compound identified in human blood that attracts mosquitoes is sulcatone or 6 - methyl - 5 - hepten - 2 - one , especially for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with the odor receptor gene Or4 . A large part of the mosquito 's sense of smell , or olfactory system , is devoted to sniffing out blood sources . Of 72 types of odor receptors on its antennae , at least 27 are tuned to detect chemicals found in perspiration . In Aedes , the search for a host takes place in two phases . First , the mosquito exhibits a nonspecific searching behavior until the perception of host stimulants , then it follows a targeted approach . Most mosquito species are crepuscular ( dawn or dusk ) feeders . During the heat of the day , most mosquitoes rest in a cool place and wait for the evenings , although they may still bite if disturbed . Some species , such as the Asian tiger mosquito , are known to fly and feed during daytime . Prior to and during blood feeding , blood - sucking mosquitoes inject saliva into the bodies of their source ( s ) of blood . This saliva serves as an anticoagulant ; without it the female mosquito 's proboscis might become clogged with blood clots . The saliva also is the main route by which mosquito physiology offers passenger pathogens access to the hosts ' bloodstream . The salivary glands are a major target to most pathogens , whence they find their way into the host via the saliva . A mosquito bite often leaves an itchy weal , a raised bump , on the victim 's skin , which is caused by histamines trying to fight off the protein left by the attacking insect . Mosquitoes of the genus Toxorhynchites never drink blood . This genus includes the largest extant mosquitoes , the larvae of which prey on the larvae of other mosquitoes . These mosquito eaters have been used in the past as mosquito control agents , with varying success . Hosts of blood - feeding mosquito species Play media Video of Anopheline mosquito locating and feeding on a caterpillar Mosquitoes feeding on a reptile Many , if not all , blood - sucking species of mosquitoes are fairly selective feeders that specialise in particular host species , though they often relax their selectivity when they experience severe competition for food , defensive activity on the part of the hosts , or starvation . Some species feed selectively on monkeys , while others prefer particular kinds of birds , but they become less selective as conditions become more difficult . For example , Culiseta melanura sucks the blood of passerine birds for preference , and such birds are typically the main reservoir of the Eastern equine encephalitis virus in North America . Early in the season while mosquito numbers are low , they concentrate on passerine hosts , but as mosquito numbers rise and the birds are forced to defend themselves more vigorously , the mosquitoes become less selective of hosts . Soon the mosquitoes begin attacking mammals more readily , thereby becoming the major vector of the virus , and causing epidemics of the disease , most conspicuously in humans and horses . Even more dramatically , in most of its range in North America , the main vector for the Western equine encephalitis virus is Culex tarsalis , because it is known to feed variously on mammals , birds , reptiles , and amphibians . Even fish may be attacked by some mosquito species if they expose themselves above water level , as mudskippers do . Some species of blood - sucking flies , such as many of the Ceratopogonidae , will attack large , live insects and suck their haemolymph and others , such as the so - called `` jackal flies '' ( Milichiidae ) , will attack the recently dead prey of say , crab spiders ( Thomisidae ) . In 1969 it was reported that some species of anautogenous mosquitoes would feed on the haemolymph of caterpillars . Other observations include mosquitoes feeding on cicadas and mantids . In 2014 it was shown that malaria - transmitting mosquitoes actively seek out some species of caterpillars and feed on their haemolymph , and do so to the caterpillar 's apparent physical detriment . Mouthparts Mosquito mouthparts are very specialized , particularly those of the females , which in most species are adapted to piercing skin and then sucking blood . Apart from bloodsucking , the females generally also drink assorted fluids rich in dissolved sugar , such as nectar and honeydew , to obtain the energy they need . For this , their blood - sucking mouthparts are perfectly adequate . In contrast , male mosquitoes are not bloodsuckers ; they only drink sugary fluids . Accordingly , their mouthparts do not require the same degree of specialization as those of females . Externally , the most obvious feeding structure of the mosquito is the proboscis . More specifically , the visible part of the proboscis is the labium , which forms the sheath enclosing the rest of the mouthparts . When the mosquito first lands on a potential host , its mouthparts are enclosed entirely in this sheath , and it will touch the tip of the labium to the skin in various places . Sometimes , it will begin to bite almost straight away , while other times , it will prod around , apparently looking for a suitable place . Occasionally , it will wander for a considerable time , and eventually fly away without biting . Presumably , this probing is a search for a place with easily accessible blood vessels , but the exact mechanism is not known . It is known that there are two taste receptors at the tip of the labium which may well play a role . The female mosquito does not insert its labium into the skin ; it bends back into a bow when the mosquito begins to bite . The tip of the labium remains in contact with the skin of the victim , acting as a guide for the other mouthparts . In total , there are six mouthparts besides the labium : two mandibles , two maxillae , the hypopharynx , and the labrum . The mandibles and the maxillae are used for piercing the skin . The mandibles are pointed , while the maxillae end in flat , toothed `` blades '' . To force these into the skin , the mosquito moves its head backwards and forwards . On one movement , the maxillae are moved as far forward as possible . On the opposite movement , the mandibles are pushed deeper into the skin by levering against the maxillae . The maxillae do not slip back because the toothed blades grip the skin . The hypopharynx and the labrum are both hollow . Saliva with anticoagulant is pumped down the hypopharynx to prevent clotting , and blood is drawn up the labrum . To understand the mosquito mouthparts , it is helpful to draw a comparison with an insect that chews food , such as a dragonfly . A dragonfly has two mandibles , which are used for chewing , and two maxillae , which are used to hold the food in place as it is chewed . The labium forms the floor of the dragonfly 's mouth , the labrum forms the top , while the hypopharynx is inside the mouth and is used in swallowing . Conceptually , then , the mosquito 's proboscis is an adaptation of the mouthparts that occur in other insects . The labium still lies beneath the other mouthparts , but also enfolds them , and it has been extended into a proboscis . The maxillae still `` grip '' the `` food '' while the mandibles `` bite '' it . The top of the mouth , the labrum , has developed into a channeled blade the length of the proboscis , with a cross-section like an inverted `` U '' . Finally , the hypopharynx has extended into a tube that can deliver saliva at the end of the proboscis . Its upper surface is somewhat flattened so , when pressed against it , the labrum forms a closed tube for conveying blood from the victim . Saliva For the mosquito to obtain a blood meal , it must circumvent the vertebrate 's physiological responses . The mosquito , as with all blood - feeding arthropods , has mechanisms to effectively block the hemostasis system with their saliva , which contains a mixture of secreted proteins . Mosquito saliva acts to reduce vascular constriction , blood clotting , platelet aggregation , angiogenesis and immunity , and creates inflammation . Universally , hematophagous arthropod saliva contains at least one anti-clotting , one anti-platelet , and one vasodilatory substance . Mosquito saliva also contains enzymes that aid in sugar feeding , and antimicrobial agents to control bacterial growth in the sugar meal . The composition of mosquito saliva is relatively simple , as it usually contains fewer than 20 dominant proteins . As of the early 2000s , scientists still were unable to ascribe functions to more than half of the molecules found in arthropod saliva . One promising application of components of mosquito saliva is the development of anti-clotting drugs , such as clotting inhibitors and capillary dilators , that could be useful for cardiovascular disease . It is now well recognized that feeding ticks , sandflies , and , more recently , mosquitoes , have an ability to modulate the immune response of the animals ( hosts ) on which they feed . The presence of this activity in vector saliva is a reflection of the inherent overlapping and interconnected nature of the host hemostatic and inflammatory / immunological responses and the intrinsic need to prevent these host defenses from disrupting successful feeding . The mechanism for mosquito saliva - induced alteration of the host immune response is unclear , but the data have become increasingly convincing that such an effect occurs . Early work described a factor in saliva that directly suppresses TNF - α release , but not antigen - induced histamine secretion , from activated mast cells . Experiments by Cross et al. ( 1994 ) demonstrated that the inclusion of Ae . aegypti mosquito saliva into naïve cultures led to a suppression of interleukin ( IL ) - 2 and IFN - γ production , while the cytokines IL - 4 and IL - 5 are unaffected . Cellular proliferation in response to IL - 2 is clearly reduced by prior treatment of cells with mosquito salivary gland extract . Correspondingly , activated splenocytes isolated from mice fed upon by either Ae . aegypti or Cx . pipiens mosquitoes produce markedly higher levels of IL - 4 and IL - 10 concurrent with suppressed IFN - γ production . Unexpectedly , this shift in cytokine expression is observed in splenocytes up to 10 days after mosquito exposure , suggesting natural feeding of mosquitoes can have a profound , enduring , and systemic effect on the immune response . T cell populations are decidedly susceptible to the suppressive effect of mosquito saliva , showing increased mortality and decreased division rates . Parallel work by Wasserman et al. ( 2004 ) demonstrated that T and B cell proliferation was inhibited in a dose dependent manner with concentrations as low as 1 / 7 of the saliva in a single mosquito . Depinay et al. ( 2005 ) observed a suppression of antibody - specific T cell responses mediated by mosquito saliva and dependent on mast cells and IL - 10 expression . A 2006 study suggests mosquito saliva can also decrease expression of interferon − α / β during early mosquito - borne virus infection . The contribution of type I interferons ( IFN ) in recovery from infection with viruses has been demonstrated in vivo by the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of administration of IFN inducers or IFN itself , and different research suggests mosquito saliva exacerbates West Nile virus infection , as well as other mosquito - transmitted viruses . Studies in humanized mice bearing a reconstituted human immune system have suggested potential impact of mosquito saliva in humans . Work published in 2018 from the Baylor College of Medicine using such humanized mice came to several conclusions , among them being that mosquito saliva led to an increase in natural killer T cells in peripheral blood ; to an overall decrease in ex vivo cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) ; changes to proportions of subsets of PBMCs ; changes in the prevalence of T cell subtypes across organs ; and changes to circulating levels of cytokines . Egg development and blood digestion Female mosquitoes use two very different food sources . They need sugar for energy , which is taken from sources such as nectar , and they need blood as a source of protein for egg development . Because biting is risky and suitable hosts may be difficult to find , mosquitoes take as much blood as possible when they have the opportunity . Digesting large volumes of blood takes time , requiring the use of energy from sugars during the feeding process . To avoid this problem , mosquitoes possess a digestive system which can store both food types , giving access to both as needed . When the mosquito drinks a sugar solution , it is directed to a crop . The crop can release sugar into the stomach as it is required . At the same time , the stomach never becomes full of sugar solution , which would prevent the mosquito taking a blood meal . Blood is directed straight into the mosquito 's stomach . In species that feed on mammalian or avian blood , hosts whose blood pressure is high , the mosquito feeds selectively from active blood vessels , where the pressure assists in filling the gut rapidly . Upon completion of feeding , the mosquito will withdraw her proboscis , and as the gut fills up , the stomach lining secretes a peritrophic membrane that surrounds the blood . This membrane keeps the blood separate from anything else in the stomach . However , like certain other insects that survive on dilute , purely liquid diets , notably many of the Hemiptera , many adult mosquitoes must excrete unwanted aqueous fractions even as they feed . ( See the photograph of a feeding Anopheles stephensi : Note that the excreted droplet patently is not whole blood , being far more dilute ) . As long as they are not disturbed , this permits mosquitoes to continue feeding until they have accumulated a full meal of nutrient solids . As a result , a mosquito replete with blood can continue to absorb sugar , even as the blood meal is slowly digested over a period of several days . Once blood is in the stomach , the midgut of the female synthesizes proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze the blood proteins into free amino acids . These are used as building blocks for the synthesis of egg yolk proteins . In the mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston , trypsin activity is restricted entirely to the posterior midgut lumen . No trypsin activity occurs before the blood meal , but activity increases continuously up to 30 hours after feeding , and subsequently returns to baseline levels by 60 hours . Aminopeptidase is active in the anterior and posterior midgut regions before and after feeding . In the whole midgut , activity rises from a baseline of approximately three enzyme units ( EU ) per midgut to a maximum of 12 EU at 30 hours after the blood meal , subsequently falling to baseline levels by 60 hours . A similar cycle of activity occurs in the posterior midgut and posterior midgut lumen , whereas aminopeptidase in the posterior midgut epithelium decreases in activity during digestion . Aminopeptidase in the anterior midgut is maintained at a constant , low level , showing no significant variation with time after feeding . Alpha - glucosidase is active in anterior and posterior midguts before and at all times after feeding . In whole midgut homogenates , alpha - glucosidase activity increases slowly up to 18 hours after the blood meal , then rises rapidly to a maximum at 30 hours after the blood meal , whereas the subsequent decline in activity is less predictable . All posterior midgut activity is restricted to the posterior midgut lumen . Depending on the time after feeding , greater than 25 % of the total midgut activity of alpha - glucosidase is located in the anterior midgut . After blood meal ingestion , proteases are active only in the posterior midgut . Trypsin is the major primary hydrolytic protease and is secreted into the posterior midgut lumen without activation in the posterior midgut epithelium . Aminoptidase activity is also luminal in the posterior midgut , but cellular aminopeptidases are required for peptide processing in both anterior and posterior midguts . Alpha - glucosidase activity is elevated in the posterior midgut after feeding in response to the blood meal , whereas activity in the anterior midgut is consistent with a nectar - processing role for this midgut region . Distribution Female Ochlerotatus notoscriptus feeding on a human arm , Tasmania , Australia In the sense of the entire family Culicidae , mosquitoes are cosmopolitan ; in every land region except for Antarctica and a few islands , mainly in polar or subpolar climates , at least some species of mosquito will be present . Iceland is such an island , being essentially free of mosquitoes . In warm and humid tropical regions , some mosquito species are active for the entire year , but in temperate and cold regions they hibernate or enter diapause . Arctic or subarctic mosquitoes , like some other arctic midges in families such as Simuliidae and Ceratopogonidae may be active for only a few weeks annually as melt - water pools form on the permafrost . During that time , though , they emerge in huge numbers in some regions and may take up to 300 ml of blood per day from each animal in a caribou herd . The absence of mosquitoes from Iceland and similar regions is probably because of quirks of their climate , which differs in some respects from mainland regions . At the start of the uninterrupted continental winter of Greenland and the northern regions of Eurasia and America , the pupa enters diapause under the ice that covers sufficiently deep water . The imago ecloses only after the ice breaks in late spring . In Iceland however , the weather is less predictable . In mid-winter it frequently warms up suddenly , causing the ice to break , but then to freeze again after a few days . By that time the mosquitoes will have emerged from their pupae , but the new freeze sets in before they can complete their life cycle . Any anautogenous adult mosquito would need a host to supply a blood meal before it could lay viable eggs ; it would need time to mate , mature the eggs and oviposit in suitable wetlands . These requirements would not be realistic in Iceland and in fact the absence of mosquitoes from such subpolar islands is in line with the islands ' low biodiversity ; Iceland has fewer than 1,500 described species of insects , many of them probably accidentally introduced by human agency . In Iceland most ectoparasitic insects live in sheltered conditions or actually on mammals ; examples include lice , fleas and bedbugs , in whose living conditions freezing is no concern , and most of which were introduced inadvertently by humans . Some other aquatic Diptera , such as Simuliidae , do survive in Iceland , but their habits and adaptations differ from those of mosquitoes ; Simuliidae for example , though they , like mosquitoes , are bloodsuckers , generally inhabit stones under running water that does not readily freeze and which is totally unsuited to mosquitoes ; mosquitoes are generally not adapted to running water . Eggs of species of mosquitoes from the temperate zones are more tolerant of cold than the eggs of species indigenous to warmer regions . Many even tolerate subzero temperatures . In addition , adults of some species can survive the winter by taking shelter in suitable microhabitats such as buildings or hollow trees . Means of dispersal Worldwide introduction of various mosquito species over large distances into regions where they are not indigenous has occurred through human agencies , primarily on sea routes , in which the eggs , larvae , and pupae inhabiting water - filled used tires and cut flowers are transported . However , apart from sea transport , mosquitoes have been effectively carried by personal vehicles , delivery trucks , trains , and aircraft . Man - made areas such as storm water retention basins , or storm drains also provide sprawling sanctuaries . Sufficient quarantine measures have proven difficult to implement . In addition , outdoor pool areas make a perfect place for them to grow . Disease Anopheles albimanus mosquito feeding on a human arm -- this mosquito is a vector of malaria , and mosquito control is a very effective way of reducing the incidence of malaria . Main article : Mosquito - borne disease Mosquitoes can act as vectors for many disease - causing viruses and parasites . Infected mosquitoes carry these organisms from person to person without exhibiting symptoms themselves . Mosquito - borne diseases include : Viral diseases , such as yellow fever , dengue fever , and chikungunya , transmitted mostly by Aedes aegypti . Dengue fever is the most common cause of fever in travelers returning from the Caribbean , Central America , South America , and South Central Asia . This disease is spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes and can not be spread person to person . Severe dengue can be fatal , but with good treatment , fewer than 1 % of patients die from dengue . Work published in 2012 from Baylor College of Medicine suggested that for some diseases , such as dengue fever , which can be transmitted via mosquitoes and by other means , the severity of the mosquito - transmitted disease could be greater . The parasitic diseases collectively called malaria , caused by various species of Plasmodium , carried by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles Lymphatic filariasis ( the main cause of elephantiasis ) which can be spread by a wide variety of mosquito species West Nile virus is a concern in the United States , but there are no reliable statistics on worldwide cases . Eastern equine encephalitis virus is a concern in the eastern United States . Tularemia , a bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis , is variously transmitted , including by biting flies . Culex and Culiseta are vectors of tularemia , as well as arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus . Zika , recently notorious , though rarely deadly . It causes fever , joint pain , rashes and conjunctivitis . The most serious consequence appears when the infected person is a pregnant woman , since during pregnancy this virus can originate a birth defect called microcephaly . Potential transmission of HIV was originally a public health concern , but practical considerations and detailed studies of epidemiological patterns suggest that any transmission of the HIV virus by mosquitoes is at worst extremely unlikely . Various species of mosquitoes are estimated to transmit various types of disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa , South America , Central America , Mexico , Russia , and much of Asia , with millions of resultant deaths . At least two million people annually die of these diseases , and the morbidity rates are many times higher still . Methods used to prevent the spread of disease , or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic , include : Vector control aimed at mosquito control or eradication Disease prevention , using prophylactic drugs and developing vaccines Prevention of mosquito bites , with insecticides , nets , and repellents Since most such diseases are carried by `` elderly '' female mosquitoes , some scientists have suggested focusing on these to avoid the evolution of resistance . Urban Ecology. A recent study collected and identified 20,551 adult female mosquitoes in five neighborhoods of the city of Baltimore over 2 years . Most of these mosquitos ( 73 % ) were invasive Asian tiger mosquitoes ( Aedes albopictus ) , but samples also included Culex ( 24 % ) and Aedes japonicus ( 2.4 % ) mosquitoes , both of which carry West Nile virus . The hosts of these mosquitos were determined by isolating DNA from the former . Invasive brown rats made up 71.7 % of all Asian tiger blood meals . By contrast , birds were the most common victims of Culex , while Aedes appears to avoid birds altogether . Humans and cats each made up 13.3 percent of Aedes blood meals , while deer and dogs were bitten less frequently by all mosquito species . Notably , the study showed that different neighborhoods in Baltimore had different abundances and composition of mosquito species , dependent on the abundance of neglected containers for mosquito breeding , and how people choose to spend time outside . Control Main article : Mosquito control Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis , a natural mosquito predator Many measures have been tried for mosquito control , including the elimination of breeding places , exclusion via window screens and mosquito nets , biological control with parasites such as fungi and nematodes , or predators such as fish , copepods , dragonfly nymphs and adults , and some species of lizard and gecko . Another approach is to introduce large numbers of sterile males . Genetic methods including cytoplasmic incompatibility , chromosomal translocations , sex distortion and gene replacement have been explored . They are cheaper and not subject to vector resistance . Repellents Main article : Insect repellent Insect repellents are applied on skin and give short - term protection against mosquito bites . The chemical DEET repels some mosquitoes and other insects . Some CDC - recommended repellents are picaridin , eucalyptus oil ( PMD ) and IR3535 . Others are indalone , dimethyl phthalate , dimethyl carbate , and ethyl hexanediol . In 2015 , researchers at New Mexico State University tested 10 commercially available products for their effectiveness at repelling mosquitoes . On the mosquito Aedes aegypti , the vector of Zika virus , only one repellent that did not contain DEET had a strong effect for the duration of the 240 minutes test : a lemon eucalyptus oil repellent . All DEET - containing mosquito repellents were active . There are also electronic insect repellent devices which produce ultrasounds that were developed to keep away insects ( and mosquitoes ) . However , no scientific research based on the EPA 's and many universities ' studies has ever provided evidence that these devices prevent a human from being bitten by a mosquito . In 2005 , the British consumer magazine Holiday reported the results of its test of a range of mosquito deterrents . The magazine 's editor Lorna Cowan described the four appliances that used a buzzer as `` a shocking waste of money '' which `` should be removed from sale '' . Bites and treatment Play media Video of a mosquito biting on leg Visible , irritating bites are due to an immune response from the binding of IgG and IgE antibodies to antigens in the mosquito 's saliva . Some of the sensitizing antigens are common to all mosquito species , whereas others are specific to certain species . There are both immediate hypersensitivity reactions ( types I and III ) and delayed hypersensitivity reactions ( type IV ) to mosquito bites . Both reactions result in itching , redness and swelling . Immediate reactions develop within a few minutes of the bite and last for a few hours . Delayed reactions take around a day to develop , and last for up to a week . Several anti-itch medications are commercially available , including those taken orally , such as diphenhydramine , or topically applied antihistamines and , for more severe cases , corticosteroids , such as hydrocortisone and triamcinolone . A common topical remedy in camping gear is aqueous ammonia . In human culture A still from Winsor McCay 's pioneering 1912 animated film How a Mosquito Operates Ancient Greek beast fables including `` The Elephant and the Mosquito '' and `` The Bull and the Mosquito '' , with the general moral that the large beast does not even notice the small one , derive ultimately from Mesopotamia . Winsor McCay 's 1912 film How a Mosquito Operates was one of the earliest works of animation , far ahead of its time in technical quality . It depicts a giant mosquito tormenting a sleeping man . The de Havilland Mosquito was a high - speed aircraft manufactured between 1940 and 1950 , and used in many roles . Notes Jump up ^ The plural can also be written `` mosquitos '' . References Jump up ^ Harbach , Ralph ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Family Culicidae Meigen , 1818 '' . Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory . Jump up ^ `` mosquito '' . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lesley ( 1993 ) . The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles . Oxford ( Eng . ) : Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861271 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mosquitoes of Michigan - Their Biology and Control '' . Michigan Mosquito Control Organization . 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gates , Bill . `` The Deadliest Animal in the World '' . Jump up ^ `` Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes ? -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ G.O. Poinar ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Paleoculicis minutus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) n . gen. , n . sp. , from Cretaceous Canadian amber with a summary of described fossil mosquitoes '' ( PDF ) . Acta Geologica Hispanica. 35 : 119 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Borkent A , Grimaldi DA ( 2004 ) . `` The earliest fossil mosquito ( Diptera : Culicidae ) , in Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 97 ( 5 ) : 882 -- 888 . doi : 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2004 ) 097 ( 0882 : TEFMDC ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0013 - 8746 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of new prehistoric mosquitoes reveal these blood - suckers have changed little in 46 million years '' . Smithsonian Science News . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Briggs , D.E. ( 2013 ) . `` A mosquito 's last supper reminds us not to underestimate the fossil record '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 ( 46 ) : 18353 -- 4 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1319306110 . PMC 3832008 . PMID 24187151 . Jump up ^ Greenwalt , D.E. ; Goreva , Y.S. ; Siljeström , S.M. ; Rose , T. ; Harbach , R.E. ( 2013 ) . `` Hemoglobin - derived porphyrins preserved in a Middle Eocene blood - engorged mosquito '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 ( 46 ) : 18496 -- 18500 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1310885110 . PMC 3831950 . PMID 24127577 . Jump up ^ Reidenbach , K.R. ; Cook , S. ; Bertone , M.A. ; Harbach , R.E. ; Wiegmann , B.M. ; Besansky , N.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Phylogenetic analysis and temporal diversification of mosquitoes ( Diptera : Culicidae ) based on nuclear genes and morphology '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 9 ( 1 ) : 298 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 298 . PMC 2805638 . PMID 20028549 . Jump up ^ Calvo E , Pham VM , Marinotti O , Andersen JF , Ribeiro JM ( 2009 ) . `` The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy '' ( PDF ) . BMC Genomics. 10 ( 1 ) : 57 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 10 - 57 . PMC 2644710 . PMID 19178717 . Jump up ^ Lawniczak MK , Emrich SJ , Holloway AK , Regier AP , Olson M , White B , Redmond S , Fulton L , Appelbaum E , Godfrey J , Farmer C , Chinwalla A , Yang SP , Minx P , Nelson J , Kyung K , Walenz BP , Garcia - Hernandez E , Aguiar M , Viswanathan LD , Rogers YH , Strausberg RL , Saski CA , Lawson D , Collins FH , Kafatos FC , Christophides GK , Clifton SW , Kirkness EF , Besansky NJ ( 2010 ) . `` Widespread Divergence Between Incipient Anopheles gambiae Species Revealed by Whole Genome Sequences '' . Science . 330 ( 6003 ) : 512 -- 514 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1195755 . PMC 3674514 . PMID 20966253 . Jump up ^ Harbach , R.E. ( 2011 ) . Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory . Jump up ^ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit . Wrbu.si.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Edmund C. ( 1959 ) . A Source - Book of Biological Names and Terms . Springfield , Ill : Thomas . ISBN 0 - 398 - 06179 - 3 . Jump up ^ Society , National Geographic . `` Mosquitoes , Mosquito Pictures , Mosquito Facts -- National Geographic '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Biological notes on mosquitoes Archived 2003 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Mosquitoes.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Taking a bite out of mosquito research , Author Paul Leisnham , University of Maryland Archived 2012 - 07 - 28 at Archive.is . Enst.umd.edu ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Molavi , Afshin ( June 12 , 2003 ) . `` Africa 's Malaria Death Toll Still `` Outrageously High '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mosquito - borne diseases '' . American Mosquito Control Association . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ World Health Organisation . Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet . Jump up ^ Wilcox , B.A. ; Ellis , B. ( 2006 ) . `` Forests and emerging infectious diseases of humans '' . Unasylva. 57 . ISSN 0041 - 6436 . Jump up ^ Wigglesworth V.B. ( 1933 ) . `` The Adaptation of Mosquito Larvae to Salt Water '' . J Exp Biol. 10 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Crans , Wayne J. ; Wyeomyia smithii ( Coquillett ) Archived 2013 - 06 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Rutgers University , Center for Vector Biology . Jump up ^ Kosova , Jonida ( 2003 ) `` Longevity Studies of Sindbis Virus Infected Aedes Albopictus '' . All Volumes ( 2001 -- 2008 ) . Paper 94 . Jump up ^ Michigan Mosquito Control Association ; Michigan Mosquito Manual , MMCA Edition . Pub . Michigan Department of Agriculture June 2002 ^ Jump up to : Spielman , Andrew ; D'Antonio , M. ( 2001 ) . Mosquito : a natural history of our most persistent and deadly foe . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6781 - 3 . Jump up ^ Huang Juan ; Walker Edward D ; Vulule John ; Miller James R ( 2006 ) . `` Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality '' . Malaria Journal . 5 : 87 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 5 - 87 . Jump up ^ Service , Mike ( 2012 ) . Medical Entomology for Students ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 66818 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Harzsch S , Hafner G ( 2006 ) . `` Evolution of eye development in arthropods : Phylogenetic aspects '' . Arthropod Structure and Development . 35 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 340 . doi : 10.1016 / j. asd. 2006.08. 009 . hdl : 11858 / 00 - 001M - 0000 - 0012 - A87C - 4 . PMID 18089079 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann C , Briegel H ( 2004 ) . `` Flight performance of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles atroparvus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Vector Ecology. 29 ( 1 ) : 140 -- 153 . PMID 15266751 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frequency of Mosquito Wings . Hypertextbook.com ( 2000 - 05 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ African Safari Travel Blog '' Blog Archive '' Facts you may not know about mosquitoes . Safari.co.uk ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Freudenrich , Craig . `` HowStuffWorks `` How Mosquitoes Work '' `` . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirai Y , Funada H , Seki T , Morohashi M , Kamimura K ( July 2004 ) . `` Landing preference of Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) on human skin among ABO blood groups , secretors or nonsecretors , and ABH antigens '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 41 ( 4 ) : 796 -- 9 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 - 41.4. 796 . PMID 15311477 . Jump up ^ Bill Chappell ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Stars : A Mosquito 's Idea Of A Delicious Human '' . Jump up ^ G. Mandela Fernández - Grandon ; et al. ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Heritability of Attractiveness to Mosquitoes '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0122716 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122716 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sawabe K , Moribayashi A ( 2000 ) . `` Lipid utilization for ovarian development in an autogenous mosquito , Culex pipiens molestus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) '' . Journal of medical entomology. 37 ( 5 ) : 726 -- 731 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 - 37.5. 726 . PMID 11004785 . Jump up ^ Hallem EA , Nicole Fox A , Zwiebel LJ , Carlson JR ( 2004 ) . `` Olfaction : Mosquito receptor for human - sweat odorant '' . Nature . 427 ( 6971 ) : 212 -- 213 . doi : 10.1038 / 427212a . PMID 14724626 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists identify key smell that attracts mosquitoes to humans '' . US News . October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists have identified the gene that makes mosquitoes crave human blood '' . Richard Dawkins Foundation . November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devlin , Hannah ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sweat and blood why mosquitoes pick and choose between humans '' . London : The Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Franco , R.G. ; Craig , G.B. ( 1995 ) . Biology , disease relationship and control of Aedes albopictus . Technical Paper No. 42 . Washington , D.C. : Pan American Health Organization . Jump up ^ Wayne J. Crans ( 1989 ) . Resting boxes as mosquito surveillance tools . Proceedings of the Eighty - Second Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Mosquito Control Association . pp. 53 -- 57 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Maruniak , James E. ( July 2014 ) . `` Asian tiger mosquito '' . Featured Creatures . Gainesville , Florida : University of Florida . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huget , Jennifer ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Will Nothing Stop That Infernal Itch ? '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jones , C. ; Schreiber , E. ( 1994 ) . `` The carnivores , Toxorhynchites '' . Wing Beats. 5 ( 4 ) : 4 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Site down for maintenance '' ( PDF ) . Pestscience.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : M.J. Lehane ( 9 June 2005 ) . The Biology of Blood - Sucking in Insects . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83608 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sloof R. ; Marks E.N. ( 1965 ) . `` Mosquitoes ( Culicidae ) biting a fish ( Periophthalmidae ) '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 2 : 16 . doi : 10.1093 / jmedent / 2.1. 16 . Jump up ^ Holm , E. , Scholtz , C.H. ( 1985 ) . Insects of southern Africa . London : Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 409 - 10487 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Aldrich JR , Barros TM ( 1995 ) . `` Chemical attraction of male crab spiders ( Araneae , Thomisidae ) and kleptoparasitic flies ( Diptera , Milichiidae , and Chloropidae ) '' . J Arachnol. 23 : 212 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Harris P , Cooke D ( 1969 ) . `` Survival and fecundity of mosquitoes fed on insect haemolymph '' . Nature . 222 ( 5200 ) : 1264 -- 1265 . doi : 10.1038 / 2221264a0 . Jump up ^ Howard LO , Dyar HG , Knab F ( 1912 ) The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies , Washington D.C. Carnegie Institute of Washington . pp. 520 Jump up ^ Matthews , Robert W. & Matthews , Janice R. Insect Behavior ; Foraging and Feeding . Springer Netherlands , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2388 - 9 . doi = 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 2389 - 6_4 Jump up ^ George J , Blanford S , Thomas MB , Baker TC ( 2014 ) . `` Malaria Mosquitoes Host - Locate and Feed upon Caterpillars '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 11 ) : e108894 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0108894 . PMC 4220911 . PMID 25372720 . Jump up ^ Martel V , Schlyter F , Ignell R , Hansson BS , Anderson P ( 2011 ) . `` Mosquito Feeding Affects Larval Behaviour and Development in a Moth '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 10 ) : e25658 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0025658 . PMC 3185006 . PMID 21991329 . Jump up ^ Wahid I , Sunahara T , Mogi M ( 2003 ) . `` Maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes and female autogenous mosquitoes ( Diptera : Culicidae ) '' . Journal of medical entomology. 40 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 158 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 - 40.2. 150 . PMID 12693842 . ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Gary ; Durden , Lance ( 2009 ) . Medical and Veterinary Entomology . London : Academic Press . Jump up ^ Richards , O.W. ; Davies , R.G. ( 1977 ) . Imms ' General Textbook of Entomology : Volume 1 : Structure , Physiology and Development Volume 2 : Classification and Biology . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 0 - 412 - 61390 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ribeiro JM , Francischetti IM ( 2003 ) . `` Role of arthropod saliva in blood feeding : sialome and post-sialome perspectives '' . Annual Review of Entomology. 48 : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 48.060402. 102812 . PMID 12194906 . Jump up ^ Grossman GL , James AA ( 1993 ) . `` The salivary glands of the vector mosquito , Aedes aegypti , express a novel member of the amylase gene family '' . Insect Molecular Biology . 1 ( 4 ) : 223 -- 232 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2583.1993. tb00095. x . PMID 7505701 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Rossignol PA , Lueders AM ( 1986 ) . `` Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 83 ( 4 ) : 819 -- 822 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 0491 ( 86 ) 90153 - 7 . PMID 3519067 -- via ScienceDirect . ^ Jump up to : Valenzuela JG , Pham VM , Garfield MK , Francischetti IM , Ribeiro JM ( 2002 ) . `` Toward a description of the sialome of the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti '' . Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 32 ( 9 ) : 1101 -- 1122 . doi : 10.1016 / S0965 - 1748 ( 02 ) 00047 - 4 . PMID 12213246 -- via ScienceDirect . Jump up ^ Bissonnette EY , Rossignol PA , Befus AD ( 1993 ) . `` Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumour necrosis factor alpha release from mast cells '' . Parasite Immunology. 15 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 33 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3024.1993. tb00569. x . PMID 7679483 -- via Wiley Online Library . ^ Jump up to : Cross ML , Cupp EW , Enriquez FJ ( 1994 ) . `` Differential modulation of murine cellular immune responses by salivary gland extract of Aedes aegypti '' . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 51 ( 5 ) : 690 -- 696 . doi : 10.4269 / ajtmh. 1994.51. 690 . PMID 7985763 . ^ Jump up to : Zeidner NS , Higgs S , Happ CM , Beaty BJ , Miller BR ( 1999 ) . `` Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice : an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins , but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice '' . Parasite Immunology. 21 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3024.1999. 00199. x . PMID 10081770 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Wanasen N , Nussenzveig RH , Champagne DE , Soong L , Higgs S ( 2004 ) . `` Differential modulation of murine host immune response by salivary gland extracts from the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus '' . Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 18 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2004. 00498. x . PMID 15189245 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Wasserman HA , Singh S , Champagne DE ( 2004 ) . `` Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito , Aedes aegypti , modulates murine lymphocyte function '' . Parasite Immunology. 26 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 295 -- 306 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0141 - 9838.2004. 00712. x . PMID 15541033 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Depinay N , Hacini F , Beghdadi W , Peronet R , Mécheri S ( 2006 ) . `` Mast cell - dependent down - regulation of antigen - specific immune responses by mosquito bites '' . Journal of Immunology. 176 ( 7 ) : 4141 -- 4146 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 176.7. 4141 . PMID 16547250 . Jump up ^ Schneider BS , Soong L , Zeidner NS , Higgs S ( 2004 ) . `` Aedes aegypti salivary gland extracts modulate anti-viral and TH1 / TH2 cytokine responses to sindbis virus infection '' . Viral Immunology. 17 ( 4 ) : 565 -- 573 . doi : 10.1089 / vim. 2004.17. 565 . PMID 15671753 -- via Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. publishers . Jump up ^ Taylor JL , Schoenherr C , Grossberg SE ( 1980 ) . `` Protection against Japanese encephalitis virus in mice and hamsters by treatment with carboxymethylacridanone , a potent interferon inducer '' . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 142 ( 3 ) : 394 -- 399 . doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 142.3. 394 . PMID 6255036 -- via Oxford Academic . Jump up ^ Schneider BS , Soong L , Girard YA , Campbell G , Mason P , Higgs S ( 2006 ) . `` Potentiation of West Nile encephalitis by mosquito feeding '' . Viral Immunology. 19 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 82 . doi : 10.1089 / vim. 2006.19. 74 . PMID 16553552 -- via Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. publishers . Jump up ^ Schneider BS , Higgs S ( 2008 ) . `` The enhancement of arbovirus transmission and disease by mosquito saliva is associated with modulation of the host immune response '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102 ( 5 ) : 400 -- 408 . doi : 10.1016 / j. trstmh. 2008.01. 024 . PMC 2561286 . PMID 18342898 . Jump up ^ Vogt MB , Lahon A , Arya RP , Kneubehl AR , Spencer Clinton JL , Paust S , Rico - Hesse R ( 17 May 2018 ) . `` Mosquito saliva alone has profound effects on the human immune system '' . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0006439 . PMID 29771921 . Jump up ^ Curic G , Hercog R , Vrselja Z , Wagner J ( 2014 ) . `` Identification of person and quantification of human DNA recovered from mosquitoes ( Culicidae ) '' . Forensic Sci Int Genet. 8 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fsigen. 2013.07. 011 . PMID 24315597 . Jump up ^ Billingsley PF , Hecker H ( 1991 ) . `` Blood digestion in the mosquito , Anopheles stephensi Liston ( Diptera : Culicidae ) : activity and distribution of trypsin , aminopeptidase , and alpha - glucosidase in the midgut '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 28 ( 6 ) : 865 -- 871 . PMID 1770523 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vísindavefurinn : Af hverju lifa ekki moskítóflugur á Íslandi , fyrst þær geta lifað báðum megin á Grænlandi ? '' ( in Icelandic ) . Visindavefur.hi.is . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fang J ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Ecology : A world without mosquitoes '' . Nature . Nature . 466 ( 7305 ) : 432 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / 466432a . PMID 20651669 . Jump up ^ Peterson B.V. ( 1977 ) . `` THE BLACK FLIES OF ICELAND ( DIPTERA : SIMULIIDAE ) '' . The Canadian Entomologist. 109 : 449 -- 472 . doi : 10.4039 / Ent109449 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gislason G.M. ; Gardarsson A. ( 1988 ) . `` Long term studies on Simulium vittatum Zett . ( Diptera : Simuliidae ) in the River Laxá , North Iceland , with particular reference to different methods used in assessing population changes '' . Verb . int . Ver . Limnol. 23 : 2179 -- 2188 . Jump up ^ Hawley WA , Pumpuni CB , Brady RH , Craig GB ( 1989 ) . `` Overwintering survival of Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) eggs in Indiana '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 26 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 129 . doi : 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.2. 122 . PMID 2709388 . Jump up ^ Hanson SM , Craig GB ( 1995 ) . `` Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) eggs : field survivorship during northern Indiana winters '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 32 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 604 . PMID 7473614 . Jump up ^ Romi R , Severini F , Toma L ( 2006 ) . `` Cold acclimation and overwintering of female Aedes albopictus in Roma '' . Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 149 -- 151 . doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971X ( 2006 ) 22 ( 149 : CAAOOF ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 16646341 . Jump up ^ WHO ( 2009 ) . Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis , Treatment , Prevention and Control ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 92 - 4 - 154787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cox J , Mota J , Sukupolvi - Petty S , Diamond MS , Rico - Hesse R ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Mosquito Bite Delivery of Dengue Virus Enhances Immunogenicity and Pathogenesis in Humanized Mice '' . Journal of Virology. 86 ( 14 ) : 7637 -- 49 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 00534 - 12 . PMC 3416288 . PMID 22573866 . Jump up ^ `` Lymphatic Filariasis '' . World Health Organisation ( WHO ) website . World Health Organisation ( WHO ) . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Muslu H , Kurt O , Özbilgin A ( 2011 ) . `` ( Evaluation of mosquito species ( Diptera : Culicidae ) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences ) '' . Turkiye Parazitol Derg ( in Turkish ) . 35 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 4 . doi : 10.5152 / tpd. 2011.25 . PMID 21776596 . Jump up ^ `` Can I get HIV from mosquitoes ? '' . CDC . October 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resistance is Useless '' . The Economist. April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Heather ; Egizi , Andrea ; Fonseca , Dina M. ; Leisnham , Paul T. ; LaDeau , Shannon L. ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Primary blood - hosts of mosquitoes are influenced by social and ecological conditions in a complex urban landscape '' . Parasites & Vectors. 11 : 218 . doi : 10.1186 / s13071 - 018 - 2779 - 7 . ISSN 1756 - 3305 . Jump up ^ `` Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria '' . The New York Times . 10 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Kramer , J.P. ( 1982 ) . `` Entomophthora culicis ( Zygomycetes , Entomophthorales ) as a pathogen of adultaedes aegypti ( diptera , culicidae ) '' . Aquatic Insects. 4 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 79 . doi : 10.1080 / 01650428209361085 ... Jump up ^ Shamseldean MM , Platzer EG ( 1989 ) . `` Romanomermis culicivorax : Penetration of larval mosquitoes '' . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 54 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2011 ( 89 ) 90028 - 1 . PMID 2570111 ... Jump up ^ Krumholz , Louis A. ( 1948 ) . `` Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish , Gambusia affinis affinis ( Baird & Girard ) , and Its Use in Mosquito Control '' . Ecological Monographs. 18 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 43 . doi : 10.2307 / 1948627 . JSTOR 1948627 . Jump up ^ edited by Kenneth T. MacKay. ( 1995 ) . `` PART III : INTERACTIONS31 . A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva '' . Rice - fish culture in China . International Development Research Centre . ISBN 1 - 55250 - 313 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 09 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fradin MS ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents : a clinician 's guide '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Internal Medicine . 128 ( 11 ) : 931 -- 940 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 128 - 11 - 199806010 - 00013 . PMID 9634433 . Jump up ^ Marten GG , Reid JW ( 2007 ) . `` Cyclopoid copepods '' . Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association . 23 ( 2 Suppl ) : 65 -- 92 . doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971X ( 2007 ) 23 ( 65 : CC ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 17853599 . Jump up ^ Canyon DV , Hii JL ( 1997 ) . `` The gecko : An environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control '' . Medical and veterinary entomology. 11 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 323 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1997. tb00416. x . PMID 9430109 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Carpenter ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria . Jump up ^ Webb , Jonathan ( 10 June 2014 ) GM lab mosquitoes may aid malaria fight BBC News , Science and Environment , Retrieved 11 June 2014 Jump up ^ Syed Z , Leal WS ( 2008 ) . `` Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 105 ( 36 ) : 13598 -- 13603 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805312105 . PMC 2518096 . PMID 18711137 . Jump up ^ CDC ( 2009 ) . `` Updated Information regarding Insect Repellents '' . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Stacy D. ; Drake , Lisa L. ; Price , David P. ; Hammond , John I. ; Hansen , Immo A. ( 2015 ) . `` The Efficacy of Some Commercially Available Insect Repellents for Aedes aegypti ( Diptera : Culicidae ) and Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) '' . Journal of Insect Science . 15 ( 1 ) : 140 . doi : 10.1093 / jisesa / iev125 . ISSN 1536 - 2442 . Jump up ^ `` Mosquito repellents that emit high - pitched sounds do n't prevent bites '' ( Press release ) . Eurekalert ! . April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf Jump up ^ William Kremer ( 11 December 2012 ) Ultrasound mosquito repellents : Zapping the myth BBC News , Magazine , Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Clements , Alan ( 1992 ) . The biology of mosquitoes -- volume 1 : Development , Nutrition and Reproduction . London : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 0 - 85199 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adrados , Francisco Rodríguez ( 1999 ) . History of the Graeco - Latin Fable . BRILL . p. 324 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11454 - 8 . Jump up ^ Canemaker , John ( 2005 ) . Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . Abrams Books . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 5941 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` De Havilland Mosquito '' . The Aviation History Online Museum . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Further reading Brunhes , J. ; Rhaim , A. ; Geoffroy , B. ; Angel , G. ; Hervy , J.P. Les Moustiques de l'Afrique mediterranéenne French / English . Interactive identification guide to mosquitoes of North Africa , with database of information on morphology , ecology , epidemiology , and control . Mac / PC Numerous illustrations . IRD / IPT ( 12640 ) 2000 CD - ROM . ISBN 2 - 7099 - 1446 - 8 Davidson , Elizabeth W. ( 1981 ) . Pathogenesis of invertebrate microbial diseases . Montclair , N.J. : Allanheld , Osmun . ISBN 0 - 86598 - 014 - 4 . Jahn , G.C. , Hall , D.W. & Zam , S.G. ( 1986 ) . `` A comparison of the life cycles of two Amblyospora ( Microspora : Amblyosporidae ) in the mosquitoes Culex salinarius and Culex tarsalis Coquillett '' . Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association . 57 : 24 -- 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Kale , H.W. , II . ( 1968 ) . `` The relationship of purple martins to mosquito control '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 85 ( 4 ) : 654 -- 661 . doi : 10.2307 / 4083372 . JSTOR 4083372 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links Look up mosquito in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culicidae . Wikispecies has information related to Culicidae Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mosquitoes . Mosquito at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Mosquito Information Website Mosquitoes chapter in United States Environmental Protection Agency National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual A film clip describing The Life Cycle of the Mosquito is available at the Internet Archive `` Mosquitoes : The Worst '' . Stuff You Should Know ( Podcast ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . Parasitic Insects , Mites and Ticks : Genera of Medical and Veterinary Importance Wikibooks Extant Diptera families Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Endopterygota Suborder Nematocera Axymyiomorpha Axymyiidae Culicomorpha Culicoidea Dixidae ( meniscus midges ) Corethrellidae ( frog - biting midges ) Chaoboridae ( phantom midges ) Culicidae ( mosquitoes ) Chironomoidea Thaumaleidae ( solitary midges ) Simuliidae ( black flies ) Ceratopogonidae ( biting midges ) Chironomidae ( non-biting midges ) Blephariceromorpha Blephariceridae ( net - winged midges ) Deuterophlebiidae ( mountain midges ) Nymphomyiidae Bibionomorpha Bibionoidea Bibionidae ( march flies , lovebugs ) Anisopodoidea Anisopodidae ( wood gnats ) Sciaroidea ( fungus gnats ) Bolitophilidae Diadocidiidae Ditomyiidae Keroplatidae Mycetophilidae Sciaridae ( dark - winged fungus gnats ) Cecidomyiidae ( gall midges ) Psychodomorpha Scatopsoidea Canthyloscelidae Perissommatidae Scatopsidae ( minute black scavenger flies , or dung midges ) Psychodoidea Psychodidae ( moth flies ) Ptychopteromorpha Ptychopteridae ( phantom crane flies ) Tanyderidae ( primitive crane flies ) Tipulomorpha Trichoceroidea Trichoceridae ( winter crane flies ) Tipuloidea Pediciidae ( hairy - eyed craneflies ) Tipulidae ( crane flies ) Suborder Brachycera Asilomorpha Asiloidea Apioceridae ( flower - loving flies ) Apsilocephalidae Apystomyiidae Asilidae ( robber flies ) Bombyliidae ( bee flies ) Evocoidae Hilarimorphidae ( hilarimorphid flies ) Mydidae ( mydas flies ) Mythicomyiidae Scenopinidae ( window flies ) Therevidae ( stiletto flies ) Empidoidea Atelestidae Hybotidae ( dance flies ) Dolichopodidae ( long - legged flies ) Empididae ( dagger flies , balloon flies ) Nemestrinoidea Acroceridae ( small - headed flies ) Nemestrinidae ( tangle - veined flies ) Muscomorpha Aschiza Platypezoidea Phoridae ( scuttle flies , coffin flies , humpbacked flies ) Opetiidae ( flat - footed flies ) Ironomyiidae ( ironic flies ) Lonchopteridae ( spear - winged flies ) Platypezidae ( flat - footed flies ) Syrphoidea Syrphidae ( hoverflies ) Pipunculidae ( big - headed flies ) Schizophora Acalyptratae Conopoidea Conopidae ( thick - headed flies ) Tephritoidea Pallopteridae ( flutter flies ) Piophilidae ( cheese flies ) Platystomatidae ( signal flies ) Pyrgotidae Richardiidae Tephritidae ( peacock flies ) Ulidiidae ( picture - winged flies ) Nerioidea Cypselosomatidae Micropezidae ( stilt - legged flies ) Neriidae ( cactus flies , banana stalk flies ) Diopsoidea Diopsidae ( stalk - eyed flies ) Gobryidae Megamerinidae Nothybidae Psilidae ( rust flies ) Somatiidae Strongylophthalmyiidae Syringogastridae Tanypezidae Sciomyzoidea Coelopidae ( kelp flies ) Dryomyzidae Helosciomyzidae Ropalomeridae Huttoninidae Heterocheilidae Phaeomyiidae Sepsidae ( black scavenger flies ) Sciomyzidae ( marsh flies ) Sphaeroceroidea Chyromyidae Heleomyzidae Sphaeroceridae ( small dung flies ) Nannodastiidae Lauxanioidea Celyphidae ( beetle - backed flies ) Chamaemyiidae ( aphid flies ) Lauxaniidae Opomyzoidea Agromyzidae ( leaf miner flies ) Anthomyzidae Asteiidae Aulacigastridae ( sap flies ) Clusiidae ( lekking , or druid flies ) Fergusoninidae Marginidae Neminidae Neurochaetidae ( upside - down flies ) Odiniidae Opomyzidae Periscelididae Teratomyzidae Xenasteiidae Ephydroidea Camillidae Curtonotidae ( quasimodo flies ) Diastatidae ( bog flies ) Ephydridae ( shore flies ) Drosophilidae ( vinegar and fruit flies ) Carnoidea Acartophthalmidae Australimyzidae Braulidae ( bee lice ) Canacidae ( beach flies ) Carnidae Chloropidae ( frit flies ) Cryptochaetidae Inbiomyiidae Milichiidae ( freeloader flies ) Lonchaeoidea Cryptochetidae Lonchaeidae ( lance flies ) Calyptratae Muscoidea Anthomyiidae ( cabbage flies ) Fanniidae ( little house flies ) Muscidae ( house flies , stable flies ) Scathophagidae ( dung flies ) Oestroidea Calliphoridae ( blow - flies : bluebottles , greenbottles ) Mystacinobiidae ( New Zealand batfly ) Oestridae ( botflies ) Rhinophoridae Sarcophagidae ( flesh flies ) Tachinidae ( tachina flies ) Hippoboscoidea Glossinidae ( tsetse flies ) Hippoboscidae ( louse flies ) Mormotomyiidae ( frightful hairy fly ) Nycteribiidae ( bat flies ) Streblidae ( bat flies ) Stratiomyomorpha Stratiomyoidea Pantophthalmidae ( timber flies ) Stratiomyidae ( soldier flies ) Xylomyidae ( wood soldier flies ) Tabanomorpha Rhagionoidea Austroleptidae Bolbomyiidae Rhagionidae ( snipe flies ) Tabanoidea Athericidae ( water snipe flies ) Oreoleptidae Pelecorhynchidae Tabanidae ( horse and deer flies ) Vermileonomorpha Vermileonoidea Vermileonidae Xylophagomorpha Xylophagoidea Xylophagidae ( awl flies ) List of families of Diptera Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q7367 Wikispecies : Culicidae ADW : Culicidae BugGuide : 169 EoL : 473 EPPO : 1CULIF Fauna Europaea : 11650 Fossilworks : 138308 GBIF : 3346 iNaturalist : 52134 IRMNG : 101749 ITIS : 125930 NBN : NBNSYS0000040182 NCBI : 7157 NZOR : 83783aab - eef4 - 432f - acb5 - 9c17a8e155b0 WoRMS : 150945 BNF : cb119732713 ( data ) GND : 4182994 - 3 LCCN : sh85087477 NARA : 10640927 NDL : 00564354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosquito&oldid=852059717 '' Categories : Culicidae Biting insects Insect vectors of human pathogens Ectoparasites Extant Jurassic first appearances Haematophagy Mosquito genera Insects in culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles using diversity taxobox Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with Curlie links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kinyarwanda Коми Kongo Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Livvinkarjala Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo ГӀалгӀай 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 10 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how many different species of mosquitoes are there
|
[
"The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is currently undergoing speciation into the M(opti) and S(avanah) molecular forms. Consequently, some pesticides that work on the M form no longer work on the S form.[14]\nOver 3,500 species of the Culicidae have already been described.[15] They are generally divided into two subfamilies which in turn comprise some 43 genera. These figures are subject to continual change, as more species are discovered, and as DNA studies compel rearrangement of the taxonomy of the family. The two main subfamilies are the Anophelinae and Culicinae, with their genera as shown in the subsection below.[16] The distinction is of great practical importance because the two subfamilies tend to differ in their significance as vectors of different classes of diseases. Roughly speaking, arboviral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever tend to be transmitted by Culicine species, not necessarily in the genus Culex. Some transmit various species of avian malaria, but it is not clear that they ever transmit any form of human malaria. Some species do however transmit various forms of filariasis, much as many Simuliidae do.\n"
] |
[
"Over 3,500"
] |
2057299798446909062
|
Joint Session of Indian Parliament
|
Joint session of Indian Parliament - wikipedia Joint session of Indian Parliament Jump to : navigation , search The Parliament of India is bicameral . Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill . However , the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha . Therefore , the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock . The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or , in his absence , by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence , the Deputy - Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of Constitution 2 Exception to joint sittings 3 Bills referred to joint session 4 References Provisions of Constitution ( edit ) As per Article 108 of Constitution , a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations . If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House -- ( a ) the Bill is rejected by the other House ; or ( b ) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill ; or ( c ) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it , the President may , unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People , notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting , his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill However , in calculating period of six months , those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days . If the above conditions are satisfied , the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament . Exception to joint sittings ( edit ) Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament . There are two exception . 1 . Money Bill Under the Constitution of India , money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only . Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha , which it is not required to accept . Even if Rajya Sabha does n't pass a money bill within 14 days , it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period . Therefore , a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill . 2 . Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2 / 3 majority . In case of disagreement between both houses , there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament . Bills referred to joint session ( edit ) Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act , 1960 , banking service commission act , 1977 and POTA , 2002 . BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION : 1 . Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1960 2 . Banking Service Commission ( Repeal ) Bill , 1978 3 . Prevention of Terrorism Bill , 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=806444462 '' Categories : Parliament of India Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 02 : 05 . About Wikipedia
|
who addresses the joint session of the parliament
|
[] |
[] |
4978897531272441650
|
Human leg
|
Human leg - wikipedia Human leg Leg Lateral aspect of right leg Details Identifiers Latin membrum inferius MeSH D007866 , D035002 FMA 7184 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human leg , in the general meaning , is the entire lower limb of the human body , including the foot , thigh and even the hip or gluteal region . However , the definition in human anatomy refers only to the section of the lower limb extending from the knee to the ankle , also known as the crus . Legs are used for standing , and all forms of locomotion including recreational such as dancing , and constitute a significant portion of a person 's mass . Female legs generally have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles , but shorter femur and tibial lengths than those in males . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Skeleton 1.2 Muscles 1.2. 1 Hip 1.2. 2 Thigh 1.2. 3 Crus and foot 1.2. 3.1 Extrinsic 1.2. 3.2 Intrinsic 1.3 Flexibility 1.3. 1 Stretching 1.4 Blood supply 1.5 Veins 1.6 Innervation 2 Lower leg and foot 2.1 Exercises 2.1. 1 Isometric and standard 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Lower leg injury 3.1. 1 Types of activities 3.1. 1.1 Running 3.1. 2 Prevention tools 3.1. 3 Summary 3.2 Fracture 4 Pain management 4.1 Plantar fasciitis 4.2 Medial tibial stress syndrome ( shin splint ) 4.3 Achilles tendinopathy 5 Society and culture 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) In human anatomy , the lower leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle . The thigh is between the hip and knee and makes up the rest of the lower limb . The term lower limb or `` lower extremity '' is commonly used to describe all of the leg . This article generally follows the common usage . The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the crus or cnemis / ˈniːmɪs / . The calf is the back portion , and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the front of the lower leg . Comparison between human and gorilla skeletons . ( Gorilla in non-natural stretched posture . ) Evolution has provided the human body with two distinct features : the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb 's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient bipedal gait . While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans , other primates can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy . The human adaption to bipedalism is not limited to the leg , however , but has also affected the location of the body 's center of gravity , the reorganisation of internal organs , and the form and biomechanism of the trunk . In humans , the double S - shaped vertebral column acts as a shock - absorber which shifts the weight from the trunk over the load - bearing surface of the feet . The human legs are exceptionally long and powerful as a result of their exclusive specialization to support and locomotion -- in orangutans the leg length is 111 % of the trunk ; in chimpanzees 128 % , and in humans 171 % . Many of the leg 's muscles are also adapted to bipedalism , most substantially the gluteal muscles , the extensors of the knee joint , and the calf muscles . Skeleton ( edit ) See also : Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism Bones of the leg The major bones of the leg are the femur ( thigh bone ) , tibia ( shin bone ) , and adjacent fibula , and these are all long bones . The patella ( kneecap ) is the sesamoid bone in front of the knee . Most of the leg skeleton has bony prominences and margins that can be palpated and some serve as anatomical landmarks that define the extent of the leg . These landmarks are the anterior superior iliac spine , the greater trochanter , the superior margin of the medial condyle of tibia , and the medial malleolus . Notable exceptions to palpation are the hip joint , and the neck and body , or shaft of the femur . Usually , the large joints of the lower limb are aligned in a straight line , which represents the mechanical longitudinal axis of the leg , the Mikulicz line . This line stretches from the hip joint ( or more precisely the head of the femur ) , through the knee joint ( the intercondylar eminence of the tibia ) , and down to the center of the ankle ( the ankle mortise , the fork - like grip between the medial and lateral malleoli ) . In the tibial shaft , the mechanical and anatomical axes coincide , but in the femoral shaft they diverge 6 ° , resulting in the femorotibial angle of 174 ° in a leg with normal axial alignment . A leg is considered straight when , with the feet brought together , both the medial malleoli of the ankle and the medial condyles of the knee are touching . Divergence from the normal femorotibial angle is called genu varum if the center of the knee joint is lateral to the mechanical axis ( intermalleolar distance exceeds 3 cm ) , and genu valgum if it is medial to the mechanical axis ( intercondylar distance exceeds 5 cm ) . These conditions impose unbalanced loads on the joints and stretching of either the thigh 's adductors and abductors . The angle of inclination formed between the neck and shaft of the femur , ( collodiaphysial angle ) , varies with age -- about 150 ° in the newborn , it gradually decreases to 126 - 128 ° in adults , to reach 120 ° in old age . Pathological changes in this angle results in abnormal posture of the leg : A small angle produces coxa vara and a large angle in coxa valga ; the latter is usually combined with genu varum and coxa vara leads genu valgum . Additionally , a line drawn through the femoral neck superimposed on a line drawn through the femoral condyles forms an angle , the torsion angle , which makes it possible for flexion movements of the hip joint to be transposed into rotary movements of the femoral head . Abnormally increased torsion angles results in a limb turned inward and a decreased angle in a limb turned outward ; both cases resulting in a reduced range of a persons mobility . Muscles ( edit ) Hip ( edit ) Main article : Muscles of the hip Function of hip muscles Movement Muscles ( In order of importance ) Lateral rotation Sartorius Gluteus maximus Quadratus femoris Obturator internus Gluteus medius and minimus Iliopsoas ( with psoas major ♣ ) Obturator externus All functional adductors except gracilis * and pectineus Piriformis Medial rotation Gluteus medius and minimus ( anterior fibers ) Tensor fasciae latae * Adductor magnus ( long medial fibers ) Pectineus ( with leg abducted ) Extension Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius and minimus ( dorsal fibers ) Adductor magnus Piriformis Semimembranosus * Semitendinousus * Biceps femoris * ( long head ) Flexion Iliopsoas ( with psoas major ♣ ) Tensor fasciae latae * Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Gracilis * Rectus femoris * Sartorius * Abduction Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae * Gluteus maximus ( fibers to fascia lata ) Gluteus minimus Piriformis Obturator internus Adduction Adductor magnus ( with adductor minimus ) Adductor longus Adductor brevis Gluteus maximus ( fibers to gluteal tuberosity ) Gracilis Pectineus Quadratus femoris Obturator externus Semitendinosus * Notes ♣ Also act on vertebral joints . * Also act on knee joint . There are several ways of classifying the muscles of the hip : ( 1 ) By location or innervation ( ventral and dorsal divisions of the plexus layer ) ; ( 2 ) by development on the basis of their points of insertion ( a posterior group in two layers and an anterior group ) ; and ( 3 ) by function ( i.e. extensors , flexors , adductors , and abductors ) . Some hip muscles also act on either the knee joint or on vertebral joints . Additionally , because the area of origin and insertion of many of these muscles are very extensive , these muscles are often involved in several very different movements . In the hip joint , lateral and medial rotation occur along the axis of the limb ; extension ( also called dorsiflexion or retroversion ) and flexion ( anteflexion or anteversion ) occur along a transverse axis ; and abduction and adduction occur about a sagittal axis . The anterior dorsal hip muscles are the iliopsoas , a group of two or three muscles with a shared insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur . The psoas major originates from the last vertebra and along the lumbar spine to stretch down into the pelvis . The iliacus originates on the iliac fossa on the interior side of the pelvis . The two muscles unite to form the iliopsoas muscle which is inserted on the lesser trochanter of the femur . The psoas minor , only present in about 50 per cent of subjects , originates above psoas major to stretch obliquely down to its insertion on the interior side of the major muscle . The posterior dorsal hip muscles are inserted on or directly below the greater trochanter of the femur . The tensor fasciae latae , stretching from the anterior superior iliac spine down into the iliotibial tract , presses the head of the femur into the acetabulum but also flexes , rotates medially , and abducts to hip joint . The piriformis originates on the anterior pelvic surface of the sacrum , passes through the greater sciatic foramen , and inserts on the posterior aspect of the tip of the greater trochanter . In a standing posture it is a lateral rotator , but it also assists extending the thigh . The gluteus maximus has its origin between ( and around ) the iliac crest and the coccyx from where one part radiates into the iliotibial tract and the other stretches down to the gluteal tuberosity under the greater trochanter . The gluteus maximus is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint , and it comes into action when climbing stairs or rising from a sitting to standing posture . Furthermore , the part inserted into the fascia latae abducts and the part inserted into the gluteal tuberosity adducts the hip . The two deep glutei muscles , the gluteus medius and minimus , originate on the lateral side of the pelvis . The medius muscle is shaped like a cap . Its anterior fibers act as a medial rotator and flexor ; the posterior fibers as a lateral rotator and extensor ; and the entire muscle abducts the hip . The minimus has similar functions and both muscles are inserted onto the greater trochanter . Muscles of hip The ventral hip muscles function as lateral rotators and play an important role in the control of the body 's balance . Because they are stronger than the medial rotators , in the normal position of the leg , the apex of the foot is pointing outward to achieve better support . The obturator internus originates on the pelvis on the obturator foramen and its membrane , passes through the lesser sciatic foramen , and is inserted on the trochanteric fossa of the femur . `` Bent '' over the lesser sciatic notch , which acts as a fulcrum , the muscle forms the strongest lateral rotators of the hip together with the gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris . When sitting with the knees flexed it acts as an abductor . The obturator externus has a parallel course with its origin located on the posterior border of the obturator foramen . It is covered by several muscles and acts as a lateral rotator and a weak adductor . The inferior and superior gemelli represent marginal heads of the obturator internus and assist this muscle . The three muscles have been referred to as the triceps coxae . The quadratus femoris originates at the ischial tuberosity and is inserted onto the intertrochanteric crest between the trochanters . This flattened muscle act as a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh . Hip adductors The adductor muscles of the thigh are innervated by the obturator nerve , with the exception of pectineus which receives fibers from the femoral nerve , and the adductor magnus which receives fibers from the tibial nerve . The gracilis arises from near the pubic symphysis and is unique among the adductors in that it reaches past the knee to attach on the medial side of the shaft of the tibia , thus acting on two joints . It share its distal insertion with the sartorius and semitendinosus , all three muscles forming the pes anserinus . It is the most medial muscle of the adductors , and with the thigh abducted its origin can be clearly seen arching under the skin . With the knee extended , it adducts the thigh and flexes the hip . The pectineus has its origin on the iliopubic eminence laterally to the gracilis and , rectangular in shape , extends obliquely to attach immediately behind the lesser trochanter and down the pectineal line and the proximal part of the linea aspera on the femur . It is a flexor of the hip joint , and an adductor and a weak medial rotator of the thigh . The adductor brevis originates on the inferior ramus of the pubis below the gracilis and stretches obliquely below the pectineus down to the upper third of the linea aspera . Except for being an adductor , it is a lateral rotator and weak flexor of the hip joint . The adductor longus has its origin at superior ramus of the pubis and inserts medially on the middle third of the linea aspera . Primarily an adductor , it is also responsible for some flexion . The adductor magnus has its origin just behind the longus and lies deep to it . Its wide belly divides into two parts : One is inserted into the linea aspera and the tendon of the other reaches down to adductor tubercle on the medial side of the femur 's distal end where it forms an intermuscular septum that separates the flexors from the extensors . Magnus is a powerful adductor , especially active when crossing legs . Its superior part is a lateral rotator but the inferior part acts as a medial rotator on the flexed leg when rotated outward and also extends the hip joint . The adductor minimus is an incompletely separated subdivision of the adductor magnus . Its origin forms an anterior part of the magnus and distally it is inserted on the linea aspera above the magnus . It acts to adduct and lateral rotate the femur . Thigh ( edit ) Function of knee muscles Movement Muscles ( In order of importance ) Extension Quadriceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae * Flexion Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus Gastrocnemius Medial rotation Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus Lateral rotation Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae * * Insignificant assistance . The muscles of the thigh can be classified into three groups according to their location : anterior and posterior muscles and the adductors ( on the medial side ) . All the adductors except gracilis insert on the femur and act on the hip joint , and so functionally qualify as hip muscles . The majority of the thigh muscles , the `` true '' thigh muscles , insert on the leg ( either the tibia or the fibula ) and act primarily on the knee joint . Generally , the extensors lie on anterior of the thigh and flexors lie on the posterior . Even though the sartorius flexes the knee , it is ontogenetically considered an extensor since its displacement is secondary . Anterior and posterior thigh muscles . Of the anterior thigh muscles the largest are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris : the central rectus femoris , which is surrounded by the three vasti , the vastus intermedius , medialis , and lateralis . Rectus femoris is attached to the pelvis with two tendons , while the vasti are inserted to the femur . All four muscles unite in a common tendon inserted into the patella from where the patellar ligament extends it down to the tibial tuberosity . Fibers from the medial and lateral vasti form two retinacula that stretch past the patella on either sides down to the condyles of the tibia . The quadriceps is the knee extensor , but the rectus femoris additionally flexes the hip joint , and articular muscle of the knee protects the articular capsule of the knee joint from being nipped during extension . The sartorius runs superficially and obliquely down on the anterior side of the thigh , from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pes anserinus on the medial side of the knee , from where it is further extended into the crural fascia . The sartorius acts as a flexor on both the hip and knee , but , due to its oblique course , also contributes to medial rotation of the leg as one of the pes anserinus muscles ( with the knee flexed ) , and to lateral rotation of the hip joint . There are four posterior thigh muscles . The biceps femoris has two heads : The long head has its origin on the ischial tuberosity together with the semitendinosus and acts on two joints . The short head originates from the middle third of the linea aspera on the shaft of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum of thigh , and acts on only one joint . These two heads unite to form the biceps which inserts on the head of the fibula . The biceps flexes the knee joint and rotates the flexed leg laterally -- it is the only lateral rotator of the knee and thus has to oppose all medial rotator . Additionally , the long head extends the hip joint . The semitendinosus and the semimembranosus share their origin with the long head of the biceps , and both attaches on the medial side of the proximal head of the tibia together with the gracilis and sartorius to form the pes anserinus . The semitendinosus acts on two joints ; extension of the hip , flexion of the knee , and medial rotation of the leg . Distally , the semimembranosus ' tendon is divided into three parts referred to as the pes anserinus profondus . Functionally , the semimembranosus is similar to the semitendinosus , and thus produces extension at the hip joint and flexion and medial rotation at the knee . Posteriorly below the knee joint , the popliteus stretches obliquely from the lateral femoral epicondyle down to the posterior surface of the tibia . The subpopliteal bursa is located deep to the muscle . Popliteus flexes the knee joint and medially rotates the leg . Crus and foot ( edit ) Function of foot muscles Movement Muscles ( In order of importance ) Dorsi - flexion Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Plantar flexion Triceps surae Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Eversion Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius Inversion Triceps surae Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior With the popliteus ( see above ) as the single exception , all muscles in the leg are attached to the foot and , based on location , can be classified into an anterior and a posterior group separated from each other by the tibia , the fibula , and the interosseous membrane . In turn , these two groups can be subdivided into subgroups or layers -- the anterior group consists of the extensors and the peroneals , and the posterior group of a superficial and a deep layer . Functionally , the muscles of the leg are either extensors , responsible for the dorsiflexion of the foot , or flexors , responsible for the plantar flexion . These muscles can also classified by innervation , muscles supplied by the anterior subdivision of the plexus and those supplied by the posterior subdivision . The leg muscles acting on the foot are called the extrinsic foot muscles whilst the foot muscles located in the foot are called intrinsic . Dorsiflexion ( extension ) and plantar flexion occur around the transverse axis running through the ankle joint from the tip of the medial malleolus to the tip of the lateral malleolus . Pronation ( eversion ) and supination ( inversion ) occur along the oblique axis of the ankle joint . Extrinsic ( edit ) Anterior muscles . Three of the anterior muscles are extensors . From its origin on the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseus membrane , the three - sided belly of the tibialis anterior extends down below the superior and inferior extensor retinacula to its insertion on the plantar side of the medial cuneiform bone and the first metatarsal bone . In the non-weight - bearing leg , the anterior tibialis dorsal flexes the foot and lifts the medial edge of the foot . In the weight - bearing leg , it pulls the leg towards the foot . The extensor digitorum longus has a wide origin stretching from the lateral condyle of the tibia down along the anterior side of the fibula , and the interosseus membrane . At the ankle , the tendon divides into four that stretch across the foot to the dorsal aponeuroses of the last phalanges of the four lateral toes . In the non-weight - bearing leg , the muscle extends the digits and dorsiflexes the foot , and in the weight - bearing leg acts similar to the tibialis anterior . The extensor hallucis longus has its origin on the fibula and the interosseus membrane between the two other extensors and is , similarly to the extensor digitorum , is inserted on the last phalanx of big toe ( `` hallux '' ) . The muscle dorsiflexes the hallux , and acts similar to the tibialis anterior in the weight - bearing leg . Two muscles on the lateral side of the leg form the peroneal group . The peroneus longus and brevis both have their origins on the fibula and they both pass behind the lateral malleolus where their tendons pass under the peroneal retinacula . Under the foot , the longus stretches from the lateral to the medial side in a groove , thus bracing the transverse arch of the foot . The brevis is attached on the lateral side to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal . Together the two peroneals form the strongest pronators of the foot . The peroneus muscles are highly variable and several variants can occasionally be present . Superficial and deep posterior muscles . Of the posterior muscles three are in the superficial layer . The major plantar flexors , commonly referred to as the triceps surae , are the soleus , which arises on the proximal side of both leg bones , and the gastrocnemius , the two heads of which arises on the distal end of the femur . These muscles unite in a large terminal tendon , the Achilles tendon , which is attached to the posterior tubercle of the calcaneus . The plantaris closely follows the lateral head of the gastrocnemius . Its tendon runs between those of the soleus and gastrocnemius and is embedded in the medial end of the calcaneus tendon . In the deep layer , the tibialis posterior has its origin on the interosseus membrane and the neighbouring bone areas and runs down behind the medial malleolus . Under the foot it splits into a thick medial part attached to the navicular bone and a slightly weaker lateral part inserted to the three cuneiform bones . The muscle produces simultaneous plantar flexion and supination in the non-weight - bearing leg , and approximates the heel to the calf of the leg . The flexor hallucis longus arises distally on the fibula and on the interosseus membrane from where its relatively thick muscle belly extends far distally . Its tendon extends beneath the flexor retinaculum to the sole of the foot and finally attaches on the base of the last phalanx of the hallux . It plantarflexes the hallux and assists in supination . The flexor digitorum longus , finally , has its origin on the upper part of the tibia . Its tendon runs to the sole of the foot where it forks into four terminal tendon attached to the last phalanges of the four lateral toes . It crosses the tendon of the tibialis posterior distally on the tibia , and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the sole . Distally to its division , the quadratus plantae radiates into it and near the middle phalanges its tendons penetrate the tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis . In the non-weight - bearing leg , it plantar flexes the toes and foot and supinates . In the weight - bearing leg it supports the plantar arch . ( For the popliteus , see above . ) Intrinsic ( edit ) The intrinsic muscles of the foot , muscles whose bellies are located in the foot proper , are either dorsal ( top ) or plantar ( sole ) . On the dorsal side , two long extrinsic extensor muscles are superficial to the intrinsic muscles , and their tendons form the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes . The short intrinsic extensors and the plantar and dorsal interossei radiates into these aponeuroses . The extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis have a common origin on the anterior side of the calcaneus , from where their tendons extend into the dorsal aponeuroses of digits 1 - 4 . They act to dorsiflex these digits . The plantar muscles can be subdivided into three groups associated with three regions : those of the big digit , the little digit , and the region between these two . All these muscles are covered by the thick and dense plantar aponeurosis , which , together with two tough septa , form the spaces of the three groups . These muscles and their fatty tissue function as cushions that transmit the weight of the body downward . As a whole , the foot is a functional entity . Intrinsic foot muscles The abductor hallucis stretches along the medial edge of the foot , from the calcaneus to the base of the first phalanx of the first digit and the medial sesamoid bone . It is an abductor and a weak flexor , and also helps maintain the arch of the foot . Lateral to the abductor hallucis is the flexor hallucis brevis , which originates from the medial cuneiform bone and from the tendon of the tibialis posterior . The flexor hallucis has a medial and a lateral head inserted laterally to the abductor hallucis . It is an important plantar flexor which comes into prominent use in classical ballet ( i.e. for pointe work ) . The adductor hallucis has two heads ; a stronger oblique head which arises from the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones and the bases of the second and third metatarsals ; and a transverse head which arises from the distal ends of the third - fifth metatarsals . Both heads are inserted on the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit . The muscle acts as a tensor to the arches of the foot , but can also adduct the first digit and plantar flex its first phalanx . The opponens digiti minimi originates from the long plantar ligament and the plantar tendinous sheath of peroneus longus and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal . When present , it acts to plantar flex the fifth digit and supports the plantar arch . The flexor digiti minimi arises from the region of base of the fifth metatarsal and is inserted onto the base of the first phalanx of the fifth digit where it is usually merged with the abductor of the first digit . It acts to plantar flex the last digit . The largest and longest muscles of the little toe is the abductor digiti minimi . Stretching from the lateral process of the calcaneus , with a second attachment on the base of the fifth metatarsal , to the base of the fifth digit 's first phalanx , the muscle forms the lateral edge of the sole . Except for supporting the arch , it plantar flexes the little toe and also acts as an abductor . The four lumbricales have their origin on the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus , from where they extend to the medial side of the bases of the first phalanx of digits two - five . Except for reinforcing the plantar arch , they contribute to plantar flexion and move the four digits toward the big toe . They are , in contrast to the lumbricales of the hand , rather variable , sometimes absent and sometimes more than four are present . The quadratus plantae arises with two slips from margins of the plantar surface of the calcaneus and is inserted into the tendon ( s ) of the flexor digitorum longus , and is known as the `` plantar head '' of this latter muscle . The three plantar interossei arise with their single heads on the medial side of the third - fifth metatarsals and are inserted on the bases of the first phalanges of these digits . The two heads of the four dorsal interossei arise on two adjacent metatarsals and merge in the intermediary spaces . Their distal attachment is on the bases of the proximal phalanges of the second - fourth digits . The interossei are organized with the second digit as a longitudinal axis ; the plantars act as adductors and pull digits 3 - 5 towards the second digit ; while the dorsals act as abductors . Additionally , the interossei act as plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints . Lastly , the flexor digitorum brevis arises from underneath the calcaneus to insert its tendons on the middle phalanges of digit 2 - 4 . Because the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus run between these tendons , the brevis is sometimes called perforatus . The tendons of these two muscles are surrounded by a tendinous sheath . The brevis acts to plantar flex the middle phalanges . See also : Table of muscles Flexibility ( edit ) Flexibility can be simply defined as the available range of motion ( ROM ) provided by a specific joint or group of joints . For the most part , exercises that increase flexibility are performed with intentions to boost overall muscle length , reduce the risks of injury and to potentially improve muscular performance in physical activity . Stretching muscles after engagement in any physical activity can improve muscular strength , increase flexibility , and reduce muscle soreness . If limited movement is present within a joint , the `` insufficient extensibility '' of the muscle , or muscle group , could be restricting the activity of the affected joint . Stretching ( edit ) Stretching prior to strenuous physical activity has been thought to increase muscular performance by extending the soft tissue past its attainable length in order to increase range of motion . Many physically active individuals practice these techniques as a `` warm - up '' in order to achieve a certain level of muscular preparation for specific exercise movements . When stretching , muscles should feel somewhat uncomfortable but not physically agonizing . Plantar flexion : One of the most popular lower leg muscle stretches is the step standing heel raises , which mainly involves the gastrocnemius , soleus , and the Achilles tendon . Standing heel raises allow the individual to activate their calf muscles by standing on a step with toes and forefoot , leaving the heel hanging off the step , and plantar flexing the ankle joint by raising the heel . This exercise is easily modified by holding on to a nearby rail for balance and is generally repeated 5 - 10 times . Dorsiflexion : In order to stretch the anterior muscles of the lower leg , crossover shin stretches work well . This motion will stretch the dorsiflexion muscles , mainly the anterior tibialis , extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus , by slowly causing the muscles to lengthen as body weight is leaned on the ankle joint by using the floor as resistance against the top of the foot . Crossover shin stretches can vary in intensity depending on the amount of body weight applied on the ankle joint as the individual bends at the knee . This stretch is typically held for 15 -- 30 seconds . Eversion and inversion : Stretching the eversion and inversion muscles allows for better range of motion to the ankle joint . Seated ankle elevations and depressions will stretch the peroneus and tibilalis muscles that are associated with these movements as they lengthen . Eversion muscles are stretched when the ankle becomes depressed from the starting position . In like manner , the inversion muscles are stretched when the ankle joint becomes elevated . Throughout this seated stretch , the ankle joint is to remain supported while depressed and elevated with the ipsilateral ( same side ) hand in order to sustain the stretch for 10 -- 15 seconds . This stretch will increase overall eversion and inversion muscle group length and provide more flexibility to the ankle joint for larger range of motion during activity . Blood supply ( edit ) See also : Superficial femoral artery and Arcuate artery of the foot The arteries of the leg are divided into a series of segments . In the pelvis area , at the level of the last lumbar vertebra , the abdominal aorta , a continuation the descending aorta , splits into a pair of common iliac arteries . These immediately split into the internal and external iliac arteries , the latter of which descends along the medial border of the psoas major to exits the pelvis area through the vascular lacuna under the inguinal ligament . The artery enters the thigh as the femoral artery which descends the medial side of the thigh to the adductor canal . The canal passes from the anterior to the posterior side of the limb where the artery leaves through the adductor hiatus and becomes the popliteal artery . On the back of the knee the popliteal artery runs through the popliteal fossa to the popliteal muscle where it divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries . In the lower leg , the anterior tibial enters the extensor compartment near the upper border of the interosseus membrane to descend between the tibialis anterior and the extensor hallucis longus . Distal to the superior and extensor retinacula of the foot it becomes the dorsal artery of the foot . The posterior tibial forms a direct continuation of the popliteal artery which enters the flexor compartment of the lower leg to descend behind the medial malleolus where it divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries , of which the posterior branch gives rise to the fibular artery . For practical reasons the lower limb is subdivided into somewhat arbitrary regions : The regions of the hip are all located in the thigh : anteriorly , the subinguinal region is bounded by the inguinal ligament , the sartorius , and the pectineus and forms part of the femoral triangle which extends distally to the adductor longus . Posteriorly , the gluteal region corresponds to the gluteus maximus . The anterior region of the thigh extends distally from the femoral triangle to the region of the knee and laterally to the tensor fasciae latae . The posterior region ends distally before the popliteal fossa . The anterior and posterior regions of the knee extend from the proximal regions down to the level of the tuberosity of the tibia . In the lower leg the anterior and posterior regions extend down to the malleoli . Behind the malleoli are the lateral and medial retromalleolar regions and behind these is the region of the heel . Finally , the foot is subdivided into a dorsal region superiorly and a plantar region inferiorly . Veins ( edit ) Veins of the leg . The veins are subdivided into three systems . The deep veins return approximately 85 percent of the blood and the superficial veins approximately 15 percent . A series of perforator veins interconnect the superficial and deep systems . In the standing posture , the veins of the leg have to handle an exceptional load as they act against gravity when they return the blood to the heart . The venous valves assist in maintaining the superficial to deep direction of the blood flow . Superficial veins : Greater saphenous vein Small saphenous Deep veins : Femoral vein Popliteal vein Anterior tibial vein Posterior tibial vein Fibular vein Innervation ( edit ) Nerves of right leg , anterior and posterior aspects The sensory and motor innervation to the lower limb is supplied by the lumbosacral plexus , which is formed by the ventral rami of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves with additional contributions from the subcostal nerve ( T12 ) and coccygeal nerve ( Co1 ) . Based on distribution and topography , the lumbosacral plexus is subdivided into the lumbar plexus ( T12 - L4 ) and the Sacral plexus ( L5 - S4 ) ; the latter is often further subdivided into the sciatic and pudendal plexuses : The lumbar plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina by the ventral rami of the first four lumbar spinal nerves ( L1 - L4 ) , which all pass through psoas major . The larger branches of the plexus exit the muscle to pass sharply downward to reach the abdominal wall and the thigh ( under the inguinal ligament ) ; with the exception of the obturator nerve which pass through the lesser pelvis to reach the medial part of the thigh through the obturator foramen . The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh . The iliohypogastric ( T12 - L1 ) and ilioinguinal nerves ( L1 ) emerge from the psoas major near the muscle 's origin , from where they run laterally downward to pass anteriorly above the iliac crest between the transversus abdominis and abdominal internal oblique , and then run above the inguinal ligament . Both nerves give off muscular branches to both these muscles . Iliohypogastric supplies sensory branches to the skin of the lateral hip region , and its terminal branch finally pierces the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique above the inguinal ring to supply sensory branches to the skin there . Ilioinguinalis exits through the inguinal ring and supplies sensory branches to the skin above the pubic symphysis and the lateral portion of the scrotum . The genitofemoral nerve ( L1 , L2 ) leaves psoas major below the two former nerves , immediately divides into two branches that descends along the muscle 's anterior side . The sensory femoral branch supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament , while the mixed genital branch supplies the skin and muscles around the sex organ . The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ( L2 , L3 ) leaves psoas major laterally below the previous nerve , runs obliquely and laterally downward above the iliacus , exits the pelvic area near the iliac spine , and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh . The obturator nerve ( L2 - L4 ) passes medially behind psoas major to exit the pelvis through the obturator canal , after which it gives off branches to obturator externus and divides into two branches passing behind and in front of adductor brevis to supply motor innervation to all the other adductor muscles . The anterior branch also supplies sensory nerves to the skin on a small area on the distal medial aspect of the thigh . The femoral nerve ( L2 - L4 ) is the largest and longest of the nerves of the lumbar plexus . It supplies motor innervation to iliopsoas , pectineus , sartorius , and quadriceps ; and sensory branches to the anterior thigh , medial lower leg , and posterior foot . The nerves of the sacral plexus pass behind the hip joint to innervate the posterior part of the thigh , most of the lower leg , and the foot . The superior ( L4 - S1 ) and inferior gluteal nerves ( L5 - S2 ) innervate the gluteus muscles and the tensor fasciae latae . The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve ( S1 - S3 ) contributes sensory branches to the skin on the posterior thigh . The sciatic nerve ( L4 - S3 ) , the largest and longest nerve in the human body , leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen . In the posterior thigh it first gives off branches to the short head of the biceps femoris and then divides into the tibial ( L4 - S3 ) and common fibular nerves ( L4 - S2 ) . The fibular nerve continues down on the medial side of biceps femoris , winds around the fibular neck and enters the front of the lower leg . There it divides into a deep and a superficial terminal branch . The superficial branch supplies the peroneus muscles and the deep branch enters the extensor compartment ; both branches reaches into the dorsal foot . In the thigh , the tibial nerve gives off branches to semitendinosus , semimembranosus , adductor magnus , and the long head of the biceps femoris . The nerve then runs straight down the back of the leg , through the popliteal fossa to supply the ankle flexors on the back of the lower leg and then continues down to supply all the muscles in the sole of the foot . The pudendal ( S2 - S4 ) and coccygeal nerves ( S5 - Co2 ) supply the muscles of the pelvic floor and the surrounding skin . The lumbosacral trunk is a communicating branch passing between the sacral and lumbar plexuses containing ventral fibers from L4 . The coccygeal nerve , the last spinal nerve , emerges from the sacral hiatus , unites with the ventral rami of the two last sacral nerves , and forms the coccygeal plexus . See also : Cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs Lower leg and foot ( edit ) The lower leg and ankle need to keep exercised and moving well as they are the base of the whole body . The lower extremities must be strong in order to balance the weight of the rest of the body , and the gastrocnemius muscles take part in much of the blood circulation . Exercises ( edit ) Isometric and standard ( edit ) There are a number of exercises that can be done to strengthen the lower leg . For example , in order to activate plantar flexors in the deep plantar flexors one can sit on the floor with the hips flexed , the ankle neutral with knees fully extended as they alternate pushing their foot against a wall or platform . This kind of exercise is beneficial as it hardly causes any fatigue . Another form of isometric exercise for the gastrocnemius would be seated calf raises which can be done with or without equipment . One can be seated at a table with their feet flat on the ground , and then plantar flex both ankles so that the heels are raised off the floor and the gastrocnemius flexed . An alternate movement could be heel drop exercises with the toes being propped on an elevated surface -- as an opposing movement this would improve the range of motion . One - legged toe raises for the gastrocnemius muscle can be performed by holding one dumbbell in one hand while using the other for balance , and then standing with one foot on a plate . The next step would be to plantar flex and keep the knee joint straight or flexed slightly . The triceps surae is contracted during this exercise . Stabilization exercises like the BOSU ball squat are also important especially as they assist in the ankles having to adjust to the ball 's form in order to balance . Clinical significance ( edit ) Mountaineers have heightened risk for serious leg injuries . This is generally due to the lack of medical help in mountainous areas , as well as movement impairment restricting access to other medical services . Lower leg injury ( edit ) Lower leg injuries are common while running or playing sports . About 10 % of all total injuries involve the lower extremities in athletes . The majority of athletes sprain their ankles , which are mainly caused by the increased loads onto the feet when they move into the foot down or in an outer ankle position . All areas of the foot , which are the forefoot , midfoot , and rearfoot , absorb various forces while running and can lead to injuries as well . Running and various activities can cause stress fractures , tendinitis , musculotendinous injuries , or any chronic pain to our lower extremities such as the tibia . Types of activities ( edit ) Injuries to quadriceps or hamstrings are caused by the constant impact loads to the legs during activities , such as kicking a ball . While doing this type of motion , 85 % of that shock is absorbed to the hamstrings which can cause strain to those muscles . Jumping -- is another risk because if the legs do not land properly after an initial jump , there may be damage to the meniscus in the knees , sprain to the ankle by everting or inverting the foot , or damage to the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius if there is too much force while plantar flexing . Weight lifting -- such as the improperly performed deep squat , is also dangerous to the lower limbs , because the exercise can lead to an overextension , or an outstretch , of our ligaments in the knee and can cause pain over time . Running -- the most common activity associated with lower leg injury . There is constant pressure and stress being put on the feet , knees , and legs while running by gravitational force . Muscle tears in our legs or pain in various areas of the feet can be a result of poor biomechanics of running . Running ( edit ) The most common injuries in running involve the knees and the feet . Various studies have focused on the initial cause of these running related injuries and found that there are many factors that correlate to these injuries . Female distance runners who had a history of stress fracture injuries had higher vertical impact forces than non-injured subjects . The large forces onto the lower legs were associated with gravitational forces , and this correlated with patellofemoral pain or potential knee injuries . Researchers have also found that these running related injuries affect the feet as well because runners with previous injuries showed more foot eversion and over pronation while running than non-injured runners . This causes more loads and forces on the medial side of the foot , causing more stress on the tendons of the foot and ankle ( peroneal tendons ) . Most of these running injuries are caused by overuse and that running at longer distances weekly for a long duration is a risk for injuring the lower legs . Prevention tools ( edit ) Voluntary stretches to the legs , such as the wall stretch , condition the hamstrings and the calf muscle to various movements before vigorously working them . But a study has shown that Kinesiology tape gives more promising effect in hamstring extensibility to produce more fluid movement . Thirty previously injured males showed a greater advantage of hamstring extensibility in longer durations with Kinesiology tape , or elastic therapeutic tape . However , they were more advantageous in the beginning of the exercise with a voluntary , static stretch or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation , which are stretching techniques specific to optimize the range of motion of the limb . This shows that stretches do help in the immediate time frames , whereas Kinesiology tape helps in long durations to prevent any future injuries from occurring . The environment and surroundings , such as uneven terrain , can cause the feet to position in an unnatural way , so wearing shoes that can absorb forces from the ground 's impact and allow for stabilizing the feet can prevent some injuries while running as well . Shoes should be structured to allow friction - traction at the shoe surface , space for different foot - strike stresses , or for comfortable , regular arches for the feet . Summary ( edit ) The chances of damaging our lower extremities will be reduced by having knowledge about some activities associated with lower leg injury and developing a correct form of running , such as not over pronating the foot or overusing the legs . Preventative measures , such as taping , various stretches , and wearing appropriate footwear , will reduce injuries from occurring as well . Fracture ( edit ) `` Broken leg '' redirects here . For other uses , see Broken leg ( disambiguation ) . A fracture of the leg can be classified according to the involved bone into : Femoral fracture ( in the upper leg ) See also : Femoral fracture Crus fracture ( in the lower leg ) . See also : Crus fracture Pain management ( edit ) Lower leg and foot pain management is critical in reducing the progression of further injuries , uncomfortable sensations and limiting alterations while walking and running . Most individuals suffer from various pains in their lower leg and foot due to different factors . Muscle inflammation , strain , tenderness , swelling and muscle tear from muscle overuse or incorrect movement are several conditions often experienced by athletes and the common public during and after high impact physical activities . Therefore , suggested pain management mechanisms are provided to reduce pain and prevent the progression of injury . Plantar fasciitis ( edit ) A plantar fasciitis foot stretch is one of the recommended methods to reduce pain caused by plantar fasciitis ( Figure 1 ) . To do the plantar fascia stretch , while sitting in a chair place the ankle on the opposite knee and hold the toes of the impaired foot , slowly pulling back . The stretch should be held for approximately ten seconds , three times per day Medial tibial stress syndrome ( shin splint ) ( edit ) Several methods can be utilized to help control pain caused by shin splints . Placing ice on the affected area prior to and after running will aid in reducing pain . In addition , wearing orthotic devices including a neoprene sleeve ( Figure 2 ) and wearing appropriate footwear such as a foot arch can help to eliminate the condition . Stretching and strengthening of the anterior tibia or medial tibia by performing exercises of plantar and dorsi flexors such as calf stretch can also help in easing the pain Achilles tendinopathy ( edit ) There are numerous appropriate approaches to handling pain resulting from Achilles tendinitis . The primary action is to rest . Activities that do not provide additional stress to the affected tendon are also recommended . Wearing orthothics or prostheses will provide cushion and will prevent the affected Achilles tendon from experiencing further stress when walking and performing therapeutic stretches . A few stretch modalities or eccentric exercises such as toe extension and flexion and calf and heel stretch are beneficial in lowering pain with Achilles tendinopathy patients ( Figure 4 ) Society and culture ( edit ) Adolescent and adult women in many Western cultures often remove the hair from their legs . Toned , tanned , shaved legs are sometimes perceived as a sign of youthfulness and are often considered attractive in these cultures . Men generally do not shave their legs in any culture . However , leg - shaving is a generally accepted practice in modeling . It is also fairly common in sports where the hair removal makes the athlete appreciably faster by reducing drag ; the most common case of this is competitive swimming . It is also practiced in other sports such as cycling , in which skin injuries are common : the absence of grown hair makes nicks , scratches and bruises heal faster because of the reduced microbial population on shaved skin . Image gallery ( edit ) Surface anatomy of human leg Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions . Small saphenous vein and its tributaries . The popliteal , posterior tibial , and peroneal arteries . Nerves of the right lower extremity Posterior view . Leg Bones See also ( edit ) Distraction osteogenesis ( leg lengthening ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lower Extremity '' . Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lower limb '' . Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Healthcare Consumers . Elsevier . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leg '' . Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` leg '' . Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Healthcare Consumers . Elsevier . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leg '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ Shultz SJ , Nguyen AD , Schmitz RJ ( 2008 ) . `` Differences in lower extremity anatomical and postural characteristics in males and females between maturation groups '' . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 38 ( 3 ) : 137 -- 49 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 2008.2645 . PMID 18383647 . Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 360 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 361 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 362 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 196 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , pp 244 - 247 ^ Jump up to : Platzer , ( 2004 ) , p 232 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 234 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 236 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 238 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 240 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 242 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 252 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 248 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 250 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 264 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 266 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 256 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 258 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 260 Jump up ^ Chaitow ( 2000 ) , p 554 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 262 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 268 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 270 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 272 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 274 ^ Jump up to : Alter , M.J. ( 2004 ) . Science of Flexibility ( 3rd ed. , pp. 1 - 6 ) . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . ^ Jump up to : Lower Extremity Stretching Home Exercise Program ( 2010 , April ) . In Aurora Healthcare . Jump up ^ Nelson , A.G. , & Kokkonen , J. ( 2007 ) . Stretching Anatomy . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . Jump up ^ Weppler , C.H. , & Magnusson , S.P. ( 2010 , March ) . Increasing Muscle Extensibility : A Matter of Increasing Length or Modifying Sensation . Physical Therapy , 90 , 438 - 449 . Jump up ^ Roth , E. Step Stretch for the Foot . AZ Central . http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/step-stretch-foot-18206.html ^ Jump up to : Shea , K. ( 2013 , August 12 ) . Shin Stretches for Runners . Livestrong . http://www.livestrong.com/article/353394-shin-stretches-for-runners/ ^ Jump up to : Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 464 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 412 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , pp 466 - 467 ^ Jump up to : Thieme Atlas of anatomy ( 2006 ) , pp 470 - 471 ^ Jump up to : Thieme Atlas of anatomy ( 2006 ) , pp 472 - 473 ^ Jump up to : Thieme Atlas of anatomy ( 2006 ) , pp 474 - 475 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 476 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , pp 480 - 481 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , pp 482 - 483 Jump up ^ Masood , Tahir ; Bojsen - Møller , Jens ; Kalliokoski , Kari K. ; Kirjavainen , Anna ; Äärimaa , Ville ; Peter Magnusson , S. ; Finni , Taija ( 2014 ) . `` Differential contributions of ankle plantarflexors during submaximal isometric muscle action : A PET and EMG study '' . Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 24 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 74 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jelekin. 2014.03. 002 . PMID 24717406 . Jump up ^ Jeong , Siwoo ; Lee , Dae - Yeon ; Choi , Dong - Sung ; Lee , Hae - Dong ( 2014 ) . `` Acute effect of heel - drop exercise with varying ranges of motion on the gastrocnemius aponeurosis - tendon 's mechanical properties '' . Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 24 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jelekin. 2014.03. 004 . PMID 24717405 . Jump up ^ Starrett , Kelly ; Cordoza , Glen ( 2013 ) . Becoming a Supple Leopard : The Ultimate Guide to Resolving Pain , Preventing Injury , and Optimizing Athletic Performance . Las Vegas : Victory Belt . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936608 - 58 - 4 . Jump up ^ Delavier , Frédéric ( 2010 ) . `` One - Leg Toe Raises '' . Strength Training Anatomy . pp. 150 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 9226 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clark , Micheal A. ; Lucett , Scott C. ; Corn , Rodney J. , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` Ball Squat , Curl to Press '' . NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 8291 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kjaer , M. , Krogsgaard , M. , & Magnusson , P. ( Eds . ) . ( 2008 ) . Textbook of Sports Medicine Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activity . Chichester , GBR : John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , R. ( 1999 ) . Sports Biomechanics : Preventing Injury and Improving Performance . London , GBR : Spon Press . ^ Jump up to : Hreljac , Alan ; Ferber , Reed ( 2006 ) . `` A biomechanical perspective of predicting injury risk in running : review article '' . International Sportmed Journal . 7 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 108 . hdl : 10520 / EJC48590 . ^ Jump up to : Willems , T.M. ; De Clercq , D. ; Delbaere , K. ; Vanderstraeten , G. ; De Cock , A. ; Witvrouw , E. ( 2006 ) . `` A prospective study of gait related risk factors for exercise - related lower leg pain '' . Gait & Posture. 23 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gaitpost. 2004.12. 004 . Jump up ^ Malisoux , Laurent ; Nielsen , Rasmus Oestergaard ; Urhausen , Axel ; Theisen , Daniel ( 2014 ) . `` A step towards understanding the mechanisms of running - related injuries '' . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 18 ( 5 ) : 523 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsams. 2014.07. 014 . Jump up ^ Spiker , Ted ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Build Stronger Lower Legs '' . Runner 's World . ^ Jump up to : Farquharson , Claire ; Greig , Matt ( 2015 ) . `` Temporal efficacy of kinesiology tape vs. Traditional stretching methods on hamstring extensibility '' . International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy . 10 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 51 . PMC 4325287 . PMID 25709862 . Jump up ^ Olmsted , Lauren C ; Vela , Luzita I ; Denegar , Craig R ; Hertel , Jay ( 2004 ) . `` Prophylactic Ankle Taping and Bracing : A Numbers - Needed - to - Treat and Cost - Benefit Analysis '' . Journal of Athletic Training . 39 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 100 . PMC 385268 . PMID 15085217 . Jump up ^ `` Easing the pain of plantar fasciitis . To relieve heel pain , simple therapies may be all you need '' . Harvard Women 's Health Watch . 14 ( 12 ) : 4 -- 5 . 2007 . PMID 17722355 . Jump up ^ Garl , Tim ( 2004 ) . `` Lower Leg Pain in Basketball Players '' . FIBA Assist Magazine : 61 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Knobloch , Karsten ; Schreibmueller , Louisa ; Longo , Umile Giuseppe ; Vogt , Peter M. ( 2008 ) . `` Eccentric exercises for the management of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with or without the AirHeel Brace . A randomized controlled trial . A : Effects on pain and microcirculation '' . Disability & Rehabilitation . 30 ( 20 -- 22 ) : 1685 -- 91 . doi : 10.1080 / 09638280701786658 . PMID 18720121 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty legs ( Human legs , chicken legs , crab legs , etc . ) '' . Prettylegs.seo-forum-seo-luntan.com . November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Real Reasons Why You Should Shave Your Legs ( That Have Nothing To Do With Aerodynamics ) '' . Coach Levi.com. 15 July 2008 . References ( edit ) Chaitow , Leon ; Walker DeLany , Judith ( 2000 ) . Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques : The Lower Body . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06284 - 6 . consulting editors , Lawrence M. Ross , Edward D. Lamperti ; authors , Michael Schuenke , Erik Schulte , Udo Schumacher. ( 2006 ) . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System . Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 419 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Platzer , Werner ( 2004 ) . Color Atlas of Human Anatomy , Vol. 1 : Locomotor System ( 5th ed . ) . Thieme . ISBN 3 - 13 - 533305 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human legs . Interactive images at InnerBody Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Joints and ligaments of the human leg Hip femoral ( iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral ) head of femur transverse acetabular acetabular labrum capsule zona orbicularis Knee Tibiofemoral Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular : popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial / tibial fibular / lateral intracapsular : cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral Patellofemoral Patellar ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg Foot Talocrural and ankle medial : medial of talocrural joint / deltoid anterior tibiotalar posterior tibiotalar tibiocalcaneal tibionavicular lateral : lateral collateral of ankle joint anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular Subtalar / talocalcaneal anterior / posterior lateral / medial interosseous Transverse tarsal Talocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular / spring bifurcated ( calcaneonavicular ) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated ( calcaneocuboid ) Distal intertarsal Cuneonavicular plantar dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar dorsal Intercuneiform plantar dorsal interosseous Other Tarsometatarsal / Lisfranc plantar dorsal Intermetatarsal / metatarsal plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar collateral Interphalangeal plantar collateral Arches Longitudinal Transverse Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Arteries of the human leg Inferior epigastric cremasteric ♂ / round ligament ♀ Deep circumflex iliac no major branches Femoral In femoral canal superficial epigastric superficial circumflex iliac superficial external pudendal deep external pudendal ( anterior scrotal ♂ Descending genicular saphenous branch articular branches Profunda femoris medial circumflex femoral ascending descending superficial deep acetabular lateral circumflex femoral descending transverse ascending perforating Cruciate anastomosis Trochanteric anastomosis Popliteal Genicular superior genicular ( medial , lateral ) middle genicular inferior genicular ( medial , lateral ) Sural no major branches Anterior tibial tibial recurrent posterior anterior ) anterior malleolar medial lateral dorsalis pedis : tarsal ( medial , lateral ) Tibial - fibular ( Tibial - peroneal ) trunk Posterior tibial circumflex fibular medial plantar lateral plantar fibular ( peroneal ) Arches arcuate dorsal metatarsal first dorsal metatarsal deep plantar dorsal digital arteries plantar arch plantar metatarsal common plantar digital proper plantar digital Veins of the human leg thigh femoral deep vein of the thigh popliteal deep leg fibular anterior tibial posterior tibial superficial leg small saphenous great saphenous external pudendal superficial of penis / clitoris foot dorsal arch dorsal metatarsal dorsal digital plantar arch plantar metatarsal common digital plantar digital Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal Nerves of the lumbosacral plexus Lumbar plexus iliohypogastric lateral cutaneous branch anterior cutaneous branch ilioinguinal anterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ genitofemoral femoral branch genital branch Lateral cutaneous patellar obturator anterior cutaneous posterior accessory femoral anterior cutaneous branches saphenous infrapatellar medial crural cutaneous sacral plexus sciatic common peroneal lateral sural cutaneous communicating branch deep peroneal lateral terminal branch medial terminal branch dorsal digital superficial peroneal medial dorsal cutaneous intermediate dorsal cutaneous dorsal digital tibial medial sural cutaneous medial calcaneal medial plantar ( common plantar digital nerves proper plantar digital ) lateral plantar ( deep branch superficial branch common plantar digital proper plantar digital ) sural lateral dorsal cutaneous lateral calcaneal other Muscular superior gluteal inferior gluteal lateral rotator group ( to quadratus femoris to obturator internus to the piriformis ) cutaneous : posterior cutaneous of thigh ( inferior cluneal perineal branches ) perforating cutaneous coccygeal plexus pudendal inferior anal perineal deep posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ dorsal of the penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ anococcygeal Related cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&oldid=847921937 '' Categories : Animal locomotion Lower limb anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Беларуская Català Čeština Español Galego Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių नेपाली Norsk Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Võro Walon 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
the back of the leg is called what
|
[
"The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the crus or cnemis /ˈniːmɪs/. The calf is the back portion, and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the front of the lower leg.\n"
] |
[
"calf"
] |
-193058671165493692
|
List of Catholic dioceses in Australia
|
List of Catholic dioceses in Australia - Wikipedia List of Catholic dioceses in Australia This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Arcarius ( talk contribs ) at 13 : 19 , 8 March 2017 ( Arcarius moved page List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Australia to List of Catholic dioceses in Australia : also Eastern Catholic ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 13 : 19 , 8 March 2017 by Arcarius ( talk contribs ) ( Arcarius moved page List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Australia to List of Catholic dioceses in Australia : also Eastern Catholic ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Currently there are 33 Catholic dioceses in Australia , consisted of 5 metropolitan archdioceses , 22 suffragan dioceses and 7 sui iuris jurisdictions including three Eastern - rite dioceses , a military ordinariate and a personal ordinariate . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of dioceses 1.1 Australian Catholic Bishops Conference 1.1. 1 Ecclesiastical Province of Adelaide 1.1. 2 Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane 1.1. 3 Ecclesiastical Province of Melbourne 1.1. 4 Ecclesiastical Province of Perth 1.1. 5 Ecclesiastical Province of Sydney 1.1. 6 Sui iuris jurisdictions 2 External links List of dioceses ( edit ) Australian Catholic Bishops Conference ( edit ) Ecclesiastical Province of Adelaide ( edit ) Archdiocese of Adelaide Diocese of Darwin Diocese of Port Pirie Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane ( edit ) Archdiocese of Brisbane Diocese of Cairns Diocese of Rockhampton Diocese of Toowoomba Diocese of Townsville Ecclesiastical Province of Melbourne ( edit ) Archdiocese of Melbourne Diocese of Ballarat Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle Diocese of Sale Diocese of Sandhurst Ecclesiastical Province of Perth ( edit ) Archdiocese of Perth Diocese of Broome Diocese of Bunbury Diocese of Geraldton Ecclesiastical Province of Sydney ( edit ) Archdiocese of Sydney Diocese of Armidale Diocese of Bathurst Diocese of Broken Bay Diocese of Lismore Diocese of Maitland - Newcastle Diocese of Parramatta Diocese of Wagga Wagga Diocese of Wilcannia - Forbes Diocese of Wollongong Sui iuris jurisdictions ( edit ) Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn Archdiocese of Hobart Diocese of Saint Maron of Sydney Diocese of Saint Michael 's of Sydney Diocese of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney Military Ordinariate of Australia Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross External links ( edit ) Catholic - Hierarchy GCatholic.org . ( show ) Catholic Church in Australia A list of all the Catholic dioceses , chapels , churches , and cathedrals in Australia ( show ) Province of Sydney Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney Cathedral Church and Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Mother of God , Help of Christians Cardinal Cerretti Chapel Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church St Peter Julian Church St Thomas Aquinas Church , Springwood Diocese of Maitland - Newcastle Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Diocese of Armidale Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Joseph Diocese of Bathurst Cathedral of Saint Michael and Saint John Diocese of Lismore Cathedral of Saint Carthage Diocese of Wagga Wagga Cathedral of Saint Michael Diocese of Wilcannia - Forbes Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Diocese of Wollongong Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier St John Vianney Co-Cathedral St Michael 's Church , Nowra Diocese of Parramatta Cathedral of Saint Patrick Diocese of Broken Bay Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary ( show ) Province of Melbourne Metropolitan Archdiocese of Melbourne Cathedral Church and Minor Basilica of Saint Patrick Our Lady of Victories Basilica , Camberwell Sacred Heart Church St Kilda St Ambrose Church , Brunswick St Mary of the Angels Basilica , Geelong St Mary Star of the Sea , West Melbourne St Francis ' Church , Melbourne Diocese of Sale Cathedral of Saint Mary Diocese of Sandhurst Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Diocese of Ballarat Cathedral of Saint Patrick ( show ) Province of Brisbane Metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Stephen St Stephen 's Chapel St Ignatius Loyola Church , Toowong Corpus Christi Church , Nundah Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church St Brigid 's Catholic Church , Rosewood St Francis Xavier Church , Goodna St Mary 's Catholic Church , South Brisbane St Mary 's Church , Ipswich St Patrick 's Church , Fortitude Valley St Patrick 's Church , Gympie St Patricks Church , Mount Perry Diocese of Toowoomba Cathedral of Saint Patrick First St Mary 's Roman Catholic Church , Warwick Second St Mary 's Roman Catholic Church , Warwick St Patrick 's Church , Rosevale Diocese of Cairns St Monica 's War Memorial Cathedral St Monica 's Old Cathedral , Cairns Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church , Thursday Island St James Catholic Church , Malanda St Joseph 's Convent , Cairns St Monica 's Priory / Bishop 's House St. Patrick 's Catholic Church , Yungaburra Diocese of Rockhampton Cathedral of Saint Joseph Our Lady Star of the Sea Church & School Diocese of Townsville Cathedral of the Sacred Heart St Brigid 's Church , Stuart St Joseph 's Church , North Ward St Mary 's Church & Convent , Townsville St Patrick 's Convent , North Ward St Patrick 's Church , Ravenswood ( show ) Province of Perth Metropolitan Archdiocese of Perth Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary St John 's Pro-Cathedral , Perth Redemptorist Monastery , North Perth St Brigid 's Church , Perth St Denis Church , Joondanna St Mary Star of the Sea , Peppermint Grove St Patrick 's Basilica , Fremantle St John the Baptist Church ( Toodyay ) St John the Baptist Church , Toodyay ( 1863 - 1963 ) St Joseph 's Church , Subiaco Diocese of Broome Cathedral of Our Lady Queen of Peace Diocese of Bunbury Cathedral of Saint Patrick Diocese of Geraldton Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier ( show ) Province of Adelaide Metropolitan Archdiocese of Adelaide Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier Diocese of Port Pirie Cathedral of Saint Mark Diocese of Darwin Cathedral of Saint Mary , Star of the Sea ( show ) Immediately subject to the Holy See Archdiocese of Hobart Cathedral of Saint Mary Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn Cathedral of Saint Christopher Military Ordinariate of Australia Cathedral of Saint Christopher as Principal Church Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross Principal Church of Saint Ninian and Saint Chad ( show ) Immediately subject to a patriarch or major archbishop Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul Maronite Catholic Eparchy of St Maroun Cathedral of Saint Maroun Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael Cathedral of Saint Michael and All the Angels Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of St Thomas St Thomas the Apostle Chaldean Catholic Church ( Seat of the Eparch 's Cathedra ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St Thomas St Thomas Syro - Malabar Catholic Church ( Seat of the Eparch 's Cathedra ) Catholicism portal ( show ) Latin and Eastern Catholic dioceses in Australia Province of Sydney Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney Diocese of Armidale Diocese of Bathurst Diocese of Broken Bay Diocese of Lismore Diocese of Maitland - Newcastle Diocese of Parramatta Diocese of Wagga Wagga Diocese of Wilcannia - Forbes Diocese of Wollongong Province of Melbourne Metropolitan Archdiocese of Melbourne Diocese of Ballarat Diocese of Sale Diocese of Sandhurst Province of Brisbane Metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane Diocese of Cairns Diocese of Rockhampton Diocese of Toowoomba Diocese of Townsville Province of Perth Metropolitan Archdiocese of Perth Diocese of Broome Diocese of Bunbury Diocese of Geraldton Province of Adelaide Metropolitan Archdiocese of Adelaide Diocese of Darwin Diocese of Port Pirie Immediately subject to the Holy See ( exempt ) / Patriarch Archdiocese of Hobart Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn Military Ordinariate of Australia Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle Maronite Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael , Archangel Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross ( Anglican Use ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Australia&oldid=769259779 '' Categories : Roman Catholic dioceses in Australia Lists of Roman Catholic dioceses by country Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use Australian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Accuracy disputes from March 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2017 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what is the name of our diocese in sydney
|
[
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n",
"\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n"
] |
[
"Armidale",
"Bathurst",
"Broken Bay",
"Lismore",
"Maitland-Newcastle",
"Parramatta",
"Wagga Wagga",
"Wilcannia-Forbes",
"Wollongong"
] |
5737729962314571903
|
List of Game of Thrones characters
|
List of Game of Thrones characters - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones characters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the main characters of the novels , see List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels . Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as `` The Known World , '' the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night 's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Main Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Main Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Main Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Main Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Main Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Main Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Main Aidan Gillen Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Main Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Main Kit Harington Jon Snow Main Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Main Maisie Williams Arya Stark Main Richard Madden Robb Stark Main Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Main Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Main Main Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Main Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main Main Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Main Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Main Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Main Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Main John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Main Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Main Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Recurring Main Carice van Houten Melisandre Main James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Main Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Main Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Main Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Main Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Main Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Main Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Main Main Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Main TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Main TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Main Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Main Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Main Michiel Huisman Daario Naharis Recurring Main TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Main Tom Wlaschiha Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Main TBA Dean - Charles Chapman Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Main Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Main Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Main In seasons 6 and 7 , Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man . In season 5 , Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene . In season 3 , Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . In season 1 , Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene , portrayed by an uncredited extra . In seasons 1 and 2 , Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry . Supporting cast ( edit ) Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a ' recurring ' status : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest Recurring Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring In season 6 , Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child ( originally named Wylis ) . In season 1 , Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2 . In seasons 1 and 2 , Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . In season 6 , Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes . In season 1 , Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott . In season 2 , Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever . In seasons 3 -- 5 , Little Sam is portrayed by uncredited infant extras . Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night 's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared John Standing as Jon Arryn Rhodri Hosking as Mycah Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Maisie Dee as Daisy David Coakley as Drennan Peter Ballance as Farlen Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark Anthony Morris as the Tickler Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe David Fynn as Rennick Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean - Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Will O'Connell as Todder Pixie Le Knot as Kayla Jamie Michie as Steelshanks Walton Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Introduced in Season 4 Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Octavia Alexandru and Kae Alexander as Leaf Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole 's Town madam Lois Winstone as a Mole 's Town prostitute Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Deirdre Monaghan as Morag Jane McGrath as Sissy Sarine Sofair as Lhara Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J.J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Ali Lyons as Johnna Oengus MacNamara as the thin man Hattie Gotobed as Ghita Meena Rayann as Vala Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Lemoncloak Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Flashbacks cast Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys ' The Mad King ' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Tom Chadbon as High Septon Maynard Main characters ( edit ) Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( edit ) Sean Bean Main article : Ned Stark Ned Stark ( seasons 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Sean Bean as an adult , Sebastian Croft as a child , and Robert Aramayo as a young adult . Eddard `` Ned '' Stark of House Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn 's death . He is known for his sense of honor and justice . He took part in Robert 's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen . When Ned 's father and brother went south to reclaim her , the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive . Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne . As the show opens , Ned has been content to remain in the north , but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn , he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King . Ned is not interested in politics , and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law . While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn , he discovers that all three of Robert 's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei 's twin brother Jaime . When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth , she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey . Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably , as he is prepared to do , his daughters will suffer for it . To protect them , he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king . Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister . Robert Baratheon ( edit ) Mark Addy Main article : Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen . Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King 's Landing to reclaim her , which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark 's revolt known as Robert 's Rebellion , whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Jaime Lannister ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Main article : Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen 's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life , fathering all three of her living children . He truly does love his sister and will do anything , no matter how rash , to stay close to her . He is nicknamed `` Kingslayer '' for killing the previous King , Aerys II , whom he was sworn to protect . He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war , but no one feels he deserves this post , which frustrates Jaime . Despite Eddard Stark 's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime has great respect for Eddard , whom he considers a great warrior and his equal . Unlike his father and sister , Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion . In season two , Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King 's Landing under Brienne of Tarth 's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home . On the journey , they are captured by the violent Locke , a man - at - arms under Roose Bolton , a Northern Lord . On their way to Harrenhal , now held by Bolton , the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime 's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege . Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt . During his time in Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II . Once freed , Jaime travels to King 's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn , given by Bolton to tend to his injury , in tow . At the end of season three , they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei . In the fourth season , Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword , and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand . Jaime is one of the few people in King 's Landing who believe in Tyrion 's innocence in killing Joffrey , and does his best to comfort his younger brother , while outright refusing Cersei 's order to kill Tyrion before his trial . When Tyrion is sentenced to death , Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys 's help . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and does n't want to go back to King 's Landing . However , she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane , after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council . On the journey home , Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter , who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him , but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies . In the sixth season , Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria , Obara , Nymeria and Tyene , but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands . In response to Cersei 's humiliation by the Faith Militant , Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody . He is foiled , however , when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown , and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard , clearly on the High Sparrow 's orders . Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun . He parleys with Brynden `` The Blackfish '' Tully , to no avail , and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle . The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys . Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick , but allows them to leave peacefully . He returns to King 's Landing shortly after the Great Sept 's destruction , and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen . In the seventh season , he commands the Lannister army , capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys ' Dothraki forces and dragons . He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead , and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone . Catelyn Stark ( edit ) Michelle Fairley Main article : Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Michelle Fairley . Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully ( née Tully ) , Lady of Winterfell , is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn , Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie , and Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , she travels to King 's Landing to warn Ned , and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister . Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion 's complete innocence , she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son 's life . She takes him to her sister , Lysa Arryn , so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful , as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat . After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release , she joins her son 's war council . Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey , she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives . Throughout the second season , she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances . While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon , another claimant to the Iron Throne , she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly 's assassination . She frees Jaime Lannister , a valuable hostage to the Starks , in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters . Robb , feeling betrayed by what his mother has done , puts her under house arrest . Catelyn travels north with her son to her father 's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun . She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate ( and futile ) pleas to the Freys to spare her son , threatening to slit Lady Frey 's throat if Robb dies . She keeps her promise , and is herself killed moments later when `` Black '' Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone . In season four , it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully 's funeral traditions . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , Catelyn and her son are later avenged in the sixth season and the first episode of season seven when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa 's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . Cersei Lannister ( edit ) Lena Headey Main article : Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister portrayed by Lena Headey as an adult and Nell Williams as a child . Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager , initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros , which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father , children , and brother Jaime . Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his . Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip , before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children . Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son , Joffrey , on the throne , with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent . Joffrey quits listening to his mother , and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son , and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor . Cersei and Tyrion do not get along , and constantly try to undermine each other 's authority over the crown . As of the end of the second season , Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne , and has shipped Cersei 's only daughter off against Cersei 's will to be married to the prince of Dorne . In season three , she takes pleasure in Tyrion 's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark , only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell . At the end of the season , the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages , and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity . In season four , she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned . It is implied that she knows Tyrion 's guilt is highly unlikely , but just wants to see him dead , though Jaime refuses to carry out the order . Indeed , at Tyrion 's trial , it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses ( herself , Lord Varys , Meryn Trant , Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae ) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat , Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion 's chances of acquittal , and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion can not choose him as his champion . Cersei 's wish comes true when Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn Martell , is killed by Clegane , but she still refuses to marry Loras , even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children . Tywin rebuffs her threats , though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards . Cersei attends Tywin 's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion 's head . Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne : a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs . Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter , Myrcella , who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head , though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion 's head . Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting . With the office of Hand of the King vacant , Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand . She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers . When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War , he declines , telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power , and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants . In defiance of Cersei 's `` orders '' , Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required . Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell . Under Margaery 's influence , Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock , but she refuses , and confronts Margaery , who insults her . Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel , who has become a member of the Faith Militant , an extremist group that worships the Seven . Cersei talks to their leader , the High Sparrow , and instates him as the new High Septon . The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish 's brothel . They also arrest Margaery 's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality . Tommen , at Margaery 's insistence , tries to get Cersei to release Loras , but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it . After a trial , Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras . Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras ' sexual orientation , and both are put in dungeons . All of this delights Cersei , who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew . Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair , but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything ( in season one , Cersei had sex with him in Jaime 's absence ) . Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery , incest , and murder ( it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting ) . She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn , who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne , and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king . Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen , anguished over his wife 's and mother 's arrests , has not been eating . Cersei is also visited by a septa , who orders her to confess to her sins . Cersei refuses , and she is hit by the septa . Weakened , Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell . She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon , confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences , which would be harder for the Faith to prove . The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep , pending the trial , but only if she agrees to do `` atonement '' for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King 's Landing . Cersei endures the walk with great resolve , bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep , where she reunites with her uncle Kevan , now Hand of the King , and Qyburn , who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard , a freakishly large , silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane . In the sixth season , Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella , who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand . Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion , she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice , stripping Cersei of her trump card . In desperation , Cersei has Qyburn look into an `` old rumour '' , which turns out to be the Mad King 's wildfire caches . On the day of her and Loras 's trial , Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace Tyrell , Kevan , Lancel , the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant , and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers . With her enemies out of the way , Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand . In season seven , Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy , who help her to capture Highgarden , destroy much of Daenerys ' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes . She tells Jaime she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father . Cersei agrees to Tyrion 's request for a parley with the Targaryen party , and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south . She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead , but reveals to Jaime that she has no intention of keeping her word . Jaime argues , and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north . Daenerys Targaryen ( edit ) Emilia Clarke Main article : Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` the Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For seventeen years , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him . In exchange for an army , Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , making her a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language , she manages to get past their barriers . She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . After her brother 's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo , leaving him in a permanent catatonic state , and forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Losing both her husband and son , Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake . She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo 's body , then steps into the burning funeral pyre . After the fire extinguishes itself , the Khaleesi and three baby dragons , named Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion , are found alive and unharmed . Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne . She becomes the first female Dothraki leader . In season two , she is lost in the Red Waste , a stretch of barren land . She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth , where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros . When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree , she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them , killing Pyat Pree . In the second season finale , she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree . Her horde loot Xaro 's mansion to buy a ship . Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay , where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied . She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy , and accepts him into her queensguard . On her departure from the city , she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders . By the end of the third season , although her power has not yet been tested , she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai , her remaining Dothraki brethren ( and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki , who advise her ) 2,000 Second Sons cavalrymen , 8,000 Unsullied elite infantry , and three rapidly growing dragons . The stay in Slaver 's Bay has made her question her motives , however , and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well , donning the honorific `` Breaker of Chains '' as the slaves hold her to the sky , praising her as their Mhysa , or `` Mother '' . Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen , the last of the slave cities in Slaver 's Bay , but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons , especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food . Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet , Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver 's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being . She eventually learns of Jorah 's original purpose , which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon , and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution . After she receives too many complaints about her dragons , Daenerys , locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon . Meanwhile , Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied . She considers freeing her dragons , but they attempt to attack her , making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her . After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy , Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive , but Barristan tells her of the Mad King 's actions against his enemies , which included burning them with wildfire while laughing . He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial , and she agrees with him . Mossador goes against her wishes , and kills the captive Son of the Harpy . Daenerys has him publicly executed , which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves . At night , Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned , but when she tries to touch his face , he flies away . Soon afterward , a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway . The Unsullied head in to investigate , but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy . The Unsullied attempt to fight back , but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them . Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help , killing many of the Sons of the Harpy , but gets badly wounded , and dies . Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries . Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan , and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses . She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward . The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal , and he and Viserion eat him . Daenerys then has all the lords arrested , including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq , whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles . To respect the culture of the region , she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated ( she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport ) . Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition . Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed , and gets up to leave , but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them . This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont , who is trying to win over Daenerys ' favor after being banished . Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away , but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift , and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys . After a round of questioning , Daenerys banishes Jorah once again , but takes Tyrion on as her adviser . On the great opening of Daznak 's Pit , Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena , but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life . Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy , who appear in legions and attack Daenerys ' guards . Cornered at the midst of the arena , defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns , killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears . Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back , riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd . She roams the Great Steppe north of the city , where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food . Strolling about on her own , Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers , and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail , she is surrounded . In season six , the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak , where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo 's former wife . Out of respect for Dothraki traditions , they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen , which consisted of the wives of deceased khals . Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with herself and all the khals still inside . She emerges unscathed , and the awed Dothraki accept her as their new leader . She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons . In the aftermath , Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron . Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne , names Tyrion as her hand , but breaks up with Daario , ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver 's Bay in her absence . With her new army , Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros . In the seventh season , Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle , annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire . Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone , seeing him as a friend and ally , insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal . She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass ( obsidian ) from her land . When Jon 's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them , and is devastated when the Night King kills the dragon Viserion . On the ship back to Dragonstone , she and Jon make love . Jorah Mormont ( edit ) Iain Glen Main article : Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch . To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle , he sold poachers on his land to slave traders , which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms . Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark , he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as `` Jorah The Andal '' . Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos . Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes . But after learning more about Daenerys , Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne . After she is widowed , he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard . He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout the second season and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms . In season three , he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai , together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis , Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons . Led by Daario , the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate , ensuring the capture of Yunkai . Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen , and later informs her of Joffrey 's death , but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing , since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet . When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario , Jorah voices his disapproval . Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the `` usurper '' Robert Baratheon , which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak , and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death . Jorah subsequently departs alone . He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis , kidnapping him to deliver to `` the Queen '' , meaning Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale , and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand . He drags Tyrion safely to land , where the couple are captured by pirates . Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits , where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz , and successfully escape during a tourney . Upon seeing Jorah again , Daenerys orders him taken away . Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser , upon which he advises her , correctly in his opinion , to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason , having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so . Jorah is exiled a second time , and returns to Yezzan , wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see . He does so , and eventually emerges as the victor ; brandishing his spear , he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys , and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge . They are eventually saved by Drogon , who absconds Daenerys on his back , and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone , joined by Daario Naharis , while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen . They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki . Daenerys , however , learns of Jorah 's greyscale infection , and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause . At the Citadel in Oldtown , Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure . It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys , who revokes his banishment . Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight . He refuses Jon 's attempt to gift him Longclaw , the Mormonts ' ancestral valerian steel sword , as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name . Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( edit ) Aidan Gillen Main article : Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish ( seasons 1 -- 7 ) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish , nicknamed `` Littlefinger , '' is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon 's Small Council . He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned 's brother Brandon for her hand . Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies . While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned , he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei . Despite that , Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him . In the second season , he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell . He then returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city . For his efforts , he is made Lord of Harrenhal , though the castle is held by Northmen . In season three , he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie , where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne . He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale ( as Lysa Arryn 's consort ) and the Riverlands ( after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding ) , though he has yet to see Harrenhal . In season four , Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King 's Landing . He has spent weeks in the Vale , and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa . Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery , something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey 's beastly nature . This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell . Petyr also gets Sansa Stark -- Ned and Catelyn 's eldest surviving daughter -- out of King 's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him . He also begins acting as a mentor for her , and promises Sansa she is safe with him . When asked what he wants by her , he simply says `` everything '' . When they arrive in the Vale , it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time , and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr 's request . Petyr and Lysa marry that same day , and loudly consummate their marriage . However , Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn , and goes as far as to kiss her , with Lysa looking on unnoticed . When confronted by Lysa , who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa , Petyr kills Lysa instead , calmly pushing her through the Moon Door -- a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie , and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn , incidentally -- to her death on the rocks below . Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa 's apparent `` suicide , '' and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself , however , and he is cleared of all charges . As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale , Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa 's sickly and mentally challenged son , Robin Arryn , though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die . In the fifth season , Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her , leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce . At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell , though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay 's promise to never harm her . After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell , he leaves for King 's Landing , where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality . He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon , and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa 's head if he succeeds . In return , Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale . However , Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister , which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow . In season six , after hearing of Sansa 's escape from Winterfell , Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay , but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away . However , Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay , and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks . He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen , but she turns him down . As Jon is declared the new King in the North , Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa , clearly intending to take action against them . In the seventh season , he remains at Winterfell , where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue . He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other . He does not see the threat from Bran , who can see all of his past actions . Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder . Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member . Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish 's , and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark 's throat . Arya waits for Sansa 's judgement and then slit 's Baelish 's throat . Viserys Targaryen ( edit ) Harry Lloyd Main article : Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen ( season 1 ) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty . Known as `` The Beggar King '' for his search for an army to recapture his throne . A narcissist , he is arrogant and self - centered , caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys . In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne , Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde 's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain . But as they journey , it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts . Furthermore , Daenerys , who he has always threatened throughout his life , starts to stand up to him . Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo 's unborn son is prophet to unite the world , Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne . In a fit of drunken rage , he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son . Having enough of his behavior , Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a `` Golden Crown '' ; molten gold poured over his head . Daenerys listlessly watches her brother 's agonizing death , proclaiming that he was n't a true dragon , as `` fire can not kill a dragon '' . Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion , as a tribute to Viserys . Jon Snow ( edit ) Main article : Jon Snow ( character ) Jon Snow portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night 's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna 's brother , Ned Stark . In the first season , Jon joins the Night 's Watch . Jon is a talented fighter , but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings . Ned claims that Jon 's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla . His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature . Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order , but is now composed mostly of society 's rejects , including criminals and exiles . Initially , he has only contempt for his low - born brothers of the Watch , but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits , especially Samwell Tarly , after they unite against the cruel master - at - arms , Ser Alliser Thorne . He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North , and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger . He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command . He saves Mormont 's life by slaying a wight , a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers . In return , he receives Longclaw , the ancestral blade of House Mormont . When Eddard is arrested for treason , Jon is torn between his family and his vows . After Eddard 's execution , he tries to join Robb 's army but is convinced to come back by his friends . Shortly after , he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall . Jon is part of a small scouting party in the second season . When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans . Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods . In season five , Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon 's support in avenging his family . Jon fails to convince Mance , and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis ' red priestess Melisandre , Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death . After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance . Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island , stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King . Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night 's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night , and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win . Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him , and in exchange he will legitimize Jon , making him Jon Stark , and giving him Winterfell . In the great hall , Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis 's offer , as he swore an oath to the Night 's Watch . After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates , Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon , reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster 's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont 's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black . After the voting is complete , the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser . Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon , making him the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . To lessen the animosity between the two , Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger . Melisandre takes an interest in Jon , visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him . Jon refuses , out of respect for Ygritte and his Night 's Watch vows . Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall , known as `` the gift . '' He wants the Night 's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers . These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night 's Watch , in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly , whose village was massacred by wildlings . Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome , where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause . However , before many of them can get on boats to leave , a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene . A massive battle ensues , in which many wildlings are killed . The last remaining Night 's Watchmen and wildlings , including Jon , depart from Hardhome , defeated . As they return to the Wall , they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne , who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings . Shortly after , Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown , approving of their relationship and Sam 's motives of keeping her safe . He is later approached by Davos asking for men , and later Melisandre , whose silence confirms Stannis 's defeat . That evening , Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon 's uncle Benjen . However , Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers , led by Ser Alliser Thorne , stab Jon repeatedly , with Olly dealing the final blow , leaving him to die in the snow . In the six season , Jon 's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers . After the mutineers are dealt with , Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night 's Watch . Shortly afterwards , he is reunited with Sansa , who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton . Though initially reluctant , Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa 's return on threat of murdering Rickon . Securing help from several Northern houses , Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale , though Rickon is killed in the process . Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay , but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him . In the aftermath , Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords . In season seven , Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect , letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes . Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army , he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help . She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point . Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons . Later Jon appears to forgive Theon , telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark . Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south . He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight . Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze . Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved , but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting . Expecting to die , he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety . Jon wakes on Daenerys ' ship , and tells her he will bend the knee . They make love . Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark , and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Sansa Stark ( edit ) Sophie Turner Main article : Sansa Stark Sansa Stark portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey , and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well . Her direwolf is called Lady , she is the smallest of the pack . Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom 's politics and rivalries . Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed , and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason . She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North . Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him . Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey 's cruelty . Throughout the second season , she suffers under Joffrey 's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it . By the season two finale , Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell . However , she is still a hostage ; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell . In season three , she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die . The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated , and after Robb 's death -- upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa , a request coldly ignored by his grandfather -- she is unable to speak to him . In season four , Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression . She attends Joffrey 's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey 's death . Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding , moments ahead of Cersei 's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested . Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog , and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has the fool killed by his archers , with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence -- her disappearance when Joffrey died , the execution of her father , deaths of her family and years of torment at the king 's hand , will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey . Currently , a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her , Cersei thirsts for vengeance , and Tyrion himself stands trial . Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King 's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish , who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter . Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son , Robin . However , Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa , who is smitten with Petyr , accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him , and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child , slapping him at one point . When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa , Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle 's Moon Door , but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa 's eyes , making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her . Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa 's death , but Sansa reaffirms Petyr 's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities . Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her , demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King 's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn . In season five , she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her . At an In , Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa . Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die , even when Brienne reveals the true , somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly 's death . Sansa seems inclined to agree , pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey 's wedding , to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there . Sansa rejects Brienne 's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes . Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton , the son of Lord Roose Bolton . This will put her back in Winterfell , which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn . Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa , his psychopathic nature quickly shows through , and Sansa is disgusted . She is also antagonized by Myranda , the kennelmaster 's daughter , who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay . Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa , and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy , who was Eddard Stark 's ward and whom she grew up with . Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him , he has taken on a submissive , sullen persona called Reek . After Sansa and Ramsay are wed , he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch . Later , Sansa attempts to talk to Reek , who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek . At one point , Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers , Bran and Rickon , are alive , when she had assumed that they were dead . This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation . As Stannis Baratheon 's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces , Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda , who threatens her with a bow . Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay 's custody , she is unexpectedly saved by Reek , who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister . The Bolton 's return to Winterfell and , knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda 's body , the couple flee to the wall in terror , where they make the jump off the ledge . In the sixth season , Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon , while Theon returns home . After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back , Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North . Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish , but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons . Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered , Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory . After Ramsay is killed , Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen , but Sansa turns him down . When Jon is named the new King in the North , Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her . In season seven , Sansa finds some of Jon 's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him . She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords ' objections , and even when some of them hint that they 're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler . Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell , though she is unnerved by how much they have changed : Bran 's loss of humanity and Arya 's ruthlessness . Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters . He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing . Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder . Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords , before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him . Arya Stark ( edit ) Maisie Williams Main article : Arya Stark Arya Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell . Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle . Her direwolf is called Nymeria . When Ned is arrested for treason , her `` dancing master '' Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters . She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell . From then on , she takes the name Arry . During Season 2 , Yoren 's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert 's bastard children . Before she is captured , she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others , saving their lives . She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday . At the same time , she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer . When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal , he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl . Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity . Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved . The first two she picks , the Tickler , Harrenhal 's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch , after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin 's war plans and tries to inform Tywin . After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin , after he heads out to face Robb 's forces , she forces Jaqen to help her , Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name , for which she promises to `` unname '' him if he helps them . After successfully escaping , Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar morghulis '' if she ever needs to find him . Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya 's mother Lady Stark , but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads . There , Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane , one of the Brotherhood 's prisoners . Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader , now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark 's daughter . She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed . Captured by Sandor , she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother , only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse . Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter , and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys , boasting of how they mutilated her brother 's corpse . In season 4 , Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale . With Sandor 's help , Arya later retrieves her sword , Needle ( a gift from Jon Snow ) , and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver , who stole it from her . Along the way , Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor , helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior . Arya laughs with disbelief . Later , Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne . Arya refuses to leave with Brienne , assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters . In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor , Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him , but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die . She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos , befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal . In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos , and the ship 's captain , Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White . She is turned away by the doorman , even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . After spending the night sitting in front of the House , she throws the coin into the water and leaves . Later , after killing a pigeon , Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street . Arya prepares to fight them , but the thieves flee when the doorman appears . He walks her back to the House of Black and White , and gives her the iron coin . He then changes his face to Jaqen , and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House . Arya 's training progresses , during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity . Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity , as Lana , a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos . She eventually encounters Meryn Trant , who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio 's death , revealing her identity and motive in the process . When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif , who tell her that Meryn 's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid . Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight . In season 6 , she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos , regularly beaten and abused by the Waif , until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her . Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress , Lady Crane , but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous , less - talented actress . She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation , but seeks shelter with Crane to recover . The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her . She adds the Waif 's face to the Hall of Faces , impressing Jaqen , but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros , where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey . At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast . As they start to choke , he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive , and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark . Arya heads for King 's Landing to kill Cersei , but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north . She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion . Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne , who she insists spar with her . Brienne is surprised by Arya 's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya , but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight . When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords ' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them . Arya is angry , saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason . Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message , unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching . The message is years old , written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei , but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal . Sansa finds Arya 's bag of faces and is shocked . At some point , the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other . With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well , Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason . Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him . Robb Stark ( edit ) Richard Madden Main article : Robb Stark Robb Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in The North '' . He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit . Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Theon Greyjoy ( edit ) Alfie Allen Main article : Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands . He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys . However , his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb 's proposal . Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn , he joins his family 's invasion of the North . To gain the respect of his men , he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell . The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans . Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family , Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton 's bastard son . However , he is betrayed by his men due to Robb 's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon . Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name ( before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his `` real father '' ) . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , which Balon refuses . He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . In season 4 , Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay , but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek . Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin , an Ironborn - occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands , and to take Theon with him . Before they leave , however , the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men , but Theon refuses to flee with her , believing it may be another trick on Ramsay 's part , forcing Yara to leave without him . As a reward , Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin , leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army , and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell . In Winterfell , he rekindles his relationship with Sansa , who is to be married to Ramsay . On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay , who forces Theon to watch . Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay , but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers . As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons , he helps her escape by killing Ramsay 's sadistic lover , Myranda , as she threatens Sansa with a bow . The couple climb the crest of the wall , and jump . In season 6 , after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick , Theon returns to the Iron Islands , where he discovers that his father has been killed . He endorses Yara to succeed their father , but are usurped by their uncle , Euron , the one responsible for murdering Balon . Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen , offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron . In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara 's fleet , with Theon and the Sand Snakes , to invade Westeros , but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy . Euron boards Yara 's ship and captures her as Theon watches . He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara , but Theon jumps into the sea instead . Theon is found by some Iron Islanders , supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken . He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon , who is furious at Theon 's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa . Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances . Jon , softening to Theon , tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy . Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit , an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara . When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates , Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead . Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon , but Theon refuses to stay down , fights , and eventually prevails . The Iron Islanders , a dozen or so men , agree to help Theon rescue Yara . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark ( edit ) Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article : Bran Stark Bran Stark ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . He was named after his deceased uncle , Brandon . His dire wolf is called Summer . During the King 's visit to Winterfell , he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex , following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime , permanently crippling his legs . An assassin tries to kill Bran , but Summer , the direwolf companion , kills the assassin . Bran , when he awakens , finds that he is crippled from the waist down , forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor , and he can not remember the events immediately before his fall . Slowly , he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer 's consciousness , making him a warg or a skinchanger . After his older brother , Robb , is crowned King in the North , Bran becomes Robb 's heir and the Lord of Winterfell . After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell , Bran goes into hiding . To cement his claim on Winterfell , Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran , and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead . After Theon 's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked , Bran , Rickon , Hodor , Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety . They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed , two siblings who aid them in their quest . After coming close to the wall , Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall . He also encounters Sam and Gilly , who tries to persuade him not to , but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds . Along the way , Bran and the others stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured and held hostage by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Night 's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster 's Keep to kill the mutineers , but Locke , a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton , attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere . Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck , but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon , whom Jojen claims would stop them . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , who claims he can not restore Bran 's legs , but will make him fly instead . In season 6 , Bran experiences several visions , such as the origins of the White Walkers , the origin of Hodor , and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow . After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three - eyed raven and Hodor , Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran 's undead uncle , Benjen , who takes them back to the Wall . He later sees a vision of Jon Snow 's birth , learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark . In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality . He arrives back at Winterfell . Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran 's cold reaction . Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven . He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree . He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish 's past . He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran . Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell , and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand , having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne . Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen , and asks Bran if he can confirm it . Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar 's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Joffrey Baratheon ( edit ) Jack Gleeson Main article : Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Vicious and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- who , in reality , is Jaime Lannister . After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father 's will , and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother . Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa . His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . Upon the end of Season 3 , the marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . In Season 4 , Joffrey finally marries Margaery , but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned , and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that beast '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( edit ) Rory McCann Main article : Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Hound , '' for his savage nature , is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister . He is also Joffrey Baratheon 's personal bodyguard . The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor 's face into a brazier , leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred , and a lifelong fear of fire . He is taciturn and brutal , but not without compassion . He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters . After Joffrey becomes King , Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard . Although he is still faithful to Joffrey , he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey 's attempts to shame and physically abuse her . During the siege on King 's Landing , when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis ' ships , Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight , insulting Joffrey as he leaves . Before fleeing the city , he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along . She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle . Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man . He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood , Beric Dondarrion , and released . Taking Arya Stark prisoner , he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her , but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow . When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death , he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest . Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead , to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn . The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves , causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head . Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck , which Arya heals after the attackers are killed . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead . They subsequently stay near the Vale , but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne , who are searching for the Stark girls . Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty , Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne . Brienne eventually bites Sandor 's ear off and beats him off a cliff . He survives the fall , but is mortally wounded . He is found by Arya , whom he attempts to provoke into killing him , but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die , screaming for Arya to kill him . Sandor is presumed dead , yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists . After the colony is slaughtered by renegades from the Brotherhood without Banners , Sandor is the sole survivor , and he hunts down the men responsible . He tracks the Brotherhood , but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions . After reminiscing over past events , Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them , as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers . They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane . Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor , with Beric , Thoros and Tormund join him . Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King 's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit , and shows the wight to Cersei . There , Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne , and a hostile one with his brother Gregor , telling him that one day he ( Sandor ) will kill Gregor . Tyrion Lannister ( edit ) Peter Dinklage Main article : Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed `` The Imp '' or `` Halfman '' , Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister . He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth , for which his father , Tywin Lannister , blames him . While not physically powerful , Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him . In Season Three , Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin , a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for . Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark ; however , on the wedding night , Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone , promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to . The death of her brother Robb , in which Tyrion took no part , causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father , who he claims ca n't distinguish between his interests and his often - praised ideal of devotion to family . Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth , but stayed himself for the sake of duty . In season 4 , Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King 's Landing for Joffrey 's wedding to Margaery Tyrell , though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister , who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin 's orders . When Joffrey is fatally poisoned , Tyrion is framed and arrested . Tyrion , however , implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead . At Tyrion 's trial , he demands a trial by combat . Tyrion is approached by Oberyn , who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei 's champion , Ser Gregor Clegane . When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed , Tyrion is sentenced to death . Jaime , however , frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King 's Landing . Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae , who testified against him and is now Tywin 's lover . After a brief struggle , Tyrion strangles Shae to death , and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey 's crossbow . Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys . They arrive in Pentos , where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont , who says that he will take him to Daenerys . Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here . Tyrion tells her everything , including Varys ' plan . He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen , but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros . Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles . He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak 's Pit , where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena . As the Sons of the Harpy attack , Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena , where they are rescued by Drogon , while Daenerys is spirited away on his back . In season 6 , Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen , particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy , stranding them in Slaver 's Bay . Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . In gratitude for Tyrion 's loyalty , Daenerys names him her official Hand , and he accompanies her back to Westeros . In season 7 Tyrion 's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views , and he has mixed success in directing her actions . He sneaks into King 's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys , which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city . At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall . When Cersei is not convinced , Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her . He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei 's presence alive , and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers . Khal Drogo ( edit ) Jason Momoa Main article : Khal Drogo Khal Drogo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people . He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen , as arranged by her brother Viserys . He is undefeated in battle . Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros . Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement , Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men . After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys ' life , he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens , but Viserys 's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him . Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife , but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion . The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse , a sign of weakness to the Dothraki . Most of his khalasar abandons him , but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him . The spell works , but leaves him a brain - dead husk of his former self . Daenerys smothers him out of pity , and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs . Tywin Lannister ( edit ) Charles Dance Main article : Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister ( season 1 -- 5 ) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock , Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West , Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating , ruthless , and controlling man . He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II . He is the father of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more , but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks , Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey , and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey 's claim to the throne ; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war , and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion . Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark . While there , he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer , unaware that she is actually Arya Stark . Originally , he was about to attack Robb 's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell , but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King 's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon 's forces away . He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells . In the third season , as Hand of the King , he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms , and he successfully defeats Robb Stark , the King in the North , by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton , who betray and kill Stark and his men . The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North , respectively , though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme . He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey , who chides his grandfather as a coward who `` hid under Casterly Rock '' while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen , and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell , to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North ( now Sansa 's heirdom , as all her brothers are presumed dead ) . In the fourth season , Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies , and has King 's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping ( although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard ) . He grooms Joffrey 's younger brother , Tommen , to becoming the new King , and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was . The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem , however , as he resurfaces the Martell -- Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane during the Robert 's Rebellion ; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin 's order . Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion 's supposed guilt , Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy , he will exile him to the Night 's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister . However , Tyrion loses his composure , lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat , to Tywin 's anger . When Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn , loses the fight and is killed , Tywin sentences his son to death . Later , when Jamie helps Tyrion escape , Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae , Tyrion 's former lover , who falsely testified against him at his trial . Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy , wielding Joffrey 's crossbow . Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion , swearing that he would never have had him executed , but also -- upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae 's death -- taunts him as `` afraid of a dead whore '' . In rage , Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest , killing him . His body is discovered shortly afterwards , and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor . As revealed by Davos Seaworth , he was 67 years old . Tywin 's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms , with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital , and rivalry rising between Cersei , who aspires to her father 's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities , and the Tyrells . The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne . Davos Seaworth ( edit ) Liam Cunningham Main article : Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth , also known as `` The Onion Knight '' , is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon ; he serves as one of Stannis 's most trusted advisers . In his smuggling days , he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone . Before the events of the series , he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . Before knighting him , Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling ; believing these joints bought his family a better future , Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck . In Season 2 , he loyally supports Stannis ' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis ' most trusted adviser , though Stannis often dislikes what he hears . An agnostic , he does n't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor . He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater , where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire . His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea . He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan , who returns him to King Stannis . Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son , he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry . Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days . Arriving at the Wall , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause , when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre , whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead . In season 6 , after Jon is killed in a mutiny , Davos leads Jon 's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings ' help . Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon , which she succeeds in doing , and becomes one of Jon 's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons , successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men . He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives , but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre . He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen 's death , and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre , though Jon has her exiled instead . Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone . He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King 's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister . While in King 's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy , and brings him back to Dragonstone . Samwell Tarly ( edit ) John Bradley Main article : Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night 's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly , is a new recruit to the Night 's Watch . He was sent to the Wall by his father , who disowned him for his cowardice . He becomes Jon 's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him . While not a warrior , he is very smart and insightful . He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon . He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly , one of Craster 's daughter - wives . Later in Season 2 , he finds obsidian `` Dragon glass . '' At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men . He manages to escape with a few Night 's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster 's Keep . Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers -- which ended in Lord Mormont 's death -- Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass . Alongside Gilly , he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont 's death and reunite with Jon . In season 4 , fearing for Gilly 's safety , Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole 's Town , but later regrets his decision , especially after Mole 's Town is attacked by wildlings ( though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte ) . He reunites with Gilly , however , when she returns to Castle Black unharmed , and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack , kissing her for the first time . Sam himself participates in the battle , at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms . In the aftermath , he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly , and is given Jon 's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder . He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall . In season 5 , he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed . At Mance Rayder 's execution he comforts Gilly as she could n't bare to watch . Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read . He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease . At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Jon Snow reveals Stannis 's offer of legitimization to Sam . Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell , but he reveals that he will decline the king 's offer , much to Sam 's surprise . When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister , Sam puts Jon 's name forward as a candidate . Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him `` Slayer '' and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon 's love for Ygritte , and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack . Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont 's personal steward , that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and took command of Castle Black 's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded . Sam 's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Events at the wall go on as normal , until the death of Maester Aemon of old age . Sam is present at the maester 's death . Shortly afterward , he catches two Night 's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly . He attempts to defend her , but the two harshly beat him , and he is only saved by Jon 's direwolf , Ghost . While tending Sam 's wounds , Gilly has sex with Sam . He later leaves with her , convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown . His self - confessed motive , however , is to spirit Gilly and her baby -- now named `` Sam '' after her lover -- away to safety , of which Jon approves . In season 6 , Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill , where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family , but after an uneasy reunion with his father , Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him , and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane , to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel . He reaches the citadel in the season finale . In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester , collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls . He meets Jorah Mormont , nearly lost to the disease greyscale , and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester 's orders . Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously . Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam . Gilly finds in a High Septon 's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne ; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret . Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate , named Aegon Targaryen , and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Margaery Tyrell ( edit ) Natalie Dormer Main article : Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell , and has recently married the late King Robert 's brother , Renly Baratheon , as part of House Tyrell 's support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey . Somewhere in her mid to late twenties , she is surprisingly canny and cunning . She is aware of her husband 's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother . Despite her knowledge of this , she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families . When Renly is killed , the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey . In a departure from her characterization in the novels , where her personal motivations are unclear , Margaery 's naked ambition is made obvious . Upon arriving at King 's Landing , she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras , but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die . At the end of Season 3 , her marriage to Joffrey is impending , though her influence over him appears to grow , causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei . Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time . In season 4 , Margaery and Joffrey are married , but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned . Since Margaery still can not become queen this way , she is betrothed to Joffrey 's younger brother and heir , Tommen , and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better . She is among the many people in King 's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey 's death , and her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it , leaving Margaery visibly shocked , until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey 's abuse ( which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him ) . Margaery is later present at Tyrion 's trial , where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed . After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes , Margaery attends Tywin 's funeral . Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward , as Tommen is now the king . The wedding suffers no problems , and Margaery finally becomes a queen . After consummating the marriage with Tommen , Margaery , who has him completely in her thrall , suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock . Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen . Margaery insults Cersei , angering her . Cersei then has Margaery 's brother , Loras , arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities . At a trial , Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty . However , when evidence is procured , Loras gets arrested , along with Margaery , as she lied in her testimony . The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial , but that they may receive the `` mother 's mercy '' if they were to confess their crimes . Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family , and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith . On the day of Cersei 's trial , however , Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor . Stannis Baratheon ( edit ) Stephen Dillane Main article : Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon , Lord of Dragonstone , is the elder of Robert Baratheon 's younger brothers . A brooding , humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice , he is obsessed with slights real and imagined . With Robert dying , Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King . By Season 2 , he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre , a priestess of R'hllor . After Robert 's death , Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei 's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms . However , most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly . When Renly is mysteriously slain , many of Renly 's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis . He then attacks King 's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay . However , due to Tyrion 's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry , he loses the Battle of Blackwater . Despite this setback , he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre , and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames . He acquires one of Robert 's bastards , Gendry , from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne . After Davos questions his course of action , Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry 's blood and throws them into a fire , calling for the death of Robb Stark , Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon . Upon the news of Robb 's death , Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned . Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre , who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night 's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall . In season 4 , Stannis hears of Joffrey 's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army , prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis 's name to help pay for an army . The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis ' request , even subtly belittling him in the process , but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age . Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black , interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder . Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark 's son , and on Jon 's advice , he places Mance and his men under arrest . He is later present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black . In season 5 , Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton , hoping to recruit Mance 's wildling army , if Mance will bend the knee to him . Mance refuses , and Stannis orders him burned at the stake . Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance 's execution , he presents Jon an enticing offer . If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis , the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark , making him the Lord of Winterfell . Stannis , after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont , knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause . Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward , on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . However , his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North , and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them . He eventually agrees , most reluctantly , to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light , sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action . Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice , he admits that he will hate himself forever , but goes through with the act , witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs . The next day , the blizzard has lifted , though half his army , including all the sellswords have mutinied , taking all the horses to join the Boltons . Selyse is found hanged in a woods , having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life . Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot , where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him . Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove , Stannis succumbs by a tree , where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth , reminding him of his fratricide . Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty , and she lifts her sword and swings . Melisandre ( edit ) Carice van Houten Main article : Melisandre Melisandre ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy , Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation . Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor . She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods , including seduction . Many , most notably Stannis ' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth , believe she is leading their king astray . She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen 's attempt to kill her with poison . She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry , the bastard son of Robert Baratheon , because he has king 's blood , claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne . After Gendry 's escape , she intercepts a letter from the Night 's Watch , seeing the prophetic `` Other '' as the force behind the White Walkers ' march on the wall , and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them . She dismisses `` this war of five kings '' ( now actually three ) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth , despite his betrayal . In season 4 , Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall , narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . At the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black , Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon . In season 5 , she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon . She attempts to seduce Jon , but he refuses to have sex with her . Eventually , she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell . When a large snowstorm delays them , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen , but Stannis refuses . After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies , he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child . Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted , but after half of Stannis ' forces desert him , dismayed and disgusted , she rides for the Wall , where she is accosted by Jon and Davos . In season 6 , after persuasion by Davos , Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon , who was killed in a mutiny , and succeeds , restoring her faith in the Lord of Light . She remains at Jon 's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons , and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions . However , she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos . With obvious regret , she admits what she did , but pleads with Jon not to execute her , claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King . Remembering her role in resurrecting him , Jon does not execute Melisandre , but has her exiled from the North . In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow . She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return , as it is her destiny to die there . Jeor Mormont ( edit ) James Cosmo Main article : Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont , the 997th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , is the estranged father of Ser Jorah . He gave up his lands to serve the Night 's Watch . His son 's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him . He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward , and gives him the Hand - and - a-Half sword ( also known as a bastard sword ) of their house , Longclaw . He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf 's head . To investigate the return of wights , the disappearance of several Rangers , and rumors of a wildling army , Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2 . In Season 3 , after returning to Craster 's Keep , he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny , but manages to strangle him before succumbing to his wounds . His death ignites Maester Aemon 's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night 's Watch , which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers . His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards , as in season 4 , Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor 's . Bronn ( edit ) Jerome Flynn Main article : Bronn ( character ) Bronn ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor . He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark . During the trial , Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt , and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat . Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn 's champion and becomes Tyrion 's companion and protector , accompanying him back to King 's Landing . After they arrive , Bronn 's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters . When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay , he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis ' fleet , and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city . However , Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King , but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service . He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante , though discord is increasing between the two . When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark , Bronn claims he desires her sexually , which Tyrion takes as a grave insult . In Season 4 , Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand , as well as get Shae out of King 's Landing , which he assures was completed . Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey , telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered . Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion . Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him , and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane , Cersei 's champion , anyway . He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends . In Season 5 , Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed , Lollys Stokeworth , just outside Castle Stokeworth . Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding , but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it . He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse , saying that mean people will always get what they deserve . The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle . Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King 's Landing and wants Bronn to help him . He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him , which angers Bronn , as he and Cersei had an agreement . Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne . Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell , but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes , Oberyn Martell 's bastard daughters , who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn 's death . Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard . While in custody , Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene 's blade being coated in it , though she gives him the antidote . Though he struck Trystane during the struggle , Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King 's Landing with Jaime , after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane . In season six , he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys , and returns to King 's Landing afterwards . In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden , reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters . When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys ' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion ( giant crossbow ) to shoot down Daenerys ' dragon . One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it , and the scorpion is destroyed by fire . Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him . In King 's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep , ostensibly to practice with swords , before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting . Cersei describes this as treason , but Jamie takes no action against Bronn . Varys ( edit ) Conleth Hill Main article : Varys Varys ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys , sometimes called The Spider , is a major character in the second , third , fourth and fifth seasons . He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in `` Lord Snow '' . Varys is bald and tends towards fat , due to his castration . Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king 's small council . He is the Master of Whisperers , the King 's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent . He holds no inherited title , castle or lands in Westeros , but is called `` Lord '' as a courtesy due to his position on the council , which traditionally is made up of high lords . He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents . He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life ; humble , obsequious , fawning , and a little effeminate . This is simply a facade that Varys has developed , which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer . In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics , on - par with Master of Coin Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , with whom he frequently spars . Unlike Baelish , Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm , though of course , what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things . Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys . He was born a slave , and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys ' master could n't refuse . Varys was sold to the sorcerer , who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but did n't dull his perceptions or sense of pain , and emasculated him ( cutting off his testes and penis both ) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual , burning them in a brazier . Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die . Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what : begging , stealing , and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him , doing anything to survive . He also became an excellent thief , but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods , and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr . He became a master spy and information trafficker , and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms . His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners . Varys 's true loyalties remain a mystery , though he claims to serve `` the realm '' , and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war . After Littlefinger 's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey 's guards and he fails to intervene , Varys takes her into his service as a spy . Littlefinger finds out and has her killed , taunting Varys that he could n't protect her . Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm , claiming that Littlefinger `` would see the Seven Kingdoms burn , if he could be king over the ashes . '' Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae . Though he claims he will not lie for him , he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety . Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey , but when Tyrion is convicted , Jaime enlists Varys 's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King 's Landing to Essos . As Varys prepares to go back , he hears the tolling bells , making him realise that Tyrion 's escape has been discovered ( along with his murder of Tywin ) , so he stays on the boat with Tyrion . In Season 5 , he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos , where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Travelling to Volantis , Varys and Tyrion discuss the former 's brief tenure as Hand of the King . Tyrion laments not leaving King 's Landing with Shae when he had the chance , but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand . Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen , where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms . In season 6 , after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters , he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros , and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys . In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father 's throne , and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1 . She pardons him . Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros . Shae ( edit ) Sibel Kekilli Shae ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest . She is from Lorath , one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea . Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father , Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa 's handmaiden . As her handmaiden , Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters . In turn , Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can . In Season 3 , she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys , who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms , which she refuses to do , thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her . In Season 4 , Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King 's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told , insulting her in the process . Shae , however , does not leave King 's Landing , and resurfaces at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey 's death . It is revealed , however , that Shae was having an affair with Tywin . After Tyrion is freed by Jaime , he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin 's bed , making him realise the horrible truth . Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife , but he strangles her to death both in self - defence and out of anger for her betrayal . Ygritte ( edit ) Rose Leslie Main article : Ygritte Ygritte ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair ( `` kissed by fire '' , a sign of luck among the Wildlings ) and a follower of Mance Rayder . In Season 2 , she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand . She manages to escape , but is recaptured by Jon , separating him from his brothers in the process . Later she leads him into Rattleshirt 's ambush . After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder 's wildling camp , where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans . She then travels with him to the wall , and during this journey she seduces him . However , when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall , Jon escapes the wildling 's clutches on horseback . But while resting , Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then , blinded by tears , shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall . In Season 4 , Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group , clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon , although Tormund suspects she let him go . When the wildlings attack Mole 's Town , Ygritte slaughters all the women present , but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son , and spares her life . When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack , Ygritte kills many Night 's Watch brothers with her archery skills , among them Pyp . When confronted by Jon , however , she can not bring herself to shoot him , and is shot in the back by Olly , a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed . Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon 's arms , and her body is later burned by Jon himself , separately from the other soldiers , in her homeland , north of the Wall . Talisa Maegyr ( edit ) Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings . She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis . No character named Talisa appears in the books . Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne , which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books . Talisa follows Robb Stark 's army camp as it moves . One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb 's key prisoner Jaime Lannister . Talisa later goes to comfort Robb . After she reveals more of her past to him , they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together . Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon . In season 3 , Talisa reveals that she is pregnant , although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre , the first in the hall to be attacked . Gendry ( edit ) Joe Dempsie Main article : Gendry Gendry ( season 1 -- 3 , 7 -- present ) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert . During Season 1 , Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard . Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull 's head ; Eddard compliments the helmet , offering to purchase it . Gendry refuses , to the shame of the master smith . After Eddard Stark 's fall and eventual execution , arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night 's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him ; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits , including Arry , Lommy Greenhands , Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar . During their journey , they are stopped by the Goldcloaks , who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father 's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren . Later , Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya , Ned Stark 's daughter . After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren , Gendry 's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy , who was killed during the attack , was Gendry . Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed . Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister , who chides Clegane 's men for their reckless behavior . Thanks to Jaqen , Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal . As they head towards the Riverlands , the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners , a group of Outlaws that defend the weak . Inspired , he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light . Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle , King Stannis . But in truth , Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew 's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne , Joffrey , Robb , and Balon Greyjoy . Before they can use him as a sacrifice , Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King 's Landing . Unable to swim or row , Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him , and Davos asks him to `` have a bowl'o brown for me '' when returning to Flea Bottom . In Season 7 Davos , on a clandestine visit to King 's Landing , seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith . Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone . There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight . During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help . He gets word to Daenerys , and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship . Tormund Giantsbane ( edit ) Kristofer Hivju Main article : Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town . When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point . When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight , Tormund volunteers to go along . Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her . Tormund is at Eastwatch - by - the - Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion , now resurrected as a wight dragon , or `` ice dragon '' . Following the breaching of the Wall , it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives . Gilly ( edit ) Hannah Murray Main article : Gilly ( A Song of Ice and Fire ) Gilly ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall , Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster , a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women . She has a son with her father Craster . Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her . After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont 's rangers turn on each other , Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black . Along their journey , Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker . After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black , Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them . In gratitude for Samwell helping them , Gilly names her son after Sam . In Season 4 , Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black , with Sam 's assistance . The Inn is later attacked by wildlings , but Gilly hides with her son . They are found by Ygritte , who spares them . They make it back to Castle Black safely , where Sam hides them in the food storage , and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies . She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well . Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle , and reunites with Sam in the aftermath . In season 5 , she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander . She is later present at Mance Rayder 's execution . Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon , with Samwell watching over the two . Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale , but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster 's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease . After Maester Aemon 's death , during Jon 's absence in Hardhome , she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch , but is saved by Sam and Ghost , after which she willingly makes love to him . She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow 's orders . Along the way , they stop at Horn Hill , where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family , but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay , Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown . In the sixth - season finale , they arrive . Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy , and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne . At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell . Brienne of Tarth ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie Main article : Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon 's Kingsguard . She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her . She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build , androgynous , and stronger than most men . She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance . She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy , and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras . Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him . She is present at Renly 's death and is falsely accused of his murder . She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service . Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya , Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back . On the journey back to King 's Landing , both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton , who holds them at Harrenhal . While there , Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime 's murder of the Mad King , but is forced to stay behind while Bolton 's men accompany Jaime back to King 's Landing , although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton 's unruly henchman , Locke , intends to feed her to his bear . Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely . In Season 4 , Brienne remains in King 's Landing sworn to Jaime , and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn , on the basis that Catelyn is dead , Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion . Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime , an accusation she answers with silence . Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa . Jaime provides her with Joffrey 's sword , which she names `` Oathkeeper '' , new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire . As she leaves , she almost breaks down in tears , and looks back at Jaime while on her horse , which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him . On the way , Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie , who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive . They eventually find Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane near the Vale . Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight , but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor 's head . A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor , in which Sandor injures Brienne , but Brienne manages to bite Sandor 's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death . Arya disappears during the fight , and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her , though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help . Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn . While eating , Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses , and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa . After Petyr allows her to approach , Brienne pledges her life to Sansa . When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . The guards give chase , and Brienne and Podrick are separated . After evading her pursuers , Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing . She searches for Podrick , and saves him from two of the knights . Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help , but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish . She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell , where she watches the high tower from a village outside , with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower . As Stannis Baratheon 's army approaches , Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her , only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield . She asks him for the truth about Renly 's death , to which he confesses guilt , and executes him with her sword . Shortly afterwards , she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell , and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service . She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black , but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully 's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay , but is unsuccessful . She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process . When Riverrun falls , Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat . Back at Winterfell in season 7 , Brienne meets Arya again . Arya demands that Brienne spar with her , and Brienne soon finds that she can not easily beat Arya , who manages to point a sword at her throat . Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit , where she meets The Hound , who she thought she had killed ... Ramsay Bolton ( edit ) Iwan Rheon Main article : Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel , sadistic and very cunning . After the Ironborn captures Winterfell , he marches on the castle 's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender ; after the gates are opened , he captures Theon and flays the other defenders . At the Dreadfort , Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay 's instigation , though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy . He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity , claiming to be a servant of Theon 's sister , Yara , and promises to help him reach her , but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further . He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off . He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North , suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met . He forces Theon to become his new servant , who is now called Reek , and beats him until he accepts the name . In Season 4 , Ramsay along with his now slave servant , Reek , hunt down a servant girl named Tansy . Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs ( bastards girls ) . Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Ramsay warmly greets his father , new stepmother `` Fat '' Walda Frey , and friend Locke , but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon , who would have proved a valuable hostage . Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn -- his father assigns Ramsay , `` Reek '' and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn , in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family , a prospect that delights Ramsay . When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon , Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her , forcing her to flee without Theon , who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay 's , and too broken and frightened to take the risk . As a reward for Theon 's loyalty , Ramsay gives him a bath , bathing Theon himself , and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore . Reek pretends to be his former self , Theon Greyjoy , and convinces the ironborn to surrender . Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes . As a reward , Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name , Ramsay Bolton , discarding the surname `` Snow '' for good , much to Ramsay 's delight . Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell , the Boltons ' new home . To solidify their claim for legitimacy , he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride , who he promises never to harm before Baelish , but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night . He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell , which would signal to Brienne ( waiting in the village outside the walls ) that Sansa was in need of rescue . At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces , he rides out to greet Stannis , destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile , Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover , Myranda , escaping with Sansa in the process . With his position as Roose 's heir in question following Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of Roose 's baby boy , Ramsay kills Roose , Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell , securing help from House Karstark and House Umber , the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage . He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa 's return , but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell . Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one - on - one duel . On the day of the battle , Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon , but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees back to Winterfell , where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner . That night , Ramsay is fed to his own hounds , bringing House Bolton to extinction . Ellaria Sand ( edit ) Indira Varma Main article : Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand ( season 4 -- 7 ) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell , she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes . She is later present at Tyrion 's trial by combat , where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion 's name , and is horrified when Oberyn is killed . In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens , Ellaria , still in mourning clothes , observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance . She approaches Prince Doran Martell , but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah . Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down . Angrily , Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn 's death . Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother , but Ellaria and Oberyn 's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince . She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message . Doran strictly forbids this , stating that under his rule , they will not mutilate little girls for revenge . Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves . She meets up with Oberyn 's three bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes ( Obara , Nymeria , and Tyene ) , and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn 's death . However , when the Sand Snakes attempt this , both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran 's guard . She pleads for mercy and is forgiven , being explicitly warned by Doran that he `` never gives anyone a third chance '' . She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon , who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss , concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl 's mouth . Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done . In Season 6 , apparently having made amends with Doran , she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn . When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella 's death , Doran realizes it was Ellaria 's work , but she stabs him to death before he can react . Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn . With his dying breath , Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane 's life , but she refuses , telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor . Later , Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King 's Landing to kill Trystane , bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne . After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor , Cersei 's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell , Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei , and reveals that through Varys , she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen . In Season 7 , Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei . Taking the Sands to the dungeons , Cersei taunts Ellaria , and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella . She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die , telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter 's body is completely decomposed . Daario Naharis ( edit ) Michiel Huisman Main article : Daario Naharis Daario Naharis ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3 , and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards . Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons , a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor : he wo n't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him . Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn , the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys ' army . Smitten with Daenerys , Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her , which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self - defense . With the Second Sons under his command , Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys . In season 4 , Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers , as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule . At the gate of Meereen , Daario volunteers to fight Meereen 's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting . Daario declines the use of a horse , noting that they are n't as intelligent as humans . Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency , striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh . Later on after conquering Meereen , Daario sneaks into Daenerys ' private chambers and gives her more flowers . As Daenerys initially refuses him , he tells her he only has two talents in his life : war and women , and that in Meereen he serves no purpose . Daario asks her to let him do what he does best , killing her enemies . Instead , Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes . The morning after , Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario , Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city . In season 5 , Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq , informing Daenerys that the mission was successful , but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return . Daenerys refuses , and while in bed , Daario attempts to convince her otherwise , claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death , Daenerys heeds Daario 's advice and reopens the pits , but refuses Daario 's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters . Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games , and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition . He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon . In the aftermath , Daario advises Tyrion , Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys . In season 6 , they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki . Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all , but on Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver 's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys . Missandei ( edit ) Nathalie Emmanuel Main article : Missandei Missandei ( season 3 - present ) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen . She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei be given to her as a gift . She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth . She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue , and they develop romantic feelings for each other , despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth . She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied , White Rat , is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy . After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack , Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time , he felt fear , since he thought he would never see her again . On the opening day of the fighting games , the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack . Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister , and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon . She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together . Despite an attack by the slaver masters ' fleet , Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet , which Missandei witnesses . She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros . She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock . Jaqen H'ghar ( edit ) Tom Wlaschiha Main article : Jaqen H'ghar `` Jaqen H'ghar '' ( season 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly , enigmatic , and a dangerous criminal , Jaqen is part of Yoren 's group of recruits taken from King 's Landing to join the Night 's Watch . A foreigner from Braavos , though he originally claims Lorath , he speaks in third person , referring to himself as `` A man '' . On the journey , he meets Arya Stark . When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen , Arya frees him and two other prisoners , saving them from a fire . He finds Arya again at Harrenhal , where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard . He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many - Faced God , but he refuses to help her in any other way . She chooses two of her enemies , the Tickler , the torturer of Harrenhal , and Ser Amory Lorch , the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister , and chooses Jaqen himself as the third . Arya `` unnames '' him after he agrees to help her escape . After the break - out , he gives Arya an iron coin , instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar Morghulis '' ( `` All Men Must Die '' in High Valyrian ) should she need more help . He then magically changes his appearance , assumes a new identity , and departs . He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man , though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark . Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker , but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant , the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel , Arya 's first mentor . In retribution , Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight . In the sixth season , Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight . He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane , and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination , but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead . Though he tells her she is now `` No One '' , she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos . Tommen Baratheon ( edit ) Dean - Charles Chapman Main article : Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2 , and by Dean - Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards . Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister . Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister . Like his sister he is good - natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion . In Season 2 , when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne , Tommen wept when his sister left for which Joffrey chastises him . During the battle of the Black Water , he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick , painless death rather than a brutal one , until Tywin announces that they won the battle . In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , he also attended Joffrey 's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king , ignoring Cersei 's angry glares . Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce , as well as the fact that he and Joffrey did n't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him . Tommen agrees that he 'd like Margaery to visit him again . Margaery departs , but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead . A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king . At Tyrion 's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial , possibly on Tywin 's advice . In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather , Tommen is approached by Margaery , who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly . All of this is observed by Cersei from afar . Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night , whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home . When he does , Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells . After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality , Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras 's release , and tries to speak with the High Septon , though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor . When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras 's behalf , Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother - in - law , but Cersei persuades him to stand down , and when Cersei herself is arrested , Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike , refusing to see anyone . In the sixth season , Tommen attends Myrcella 's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow , demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter . Later , he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith , and abolishes trial by combat , having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow 's influence . When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor , killing thousands of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan and the High Sparrow , Tommen witnesses it from his quarters , and , unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway , he commits suicide by jumping through the window , leaving his crown on the table before doing so . His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept 's ruins , with Tywin , Joffrey and Myrcella . Roose Bolton ( edit ) Main article : Roose Bolton Roose Bolton ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort . The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old , and barbaric ways , including flaying their enemies alive , and Roose is no exception , being suspected of not feeling any emotion . His cunning makes him a valuable ally , but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one . In Season 2 , Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . In secret , Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice , and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North -- he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn ( for his own amusement , Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage ) , and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb 's younger brothers Bran and Rickon . In Season 3 , Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister 's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully 's wedding at the Twins . The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men , and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey 's hall -- Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart , chiding that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' . For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown ( although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark , the presumed heir to Winterfell ) . In Season 4 , Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon , as he was a valuable hostage . He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn , since Tywin is refusing to help him , while ordering his man - at - arms , Locke , to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow ( although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt ) . With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy , Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands , and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son . The Bolton 's make their way to Winterfell , although they still face opposition from the Northerners -- who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks -- and Stannis Baratheon , who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process . Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell . As Stannis eventually nears , snowbound trapped by a blizzard , he approves of Ramsay 's raiding of the Baratheon camp , where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines , diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North . Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle , but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon 's help . Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found . When news reaches him of Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda , Roose is killed by Ramsay . The High Sparrow ( edit ) Jonathan Pryce Main article : High Sparrow The High Sparrow ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man , the High Sparrow came to King 's Landing after Tywin Lannister 's death to serve the poor , downtrodden and infirm . He quickly amasses a large following , including Cersei 's cousin and former lover Lancel , who swarm over the city , ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption . He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel . Although she considers capturing and executing him , Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family . She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon . She also reinstates what had been a long - defunct military order called the Faith Militant , giving them the legal authority to pursue , torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles , no matter their rank or wealth . She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell 's homosexuality , which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow . Loras 's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony , so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister , Queen Margaery , incarcerated , the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother . Loras and Margaery 's grandmother , Lady Olenna , attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested . After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei 's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon 's death , the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned . When Cersei decides to plead for mercy , the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and , on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins , permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement , in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob . The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence , effectively becoming the new ruler of King 's Landin , but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside . Supporting characters ( edit ) House Arryn ( edit ) Robin Arryn ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn , Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale , is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother . He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence , and is mentally and socially maladjusted . He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not ( of note , Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door , since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door ) . In Season 1 , he is present at Tyrion Lannister 's trial , but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the `` little Lannister baby - man '' fly , which would mean Tyrion being executed , although Tyrion is acquitted . In Season 4 , he greets Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish as `` Uncle Petyr '' and meets his cousin , Sansa Stark , for the first time . Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed . However , tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa 's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation . After Lysa is killed , Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord , though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process . In season 5 , Robin is being trained in the art of fighting , but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing . Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce . In season 6 , Robin is informed of Sansa 's escape from House Bolton , and through Petyr 's manipulations , Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton . Yohn Royce ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce , known as `` Bronze Yohn '' , is the head of House Royce of Runestone , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . Like Lady Waynwood , he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn , but her death is eventually ruled a suicide . In season 5 , he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward . In the sixth season , he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons . In the aftermath , after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings , Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa 's murder , Yohn supports Sansa 's decision to try Baelish . Anya Waynwood ( season 4 ) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn , but the death is ruled a suicide . Lysa Arryn ( season 1 , 4 ) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn ( née Tully ) , currently Mistress of the Eyrie , is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark , Lady of Winterfell , and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband , and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe . Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind , unless exacting it does n't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle . She is also overly protective of her son , Robin Arryn , which has made him a weak and spoiled child . In season 1 , Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn , which prompts Catelyn to investigate . Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark . Though Tyrion is innocent , Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon . Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion 's champion , Bronn , wins . She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King 's Landing to rescue Ned Stark , who has been wrongfully imprisoned , but fails to tell Catelyn . Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help , but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men , since her only concern is Robin 's safety . By season 3 , the Vale has remained untouched by the war , and she is betrothed to Littlefinger , who travels to the Vale to marry her . In season 4 , it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time , and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and ( though indirectly ) Joffrey Baratheon . When Littlefinger returns from King 's Landing with Sansa Stark , Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day . Later , however , Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger , but when Sansa insists that she did not , Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin . However , Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it , threatening to push her through the moon door , but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa , before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn , and pushing her through the moon door to her death . Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa . House Baratheon ( edit ) Myrcella Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2 , and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6 . Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister . She , like her brothers , is also the child of her mother 's brother , Jaime , though she remains unaware of this . Unlike her older brother Joffrey , Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece . As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell , Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell , son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne , and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell . For over two years , she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran , betrothed to his son , but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell , the Prince 's brother . In season 5 , Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed , with whom she seems to have a good relationship . Unbeknownst to her , she has become a part of Ellaria Sand 's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters . Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince 's Guard . She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane . A while later , Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them , where he will become a member of the Small Council . On the jetty , about to board the ship , she forgives Ellaria Sand , who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth . On board the ship , Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother , to which Myrcella responds that she already knows , having `` felt '' it for a long time . Jaime embraces his daughter , only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria . She collapses and dies in his arms . In season 6 , her body is returned to King 's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor . Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen . Selyse Florent ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon ( née Florent ) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone . She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert 's Rebellion . Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre . She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers , seemingly even to Stannis 's disgust , but expresses resentment over their daughter , Shireen , who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon , though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis . She later accompanies her husband to the Wall , and is present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black . She later witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell . After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard , she accepts Melisandre 's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light , only to recant in the last moments , refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death . Restrained by Baratheon soldiers , she collapses in screams of agony . The next morning , Selyse hangs herself out of grief . Shireen Baratheon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent . Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale , but she is not yet crippled by it . She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books , convincing him to teach himself to read , which he does . Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother , she shares a strong bond with her father , who loves her dearly . She later accompanies her father to the Wall , where she witnesses the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black , as well as the execution of Mance Rayder , and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly . She is sacrificed to the Red God , when Stannis ' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell , crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears . This leads to the departure of half of Stannis 's army and Stannis losing the battle against the Boltons . Renly Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End , is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council . He is popular with the people because he is handsome , jovial , and throws extravagant balls and masquerades . He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed , and would rather make friends than kill enemies . He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell , the Knight of the Flowers , who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers . While Robert lies dying , Renly attempts to convince Ned of this , and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves . However , Ned refuses , so Renly , Loras , and their followers flee south . Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed , Renly challenges his nephew 's claim to the throne . Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses , despite Stannis ' better claim . He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen ( including Randyll Tarly , father of Samwell Tarly ) by marrying Margaery Tyrell . He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros , biding his time . Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne . On the night before a battle between his and Stannis ' forces , Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him , but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him . However , Renly is assassinated by Melisandre , who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis ' path . Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre 's crime , and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother 's death , which he visibly regrets . Salladhor Saan ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea , Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys . An old friend of Davos , he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship , the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships . He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor -- Melisandre 's God -- since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman 's legs . He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King 's Landing . Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle , but Davos refuses , unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time . After the Battle of the Blackwater , he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him , but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis ' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone , warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him . In season 4 , Davos tracks him in Braavos , and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night 's Watch . Matthos Seaworth ( season 2 ) portrayed by Kerr Logan . Davos ' son and second - in - command on his father 's ship , Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert . During the Battle of Blackwater , the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion , killing Matthos . Maester Cressen ( season 2 ) portrayed by Oliver Ford - Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone , and skeptical of Melisandre 's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king , claiming `` since that boar killed his brother , every lord wants a coronation '' . He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god -- R'hollor . He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre , offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that did n't affect her , but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly . House Bolton ( edit ) `` Fat '' Walda Bolton ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton ( née Frey ) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey . She is the new wife of Roose Bolton , the Lord of the Dreadfort . During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey , Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry . Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich . In Season 4 , she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as `` mother '' . She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson . In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant , which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose 's heir . In season 6 , after she gives birth to a boy , she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay 's hounds , shortly after Ramsay kills his father . Harald Karstark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Paul Rattray . The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark , who was executed by Robb Stark . He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell , and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose . In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow 's army , Harald leads the Karstark men into battle , but he disappears in the ensuing conflict . Although his death is not shown , Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere . Jon Umber ( season 6 ) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger . `` Smalljon '' Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber , one of House Stark 's most powerful banner men . `` Smalljon '' became Lord of Last Hearth , the northernmost of the castles in the North , after his father 's death . Smalljon , however , chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father 's wards , Rickon Stark and Osha , to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift , to gain Ramsay 's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army . In the subsequent battle between Ramsay 's forces and Jon Snow 's army , he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane . Though it seems as if he will win , Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale , long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death . Myranda ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton . She is one of Ramsay Snow 's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes , such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him , and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay 's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her . She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish , eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger . During Sansa 's stay at Winterfell , Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay 's sadism . When Sansa refuses to be bullied , Myranda points an arrow to her , preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child . However , this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death . Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay , who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds . Locke ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man - at - arms sworn to House Bolton , and acts as Roose Bolton 's personal bounty hunter . He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King 's Landing , Locke later cuts off Jaime 's sword - hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom , further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility . He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton 's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands . In Season 4 , Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Locke warmly greets Roose 's bastard Ramsay -- the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies . When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive , and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North , he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys , in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own . Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow , Bran and Rickon 's half - brother , who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay 's suggestion . Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and in the ensuing battle , he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed , Meera Reed and Hodor . Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen , but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor 's mind , and kills Locke by snapping his neck . His body is brought back to Craster 's Keep by Eddison Tollett , and burned along with the rest of the slain . House Frey ( edit ) Walder Frey ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey , nicknamed the `` Late Lord Frey '' , is the head of House Frey , Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully . He is known for outliving his many wives ( now on his 8th ) and siring over 100 children ( both bastard and trueborn ) . Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb 's host , Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark . But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa . For this slight , and willing to take advantage of the war 's changing fortunes , he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully , which he insists in return for support of his men . Frey hosts the infamous `` Red Wedding '' at which Robb Stark , his wife and mother are all murdered , refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat , which she does . He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands ( though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish ) and expresses delight to take another young wife , but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully 's vassals refuse to submit to his rule . In Season 6 , he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture ' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape . He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage . Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister , Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark , who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding . In Season 7 , Arya uses Walder 's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family . `` Lame '' Lothar Frey ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3 , and by Daniel Tuite in season 6 . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many sons , nicknamed `` Lame Lothar '' because of his twisted leg . He and his half - brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannisters . He is one of the first to commence the `` Red Wedding '' , stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child . In the sixth season , he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully . Though they succeed with Lannister help , he is killed by Arya Stark , who subsequently bakes him into a pie . `` Black '' Walder Rivers ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many bastard sons , nicknamed `` Black Walder '' for his dark demeanor . He and his half - brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannister . He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding , after she slits Lady Frey 's throat in retaliation for her son 's death . In the sixth season , he takes part in the siege of Riverrun . Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host , Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark , who bakes them both into a pie . House Greyjoy ( edit ) Yara Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw , and elder sister of Theon . She is fierce and proud , and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship , the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell , Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands , but Theon refuses . Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard son , who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses this , but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord , taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her . In season 4 , Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort , but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek . Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara , who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon , telling her men that Theon is dead . In season 6 , Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon 's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world 's largest fleet , but is defeated by Euron , who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros . Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed , Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet , and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first . After explaining the situation , Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands ' independence . Yara is ordered to sail to attack King 's Landing . Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron 's command and she is captured and led in chains through King 's Landing . Euron Greyjoy ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world . He is cunning , ruthless , with a touch of madness . He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge , declaring that Balon 's time is past and that it is time for a new king . At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon , but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros . The Ironborn declare Euron as their king , but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Undeterred , he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet . He uses this fleet to attack Yara 's fleet with fire . He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara , Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand . He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner . When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister . Aeron Greyjoy ( season 2 , 6 ) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God . When Theon returned to the Iron Islands , Aeron reinitiated him into the faith of the Drowned God . After Balon 's death , Aeron held a Kingsmoot to determine Balon 's successor . Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron . Balon Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara . Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people , which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series . He lost , with two of his three sons killed in the war ; his youngest , Theon , was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion . After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters , Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North , proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North . Theon , however , is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's bastard , who eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses , stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord . In Season 6 , he is confronted by his younger brother , Euron , who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death . Dagmer Cleftjaw ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy 's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell , and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule , such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark . However , when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon , he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin . It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men . Lorren ( season 2 ) portrayed by Forbes KB . An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren . He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors . He is under Theon 's command while taking Winterfell . He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow , along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell . House Lannister ( edit ) Gregor Clegane ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- present ) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1 , by Ian Whyte in season 2 , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two - handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him . In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed . In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison , but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is a seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In the sixth season , he continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison . Kevan Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin 's younger brother , Captain of his Guard , Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient . Unlike his older brother , Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family 's honour . In Season 1 , he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime 's military victories against Tully bannermen . After Jaime 's capture , he suggests to his brother that they `` should sue for peace '' which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark 's beheading prevents it . In Season 2 , he sits on a war council in Harrenhal , surmising ( correctly ) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until `` at full force '' and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King 's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin , refusing to surrender the Iron Throne . In season 5 , he returns to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral alongside his only surviving son , Lancel , who has joined the Sparrows movement , which Kevan disapproves . He later refuses to serve on Cersei 's Small Council , in spite her offering him the position of `` Master of War '' , questioning her authority , and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him . When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins , Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King . He later is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep , immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement . In the sixth season , Kevan continues to serve as Tommen 's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei 's attempts to regain influence in the royal court . On the day of Cersei 's trial , Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire . Lancel Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion Lannister . He served as King Robert 's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely . In Season 2 , Cersei knights him for his part in Robert 's death . When Jaime goes to war , Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother . Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him . During an attack on King 's Landing , Lancel guards Cersei 's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting , causing him to retreat . When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice , Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops , but Cersei , clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city , refuses to listen . In season 5 , he and his father return to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral . Lancel joins the sparrows , a devout religious movement , and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together , such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon . With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant , Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King 's Landing , arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process . Later , on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell 's urging , he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow , which leads to Cersei 's arrest . In the sixth season , Lancel continues to serve in the Faith Militant . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , he is lured by one of Qyburn 's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor , where he is stabbed in the spine , rendering him unable to use his legs . He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it , but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die . Polliver ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Kellegher . A Lannister man - at - arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark 's sword ; Needle . He captures Arya -- believing her to be a recruit of the Night 's Watch called `` Arry '' and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him . In Season 4 , he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in an inn in the north . After a brief exchange of insults , a fight breaks out and Polliver 's comrades are slain by Clegane . Arya wounds Polliver from behind , retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy . Alton Lannister ( season 2 ) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei , Jaime and Tyrion Lannister , and a captive of Robb Stark . In the books there is no character by this name . Here the character Cleos Frey , also a cousin to the Lannisters , has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister . While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark 's camp , he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney , however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape . Amory Lorch ( season 2 ) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister . He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark . She manages to escape him , then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar , to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three `` lives '' he owes her . Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya , he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin 's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck , as Tywin ( who comes to believe the attempt was on his life ) raises the alarm . The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit , but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured . Lord Leo Lefford ( season 2 ) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin , who fought for him against House Stark . He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth . House Martell ( edit ) Tyene Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand . Tyene is fiercer than she looks , especially with her twin daggers . She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn , she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison - coated dagger before they are all arrested . In the cells , she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison 's effects , though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure . She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria , who uses it to poison Myrcella . She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed . When Doran finds out , Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest . Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak . While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy 's ship , Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship , Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei , Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon . Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose . Nymeria Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn 's bastard daughters . Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured , graceful and deadly with a whip . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria murders Myrcella , and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Nymeria accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara , an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip , only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon , next to her sister . Obara Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes . Keisha Castle - Hughes A fearsome warrior , Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell . Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria kills Myrcella , and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell , her own cousin . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Obaara accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . Ultimately , Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear . She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear , next to her hanging sister , Nymeria . Trystane Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran 's son and heir to Dorne . His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister , then acting as Hand of the King . He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately . He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back , but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated , satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead . Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King 's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn 's place on the Small Council , but Trystane 's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne . Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed , Trystane refuses to leave , insisting on being present for Myrcella 's funeral , so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety . However , as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella , he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand , his own cousins , sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup , though most believe his death was Cersei 's doing . Doran Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell . Unlike his brother , Doran is even - tempered and deliberate . In season 4 , he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell , but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead . After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane , Doran grieves but takes no action , claiming that Oberyn suffered a self - imposed death in a trial by combat , a legal act , and coldly rebutts Ellaria 's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters . However , after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella , Doran orders all locked up , including Ellaria . He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King 's Landing along with his son , Trystane Martell , Myrcella 's betrothed , while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again . However , Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran 's warning . In the sixth season , Doran finds out about Myrcella 's assassination , but he is immediately killed by Ellaria , while his men stand and watch as he dies . Areo Hotah ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long - serving captain of Doran Martell 's palace guard , renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe . He arrests Jaime Lannister , Bronn , Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon , but releases them all on Doran 's request . As retribution for striking Trystane Martell , Areo strikes Bronn across the face . In the sixth season , after Doran finds out about Myrcella 's death at Ellaria 's hands , he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand , and dies immediately . Oberyn Martell ( season 4 ) portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne , known as the Red Viper . He is the hot - headed younger brother of Doran Martell , Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear . A renowned warrior and traveler , Oberyn has eight bastard daughters , called the Sand Snakes . His sister , Elia Targaryen , was raped and killed during the Sack of King 's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane . In season 4 , Oberyn arrives in King 's Landing with his paramour , Ellaria Sand , to attend Joffrey 's wedding in his brother 's stead , and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister , nephew and niece . At the wedding , Joffrey dies after being poisoned , and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry , while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia . The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion 's guilt , and openly questions Cersei 's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei 's champion , Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion , proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance , starting with Ser Gregor . Martell valiantly fights Clegane , his superior speed making up for Clegane 's size , and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg , flooring him . Refusing to kill him immediately , Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children , and that the order came from Tywin himself . Distracted for a moment , Oberyn is floored by Clegane , who -- in a manner self - admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia -- knocks out his teeth , straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes , admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull . Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death , but Oberyn 's objective of vengeance was not in vain , since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore , which is slowly killing Clegane . Oberyn 's death , however , throws House Martell into chaos , since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon , Doran Martell and Trystane Martell ( Oberyn 's own brother and nephew , respectively ) to get revenge against the Lannisters . House Stark ( edit ) Robett Glover ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Tim McInnerny . Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover , the Master of Deepwood Motte . He succeeded him after Galbart 's death in the War of the Five Kings . House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it . He refuses Jon and Sansa 's request for aid against the Boltons , citing his brother 's death fighting for Robb , the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle , in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family , and finally the fact that Jon 's army is composed primarily of Wildings , who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations . However , after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons , with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale , House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more , with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North . Meera Reed ( season 3 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . Ellie Kendrick Jojen 's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Meera is almost raped by Karl , but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her . Karl later tries again to rape her , but an attack by Night 's Watch rangers saves her , and they manage to escape during the fray . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it . Jojen is fatally stabbed , and Meera performs a mercy killing on him . In season 6 , she continues to mourn for Jojen . After the cave is attacked by White Walkers , she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up . They are rescued by Bran 's uncle , Benjen Stark , who ultimately takes them back to the Wall . When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home , she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother 's . Lyanna Mormont ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10 - year - old head of House Mormont of Bear Island . She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season , she refuses Stannis Baratheon 's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne , asserting her loyalty to House Stark . In the sixth season , she is approached by Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton . Though Lyanna is ready to refuse , citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister / Bolton wife , she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King . She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay 's armies . After the castle is retaken , Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon 's calls for help , and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North . As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills . Maester Wolkan ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Rycroft . Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell . He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well . After the Boltons ' defeat , he serves the Starks . He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark . He builds a wheelchair for Bran . Lyanna Stark ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child , and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult . Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark , she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon , but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen . During the tourney at Harrenhal , Rhaegar rode past his wife , Elia Martell , and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna 's lap . Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar , and was married to him in secret . At the Tower of Joy , Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her . Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard , Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood , but still alive . Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son , who is revealed to be Jon Snow , and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage . Rickon Stark ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn 's youngest child , naturally aggressive and strong - willed . His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also . When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2 , Rickon hides in the crypts . After Winterfell is sacked and burned , he , Bran , Hodor , the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Rickon , his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber 's death , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow , Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon , unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open . Just before he can reach Jon , Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay . Following Ramsay 's defeat , Jon orders Rickon 's body buried in the Winterfell crypt . Hodor ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge , physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word `` Hodor '' . He hides in the crypts along with Osha , Bran and Rickon , faking their escape out of the castle . They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed . After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin , it is decided that they must go to the Wall . In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three - eyed - raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers , who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran 's behalf . Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners , and when Bran is abducted by Locke , Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck . Hodor frees the others and they escape , eventually reaching the three - eyed raven in his cave . During Season 6 , Bran learns through visions of the past that , as a boy , Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech . When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past , Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety . Once they exit through a passageway , Meera orders Hodor to `` hold the door '' against the wights ; in the past , Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into `` Hodor . '' In the present , Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door , but Meera escapes with Bran . Hodor only ever says one word : `` Hodor '' . However , according to Kristian Nairn 's interview to Vulture , he has developed 70 ways to say it . Osha ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Natalia Tena . Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell . Osha works in the kitchens , often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood . After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy , Osha bends the knee to Theon . After the Sack of Winterfell , Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape , along with their direwolves and Hodor . She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin . Later , she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Osha , Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay , but is instead killed herself . Jojen Reed ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl , during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure . Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose , but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother , Jon Snow , since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey . Once they reach their destination , however , they are attacked by reanimated skeletons , and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight . Meera finishes him out of mercy . Rickard Karstark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1 , and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards . Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North , Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell . Karstark 's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution . He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters . When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage , Karstark orders his men to kill them . Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb , and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise , just before he is executed . Maester Luwin ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin , Maester of Winterfell , is a chief advisor to Lord Stark . He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult . With Robb Stark 's departure , the day - to - day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin , acting with Bran 's voice . After Winterfell is taken by Theon , Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell . When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away , Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night 's Watch , where his crimes will be pardoned , but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay , and betrayed by his own men . Luwin , in an attempt to save Theon , is stabbed by Dagmer . Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood , where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him , out of sight of Bran and Rickon . Rodrik Cassel ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master - at - Arms at Winterfell . After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark , he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King 's Landing . Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin , and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell . When the Ironmen attack Torrhen 's Square , Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them , including most of the Winterfell garrison . The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell , and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself . Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon , and spits in his face . Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons , but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect . Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself , but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners . Jory Cassel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik . Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime 's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister 's abduction by Eddard 's wife . Septa Mordane ( season 1 ) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods ( of which Catelyn Stark is an observer ) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell . She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark 's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei . Old Nan ( season 1 ) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall . She is the great - grandmother of Hodor . Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role . Jon Umber ( season 1 ) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called `` the Greatjon '' , Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North . In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North . In Season 3 , the North loses the war after the death of King Robb , but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge . In between the third and sixth seasons , Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth , but at some point , Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son , Smalljon Umber , who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow . House Targaryen ( edit ) Grey Worm ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied , a group of eunuch slave soldiers . His name is pronounced `` Torgo Nudho '' in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters , who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human . Despite this , Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied , so he considers it to be a lucky name . He is loyal to Daenerys and does n't like those who insult her . He develops feelings for Missandei , which appear to be reciprocated , and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis . He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , but ultimately survives . After Daenerys 's disappearance , Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters . When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships , only to be countered by Daenerys 's dragons , Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros . From her stronghold on Dragonstone , Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock . The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love , he has begun to know what fear is . They make love . Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned : the capture is effected with ease . He then takes his army east and is outside King 's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit . Barristan Selmy ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council . Known as `` Barristan the Bold , '' he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms . Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King , Aerys II . He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon . When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey , he informs Ser Barristan of Robert 's will and tells his men not to harm him . After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested , Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life , and much to his anger , his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime . His honor insulted , Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King 's Landing . Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family . He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices . Barristan later discovers that Jorah 's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys , and informs Daenerys , fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution . When a resistance movement , the Sons of the Harpy , openly hostile to Daenerys 's conquest and politics , arise , Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father 's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall . He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess . He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters . Hizdahr zo Loraq ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and a scion of the House of Loraq , an ancient and proud line of slavers . He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father , who Daenerys ordered crucified , was actually against the crucifixion of children , and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral , which she accepts . Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule . In season 5 , he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded , although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return , which she refuses , though she grants him a position on her Small Council . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace , though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy . On the opening day of the Great Games , however , the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed , revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time . Mossador ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen . In season 5 , after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied , Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy , arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence . He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys 's consent . Kovarro ( season 2 ) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen . His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series . He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there , following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons . The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos . Doreah ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love . She was sold to a brothel when she was nine , by her mother . She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros . In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth , Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys would n't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro 's lover . After revealing the plans of Xaro , Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault . Irri ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave , bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding . She 's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse . She and Doreah are shown to be at odds , due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah 's foreign ideals . In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons . In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah . Rakharo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider , favored by , and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen . Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo , Aggo , and Kovarro to scout in three different directions , using the last remaining horses . Later Rakharo 's horse comes back with his head . It 's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal . Irri fears that without his head , Rakharo 's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands . Rhaegar Targaryen ( Season 7 ) portrayed by Wilf Scolding . Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen , and was the Prince of Dragonstone . He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen , and the husband of Elia Martell , a distant cousin with whom he had two children , Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen . However , he annulled his marriage to Elia , and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child , Jon Snow . The parentage of Jon is kept a secret , and he is raised by Lyanna 's brother , Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen . Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert 's Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna , Lord Robert Baratheon 's betrothed . House Tully ( edit ) Edmure Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa 's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3 . A brash but good - hearted man , Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey , and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle , Edmure is promised to one of Frey 's daughters , Roslin . Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a `` bedding ceremony '' , after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the `` Red Wedding '' . He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb . When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys , Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering , but he refuses , while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure . Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down . He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun , where he gives the order to surrender . The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys ' loyalty . Brynden Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Clive Russell . Clive Russell Commonly known as `` The Blackfish '' , Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn , Lysa , and Edmure , and a seasoned war veteran . He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother 's death to make amends . He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark . At Edmure 's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins , Brynden excuses himself from the feast to `` find a tree to piss on '' , and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks . Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man 's absence , while Roose Bolton appears disturbed , aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun ( which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment ) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord , Edmure , in captivity . Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb 's name , refusing to surrender even when Edmure 's life is threatened . The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down . Brynden , however , refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death . He is later reported dead . Roslin Frey ( season 3 ) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully ( née Frey ) is Lord Walder Frey 's daughter and considered the most beautiful one . She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark , who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead . She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding . In the sixth season , it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure 's child . House Tyrell ( edit ) Olenna Tyrell ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Diana Rigg . Diana Rigg Lady Olenna , better known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is the sharp - witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery . Considered Tywin Lannister 's female counterpart , Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell . She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras ' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it . After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey , Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey 's love of violence . Because she is fond of Sansa , and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North , Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras . But her plan is foiled by Loras himself , who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger 's spy . Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and , to secure the Reach , orders Cersei to marry Loras . Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother , Jaime . Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard , which would make Joffrey and Margaery 's children the heirs of Reach , Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her . In season 4 , Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned , to protect Margaery from Joffrey 's beastly nature , and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match , Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's younger brother and heir . She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards . When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality , Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei 's schemes . But , mistakenly believing Loras 's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell , she helplessly assists to Olyvar 's testimony which incriminates her grandson , as well as to Margaery 's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother . She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who , blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey 's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren 's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei , gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei 's adulterous relationship . This results in the latter 's arrest by the Faith Militant . In the sixth season , Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant , but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow 's new puppet . Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life . After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor 's destruction , which killed Mace , Loras and Margaery , Olenna vows revenge . She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand , who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen . Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family , Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well . When the Lannisters , supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells , attack Highgarden , they win with ease . Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower , ready to be taken cative or killed . Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead . After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey 's murder . Mace Tyrell ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Roger Ashton - Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden , Defender of the Marches , High Marshal of the Reach , and Warden of the South , he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery , and Lady Olenna 's son . Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace , whom she calls `` Lord Oaf '' . Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter 's death during the War of the Five Kings , Mace agrees to a Lannister - Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish . He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey 's Small Council , and attends Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding . After Joffrey 's death , Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer , Tyrion Lannister . He is later present at Tywin Lannister 's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding , and , in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen , he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who , in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter , sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos . He later arrives in Braavos , and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris , who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways . In the sixth season , he returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister , but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow . He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified , but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant . Loras Tyrell ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell , known as the `` Knight of Flowers , '' is a highly skilled knight and jouster . Known across Westeros for his beauty , he is Renly Baratheon 's former squire and secretly his lover . He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match . In Season 1 , he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane , but even though he wins , Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane 's brother , Sandor , who Loras names as the champion in gratitude . In private , while shaving Renly , Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert 's closest heirs , and tells Renly that he would make a great king . In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne , Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras 's sister Margaery to Renly . Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly 's wedding . After Renly 's assassination , Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis , but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis . When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis , Loras fights wearing Renly 's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater . During season 3 , his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family 's benefit . However , he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire , Olyvar , who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish . Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei . In season 4 , at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , Loras exchanges banter with Jaime , who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei , she will likely kill him in his sleep , and that he will never marry her . Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either , implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei . He is later present at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , is the true killer . In season 5 , he attends Tywin 's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei . He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar , flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne , where homosexuality is more tolerated , and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone . He is later present at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding and , during a training session , is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant . He denies all of the Faith 's allegations against him , including his affair with Renly , during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow , but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him , citing his birthmark `` in the shape of Dorne '' he has on his thigh as proof . This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister , the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him , and to open formal trials for them . In the sixth season , after being tortured for almost a year , Loras admits to his `` crimes '' on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven - pointed star is carved on his forehead . Though he is accepted into their ranks , he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei 's orders . Randyll Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly , a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden . Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros . He has a humorless martinet , is severe and intimidating . He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home . He forces Sam to join the Night 's Watch on threat of death . In the sixth season , he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her , and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling . Despite his hatred for the wildlings , Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly , on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown . Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him , and takes House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells . This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden , but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated . Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers , now captives , bend the knee . Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire . Melessa Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night 's Watch . She is a sweet , plump , and adoring mother , and has a soft spot for Samwell . When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown , she greets him warmly , and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner . Talla Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind , friendly and unpretentious woman , and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown . Dickon Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6 , and by Tom Hopper in season 7 . Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic , a good hunter , an excellent swordsman , manly , not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father , Lord Randyll . He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night 's Watch . He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown , but his dismissal of Sam 's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling . Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle , but his second - against Daenerys , her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat . Captured , he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself , but instead he stands with his father in refusing . He is executed by dragonfire . People of Essos ( edit ) Tycho Nestoris ( season 4 -- 5 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos . He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries , but Davos Seaworth changes his mind . In season 5 , Tycho greets Mace Tyrell , who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt . In season 7 he arrives in King 's Landing to collect the debt , expecting to be met with a default . He is impressed when Cersei , newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury , pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei 's request for further funding . Izembaro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors , in which he also acts . He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors , and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses , Lady Crane . He subsequently kicks Bianca , the actress who ordered Crane 's death , out of the troupe . Lady Crane ( season 6 ) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro 's Braavosi theater troupe . She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star , Bianca . She is almost killed by Arya Stark , who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her , realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else 's selfishness , and thwarts the assassination , warning her about Bianca . Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and has her expelled from the troupe . Shortly after , she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her , but is herself killed by the Waif , who was sent to kill Arya . The Waif ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White , a temple to the Many - faced God , in Braavos . She participates in Arya 's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man ( assassin ) . After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant , the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya , though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her . When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target , Lady Crane , the Waif is sent to kill her . Though she stabs Arya multiple times , Arya survives . The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout . Arya , however , extinguishes the room 's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight . Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces . Yezzan zo Qaggaz ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Great Masters , the former ruling elite of the city . He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen 's inner circle . He , along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys 's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down , but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen . When Daenerys 's dragons defeat the slaver fleet , Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm , who kills the other two instead . Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further . Razdal mo Eraz ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave - trader from the city of Yunkai , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Wise Masters , the ruling elite of the city . He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai , but she refuses and takes the city . Later , he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys 's rule over Slaver 's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister . He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers ' attack on Meereen is thwarted . Belicho Paenymion ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eddie Jackson , is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis , and a member of the `` Old Blood '' , descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city . Like most of the Volantene nobility , Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys . After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister , his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails . Kinvara ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ania Bukstein , is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis , one of the high - ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor , the Lord of Light . Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples ' support for Daenerys , whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised , destined to defeat the Night King . Vala ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Meena Rayann , is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen . Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy . She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan . She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully . Camello ( season 6 ) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bobono ( season 6 ) portrayed by Leigh Gill , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bianca ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eline Powell , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress , Lady Crane , she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her . She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated , but the assassin , Arya Stark , instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca 's intentions . Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe . Clarenzo ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rob Callender , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Khal Moro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal . His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon 's back . Out of respect for Khal Drogo , Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals . When Daenerys refuses to submit , Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed . Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar . High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen ( season 6 ) portrayed by Souad Faress . The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen , the widows of former Khals . Ornella ( season 6 ) portrayed by Hannah John - Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen . Kraznys mo Nakloz ( season 3 ) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor . Sexist and rude , he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian , not realizing she speaks the language . He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave - soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons , throwing in his translator , Missandei , as a bonus . Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers . Kraznys is killed by Drogon . Quaithe ( season 2 ) portrayed by Laura Pradelska . Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth , where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks . Xaro Xhoan Daxos ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant `` prince '' of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then - starving entourage wish to enter the city . He claims extremely humble background , having worked his way to wealth from nothing . He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him , but she refuses . Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys , allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people , and crowns himself `` King of Qarth '' as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns , she locks him alive in his own vault , finding it to have been empty the whole time . Pyat Pree ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth . He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying , the warlocks ' lair , by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him , rescues her dragons and escapes . The Spice King ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers , one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth . In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called ' the Spice King ' . However , there is an ' Ancient Guild of Spicers ' in the city of Qarth . The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros , but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army , she can not regain the Iron Throne . He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos . Illyrio Mopatis ( season 1 ) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos . Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros . He arranges Daenerys ' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power . In season 5 , Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister . Mirri Maz Duur ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a `` Maegi '' , or witch - woman , held captive by Khal Drogo 's horde . Before her capture , she had been a godswife ( priestess ) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd . When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner , Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks . When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight , Daenerys asks for Mirri 's help to cure it , but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village , leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then - pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego . In revenge , Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo 's funeral pyre . Qotho ( season 1 ) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot - tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo . After Drogo 's incapacitation , some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur . Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont . People of Westeros ( edit ) Podrick Payne ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister . In Season 2 , he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore . In Season 4 , Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey , but he does not accept or reject the offer -- Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King 's Landing before he is killed . Tyrion makes his brother , Jaime , assure Podrick 's safety , who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth . Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne 's trust . Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale . A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor , and Podrick loses sight of Arya , much to Brienne 's annoyance . Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa , finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn . A fight ensues , and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne . They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north . During their journey , Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick , and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself . Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn , sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it . Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell . Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills . He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black . Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully , where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn . When Riverrun falls to the Freys , Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat . Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister , he lets them go . At the parley in the Dragonpit , Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn 's suggestion they go for a drink . Beric Dondarrion ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards . Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and `` The Lightning Lord '' . In season one , Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands . After Ned 's arrest , he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the `` Brotherhood without Banners '' . In season three , it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr , a red priest . Because of this miracle , Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros 's god , whom they call the Lord of Light . Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army , focusing on protecting commoners . They find Arya , Gendry , and Hot Pie and offer them shelter , and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane , who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater . Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat , and Beric is his opponent . Despite setting his sword ablaze , Beric is slain by Clegane , but is resurrected by Thoros , and allows Clegane to go free . Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death , though he has slowly been losing his memories each time . He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry . Beric gives him away in return for gold , which prompts Arya to run away . Years later , the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again , after hanging three of their rogue members , and convince him to join their cause , since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army . Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros of Myr ( season 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Paul Kaye , Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre . He later joins the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' . Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle . Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light , but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert 's court , which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard . Thoros ' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite . Since then , Thoros has stayed beside Beric , resurrecting him several more times , though at the cost of some of his memories each time . In the sixth season , he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause , since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers . In the seventh season , trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds . Hot Pie ( season 1 -- 4 , 7 ) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King 's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch . He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya , but , instead she beats him . Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren 's band by Ser Amory Lorch , along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands . They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane , who kill Lommy . Like Arya , Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal , in the kitchens . He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun . On the way , they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook . In season 4 , Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive . Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell . Septa Unella ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow . She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins . When Cersei finally does , Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair . During Cersei 's walk of atonement , Unella walks behind her , repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out `` Shame ! '' to the crowd . She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith , and follows Margaery around wherever she goes . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , Unella is captured by Cersei 's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed , taking the High Sparrow with it , and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei 's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her . Lem Lemoncloak ( season 6 ) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson , is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners . He leads an attack on Septon Ray 's small community , without Beric Dondarrion 's consent . He is subsequently sentenced to death , and is hanged by Sandor Clegane , the only survivor of the attack . Brother Ray ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven . He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth . He and the rest of the community , however , are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept , which drives Sandor to seek revenge , as Ray was his friend . Olyvar ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish . In season 3 , he poses as Loras Tyrell 's squire and has a one - night stand with him at Baelish 's request in order to learn the Tyrells ' true motivations for coming to King 's Landing . In season 4 , he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell . In season 5 , he continues his affair with Loras . His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city 's homosexuals . He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding , but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest . Olyvar does so , implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process . Anguy ( season 3 ) portrayed by Philip McGinley , is a commoner from the Dornish Marches , a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners . He is called `` The Archer '' . Rorge ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Beckwith , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night 's Watch , which is customary for criminals . He , with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter , is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage , which has been set on fire . The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Biter ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Gerard Jordan , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking , and his teeth have been filed to points . Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge , Biter collected by Yoren for the Night 's Watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire , but Arya Stark , throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves . They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory 's service , eventually arriving at Harrenhal . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Ros ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red - haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books , including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya . She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell , where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy , though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow . Later in the season , Ros moves to King 's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger . At the start of season 2 , Ros has been promoted , managing the brothel and interviewing new employees . She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei 's men who mistake her for Tyrion 's lover . She later enters an alliance with Varys . Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon , Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her . In season 2 , she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events . Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys . Lommy Greenhands ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer 's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Lommy is one of the survivors , though he is injured in the leg , slowing down Arya and the other escapees . They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane . Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he can not walk . When the soldiers ask where Gendry is , Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry , saving the real Gendry 's life . Syrio Forel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos , is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at `` Water Dancing '' , the Braavosi style of sword fighting . Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead . He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior : to be perceptive , move with grace , and command her fear . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya . Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword . He defeats five guardsmen but can not bring down the armored Meryn Trant , who cuts his practice sword in half . Arya escapes . The fate of Syrio after that is unknown . Royal court and officials ( edit ) Qyburn ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal . He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton . Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients . Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge . He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King 's Landing in the hope of having his title restored . In season 4 , Qyburn cures Jaime of infection , allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him , earning him Cersei 's respect and gratitude . Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat . Qyburn warns that his help may `` change '' Clegane , but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker , he enthusiastically implies the opposite . After Tywin 's death and Varys 's treason and escape , Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers , much to Grand Maester Pycelle 's disapproval . When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant , he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan 's appointment as the new Hand of the King . When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement , Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard , an undead version of Ser Gregor , the results of his experiments . He sways most of Varys 's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King 's Landing . After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen , she names Qyburn as her Hand . At the parley in the Dragonpit , while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half , Qyburn is instead fascinated , picking up the dismembered wight 's hand and inspecting it as it twitches . Grand Maester Pycelle ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms , is an advisor and member of the Small Council . He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert 's reign . Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters , Cersei specifically , and he who informed her of Jon Arryn 's investigation of her affair with Jaime . To prevent himself from being undermined , Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons , but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him . A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle 's frail old man guise . In season 4 , Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion 's trial , claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey . Later on , when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn 's abilities , Cersei orders him to leave , giving his position to Qyburn . He later attends Tywin 's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers . When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant , Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King . He is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement . He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime , acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , he is lured to Qyburn 's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death , orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn . Meryn Trant ( season 1 - 5 ) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard . He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands , no matter how vile the order . In Season 1 , as Eddard Stark is being arrested , he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark . Arya 's fencing instructor , Syrio Forel , defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed . Meryn is present at Tyrion 's trial for Joffrey 's murder , where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2 , while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time . In season 5 , he attends Tywin Lannister 's funeral , accompanying Cersei . He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos . In Braavos , he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls . He is ambushed there and killed by Arya . The High Septon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven , the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros . This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King 's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell . The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon . He is later present at Tywin 's funeral . He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel . When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them , Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested , giving the position to the High Sparrow . Dontos Hollard ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King 's Landing . He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey 's birthday , so the young king threatens to execute him . Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead . In season 4 , Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother 's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King 's Landing after Joffrey is killed , apparently by Tyrion . Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon 's ships in Blackwater Bay , to Petyr Baelish . Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold , however , Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking , and reveals that the whole time , Dontos was working for him , and leaves the necklace , which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey , with his corpse to implicate Tyrion . Hallyne ( season 2 ) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief `` Wisdom '' of the Order of Pyromancers in King 's Landing . Pyromancers , whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion , are primarily used to produce wildfire , a very dangerous , highly combustible chemical weapon . Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater . Ilyn Payne ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn , also called `` The King 's Justice , '' is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King 's reign . He carries out Joffrey 's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword , Ice . Night 's Watch ( edit ) Eddison Tollett ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night 's Watch , known to all as `` Dolorous Edd '' for his dour face and outlook . Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well - liked by the other Brothers in Black , and is one of few Night 's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers . He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall . In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont . In season 4 , he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black , but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke 's corpse back to Craster 's Keep with the other slain Night 's Watch brothers . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon 's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate . He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall , causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths . He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn 's body at the funeral . In season 5 , he witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution , supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander , and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die . He begrudgingly agrees to Jon 's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them . He accompanies Jon and the Night 's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive . Following Jon 's death in a mutiny , he is one of Jon 's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters , refusing to acknowledge Thorne 's leadership . Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help , and he succeeds just in time , ordering the mutineers locked up . He witnesses Jon 's resurrection by Melisandre , and the mutineers ' execution . Jon relinquishes his command to Edd , naming him the new acting Lord Commander . When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , Edd shares a good - natured farewell with him . Benjen Stark ( season 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night 's Watch . He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell . Early in the series , he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity , but does not return and his fate is unknown . In the close of season 5 , Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen 's whereabouts , though this seems to be a mere trick , used to lure Jon to an assassination . Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights , and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker , but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker , a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall . He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell . When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall , half - frozen and under attack by wights , Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse . Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape . Alliser Thorne ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black . He fought for Aerys II during Robert 's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment . He is a bitter , cruel , fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night 's Watch during the winter . The previous winter , he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive . Thorne returns in Season 4 , now the acting Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont , and becomes friends with Janos Slynt . He advocates Jon 's execution for his actions in season 3 , but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon . Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him , and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander , which would make him Thorne 's superior . To avoid this , Thorne , on Slynt 's suggestion , allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle , though Jon survives . Out of spite , Thorne refuses Jon 's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching . When the wildling army arrives , Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him , but valiantly leads his men into battle . Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane , but is wounded . He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting . In season 5 , he has been healed but walks with a limp . He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three - way race , he is named First Ranger by Jon , which he appears to appreciate . When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination , Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett 's way , but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate . After Jon 's return from Hardhome , he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees , showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander 's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes . After Davos ' return to the Wall , Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark 's current state ; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny , wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death . Alliser delivers the first blow , under the call `` For the Watch ! '' and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow . Thorne assumes command once again , but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon 's loyalists from death . Thorne is arrested for his treachery , and after Jon is resurrected , he is hanged for treason . Olly ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift , the land given to the Night 's Watch to support themselves . Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings . His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr . Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night 's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open . He then releases Olly , who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings , in the process befriending Jon Snow . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father . In season 5 , Jon takes Olly as an apprentice , mirroring his own father - son relationship with Jeor Mormont . When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Olly is named Jon 's personal steward . He is unhappy with Jon 's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon 's assassination , stabbing Jon through the heart . When Jon 's loyalists and the wildlings rebel , Olly is arrested along with the mutineers , and after Jon 's resurrection , he is executed by hanging . Othell Yarwyck ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night 's Watch . He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch . He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings . Later , when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering , Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing . Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings . In season 5 , Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard , but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed . He staunchly opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon , being the second to stab him . After Jon is resurrected , Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason . Bowen Marsh ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night 's Watch , one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black . He opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers , and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon , being the third to stab him . When Jon is revived by Melisandre , he is executed by hanging . Maester Aemon ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night 's Watch . He is the great - uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen . By the time of Robert 's Rebellion , he was too old to travel alone and already blind , because of that and of his oaths , he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family , even his great grand - nephews and nieces , were killed by Lannister bannermen . He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1 , he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night 's Watch after he hears of his father 's arrest and his brother 's campaign to save him . At the end of Season 3 , when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster 's Keep , he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall . In season 4 , he is present at Jon Snow 's trial . Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated , claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King 's Landing . Moments before the attack on Castle Black , Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly . After the battle , he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned . In season 5 , Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander . When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie , Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon . He later falls ill , and Jon entrusts his care to Sam , who informs him on his great - niece 's exploits in Slaver 's Bay . Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon 's departure to Hardhome , spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam , the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre . Janos Slynt ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King 's Landing city watch . He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark . He later follows Joffrey 's orders to murder all of Robert 's illegitimate children . Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality , Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night 's Watch . In season 4 , he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander . During the wildling attack on Castle Black , Janos hides in the food storage closet . In season 5 , Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander , Janos refuses to obey Jon 's orders and insults him . Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death . Janos ultimately breaks down , realising that Jon is not bluffing , and begs for mercy . Jon at first seems to relent , but ultimately delivers the blow , beheading Slynt . Grenn ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night 's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon . He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive . In Season 1 , he is initially at odds with Jon Snow , especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session . Grenn , Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off , while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers . Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn . In Season 2 , Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont 's ranging mission . Once they reach the Fist of the First Men , he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly . In the process , they find a hidden stash of dragonglass ( obsidian ) daggers . When the White Walkers and wights approach , Grenn and Edd make a run for it , accidentally leaving Sam behind . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men . On the way back to the Wall , Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast , and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont , tackling Karl Tanner in the process , but he is subdued and chained up . In season 4 , he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black , but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke 's badly snapped neck , wondering aloud what killed him . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates . A giant breaks his way in , and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives . His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral . Pypar ( season 1 , 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night 's Watch , informally called `` Pyp '' . He joins at the same time as Jon . Initially , he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister . Later , he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord . In the first season , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers , but he becomes friends with him when Jon , on Tyrion Lannister 's advice , helps to train the other brothers . He is later assigned to the stewards . In season 4 , Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow . He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam 's arms . His body is later burned at the funeral . Karl Tanner ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night 's Watch . In season 3 , Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall , stopping by Craster 's Keep along the way , where he eyes Craster 's daughters . As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher , particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death , Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking , but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont . He is tackled by Grenn , but he subdues him and orders him chained up . In season 4 , Karl is still at Craster 's Keep , lording over it and raping Craster 's daughter - wives . His men eventually catch Bran Stark , Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three - eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran 's identity . Karl later tries to rape Meera , but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night 's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers . Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster 's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty , but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster 's wives . Karl moves in to kill her , but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind . Rast ( season 1 , 3 - 4 ) portrayed by Luke McEwan , was a trainee to the Night 's Watch with a particularly mean spirit . He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment . In Season 1 , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills while training , and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp , but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him . Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits , he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont . He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon , Grenn and Pyp threaten him . In season 2 , he is part of Mormont 's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark , and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades , taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes . They manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep , but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others , particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation , which Rast attributes to Craster 's stinginess . Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster , resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution . He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster 's daughter - wives , although Sam manages to escape , to Rast 's fury . In season 4 , he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster 's daughters through , and is himself being abused by Karl , who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon 's direwolf , Ghost , who they have caged outside the Keep . When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party , Rast recognises Bran as Jon 's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg . Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers , but he is mauled to death by Ghost , whom Bran had freed . Yoren ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night 's Watch . He travels to King 's Landing , where he witnesses Eddard Stark 's execution . Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd , Yoren prevents her from seeing her father 's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night 's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell . In the caravan bound for the Wall , Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry . When Yoren refuses , a battle ensues , and Yoren and his men are killed . When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words , `` I 've always hated crossbows . Take too long to re-load . '' Before he succumbs to his wound , Yoren kills the man who shot him . Qhorin Halfhand ( season 2 ) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night 's Watch and second - in - command at the Shadow Tower . He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe . Because of this , he was forced to train himself how to fight left - handed . When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men , he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there , leading one party , including Jon Snow , personally . After becoming separated from Jon , Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed . While tied up , he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later , he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight , so Jon can gain the wildlings ' trust by killing him . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Richard Brake Night King ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5 , and Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik from season 6 , the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers . He converts Craster 's baby sons into White Walkers for his army , and later leads an all - out assault on Hardhome , a wildling settlement . In the ensuing massacre , he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants . In the aftermath , the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army , while sharing a long glance with Jon . The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6 , it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men , the first humans to migrate to Westeros . However , during their wars with the Children of the Forest , the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker . The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men ; however , under the Night King 's leadership , the White Walkers have since gone rogue . The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three - eyed raven after breaking its magical seal , where he personally kills the three - eyed raven . In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys ' dragon Viserion . He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight . When his army reaches the Wall , he rides on Viserion 's back as the dragon 's blue fire destroys the Wall . Three - eyed Raven ( season 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4 , and Max von Sydow in season 6 , Max von Sydow , is a figure who appears in Bran Stark 's dreams , following his fall and injury . In Bran 's dreams , the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt , predicting his father 's death . In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran 's dreams and wants him to follow him . In season 4 , Bran finally finds him , in the form of a wise old man , who promises to help Bran learn to fly . In season 6 , he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past . When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong , he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape . He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army . Leaf ( portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4 , and Kae Alexander in season 6 ) appears to rescue Bran , Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave and takes them to the three - eyed raven herself . When the Night King attacks with his army , she is killed in the ensuing battle . Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome . He agrees to Jon 's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers , and escapes the ensuing massacre . Upon being alerted of Jon 's death , Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne . After Jon is revived from the dead , he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , and Wun Wun is the first to agree . During the Battle of the Bastards , Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell , but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees , and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye . Dim Dalba ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder . Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black , he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome . In season 6 , he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons . Mance Rayder ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night 's Watch who became the `` King - Beyond - the - Wall '' and the new leader of the Wildlings . He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night 's Watch , becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings . Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch , Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall , uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all . Mance 's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it . He plans a two - pronged attack on Castle Black , sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side . After the advance attack on Castle Black fails , Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him . Mance realises Jon 's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army . Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King . Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis . In season 5 , Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him , but Mance still refuses , fearing that he will lose his people 's respect in the process . On Stannis 's orders , Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre , although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering . Lord of Bones ( season 2 -- 3 , 5 ) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3 , and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5 ) , Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as `` Rattleshirt '' , a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant 's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour . In Season 2 , he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance . In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund 's proposal for an alliance with the Night 's Watch . Styr ( season 4 ) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov , was one of Mance Rayder 's lieutenants and the Magnar -- `` Lord '' in the Old Tongue of the First Men -- of the Thenn people , a clan of cannibalistic wildlings . In the battle for Castle Black , he is killed by Jon Snow , who smashes his head in with a hammer . Craster ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night 's Watch . He is a short - tempered , incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives . Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons , and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth . As their only ally beyond the Wall , Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands . Several members of the Night 's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers . He is killed by Karl , who , with his men , proceeds to raid Craster 's supplies and attack his wives and daughters . Orell ( season 3 ) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg , a human capable of entering the minds of animals . Orell does n't trust Jon , as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night 's Watch ; he is also jealous of Jon 's relationship with Ygritte . Orell 's suspicions are confirmed when , during a raid at the North , Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder . Orell claims that Jon always was a `` crow '' and a battle ensues . After a few moments of sword fighting , Jon shoves his sword into Orell 's chest and whispers `` You were right the whole time '' , before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die . Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon , but Jon is able to fight him off . Animals ( edit ) Drogon ( season 1 -- present ) is the black one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys 's favourite dragon . He is named after Khal Drogo , her late husband . Throughout seasons 2 and 3 , Drogon is loyal to Daenerys , but in season 4 , he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food , which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons . While in Meereen , Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver 's Bay about Drogon 's behaviour , one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched , and the second a farmer whose three - year - old daughter Drogon killed . Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured , he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak 's Pit and flies off with her on his back , though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process . Rhaegal ( season 1 -- present ) is the green one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Rhaegar Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion ( season 1 -- present ) is the yellow one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Viserys Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall , only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King . With the Night King riding on his back , Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate . Ghost ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) is Jon Snow 's direwolf . He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies , but nevertheless grows into a strong adult . He accompanies Jon to Castle Black . Following the Night 's Watch mutiny , he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast . He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night 's Watch brothers . Though he is taken back to Castle Black , Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up . When the wildlings reach Castle Black , Jon orders Sam to free Ghost , and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night 's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death . He survives the battle . After Jon departs for Hardhome , Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night 's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly . After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon 's body . Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon 's body . Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life . Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon . He does n't participate in the battle against the Boltons . After the Starks win , he returns to Winterfell with Jon . Summer ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ) is Bran Stark 's direwolf . When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran , Summer tears out his throat with his teeth , saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn . Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran , Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . When they stumble across Craster 's Keep , Bran mentally takes over Summer 's body to scout the area , but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned . He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran . During the battle with the skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave , Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves . After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree , the group is forced to escape . Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor , Summer , The Children of The Forest and the Three - Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape . Shaggydog ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) is Rickon Stark 's direwolf . Following the sacking of Winterfell , Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon , Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon . However , after Greatjon dies , his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons , and goes to Ramsay , to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages , while presenting Shaggydog 's severed head as proof of Rickon 's identity . Nymeria ( season 1 , 7 ) is Arya Stark 's direwolf . On the way to King 's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play - fight taken too far . Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm , and she and Arya run away . Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court , Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed . A very long time after , Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell , and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild wolves . She attempts to urge her to return with her . However , Nymeria refuses , likely due to how long she has been away from home , and remains with her new pack . Grey Wind ( season 1 -- 3 ) is Robb Stark 's direwolf . He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings . When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows . He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn onto Robb 's corpse . Lady ( season 1 ) is Sansa Stark 's direwolf . After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey , Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and , when Nymeria can not be found , demands that a wolf be killed . Despite his objections , Ned Stark kills Lady personally , though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin . See also ( edit ) Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn . The character 's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon . Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy . The character 's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Not a Blog . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Glen confirms readthrough date '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018 '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley confirms return '' . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 cast : Who will be in the final series ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid , Ben ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` What News From Westeros ? Everything we know about Game Of Thrones Season 8 '' . GQ . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he 'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets '' . Metro . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bloodworth , Adam ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Brienne of Tarth drops a huge hint about a Game of Thrones romance in season 8 '' . Metro . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sheperd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Winter is Coming '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' You Win Or You Die '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Valar Morghulis '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3 ! '' . io9.com . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 4 : Three Parts Confirmed ! '' . io9.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying ' Hodor ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There are 70 Ways to Say ' Hodor ' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Spoilers : Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen '' . Earn The Necklace . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Two More for S3 : Ramon Tikaram , Dan Hildebrand Join Cast '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Episodes : EP208 : The Prince of Winterfell '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=843672293 '' Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what is the name of the girl in game of thrones
|
[] |
[] |
8170453085537040715
|
Rangers F.C.
|
Rangers F.C. - Wikipedia Rangers F.C. For other uses , see Rangers F.C. ( disambiguation ) . Rangers Full name Rangers Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Gers The Light Blues The Teddy Bears Founded February 1872 ; 146 years ago ( 1872 - 02 ) Ground Ibrox Stadium Ground Capacity 50,817 Owner The Rangers Football Club Ltd Chairman Dave King Manager Steven Gerrard League Scottish Premiership 2017 -- 18 Scottish Premiership , 3rd of 12 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Rangers Football Club are a football club in Glasgow , Scotland , who play in the Scottish Premiership , the first tier of the Scottish Professional Football League . Their home ground , Ibrox Stadium , is in the south - west of the city . Rangers have won more league titles and trebles than any other club in the world , winning the league title 54 times , the Scottish Cup 33 times and the Scottish League Cup 27 times , and achieving the treble of all three in the same season seven times . Rangers won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1972 after being losing finalists twice , in 1961 ( the first British club to reach a UEFA tournament final ) and 1967 . A third runners - up finish in Europe came in the UEFA Cup in 2008 . Rangers have a long - standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm , according to some one of the world 's biggest football derbies . Founded in February 1872 , Rangers were one of the 11 original members of the Scottish Football League and remained in the top division continuously until the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club PLC at the end of the 2011 -- 12 season . With a new corporate identity , the club gained admittance to the fourth tier of Scottish league football in time for the start of the following season , and were promoted three times in four years to return to the top flight . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation , early years and William Wilton 1.2 Bill Struth and Scot Symon 1.3 Ibrox disaster , European success and Jock Wallace 1.4 Graeme Souness and Walter Smith -- 9 in a row 1.5 Dick Advocaat and Alex McLeish 1.6 Paul Le Guen and Walter Smith 's return 1.7 Ally McCoist , insolvency and the lower leagues 1.8 Return to the top league 2 Crest and colours 2.1 Crest 2.1. 1 Kit crest evolution 2.2 Colours 2.3 Sponsors and manufacturers 3 Stadium and training facility 4 Supporters 4.1 Rivalries 4.2 Sectarianism 4.3 Friendships 5 Ownership and finances 5.1 Incorporation to limited company and then to a PLC 5.2 Craig Whyte , administration and liquidation 5.3 Current ownership 6 Social responsibility 6.1 Support for charities 6.2 Work in the community 7 Popular culture 8 Records 8.1 Club 8.2 Player 9 Players 9.1 First team squad 9.1. 1 On loan 9.2 Academy squads 9.3 Retired and reserved numbers 10 Staff 10.1 Board of directors 10.2 First team staff 10.3 Club staff 10.4 Team managers 11 Honours 11.1 Domestic honours 11.2 European honours 11.3 Doubles and trebles 11.4 Notable statistics 12 UEFA Club Coefficient Rankings 13 Notable former players 13.1 Club Captains 13.2 Greatest ever team 13.3 Scotland Football Hall of Fame 13.4 Scotland Roll of Honour 13.5 Scottish Sports Hall of Fame 14 Sponsors 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History Main article : History of Rangers F.C. See also : List of Rangers F.C. seasons and Rangers F.C. Hall of Fame Formation , early years and William Wilton The 1877 Scottish Cup Final Rangers team Rangers were formed by four founders -- brothers Moses McNeil and Peter McNeil , Peter Campbell and William McBeath -- who met at West End Park ( now known as Kelvingrove Park ) in February 1872 . Rangers ' first match , in May that year , was a goalless friendly draw with Callander on Glasgow Green . David Hill was also a founder member . In 1873 , the club held its first annual meeting and staff were elected . By 1876 Rangers had its first international player , with Moses McNeil representing Scotland in a match against Wales . In 1877 Rangers reached the Scottish Cup final ; after drawing the first game , Rangers refused to turn up for the replay and the cup was awarded to Vale of Leven . Rangers won the Glasgow Merchants ' Charity Cup the following year against Vale of Leven 2 -- 1 , their first major cup . The first - ever Old Firm match took place in 1888 , the year of Celtic 's establishment . Rangers lost 5 -- 2 in a friendly to a team composed largely of guest players from Hibernian . Chart of Rangers yearly table positions in League play . The 1890 -- 91 season saw the inception of the Scottish Football League , and Rangers , by then playing at the first Ibrox Stadium , were one of ten original members . The club 's first - ever league match , on 16 August 1890 , resulted in a 5 -- 2 victory over Heart of Midlothian . After finishing joint - top with Dumbarton , a play - off held at Cathkin Park finished 2 -- 2 and the title was shared for the only time in its history . Rangers ' first - ever Scottish Cup win came in 1894 after a 3 -- 1 final victory over rivals Celtic . By the start of the 20th century , Rangers had won two league titles and three Scottish Cups . During William Wilton 's time as match secretary and then team manager , Rangers won 10 league titles . Bill Struth and Scot Symon Taking over as manager from William Wilton in 1920 , Bill Struth was Rangers ' most successful manager , guiding the club to 14 league titles before the onset of the Second World War . On 2 January 1939 a British league attendance record was broken as 118,567 fans turned out to watch Rangers beat Celtic in the traditional New Year 's Day Old Firm match . Leading the club for 34 years until 1954 , Struth won more trophies than any manager in Scottish Football history , amassing 18 league championships , 10 Scottish Cups , two League Cups , seven war - time championships , 19 Glasgow Cups , 17 Glasgow Merchant Charity Cups and other war - time honours . During the wartime regional league setup , Rangers achieved their highest score against old firm rivals Celtic with an 8 -- 1 win in the Southern Football League . Scot Symon continued Struth 's success , winning six league championships , five Scottish Cups and four League Cups , becoming the second manager to win the domestic treble in 1963 -- 64 season , the era of ' Slim ' Jim Baxter , one of the club 's greatest players . Rangers also lost by their biggest Old Firm margin of 7 -- 1 . Rangers reached the semi-finals of the European Cup in 1960 , losing to German club Eintracht Frankfurt by a record aggregate 12 -- 4 for a Scottish team . In 1961 Rangers became the first British team to reach a European final when they contested the Cup Winners ' Cup final against Italian side Fiorentina , only to lose 4 -- 1 on aggregate . Rangers lost again in the final of the same competition in 1967 , by a single goal after extra time to Bayern Munich . Ibrox disaster , European success and Jock Wallace The Ibrox Disaster memorial statue , commemorating the 1971 tragedy along with previous disasters The Ibrox disaster occurred on 2 January 1971 when large - scale crushing on a stairway exit at the culmination of the New Year 's Day Old Firm game claimed 66 lives . An enquiry concluded that the crush was likely to have happened 10 minutes after the final whistle and to have been triggered by someone falling on the stairs . A benefit match to raise funds for the victims ' families took place after the disaster , a joint Rangers and Celtic team playing a Scotland XI at Hampden , watched by 81,405 fans . In 1972 , Rangers emerged from the tragedy of the previous year to finally achieve success on the European stage . A Colin Stein goal and a Willie Johnston double helped secure a 3 -- 2 victory over FC Dynamo Moscow at the Nou Camp , Barcelona , to lift the European Cup Winners ' Cup . Captain John Greig received the trophy in a small room within the Nou Camp following pitch invasions by Rangers fans reacting to the heavy handed tactics of the Spanish police , the majority of whom had been brought in from outwith Catalonia . Rangers were banned from Europe for two years for the behaviour of their fans , later reduced on appeal to one year . The following season saw the club compete in the first ever European Super Cup , although the European ban saw it officially recognised as Rangers centenary anniversary match . The side played the European Cup holders Ajax , who had first proposed the idea , in January 1973 . The Dutch side proved too strong and recorded a 6 -- 3 aggregate win , with Rangers losing 1 -- 3 at Ibrox and 3 -- 2 in Amsterdam . Emerging from the shadows of Jock Stein 's Celtic side , Rangers regained ascendancy with notable domestic success under the stewardship of manager Jock Wallace . In his first season in charge -- the club 's centenary -- Rangers won the Scottish Cup at Hampden in front of 122,714 supporters . In 1974 -- 75 , Wallace led Rangers to their first League championship triumph in 11 years , before winning the treble the following season , repeating the historic feat in 1977 -- 78 . John Greig served as manager for five years but was unable to achieve the success as a manager that he had as a player . Unable to win the league during his reign , he was replaced by Wallace returning in 1983 . Wallace was unable to repeat the success of his first period in charge with a win ratio of less than 50 % , and was himself replaced by Graeme Souness in 1986 . Graeme Souness and Walter Smith -- 9 in a row Every year from the 1988 -- 89 season until the 1996 -- 97 season , Rangers won the league title . This nine - in - a-row achievement equalled Celtic 's record , set prior to the forming of the Scottish Football League Premier Division , subsequent to which competing teams met four times a season . The first three of these seasons the club was managed by Graeme Souness ; the latter six under the stewardship of Walter Smith . Notable seasons included 1990 -- 91 , which culminated in a final - day finale , Rangers securing a 2 -- 0 victory at Ibrox over Aberdeen , who needed only a draw to secure the championship . Season 1992 -- 93 was notable for a domestic treble of trophies , as well an extended run in the inaugural UEFA Champions League , the club at one stage only one goal from securing a place in the final . Rangers ' ninth consecutive championship title was secured at Tannadice Park on 7 May 1997 , with a single - goal victory over Dundee United . Dick Advocaat and Alex McLeish In 1998 , Dutchman Dick Advocaat became the club 's first foreign manager . Nine - in - a-row era stalwarts having moved on , Advocaat invested heavily in the team with immediate results , leading the club to their sixth domestic treble . The league championship was won with a 3 -- 0 victory at Celtic Park on 2 May 1999 . A second - consecutive league title was won by a record 21 - point margin , the club securing a domestic double with a 4 -- 0 Scottish Cup final victory over Aberdeen . Rangers ' campaign in the Champions League saw them defeat UEFA Cup winners Parma en route . Advocaat 's third season saw Rangers fail to compete domestically against Celtic under new manager Martin O'Neill . Despite investment in the team , including Tore Andre Flo for a club - record £ 12 million , European success beyond the Champions League group stages again proved elusive . After a slow start to the following season , Advocaat resigned from his post in December 2001 and was replaced by Alex McLeish . In his first full campaign , the 2002 -- 03 season saw McLeish become the sixth Rangers manager to deliver a domestic treble . The championship was won on goal difference during a dramatic final day 6 -- 1 triumph over Dunfermline Athletic at Ibrox , securing Rangers ' 50th league title , the first club in the world to achieve the feat . Major expenditure sanctioned by chairman David Murray had burdened Rangers with considerable debts in the region of £ 52m . The club 's worsening financial state saw many of the team 's top players leave in the summer of 2003 , the following season failing to deliver any trophies , only the second such occasion since 1985 -- 86 . The 2004 -- 05 season restored success to Rangers , who were boosted by signings such as Jean - Alain Boumsong , Dado Pršo and Nacho Novo , along with the return of former captain Barry Ferguson after a spell in England with Blackburn Rovers . The club 's league championship triumph culminated in a dramatic final - day finish . The destination of the trophy changed unexpectedly , with Celtic conceding late goals to Motherwell at Fir Park whilst Rangers led against Hibernian , requiring the helicopter carrying the SPL trophy to change direction and deliver the prize to the Easter Road ground in Leith . Despite beginning as favourites to retain the championship , Rangers suffered an unprecedented run of poor results between September and November , a club - record run of ten games without a win . Included within this period , a 1 -- 1 draw with Inter Milan took Rangers into the last 16 of the Champions League , the first Scottish team to achieve the feat since 1993 , the club eventually exiting on the away goals rule to Villarreal . On 9 February 2006 , it was announced by David Murray that McLeish would be standing down as manager at the end of that season . Paul Le Guen and Walter Smith 's return Card display at Ibrox to welcome Paul Le Guen Frenchman Paul Le Guen replaced Alex McLeish as manager after season 2005 -- 06 . The season started with an early exit from the League Cup whilst Celtic built a commanding lead at the top of the table . In the UEFA Cup , Rangers became the first Scottish side to qualify for the last 32 of the competition , since the introduction of the group phase , after finishing their group unbeaten . However , amid claims of disharmony between the manager and captain Barry Ferguson , it was announced on 4 January 2007 that Le Guen had left Rangers by mutual consent . On 10 January 2007 , former boss Walter Smith resigned from his post as Scotland manager to return to the Ibrox helm , with Ally McCoist as assistant manager . The 2008 UEFA Cup Final in Manchester which Rangers contested . The following season Rangers contested the UEFA Cup after dropping into the competition from the Champions League . The club reached the final , defeating Panathinaikos , Werder Bremen , Sporting Lisbon and Fiorentina along the way . The final in Manchester against Zenit St. Petersburg , who were managed by former Rangers manager Dick Advocaat , ended in a 2 -- 0 defeat . An estimated 200,000 supporters travelled to Manchester for the event , and some disorder occurred . The 2008 -- 09 season saw Rangers recover from an early exit from the UEFA Champions League to FBK Kaunas of Lithuania . The club secured its 52nd league championship on the last day of the season with a 3 -- 0 victory at Dundee United . Rangers also successfully defended the Scottish Cup , a 33rd competition triumph , defeating Falkirk 1 -- 0 in the final . The 2009 -- 10 season saw Rangers reach their fifth consecutive domestic final : against St Mirren in the Scottish League Cup , the club overcame a two - men deficit from red cards , a late deciding goal from Kenny Miller securing a record 27th victory in the competition . The league championship title was retained , with three matches remaining , at Easter Road , defeating Hibernian 1 -- 0 with a Kyle Lafferty goal . The 2010 -- 11 season , Smith 's final season in charge , saw Rangers retain the League Cup , defeating Celtic at Hampden with a Nikica Jelavić goal in extra time . A third consecutive title was won by beating Kilmarnock 5 -- 1 on the last day of the season , Smith 's final match in charge of the club . Ally McCoist , insolvency and the lower leagues Ally McCoist took over from Walter Smith in June 2011 but season 2011 -- 12 started with Rangers eliminated from two European competitions before the end of August : losing to Swedish side Malmö FF in the Champions League third round qualifying match , and to Slovenian side Maribor in a Europa League qualifying match . While good league form saw Rangers in top spot after being unbeaten for the first 15 games , they were knocked out of the League Cup by Falkirk and the Scottish Cup by Dundee Utd at Ibrox . Rangers was placed into administration on 14 February 2012 resulting in the club being deducted 10 points as per SPL rules . Though Rangers avoided having Celtic win the championship at Ibrox on 25 March by winning the game 3 -- 2 , Rangers ultimately finished 20 points behind Celtic in second place . On 1 June 2012 , after four months in administration , a failure to reach a CVA agreement with creditors led to The Rangers Football Club plc ( since renamed RFC 2012 plc ) entering the process of liquidation . The administrators completed a sale of the business and assets to a new company , Sevco Scotland Ltd , which later renamed itself The Rangers Football Club Ltd . The new company failed to secure the transfer of Rangers ' previous place in the Scottish Premier League , but were later accepted into the Scottish Football League . Rangers were awarded associate membership and placed in the lowest division , the Third , rather than the First Division as the SPL and SFA had sought . The transfer of Rangers ' SFA membership was agreed by the SFA upon acceptance of a number of conditions , including a one - year transfer ban , in time for the club to begin the 2012 -- 13 season . With most key first team players having refused to transfer to the new company , a very different Rangers team lined up for the first league match in Third Division . Despite this , Rangers secured a comfortable 5 -- 1 victory over East Stirlingshire in front of a crowd of 49,118 , a world record for a football match in a fourth tier league . Away from home , Rangers started their league campaign with three successive draws before losing 1 -- 0 to Stirling Albion , at the time the bottom club . Rangers were defeated in the third round of the Scottish Challenge Cup by Queen of the South at Ibrox , in the quarter - finals of the Scottish League Cup at home to Inverness Caledonian Thistle and in the fifth round of the Scottish Cup by Dundee United . Rangers beat their own new record against Queens Park with an attendance of 49,463 and again against Stirling Albion with an attendance of 49,913 . Rangers clinched the Third Division title on 30 March after a goalless draw at Montrose . Apart from being defeated 2 -- 1 by Forfar Athletic in the first round of the League Cup on 3 August , season 2013 -- 14 got off to an excellent start with Rangers winning maximum league points in their first 15 games in League One , before being held to a draw at home by Stranraer on Boxing Day 2013 . Rangers secured the League One title and promotion to Scottish football 's second tier on 12 March 2014 and went on to end the season unbeaten in league football . Rangers also reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in which they lost to Raith Rovers and the semi-final of the Scottish Cup , in which they lost 3 -- 1 at Ibrox to Dundee United . Playing in the Scottish Championship in season 2014 -- 15 provided Rangers with a more difficult challenge , with the club losing home and away to both Hibernian and Hearts and also losing away to Queen of the South in the first half of the season . Rangers also failed to beat Alloa either home or away in the league before losing 3 -- 2 to Alloa in the semi-final of the Scottish Challenge Cup . Amid mounting criticism , McCoist submitted his resignation intending to honour his 12 months notice period but was placed on ' gardening leave ' and replaced by Kenny McDowall on a caretaker basis . McDowall remained in charge for just three months before resigning in March 2015 . During his time in charge , Rangers won just three matches . Rangers then named former player Stuart McCall as their third manager of the season for the remaining fixtures . Under McCall , Rangers finished third in the league and then reached the Premiership play - off final , which they lost 6 -- 1 on aggregate to Motherwell . Return to the top League In June 2015 it was announced that Mark Warburton had been appointed manager on a three - year deal . Rangers went on to win the 2015 -- 16 Scottish Championship and automatic promotion to the Scottish Premiership , ending their four - year stint in the lower divisions . The club also reached the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , beating Old Firm rivals Celtic in the semi-final at Hampden , before losing to Hibernian in the final . After a poor first half of the 2016 -- 17 season , Mark Warburton and David Weir left Rangers on 10 February 2017 , and Graeme Murty was placed in caretaker control of the Rangers first team . Pedro Caixinha eventually took over as permanent manager . Caixinha 's first full season started with Rangers suffering one of the worst results in their history . After winning 1 - 0 at Ibrox , Rangers lost 2 -- 0 to Luxembourg minnows Progrès Niederkorn , resulting in Rangers being knocked out 2 -- 1 on aggregate in the first qualifying round of the 2017 -- 18 Europa League . Progrès had never before won a tie and had only ever scored once before in European competition . After that disappointing start to the season the form did not improve , with notable results including a 2 -- 0 reverse to Celtic at home in the league and defeat to Motherwell in the Scottish League Cup semi-final by the same scoreline . On 26 October , a day after a 95th - minute equaliser at Ibrox by last - placed Kilmarnock saw Rangers draw 1 -- 1 , Caixinha was sacked and Graeme Murty took over as caretaker manager again . The Portuguese manager 's reign was described as `` a desperate mess from start to finish '' . In late December , after a search for a more experienced manager proved unsuccessful , including a failed attempt to appoint Aberdeen manager Derek McInnes , Murty ( who had won back - to - back games over Aberdeen and also defeated Hibernian away from home during his interim spell ) was appointed to the role until the end of the season . On 1 May 2018 , Murty 's second spell in charge ended prematurely when he was sacked as manager following a 5 -- 0 defeat to Celtic which resulted in Celtic winning their 7th consecutive league title . Rangers again ended the season in 3rd place , behind Celtic and Aberdeen for the second year in a row . On 4 May 2018 , former Liverpool and England captain Steven Gerrard was confirmed as the new manager of Rangers on a four - year contract . Gerrard 's era started successfully with Rangers defeating Macedonian club FK Shkupi 2 -- 0 in the first leg of the first qualifying round of the Europa League at home on 12 July and then drawing 0 -- 0 in Macedonia in the second leg , to advance to the second qualifying round . In Gerrard 's first domestic match on 5 August , the Light Blues drew 1 -- 1 away to Aberdeen in the Premiership . Crest and colours Crest Unusually for a football club , Rangers have two different official crests . Today the original scroll crest appears on the club 's strips whereas the lion rampant club crest is used by the media , on club merchandise and on official club documents . Both crests have undergone minor variations since their introduction . It is believed that the scroll crest , representing the letters RFC overlapping , has been used since the club 's formation in 1872 , although the oldest remaining piece of memorabilia containing this crest is from the 1881 -- 82 season . The scroll crest was replaced in 1959 with the lion rampant club crest which featured a lion rampant , an old - style football and the club 's motto Ready , which was shortened from Aye Ready ( meaning Always Ready in Scots ) , all surrounded by the team name , Rangers Football Club . The lion rampant club crest was modernised in 1968 ; the lion rampant , team name , club motto and old style football all remained . It was again updated ever so slightly in the early 1990s to the current version . The modern circular crest is regularly used on club merchandise and by the media ; it has never featured prominently on the club strip . In 1968 the scroll crest made a return appearing on the chest of the club shirt for the first time while the modernised club crest was still the club 's official logo . The scroll crest first appeared on the teams shorts for the start of the 1978 -- 79 season . Club crest evolution Lion rampant club crest 1959 -- 1968 . Never appeared on the shirt . Lion rampant club crest 1968 -- 1991 . Never appeared on the shirt . The current lion rampant club crest . Never appeared on the shirt . The way the scroll crest has appeared on the club shirt has varied slightly through the years . Between 1990 and 1994 ' Rangers Football Club ' and the ' Ready ' motto appeared above and below the Crest respectively . Between 1997 and 1999 the scroll crest featured within a shield . After a successful end to the season in 2003 , which delivered Rangers a Domestic Treble and their 50th league title ; five stars were added to the top of the scroll crest , one for every ten titles won by the club . The team wore a special crest on 8 December 2012 in a home league match against Stirling Albion , to commemorate the 140th anniversary of their formation . ' 1872 -- 2012 ' appeared above the scroll crest with the words ' 140 years ' featuring below . Kit crest evolution Scroll crest . Appeared on the chest of the Rangers shirt since 1968 . Scroll crest with 5 stars . Worn on the Rangers shirt since 2003 . Colours The club colours of Rangers F.C. are royal blue , white and red . However , for the majority of the first forty - eight years of Rangers existence the club played in a plain lighter blue home shirt . The only deviation from this was a four - season period from 1879 when the side wore the lighter shade of blue and white in a hooped style . Traditionally this is accompanied by white shorts ( often with royal blue and / or red trim ) and black socks with red turn - downs . Rangers moved from the lighter shade of blue to royal blue in 1921 , and have had a royal blue home shirt every year since . Black socks were first included in 1883 for five seasons before disappearing for eight years but became a more permanent fixture from 1896 onwards . When the red turn - downs were added to the socks in 1904 , the strip began to look more like the modern day Rangers home kit . Occasionally the home kit will be altered by the shorts and socks , sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones ; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks . The basic design of Rangers away strips has changed far more than the traditional home strip . Rangers original change strip , used between 1876 and 1879 , was all white featuring blue and white hooped socks and a light blue six pointed star on the chest . White and red have been the most common colours for Rangers alternate strips , though dark and light blue have also featured highly . In 1994 Rangers introduced a third kit . This is usually worn if both the home and away kits clash with their opponents . The colours used in the third kits have included combinations of white , red , dark and light blue as well as black . Orange and blue change strips , first seen in 1993 -- 94 , worn once in 2002 -- 03 and reintroduced in 2018 -- 19 , have courted controversy because the colours were seen as referencing the Orange Order . Selection of Rangers kits through history The blue shirt , white shorts and blue & white hooped socks . Worn 1873 -- 1879 A change kit featuring a white top . Worn 1916 -- 1918 , 1921 -- 1932 and 1933 -- 1934 The blue shirt , white shorts and black socks . Worn 1883 -- 1888 and 1896 -- 1904 The royal blue shirt with white collar and black socks with red tops . Worn 1921 -- 1957 The royal blue shirt and red socks with white tops . Worn 1968 -- 1973 and 2012 -- 2013 The royal blue shirt and black socks with red tops . Worn 1958 -- 1968 and 1973 -- 1978 Sponsors and manufacturers Since 1978 when Rangers signed a deal with Umbro they have had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1984 have had a kit sponsor . When Rangers played French sides AJ Auxerre and RC Strasbourg in the 1996 -- 97 Champions League and the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup respectively , due to a French ban on alcohol advertising the team wore the logo of Center Parcs instead of McEwan 's Lager . Later matches played in France ( when the club was sponsored by Carling ) saw the club have no shirt sponsor at all , versus AJ Auxerre in November 2006 and Olympique Lyonnais in October 2007 . The following tables detail the shirt sponsors and kit suppliers of Rangers by year : Kit suppliers Dates Supplier 1978 -- 1990 Umbro 1990 -- 1992 Admiral 1992 -- 1997 Adidas 1997 -- 2002 Nike 2002 -- 2005 Diadora 2005 -- 2013 Umbro 2013 -- 2018 Puma 2018 -- Present Hummel Front of shirt sponsors Dates Sponsor 1984 -- 1987 CR Smith 1987 -- 1999 McEwan 's Lager 1999 -- 2003 NTL 2003 -- 2010 Carling 2010 -- 2013 Tennent 's 2013 -- 2014 Blackthorn 2014 -- Present 32Red Back of shirt sponsors Dates Sponsor 2017 -- 2018 Utilita Stadium and training facility Main articles : Ibrox Stadium and Rangers Training Centre The club used a variety of grounds in Glasgow as a venue for home matches in the years between 1872 and 1899 . The first was Flesher 's Haugh , situated on Glasgow Green , followed by Burnbank in the Kelvinbridge area of the city , and then Kinning Park for ten years from the mid-1870s to the mid-1880s . From February of the 1886 -- 87 season , Cathkin Park was used until the first Ibrox Park , in the Ibrox area of south - west Glasgow , was inaugurated for the following season . Ibrox Stadium in its current incarnation was originally designed by the architect Archibald Leitch , a Rangers fan who also played a part in the design of , among others , Old Trafford in Manchester and Highbury in London . The stadium was inaugurated on 30 December 1899 , and Rangers defeated Hearts 3 -- 1 in the first match held there . A panorama of Ibrox Stadium from the Broomloan Road End . This picture was taken during the first match of the 2011 -- 12 SPL season , Rangers vs Heart of Midlothian . Rangers ' training facility is located in Auchenhowie , Glasgow ; it is named Murray Park ( since renamed ) after former chairman and owner Sir David Murray . It was proposed by then - manager Dick Advocaat upon his arrival at the club in 1998 . It was completed in 2001 at a cost of £ 14 million . The training centre was the first purpose - built facility of its kind in Scotland , and incorporates features including nine football pitches , a gym , a hydrotherapy pool , and a video - editing suite . Rangers ' youth teams are also accommodated at the centre , with around 140 players between under - 10 and under - 19 age groups using the facilities . International club teams playing in Scotland , as well as national sides , have previously used the centre for training , and Advocaat 's South Korea team used it for training prior to the 2006 World Cup . Supporters Main article : Rangers F.C. supporters See also : Club 1872 , Rangers Fans Fighting Fund , and 2008 UEFA Cup Final riots Rangers are one of the best supported clubs in Europe , the figure for the 2017 -- 18 season being in the 20 largest home league attendances in Europe . The club 's website lists over 150 supporters ' clubs in Great Britain and Northern Ireland , with 95 further clubs spread across over 20 countries around the world . One of Hong Kong 's most popular football clubs Hong Kong Rangers F.C. was set up by an expatriate fan . Rangers fans have contributed to several records for high attendances , including the highest home attendance for a league fixture , 118,567 on 2 January 1939 . Rangers record highest attendance was against Hibernian on 27 March 1948 in the Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park . Rangers beat Hibernian 1 -- 0 in front of a packed 143,570 crowd . In 2008 , up to 200,000 Rangers supporters , many without match tickets , travelled to Manchester for the UEFA Cup Final . Despite most supporters behaving `` impeccably '' , Rangers fans were involved in serious trouble and rioting . A minority of fans rioted in the city centre , clashing violently with police and damaging property , resulting in 42 being arrested for a variety of offences . A panorama of Rangers supporters at the 2008 UEFA Cup final , in the Piccadilly Gardens fan zone . This picture was taken during the day , before the match against Zenit Saint Petersburg on 14 May 2008 . Rivalries Rangers fans ( right ) at an Old Firm match away to Celtic in 2004 . The club 's most distinct rivalry is with Glasgow neighbours Celtic F.C. ; the two clubs are collectively known as the Old Firm . Rangers ' traditional support is largely drawn from the Protestant Unionist community , whilst Celtic 's traditional support is largely drawn from the Catholic community . The first Old Firm match was won by Celtic and there have been over four hundred matches played to date . The Old Firm rivalry has fuelled many assaults , sometimes leading to deaths , on Old Firm derby days ; an activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends , admissions to hospital emergency rooms have increased over normal levels and journalist Franklin Foer noted that in the period from 1996 to 2003 , eight deaths in Glasgow were directly linked to Old Firm matches , as well as hundreds of assaults . The bitter rivalry with Aberdeen developed following an incident in the 1979 League Cup final when Rangers ' Derek Johnstone provoked the fury of the Dons support with what they believed was a blatant dive but which resulted in the dismissal of Aberdeen 's Doug Rougvie and a Rangers victory . Then , the following season , Aberdeen 's John McMaster had to be given the kiss of life at Ibrox after a vicious stamp on his throat . Relations between fans were further soured during a league match on 8 October 1988 , when Aberdeen player Neil Simpson 's tackle on Rangers ' Ian Durrant resulted in Durrant being injured for two years . Resentment continued and in 1998 an article in Rangers match programme branded Aberdeen fans `` scum '' , although Rangers later issued a `` full and unreserved apology '' to Aberdeen and their supporters , which was accepted by Aberdeen . Fixtures have been described as `` even more of a powderkeg than Old Firm games '' . Rangers ' relaunch in the Third Division in the 2012 -- 13 season led to the club 's original rivalry with Queen 's Park being renewed for the first time since 1958 in the league . Rangers and Queen 's Park first played each other in March 1879 , some nine years before the start of the Old Firm rivalry . Matches with Queen 's Park were advertised as the `` Original Glasgow Derby '' by Rangers and the Scottish media ; and as the `` Oldest Derby in the World '' by Queen 's Park . Sectarianism Main article : Sectarianism in Glasgow During the 19th century , many immigrants came to Glasgow from Ireland -- this was a time of considerable anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment in Scotland . The early success of Celtic , a club associated with the Irish and Catholic community , has been described as sharpening Rangers ' Protestant Unionist identity , contributing to the eventual absence of openly Catholic players from the team . From the early 20th century onwards , Catholics were not knowingly signed by the club , nor employed in other prominent roles as an ' unwritten rule ' . In 1989 , Rangers signed Mo Johnston , `` their first major Roman Catholic signing '' . Johnston was the first high - profile Catholic to sign for the club since the World War I era , though other Catholics had signed for Rangers before . Since Johnston 's signing , an influx of overseas footballers has contributed to Catholic players becoming commonplace at Rangers . In 1999 , Lorenzo Amoruso became the first Catholic captain of the club . Rangers partnered with Celtic to form the Old Firm Alliance , an initiative aimed at educating children from across Glasgow about issues like healthy eating and fitness , as well as awareness of anti-social behaviour , sectarianism and racism . The club 's Follow With Pride campaign was launched in 2007 to improve the club 's image and build on previous anti-sectarian and anti-racist campaigns . William Gaillard , UEFA 's Director of Communications , commended the SFA and Scottish clubs , including Rangers , for their actions in fighting discrimination . In September 2007 , UEFA praised Rangers for the measures the club has taken against sectarianism . However , sectarian chanting by supporters has continued to incur criticism and sanctions upon the club as well as convictions against individuals identified . In 1999 , the vice-chairman of The Rangers Football Club Ltd , Donald Findlay , resigned after being filmed singing sectarian songs during a supporters club event . UEFA 's Control and Disciplinary Body has punished Rangers for incidents during European ties , most notably Villarreal in 2006 , Osasuna in 2007 , and PSV Eindhoven in 2011 . In 2013 , allegations were made that members of the armed forces were involved in sectarian singing at Ibrox at a weekend set up by the club to celebrate the British armed forces . In February 2015 , following sectarian singing from Rangers fans at a match at Raith Rovers , the SPFL came in for criticism for their failure or inability to deal with the issue . The police and courts are taking action , however , as Rangers fans are being charged , convicted and jailed for sectarian behaviour . Friendships The fans of Rangers F.C. have a fan - friendship with the German club Hamburger SV , dating from the 1970s when Scots moved to the German port in search of work and reinforced by their shared affection for the midfielder Jörg Albertz . Ownership and finances Main articles : Ownership of Rangers F.C. and Administration and liquidation of The Rangers Football Club Plc Incorporation to limited company and then to a plc Rangers Football Club incorporated on 27 May 1899 , forming The Rangers Football Club Ltd . No single shareholding exceeded 50 % until 1985 when the Lawrence Group increased its shareholding in Rangers to a 52 % majority , following a deal with then club vice-chairman Jack Gillespie . In November 1988 , head of the Lawrence Group Lawrence Marlborough sold out to David Murray for £ 6 million . In 2000 , David Murray decided to list the company on the stock exchange , making it a public limited company . The name of the company was therefore changed to The Rangers Football Club plc . Craig Whyte , administration and liquidation On 6 May 2011 , Craig Whyte bought David Murray 's shares for £ 1 . On 13 February 2012 , Whyte filed legal papers at the Court of Session giving notice of his intention to appoint administrators . The next day , The Rangers Football Club plc -- which was subsequently renamed RFC 2012 plc -- entered administration over non-payment of £ 9 million in PAYE and VAT taxes to HM Revenue and Customs . In April the administrators estimated that the club 's total debts could top £ 134m which was largely dependent on the outcome of a First Tier Tax Tribunal concerning a disputed tax bill in relation to an Employee Benefit Trust ( `` EBT '' ) scheme employed by the club since 2001 . However , on 20 November 2012 , the Tribunal ruled in favour of Rangers . Had that decision been upheld the tax bill could have been significantly reduced from an estimated £ 74m to under £ 2m . An Upper Tribunal upheld the decision in 2014 . HMRC then appealed to the Court of Session , which ruled in November 2015 that Rangers should have paid tax and national insurance on the EBT payments . On 25 June 2012 , the Crown Office asked Strathclyde Police to investigate the purchase of Rangers and the club 's subsequent financial management during Whyte 's tenure . Charles Green agreed a deal with the administrators of The Rangers Football Club plc to purchase the company for £ 8.5 million if a proposed CVA was agreed or to purchase its business and assets for a £ 5.5 million if the proposed CVA were to be rejected . On 14 June 2012 , the formal rejection of the proposed CVA meant that the company would enter the liquidation process . The accountancy firm BDO were appointed to reveal why the company running the club failed . Current ownership Hours after the CVA 's rejection , a new company formed by Charles Green 's consortium , Sevco Scotland Ltd , completed the purchase of the business and assets of The Rangers Football Club Plc . The new company formally applied to acquire the SPL share of The Rangers Football Club plc on 18 June 2012 but , on 4 July , SPL clubs voted by 10 -- 1 to reject the application . Kilmarnock abstained and the old Rangers company voted in favour . Thereafter , an application to the Scottish Football League was successful with Rangers securing associate membership on 13 July 2012 at an SFL meeting by a vote of 29 -- 1 . The SFL member clubs voted that Rangers should enter the fourth tier of Scottish Football , Scottish Third Division for the 2012 -- 13 season , rather than the Scottish First Division . An application was made for a transfer of SFA membership on 29 June 2012 , with the new company applying for the transfer of the membership of The Rangers Football Club plc . Agreement was reached on the transfer with the new company accepting a number of conditions relating to the old company . At the end of 2012 , Rangers International Football Club plc became the holding company for the group , having acquired The Rangers Football Club Ltd on the basis of a one for one share exchange . Social responsibility Support for charities Main article : Rangers Charity Foundation The Rangers Charity Foundation was created in 2002 and participates in a wide range of charitable work , regularly involving Rangers staff and star players . The foundation also has partnerships with UNICEF , The Prostate Cancer Charity and Erskine , and is responsible for over £ 2.3 million in donations . As well as fundraising , the Rangers Charity Foundation regularly bring sick , disabled and disadvantaged children to attend matches and tours at Ibrox , with the chance to meet the players . Through its support of the Rangers Charity Foundation , the club has helped a number of charities with support and financial donations . In 2008 , the club became the first Scottish side to be selected as a partner club of UNICEF . The club 's Charity Foundation has backed initiatives in Togo and India as well as funding one million vaccinations for a children 's vaccination programme . The club has been a firm supporter of Erskine , a charity which provides long - term medical care for veterans of the British Armed Forces , and in 2012 , donated £ 25,000 to fund projects within their care homes . In January 2015 , Rangers hosted a charity match for the benefit of former player Fernando Ricksen who had been diagnosed with Motor neurone disease and this raised £ 320,000 for him and MND Scotland . Work in the community Alongside its work with numerous charities , the club and its Charity Foundation operate various initiatives within the community including courses to help Armed Forces veterans overcome addictions , to raise awareness of social issues and help unemployed people back into work . In October 2015 , the club launched its Ready2Succeed programme which was a ten - week course designed to develop participants confidence and employability skills by engaging with football and fitness . Rangers first - team players also visit the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow every year during the festive period where they hand out presents to the children and donate money to the hospital activity fund . Popular culture This section contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( April 2018 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2002 former Rangers striker Ally McCoist starred in Robert Duvall 's film A Shot at Glory as Jackie McQuillan where he would play against Rangers in the Scottish Cup Final for `` Kilnockie F.C. '' , a fictional side . In 2003 a Scottish television documentary series filmed by BBC Scotland , Blue Heaven , followed aspiring young footballers at Rangers as they tried to forge a career in football . The series was originally broadcast in the winter of 2003 with a follow up episode in 2011 . In 2008 chef Gordon Ramsay returned to Rangers , the club he played for as a youth , to teach them how to cook in Series 4 , Episode 12 of The F Word . The club featured on BBC Scotland comedy Scotch and Wry in 1979 in a scene where Manager ( Rikki Fulton ) and Chief Scout ( Gregor Fisher ) unknowingly sign a young Catholic footballer ( Gerard Kelly ) but then try to void his contract to avoid publicly breaking the clubs `` No Catholic '' signing policy after finding out . Scottish comedian and boyhood Rangers supporter Lex McLean also mentioned Rangers in many of his sketches with BBC Scotland on his comedy series television show , Lex and Lex Again in the 1960s and The Lex McLean Show in 1972 . Owing to the notoriety of the `` Rangers Inter City Firm '' , a football firm associated with the club , Rangers have also featured in TV Documentaries and books about football hooliganism , including Series 1 Episode 5 of The Real Football Factories presented by English actor Danny Dyer on Bravo in 2006 where he visits his first Old Firm match and meets football casuals from Rangers , Celtic , Aberdeen , Hibernian , Dundee United and Dundee . Rangers have appeared in theatre a number of times in shows such as Follow Follow : The Rangers Story at the King 's Theatre in 1994 starring Scottish actors Barbara Rafferty , Alexander Morton , Jonathan Watson , Iain Robertson , Ronnie Letham and Stuart Bowman ; The Bigot at the Pavilion Theatre in 1996 , Singin ' I 'm No A Billy He 's A Tim at the Pavilion Theatre in 2009 , Divided City at the Citizens Theatre in 2011 and most recently , Billy and Tim and the Wee Glesga Ghost at the Pavilion Theatre in 2015 . The Hymn `` Follow On '' , also known in certain cases as `` Down in the Valley with My Saviour I Would Go '' or `` I Will Follow Jesus '' written by William Orcutt Cushing has been adopted as the anthem of Rangers , in their club song `` Follow Follow '' . The club has also adopted the anthem of `` The Best '' written by Mike Chapman and Holly Knight for when Rangers and the opposition team come onto the Ibrox pitch before kick off . Records Main article : List of Rangers F.C. records and statistics Club Record league percentage win 100 % 1898 -- 99 Highest Ever Attendance 143,570 vs Hibernian , 27 March 1948 British record home Attendance 118,567 vs Celtic , 2 January 1939 Highest European Attendance 100,000 vs Dynamo Kyiv , 16 September 1987 World record fourth tier Attendance 50,048 vs Berwick Rangers , 4 May 2013 Highest scoring match 14 -- 2 vs Whitehill , 29 September 1883 14 -- 2 vs Blairgowrie , 20 January 1934 Record league victory 10 -- 0 vs Hibernian , 24 December 1898 World record league titles won 54 World record trebles won 7 World record trophies won 119 Player Record appearances Dougie Gray , 940 appearances , 1925 -- 1947 Most league appearances Sandy Archibald , 513 appearances , 1917 -- 1934 Record goalscorer Jimmy Smith , 381 goals , 1929 -- 1946 Most league goals Jimmy Smith , 300 goals , 1929 -- 1946 Most Scotland caps whilst playing at Rangers Ally McCoist , 61 caps , 1983 -- 1998 Players First team squad As of 9 August 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Allan McGregor DF James Tavernier ( captain ) MF Graham Dorrans 5 DF Lee Wallace 6 DF Connor Goldson ( vice-captain ) 7 FW Jamie Murphy 8 MF Ryan Jack 9 FW Umar Sadiq ( on loan from Roma ) 10 MF Ovie Ejaria ( on loan from Liverpool ) 13 GK Wes Foderingham 14 MF Ryan Kent ( on loan from Liverpool ) 15 DF Jon Flanagan 16 MF Andy Halliday 17 MF Ross McCrorie 18 MF Jordan Rossiter 19 DF Nikola Katić No . Position Player 20 FW Alfredo Morelos 21 MF Daniel Candeias 23 MF Lassana Coulibaly ( on loan from Angers ) 25 GK Jak Alnwick 26 DF Lee Hodson 28 GK Robby McCrorie 29 FW Zak Rudden 30 DF Kyle Bradley 31 DF Borna Barišić 33 MF Jamie Barjonas 36 DF Myles Beerman 37 MF Scott Arfield 39 MF Liam Burt 40 MF Glenn Middleton 45 FW Serge Atakayi On loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 22 MF Greg Docherty ( on loan at Shrewsbury Town until 31 May 2019 ) 24 DF Aidan Wilson ( on loan at Forfar Athletic until 31 December 2018 ) MF Jason Holt ( on loan at Fleetwood Town until 31 May 2019 ) MF Carlos Peña ( on loan at Necaxa until 31 December 2018 ) No . Position Player FW Joe Dodoo ( on loan at Blackpool until 31 May 2019 ) FW Ryan Hardie ( on loan at Livingston until 31 May 2019 ) FW Eduardo Herrera ( on loan at Santos Laguna until 31 May 2019 ) Academy squads For more details on the academy squads , see Rangers F.C. Under - 20s and Academy . Retired and reserved numbers Main article : Retired numbers in football Number 12 is reserved for the fans ( often referred to as the 12th man ) Staff Board of Directors Rangers F.C. is owned and operated by The Rangers Football Club Limited ( `` TRFCL '' ) , which , in turn , is a subsidiary of the holding company Rangers International Football Club Plc ( `` RIFC '' ) . The latter company , RIFC , also owns other corporations related to Rangers including Rangers Retail Ltd , Rangers Media Ltd and Garrion Security Services Ltd who are responsible for providing match day security at Ibrox Stadium . As of 1 June 2018 Rangers International Football Club Plc Position Name Chairman Dave King Deputy Chairman Douglas Park Company Secretary James Blair Non-Executive Director John Bennett Non-Executive Director Alastair Johnston Non-Executive Director Graeme Park The Rangers Football Club Ltd Position Name Managing Director Stewart Robertson Company Secretary James Blair Director of Finance and Administration Andrew Dickson First team staff As of 6 July 2018 Position Name Manager Steven Gerrard Assistant Manager Gary McAllister First Team Coach Michael Beale Technical Coach Tom Culshaw Goalkeeping Coach Colin Stewart Director of Football Mark Allen Head of Scouting Andy Scoulding Club Scouts John Brown Billy McLaren David Swanick Scouting Coordinator Rob Clarkson Club Doctor Dr Mark Waller Head of Performance Jordan Milsom Head of Preparation Craig Flannigan Head of Strength and Conditioning Paraskevas Polychronopoulos Physiotherapist Steve Walker Masseur David Lavery Kit Executive Jimmy Bell Club staff As of 1 June 2018 Position Name Honorary Life President John Greig Club Ambassadors Richard Gough Mark Hateley Derek Johnstone Head of Commercial Scott Steedman Supporters Liaison Officer Greg Marshall Team managers For a list of team managers , see List of Rangers F.C. managers . Only 17 men have been manager of Rangers during the club 's 146 - year history . 9 men have taken charge of the side on a caretaker basis , while 5 men served as Secretaries choosing the team , prior to the appointment of the club 's first manager William Wilton in 1899 . The longest serving manager was Bill Struth who served for 34 years and 26 days . Rangers have had three foreign managers during their history ; Dick Advocaat ( 1 June 1998 to 12 December 2001 ) , Paul Le Guen ( 9 May 2006 to 4 January 2007 ) and Pedro Caixinha ( 11 March 2017 to 26 October 2017 ) . Graeme Souness is the only player - manager during Rangers ' history . The most successful manager in terms of the number of trophies won is Bill Struth with 18 League titles , 10 Scottish Cups and two League Cups , but the most successful manager in terms of trophies to time served is Walter Smith with seven league titles , three Scottish Cups and three League Cups in 7 years 42 days . Smith won three league titles , two Scottish Cups and three League Cups in the 4 years , 126 days of his second spell . Rangers ' other manager with notable success was William Waddell who won the European Cup Winner 's Cup during his 2 years and 175 - day stint . RFC managers Name Period William Wilton 1899 -- 1920 Bill Struth 1920 -- 1954 Scott Symon 1954 -- 1967 David White 1967 -- 1969 William Waddell 1969 -- 1972 Jock Wallace 1972 -- 1978 1983 -- 1986 John Greig 1978 -- 1983 Graeme Souness 1986 -- 1991 Walter Smith 1991 -- 1998 2007 -- 2011 Name Period Dick Advocaat 1998 -- 2001 Alex McLeish 2001 -- 2006 Paul Le Guen 2006 -- 2007 Ally McCoist 2011 -- 2014 Mark Warburton 2015 -- 2017 Pedro Caixinha 2017 Graeme Murty 2017 -- 2018 Steven Gerrard 2018 -- Honours See also : Reserves and Academy honours and Rangers F.C. honours in full As of June 2018 Domestic honours Scottish first - tier League Championships : 54 1890 -- 91 , 1898 -- 99 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1900 -- 01 , 1901 -- 02 , 1910 -- 11 , 1911 -- 12 , 1912 -- 13 , 1917 -- 18 , 1919 -- 20 , 1920 -- 21 , 1922 -- 23 , 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1926 -- 27 , 1927 -- 28 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1936 -- 37 , 1938 -- 39 , 1946 -- 47 , 1948 -- 49 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 , 1960 -- 61 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1986 -- 87 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Runners - up : ( 29 ) Scottish second - tier League Championships : 1 2015 -- 16 Scottish third - tier League Championships : 1 2013 -- 14 Scottish fourth - tier League Championships : 1 2012 -- 13 Scottish Cup : 33 1893 -- 94 , 1896 -- 97 , 1897 -- 98 , 1902 -- 03 , 1927 -- 28 , 1929 -- 30 , 1931 -- 32 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1935 -- 36 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1959 -- 60 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Runners - up : ( 17 ) Scottish League Cup : 27 1946 -- 47 , 1948 -- 49 , 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1970 -- 71 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1981 -- 82 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Runners - up : ( 7 ) Scottish Challenge Cup : 1 2015 -- 16 Runners - up : ( 1 ) European honours Main article : Rangers F.C. in European football European Cup Winners ' Cup : 1 1971 -- 72 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1960 -- 61 , 1966 -- 67 UEFA Cup : Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Super Cup : Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1972 Doubles and trebles League Title , Scottish Cup , League Cup : 7 1948 -- 49 , 1963 -- 64 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1992 -- 93 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 League Title and Scottish Cup : 11 1927 -- 28 , 1929 -- 30 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1962 -- 63 , 1991 -- 92 , 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 -- 09 League Title and League Cup : 10 1946 -- 47 , 1960 -- 61 , 1986 -- 87 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 , 2004 -- 05 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Scottish Cup and League Cup : 4 1961 -- 62 , 1978 -- 79 , 2001 -- 02 , 2007 -- 08 Notable Statistics Rangers became the first British side to reach a UEFA - sanctioned European final in 1961 . UEFA Club Coefficient Rankings As of 1 June 2018 Ranking Country Club 17 / 18 Points Total Points National Association Points 262 FC Dinamo Brest 0.500 0.500 3.725 263 FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk 0.250 3.250 3.725 264 St Johnstone F.C. 0.250 2.500 3.725 265 Rangers F.C. 0.250 0.250 3.725 266 FC Torpedo - BelAZ Zhodino 0.650 1.250 3.725 267 Hibernian F.C. 0.800 1.000 3.725 268 Heart of Midlothian F.C. 0.800 0.500 3.725 Notable former players Main article : List of Rangers F.C. players See also : List of Rangers F.C. international footballers and Rangers F.C. Hall of Fame Club captains For further information , see Rangers club captains RFC Captains Name Period Tom Vallance 1876 -- 1882 David Mitchell 1882 -- 1894 John McPherson 1894 -- 1898 Robert Hamilton 1898 -- 1906 Robert Campbell 1906 -- 1916 Tommy Cairns 1916 -- 1926 Bert Manderson 1926 -- 1927 Tommy Muirhead 1927 -- 1930 David Meiklejohn 1930 -- 1938 Jimmy Simpson 1938 -- 1940 Jock Shaw 1940 -- 1957 George Young 1953 -- 1957 Ian McColl 1957 -- 1960 Eric Caldow 1960 -- 1962 Bobby Shearer 1962 -- 1965 John Greig 1965 -- 1978 Derek Johnstone 1978 -- 1983 John McClelland 1983 -- 1984 Name Period Craig Paterson 1984 -- 1986 Terry Butcher 1986 -- 1990 Richard Gough 1990 -- 1997 1997 -- 1998 Brian Laudrup Lorenzo Amoruso 1998 -- 2000 Barry Ferguson 2000 -- 2003 2005 -- 2007 2007 -- 2009 Craig Moore 2003 -- 2004 Stefan Klos 2004 -- 2005 Gavin Rae 2007 David Weir 2009 -- 2012 Steven Davis 2012 Carlos Bocanegra 2012 Lee McCulloch 2012 -- 2015 Lee Wallace 2015 -- 2018 James Tavernier 2018 - Goram Gough Butcher Jardine Greig Gascoigne Baxter Laudrup Cooper McCoist Hateley The `` Greatest Ever '' Rangers 11 chosen by fans in 1999 . The manager chosen was Walter Smith . Greatest ever team The following team was voted the greatest ever Rangers team by supporters in 1999 . When the vote was launched it was feared that younger voters would ignore the great service of many of the pre-war stars ( notably the most successful captain and most successful manager the club has ever had , Davie Meiklejohn and Bill Struth respectively ) . When the ballot was launched Donald Findlay stated it would be limited to post Second World War players because `` few can recall players of these earlier eras '' : Andy Goram Sandy Jardine Richard Gough Terry Butcher John Greig -- Voted greatest ever Ranger Brian Laudrup -- Voted Rangers ' greatest ever foreign player Paul Gascoigne Jim Baxter -- Voted third greatest ever Ranger Davie Cooper Ally McCoist -- Voted second greatest ever Ranger Mark Hateley Scotland Football Hall of Fame As of 2018 , 29 players and managers to have been involved with Rangers in their careers have entered the Scottish Football Hall of Fame : John Greig -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Graeme Souness -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Sir Alex Ferguson -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Jim Baxter -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Willie Woodburn -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Alex McLeish -- 2005 Inductee Willie Waddell -- 2005 Inductee George Young -- 2005 Inductee Alan Morton -- 2005 Inductee Davie Cooper -- 2006 Inductee Brian Laudrup -- 2006 Inductee Sandy Jardine -- 2006 Inductee Willie Henderson -- 2006 Inductee Richard Gough -- 2006 Inductee Walter Smith -- 2007 Inductee Ally McCoist -- 2007 Inductee Eric Caldow -- 2007 Inductee Derek Johnstone -- 2008 Inductee Bill Struth -- 2008 Inductee David Meiklejohn -- 2009 Inductee Mo Johnston -- 2009 Inductee Andy Goram -- 2010 Inductee Robert Smyth McColl -- 2011 Inductee Terry Butcher -- 2011 Inductee Bob McPhail -- 2012 Inductee Scot Symon -- 2013 Inductee Davie Wilson -- 2014 Inductee Bobby Brown -- 2015 Inductee Jock Wallace -- 2016 Inductee Scotland roll of honour The Scotland national football team roll of honour recognises players who have gained 50 or more international caps for Scotland . The nine inductees to have won caps while playing for Rangers are : David Weir -- 2006 Inductee , 69 Caps Kenny Miller -- 2010 Inductee , 69 Caps Christian Dailly -- 2003 Inductee , 67 Caps Richard Gough -- 1990 Inductee , 61 Caps Ally McCoist -- 1996 Inductee , 61 Caps George Young -- 1956 Inductee , 54 Caps Graeme Souness -- 1985 Inductee , 54 Caps Colin Hendry -- 2001 Inductee , 51 Caps Alan Hutton -- 2016 Inductee , 50 Caps Scottish Sports Hall of Fame In the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame , 3 Rangers players have been selected , they are : Jim Baxter -- 2002 Inductee John Greig -- 2002 Inductee Ally McCoist -- 2007 Inductee Sponsors As of 31 July 2018 , Rangers are sponsored by : Official Club Sponsor -- 32Red Official Technical Kit Supplier -- Hummel Official Retail Partner -- Sports Direct Official Team Travel Partner - Thomas Cook Airlines Official Global Football Video Game Partner - Konami / Pro Evolution Soccer 2019 Official Soft Drink -- Coca - Cola Official Sports Drink -- Powerade Official Energy Partner -- Utilita Energy Official Insurance Partner -- Lifetime Protection Services Limited Official Tailors - Forbes Tailoring Official Vaping Partner -- Vapourized A full list of Rangers commercial partners and sponsors can be found on the official club website and in the Rangers matchday programme , available at every home game . See also Book : Rangers F.C. Football in Scotland References Jump up ^ However this attendance was unofficially exceeded prior to this match with 59,966 . But this attendance was not officially recorded . Jump up ^ Racism has been directed at players on the pitch at Rangers games , including at former Celtic player Bobo Balde . Jump up ^ Shared with Dumbarton F.C. after both clubs ended the season on 29 points . A play - off game at Cathkin Park on 21 May 1891 finished 2 -- 2 , so the clubs were declared joint champions . Jump up ^ Choices were limited to post World War II era players only . Jump up ^ THE RANGERS FOOTBALL CLUB LIMITED Company No . SC425159 Companies House . Retrieved 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Passion , pride , tradition and nastiness : Why Old Firm match is greatest derby in the world '' . Evening Times . 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Rivalries : Old Firm 's enduring appeal '' . FIFA. 16 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gammelsæter , Hallgeir ; Senaux , Benoit ( 2011 ) . The Organisation and Governance of Top Football Across Europe . Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 70533 - 5 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-22951447 Jump up ^ Paul Smith ( 2013 ) . Scotland Who 's Who : International Players 1872 -- 2013 . Pitch Publishing . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : `` 45,000 to see Rangers face blokes coming off night shift '' . Eurosport . Yahoo !. 17 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Founded : 1872 Biggest win : 10 -- 0 v Hibernian 1898 Most appearances : John Greig 755 ( 1960 -- 1978 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The on - field history of Rangers Football Club 1873 -- 2012 '' . BBC News . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The club 's origins date back to 1872 when Moses McNeil , his brother Peter , Peter Campbell and William McBeath formed their own team in Glasgow . The name Rangers was adopted from an English rugby club and the first game , against Callander FC , ended 0 -- 0 . The club 's official beginning came to be recognised as 1873 , when the first annual general meeting was held . By the time of the first Scottish Football League season in 1890 , Rangers had arrived at their current home of Ibrox , in the south east of Glasgow , via Burnbank and Kinning Park . Rangers finished joint top of the league with Dumbarton , and after a play - off ended 2 -- 2 , a decision was taken to share the title . This was the only time the league has ever been shared , and it marked the first senior honour for Rangers . Rangers won the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1894 , beating Celtic 3 -- 1 Three years later , the club recorded their first ever Scottish Cup win , beating Celtic 3 -- 1 in the 1894 final . Rangers won the trophy again in 1897 and 1898 with victories over Dumbarton and Kilmarnock . Jump up ^ `` Co founder of Glasgow Rangers Football Club , Rangers and Scotland Footballer -- a true Footballing Pioneer '' . Helensburgh Heroes . helensburghheroes.com . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . McNeil won two caps for Scotland , the first Ranger to represent his country , the first on 25 March 1876 in a 4 -- 0 win over Wales and the second on 13 March 1880 in a 5 -- 4 win over England , in which he played alongside his brother , Henry . Henry McNeil won a total of 10 caps for his country and scored 5 goals . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers History '' . Evening Times . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Rangers were born in March 1872 , after a group of teenage rowing enthusiasts watched a game of football in Glasgow Green . Brothers Peter and Moses McNeil and Peter Campbell and William McBeath got their heads together to give rise to the club , who played just two matches in their first year . It 's believed that Moses McNeil suggested the name ' Rangers ' after seeing it in a book about English rugby . The club played their first game in May 1872 at Flecher 's Haugh in Glasgow Green against Callander , a match that ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The year 1873 is the official founding of Rangers as that was the year the elected office bearers . The first time the club donned blue shirts was their second game , against Clyde ( not the present - day club ) and won it 11 -- 0 . Five years after their founding , Rangers made it to their first major cup final against Vale of Leven . The game was played at First Hampden Park and it finished 1 -- 1 so a replay beckoned . Rangers refused to turn up for the replay and Vale were awarded the cup . The teams met the following year in the Charity Cup . Rangers won 2 -- 1 and the Glasgow Merchants ' Charity Cup was the first major trophy to be won by the team . The 1890 -- 91 season saw the inception of the Scottish Football League , and Rangers were one of ten original members . Rangers ' first ever league match took place on 16 August 1890 and resulted in a 5 -- 2 victory over Hearts . After finishing equal - top with Dumbarton a play - off was held at Cathkin Park to decide the champions . The match finished 2 -- 2 and the title was shared for the only time in its history -- the first of Rangers ' 54 championships . Jump up ^ `` Summer Soccer & Football Camps train with the best teams in world football '' . football-soccer-camps.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . After joining , Rangers finally reached their first final of the Scottish Cup in 1877 but were not victorious . The eternal rivalry , known as the Old Firm , between the two Glaswegian city teams , Rangers and Celtic has been ongoing since the first Old Firm match in 1888 , in which Rangers lost 5 -- 2 in a friendly against the Celtic team which was largely made up of `` guest players '' from Hibernians . Jump up ^ `` The Founding of Celtic Football Club 1888 '' . BBC Scotland . November 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . It would be over six months later before the newly - constituted Celtic club played its first ever match , on 28 May 1888 which resulted in a 5 -- 2 win over Rangers , in what was called a ' friendly match ' . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . All those championships and cups would never have found their way into the Ibrox Trophy Room but for that encounter between Peter McNeil , his brother Moses , Peter Campbell and William McBeath . Their first match was an unlikely affair against Callander FC at Flesher 's Haugh on Glasgow Green . ... The result was 0 -- 0 , but that did n't matter . Rangers had been born . The name Rangers was adopted from an English rugby club . By their second fixture -- the only other they played that first year -- they had donned the light blue . It must have done the trick -- Rangers beat Clyde 11 -- 0 . By 1876 Rangers had their first international , Moses McNeil one of the four founders , who made his Scotland debut in a 4 -- 0 victory over Wales . The following year Rangers made the breakthrough reaching their first Scottish Cup Final . It took three matches to find a winner , and sadly it was their opponents Vale of Leven . After two drawn games , 0 -- 0 and 1 -- 1 , Rangers finally succumbed 3 -- 2 in the second replay . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers '' . Scottish Football League . July 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers FC '' . UEFA. 30 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Founded by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil , Peter Campbell and William McBeath , Rangers shared their first championship with Dumbarton FC in 1890 / 91 then beat Celtic FC 3 -- 1 to win their first Scottish Cup in 1894 , clinching their first title outright by winning every game of the 1898 / 99 campaign . William Struth 's 34 years as manager from 1920 onwards ushered in the club 's first golden era ; Rangers won 18 league championships , ten Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups under Struth , including Scotland 's first domestic treble in the 1948 / 49 season . In 1961 , Rangers became the first British club to reach the final of a UEFA competition when they got to the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final only to lose 4 -- 1 on aggregate to ACF Fiorentina ; they lost 1 -- 0 to FC Bayern München in the final of the same competition six years later before finally lifting the trophy in 1972 when beating FC Dinamo Moskva 3 -- 2 at the Camp Nou . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Roddy ( 22 September 2006 ) . `` A lot of bottle in Old Firm duels '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The record Old Firm gate at a club ground was set on 2 Jan 1939 by a crowd of 118,567 at Ibrox . Jump up ^ `` The Dominant Force '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Sadly , Wilton was not to enjoy this extraordinary success which saw Rangers take the title 15 times in 21 seasons . With the Championship back at Ibrox , Wilton -- the club 's first manager -- died the day after the last game of the season in May 1920 , drowning in a boating accident . Struth , who was appointed his successor , lived to become a legend . He managed the club for 34 years , winning a glittering array of trophies -- 18 League Championships , 10 Scottish Cups and two League Cups . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Scott ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` The Joy of Six : new year football fixtures '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . The humiliated Rangers boss that day was Scot Symon , so it is with a pleasing symmetry that Symon was a player in the other record victory in an Old Firm match . Because while Celtic 's 7 -- 1 win is the biggest win in official competition , Rangers went one better in an unofficial wartime Scottish Southern League ne'erday game between the two rivals in 1943 . An Ibrox crowd of just over 30,000 watched a strong Rangers side including Symon , George Young and the legendary winger Willie Waddell rattle up an 8 -- 1 victory . Jump up ^ `` About Scot Symon '' . in.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . He returned to Rangers just one year later where he would steer them to six league championships . He also took Rangers into European football for the first time reaching two Cup Winners Cup finals which was a fine achievement by losing in both finals Jump up ^ Stone , Colin ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Glasgow Rangers Players of All Time '' . Bleacher Report . pp. 2 -- 11 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Regarded as one of Scotland 's greatest ever players , Jim Baxter can also be counted amongst the Rangers ' greats for his terrific achievements in the ' 60s . `` Slim Jim '' joined the club in 1960 for £ 17,500 , a record at the time , and went on to win 10 trophies in the five years he spent in Scotland . Jump up ^ Ripley , Dan ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` CHAMPIONS LEAGUE LOWDOWN : The teams to avoid , plum picks and all you need to know about the group stage draw '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Rangers : Semi-finalists -- 1960 Lost to Eintracht Frankfurt 12 -- 4 on aggregate in what remains a record scoreline in a European Cup semi-final . Jump up ^ Baird , Stuart . `` ' And the cry was `` No Defenders '' ' The Museum of Scottish Football at Hampden Park , Glasgow `` . Culture Wars . Institute of Ideas . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Rangers were the first British team to reach a European final in 1961 Jump up ^ Womersley , Tara ( 19 June 2001 ) . `` Thousands pay tribute to victims of Ibrox disaster '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . David Murray , the chairman of Rangers , yesterday unveiled a bronze statue of John Greig , the captain who led his team against Celtic on the day of the accident . The statue lists the names of those who died in 1971 and 25 fans killed when wooden terraces collapsed during a match between Scotland and England in 1902 . Mr Greig then laid a wreath at the plinth of the statue . ... An inquiry , however , later discounted the theory and said that the crush was likely to have happened 10 minutes after the final whistle and to have been triggered by someone falling on the stairs . Jump up ^ `` Scotland XI vs Rangers / Celtic Select Official Programme of the Match '' . celticprogrammesonline.com. 27 January 1971 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Attendance : 81,405 Jump up ^ `` Destiny awaits Ibrox heroes '' . The Scotsman. 10 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . It is hard to take that after Celtic were able to celebrate as much as they liked in Lisbon , our club and supporters were denied a post-match presentation because the Spanish police completely misunderstood the fans ' on - field invasion at the end . I played with a stress fracture in my foot . A guy jumped on it late in the final and I ended up with another fracture on the other side , but the euphoria kept the pain away until I was called down to this little room to receive the trophy . It all passed in a blur , but I hobbled down there in agony with our manager Willie Waddell and a UEFA delegate and , in this cramped corner covered in Barcelona memorabilia , the delegate handed me the trophy and basically said : `` Here , take the cup Glasgow Rangers , now go away '' . When I got back to the dressing room all my team - mates were either in the bath or out of it . I felt sorry they did n't get to parade the trophy -- ultimately what we were playing for -- and even sorrier for all those people who had a paid a lot of money to travel to the Nou Camp and see that . Jump up ^ `` Rangers triumph in Europe 1972 '' . BBC Scotland . December 2005 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Rangers were handed a two - year ban by UEFA for their fans ' poor behaviour . Waddell succeeded in getting this reduced to one year , meaning Rangers could not defend their trophy . Waddell argued that the police had over-reacted , that the fans were drunk but not intent on violence , and that recent European finals had witnessed rejoicing Celtic , Bayern Munich and Ajax fans running on to the park and those occasions had been deemed acceptable . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup -- History '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Cup History And Archives '' . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . 122,714 supporters packed into Hampden on 5 May 1973 for the Scottish Cup Final between Rangers and Celtic . Jump up ^ McKinney , David ( 26 July 1996 ) . `` Obituary : Jock Wallace '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jock Wallace was a giant of Scottish football . No other description can do justice to the man who ended Celtic 's domination of the game in the 1970s and who , as manager , led Rangers to two domestic trebles within three years , the Glasgow club winning the League title , the League Cup and the Scottish Cup . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Graeme Souness -- Smith is simply the best boss in the modern Ibrox era '' . Daily Mail . 9 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . There will be no more fitting way to mark his departure than to beat Celtic to another championship but Walter has already established himself as one of the finest managers Scotland has ever produced . He 's the best Rangers manager in the modern game . After Sir Alex Ferguson and Jock Stein , his record is fantastic ; his success is there for all to see . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers paying for overspending ways '' . The footy pie . February 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Graham Souness lead the side to their first two championships as player - manager before his assistant , Walter Smith , took the reign , claiming another seven titles to equal a record set by Jock Stein at Celtic in the 1960s and 70s . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1992 / 93 : Rangers '' . UEFA. 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Premier Division 1996 -- 97 '' . Soccorbot . soccerbot.com. 27 June 2000 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Andy ( 13 May 2008 ) . `` Advocaat 's Rangers legacy '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . When Dick Advocaat became the Rangers manager in 1998 , it was a brave new dawn for the Ibrox club as chairman David Murray attempted to begin a new chapter in the club 's history following Walter Smith 's departure . Jump up ^ `` Rangers make history out of chaos '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Celtic 0 -- 3 Rangers Rangers created history by winning the title at Celtic Park in a stormy Old Firm game which saw referee Hugh Dallas injured by a missile thrown from the pitch . Jump up ^ `` When Rangers can win the league '' . The Scotsman. 28 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . The biggest winning points margin in the history of the SPL was enjoyed by Rangers in 1999 / 00 , when they finished 21 points clear of Celtic . Jump up ^ `` Champions League group tables '' . BBC Sport. 2 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers put Parma in the shade '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 1999 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Rangers 2 -- 0 Parma Rangers secured one of their most impressive European results in years , as Italian giants Parma crashed to defeat in the first leg of their Champions League qualifier Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 12 November 2000 ) . `` Rangers ' £ 12m Flo gamble '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . DAVID MURRAY , the Rangers chairman , moved dramatically last night to end the crisis at Ibrox by setting a new Scottish transfer record of £ 12 million for Chelsea 's out - of - favour Norwegian international forward , Tore Andre Flo . Jump up ^ `` Kaiserslautern 3 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 7 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Full time : Kaiserslautern 3 -- 0 Rangers 92 mins The Fritz Walter Stadium erupts on the referee 's final whistle which brings down the curtain on Rangers ' European campaign . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers unveil McLeish '' . BBC Sport. 11 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Alex McLeish has been unveiled as Rangers ' 11th manager after a dramatic day at Ibrox . Jump up ^ `` Rangers complete Treble '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Rangers capped a fabulous season with a hard - earned Scottish Cup win over Dundee at Hampden Park to seal the seventh domestic Treble in the club 's history . Jump up ^ `` Rangers win to clinch title '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Rangers 6 -- 1 Dunfermline Athletic An injury - time penalty by Mikel Arteta clinched the SPL title for Rangers in an amazing afternoon at Ibrox . Rangers were 5 -- 1 up as the match entered the last few minutes , but with Celtic 4 -- 0 up at Rugby Park and still playing , they knew the championship was not yet theirs . Jump up ^ Grahame , Ewing ( 26 May 2003 ) . `` Six into one equals victory Rangers secure a world - record 50th championship as title showdown goes all the way to the wire '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Rangers secure a world - record 50th championship Jump up ^ `` Rangers stay cool over huge losses '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2002 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers chairman John McClelland has attempted to assure shareholders the club 's £ 52m debt is nothing to be alarmed over . Jump up ^ Salty ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` Aston Villa 's Alex McLeish , a look at his managerial career '' . Football blog . footballblog.co.uk . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . At this point McLeish was viewed as one of the hottest managers in the game . Success does n't last forever and Rangers financial state cost McLeish dear in 2003 . Many of his prize assets were sold and subsequently Celtic won the league comfortably . Also , Rangers failed to pick up a single trophy that season . Jump up ^ `` Magpies complete Boumsong signing '' . BBC Sport. 2 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Boumsong joined Rangers from Auxerre on a free transfer last summer and made just 28 appearances for them before moving to England . Jump up ^ `` Rangers get Prso '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Rangers have confirmed the signing of Monaco 's Croatian striker Dado Prso . Jump up ^ `` Rangers sign Novo '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Rangers have completed the signing of Nacho Novo from Dundee but manager Alex McLeish insists his summer spending spree is not yet over . Jump up ^ `` Transfer window dealings '' . Daily Mail . 1 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Barry Ferguson -- Blackburn to Rangers , £ 4.5 million rising to £ 5million depending on appearances . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in dramatic title triumph '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Rangers pipped rivals Celtic to the Scottish Premier League title after a dramatic final day of the season . The Gers went into the final game two points behind their Glasgow rivals but a sensational late fightback by Motherwell gave them the title . Jump up ^ Jackson , Keith ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` Football flashback : Looking back on Rangers ' ' helicopter Sunday ' triumph in 2005 '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . NACHO Novo will be remembered forever as the man whose goal made the helicopter change direction . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 1 -- 1 Inter Milan '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Peter Lovenkrands was the goalscoring hero as Rangers became the first Scottish club to qualify from the group stages of the Champions League . ... Criticised by some for his tactics during a run without a win now stretching to 10 games , McLeish got it right on the European stage with the surprise inclusion of Lovenkrands as a lone striker . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal 1 -- 1 Rangers ( agg 3 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport. 7 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Rangers ' dream of becoming the first Scottish side in the quarter - finals of the Champions League ended as they lost on the away - goals rule to Villarreal . Jump up ^ `` McLeish to leave Rangers in May '' . BBC Sport. 9 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Alex McLeish will leave his position as Rangers manager at the end of the season , the club has confirmed Jump up ^ `` Rangers name Le Guen as manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have announced that Paul Le Guen will replace Alex McLeish as manager at the end of the season . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 0 -- 2 St Johnstone '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . St Johnstone recorded one of their finest results to stun Rangers at Ibrox and reach the CIS Cup semi-finals . Jump up ^ Glenn , Patrick ( 24 September 2006 ) . `` Gravesen piles pressure on Le Guen '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Until Gravesen gave the home side the lead there was a wariness about both sides , which betrayed the number of players on each side who were making their first appearance in the conflict . If Celtic were expected to be dominant -- with Rangers reliant on the absorption of pressure and the counter-thrust -- Gordon Strachan and his players would also be mindful of the four - point advantage they held over their great rivals and the need not to risk having it damaged . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 15 December 2006 ) . `` Hutton sends Rangers clean through to Old Firm match '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Paul Le Guen is satisfied his Rangers players will enter Sunday 's Old Firm match in as positive a frame of mind as possible after they sealed the top qualifying position from Group A and secured a second consecutive clean sheet . Jump up ^ Austin , Simon ( 5 January 2007 ) . `` Clash of cultures '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Paul Le Guen 's relationship with Barry Ferguson was never likely to be a marriage made in heaven . On one side was an authoritarian French manager used to having the final word and working with clean - living , tee - total players . On the other was a passionate Scottish captain who enjoyed talisman status with the fans and liked to work hard and play hard . There were reported to be differences between the duo soon after Le Guen took over at Ibrox seven months ago . And they came to the surface at a news conference before the last Old Firm derby on 17 December . Jump up ^ `` Le Guen and Rangers part company '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers manager Paul Le Guen has left the club by mutual consent . ^ Jump up to : `` Smith installed as Rangers boss '' . BBC Sport. 10 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Walter Smith has quit as Scotland coach to become boss of Rangers for a second time after agreeing a three - year deal . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Rangers 0 -- 3 Lyon '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers crashed out of the Champions League and into the Uefa Cup with a disappointing home defeat to Lyon . Jump up ^ `` Rangers & Zenit chase Uefa glory '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Panathinaikos , Werder Bremen and Fiorentina have been dispatched , along with Sporting since Rangers qualified via their position in the Champions League group stage . Jump up ^ `` Zenit coach Advocaat insists Rangers should not change style of play for UEFA Cup final '' . Daily Mail . 12 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers may have been criticised for their cautious approach in European games this season -- but Zenit St Petersburg boss Dick Advocaat insists Walter Smith should not change his style of play when the sides clash in the UEFA Cup final . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Rangers run out of steam as Zenit lift Uefa Cup '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Zenit St Petersburg ( 0 ) 2 Rangers ( 0 ) 0 It is not only Scottish fuel stations that have been running on empty recently . The warning light began flashing on Rangers ' tank midway through the second half last night , their exhausting schedule finally catching up with them , allowing a superior and fresher Zenit side to lift the Uefa Cup . Jump up ^ News , Manchester Evening ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Battle of Piccadilly '' . men . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100,000 Rangers fans invade Manchester '' Daily Mail ( 14 May 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Rangers exit Champions League in Lithuania '' . CNN World Sport . CNN . 5 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Scottish giants Rangers slumped to a shock European exit when Linas Pilibaitis gave FBK Kaunas 2 -- 1 a aggregate win in their Champions League second qualifying round tie in Lithuania . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Rejuvenated Rangers take SPL title in style with victory at Dundee United '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . With the boundless relief and joie de vivre of a man who has been reprieved on the steps of the gallows and installed in a palace , Rangers produced a climactic performance to snatch their first championship since 2005 at sun - drenched Tannadice . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 30 May 2009 ) . `` Rangers 1 Falkirk 0 : Match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Rangers completed the second stage of their Scottish league and cup double in the baking heat of Hampden Park on Saturday thanks to a glorious goal from Nacho Novo , with his first touch of the ball only seconds after arriving as a half - time substitute for Kris Boyd . But the favourites were made to sweat throughout -- and not simply because of the sweltering conditions . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 21 March 2010 ) . `` Kenny Miller sees nine - man Rangers through to victory '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . It would , of course , be churlish not to recognise the winning mentality of a team who have lost just a single domestic fixture since Celtic lifted this trophy at their expense a year ago . Yet this win arrived in the most unlikely of circumstances , sealing the League Cup despite being down to nine men . Jump up ^ `` Rangers happy to prove doubters wrong after Cup win '' . BBC Sport. 20 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers manager Walter Smith described the Co-operative Insurance Cup final win over Celtic as one of his `` best ever '' victories . Smith , coming to the end of his second spell in charge at Ibrox , clinched a 20th trophy as Rangers boss after the 2 -- 1 extra-time win at Hampden . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 16 May 2011 ) . `` Kilmarnock 1 -- 5 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Rangers gave departing manager Walter Smith the perfect send - off as they wrapped up a third - consecutive Scottish Premier League title in style . A blistering opening saw Kyle Lafferty net twice inside seven minutes , either side of a Steven Naismith strike . Early in the second half , Nikica Jelavic smashed in a free kick and Lafferty completed his hat - trick with a composed finish . Jump up ^ `` Rangers crash out of Champions League after seeing red twice at Malmo '' . The Guardian . 3 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers ' Champions League hopes were shattered as they crashed out of the competition at the hands of Malmo after being reduced to nine men in the qualifier in Sweden . Steven Whittaker and Madjid Bougherra were both shown straight red cards , before Malmo 's Ricardinho was also dismissed by the referee Vladislav Bezborodov at the Swedbank stadium Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Rangers 1 -- 1 NK Maribor ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers exited the Europa League as Maribor claimed an aggregate victory to progress to the group stages . Jump up ^ `` Ally McCoist fuming as Falkirk kids dump Rangers out of cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Manager Ally McCoist believes his Rangers players have only themselves to blame for their shock League Cup defeat by a very youthful Falkirk line - up . Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Rangers 0 -- 2 Dundee Utd '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Dundee United knocked Rangers out of the Scottish Cup with a deserved fifth - round victory at Ibrox . Jump up ^ `` Rangers ' 10 - point deduction confirmed by SPL '' . BBC Sport. 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers have been deducted 10 points after entering administration . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` Rangers 3 -- 2 Celtic '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Reigning champions Rangers prevented the Scottish title being won on their own patch despite a dramatic late rally from nine - man runaway leaders Celtic . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 2012 P.L.C. '' Companies House . UK Government . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . IncorporationDate 27 / 05 / 1899 PreviousNames CONDate 31 July 2012 CompanyName THE RANGERS FOOTBALL CLUB P.L.C. Jump up ^ Rangers in crisis : the final whistle sounds on Rangers ' 140 years of history The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Interim Report to Creditors '' . Duff and Phelps . Rangers F.C. 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . The continuation of trading operations enabled the Joint Administrators to put the CVA Proposal to the creditors of the Company and after the CVA Proposal was rejected by creditors , the Joint Administrators were able to secure a going concern sale of the business , history and assets of the Company to Sevco Jump up ^ `` Lord Nimmo Smith Commission '' ( pdf ) . Scottish Professional Football League . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . On 14 June 2012 a newly incorporated company , Sevco Scotland Limited , purchased substantially all the business and assets of Oldco , including Rangers FC , by entering into an asset sale and purchase agreement with the joint administrators . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers newco refused SPL entry after chairmen vote '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . BBC Scotland has learned that 10 of the 12 clubs were in opposition , with Kilmarnock abstaining and Rangers voting in favour . Jump up ^ Rangers in crisis : Ibrox newco to play in Third Division after SFL clubs vote Daily Record , 13 July 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on Transfer of Membership '' . Scottish Football Association . 27 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . We are pleased to confirm that agreement has been reached on all outstanding points relating to the transfer of the Scottish FA membership between Rangers FC ( In Administration ) , and Sevco Scotland Ltd , who will be the new owners of The Rangers Football Club . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth - tier Rangers shatter world record '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Rangers manager Ally McCoist paid tribute to the troubled club 's fans after 49,118 packed into Ibrox to watch Saturday 's 5 -- 1 thrashing of East Stirling , a world record attendance for fourth - tier football . Jump up ^ `` Best attendances of Brazilian Championship of 4th Level '' ( in Portuguese ) . RSSSF Brasil . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . 1 Santa Cruz ( PE ) 0 × 0 Treze ( PB ) , 59.966 , 16 / 10 / 2011 , Estádio do Arruda Jump up ^ `` Stirling Albion 1 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 6 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Rangers suffered a shock first loss in the Third Division after crashing to defeat against bottom side Stirling Albion . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 18 September 2012 ) . `` Ramsdens Cup : Rangers 2 -- 2 Queen of the South ( 3 -- 4 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Rangers made a shock exit in the Ramsdens Cup after a penalty shoot - out defeat by Queen of the South at Ibrox . Jump up ^ Lamont , Alasdair ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers 0 -- 3 Inverness Caley Thistle '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Inverness Caledonian Thistle advanced to the semi-finals of the Scottish Communities League Cup for the first time with an ultimately comfortable defeat of Rangers . Jump up ^ Dundee United 3 -- 0 Rangers BBC , 2 February 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers v Queen 's Park Match facts '' . The Guardian . 20 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Attendance 49,463 ^ Jump up to : `` THE IRN - BRU SCOTTISH THIRD DIVISION '' . Sky Sports . 8 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . IBROX STADIUM ( ATT 49,913 ) Jump up ^ Rangers clinch Scottish League 1 title after 3 -- 0 win over Airdrieonians stv.tv . Retrieved 10 April 2014 Jump up ^ Raith Rovers 1 : 0 Rangers BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2014 Jump up ^ Rangers 1 : 3 Hibernian BBC , 29 September 2014 Jump up ^ Hibs 4 : 0 Rangers BBC.co.uk 27 December 2014 Jump up ^ Rangers 1 : 2 Hearts BBC , 10 August 2014 Jump up ^ Hearts 2 : 0 Rangers BBC , 22 November 2014 Jump up ^ Queen of the South 2 : 0 Rangers BBC , 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ Alloa 3 : 2 Rangers BBC 9 December 2014 Jump up ^ SPFL : Ally McCoist due to meet Rangers board on Wednesday Skysports , 17 December 2014 Jump up ^ Ally McCoist : Rangers manager leaves club & on gardening leave BBC News 21 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Stuart McCall appointed manager until summer '' . BBC Sport. 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Motherwell 3 -- 0 Rangers '' -- BBC Sport , 31 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Rangers appoint Mark Warburton as manager on three - year contract '' . The Guardian . London . 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in Scottish Cup Final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard . `` Scottish Cup final : Rangers 2 -- 3 Hibernian '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Club Statement '' . Rangers F.C. 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Mark Warburton replaced as manager ahead of Scottish Cup tie '' . BBC Sport. 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Progres Niederkorn 2 -- 0 Rangers ( agg 2 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 0 -- 2 Celtic '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 0 -- 2 Motherwell '' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Pedro Caixinha sacked as manager after board meeting '' . BBC Sport. 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers back to winning ways with comfortable victory over Aberdeen '' . ESPN . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Aberdeen 1 Rangers 2 : Derek McInnes remains favourite for Ibrox job despite losing dress rehearsal at Pittodrie '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hibernian 1 -- 2 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Murty : Rangers appoint interim boss as manager for rest of season '' . BBC Sport. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Graeme Murty sacked as manager '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Premiership 2nd Phase '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard Confirmed As Manager '' . Rangers.co.uk. 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FK Shkupi 0 - 0 Rangers ( 0 - 2 Agg ) '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aberdeen 1 - 1 Rangers ) '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Badges of Rangers Football Club '' . Danbury Mint . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . The earliest badge featured the celebrated RFC scroll crest believed to have been used since 1872 . Then there 's the lion rampant and the club motto ' READY ' , which have appeared on Rangers ' badges since 1959 . Finally , see the evolution into the current badge , with the famous blue , white and red colours . Jump up ^ `` The Rangers Crest '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Although the ' RFC ' Scroll Crest was omitted in 1959 it made a welcome return in 1968 when it was placed on the club 's home jersey for the very first time . It was later added to the shorts a decade later for the start of the 1978 -- 79 season . Jump up ^ `` The Rangers Crest '' . Gersnet Online . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . From 1990 to 1994 ' Rangers Football Club ' and the ' Ready ' motto were placed above and below the Crest respectively . In 1997 -- 98 the Crest was placed in a shield but perhaps the most significant change was before the start of the 2003 / 04 campaign . Having clinched their 50th League Championship , a year in which Rangers secured a domestic Treble , the Club decided to add five stars above the Scoll Crest , one for every ten titles won . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers '' . Historical Football Kits . Dave Moor . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Change Kits '' . Historical Football Kits . Dave Moor . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ladbrokes Scottish Premiership 2018 - 2019 '' . Historical Football Kits . Dave Moor . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Devlin , John ( 3 July 2009 ) . `` An alternative to alcohol '' . True Colours . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have actually sported the Center Parcs logo during the course of two seasons . It was first worn in the 1996 -- 97 Champions League match at Auxerre that the French side won 2 -- 1 . Then in 1997 -- 98 a new style Center Parcs logo was worn in the UEFA Cup first round first leg game in Strasbourg where again the ' Gers lost 2 -- 1 ( also wearing their change blue shorts ) Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 23 November 2006 ) . `` Auxerre 2 -- 2 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` Lyon 0 -- 3 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Ross , Kenny ( 8 March 2002 ) . `` Diadora in Gers kit deal '' . The Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Rangers secure new £ 6.5 m kit deal '' . The Scotsman. 4 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Jim ( 3 March 2005 ) . `` Umbro nets Rangers sponsorship deal '' . This Money . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Announce New Kit Deal '' . Rangers F.C. 28 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Football Club sign kit deal with Puma '' . BBC News . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Announce New Kit Deal With Hummel '' . Rangers F.C. 20 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Firm pair to share sponsor '' . The Guardian . 25 February 1999 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magners shirt cash for Celtic ends Old Firm double deals '' . The Scotsman. 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Rob ( 20 March 1999 ) . `` Old Firm are united in £ 13m shirt deal '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ `` Carling to sponsor Old Firm '' . thegrocer.co.uk. 3 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic & Rangers sign sponsorship deal with Tennent 's '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic and Rangers confirm end of joint sponsorship deals after 14 years '' . STV Sport. 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blackthorn Deal Announced '' . Rangers F.C. 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gers Agree Shirt Deal With 32Red '' . Rangers F.C. 14 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 32Red Shirt Sponsorship Confirmed '' . Rangers F.C. 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utilita Re-Energises Rangers '' . Rangers F.C. 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish football '' . Global Friends of Scotland . Scottish Government . June 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Scotland 's contributions to the development of the game were equally impressive in other areas . Glaswegian born architect Archibald Leitch was the pioneering football stadium designer of his day -- by the 1920s 16 out of 22 of England 's First Division stadiums were Leitch designs . The most famous example of his work still in existence is probably Ibrox . ( This would undoubtedly please Leitch , who was a devout Rangers fan . ) Jump up ^ `` Rangers consider Ibrox expansion '' . BBC Sport. 6 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The plans , one of three options being considered by the club , could see the stadium in Glasgow completely rebuilt with a new capacity of 70,000 . Rangers would retain the Bill Struth main stand , which is designated as a Category B listed building . Ibrox currently holds 51,082 fans , behind Hampden Park and Celtic Park . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Hugh ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Working with kids is its own reward for the man in charge at Murray Park '' . The Herald . Glasgow . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Ally McCoist , the manager , normally leaves Sinclair and his staff to choose the youngsters but sometimes will stipulate who he and the first - team staff want . `` That daily exposure is priceless , '' says Sinclair . `` The boys become comfortable with the staff and first - team players . If they were round there ( first - team pitches ) once every six months , it would be a trial but it is a regular process . ( Danny ) Wilson , ( John ) Fleck and Little were all steeped in that . '' Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( 2012 ) . For Richer , for Poorer : The Murray Years . Random House . ISBN 9781780572826 . add quote Jump up ^ Bobby Sinnet ; Thomas Jamieson . `` Average Home League Game Attendances '' . fitbastats . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . 2013 / 2014 42,938 Jump up ^ `` UK Supporters Clubs '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . There are more than 600 registered supporters clubs with over 30,000 registered members and these continue to grow , in keeping with the vision the club initially had . Jump up ^ `` Global Supporters Clubs '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . It includes representatives from all over the globe -- including North America , Australasia and the Middle East -- as well as closer to home in the United Kingdom . There are also clubs registered in far - flung locations such as Azerbaijan , Nigeria , Hong Kong and Peru . Jump up ^ Scott , Les ( 2008 ) . End to End Stuff . Random House . p. 17 . ISBN 9780593060681 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The Record attendance for a friendly match in the United Kingdom is 104,493 , who saw Rangers lose 3 -- 2 to Eintracht Frankfurt at Hampden Park on 17 October 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers invasion : your views '' . BBC Manchester . 15 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . It was always going to put a massive strain on the city . An invasion of up to 200,000 Rangers supporters for the UEFA Cup Final in Manchester swamped the city 's pubs and bars and the dedicated fan zones . Jump up ^ Nisbet , John ( 27 August 2010 ) . `` 150,000 Rangers fans descended on the city for the Uefa Cup final in 2008 '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . But the chief executive at Rangers , Martin Bain , insists there will be no repeat of the scenes of crowd misbehaviour which marred the club 's last visit to Manchester . Some 200,000 Rangers fans descended on the city for the Uefa Cup final in 2008 and trouble started when a giant screen failed to work . Jump up ^ `` Rangers fans clash with riot police after Uefa Cup final defeat '' . Metro. 14 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . GMP would like to stress that the vast majority of supporters have behaved impeccably and came to Manchester clearly intent on enjoying the carnival atmosphere . Jump up ^ Carter , Helen ; Orr , James ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Rangers fans clashed with riot police '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . A full inquiry was under way today after Rangers fans clashed with riot police in Manchester last night after their team 's defeat by Zenit St Petersburg in the Uefa Cup final . Jump up ^ `` Rangers fans take long road home '' . BBC News . 15 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . A number of supporters clashed with riot police after a big screen in Manchester broke down . Officers later confirmed 42 people had been arrested . Jump up ^ `` CCTV shows fans chasing police '' . BBC News . 15 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Police in Manchester have released CCTV images showing up to 200 football fans chasing officers and attacking one of them after the Uefa Cup final . Jump up ^ Price , Catherine ( 2010 ) . 101 Places Not to See Before You Die . Harper Collins . pp. 174 , 175 . ISBN 9780061787768 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . On Old Firm weekends , admission rates for local hospitals increase ninefold , and the cumulative total for arrests at Old Firm games is the highest in the world . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Anthony ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Old Firm do n't need a Messi or Ronaldo to be biggest derby in world , says Ali Russell '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . RANGERS operations chief Ali Russell insists the Old Firm rivalry is the biggest in the world -- because a billion fans tune in to watch two teams devoid of world stars . ^ Jump up to : When two tribes go to war The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved 30 November 2013 Jump up ^ Lawford , Mark ( 13 March 2009 ) . `` Sportsmail 's guide to illogical footballing rivalries '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Dons supporters chant ' We hate Rangers more than you ' when they play Celtic and a lot of this can be traced back to a challenge made by Neil Simpson on Ian Durrant in 1988 that kept the Rangers midfielder out of the game for nearly three years . Jump up ^ `` Rangers apologise to Aberdeen '' . The Independent . 18 November 1998 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . RANGERS ISSUED a full public apology to Aberdeen last night for labelling a section of the Pittodrie club 's support `` scum '' in last Saturday 's Ibrox matchday programme . Stewart Milne , the Aberdeen chairman , protested to Bob Brannan , the Rangers chief executive , yesterday about the anonymous article which also branded the Dons ' team as `` under - achievers and money - grabbers '' Jump up ^ `` A history of bad blood '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . The catalyst for the recent venom between the two sets of supporters was the 1988 incident involving Neil Simpson and Iain Durrant . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` A football match ? Manchester during the Uefa Cup Final felt more like a war zone '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . In the heat of the night : A masked thug in the middle of other Rangers fans confronts a police cordon in Manchester city centre Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers v Queen 's Park : Renewing an age - old rivalry '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . IT HAS been billed by the Ibrox club as the `` original Glasgow derby '' . It might equally be argued that their hosting of Queen 's Park in the Third Division on Saturday is the newest Glasgow derby . ... Although the teams last met in a League Cup tie 21 years ago and regularly jousted in the Glasgow Cup in the two decades before that , there has not been a league meeting since 1958 , the year Queen 's Park last played top - flight football . The fact the confrontation has returned to the calendar in a wholly different form was best encapsulated by Rangers ambassador Sandy Jardine . Jump up ^ Fisher , Stewart ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Old rivalry renewed '' . The Herald . Glasgow . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Queen 's Park and Rangers , two teams that first met competitively in a Scottish Cup tie in March 1879 , some nine years before Celtic were formed , meet in an Irn - Bru Third division encounter at Ibrox . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers and Queen 's Park ready to resurrect world 's oldest derby '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . The Old Firm collision it most certainly is not -- to the relief of Glasgow 's constabulary and A&E departments -- but Saturday afternoon 's visit of Queen 's Park to Ibrox will draw the UK 's second biggest crowd and resurrect a fixture that first appeared in the records in 1875 when the pair played a charity match in aid of fire victims . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Gary ; Giulianotti , Richard ( 2001 ) . Fear and loathing in world football . Berg Publishers . pp. 25 , 26 . ISBN 1 85973 463 4 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Primrose with associated with the most virulent anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment , and was openly allied with the orange order . ^ Jump up to : Murray , William J. ( 2000 ) . The Old Firm : Sectarianism , Sport and Society in Scotland . John Donald Publishers . pp. 60 , 64 , 65,189 . ISBN 9780859765428 . Jump up ^ Giulianotti , Richard ( 1999 ) . Football : A Sociology of the Global Game . John Wiley & Sons . p. 18 . ISBN 9780745617695 . Historically Rangers have maintained a staunch Protestant and anti-Catholic tradition which includes a ban on signing Catholic players . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Tom ( 1987 ) . Glasgow , the Uneasy Peace : Religious Tension in Modern Scotland , 1819 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press ND . p. 300 . ISBN 9780719023965 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The conflict in Ireland failed to be the catalyst which swept the religious cobwebs from the Ibrox - based club 's terraces and boardroom . One of its managers even had no qualms in the 1970s about urging his players to roar out the loyalist battle - cry ' No Surrender ' as they ran up the tunnel at Ibrox . Jump up ^ Souness , Graeme ; Gallacher , Ken ( 1989 ) . Graeme Souness : A Manager 's Diary . Mainstream Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 9781851582242 . For years Rangers have been pilloried for what the majority of people saw as discrimination against one section of the population . Now we have shown that this unwritten policy at Ibrox is over . It 's finished . Done with . Jump up ^ Laing , Allan ( 11 July 1989 ) . `` Ibrox lands double coup with Johnston '' . The Herald . Glasgow . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers yesterday paraded their latest , and most controversial signing , Maurice Johnston , in the process demolishing any remaining they were sectarian , and upstaging their arch - rivals Celtic . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( 2006 ) . Football Against the Enemy . Orion . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 4877 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( 18 March 2012 ) . `` Decline and fall of the Old Firm '' . New Statesman . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . In the past 15 years , both clubs have tried to stamp out bigotry , largely for pragmatic reasons . The IRA guff puts off sponsors and when the market in foreign footballers opened up in the 1990s , the old prohibition on signing Catholics became irksome for Rangers . Many of the foreign players who have since come to Glasgow must have struggled to remember whether they were playing for the Protestant team or the Catholic one . Jump up ^ `` Former Old Firm Italians give their take on derby clash '' . Daily Record . 7 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . I 've been Rangers ' first Catholic captain Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` SPL Remains tight - lipped over report on Parkhead chanting '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . THE Scottish Premier League has confirmed it has received the match delegate 's report from the Old Firm derby but refused to divulge if alleged sectarian chanting from Rangers fans was mentioned within it . Jump up ^ `` Rangers to root out racists '' . The Guardian . 10 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Rangers chairman John McClelland has vowed to root out the racist fans who booed whenever Celtic 's Bobo Balde and Momo Sylla had possession during his club 's Old Firm derby defeat on Saturday . Jump up ^ Wright , Angus ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` SFA praised for stance on bigotry '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Education and prevention is what we are really looking at and Scotland is a great example of somewhere where that has done a tremendous amount in practically eradicating the worst features of discrimination . Jump up ^ Spiers , Graham ( 21 September 2007 ) . `` Uefa praises Rangers for action on bigotry '' . The Times . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sekar , Satish ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` No Surrender to Bigotry '' . Empower - Sport British Supplement . Empower - Sport . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Both UEFA and FIFA hold Rangers up as a positive example of a club determined to tackle the problem that threatens its future . And the SFA joins in that praise . `` On the sectarianism front Rangers have tried to develop a policy across the Protestant / Catholic divide , '' says Mr Mitchell . `` They have imposed a large number of life bans on supporters who have been identified and found guilty of sectarian behaviour . '' And Rangers is not alone in taking such action . `` Generally speaking it is by the clubs , '' he says . `` If there is a criminal prosecution that has an effect as well , but the clubs themselves have taken that action off their own back , because they have the right to decide who can come into the stadium or not . '' Jump up ^ SPFL may take action against Rangers over sectarian singing The Herald ( Glasgow ) , 29 December 2015 Jump up ^ Rangers fan jailed for three months for sectarian chanting at football ground Daily Record ( Scotland ) , 26 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Findlay songs inquiry launched '' . BBC News . 9 June 1999 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The Faculty of Advocates is to investigate complaints against the leading Scottish lawyer Donald Findlay QC after he was captured on camera singing sectarian songs . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jack ( 4 June 1999 ) . `` I 'm Catholic in a football sense '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Findlay , Scotland 's leading criminal lawyer , is a Protestant and proud of it . But he was embarrassed to be caught on video singing sectarian songs . They included `` The Billy Boys '' , a verse of which goes : `` We 're up to our knees in Fenian blood , Surrender or you die , We are the Billy Boys . '' Jump up ^ Humphrys , John ( 2 July 2002 ) . `` On the Ropes -- Donald Findlay QC '' ( Press release ) . BBC Press Office . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Donald Findlay QC tells John Humphrys about the effect singing sectarian , anti-Catholic songs at a party for Glasgow Rangers had on his life , and how he , at one stage , even contemplated suicide . Jump up ^ `` Rangers appeal upheld '' . UEFA. 25 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . UEFA appealed against the decision on 12 April by the Control and Disciplinary Body to find Rangers not guilty of alleged discriminatory chants by the club 's supporters at both legs of the tie , on 22 February at Ibrox and 7 March at El Madrigal . Rangers have been fined € 19,500 and severely warned about their responsibility for any future misconduct by their fans in relation to sectarian and discriminatory behaviour . Jump up ^ `` Uefa fine for Rangers and Osasuna '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have been fined £ 8,280 by Uefa for the behaviour of their fans during their match against Osasuna -- but the Spanish club must pay £ 31,000 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers to contest Uefa sectarian singing charge '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers are to face a Uefa disciplinary hearing over allegations of sectarian singing during last month 's Europa Lague match away to PSV Eindhoven . The club 's chief executive Martin Bain says they are `` utterly dismayed '' by the decision and that they will defend the club 's position `` vigorously '' . Jump up ^ `` Uefa fines Rangers and bans fans for one away game '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . Uefa has fined Rangers 40,000 euros ( £ 35,652 ) and banned its fans from the next away European game for sectarian singing in a match at PSV Eindhoven . Jump up ^ Soldiers accused of sectarian singing at Ibrox The Scotsman . Retrieved 2 December 2013 Jump up ^ Sectarian chants provoke SPFL review of spectator misconduct BBC , 28 February 2015 Jump up ^ Three Rangers fans guilty of sectarian behaviour The Scotsman , 22 April 2015 Jump up ^ Magee , Will ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Old Firm , New Bonds : The Politics Tying Big European Clubs to Celtic and Rangers '' . Vice News . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Teather , David ( 31 March 2000 ) . `` Rangers to float as it chases global glory '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Rangers football club , on track for its 49th Scottish premier league title , announced plans yesterday to float the business on the stock market and disclosed that talks are under way with a number of potential media investors . Jump up ^ Currie , David ; Lamont , Alasdair ; McLaughlin , Chris ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Craig Whyte completes takeover of Rangers for £ 1 '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Craig Whyte has completed his takeover of Rangers for £ 1 but amid continuing concerns by board members about his ability to invest sufficient funds . Jump up ^ `` Rangers FC signals intent to go into administration '' . BBC News . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers Football Club has confirmed it has filed legal papers at the Court of Session to appoint administrators . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Football Club enters administration '' . BBC News . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . HMRC lodged its petition over alleged non-payment of about £ 9m in PAYE and VAT following Craig Whyte 's takeover . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in crisis : Administration was sparked by £ 9million bill for unpaid VAT and PAYE '' . Daily Record . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . RANGERS went into administration today -- as it was revealed they had failed to pay £ 9million in VAT and PAYE from the current financial year . Jump up ^ `` Rangers ' estimated debts could top £ 134m '' . BBC News . 5 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Rangers ' administrators estimate that the club 's total debts could top £ 134m . Jump up ^ Grahams , Ewing ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Rangers win ' Big Tax Case ' appeal over use of Employee Benefit Trusts '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ANONYMISED FORM OF THE DECISION '' ( pdf ) . Finance and Tax Tribunals . UK Government . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Philip . `` The Rangers Case -- Upper Tribunal Decision '' . pkfcooperparry.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HMRC wins Rangers tax case appeal '' . BBC News . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in crisis : Police asked to probe Craig Whyte takeover '' . BBC News . 25 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . A criminal investigation is to be launched into Craig Whyte 's takeover of Rangers Football Club in May last year . Jump up ^ The dead end : Liquidation for Rangers after HMRC refuse CVA Daily Mail , 13 June 2012 Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Rangers liquidation now inevitable after CVA bid rejected by HMRC '' . STV Glasgow . STV . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Mr Green has previously stated that should the CVA fail his offer goes into an `` automatic mode '' to carry out a ' newco ' switch at the Ibrox club , where all assets are sold to a new business entity for £ 5.5 m and Rangers FC Plc , incorporated in 1899 , is liquidated . Jump up ^ `` Rangers tax case leaks : Sir David Murray makes ' criminal complaint ' '' . STV Glasgow . STV. 27 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . In June administrators Duff and Phelps confirmed it had failed to secure a route out of the insolvency event and the club 's assets were sold to a newco owned by a Charles Green - led consortium in a £ 5.5 m deal . The oldco , now RFC 2012 Plc , formerly The Rangers Football Club Plc , has been placed into liquidation . Jump up ^ `` Rangers chief Charles Green criticises Tannadice ticket plan '' . BBC Sport. 23 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . And Green , who bought Rangers ' assets after the company that formerly ran the club could not be saved from liquidation , believes the decision to sell tickets directly to visiting fans could spark trouble at the match . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Chris ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` SPL independent commission into Rangers player payments begins '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . The three - man commission will decide if the company that formerly ran Rangers broke Scottish Premier League rules . ... The commission will study the financial arrangements made by the Employee Benefit Trust scheme run by former Rangers owner Sir David Murray 's company , Murray International Holdings . ... The probe was launched before the company that ran Rangers -- The Rangers Football Club Plc -- was consigned to liquidation . The consortium now running the club , led by chief executive Charles Green , has refused to recognise or co-operate with the investigation . Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Rangers in Crisis '' . STV News . STV . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The Ibrox club confirmed its planned company voluntary arrangement ( CVA ) escape from administration would now fail as the tax authorities revealed they felt it was in the `` public interest '' to liquidate Rangers FC plc , incorporated in 1899 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers liquidated as CVA formally rejected '' . The Scotsman. 14 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . GLASGOW RANGERS were today forced into liquidation after major creditor Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) formally rejected an offer of a Company Voluntary Arrangement ( CVA ) from the club 's administrators . Jump up ^ `` Little black and white as Green faces closer scrutiny '' . The Herald . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Decision '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Premier League . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Marjoribanks , Brain ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` Get out of here ! Rangers thrown down to third division after clubs vote against stricken club '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . On a historic day for the national game , 25 out of the 30 lower - league clubs ruled that the fallen Ibrox giants should start life in the bottom tier and not in the First Division . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Newcastle 's Mike Ashley ready to buy Ibrox share '' . BBC Sport. 11 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Businessman Charles Green led a consortium to buy Rangers ' assets for £ 5.5 m and reformed the club as a new company . But the ' newco ' did not get the required votes for re-admittance to the SPL and instead , Rangers were relaunched in Division Three , drawing 2 -- 2 with Peterhead in their opening game . Jump up ^ `` Raith & Clyde criticise Rangers newco Division One plan '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Raith Rovers and Clyde insist plans to place the Rangers newco in Scottish Division One should not be forced upon Scottish Football League clubs . Jump up ^ `` Scottish FA issues Rangers update '' . Scottish Football Association . 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Green gives SFA details for membership bid '' . BBC Sport. 13 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . `` We have received an information pack from Sevco Scotland relevant to their membership application , '' said the SFA . Jump up ^ Rangers International Football Club plc londonstockexchange.com . Retrieved 27 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Introducing The Foundation '' . Rangerscharity.org.uk . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Being a champion of charitable giving is our goal , and since our creation in 2002 we have donated over £ 1 million in cash awards and over £ 1,550,000 of in - kind support to hundreds of groups and individuals , making a combined total of over £ 2,500,000 Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` Inquiry into Rangers charity match against AC Milan '' . STV Glasgow . STV . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . The charity , which has donated more than £ 2.3 m to various causes since it was set up in 2002 , has reduced the amount it will take from the game to 10 % , meaning the majority of the money raised will go to the club , which is currently in administration . ^ Jump up to : `` RANGERS '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foundation Funds 1m Vaccines For Unicef '' . Rangers F.C. 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 25k Donation To Erskine '' . Rangers Charity Foundation . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 320k Raised From Ricksen Match '' . Rangers F.C. 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow Veterans United '' . Rangers F.C. 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers F.C. launch new employability project ' Ready2Succeed ' '' . Scottish Football Partnership . Thescottishfootballpartnership.com. 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Watson , Linzi ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Rangers stars spread festive cheer to sick kids '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ `` Rangers ' homegrown hopefuls make for engaging talent show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : Johnston Press . 29 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Heavenly beginnings show how Rangers starlets have fallen from grace '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : Johnston Press . 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Ramsay 's F Word -- On Demand -- All 4 '' . www.channel4.com . Jump up ^ `` Kicking off '' . Daily Record . 6 May 2006 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' I 'm No a Billy He 's a Tim '' . The Guardian . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' I 'm No a Billy , He 's a Tim '' . Culture Northern Ireland . 16 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers fans launch bid to get Tina Turner hit Simply The Best to No. 1 '' . The Daily Record . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Romanos , Joseph ( 2010 ) . Great Sporting Rivals ( Large Print 16pt ) . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 139 . ISBN 9781458779663 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 2005 ) . Rangers : The Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 481 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1990 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 404 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1998 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . The Crowood Press . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59495 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Potter , David ; Jones , Phil ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Scottish Football . Pitch Publishing . pp. 95 -- 103 , 294 . ISBN 1908051108 . ^ Jump up to : Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 4 August 2011 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011 -- 12 . Headline . pp. 758 -- 759 . ISBN 0755362322 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1990 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 404 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Club Records '' . Jump up ^ `` Football titles world league : Rangers top , but who is most dominant ? '' . The Independent . 16 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Treble Wins '' . rssf.com . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dougie Gray -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Archibald -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Football mourns the loss of Rangers legend Jimmy Smith '' . HeraldScotland . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Smith -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Ally McCoist -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Football Association '' . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hedworth , Alice . `` Squad Numbers Confirmed '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers FC squad '' . UEFA . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gers Dedicate No 12 Jersey To Fans '' . Rangers F.C. 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RIFC Board of Directors '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRFCL Board of Directors '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Staff '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Team Picture 2016 -- 17 -- Ibrox Stadium as a 10 '' x8 '' ( 25x20cm ) Print `` . Rangers . Jump up ^ `` Greig Named Honorary President '' . Rangers F.C. 23 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gough Is Global Ambassador '' . Rangers F.C. 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head of Commercial Appointed '' . Rangers F.C. 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters Liaison Officer Appointed '' . Rangers F.C. 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McCoist confirmed as Smith 's successor '' . BBC Sport. 22 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have confirmed for the first time that Ally McCoist will take over as manager when Walter Smith steps down at the end of the season . Jump up ^ Taylor , Julian ( 4 January 2007 ) . `` Rangers reel as Le Guen departs '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The club 's reserve - team coach , Ian Durrant , will take charge of training on Friday ahead of the club 's next match , a Tennent 's Scottish Cup tie , against Dunfermline Athletic on Sunday . Jump up ^ `` Former Managers '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Co-efficient Rankings '' . UEFA . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Rangers F.C. players # Club captains Jump up ^ `` Rangers Greatest 11 '' . The official Rangers FC Website. 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Football : Greig is voted greatest ever Ranger ! The Free Library , 1999 Jump up ^ Hall of Fame Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Scottish Football Museum Jump up ^ `` International Roll of Honour '' . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Scottish Sports Hall of Fame Scottish Sports Jump up ^ Partnerships Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Rangers FC Jump up ^ Rangers Announce New Kit Deal With Hummel Jump up ^ Gers Partner With Thomas Cook Sport Jump up ^ Rangers Announced As New PES 2019 Partner Club Jump up ^ Rangers Protect Launch Jump up ^ Rangers and Forbes Tailoring Partnership Jump up ^ Rangers And Vaporized Partnership Further reading General Books LLC ( 2010 ) . Scottish Football Clubs Statistics . General Books LLC . ISBN 9781156866054 . Armstrong , Gary ; Giulianotti , Richard ( 2001 ) . Fear and loathing in world football . Berg Publishers . ISBN 1 85973 463 4 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Barnes , Stuart ( 2010 ) . News of the World Football Annual 2006 / 2007 . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 9780007234233 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1990 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 404 - 0 . Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1998 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . Crowood Press . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59495 - 5 . Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 2005 ) . Rangers : The Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 481 - 7 . Gallagher , Tom ( 1987 ) . Glasgow , the Uneasy Peace : Religious Tension in Modern Scotland , 1819 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press ND . ISBN 9780719023965 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Giulianotti , Richard ( 1999 ) . Football : A Sociology of the Global Game . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780745617695 . Kuper , Simon ( 1994 ) . Football Against the Enemy . Orion . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 4877 - 1 . Murray , William J. ( 2000 ) . The Old Firm : Sectarianism , Sport and Society in Scotland . John Donald Publishers . ISBN 9780859765428 . Potter , David ; Jones , Phil ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Scottish Football . Pitch Publishing . ISBN 1908051108 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 4 August 2011 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011 -- 12 . Headline . ISBN 0755362322 . Romanos , Joseph ( 2010 ) . Great Sporting Rivals ( Large Print 16pt ) . ReadHowYouWant.com . ISBN 9781458779663 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Scott , Les ( 2008 ) . End to End Stuff . Random House . ISBN 9780593060681 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Smith , Paul ( 2012 ) . For Richer , for Poorer : The Murray Years . Random House . ISBN 9781780572826 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Souness , Graeme ; Gallacher , Ken ( 1989 ) . Graeme Souness : A Manager 's Diary . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 9781851582242 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rangers F.C. . Official `` Official website '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . `` Rangers '' . Scottish Professional Football League . May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . `` Rangers '' . Scottish Football League . August 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . `` Rangers Football Club : Team Profile '' . Scottish Premier League . May 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . `` Rangers '' . FIFA. 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . `` Rangers FC '' . UEFA. 31 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . `` Club 1872 '' . Club 1872 . 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . News Rangers F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results and fixtures Club information at Fitbastats.com Rangers Football Club Players Internationals Managers Chairmen Under - 20s & Academy Records and statistics Honours Current season Ownership History Club History Hall of Fame Past seasons Europe Administration and liquidation Home stadium Fleshers ' Haugh ( 1873 -- 1876 ) Kinning Park ( 1876 -- 1887 ) First Ibrox Park ( 1887 -- 1899 ) Ibrox Stadium ( 1899 -- present ) Training ground Rangers Training Centre Tragedies 1902 Ibrox disaster 1971 Ibrox disaster Supporters Rangers F.C. supporters Club 1872 Rangers Fans Fighting Fund Rivalries Old Firm Aberdeen rivalry Media Rangers TV Others Broxi Bear Iron Curtain Superleague Formula team Rangers Women 's team Rangers Charity Foundation Blue Heaven Signing policy Related articles 1972 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 2008 UEFA Cup Final ( riots ) Rangers F.C. seasons 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Rangers F.C. matches Scottish Cup Finals 1877 1879 1894 1897 1898 1899 1903 1904 1905 1909 1921 1922 1928 1929 1930 1932 1934 1935 1936 1948 1949 1950 1953 1960 1962 1963 1964 1966 1969 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1989 1992 1993 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2008 2009 2016 Scottish League Cup Finals 1947 ( April ) 1949 ( March ) 1951 1957 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1970 1978 1979 ( March ) 1981 1982 1984 ( March ) 1984 ( October ) 1986 1989 1992 1993 1998 2002 2003 2005 2008 2009 2011 Scottish Challenge Cup Finals 2014 2016 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1961 1967 1972 UEFA Cup Final 2008 European Super Cup 1972 ( unofficial ) Other matches Berwick Rangers 1 -- 0 Rangers ( 1967 ) Rangers 2 -- 2 Celtic ( 1987 ) Progrès Niederkorn 2 -- 0 Rangers ( 2017 ) Scottish Professional Football League `` Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Divisions Premiership Championship League One League Two Cup competitions League Cup Challenge Cup 2018 -- 19 Premiership teams Aberdeen Celtic Dundee Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Kilmarnock Livingston Motherwell Rangers St Johnstone St Mirren 2018 -- 19 Championship teams Alloa Athletic Ayr United Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Greenock Morton Inverness Caledonian Thistle Partick Thistle Queen of the South Ross County 2018 -- 19 League One teams Airdrieonians Arbroath Brechin City Dumbarton East Fife Forfar Athletic Montrose Raith Rovers Stenhousemuir Stranraer 2018 -- 19 League Two teams Albion Rovers Annan Athletic Berwick Rangers Clyde Cowdenbeath Edinburgh City Elgin City Peterhead Queen 's Park Stirling Albion Former teams East Stirlingshire Seasons 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Broadcasters Clubs Foreign players Hat - tricks Managers Monthly awards Stadia Yearly awards Reserve League Development League Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) `` Scottish Football League Premier Division ( 1975 -- 98 ) Scottish Premiership ( 2013 -- ) '' Former teams Aberdeen Celtic Dundee Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Gretna Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Kilmarnock Livingston Motherwell Partick Thistle Rangers Ross County St Johnstone St Mirren Seasons 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Clubs Stadia Foreign players Hat - tricks Yearly awards Monthly awards Reserve League Scottish Football League ( 1890 -- 2013 ) ≫ Scottish Professional Football League ( 2013 -- present ) Divisions Premier Division ( 1975 -- 1998 ) First Division ( 1975 -- 2013 ) Second Division ( 1975 -- 2013 ) Third Division ( 1994 -- 2013 ) Cup competitions League Cup Challenge Cup B Division Supplementary Cup Summer Cup Spring Cup Clubs Aberdeen Abercorn Airdrieonians ( 1878 ) Airdrieonians ( 2002 ) Albion Rovers Alloa Athletic Annan Athletic Arbroath Armadale Arthurlie Ayr Ayr Parkhouse Ayr United Bathgate Beith Berwick Rangers Bo'ness Brechin City Broxburn United Cambuslang Celtic Clackmannan Clyde Clydebank ( 1914 ) Clydebank ( 1965 ) Cowdenbeath Cowlairs Dumbarton Dumbarton Harp Dundee Dundee United Dundee Wanderers Dunfermline Athletic Dykehead East Fife East Stirlingshire Edinburgh City ( 1928 ) Elgin City Falkirk Forfar Athletic Galston Greenock Morton Gretna Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Helensburgh Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Johnstone Kilmarnock King 's Park Leith Athletic Linthouse Livingston Lochgelly United Meadowbank Thistle Mid-Annandale Montrose Motherwell Nithsdale Wanderers Northern Partick Thistle Peebles Rovers Peterhead Port Glasgow Athletic Queen of the South Queen 's Park Raith Rovers Rangers Renton Ross County Royal Albert Solway Star St Bernard 's St Johnstone St Mirren Stenhousemuir Stirling Albion Stranraer Third Lanark Thistle Vale of Leven Seasons 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Clubs Stadia Yearly awards Monthly awards Representative team Founding members of the ECA Ajax Anderlecht Barcelona Bayern Munich Birkirkara Chelsea Copenhagen Dinamo Zagreb Juventus Olympique Lyonnais Manchester United Milan Olympiacos Porto Rangers Real Madrid UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners Winners 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina 1961 -- 62 : Atlético Madrid 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich 1967 -- 68 : Milan 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea 1971 -- 72 : Rangers 1972 -- 73 : Milan 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona 1979 -- 80 : Valencia 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen 1983 -- 84 : Juventus 1984 -- 85 : Everton 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv 1986 -- 87 : Ajax 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen 1992 -- 93 : Parma 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea 1998 -- 99 : Lazio The City of Glasgow History Timeline of Glasgow history Politics City Chambers Lord Provost Red Clydeside Battle of George Square Glasgow Trades Council Scottish Parliament electoral region Glasgow 's miles better Geography Climate Demography Subdivisions Glasgow city centre Greater Glasgow Urban Area River Clyde Culture Architecture Art Festivals Glasgow Fair Glasgow patter Libraries in Glasgow Media Music venues Parks Famous Glaswegians Transport Buchanan bus station Glasgow Central station Queen Street station Glasgow Airport Prestwick Airport Renfrew Airport ( until 1966 ) Subway Clyde Tunnel Kingston Bridge Trams ( until 1962 ) Trolleybuses ( until 1967 ) Education Schools Colleges University of Strathclyde Glasgow Caledonian University University of Glasgow Glasgow Medical School Glasgow School of Art Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Religion Archbishop of Glasgow ( Roman Catholic ) Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway ( Episcopalian ) Churches Glasgow Cathedral Glasgow Central Mosque Presbytery of Glasgow ( Church of Scotland ) Saint Mungo Sectarianism Sport Celtic F.C. Rangers F.C. Partick Thistle F.C. Clyde F.C. Queen 's Park F.C. Third Lanark A.C. ( Defunct ) Glasgow Warriors West of Scotland Cricket Club Hampden Park Hamilton Crescent 2014 Commonwealth Games Old Firm Glasgow Rocks Attractions Ashton Lane Buchanan Street Burrell Collection Celtic Park Clyde Auditorium Concert Hall Gallery of Modern Art Glasgow Green Hilton Hotel Holmwood House Hunterian Art Gallery Ibrox Stadium Museum of Transport Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Mitchell Library Pollok House Glasgow Science Centre Scottish Football Museum Shopping centres Tallest buildings Willow Tearooms Health Gartnavel General Hospital Glasgow Dental Hospital and School Glasgow effect Glasgow Royal Infirmary Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Stobhill Hospital Western Infirmary ( closed 2015 ) Football in Glasgow League teams ( SPFL ) Celtic Clyde Partick Thistle Queen 's Park Rangers Other senior teams BSC Glasgow Amateur teams Drumchapel Amateurs Glasgow University Junior teams Ashfield Benburb Glasgow Perthshire Maryhill Petershill Pollok Rossvale St Anthony 's St Roch 's Shettleston Vale of Clyde Women 's teams Celtic Glasgow City Glasgow Girls Rangers Youth teams Celtic Boys Club Celtic Academy Rangers Academy Venues Cathkin Park Celtic Park Firhill Stadium Hampden Park Ibrox Stadium Lesser Hampden Lochburn Park Petershill Park Saracen Park Toryglen Regional Football Centre Other topics Old Firm Glasgow Cup Scottish Football Museum Teams in italics are no longer based in , or do not currently play home games in , Glasgow GND : 4217622 - 0 VIAF : 247252505 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangers_F.C.&oldid=854645292 '' Categories : Rangers F.C. 1872 establishments in Scotland Association football clubs established in 1873 Companies based in Glasgow Culture in Glasgow Football clubs in Glasgow Football clubs in Scotland Govan Scottish Football League founder members Scottish Football League teams Scottish Premier League teams Scottish Cup winners Scottish Professional Football League teams Scottish League Cup winners Scottish Challenge Cup winners Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 EngvarB from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with trivia sections from April 2018 All articles with trivia sections Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Rangers F.C. dispute articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
when was the last time rangers won the treble
|
[
"1948–49, 1963–64, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1992–93, 1998–99, 2002–03"
] |
[
"2002–03"
] |
1085002624606180972
|
Iowa
|
Iowa - wikipedia Iowa Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Iowa ( disambiguation ) . State of Iowa Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Hawkeye State Motto ( s ) : Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain . Official language English Demonym Iowan Capital ( and largest city ) Des Moines Largest metro Des Moines metropolitan area Area Ranked 26th Total 56,272.81 sq mi ( 145,746 km ) Width 200 miles ( 322 km ) Length 310 miles ( 499 km ) % water 0.70 Latitude 40 ° 23 ′ N to 43 ° 30 ′ N Longitude 90 ° 8 ′ W to 96 ° 38 ′ W Population Ranked 30th Total 3,134,693 ( 2016 est . ) Density 54.8 / sq mi ( 21.2 / km ) Ranked 36th Median household income $60,855 ( 16th ) Elevation Highest point Hawkeye Point 1,671 ft ( 509 m ) Mean 1,100 ft ( 340 m ) Lowest point Confluence of Mississippi River and Des Moines River 480 ft ( 146 m ) Before statehood Iowa Territory Admission to Union December 28 , 1846 ( 29th ) Governor Kim Reynolds ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Adam Gregg ( R , Acting ) Legislature Iowa General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley ( R ) Joni Ernst ( R ) U.S. House delegation 1 : Rod Blum ( R ) 2 : Dave Loebsack ( D ) 3 : David Young ( R ) 4 : Steve King ( R ) ( list ) Time zone Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 ISO 3166 US - IA Abbreviations IA Website www.iowa.gov ( show ) Iowa state symbols The Flag of Iowa The Seal of Iowa Living insignia Bird Eastern goldfinch Flower Wild rose Grass Pseudoroegneria spicata Tree Bur oak Inanimate insignia Motto Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain . Rock Geode Song The Song of Iowa State route marker State quarter Released in 2004 Lists of United States state symbols Iowa ( / ˈaɪ. əwə / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers to the west . It is bordered by six states ; Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture - based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S states . Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live . Its nickname is the Hawkeye State . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geology and terrain 2.3 Ecology and environment 3 Climate 4 Prehistory 5 History 5.1 Early exploration and trade , 1673 -- 1808 5.2 War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control 5.3 Trade and Indian removal , 1814 -- 1832 5.4 U.S. settlement and statehood , 1832 -- 1860 5.5 Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 5.6 Agricultural expansion , 1865 -- 1930 5.7 Depression , World War II , and the rise of manufacturing , 1930 -- 1985 5.8 Reemergence as a mixed economy , 1985 -- present 6 Demographics 6.1 Population 6.2 Settlement 6.3 Birth data 6.4 Religion 6.5 Language 7 Attractions 7.1 Central Iowa 7.2 Eastern Iowa 7.3 Western Iowa 7.4 Northeast and Northern Iowa 7.5 Statewide 8 Economy 8.1 Manufacturing 8.2 Agriculture 8.3 Health insurance 8.4 Other sectors 8.5 Taxation 9 Transportation 9.1 Interstate highways 9.2 Airports with scheduled flights 9.3 Railroads 10 Law and government 10.1 State 10.2 National 10.3 Political parties 10.4 Voter trends 10.5 Presidential caucus 10.6 Civil rights 11 Sister jurisdictions 12 Education 12.1 Primary and secondary schools 12.2 Colleges and universities 13 Culture 13.1 Arts 13.2 Sports 13.2. 1 College sports 13.2. 2 Baseball 13.2. 3 Ice hockey 13.2. 4 Soccer 13.2. 5 Other sports 14 Notable Iowans 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Etymology ( edit ) Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people , one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Iowa Boundaries ( edit ) See also : List of counties in Iowa Topography of Iowa , with counties and major streams Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east ; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west ; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees , 30 minutes north latitude . The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not - quite - straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north , as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa ( 1849 ) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War . Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers . Iowa has 99 counties , but 100 county seats because Lee County has two . The state capital , Des Moines , is in Polk County . Geology and terrain ( edit ) DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge Fountain Springs Park in Delaware County , Iowa Iowa 's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east . In northwest Iowa , Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old ; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago . Iowa is generally not flat ; most of the state consists of rolling hills . Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation , soils , topography , and river drainage . Loess hills lie along the western border of the state , some of which are several hundred feet thick . Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone , consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear almost mountainous . Several natural lakes exist , most notably Spirit Lake , West Okoboji Lake , and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa ( see Iowa Great Lakes ) . To the east lies Clear Lake . Man - made lakes include Lake Odessa , Saylorville Lake , Lake Red Rock , Coralville Lake , Lake MacBride , and Rathbun Lake . The state 's northwest area has many remnants of the once common wetlands , such as Barringer Slough . Ecology and environment ( edit ) Main article : Environment of Iowa Iowa 's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas , with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys , and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas . Most of Iowa is used for agriculture ; crops cover 60 % of the state , grasslands ( mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland ) cover 30 % , and forests cover 7 % ; urban areas and water cover another 1 % each . There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa ; less than 1 % of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact ; only about 5 % of the state 's prairie pothole wetlands remain , and most of the original forest has been lost . As of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings . Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern , piping plover , Indiana bat , pallid sturgeon , the Iowa Pleistocene land snail , Higgins ' eye pearly mussel , and the Topeka shiner . Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid , eastern prairie fringed orchid , Mead 's milkweed , prairie bush clover , and northern wild monkshood . The explosion in the number of high - density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality . Other factors negatively affecting Iowa 's environment include the extensive use of older coal - fired power plants , fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production , and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer . Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types in Iowa Iowa annual rainfall , in inches Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with extremes of both heat and cold . The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) ; for some locations in the north the figure is under 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) , while Keokuk , on the Mississippi River , averages 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) . Winters are often harsh and snowfall is common . Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season . Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year . The 30 year annual average Tornadoes in Iowa is 47 . In 2008 , twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa , making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105 , matching the total from 2001 . Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity , with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and occasionally exceeding 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing , even dropping below − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . Iowa 's all - time hottest temperature of 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20 , 1934 ; the all - time lowest temperature of − 47 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) was recorded at Elkader on February 3 , 1996 . Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities ( ° F ) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Davenport 30 / 13 36 / 19 48 / 29 61 / 41 72 / 52 81 / 63 85 / 68 83 / 66 76 / 57 65 / 45 48 / 32 35 / 20 Des Moines 31 / 14 36 / 19 49 / 30 62 / 41 72 / 52 82 / 62 86 / 67 84 / 65 76 / 55 63 / 43 48 / 31 34 / 18 Keokuk 34 / 17 39 / 21 50 / 30 63 / 42 73 / 52 83 / 62 87 / 67 85 / 65 78 / 56 66 / 44 51 / 33 33 / 21 Mason City 24 / 6 29 / 12 41 / 23 57 / 35 69 / 46 79 / 57 82 / 61 80 / 58 73 / 49 60 / 37 43 / 25 28 / 11 Sioux City 31 / 10 35 / 15 47 / 26 62 / 37 73 / 49 82 / 59 86 / 63 83 / 63 76 / 51 63 / 38 46 / 25 32 / 13 Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state , with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches ( 97 cm ) of rain annually , and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches ( 71 cm ) . The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal , with more rain falling in the summer months . In Des Moines , roughly in the center of the state , over two - thirds of the 34.72 inches ( 88.2 cm ) of rain falls from April through September , and about half of the average annual precipitation falls from May through August . Prehistory ( edit ) Excavation of the 3,800 - year - old Edgewater Park Site . Main articles : Iowa archaeology and Indians of Iowa When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago , they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape . By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa , American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic , social , and political systems . This transformation happened gradually . During the Archaic period ( 10,500 -- 2,800 years ago ) , American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems , slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased . More than 3,000 years ago , during the Late Archaic period , American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants . The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity , with increased use of mounds , ceramics , and specialized subsistence . During the Late Prehistoric period ( beginning about AD 900 ) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements . The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval , with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders . There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration . Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota , Ho - Chunk , Ioway , and Otoe . Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek , Meskwaki , Omaha , and Sauk . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Iowa Early exploration and trade , 1673 -- 1808 ( edit ) Iowa in 1718 . Modern state area highlighted . The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indian villages on the Iowa side . The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763 . The French , before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War , transferred ownership to their ally , Spain . Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region , granting trading licenses to French and British traders , who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers . Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana , and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians . The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century . Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque , Robert La Salle , and Paul Marin . Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808 . In 1800 , Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty . After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts -- the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana . The latter , of which in was placed . Iowa was placed under United States jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana , with William Henry Harrison . Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805 , but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region . War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control ( edit ) Plan of Fort Madison , 1810 . Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi , but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Ho - Chunk , many of whom allied with the British , who had not abandoned claims to the territory . Fort Madison was defeated by British - supported Indians in 1813 during the War of 1812 , and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , also fell to the British . Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison . After the war , the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong , Fort Snelling in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska . Trade and Indian removal , 1814 -- 1832 ( edit ) A map of Iowa Indian Territory Accessions . The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west . Trade continued in furs and lead , but disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and economies . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa . The Sauk and Meskwaki were pushed out of the Mississippi valley in 1832 , out of the Iowa River valley in 1843 , and out of Iowa altogether in 1846 . Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama , Iowa ; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day . In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land ; Indians were not usually permitted to do so . The Ho - Chunk were removed from Iowa in 1850 , and the Dakota were removed by the late 1850s . Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as a way station for other tribes being moved west , including the Potawatomi . U.S. settlement and statehood , 1832 -- 1860 ( edit ) Iowa Territorial Seal . The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833 . Primarily , they were families from Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Indiana , Kentucky , and Virginia . On July 4 , 1838 , the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa . President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory , which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242 . Almost immediately after achieving territorial status , a clamor arose for statehood . On December 28 , 1846 , Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa 's admission bill into law . Once admitted to the Union , the state 's boundary issues resolved , and most of its land purchased from the Indians , Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors , boasting the young frontier state 's rich farmlands , fine citizens , free and open society , and good government . Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs . The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield . The first fair was held October 25 -- 27 , 1854 , at a cost of around $323 . Thereafter , the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines . The State Fair has been held every year since except for the year 1898 due to the Spanish -- American War and the World 's Fair being held in nearby Omaha , Nebraska . The fair was also a World War II wartime casualty from 1942 -- 1945 , as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot . Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 ( edit ) Jane and Samuel Kirkwood , 1852 . Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War , voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln , though there was a strong antiwar `` Copperhead '' movement among settlers of southern origins and among Catholics . There were no battles in the state , although the battle of Athens , Missouri , 1861 , was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton , Iowa , and shots from the battle landed in Iowa . Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities . Much of Iowa 's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood , its first wartime governor . Of a total population of 675,000 , about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty . Iowa contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service than did any other state , north or south , sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces , over one - sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox . Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South . Iowa troops fought at Wilson 's Creek in Missouri , Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Forts Henry and Donelson , Shiloh , Chattanooga , Chickamauga , Missionary Ridge , and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg , Iuka , and Corinth . They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley . Many died and were buried at Andersonville . They marched on General Nathaniel Banks ' ill - starred expedition to the Red River . Twenty - seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor , the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government , which was first awarded in the Civil War . Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals -- Grenville Mellen Dodge , Samuel R. Curtis , Francis J. Herron , and Frederick Steele -- and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war . Agricultural expansion , 1865 -- 1930 ( edit ) Iowa farm , 1875 . Following the Civil War , Iowa 's population continued to grow dramatically , from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1880 . The introduction of railroads in the 1859s and 1860s transformed Iowa into a major agricultural producer . In 1917 , the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy . For farmers , the change was significant . Since the beginning of the war in 1914 , Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity . In the economic sector , Iowa also has undergone considerable change . Beginning with the first farm - related industries developed in the 1870s , Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations . Depression , World War II , and the rise of manufacturing , 1930 -- 1985 ( edit ) The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly . The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms , and began a trend of urbanization . The period since World War II has witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations . While agriculture continued to be the state 's dominant industry , Iowans also produce a wide variety of products including refrigerators , washing machines , fountain pens , farm implements , and food products . The Farm Crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa , causing poverty not seen since the Depression . The crisis spurred a major , decade - long population decline . Reemergence as a mixed economy , 1985 -- present ( edit ) After bottoming out in the 1980s , Iowa 's economy began to become increasingly less dependent on agriculture , and by the early 21st century was characterized by a mix of manufacturing , biotechnology , finance and insurance services , and government services . The population of Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a whole , and Iowa now has a predominantly urban population . The Iowa Economic Development Authority , created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information . Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 43,112 -- 1850 192,214 345.8 % 1860 674,913 251.1 % 1870 1,194,020 76.9 % 1880 1,624,615 36.1 % 1890 1,912,297 17.7 % 1900 2,231,853 16.7 % 1910 2,224,771 − 0.3 % 1920 2,404,021 8.1 % 1930 2,470,939 2.8 % 1940 2,538,268 2.7 % 1950 2,621,073 3.3 % 1960 2,757,537 5.2 % 1970 2,824,376 2.4 % 1980 2,913,808 3.2 % 1990 2,776,755 − 4.7 % 2000 2,926,324 5.4 % 3,046,355 4.1 % Est. 2017 3,145,711 3.3 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Iowa was 3,123,899 on July 1 , 2015 , a 2.55 % increase since the 2010 Census . Of the residents of Iowa , 72.2 % were born in Iowa , 23.2 % were born in a different US state , 0.5 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 4.1 % were foreign born . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people , while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people . 6.5 % of Iowa 's population were reported as under the age of five , 22.6 % under 18 , and 14.7 % were 65 or older . Males made up approximately 49.6 % of the population . The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile . The center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County , in the city of Marshalltown . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Iowa was 3,046,355 . The gender makeup of the state was 49.5 % male and 50.5 % female. 23.9 % of the population were under the age of 18 ; 61.2 % were between the ages of 18 and 64 ; and 14.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The racial makeup of Iowa as of the 2010 Census was : White : 91.3 % ( 88.7 % non-Hispanic ) Black or African American : 2.9 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.4 % Asian : 1.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Other race : 1.8 % Two or more races : 1.8 % Iowa Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 96.6 % 93.9 % 91.3 % Black or African American 1.7 % 2.1 % 2.9 % American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Asian 0.9 % 1.3 % 1.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.5 % 1.3 % 1.8 % Two or more races -- 1.1 % 1.8 % Iowa population density map Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0 % of the population in 2010 : 3.8 % were of Mexican , 0.2 % Puerto Rican , about 0.0 % Cuban , and 0.9 % other Hispanic or Latino origin . According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the largest ancestry groups were German ( 35.9 % ) , Irish ( 13.7 % ) , English ( 8.5 % ) , American ( 6.2 % ) , and Norwegian ( 5.2 % ) . Settlement ( edit ) Percent population changes by counties in Iowa , 2000 -- 2009 . Dark green counties have gains of more than 5 % . Iowa 's population is more urban than rural , with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000 , a trend that began in the early 20th century . Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5 % from 2000 to 2008 , while rural counties declined by 4.2 % . The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas , Johnson , Linn , Polk , and Scott , at the expense of more rural counties . Iowa , in common with other Midwestern states ( especially Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) , is feeling the brunt of rural flight , although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990 . Some smaller communities , such as Denison and Storm Lake , have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers . Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain , in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment . During the 1990s , Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single , educated young adults , second only to North Dakota . Significant loss of educated young people contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for remaining citizens . See also : List of cities in Iowa and List of largest Iowa cities by population Iowa 's largest cities and their surrounding areas Recorded by the United States Census Bureau Rank City 2014 city population 2010 city population Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2016 metro population 2010 metro population 2016 metro change Des Moines 209,220 203,433 7000284467121853390 ♠ + 2.84 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 634,725 569,633 7001114270065112099 ♠ + 11.43 % Cedar Rapids 129,195 126,326 7000227110808542980 ♠ + 2.27 % Cedar Rapids 267,799 257,940 7000382220671473990 ♠ + 3.82 % Davenport 104,589 99,685 7000491949641370320 ♠ + 4.92 % Quad Cities 386,630 379,090 7000198897359466090 ♠ + 1.99 % Sioux City 82,517 82,684 3000798026220308640 ♠ − 0.20 % Sioux City 168,806 168,563 6999144159750360400 ♠ + 0.14 % 5 Iowa City 73,415 67,862 7000818278270607999 ♠ + 8.18 % Iowa City 168,828 152,586 7001106444890094770 ♠ + 10.64 % 6 Waterloo 68,364 68,406 3001386018770283320 ♠ − 0.06 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 167,819 7000129544330498930 ♠ + 1.30 % 7 Council Bluffs 62,245 62,230 6998241041298409070 ♠ + 0.02 % Omaha -- Council Bluffs 924,129 865,350 7000679251170046800 ♠ + 6.79 % 8 West Des Moines 63,325 56,609 7001118638379056330 ♠ + 11.86 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 9 Ames 63,266 58,965 7000729415755108960 ♠ + 7.29 % Ames 97,090 89,542 7000842956378012550 ♠ + 8.43 % 10 Dubuque 58,436 57,637 7000138626229678850 ♠ + 1.39 % Dubuque 96,370 93,653 7000290113504105580 ♠ + 2.90 % 11 Ankeny 53,801 45,582 7001180312404019130 ♠ + 18.03 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 12 Urbandale 43,150 39,463 7000934292881940040 ♠ + 9.34 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 13 Cedar Falls 40,859 39,260 7000407284768211919 ♠ + 4.07 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 14 Bettendorf 36,822 33,217 7001108528765391220 ♠ + 10.85 % Quad Cities 386,630 15 Marion 36,774 34,768 7000576967326277040 ♠ + 5.77 % Cedar Rapids 267,799 Birth Data ( edit ) Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County , illustrating the flight of young adults ( red ) to urban centers in Iowa . Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White : 35,240 ( 90.1 % ) 35,528 ( 89.5 % ) 35,279 ( 89.3 % ) Non-Hispanic White 32,302 ( 82.6 % ) 32,423 ( 81.7 % ) 32,028 ( 81.1 % ) Black 2,232 ( 5.7 % ) 2,467 ( 6.2 % ) 2,597 ( 6.6 % ) Asian 1,353 ( 3.5 % ) 1,408 ( 3.5 % ) 1,364 ( 3.4 % ) Native 269 ( 0.7 % ) 284 ( 0.7 % ) 242 ( 0.6 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,175 ( 8.1 % ) 3,315 ( 8.3 % ) 3,418 ( 8.6 % ) Total Iowa 39,094 ( 100 % ) 39,687 ( 100 % ) 39,482 ( 100 % ) Religion ( edit ) Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists . Religion in Iowa ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestant 60 % No religion 21 % Catholic 18 % Muslim 1 % No answer 1 % A 2001 survey from the City University of New York found 52 % of Iowans are Protestant , while 23 % are Catholic , and other religions made up 6 % . 13 % responded with non-religious , and 5 % did not answer . A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229,557 . The largest non Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents . The state has a great number of Reformed denominations . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members , and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members . The study Religious Congregations & Membership : 2000 found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state , the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church ; in the northeast part of the state , including Dubuque and Linn counties ( where Cedar Rapids is located ) , the Catholic Church was the largest ; and in ten counties , including three in the northern tier , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest . The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations . Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque , which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all 3 other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa . Historically , religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa , such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County . Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand , German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies , followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City , and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque . As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa , with about 3000 of them in Des Moines . Language ( edit ) English is the most common language used in Iowa , used by 94 % of the population . William Labov and colleagues , in the monumental Atlas of North American English found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions . Natives of northern Iowa -- including Sioux City , Fort Dodge , and the Waterloo region -- tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English , which is also found in North and South Dakota , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan . Natives of central and southern Iowa -- including such cities as Council Bluffs , Davenport , Des Moines , and Iowa City -- tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska , central Illinois , and central Indiana . Natives of East - Central Iowa -- including cities such as Cedar Rapids , Dubuque , and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift , a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region . After English , Spanish is the second-most - common language spoken in Iowa , with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Hispanic America . The third-most - common language is German , spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa ; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies , and Pennsylvania German , spoken among the Amish in Iowa . The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public . Around Pella , residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect . No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa population . The only indigenous language used regularly in Iowa is Meskwaki , used around the Meskwaki Settlement . Attractions ( edit ) Central Iowa ( edit ) Skyline of Des Moines , Iowa 's capital and largest city . Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa and the state 's political and economic center . It is home to the Iowa State Capitol , the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum , Drake University , Des Moines Art Center , Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden , Principal Riverwalk , the Iowa State Fair , Terrace Hill , and the World Food Prize . Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona , Living History Farms in Urbandale , Trainland USA in Colfax , and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive - In in Newton . The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University , Ames . Ames is the home of Iowa State University , the Iowa State Center , and Reiman Gardens . Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum , the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad , and Ledges State Park . The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow - wow . The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County , based on the popular novel of the same name , took place and was filmed in Madison County . Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum in Winterset . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton , Indianola , Pella , Knoxville , Marshalltown , Perry , and Story City . Eastern Iowa ( edit ) Old Capitol , Iowa City . Inside the Davenport Skybridge . Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa , which includes the Iowa Writers ' Workshop , and the Old Capitol building . Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers ' Workshop and related programs , Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a `` City of Literature '' in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch . The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks . The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone . Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa 's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site , Brucemore mansion . Brucemore , Cedar Rapids , Iowa . Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum , River Music Experience , Putnam Museum , Davenport Skybridge , Quad City Symphony Orchestra , Ballet Quad Cities , and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival , and the Quad City Air Show , which is the largest airshow in the state . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty , Fairfield , Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Fort Madison , LeClaire , Mount Vernon , Ottumwa , Washington , and Wilton . Along Interstate 80 near Walcott , Iowa lies the world 's largest truck stop , Iowa 80 . Western Iowa ( edit ) View of Grotto of the Redemption 's Lower Arcade : Small Stations of the Cross , West Bend . Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills . The Iowa Great Lakes include several resort areas such as Spirit Lake , Arnolds Park , and the Okoboji Lakes . The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee , Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend , Arnolds Park Amusement Park ( one of the oldest amusement parks in the country ) in Arnolds Park , The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn , and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are regional destinations . Every year in early May , the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival , a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region . Historic Fourth Street , Sioux City . Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown , attractions include the Sergeant Floyd Monument , Sergeant Floyd River Museum , and the Orpheum Theater . Loess Hills east of Mondamin . Council Bluffs , the major city of southwest Iowa , sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway . With three casino resorts , the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center , Union Pacific Railroad Museum , the Grenville M. Dodge House , and the Lewis and Clark Monument . Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world . Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake , Spencer , Le Mars , Glenwood , Carroll , Atlantic , Red Oak , Denison , Creston , Mount Ayr , Sac City , and Walnut . Northeast and northern Iowa ( edit ) Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson . The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys , checkered with forest and terraced fields . Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal - shaped prehistoric mounds in the world . Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area . Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa . Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque . Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond . Maquoketa Caves State Park , near Maquoketa , contains more caves than any other state park . Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification . Fort Dodge is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum , and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah , McGregor , Mason City , Elkader , Guttenberg , Algona , Spillville , Charles City , and Independence . Statewide ( edit ) RAGBRAI -- the Register 's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa -- attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel . It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973 . Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries , and hosts five regional wine tasting trails . Many Iowa communities hold farmers ' markets during warmer months ; these are typically weekly events , but larger cities can host multiple markets . Economy ( edit ) Iowa state quarter with reverse image based on a painting by American artist Grant Wood . See also : Iowa locations by per capita income CNBC 's list of `` Top States for Business in 2010 '' has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation . Scored in 10 individual categories , Iowa was ranked 1st when it came to the `` Cost of Doing Business '' ; this includes all taxes , utility costs , and other costs associated with doing business . Iowa was also ranked 10th in `` Economy '' , 12th in `` Business Friendliness '' , 16th in `` Education '' , 17th in both `` Cost of Living '' and `` Quality of Life '' , 20th in `` Workforce '' , 29th in `` Technology and Innovation '' , 32nd in `` Transportation '' and the lowest ranking was 36th in `` Access to Capital '' . Iowa gross state products by industry , 2006 . While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state , in reality agriculture is a small portion of a diversified economy , with manufacturing , biotechnology , finance and insurance services , and government services contributing substantially to Iowa 's economy . This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states , with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation . If the economy is measured by gross domestic product , in 2005 Iowa 's GDP was about US $124 billion . If measured by gross state product , for 2005 it was US $113.5 billion . Its per capita income for 2006 was US $23,340 . On July 2 , 2009 , Standard and Poor 's rated the state of Iowa 's credit as AAA ( the highest of its credit ratings , held by only 11 U.S. state governments ) . As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate is 3.4 % . Manufacturing ( edit ) Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa 's economy , with $20.8 billion ( 21 % ) of Iowa 's 2003 gross state product . Major manufacturing sectors include food processing , heavy machinery , and agricultural chemicals . Sixteen percent of Iowa 's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing . Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing . Besides processed food , industrial outputs include machinery , electric equipment , chemical products , publishing , and primary metals . Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods , Wells Blue Bunny , Barilla , Heinz , Tone 's Spices , General Mills , and Quaker Oats . Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations , second only to its headquarter state Arkansas . Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M , ALCOA , Amana Corporation , Dexter Apache Holdings , Inc. , Electrolux / Frigidaire , Emerson Process Management , Fisher Controls International , Hagie Manufacturing Company , HON Industries , The HON Company , SSAB , John Deere , Lennox Manufacturing , Maytag Corporation , Pella Corporation , Procter & Gamble , Rockwell Collins , Terex , Vermeer Company , and Winnebago Industries . Agriculture ( edit ) Harvesting corn in Linn County . Farm in rural Northwest Iowa Eastern Iowa cornfield in June . Directly and indirectly , agriculture has been a major component of Iowa 's economy . As of 2007 the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributed only about 3.5 % of Iowa 's gross state product . In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa 's economy , including agriculture - affiliated business , was calculated at 16.4 % in terms of value added and 24.3 % in terms of total output . This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing , which accounted for 22.4 % of total value added and 26.5 % of total output . Iowa 's main agricultural products are hogs , corn , soybeans , oats , cattle , eggs , and dairy products . Iowa is the nation 's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans . In 2008 , the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19 % of the nation 's corn , 17 % of the soybeans , 30 % of the hogs , and 14 % of the eggs . Mural in Mt . Ayr Post Office , `` The Corn Parade '' by Orr C. Fischer , commissioned as part of the New Deal . As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland , Ajinomoto , Cargill , Inc. , Diamond V Mills , Garst Seed Company , Heartland Pork Enterprises , Hy - Vee , Monsanto Company , Pioneer Hi - Bred International , and Quaker Oats . Health insurance ( edit ) As of 2014 , there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa , per the State of Iowa Insurance Division . Iowa was the 4th out of 10 states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011 , per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association using 2011 data from HealthLeaders - Interstudy , the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization ( HMO ) , preferred provider organization ( PPO ) , point - of - service ( POS ) and consumer - driven health care plans . According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71 % of the state 's health insurance . The Iowa Insurance Division `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature '' from November 2014 looked at the 95 % of health insurers by premium , which are 10 companies . It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the 3 health insurance markets it examined ( individual , small group and large group ) at 52 - 67 % . Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk - based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158 % and 1132 % , respectively . Rising RBC is an indication of profits . Other sectors ( edit ) Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector , with approximately 6,100 firms , including AEGON , Nationwide Group , Aviva USA , Farm Bureau Financial Services , Voya Financial , Marsh Affinity Group , MetLife , Principal Financial Group , Principal Capital Management , Wells Fargo , and Wells Fargo Financial Services . Iowa is host to at least two business incubators , Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa . The Research Park hosts about 50 companies , among them NewLink Genetics , which develops cancer immunotherapeutics , and the U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim , Vetmedica . Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County . Ethanol production consumes approximately one - third of Iowa 's corn production , and renewable fuels account for 8 % of the state 's gross domestic product . A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons ( 12,000,000 m ) of fuel in 2009 . Wind turbines near Williams . Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa , with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentally since 1990 . In 2010 , wind power in Iowa accounted for 15.4 % of electrical energy produced , and 3675 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year . Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas . Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch , TPI Composites of Newton , and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison . In 2016 , Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue . They include Principal Financial , Rockwell Collins , and American Equity Investment . Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy - Vee , Pella Corporation , Vermeer Company , Kum & Go gas stations , Von Maur , Pioneer Hi - Bred , and Fareway . Taxation ( edit ) Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals , estates , and trusts . There are nine income tax brackets , ranging from 0.36 % to 8.98 % , as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6 - 12 % , giving Iowa the country 's highest marginal corporate tax rate . The state sales tax rate is 6 % , with non-prepared food having no tax . Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election . Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property . Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities . Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority . The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county , city or rural township , school district and special levies . Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes . Transportation ( edit ) The current state license plate design , introduced in 2018 . Interstate highways ( edit ) Iowa 's major interstates , larger cities , and counties . Iowa has four primary interstate highways . Interstate 29 ( I - 29 ) travels along the state 's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City . I - 35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state 's center , including Des Moines . I - 74 begins at I - 80 just northeast of Davenport . I - 80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state , including Council Bluffs , Des Moines , Iowa City , and the Quad Cities . I - 380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway , which travels from I - 80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway . Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers . Airports with scheduled flights ( edit ) Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport , the Eastern Iowa Airport , in Cedar Rapids , Quad City International Airport , in Moline , Illinois , and Eppley Airfield , in Omaha , Nebraska . Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport ( Iowa ) , Dubuque Regional Airport , Fort Dodge Regional Airport , Mason City Municipal Airport , Sioux Gateway Airport , Southeast Iowa Regional Airport , and Waterloo Regional Airport . Railroads ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr serves the south of Iowa with stops at Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Ottumwa , Osceola , and Creston on its daily route between Chicago and Emeryville , California ( across the bay from San Francisco ) . Fort Madison is served by Amtrak 's Southwest Chief , running daily between Chicago and Los Angeles . Law and government ( edit ) See : Governor of Iowa , Iowa General Assembly , and Iowa State Capitol The Iowa State Capitol , completed in 1886 , is the only state capitol to feature five domes , a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller domes . The Supreme Court of Iowa , located on Court Avenue across from the state capitol in Des Moines , is the state 's highest court . State ( edit ) As of 2017 the Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds ( R ) . Other statewide elected officials are : Adam Gregg ( R ) -- Lieutenant Governor Paul Pate ( R ) -- Secretary of State Mary Mosiman ( R ) -- Auditor of State Michael Fitzgerald ( D ) -- Treasurer of State Bill Northey ( R ) -- Secretary of Agriculture Tom Miller ( D ) -- Attorney General The Code of Iowa contains Iowa 's statutory laws . It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau , with a new edition published in odd - numbered years and a supplement published in even - numbered years . Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state . National ( edit ) Further information : List of United States Senators from Iowa The two U.S. Senators : Chuck Grassley ( R ) , in office since 1981 Joni Ernst ( R ) , in office since 2015 The four U.S. Congressmen : Rod Blum ( R ) -- First district Dave Loebsack ( D ) -- Second district David Young ( R ) -- Third district Steve King ( R ) -- Fourth district After the 2010 census and the resulting redistricting , Iowa lost one seat , falling to 4 seats in the House of Representatives . Incumbent congressmen Leonard Boswell ( D ) and Tom Latham ( R ) ran against each other in the new Third district ; Latham won . Steve King represented the old Fifth district . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : Political party strength in Iowa Samuel J. Kirkwood , founder of the Iowa Republican Party , abolitionist , and Iowa 's Civil War Governor Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election In Iowa , the term `` political party '' refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the `` last preceding general election '' . Iowa recognizes two political parties -- the Republican Party and the Democratic Party . Third parties , officially termed `` nonparty political organizations '' , can appear on the ballot as well . Five of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions : the Constitution Party , the Green Party , the Libertarian Party , the Pirate Party , and the Socialist Workers Party . Voter Trends ( edit ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.15 % 800,983 41.74 % 653,669 2012 46.18 % 730,617 51.99 % 822,544 2008 44.74 % 677,508 54.04 % 818,240 49.92 % 751,957 49.28 % 741,898 2000 48.22 % 634,373 48.60 % 638,517 39.92 % 492,644 50.31 % 620,258 37.33 % 504,890 43.35 % 586,353 44.8 % 545,355 55.1 % 670,557 1984 53.32 % 703,088 45.97 % 605,620 As a result of the 2010 elections , each party controls one house of the Iowa General Assembly : the House has a Republican majority , while the Senate has a Democratic majority . Since the defeat of incumbent Democrat Chet Culver in 2010 , Iowa 's governor has been Republican Terry Branstad , who served as governor from 1983 to 1999 . On December 14 , 2015 , Branstad became the longest serving governor in US history , serving ( at that time ) 20 years , 11 months , and 3 days ; eclipsing George Clinton , who served 21 years until 1804 . As of February 1 , 2016 , there were 2,095,639 registered voters . Presidential caucus ( edit ) Main article : Iowa caucuses The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus , gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions , is the first presidential caucus in the country . The caucuses , held in January or February of the election year , involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates , rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election . Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week , Iowa 's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major - party candidates for president . The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention , which gives Iowa voters leverage . Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach voters in each of Iowa 's 99 counties . Civil rights ( edit ) The Union Block building , Mount Pleasant , scene of early civil rights and women 's rights activities In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination , especially in education , but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century . In the very first decision of the Supreme Court of Iowa -- In Re the Matter of Ralph , decided July 1839 -- the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil , 26 years before the end of the Civil War . The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851 , more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide . The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v . The Board of Directors in 1868 , ruling that racially segregated `` separate but equal '' schools had no place in Iowa , 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education . By 1875 , a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools . Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s . The Court heard Coger v . The North Western Union Packet Co. in 1873 , ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision . In 1884 , the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses , reading : `` All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations , advantages , facilities , and privileges of inns , restaurants , chophouses , eating houses , lunch counters , and all other places where refreshments are served , public conveyances , barber shops , bathhouses , theaters , and all other places of amusement . '' However , the courts chose to narrowly apply this act , allowing de facto discrimination to continue . Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949 , when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race ; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore . Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965 . As with racial equality , Iowa was a vanguard in women 's rights in the mid-19th century , but was slow to give women the right to vote . In 1847 , the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis . In 1869 , Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law , with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law . Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919 . In 1894 women were given `` partial suffrage '' , which allowed them to vote on issues , but not for candidates . It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa . Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment , in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution . Iowa did add the word `` women '' to the Iowa Constitution in 1998 . After Amendment , it reads : `` All men and women are , by nature , free and equal , and have certain inalienable rights -- among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness . '' In the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement , court decisions in Iowa clarified and expanded citizens ' rights . The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) confirmed the right of students to express political views . The state 's law criminalizing same - sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976 , 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas . On April 3 , 2009 , the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien , holding in a unanimous decision , the state 's law forbidding same - sex marriage was unconstitutional . This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same - sex marriage . ( See LGBT rights in Iowa . ) Sister jurisdictions ( edit ) Iowa has nine official partner jurisdictions : Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan ( 1960 ) Yucatán , Mexico ( 1964 ) Hebei Province , People 's Republic of China ( 1983 ) Terengganu , Malaysia ( 1987 ) Taiwan , Republic of China ( 1989 ) Stavropol Krai , USSR / Russia ( 1989 ) Cherkasy Oblast , Ukraine ( 1996 ) Veneto Region , Italy ( 1997 ) Republic of Kosovo ( 2013 ) Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) See also : List of school districts in Iowa Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in the U.S. Around 1910 , secondary schools as we know them today were established across the state , which was unprecedented at the time . As the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa , there was clear evidence of how more time spent in school led to greater income . The four - year graduation rate for high schoolers was 90 % in 2015 . The state has the top graduation rate in the nation . Iowa has 365 school districts , and has the 12th lowest student - to - teacher ratio of 13.8 . Teacher pay is ranked 42nd , with the average salary being $39,284 . The Iowa State Board of Education works with the Iowa Department of Education to provide oversight , supervision , and support for the state 's education system that includes all public elementary and secondary schools , nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation , area education agencies , community colleges , and teacher preparation programs . The State Board consists of ten members : nine voting members who are appointed by the governor for six - year terms and subject to Senate confirmation ; and one nonvoting student member who serves a one - year term , also appointed by the governor . The Iowa Board of Educational Examiners is an autonomous board in control of teacher licensure standards and professional discipline ; it has a majority of licensed teachers as members and is the oldest state educational board . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Christ the King Chapel at Saint Ambrose University in Davenport . Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of chiropractic in the world . Alexander Dickman Hall , located at Upper Iowa University in Fayette . See also : List of colleges and universities in Iowa The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking , coordination , and oversight of the state 's public universities , two special K - 12 schools , and affiliated centers . Iowa 's three public universities include : Iowa State University , Ames University of Iowa , Iowa City University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls The special K - 12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton . Both Iowa State University and the University of Iowa are major research institutions and members of the prestigious Association of American Universities . In addition to the three state universities , Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities . Private colleges and universities include : Buena Vista University , Storm Lake Clarke University , Dubuque Des Moines University , Des Moines Divine Word College , Epworth Drake University , Des Moines Emmaus Bible College , Dubuque Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary , Ankeny Graceland University , Lamoni Iowa Wesleyan College , Mount Pleasant Kaplan University , Cedar Falls , Cedar Rapids , Council Bluffs , Davenport , Mason City , and Urbandale Loras College , Dubuque Maharishi University of Management , Fairfield Mount Mercy University , Cedar Rapids Palmer College of Chiropractic , Davenport Saint Ambrose University , Davenport University of Dubuque , Dubuque Upper Iowa University , Fayette Waldorf College , Forest City William Penn University , Oskaloosa Private liberal arts colleges include : Ashford University , Clinton Briar Cliff University , Sioux City Central College , Pella Coe College , Cedar Rapids Cornell College , Mount Vernon Dordt College , Sioux Center Grand View University , Des Moines Grinnell College , Grinnell Loras College , Dubuque Luther College , Decorah Morningside College , Sioux City Northwestern College , Orange City Simpson College , Indianola Wartburg College , Waverly Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Sports ( edit ) See also : Sports teams from Iowa The state has four major college teams playing in Division I for all sports . In football , Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams , Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball , basketball , hockey , and other sports . The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000 . All of the following teams are NCAA Division I football , basketball , or wrestling teams : Iowa sports teams ( attendance > 8,000 ) Team Location Attendance Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 67,512 Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 52,197 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball Iowa City 14,976 Iowa State Cyclones men 's basketball Ames 14,192 Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 12,490 Iowa State Cyclones women 's basketball Ames 9,289 Iowa Hawkeye Wrestling Iowa City 8,358 College sports ( edit ) The state has four NCAA Division I college teams . In NCAA FBS , the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference . The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy - Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy - Hawk Series . In NCAA FCS , the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference ( despite the similar names , the conferences are administratively separate ) , whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports and Pioneer League for football . Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team Baseball ( edit ) Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs , a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . Iowa has four Class A minor league teams in the Midwest League : the Burlington Bees , Cedar Rapids Kernels , Clinton LumberKings , and the Quad Cities River Bandits . The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball . Ice Hockey ( edit ) Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild , who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League . The Quad City Mallards games are played in Moline , Illinois as part of the ECHL . The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa : the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders , Sioux City Musketeers , Waterloo Black Hawks , Des Moines Buccaneers , and the Dubuque Fighting Saints . The North Iowa Bulls play in the North American 3 Hockey League in Mason City . Soccer ( edit ) The Des Moines Menace of the USL Premier Development League play their home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines , Iowa . Starting in the 2015 - 16 season of the Major Arena Soccer League , the Cedar Rapids Rampage plays in the U.S. Cellular Center . As well as the Cedar Rapids Rampage United plays at Kingston Stadium . Other sports ( edit ) Iowa has two professional basketball teams . The Iowa Wolves , an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines , is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA . The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association . Iowa has three professional football teams . The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league . The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines . The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U.S. Cellular Center . The Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series , NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006 . Also , the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals , one of the classic sprint car racing events . The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971 . The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001 . The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and has scheduled the 2017 Solheim Cup . Notable Iowans ( edit ) President Herbert Hoover Vice President Henry Wallace Main article : List of people from Iowa Iowa was the birthplace of U.S. President Herbert Hoover , Vice President Henry A. Wallace , and two first ladies , Lou Henry Hoover and Mamie Eisenhower . Other national leaders who lived in Iowa include President Ronald Reagan , President Richard Nixon , John L. Lewis , Harry Hopkins , Carrie Chapman Catt , Jefferson Davis , Chief Black Hawk , and John Brown . Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa : Norman Borlaug , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; Thomas Cech , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; Alan J. Heeger , also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; John Mott , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; and Stanley B. Prusiner , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other notable scientists who worked or were born in Iowa include astronomer and space pioneer James A. Van Allen , ecologist Aldo Leopold , computer pioneer John Vincent Atanasoff , inventor and plant scientist George Washington Carver , geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson , and Intel founder Robert Noyce . Notable writers , artists , and news personalities from Iowa include Bill Bryson , Corey Taylor , George Gallup , Susan Glaspell , Mauricio Lasansky , Tomas Lasansky , Harry Reasoner , Phil Stong , and Grant Wood . Musicians , actors , and entertainers from Iowa include Tom Arnold , Julia Michaels , Bix Beiderbecke , Johnny Carson , Tionne Watkins of TLC ( group ) , Buffalo Bill Cody , Simon Estes , Nathan Jonas Jordison , Corey Taylor , Shawn Crahan , William Frawley , Charlie Haden , Ashton Kutcher , Cloris Leachman , Glenn Miller , Kate Mulgrew , Eric Christian Olsen , Donna Reed , George Reeves , Brandon Routh , Jean Seberg , John Wayne , Brooks Wheelan , Andy Williams , Meredith Willson , and Elijah Wood . Olympic gold medal winning athletes from Iowa include Tom Brands , Dan Gable , Shawn Johnson , and Cael Sanderson . Iowa athletes inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cap Anson , Fred Clarke , and Bob Feller . In college football , Jay Berwanger was the first winner of the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy in 1935 , later renamed the Heisman Trophy and won by Nile Kinnick in 1939 . In professional football , Kurt Warner was the Super Bowl XXXIV MVP winner and a two - time NFL MVP award winner . Frank Gotch was a World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion , Zach Johnson won the 2007 Masters Golf Tournament and the 2015 British Open , and Jeremy Hellickson won the 2011 American League Rookie of the Year award pitching for the Tampa Bay Rays . Former WWE Heavyweight Champion , Seth Rollins , is from Davenport , IA . See also ( edit ) Iowa portal United States portal Outline of Iowa -- organized list of topics about Iowa Index of Iowa - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It should be noted that the Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century , which can vary from their modern courses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Symbols '' . Iowa Department of Economic Development . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry , Carl A. ( 1996 ) . `` The Historic Period '' . Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Major Industries in Iowa '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Department of Economic Development . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2005 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wind Energy in Iowa '' . Iowa Energy Center . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking ; Nevada Ranks as Worst State '' . Insurance Journal . Wells Publishing . March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex , Lynn M. ( 2000 ) . Iowa 's Archaeological Past . University of Iowa Press , Iowa City . Jump up ^ Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 48 U.S. ( 7 How . ) 660 ( 1849 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jeff ( January 13 , 2005 ) . `` Forty - Thirty - five or fight ? Sullivan 's Line , the Honey War , and latitudinal estimations '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia '' . 50states.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Counties '' . County Seats . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prior , Jean Cutler . Geology of Iowa : Iowa 's Earth History Shaped by Ice , Wind , Rivers , and Ancient Seas . Adapted from Iowa Geology 2007 , Iowa Department of Natural Resources . Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Prior , Jean C. ( 1991 ) . Landforms of Iowa . University of Iowa Press , Iowa City . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geology of the Loess Hills , Iowa '' . United States Geological Survey . July 1999 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Odessa '' . Iowa Department of Natural Resources . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa DNR : Iowa 's Statewide Land Cover Inventory , Uiowa.edu Archived May 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa 's Threatened and Endangered Species Program , Iowadnr.gov Jump up ^ `` Des Moines Register '' , June 1 , 2005 , Iowa Must Step Up Investment in Public Lands Nicholasjohnson.org Jump up ^ Federally Listed Animals in Iowa , Agriculture.state.ia.us Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Federally Listed Plants in Iowa , Agriculture.state.ia.us Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa '' . Iowa Ag Review . Iowa State University . 2003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heldt , Diane ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Report : Many Iowa coal plants among nation 's oldest '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Works to Reduce Run - off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico '' . The Iowa Journal . Iowa Public Television . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Love , Orlan ( December 6 , 2009 ) . `` Heavy use draining aquifer '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Thunderstorm distribution . src.noaa.gov . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Archived October 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Des Moines , IA '' . noaa.gov . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Iowa tornadoes deadliest since 1968 '' . USA Today . January 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Weather - Iowa Weather Forecast - Iowa Climate '' . ustravelweather.com . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Davenport , Iowa '' . Weather.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Des Moines , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Averages for Keokuk , IA '' . weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Mason City , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Sioux City , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Average Annual Precipitation Iowa , 1961 -- 1990 ( GIF File ) -- Christopher Daly , Jenny Weisburg Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Des Moines , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation , Weather.com , Retrieved Jan. 7 , 2009 '' . Weather.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alex , Lynn M. ( 2000 ) Iowa 's Archaeological Past . University of Iowa Press , Iowa City . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Cynthia L. ( 2009 ) . `` Historical Tribes and Early Forts '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 12 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Jump up ^ History of Iowa , Iowa Official Register , Publications.iowa.gov Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles . The Catholic Encyclopedia : An International Work of Reference on the Constitution , Doctrine , Discipline , and History of the Catholic Church . Encyclopedia Press , 1913 , p. 380 ( Original from Harvard University ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Gayle F. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Atkinson , Nebraska , 1820 -- 1827 , and Other Missouri River Sites '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 104 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pike ( 1965 ) : The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the Mississippi River , through Louisiana Territory , and in New Spain , during the years June 7 , 1805 , Ross & Haines ^ Jump up to : McKusick , Marshall B. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Madison , 1808 -- 1813 '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 55 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . Macmillan , New York . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald ( 1960 ) , A Critic 's View of Old Fort Madison , Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58 ( 1 ) pp. 31 -- 36 Jump up ^ Black Hawk ( 1882 ) Autobiography of Ma - Ka - Tai - Me - She - Kia - Kiak or Black Hawk . Continental Printing , St. Louis . ( Originally published 1833 ) Jump up ^ Whittaker , William E. ( editor ) ( 2009 ) . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Schwieder , Dorothy . `` History of Iowa '' . Iowa State University . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa Official Register , Volume Number 60 , page 314 Jump up ^ `` Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa '' , Marcus L. Hansen , IJHP , 19 ( April 1921 ) : 159 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Iowa State Fair '' . Trivia . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Official Register , Volume No. 60 , page 315 Jump up ^ `` Civil War '' . Iowanationalguard.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iowa Official Register , Volume No. 60 , pages 315 -- 316 Jump up ^ The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s , Tripod.com ^ Jump up to : Population Trends : The Changing Face of Iowa , State.ia.us Archived October 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Industries , Iowa Workforce Development . Iowalifechanging.com Archived May 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Data Center , 2000 Census : Iowadatacenter.org Archived December 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Economic Development Authority '' . iowaeconomicdevelopment.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder - Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Census quickfacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John W. Wright , ed. ( 2007 ) . The New York Times 2008 Almanac . p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Iowa : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts '' . Censusviewer.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 American Community Survey '' . Jump up ^ Data from U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . Modeled after Iowa Data Center Map , Iowadatacenter.org Jump up ^ Iowans still flocking to cities , census stats show . Cedar Rapids Gazette , June 30 , 2009 , Gazetteonline.com Archived March 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau State and County Quick Facts , Census.gov Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` In This Small Town in Iowa the Future Speaks Spanish '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Iowa Brain Drain , Iowa Civic Analysis Network , University of Iowa , Uiowa.edu Archived April 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Population 2013 -- Iowa Cities '' . United States Census Bureau American FactFinder . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population 2010 -- Iowa Cities '' . United States Census Bureau American FactFinder . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Based on 2000 U.S. Census Data . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf Jump up ^ The Pew Forum - America 's Changing Religious Landscape Jump up ^ `` American Religious Identification Survey 2001 '' ( PDF ) . The Graduate Center of the City University of New York . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . thearda.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Congregations & Membership : 2000 '' . Glenmary Research Center . Archived from the original ( jpg ) on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elmer Schwieder and Dorothy Schwieder ( 2009 ) A Peculiar People : Iowa 's Old Order Amish University of Iowa Press Jump up ^ Tapper , Josh ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Postville , Iowa 's Jewish Community Bounces Back After Immigration Raid '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa - Languages '' . City Data . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Labov , W. , S. Ash , and C. Boberg , Atlas of North American English . Berlin , Germany : Mouton de Gruyter , 2006 . Mouton-online.com Archived December 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of North American English '' . The University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Labov , W. , Ash , S. , & Boberg , C. ( 2006 ) . The atlas of North American English : Phonetics , phonology , and sound change : a multimedia reference tool . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Jump up ^ 2000 U.S. Census : Census.gov Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2000 U.S. Census : Census.gov Archived August 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Native American Languages , Native-languages.org Jump up ^ `` Orange City Tulip Festival -- May 18 - 20 , 2017 '' . www.octulipfestival.com . Jump up ^ ISU Extension Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute , Iastate.edu Archived January 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Wine Growers Association , Iowawinegrowers.org Archived November 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Farmers Market Association , Iafarmersmarkets.org Jump up ^ `` America 's Top States for Business in 2010 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis , U.S. Department of Commerce , as presented in the 2007 Iowa Factbook Des Moines : Iowa Legislative Services Agency . Jump up ^ Iowa 's initial jobless claims grow . Des Moines Register April 2 , 2009 , Desmoinesregister.com Jump up ^ City has lowest unemployment in nation , Iowa City Press - Citizen May 5. , 2009 , Press-citizen.com Jump up ^ Iowa State University . Gross domestic product by sector and state . Regional Capacity Analysis Program . Retrieved on : April 26 , 2008 . Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Quick Facts -- State Data Center '' . Statelibraryofiowa.org . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iowa officials tout credit rating , argue it shows state 's finances are strong , Associated Press July 3 , 2009 , Timesrepublican.com Archived September 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics -- Iowa , Statewide '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our story - locations '' . Tysonfoods.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2007 Iowa Factbook p. 59 , Des Moines : Iowa Legislative Services Agency . Jump up ^ Swenson , David A , Eathington , Liesl ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa 's Economy '' . Iowa State University , Department of Economics . Staff General Research Papers , number 10180 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ USDA . `` Iowa State Fact Sheets '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr C. Fischer ( 1941 ) . `` The Corn Parade '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , George ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Impact of grain - processing industry runs deep , but people do n't see it '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . pp. 1A . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa Insurance Division ( n.d. ) . `` Find an Insurance Company '' . State of Iowa . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMA ( 2013 ) . Competition in Health Insurance : A Comprehensive Study of U.S. Markets , 2013 update . AMA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60359 - 944 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` AMA Analysis Lists States Where One Private Health Insurer Rules '' ( press release ) . AMA.org . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Competition in Health Insurance : 2007 update , Ama-assn.org Archived July 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Insurance Division ( November 2014 ) . `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature '' . State of Iowa . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Philipiddis , Alex ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Incubators Blossom along with Their Startups '' . Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News . 34 ( 12 ) . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ethanol mandate would n't help prices '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AWEA Wind Energy Facts -- Iowa '' ( PDF ) . AWEA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies # 380 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies # 380 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies # 380 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Hy - Vee , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Pella Corporation '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Vermeer Corporation '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Kum & Go , L.C. '' Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Von Maur , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Pioneer Hi - Bred International , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Fareway Stores , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2016 - Tax Foundation '' . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iowa Department of Revenue , Iowa Tax / Fee Descriptions and Rates , Iowa.gov Jump up ^ Iowa Department of Revenue , Iowa Local Option Tax Information , Ioawa.gov Jump up ^ Thomas Beaumont ( May 30 , 2009 ) . `` No tax increases planned for next year , Culver says '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How one city in Iowa caught 160,000 speeders in less than two years '' . Jump up ^ `` Forming a New Political Party in Iowa '' ( PDF ) . Elections Division , Iowa Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results Report -- Statewide : 2006 General Election '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canvass Summary : 2004 General Election '' ( PDF ) . Chester J. Culver , Iowa Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Branstad just became the longest serving governor in American history '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Iowa Voter Registration Totals '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Secretary of State . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Todd ; Hunsaker , Rob ( January 2009 ) . `` Beyond expectations : effects of early elections in U.S. presidential nomination contests '' . PS : Political Science & Politics . Cambridge University Press . 42 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . doi : 10.1017 / S1049096509090040 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Todd ; Redlawsk , David ; Tolbert , Caroline ( September 2014 ) . `` The 2012 Iowa Republican Caucus and Its Effects on the Presidential Nomination Contest '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . Wiley . 44 ( 3 ) : 447 -- 466 . doi : 10.1111 / psq. 12132 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1 Morris 1 ( Iowa 1839 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Early Civil Rights Cases '' . Judicial.state.ia.us . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gay marriage and Iowa : Why 's everyone so surprised ? , Chicago Tribune , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ 24 Iowa 266 ( 1868 ) Jump up ^ Brodnax , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Equality of Right : Alexander Clark and the Desegregation of Iowa 's Public Schools , 1834 -- 1875 '' . Law and Society Association . Jump up ^ Breaux , Richard M. ( 2004 ) `` Maintaining a Home for Girls '' : The Iowa Federation of Colored Women 's Clubs at the University of Iowa 1919 -- 1950 , Cultural Capital and Black Education ed . V.P. Franklin and C.J. Savage . Information Age , Greenwich Jump up ^ 37 Iowa 145 ( 1873 ) Jump up ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission , Iowa.org Archived June 3 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ African - Americans in Iowa , 1838 -- 2005 , IPTV.org Archived May 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission , State.ia.us Jump up ^ About Iowa , Uiowa.edu Archived November 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Fight for Women 's Suffrage , IPTV.org Archived June 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ How Did Iowa Coalitions Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992 ? , alexanderstreet.com Jump up ^ 1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA -- CODIFIED . Search.legis.state.ia.us ( July 4 , 1973 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ WL 874044 ( Iowa 2009 ) ( Publication to N.W. 2d pending as of April 9 , 2009 . ) Jump up ^ Martyn , Chase ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Iowa Supreme Court : Same - sex couples can marry '' Iowa Independent `` . Iowaindependent.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Iowa Supreme Court rules in favor of marriage equality ! '' Human Rights Campaign `` . HRC Back Story . April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today , Iowa Court Upholds Gay Marriage '' . USA Today . January 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Sister States '' . Iowa Sister States . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Announces New NGA Graduation Rates '' . Iowa Department of Education . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` High School Graduation '' . United Health Foundation . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts about Iowa Schools '' . Iowa Department of Education . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education Stats '' . National Education Association . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2014 NATIONAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL ATTENDANCE ; Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 NCAA MEN 'S BASKETBALL ATTENDANCE ; Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 NCAA Women 's Basketball Attendance ; Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa wrestling leads nation in attendance for ninth straight season '' . `` Famous people from Iowa , famous natives sons '' . Worldatlas.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutIowaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Constitution of the state of Iowa State Data Center of Iowa population , housing , business and government statistics Iowa Travel and Tourism Division Iowa State Facts from USDA Energy Data & Statistics for Iowa - U.S. Department of Energy Iowa State Databases -- Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Iowa state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association . U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts Iowa at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Iowa at OpenStreetMap African - Americans of Iowa Preceded by Texas List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 28 , 1846 ( 29th ) Succeeded by Wisconsin ( hide ) Topics related to Iowa Hawkeye State ( hide ) State of Iowa Des Moines ( capital ) Topics Attorney General Archaeology Area codes Auditor of State Capitol Code Congressional districts Crime Delegations Representatives Senators Elections Caucuses Environment Flag Index Governor History Historic Places Legislature House Senate People Native Americans Political parties Democratic Libertarian Republican Seal Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of State State Parks Supreme Court Regions Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Largest cities Ames Ankeny Bettendorf Burlington Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Clinton Council Bluffs Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Fort Dodge Iowa City Marion Marshalltown Mason City Muscatine Ottumwa Sioux City Urbandale Waterloo West Des Moines Counties Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Iowa Frank Cownie ( D ) ( Des Moines ) Ron Corbett ( R ) ( Cedar Rapids ) Frank Klipsch ( D ) ( Davenport ) Protected areas of Iowa Federal National Monument Effigy Mounds National Historic Site Herbert Hoover National Wildlife Refuges DeSoto Driftless Area Neal Smith Northern Tallgrass Prairie Port Louisa Union Slough Upper Mississippi River State State Parks Ambrose A. Call Backbone Badger Creek Banner Lakes at Summerset Beeds Lake Bellevue Big Creek Black Hawk Brushy Creek Cedar Rock Clear Lake Dolliver Memorial Elk Rock Elinor Bedell Emerson Bay Fairport Fort Defiance Geode George Wyth Memorial Green Valley Gull Point Honey Creek Lacey - Keosauqua Lake Ahquabi Lake Anita Lake Darling Lake Keomah Lake MacBride Lake Manawa Lake of Three Fires Lake Wapello Ledges Lewis and Clark Maquoketa Caves Marble Beach McIntosh Woods Mines of Spain & E.B. Lyons Mini-Wakan Nine Eagles Okamanpedan Palisades - Kepler Pikes Peak Pikes Point Pilot Knob Pillsbury Point Pine Lake Pleasant Creek Prairie Rose Preparation Canyon Red Haw Rice Lake Rock Creek Springbrook Stone Templar Trapper 's Bay Twin Lakes Union Grove Viking Lake Volga River Walnut Woods Wapsipinicon Waubonsie Wildcat Den Wilson Island State Forests Backbone Barkley Gifford Holst Loess Hills Pilot Mound Shimek Stephens White Pine Hollow Yellow River State Preserves A.F. Miller Ames High Prairie Anderson Prairie Behrens Pond and Woodlands Berry Woods Bird Hill Bixby Bluffton Fir Stand Brush Creek Canyon Brushy Creek Cameron Woods Casey 's Paha Catfish Creek Cayler Prairie Cedar Bluffs Cedar Hills Sand Prairie Cheever Lake Clay Prairie Claybanks Forest Cold Water Spring Crossman Prairie Decorah Ice Cave Dinesen Prairie Doolittle Prairie Fallen Rock Fish Farm Mounds Five Ridge Prairie Fleming Woods Fort Atkinson Freda Haffner Kettlehole Gitchie Manitou Hanging Bog Hardin City Woodland Hartley Fort Hayden Prairie Hoffman Prairie Indian Bluffs Primitive Area Indian Fish Trap Iowa 's State Preserves System Kalsow Kish - Ke - Kosh Prairie Lamson Woods Liska - Stanek Prairie Little Maquoketa Malanaphy Springs Malchow Mounds Manikowski Prairie Mann Wilderness Area Marietta Sand Prairie Mericle Woods Merrill A. Stainbrook Merritt Forest Montauk Mossy Glen Mount Pisgah Cemetery Mount Talbot Nestor Stiles Prairie Ocheyedan Mound Old State Quarry Palisades - Downs Pecan Grove Pellett Woods Pilot Grove Pilot Knob Retz Woods Roberts Creek Rock Creek Island Rock Island Roggman Boreal Slopes Rolling Thunder Prairie Saint James Lutheran Church Savage Woods Searryl 's Cave Sheeder Prairie Silver Lake Fen Silvers - Smith Woods Slinde Mounds Starr 's Cave Steele Prairie Stinson Prairie Strasser Woods Sylvan Runkel Toolesboro Mounds Turin Loess Hills Turkey River Mounds White Pine Hollow Williams Prairie Wittrock Indian Village Woodland Mounds Woodman Hollow Woodthrush County State Parks ( Leased ) Bobwhite Cold Springs Crystal Lake Eagle Lake Echo Valley Frank A. Gotch Heery Woods Lake Cornelia Lake Icaria Kearny Margo Frankel Mill Creek Oak Grove Oakland Mills Pammel Sharon Bluffs Spring Lake Swan Lake Three Mile Lake Iowa Department of Natural Resources Midwestern United States Topics Culture Geography Economy Government and Politics History Sports States Ohio Kentucky Indiana Michigan Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin Minnesota North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Major cities Chicago Detroit Minneapolis St. Paul St. Louis Cleveland Columbus Dayton Cincinnati Louisville Grand Rapids Fort Wayne Indianapolis Milwaukee Green Bay Madison Des Moines Kansas City Wichita Omaha Sioux Falls Rapid City Fargo State capitals Columbus Frankfort Indianapolis Lansing Springfield Jefferson City Des Moines Madison St. Paul Bismarck Pierre Lincoln Topeka New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile Biloxi New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Portal Commons New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne 's War → War of Jenkins ' Ear → Seven Years ' War → Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish -- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida , Yucatán Politics Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor ( position ) Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Treaty of Córdoba Adams -- Onís Treaty Notable cities , provinces , & territories Cities Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas Pachuca Querétaro Saltillo San Luis Potosí Los Ángeles Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) San José San Diego Santa Fe Albuquerque El Paso Los Adaes San Antonio Tucson Pensacola St. Augustine Havana Santo Domingo San Juan Antigua Guatemala Cebu Manila Provinces & territories La Florida Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Alta California Baja California Tejas Nueva Galicia Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Cebu Bulacan Pampanga Other areas Spanish Formosa Explorers , adventurers & conquistadors Pre-New Spain explorers Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Explorers & conquistadors Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Nuño de Guzmán Bernal Díaz del Castillo Pedro de Alvarado Pánfilo de Narváez Hernando de Soto Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Miguel López de Legazpi Ángel de Villafañe Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Juan de Oñate Juan José Pérez Hernández Gaspar de Portolà Manuel Quimper Cristóbal de Oñate Andrés de Urdaneta Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( Yucatán conquistador ) Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( founder of Nicaragua ) Gil González Dávila Francisco de Ulloa Juan José Pérez Hernández Dionisio Alcalá Galiano Bruno de Heceta Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra Alonso de León Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán José de Bustamante y Guerra José María Narváez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Antonio Gil Y'Barbo Alexander von Humboldt Thomas Gage Catholic Church in New Spain Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad Friars , fathers , priests , & bishops Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra Francisco Palóu Fermín Lasuén Esteban Tápis José Francisco de Paula Señan Mariano Payeras Sebastián Montero Marcos de Niza Francisco de Ayeta Antonio Margil Francisco Marroquín Manuel Abad y Queipo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos Other events Suppression of the Jesuits California mission clash of cultures Cargo system Indian Reductions Society and culture Indigenous peoples Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Huastec Mixtec P'urhépecha Totonac Pipil Kowoj K'iche ' Kaqchikel Zapotec Poqomam Mam Caribbean Arawak Ciboney Guanajatabey California Mission Indians Cahuilla Chumash Cupeño Juaneño Kumeyaay Luiseño Miwok Mohave Ohlone Serrano Tongva Southwestern Apache Coahuiltecan Cocopa Comanche Hopi Hualapai La Junta Navajo Pima Puebloan Quechan Solano Yaqui Zuni North - Northwest Mexico Acaxee Chichimeca Cochimi Kiliwa Ópata Tepehuán Florida & other Southeastern tribes Indigenous people during De Soto 's travels Apalachee Calusa Creek Jororo Pensacola Seminole Timucua Yustaga Filipino people Negrito Igorot Mangyan Peoples of Palawan Ati Panay Lumad Bajau Tagalog Cebuano Others Taiwanese aborigines Chamorro people Architecture Spanish Colonial style by country Colonial Baroque style Forts Missions Trade & economy Real Columbian Exchange Manila galleon Triangular trade People & classes Casta Peninsulars Criollo Indios Mestizo Castizo Coyotes Pardos Zambo Negros People Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Francis Drake Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Eusebio Kino La Malinche Fermín Lasuén Limahong Moctezuma II Junípero Serra Hasekura Tsunenaga New Spain Portal Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 42 ° N 93 ° W / 42 ° N 93 ° W / 42 ; - 93 VIAF : 153594323 LCCN : n79081387 ISNI : 0000 0004 0396 2037 GND : 4109226 - 0 SUDOC : 17656456X BNF : cb123174975 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iowa&oldid=828103612 '' Categories : Iowa States of the United States Midwestern United States States and territories established in 1846 1846 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
how far are we from des moines iowa
|
[] |
[] |
-2235764901302413266
|
Rio de Janeiro
|
Rio de Janeiro - wikipedia Rio de Janeiro This article is about the city . For the state , see Rio de Janeiro ( state ) . For other uses , see Rio de Janeiro ( disambiguation ) . Municipality in Southeast , Brazil Rio de Janeiro Municipality Município do Rio de Janeiro Municipality of Rio de Janeiro From the top , left to right : Christ the Redeemer , Sugarloaf Mountain , Rio Downtown , Municipal Theatre , Maracanã Stadium , Rio -- Niterói Bridge , and panoramic view of the city from Niterói . Flag Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : Cidade Maravilhosa ( Marvelous City ) Princesa Maravilhosa ( Marvelous Princess ) Cidade dos Brasileiros ( City of Brazilians ) Location in the state of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Location in Brazil , east South America Coordinates : 22 ° 54 ′ 30 '' S 43 ° 11 ′ 47 '' W / 22.90833 ° S 43.19639 ° W / - 22.90833 ; - 43.19639 Coordinates : 22 ° 54 ′ 30 '' S 43 ° 11 ′ 47 '' W / 22.90833 ° S 43.19639 ° W / - 22.90833 ; - 43.19639 Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Historic countries Kingdom of Portugal United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves Founded 1 March 1565 Government Type Mayor - council Mayor Marcelo Crivella ( PRB ) Vice Mayor Vacant Area Municipality 1,221 km ( 486.5 sq mi ) Metro 4,539.8 km ( 1,759.6 sq mi ) Elevation from 0 to 1,020 m ( from 0 to 3,349 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Municipality 6,688,930 Rank 2nd Urban 11,616,000 Metro 12,280,702 ( 2nd ) Metro density 2,705.1 / km ( 7,006 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Carioca and Guanabarino ( a ) ( by former city - state , obsolete ) Time zone UTC − 3 ( BRT ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 2 ( BRST ) Postal Code 20000 - 000 Area code ( s ) + 55 21 Website prefeitura. rio UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria vi Designated 2012 ( 36th session ) Reference no . 1100 State Party Brazil Latin America and Europe Rio de Janeiro ( / ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də - / ; Portuguese : ( ˈʁi. ud ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈnejɾu ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '' , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( IBGE , 2008 ) ( nearly US $201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations -- Petrobras and Vale -- and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second - largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17 % of national scientific output according to 2005 data . Despite the high perception of crime , the city has a lower incidence of crime than Northeast Brazil , but it is far more criminalized than the south region of Brazil , which is considered the safest in the country . Rio de Janeiro is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere and is known for its natural settings , Carnival , samba , bossa nova , and balneario beaches such as Barra da Tijuca , Copacabana , Ipanema , and Leblon . In addition to the beaches , some of the most famous landmarks include the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado mountain , named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World ; Sugarloaf Mountain with its cable car ; the Sambódromo ( Sambadrome ) , a permanent grandstand - lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival ; and Maracanã Stadium , one of the world 's largest football stadiums . Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics , making the city the first South American and Portuguese - speaking city to ever host the events , and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city . The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , and the XV Pan American Games . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial period 1.2 Portuguese court and imperial capital 1.3 Republican period 2 Geography 2.1 Parks 2.2 Environment 2.3 Climate 3 City districts 3.1 Central Zone 3.2 South Zone 3.3 North Zone 3.4 West Zone 3.5 Barra da Tijuca region 4 Demographics 4.1 Population growth 4.2 Religion 4.3 Urban challenges 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 6 Education 6.1 Educational institutions 6.2 Educational system 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.1. 1 Libraries 7.2 Music 7.3 Theatre 7.4 Events 7.4. 1 New Year 's Eve 7.4. 2 Rock in Rio 7.4. 3 Carnival 8 Sports 8.1 Football 8.2 Olympics 8.3 Other sports 9 Transportation 9.1 Airports 9.2 Ports 9.3 Public transportation 9.3. 1 Subway and urban trains 9.3. 2 Light rail 9.3. 3 Bus 9.3. 4 Ferry 9.3. 5 Tram 9.4 Road transport 9.5 Bicycles 10 Communications 11 International relations 11.1 Twin towns -- Sister cities 11.2 Union of Ibero - American Capital Cities 11.3 Partner cities 12 In popular culture 12.1 Movies 12.2 Television 12.3 Video games 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Historical affiliations Portuguese Empire 1565 -- 1815 United Kingdom of PBA 1815 -- 1822 Empire of Brazil 1822 -- 1889 Republic of Brazil 1889 -- present Founding of Rio de Janeiro in 1565 Rio de Janeiro , then de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire , as seen from the terrace of the Convento de Santo Antônio ( Convent of St. Anthony ) , c. 1816 Map of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1820 , then capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves , with the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil . Main articles : History of Rio de Janeiro and Timeline of Rio de Janeiro Colonial period ( edit ) Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 ( hence Rio de Janeiro , `` January River '' ) , by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos , captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral 's fleet , or under Gonçalo Coelho . Allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition . The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi , Puri , Botocudo and Maxakalí peoples . In 1555 , one of the islands of Guanabara Bay , now called Villegagnon Island , was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon . Consequently , Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony . The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded by the Portuguese on 1 March 1565 and was named São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro , in honour of St. Sebastian , the saint who was the namesake and patron of the Portuguese then - monarch Sebastião . Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay . Until early in the 18th century , the city was threatened or invaded by several mostly French pirates and buccaneers , such as Jean - François Duclerc and René Duguay - Trouin . In the late 17th century , still during the Sugar Era , the Bandeirantes discovered gold and diamonds in the neighbouring captaincy of Minas Gerais , thus Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth ( gold , precious stones , besides the sugar ) than Salvador , Bahia , much farther northeast . On 27 January 1763 , the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro . The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808 , when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated Lisbon nobles , fleeing from Napoleon 's invasion of Portugal , moved to Rio de Janeiro . Portuguese court and Imperial capital ( edit ) The kingdom 's capital was transferred to the city , which , thus , became the only European capital outside of Europe . As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly , many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes . In the first decades , several educational establishments were created , such as the Military Academy , the Royal School of Sciences , Arts and Crafts and the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts , as well as the National Library of Brazil -- with the largest collection in Latin America -- and The Botanical Garden . The first printed newspaper in Brazil , the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro , came into circulation during this period . When Brazil was elevated to Kingdom in 1815 , it became the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves until the return of the Portuguese Royal Family to Lisbon in 1821 , but remained as capital of the Kingdom of Brazil . From the colonial period until the first independent decades , Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves . There was a large influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro : in 1819 , there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy . In 1840 , the number of slaves reached 220,000 people . The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America . When Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822 , he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire while the province was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and , especially , with the new coffee cultivation in the Paraíba Valley . In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire , the city was converted , in the year of 1834 , in Neutral Municipality , passing the province of Rio de Janeiro to have Niterói as capital . Botafogo Bay in 1869 Botafogo Bay in 1889 As a political center of the country , Rio concentrated the political - partisan life of the Empire . It was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century . At that time the number of African slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed , with modern drains , animal trams , train stations crossing the city , gas and electric lighting , telephone and telegraph wiring , water and river plumbing . Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889 , when the monarchy was replaced by a republic . On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded , with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil ( Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil ) . The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893 , in a complex with varying architectural styles like Italianate , Neo-Gothic and a tower in Mansard Roof style . After the opening in 1893 , workers from Great Britain arrived in Bangu to work in the textile factory . The old farms became worker villages with red bricks houses , and a neo-gothic church was created , which still exists as the Saint Sebastian and Saint Cecilia Parish Church . Street cinemas and cultural buildings also appeared . In May 1894 , Thomas Donohoe , a British worker from Busby , Scotland , arrived in Bangu . Donohoe was horrified to discover that there was no knowledge of football among Brazilians . So he wrote to his wife , Elizabeth , asking her to bring a football when she joined him . And shortly after her arrival , in September 1894 , the first football match in Brazil took place in the field beside the textile factory . It was a five - a-side match between British workers , and took place six months before the first game organized by Charles Miller in São Paulo . However , the Bangu Football Club was not formally created until 1904 . Republican period ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro , ca. 1910s The Sugarloaf cable car between the 1940s and 1950s A convoy of tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the military rule . At time , Rio de Janeiro was a city - state , capital of Guanabara At the time Brazil 's Old Republic was established , the city lacked urban planning and sanitation , which helped spread several diseases , such as yellow fever , dysentery , variola , tuberculosis and even black death . Pereira Passos , who was named mayor in 1902 , imposed reforms to modernize the city , demolishing the cortiços where most of the poor population lived . These people , mostly descendants of slaves , then moved to live in the city 's hills , creating the first favelas . Inspired by the city of Paris , Passos built the Municipal Theatre , the National Museum of Fine Arts and the National Library in the city 's center ; brought electric power to Rio and created larger avenues to adapt the city to automobiles . Passos also named Dr. Oswaldo Cruz as Director General of Public Health . Cruz 's plans to clean the city of diseases included compulsory vaccination of the entire population and forced entry into houses to kill mosquitos and rats . The people of city rebelled against Cruz 's policy , in what would be known as the Vaccine Revolt . In 1910 , Rio saw the Revolt of the Lash , where Afro - Brazilian crew members in the Brazilian Navy mutinied against the heavy use of corporal punishment , which was similar to the punishment slaves received . The mutineers took control of the battleship Minas Geraes and threatened to fire on the city . Another military revolt occurred in 1922 , the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt , a march against the Old Republic 's coronelism and café com leite politics . This revolt marked the beginning of Tenentism , a movement that resulted in the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that started the Vargas Era . Until the early years of the 20th century , the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre ( see below ) , on the mouth of Guanabara Bay . The city 's centre of gravity began to shift south and west to the so - called Zona Sul ( South Zone ) in the early part of the 20th century , when the first tunnel was built under the mountains between Botafogo and the neighbourhood that is now known as Copacabana . Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rio 's streetcar transit system after 1905 . Botafogo 's natural environment , combined with the fame of the Copacabana Palace Hotel , the luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s , helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beach party town ( although this reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade ) . Plans for moving the nation 's capital city from Rio de Janeiro to the centre of Brazil had been occasionally discussed , and when Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president in 1955 , it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital . Though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric , Kubitschek managed to have Brasília and a new Federal District built , at great cost , by 1960 . On 21 April of that year the capital of Brazil was officially moved to Brasília . The territory of the former Federal District became its own state , Guanabara , after the bay that borders it to the east , encompassing just the city of Rio de Janeiro . After the 1964 coup d'état that installed a military dictatorship , the city - state was the only state left in Brazil to oppose the military . Then , in 1975 , a presidential decree known as `` The Fusion '' removed the city 's federative status and merged it with the State of Rio de Janeiro , with the city of Rio de Janeiro replacing Niterói as the state 's capital , and establishing the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region . In 1992 , Rio hosted the Earth Summit , a United Nations conference to fight environmental degradation . Twenty years later , in 2012 , the city hosted another conference on sustainable development , named United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development . The city hosted the World Youth Day in 2013 , the second World Youth Day in South America and first in Brazil . In the sports field , Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . On 2 October 2009 , the International Olympic Committee announced that Rio de Janeiro would host the 2016 Olympic Games and the 2016 Paralympic Games , beating competitors Chicago , Tokyo , and Madrid . The city became the first South American city to host the event and the second Latin American city ( after Mexico City in 1968 ) to host the Games . Rio de Janeiro at night in 2013 . Geography ( edit ) Satellite view of Greater Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro is on the far western part of a strip of Brazil 's Atlantic coast ( between a strait east to Ilha Grande , on the Costa Verde , and the Cabo Frio ) , close to the Tropic of Capricorn , where the shoreline is oriented east -- west . Facing largely south , the city was founded on an inlet of this stretch of the coast , Guanabara Bay ( Baía de Guanabara ) , and its entrance is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf ( Pão de Açúcar ) -- a `` calling card '' of the city . The Centre ( Centro ) , the core of Rio , lies on the plains of the western shore of Guanabara Bay . The greater portion of the city , commonly referred to as the North Zone ( Zona Norte ) , extends to the northwest on plains composed of marine and continental sediments and on hills and several rocky mountains . The South Zone ( Zona Sul ) of the city , reaching the beaches fringing the open sea , is cut off from the Centre and from the North Zone by coastal mountains . These mountains and hills are offshoots of the Serra do Mar to the northwest , the ancient gneiss - granite mountain chain that forms the southern slopes of the Brazilian Highlands . The large West Zone ( Zona Oeste ) , long cut off by the mountainous terrain , had been made more easily accessible to those on the South Zone by new roads and tunnels by the end of the 20th century . The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro , occupying an area of 1,182.3 square kilometres ( 456.5 sq mi ) , is about 6,000,000 . The population of the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 11 -- 13.5 million . Residents of the city are known as cariocas . The official song of Rio is `` Cidade Maravilhosa '' , by composer André Filho . Parks ( edit ) Parque Lage with Corcovado in the background Arches in the Botanical Garden Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon The city has parks and ecological reserves such as the Tijuca National Park , the world 's first urban forest and UNESCO Environmental Heritage and Biosphere Reserve ; Pedra Branca State Park , which houses the highest point of Rio de Janeiro , the peak of Pedra Branca ; the Quinta da Boa Vista complex ; the Botanical Garden ; Rio 's Zoo ; Parque Lage ; and the Passeio Público , the first public park in the Americas . In addition the Flamengo Park is the largest landfill in the city , extending from the center to the south zone , and containing museums and monuments , in addition to much vegetation . Environment ( edit ) Due to the high concentration of industries in the metropolitan region , the city has faced serious problems of environmental pollution . The Guanabara Bay has lost mangrove areas and suffers from residues from domestic and industrial sewage , oils and heavy metals . Although its waters renew when they reach the sea , the bay is the final receiver of all the tributaries generated along its banks and in the basins of the many rivers and streams that flow into it . The levels of particulate matter in the air are twice as high as that recommended by the World Health Organization , in part because of the large numbers of vehicles in circulation . The waters of Sepetiba Bay are slowly following the path traced by Guanabara Bay , with sewage generated by a population of the order of 1.29 million inhabitants being released without treatment in streams or rivers . With regard to industrial pollution , highly toxic wastes , with high concentrations of heavy metals -- mainly zinc and cadmium -- have been dumped over the years by factories in the industrial districts of Santa Cruz , Itaguaí and Nova Iguaçu , constructed under the supervision of State policies . The Marapendi lagoon and the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon have suffered with the leniency of the authorities and the growth in the number of apartment buildings close by . The clandestine discharge of sewage and the consequent proliferation of algae diminish the oxygenation of the waters , causing fish mortality . There are , on the other hand , signs of decontamination in the lagoon made through a public - private partnership established in 2008 to ensure that the lagoon waters will eventually be suitable for bathing . The decontamination actions involve the transfer of sludge to large craters present in the lagoon itself , and the creation of a new direct and underground connection with the sea , which will contribute to increase the daily water exchange between the two environments . However , during the Olympics the lagoon hosted the rowing competitions and there were numerous concerns about potential infection resulting from human sewage . Panorama of the city of Rio de Janeiro highlighting the mountains of Corcovado ( left ) , Sugarloaf ( center , background ) and Two Brothers ( right ) , from the Chinese Belvedere Climate ( edit ) Botafogo with the Sugarloaf Mountain View of Rio de Janeiro from Niterói View of the Marina da Glória Rio has a tropical savanna climate that closely borders a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) according to the Köppen climate classification , and is often characterized by long periods of heavy rain between December and March . The city experiences hot , humid summers , and mild , wet winters . In inland areas of the city , temperatures above 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) are common during the summer , though rarely for long periods , while maximum temperatures above 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) can occur on a monthly basis . Along the coast , the breeze , blowing onshore and offshore , moderates the temperature . Because of its geographic situation , the city is often reached by cold fronts advancing from Antarctica , especially during autumn and winter , causing frequent weather changes . In summer there can be strong rains , which have , on some occasions , provoked catastrophic floods and landslides . The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic . It is the Portuguese word for Flemish , and it was given to the nearby beach ( Praia do Flamengo , Beach of the Flemish ) because it was the place where the Dutch sailor Olivier van Noort tried to invade the city in 1599 . At that time , the Dutchmen were called `` Flemish '' by the Portuguese . The city reputedly has had rare frosts in the past , but this has never been decisively confirmed . Some areas within Rio de Janeiro state occasionally have falls of snow grains and ice pellets ( popularly called granizo , or `` hail '' , although it is in fact melted and refrozen snow falling in the form of hail , rather than just icy snow ) . These phenomena are definitely not rare or limited to a few regions , having already happened in the metropolitan area ( including western suburbs of the city itself ) several times in the 21st century . Drought is very rare , albeit bound to happen occasionally given the city 's strongly seasonal tropical climate . The Brazilian drought of 2014 -- 2015 , most severe in the Southeast Region and the worst in decades , affected the entire metropolitan region 's water supply ( a diversion from the Paraíba do Sul River to the Guandu River is a major source for the state 's most populous mesoregion ) . There were plans to divert the Paraíba do Sul to the Sistema Cantareira ( Cantareira system ) during the water crisis of 2014 in order to help the critically drought - stricken Greater São Paulo area . However , availability of sufficient rainfall to supply tap water to both metropolitan areas in the future is merely speculative . Roughly in the same suburbs ( Nova Iguaçu and surrounding areas , including parts of Campo Grande and Bangu ) that correspond to the location of the March 2012 , February -- March 2013 and January 2015 pseudo-hail ( granizo ) falls , there was a tornado - like phenomenon in January 2011 , for the first time in the region 's recorded history , causing structural damage and long - lasting blackouts , but no fatalities . The World Meteorological Organization has advised that Brazil , especially its southeastern region , must be prepared for increasingly severe weather occurrences in the near future , since events such as the catastrophic January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides are not an isolated phenomenon . In early May 2013 , winds registering above 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) caused blackouts in 15 neighborhoods of the city and three surrounding municipalities , and killed one person . Rio saw similarly high winds ( about 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) ) in January 2015 . The average annual minimum temperature is 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) , the average annual maximum temperature is 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) , and the average annual temperature is 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . The average yearly precipitation is 1,069 mm ( 42.1 in ) . Leblon neighborhood Urca and Copacabana as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain Temperature also varies according to elevation , distance from the coast , and type of vegetation or land use . Winter , cold fronts and dawn / morning sea breezes bring mild temperatures ; cold fronts , the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( in the form of winds from the Amazon Forest ) , the strongest sea - borne winds ( often from an extratropical cyclone ) and summer evapotranspiration bring showers or storms . Thus the monsoon - like climate has dry and mild winters and springs , and very wet and warm summers and autumns . As a result , temperatures over 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , that may happen about year - round but are much more common during the summer , often mean the actual temperature feeling is over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , when there is little wind and the relative humidity percentage is high . Rio de Janeiro is second only to Cuiabá as the hottest Brazilian state capital outside Northern and Northeastern Brazil ; temperatures below 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) occur yearly , while those lower than 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) happen less often . The phrase , fazer frio ( `` making cold '' , i.e. `` the weather is getting cold '' ) , usually refers to temperatures going below 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) , which is possible year - round and is commonplace in mid-to - late autumn , winter and early spring nights . Between 1961 and 1990 , at the INMET ( Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ) conventional station in the neighborhood of Saúde , the lowest temperature recorded was 10.1 ° C ( 50.2 ° F ) in October 1977 , and the highest temperature recorded was 39 ° C ( 102.2 ° F ) in December 1963 . The highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours was 167.4 mm ( 6.6 in ) in January 1962 . However , the absolute minimum temperature ever recorded at the INMET Jacarepaguá station , 3.8 ° C ( 38.8 ° F ) in July 1974 , while the absolute maximum was 43.2 ° C ( 110 ° F ) 26 December 2012 , in the neighborhood of the Santa Cruz station , while the highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours , of 186.2 mm ( 7.3 in ) was recorded at the Santa Teresa station in April 1967 . The lowest temperature ever registered in the 21st century was 8.1 ° C ( 46.6 ° F ) in Vila Militar , July 2011 . hide Climate data for Rio de Janeiro Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.9 ( 105.6 ) 41.8 ( 107.2 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 39.3 ( 102.7 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 35.9 ( 96.6 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 40.5 ( 104.9 ) 43.2 ( 109.8 ) 43.2 ( 109.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 137.1 ( 5.398 ) 130.4 ( 5.134 ) 135.8 ( 5.346 ) 94.9 ( 3.736 ) 69.8 ( 2.748 ) 42.7 ( 1.681 ) 41.9 ( 1.65 ) 44.5 ( 1.752 ) 53.6 ( 2.11 ) 86.5 ( 3.406 ) 97.8 ( 3.85 ) 134.2 ( 5.283 ) 1,069.4 ( 42.102 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 11 7 8 9 6 6 5 7 9 10 11 93 Average relative humidity ( % ) 79 79 80 80 80 79 77 77 79 80 79 80 79.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 211.9 201.3 206.4 181.0 186.3 175.1 188.6 184.8 146.2 152.1 168.5 179.6 2,181.8 Source : Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ( INMET ) . Average annual temperature of the sea is 23 -- 24 ° C ( 73 -- 75 ° F ) , from 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) in the period July -- October to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in February and March . The dominant ocean current is the warm Brazil Current ( as most of elsewhere in the Santos Bight between Santa Catarina and Cabo Frio ; the subsurface part of the cold subantarctic Malvinas Current only slightly resurfaces to affect the latter , giving the characteristic semi-arid climate in parts of Arraial do Cabo , the only occurrence of such in the whole state ) . The wettest and driest months tend to be January and August respectively . Average sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) City districts ( edit ) Municipality of Rio de Janeiro and its division into zones and neighborhoods . West Zone North Zone South Zone Central Zone The city is commonly divided into the historic center ( Centro ) ; the tourist - friendly wealthier South Zone ( Zona Sul ) ; the residential less wealthy North Zone ( Zona Norte ) ; peripheries in the West Zone ( Zona Oeste ) , among them Santa Cruz , Campo Grande and the wealthy newer Barra da Tijuca district . Central Zone ( edit ) Main articles : Zona Central , Rio de Janeiro and Centro , Rio de Janeiro Aerial view of Downtown Rio Centro or Downtown is the historic core of the city , as well as its financial centre . Sites of interest include the Paço Imperial , built during colonial times to serve as a residence for the Portuguese governors of Brazil ; many historic churches , such as the Candelária Church ( the former cathedral ) , São Jose , Santa Lucia , Nossa Senhora do Carmo , Santa Rita , São Francisco de Paula , and the monasteries of Santo Antônio and São Bento . The Centro also houses the modern concrete Rio de Janeiro Cathedral . Around the Cinelândia square , there are several landmarks of the Belle Époque of Rio , such as the Municipal Theatre and the National Library building . Among its several museums , the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes ( National Museum of Fine Arts ) and the Museu Histórico Nacional ( National Historical Museum ) are the most important . Other important historical attractions in central Rio include its Passeio Público , an 18th - century public garden . Major streets include Avenida Rio Branco and Avenida Vargas , both constructed , in 1906 and 1942 respectively , by destroying large swaths of the colonial city . A number of colonial streets , such as Rua do Ouvidor and Uruguaiana , have long been pedestrian spaces , and the popular Saara shopping district has been pedestrianized more recently . Also located in the center is the traditional neighbourhood called Lapa , an important bohemian area frequented by both townspeople and tourists . Carioca Aqueduct , also called `` Arcos da Lapa '' ( Lapa Arches ) South Zone ( edit ) Main article : South Zone ( Rio de Janeiro ) Fort Copacabana , with Ipanema ( background ) and Copacabana ( right ) Cablecar arriving at Sugarloaf The South Zone of Rio de Janeiro ( Zona Sul ) is composed of several districts , among which are São Conrado , Leblon , Ipanema , Arpoador , Copacabana , and Leme , which compose Rio 's famous Atlantic beach coastline . Other districts in the South Zone are Glória , Catete , Flamengo , Botafogo , and Urca , which border Guanabara Bay , and Santa Teresa , Cosme Velho , Laranjeiras , Humaitá , Lagoa , Jardim Botânico , and Gávea . It is the wealthiest part of the city and the best known overseas ; the neighborhoods of Leblon and Ipanema , in particular , have the most expensive real estate in all of South America . The neighbourhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world 's most spectacular New Year 's Eve parties ( `` Reveillon '' ) , as more than two million revelers crowd onto the sands to watch the fireworks display . From 2001 , the fireworks have been launched from boats , to improve the safety of the event . To the north of Leme , and at the entrance to Guanabara Bay , is the district of Urca and the Sugarloaf Mountain ( ' Pão de Açúcar ' ) , whose name describes the famous mountain rising out of the sea . The summit can be reached via a two - stage cable car trip from Praia Vermelha , with the intermediate stop on Morro da Urca . It offers views of the city second only to Corcovado mountain . Hang gliding is a popular activity on the Pedra Bonita ( literally , `` Beautiful Rock '' ) . After a short flight , gliders land on the Praia do Pepino ( Pepino , or `` cucumber '' , Beach ) in São Conrado . Since 1961 , the Tijuca National Park ( Parque Nacional da Tijuca ) , the largest city - surrounded urban forest and the second largest urban forest in the world , has been a National Park . The largest urban forest in the world is the Floresta da Pedra Branca ( White Rock Forest ) , which is located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro . The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio ( Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro or PUC - Rio ) , Brazil 's top private university , is located at the edge of the forest , in the Gávea district . The 1984 film Blame It on Rio was filmed nearby , with the rental house used by the story 's characters sitting at the edge of the forest on a mountain overlooking the famous beaches . In 2012 , CNN elected Ipanema the best city beach in the world . North Zone ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The iconic Maracanã Stadium Palace of São Cristóvão , the former residence of the Emperors of Brazil , was the National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , at Quinta da Boa Vista , located in São Cristóvão imperial neighbourhood . The North Zone ( Zona Norte ) begins at Grande Tijuca ( the middle class residential and commercial bairro of Tijuca ) , just west of the city center , and sprawls for miles inland until Baixada Fluminense and the city 's Northwest . This region is home to the Maracanã stadium ( located in Grande Tijuca ) , once the world 's highest capacity football venue , able to hold nearly 199,000 people , as it did for the World Cup final of 1950 . More recently its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans . Currently undergoing reconstruction , it has now the capacity for 90,000 ; it will eventually hold around 80,000 people . Maracanã was the site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 Pan American Games ; hosted the final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and the football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics . Besides Maracanã , the North Zone of Rio also has other tourist and historical attractions , such `` Nossa Senhora da Penha de França Church '' , the Christ the Redeemer ( statue ) with its stairway built into the rock bed , ' Manguinhos ' , the home of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , a centenarian biomedical research institution with a main building fashioned like a Moorish palace , and the Quinta da Boa Vista , the park where the historic Imperial Palace is located . Nowadays , the palace hosts the National Museum , specialising in Natural History , Archaeology , and Ethnology . The International Airport of Rio de Janeiro ( Galeão -- Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport , named after the famous Brazilian musician Antônio Carlos Jobim ) , the main campus of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro at the Fundão Island , and the State University of Rio de Janeiro , in Maracanã , are also located in the Northern part of Rio . This region is also home to most of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro such as Mangueira , Salgueiro , Império Serrano , Unidos da Tijuca , Imperatriz Leopoldinense , among others . Some of the main neighbourhoods of Rio 's North Zone are Alto da Boa Vista which shares the Tijuca Rainforest with the South and Southwest Zones ; Tijuca , Vila Isabel , Méier , São Cristovão , Madureira , Penha , Manguinhos , Fundão , Olaria among others . Many of Rio de Janeiro 's roughly 1000 slums , or favelas , are located in the North Zone . The favelas resemble the slums of Paris , New York or other major cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Europe , or similar neighborhoods in present underdeveloped countries . West Zone ( edit ) Aqueduct built in the 18th century , as was the entire historic complex of the Colônia Juliano Moreira inside Pedra Branca State Park in Taquara West Zone ( Zona Oeste ) of Rio de Janeiro is a complicated place that makes up more than 50 % of the city area , including Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhoods . The West Side of Rio has many historic sites because of the old `` Royal Road of Santa Cruz '' that crossed the territory in the regions of Realengo , Bangu , and Campo Grande , finishing at the Royal Palace of Santa Cruz in the Santa Cruz region . The highest peak of the city of Rio de Janeiro is the Pedra Branca Peak ( Pico da Pedra Branca ) inside the Pedra Branca State Park . It has an altitude of 1024m . The Pedra Branca State Park ( Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca ) is the biggest urban state park in the world comprising 17 neighborhoods in the west side , being a `` giant lung '' in the city with trails , waterfalls and historic constructions like an old aqueduct in the Colônia Juliano Moreira in the neighborhood of Taquara and a dam in Camorim . The park has three principal entrances : the main one is in Taquara called Pau da Fome Core , another entrance is the Piraquara Core in Realengo and the last one is the Camorim Core , considered the cultural heritage of the city . Santa Cruz and Campo Grande Region have exhibited economic growth , mainly in the Campo Grande neighborhood . Industrial enterprises are being built in lower and lower middle class residential Santa Cruz , one of the largest and most populous of Rio de Janeiro 's neighbourhoods , most notably Companhia Siderúrgica do Atlântico ( CSA ) , a new steel mill with its own private docks on Sepetiba Bay , which is planned to be South America 's largest steel works . A tunnel called Túnel da Grota Funda , opened in 2012 , creating a public transit facility between Barra da Tijuca and Santa Cruz , lessening travel time to the region from other areas of Rio de Janeiro . Barra da Tijuca region ( edit ) Barra da Tijuca with Pedra da Gávea at background This is an elite area of the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro . It includes Barra da Tijuca , Recreio dos Bandeirantes , Vargem Grande , Vargem Pequena , Grumari , Itanhangá , Camorim and Joá . Westwards from the older zones of Rio , Barra da Tijuca is a flat complex of barrier islands of formerly undeveloped coastal land , which constantly experiences new constructions and developments . It remains an area of accelerated growth , attracting some of the richer sectors of the population as well as luxury companies . High rise flats and sprawling shopping centers give the area a far more modern feel than the crowded city centre . The urban planning of the area , completed in the late 1960s , mixes zones of single - family houses with residential skyscrapers . The beaches of Barra da Tijuca are also popular with the residents from other parts of the city . One of the most famous hills in the city is the 842 - metre - high ( 2,762 - foot ) Pedra da Gávea ( Crow 's nest Rock ) bordering the South Zone . On the top of its summit is a huge rock formation ( some , such as Erich von Däniken in his 1973 book , In Search of Ancient Gods , claim it to be a sculpture ) resembling a sphinx - like , bearded head that is visible for many kilometres around . Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Cariocas , Demographics of Rio de Janeiro , and Demographics of Brazil Race and ethnicity in Rio de Janeiro Ethnicity Percentage White 51.2 % Pardo ( Multiracial ) 36.5 % Black 11.5 % Asian 0.7 % Amerindian 0.1 % According to the 2010 IBGE Census , there were 5,940,224 people residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro . The census revealed the following numbers : 3,239,888 White people ( 51.2 % ) , 2,318,675 Pardo ( multiracial ) people ( 36.5 % ) , 708,148 Black people ( 11.5 % ) , 45,913 Asian people ( 0.7 % ) , 5,981 Amerindian people ( 0.1 % ) . The population of Rio de Janeiro was 53.2 % female and 46.8 % male . In 2010 , the city of Rio de Janeiro was the 2nd most populous city in Brazil , after São Paulo . Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro . Before European colonization , there were at least seven different indigenous peoples speaking 20 languages in the region . A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French . Those who joined the French were then exterminated by the Portuguese , while the other part was assimilated . Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest Portuguese population outside of Lisbon in Portugal . After independence from Portugal , Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal , mainly in the early 20th century . The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders . The Portuguese cultural influence is still seen in many parts of the city ( and many other parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro ) , including architecture and language . Most Brazilians with some cultural contact with Rio know how to easily differentiate between the local dialect , fluminense , and other Brazilian dialects . The Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading . Rio de Janeiro is considered the largest `` Portuguese city '' outside Portugal . Portuguese immigrant in Rio de Janeiro . People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state . The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.7 % of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro . Including all of the Rio de Janeiro , the proportion raised to 46.3 % of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil . The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high , accounting for 72 % of the foreigners who lived in the capital . Portuguese born people accounted for 20.4 % of the population of Rio , and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.8 % . In other words , native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.2 % of the inhabitants of Rio , or a total of 267,664 people in 1890 . Rio de Janeiro city ( 1890 ) Group Population Percentage Portuguese immigrants 106,461 20.4 % Brazilians with at least one Portuguese parent 161,203 30.8 % Portuguese immigrants and their descendants 267,664 51.2 % The black community was formed by residents whose ancestors had been brought as slaves , mostly from Angola and Mozambique , as well by people of Angolan , Mozambican and West African descent who moved to Rio from other parts of Brazil . The samba ( from Bahia with Angolan influence ) and the famous local version of the carnival ( from Europe ) first appeared under the influence of the black community in the city . Today , nearly half of the city 's population is by phenotype perceptibly black or part black , . A large majority has some recent Subsaharan ancestor . White in Brazil is defined more by having a European - looking phenotype rather than ancestry , and two full siblings can be of different `` racial '' categories in a skin color and phenotype continuum from pálido ( branco ) or fair - skinned , through branco moreno or swarthy Caucasian , mestiço claro or lighter skinned multiracial , pardo ( mixed race ) to negro or black . Pardo , for example , in popular usage includes those who are caboclos ( mestizos ) , mulatos ( mulattoes ) , cafuzos ( zambos ) , juçaras ( archaic term for tri-racials ) and westernized Amerindians ( which are called caboclos as well ) , being more of a skin color rather than a racial group in particular . As a result of the influx of immigrants to Brazil from the late 19th to the early 20th century , also found in Rio de Janeiro and its metropolitan area are communities of Levantine Arabs who are mostly Christian or Irreligious , Spaniards , Italians , Germans , Japanese , Jews , and people from other parts of Brazil . The main waves of internal migration came from people of African , mixed or older Portuguese ( as descendants of early settlers ) descent from Minas Gerais and people of Eastern European , Swiss , Italian , German , Portuguese and older Portuguese - Brazilian heritage from Espírito Santo in the early and mid-20th century , together with people with origins in Northeastern Brazil , in the mid-to - late and late 20th century , as well some in the early 21st century ( the latter more directed to peripheries than the city 's core ) . Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro Race or skin color Number of individuals Amerindian African European White 107 6.7 % 6.9 % 86.4 % Pardo ( Mixed race ) 119 8.3 % 23.6 % 68.1 % Black 109 7.3 % 50.9 % 41.8 % According to an autosomal DNA study from 2009 , conducted on a school in the poor suburb of Rio de Janeiro , the `` pardos '' there were found to be on average about 80 % European , and the `` whites '' ( who thought of themselves as `` very mixed '' ) were found to carry very little Amerindian and / or African admixtures . The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry . In general , the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be . The `` pardos '' for example thought of themselves as 1⁄3 European , 1⁄3 African and 1⁄3 Amerindian before the tests , and yet their ancestry on average reached 80 % European . Other studies showed similar results Self - reported ancestry of people from Rio de Janeiro , by race or skin color ( 2000 survey ) Ancestry White Pardo Black European only 48 % 6 % -- African only -- 12 % 25 % Amerindian only -- 2 % -- African and European 23 % 34 % 31 % Amerindian and European 14 % 6 % -- African and Amerindian -- 4 % 9 % African , Amerindian and European 15 % 36 % 35 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % Population growth ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil ( after São Paulo ) and has a rapidly expanding population and rapidly growing area due to rapid urbanization . Changing demographics the city of Rio de Janeiro Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Brazil Candelária Church The Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , according to 2009 research from Fundação Getúlio Vargas ( known as Novo Mapa das Religiões ) , ranks first in Brazil in the percentage of Catholics ( 51.1 % ) living there . Rio de Janeiro city also ranks fifth among Brazilian state capital cities in the percentage of its population that is irreligious ( 13.3 % ) , barely changing since 2000 ( the first - ranked , Boa Vista , has 21.2 % irreligious ) . It is also the Brazilian state capital with the greatest percentage of Spiritists ( now about 4 -- 5 % ) , and with substantial numbers in Afro - Brazilian religions and Eastern religions . Religion Percentage Number Catholic 51.1 % 3,229,192 Protestant 23.4 % 1,477,021 Irreligious 13.6 % 858,704 Spiritist 5.9 % 372,851 Umbanda and Candomblé 1.3 % 72,946 Jewish 0.3 % 21,800 Source : IBGE 2010 . Urban challenges ( edit ) Main articles : Social issues in Brazil , Social apartheid in Brazil , Rocinha , and Favela Rocinha slum ( favela ) at night There are significant disparities between the rich and the poor in Rio de Janeiro , and different socioeconomic groups are largely segregated into different neighborhoods . Although the city clearly ranks among the world 's major metropolises , large numbers live in slums known as favelas , where 95 % of the population are poor , compared to 40 % in the general population . There have been a number of government initiatives to counter this problem , from the removal of the population from favelas to housing projects such as Cidade de Deus to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas and bringing them up to par with the rest of the city , as was the focus of the `` Favela Bairro '' program and deployment of Pacifying Police Units . Rio has more people living in slums than any other city in Brazil , according to the 2010 Census . More than 1,500,000 people live in its 763 favelas , 22 % of Rio 's total population . São Paulo , the largest city in Brazil , has more favelas ( 1,020 ) in sheer numbers , but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio . Panoramic view of the complex of favelas called Complexo do Alemão , with about 70,000 inhabitants ( 2010 ) . The image shows the lines of the cable car system between the stations . Economy ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of Rio and Economy of Brazil Treemap showing the market share of exports , by product , for the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 generated by DataViva Downtown Rio , in the financial district of the city Rio de Janeiro has the second largest GDP of any city in Brazil , surpassed only by São Paulo . According to the IBGE , it was approximately US $201 billion in 2008 , equivalent to 5.1 % of the national total . Taking into consideration the network of influence exerted by the urban metropolis ( which covers 11.3 % of the population ) , this share in GDP rises to 14.4 % , according to a study released in October 2008 by the IBGE . Greater Rio de Janeiro , as perceived by the IBGE , has a GDP of US $187 billion , constituting the second largest hub of national wealth . Per capita GDP is US $11,786 . It concentrates 68 % of the state 's economic strength and 7.9 % of all goods and services produced in the country . The services sector comprises the largest portion of GDP ( 65.5 % ) , followed by commerce ( 23.4 % ) , industrial activities ( 11.1 % ) and agriculture ( 0.1 % ) . Benefiting from the federal capital position it had for a long period ( 1763 -- 1960 ) , the city became a dynamic administrative , financial , commercial and cultural center . Rio de Janeiro became an attractive place for companies to locate when it was the capital of Brazil , as important sectors of society and of the government were present in the city , even when their factories were located in other cities or states . The city was chosen as headquarters for state - owned companies such as Petrobras , Eletrobras , Caixa Econômica Federal , National Economic and Social Development Bank and Vale ( which was privatized in the 1990s ) . The Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange ( BVRJ ) , which currently trades only government securities , was the first stock exchange founded in Brazil in 1845 . Despite the transfer of the capital to Brasília in 1960 , many of these headquarters remained within the Rio metropolitan area . The off - shore oil exploration in the Campos Basin began in 1968 and became the main site for oil production of Brazil . This caused many oil and gas companies to be based in Rio de Janeiro , such as the Brazilian branches of Shell , EBX and Esso . For many years Rio was the second largest industrial hub of Brazil , with oil refineries , shipbuilding industries , steel , metallurgy , petrochemicals , cement , pharmaceutical , textile , processed foods and furniture industries . Botafogo at night seen from Christ the Redeemer Aterro do Flamengo at night with Downtown Rio in the background Barra da Tijuca Major international pharmaceutical companies have their Brazilian headquarters in Rio such as : Merck , Roche , Arrow , Darrow , Baxter , Mayne , and Mappel . A newer electronics and computer sector has been added to the more - established industries . Construction , also an important activity , provides a significant source of employment for large numbers of unskilled workers and is buoyed by the number of seasonal residents who build second homes in the Greater Rio de Janeiro area . Rio is an important financial centre , second only to São Paulo in volume of business . Its securities market , although declining in significance relative to São Paulo , is still of major importance . Recent decades have seen a sharp transformation in its economic profile , which is becoming more and more one of a major national hub of services and businesses . The city is the headquarters of large telecom companies , such as Intelig , Oi and Embratel . Major Brazilian entertainment and media organizations are based in Rio de Janeiro like Organizações Globo and also some of Brazil 's major newspapers : Jornal do Brasil , O Dia , and Business Rio . Tourism and entertainment are other key aspects of the city 's economic life . The city is the nation 's top tourist attraction for both Brazilians and foreigners . To attract industry , the state government has designated certain areas on the outskirts of the city as industrial districts where infrastructure is provided and land sales are made under special conditions . Oil and natural gas from fields off the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro state are a major asset used for developing manufacturing activities in Rio 's metropolitan area , enabling it to compete with other major cities for new investment in industry . Owing to the proximity of Rio 's port facilities , many of Brazil 's export - import companies are headquartered in the city . In Greater Rio , which has one of the highest per capita incomes in Brazil , retail trade is substantial . Many of the most important retail stores are located in the Centre , but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts , where shopping centres , supermarkets , and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade . Rio de Janeiro is ( as of 2014 ) the second largest exporting municipality in Brazil . Annually , Rio exported a total of $7.49 B ( USD ) worth of goods . The top three goods exported by the municipality were crude petroleum ( 40 % ) , semi finished iron product ( 16 % ) , and semi finished steel products ( 11 % ) . Material categories of mineral products ( 42 % ) and metals ( 29 % ) make up 71 % of all exports from Rio . Compared to other cities , Rio de Janeiro 's economy is the 2nd largest in Brazil , behind São Paulo , and the 30th largest in the world with a GDP of R $ 201 , 9 billion in 2010 . The per capita income for the city was R $22,903 in 2007 ( around US $14,630 ) . Largely because of the strength of Brazil 's currency at the time , Mercer 's city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees , reported that Rio de Janeiro ranked 12th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2011 , up from the 29th position in 2010 , just behind São Paulo ( ranked 10th ) , and ahead of London , Paris , Milan , and New York City . Rio also had the most expensive hotel rates in Brazil , and the daily rate of its five star hotels were the second most expensive in the world after only New York City . Tourism ( edit ) Statue of Christ the Redeemer Museum of Tomorrow Main article : Tourism in Brazil Rio de Janeiro is Brazil 's primary tourist attraction and resort . It receives the most visitors per year of any city in South America with 2.82 million international tourists a year . The city world - class hotels , approximately 80 kilometres of beaches and the famous Corcovado and Sugarloaf mountains . While the city had in past had a thriving tourism sector , the industry entered a decline in the last quarter of the 20th century . Annual international airport arrivals dropped from 621,000 to 378,000 and average hotel occupancy dropped to 50 % between 1985 and 1993 . The fact that Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian capital in 1960 and that São Paulo replaced Rio as the country 's commercial , financial and main cultural center during the mid-20th century , has also been cited as a leading cause of the decline . Rio de Janeiro 's government has since undertaken to modernise the city 's economy , reduce its chronic social inequalities , and improve its commercial standing as part of an initiative for the regeneration of the tourism industry . The city is an important global LGBT destination , 1 million LGBT tourists visiting each year . The Rua Farme de Amoedo is located in Ipanema , a famous neighborhood in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro . The street and the nearby beach , famous tourist spots , are remarkable for their popularity in the LGBT community . Rio de Janeiro is the most awarded destination by World Travel Awards in the South American category of `` best destination '' . View of the city of Rio de Janeiro from Corcovado Education ( edit ) Main article : List of Rio de Janeiro schools , colleges , universities and research centers Federal University of Rio de Janeiro The Portuguese language is the official and national language , and thus the primary language taught in schools . English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum . There are also international schools , such as the American School of Rio de Janeiro , Our Lady of Mercy School , the Corcovado German School , the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro . Educational institutions ( edit ) Centre for Human Science of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro Military Institute of Engineering The city has several universities and research institutes . The Ministry of Education has certified approximately 99 upper - learning institutions in Rio . The most prestigious university is the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , the fifth best in Latin America , and the second best in Brazil , second only to the University of São Paulo , the best in Latin America , according to the QS World University Rankings . Some notable higher education institutions are : Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ( UFRJ ) ; Federal University of the Rio de Janeiro state ( UNIRIO ) ; Rio de Janeiro State University ( UERJ ) ; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro ( UFRRJ , often nicknamed Rural ) ; Fluminense Federal University ( UFF ) ; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( PUC - Rio ) ; Getúlio Vargas Foundation ( FGV ) ; Military Institute of Engineering ( IME ) ; Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro ( IST - Rio ) ; College of Publicity and Marketing ( ESPM ) ; National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics ( IMPA ) and Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca ( CEFET / RJ ) . There are more than 137 upper - learning institutions in whole Rio de Janeiro state . Educational system ( edit ) Primary schools are largely under municipal administration , while the state plays a more significant role in the extensive network of secondary schools . There are also a small number of schools under federal administration , as is the case of Pedro II School , Colégio de Aplicação da UFRJ and the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica of Rio de Janeiro ( CEFET - RJ ) . In addition , Rio has an ample offering of private schools that provide education at all levels . Rio is home to many colleges and universities . The literacy rate for cariocas aged 10 and older is nearly 95 percent , well above the national average . The Rio de Janeiro State University ( public ) , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ( public ) , Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets ( private ) and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( private ) are among the country 's top institutions of higher education . Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina , notable for having its own 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge funicular railway on its grounds . In Rio , there were 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students in 1995 . There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students . There are 53 University - preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students . The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning . Culture ( edit ) Museum of Modern Art Rio de Janeiro is a main cultural hub in Brazil . Its architecture embraces churches and buildings dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries , blending with the world - renowned designs of the 20th century . Rio was home to the Portuguese Imperial family and capital of the country for many years , and was influenced by Portuguese , English , and French architecture . Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural role from the past . In the late 19th century , there were sessions held of the first Brazilian film and since then , several production cycles have spread out , eventually placing Rio at the forefront of experimental and national cinema . The Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival has been held annually since 1999 . Rio currently brings together the main production centers of Brazilian television . Major international films set in Rio de Janeiro include Blame it on Rio ; the James Bond film Moonraker ; the Oscar award - winning , critically acclaimed Central Station by Walter Salles , who is also one of Brazil 's best - known directors ; and the Oscar award - winning historical drama , Black Orpheus , which depicted the early days of Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro . Internationally famous , Brazilian - made movies illustrating a darker side of Rio de Janeiro include Elite Squad and City of God . National Museum of Fine Arts Rio has many important cultural landmarks , such as the Biblioteca Nacional ( National Library ) , one of the largest libraries in the world with collections totalling more than 9 million items ; the Theatro Municipal ; the National Museum of Fine Arts ; the Carmen Miranda Museum ; the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden ; the Parque Lage ; the Quinta da Boa Vista ; the Imperial Square ; the Brazilian Academy of Letters ; the Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro ; and the Natural History Museum . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Literature of Brazil After Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822 , Rio de Janeiro quickly developed a European - style bourgeois cultural life , including numerous newspapers , in which most 19th - century novels were initially published in serial . Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 's A Moreninha ( 1844 ) was perhaps the first successful novel in Brazil and inaugurates a recurrent 19th - century theme : a romantic relationship between idealistic young people in spite of cruelties of social fortune . Brazilian Academy of Letters The first notable work of realism focusing on the urban lower - middle class is Manuel Antônio de Almeida 's Memórias de um sargento de milícias ( 1854 ) , which presents a series of picaresque but touching scenes , and evokes the transformation of a town into a city with suggestive nostalgia . Romantic and realist modes both flourished through the late 19th century and often overlapped within works . The most famous author of Rio de Janeiro , however , was Machado de Assis , who is also widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature and considered the founder of Realism in Brazil , with the publication of The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas ( 1881 ) . He commented on and criticized the political and social events of the city and country such as the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the transition from Empire to Republic with his numerous chronicles published in newspapers of the time . Many of his short stories and novels , like Quincas Borba ( 1891 ) and Dom Casmurro ( 1899 ) , are placed in Rio . The headquarters of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is based in Rio de Janeiro . It was satirized by the novelist Jorge Amado in Pen , Sword , Camisole . Amado , himself , went on to be one of the 40 members of the Academy . Libraries ( edit ) National Library of Brazil Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading The Biblioteca Nacional ( National Library of Brazil ) ranks as one of the largest libraries in the world . It is also the largest library in all of Latin America . Located in Cinelândia , the National Library was originally created by the King of Portugal , in 1810 . As with many of Rio de Janeiro 's cultural monuments , the library was originally off - limits to the general public . The most valuable collections in the library include : 4,300 items donated by Barbosa Machado including a precious collection of rare brochures detailing the History of Portugal and Brazil ; 2,365 items from the 17th and 18th centuries that were previously owned by Antônio de Araújo de Azevedo , the `` Count of Barca '' , including the 125 - volume set of prints `` Le Grand Théâtre de l'Univers ; '' a collection of documents regarding the Jesuítica Province of Paraguay and the `` Region of Prata ; '' and the Teresa Cristina Maria Collection , donated by Emperor Pedro II . The collection contains 48,236 items . Individual items of special interest include a rare first edition of Os Lusíadas by Luis de Camões , published in 1584 ; two copies of the Mogúncia Bible ; and a first edition of Handel 's Messiah . The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura ( Portuguese Royal Reading Library ) is located at Rua Luís de Camões , in the Centro ( Downtown ) . The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty - three Portuguese immigrants , political refugees , to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire . The history of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is linked to the Real Gabinete , since some of the early meetings of the Academy were held there . Music ( edit ) Tom Jobim and Chico Buarque , leading names of bossa nova . The official song of Rio de Janeiro is `` Cidade Maravilhosa '' , which means `` marvelous city '' . The song is considered the civic anthem of Rio , and is always the favourite song during Rio 's Carnival in February . Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , are considered the centre of the urban music movement in Brazil . `` Rio was popularised by the hit song `` The Girl from Ipanema '' , composed by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes and recorded by Astrud Gilberto and João Gilberto , Frank Sinatra , and Ella Fitzgerald . It is also the main key song of the bossa nova , a music genre born in Rio . A genre unique to Rio and Brazil as a whole is Funk Carioca . While samba music continues to act as the national unifying agent in Rio , Funk Carioca found a strong community following in Brazil . With its genesis in the 1970s as the modern black pop music from the United States , it evolved in the 1990s to describe a variety of electronic music associated with the current US black music scene , including hip hop , modern soul , and house music . '' Brazil 's return to democracy in 1985 after over 20 years of military authoritarian rule , and the subsequent end of rampant censorship , allowed for a new freedom of expression which promoted creativity and experimentation in expressive culture . Commercial and cultural imports from Europe and North America have often influenced Brazil 's own cultural output . For example , the hip hop that has stemmed from New York is localized into forms of musical production such as Funk Carioca and Brazilian hip hop . Bands from Rio de Janeiro also had influence in the mid-to - late development of the Punk in Brazil , and that of Brazilian thrash metal . Democratic renewal also allowed for the recognition and acceptance of this diversification of Brazilian culture . Theatre ( edit ) Municipal Theatre of Rio de Janeiro City of Arts Rio de Janeiro 's Theatro Municipal is one of the most attractive buildings in the central area of the city . Home of one of the largest stages in Latin America and one of Brazil 's best known venues for opera , ballet , and classical music , the building was inspired by the Palais Garnier , home of the Paris Opera . Construction of the Theatro Municipal began in 1905 following designs of the architect Francisco Pereira Passos . The statues on the top , of two women representing Poetry and Music , are by Rodolfo Bernardelli , and the interior is rich with furnishings and fine paintings . Inaugurated in 1909 , the Teatro Municipal has close to 1,700 seats . Its interior includes turn of the century stained glass from France , ceilings of rose - colored marble and a 1,000 pound crystal bead chandelier surrounded by a painting of the `` Dance of the Hours '' . The exterior walls of the building are dotted with inscriptions bearing the names of famous Brazilians as well as many other international celebrities . Cidade das Artes ( City of Arts ) is a cultural complex in Barra da Tijuca in the Southwest Zone of Rio de Janeiro , which was originally planned to open in 2004 . Formally known as `` Cidade da Música '' ( City of Music ) , it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013 . The project will host the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra becoming a main center for music as will be the largest modern concert hall in South America , with 1,780 seats . The complex spans approximately 90 thousand square metres ( 1 million square feet ) and also features a chamber music hall , three theaters , and 12 rehearsal rooms . From the terrace there is a panoramic view of the zone . The building was designed by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc and construction was funded by the city of Rio de Janeiro . Events ( edit ) New year 's Eve ( edit ) New Year 's Eve Fireworks at Copacabana Beach Every 31 December , 2.5 million people gather at Copacabana Beach to celebrate New Year 's in Rio de Janeiro . The crowd , mostly dressed in white , celebrates all night at the hundreds of different shows and events along the beach . It is the second largest celebration only next to the Carnival . People celebrate the New Year by sharing chilled champagne . It is considered good luck to shake the champagne bottle and spray around at midnight . Chilled champagne adds to the spirit of the festivities . Rock in Rio ( edit ) Main article : Rock in Rio The World Stage at the `` Rock in Rio '' music festival `` Rock in Rio '' is a music festival conceived by entrepreneur Roberto Medina for the first time in 1985 , and since its creation , recognized as the largest music festival in the Latin world and the largest in the world , with 1.5 million people attending the first event , 700,000 attending the second and fourth , about 1.2 million attending the third , and about 350,000 people attending each of the 3 Lisbon events . It was originally organized in Rio de Janeiro , from where the name comes from , has become a world level event and , in 2004 , had its first edition abroad in Lisbon , Portugal , before Madrid , Spain and Las Vegas , United States . The festival is considered the eighth best in the world by the specialized site Fling Festival . Carnival ( edit ) Main articles : Rio Carnival and Brazilian Carnaval Banda de Ipanema , one of the largest carnival blocks of the city Carnaval , is an annual celebration in the Roman Catholic tradition that allows merry - making and red meat consumption before the more sober 40 days of Lent penance which culminates with Holy or Passion Week and Easter . The tradition of Carnaval parades was probably influenced by the French or German courts and the custom was brought by the Portuguese or Brazilian Imperial families who had Bourbon and Austrian ancestors . Up until the time of the marchinhas , the revelry was more of a high class and Caucasian - led event . The influence of the African - Brazilian drums and music became more noticeable from the first half of the 20th century . Rio de Janeiro has many Carnaval choices , including the famous samba school ( Escolas de Samba ) parades in the sambadrome exhibition center and the popular blocos de carnaval , street revelry , which parade in almost every corner of the city . The most famous ones are : Cordão do Bola Preta : Parades in the centre of the city . It is one of the most traditional carnavals . In 2008 , 500,000 people attended in one day . In 2011 , a record 2 million people attended the city covering three different metro stations . Suvaco do Cristo : Band that parades in the Botanic Garden , directly below the Redeemer statue 's arm . The name translates to ' Christ 's armpit ' in English , and was chosen for that reason . Carmelitas : Band that was supposedly created by nuns , but in fact is just a theme chosen by the band . It parades in Santa Teresa , a bairro from where one can see extensive panoramas . Simpatia é Quase Amor : One of the most popular parades in Ipanema . Translates as ' Friendliness is almost love ' . Banda de Ipanema : The most traditional in Ipanema . It attracts a wide range of revellers , including families and a wide spectrum of the LGBT / Queer population ( notably drag queens ) . In 1840 , the first Carnaval was celebrated with a masked ball . As years passed , adorned floats and costumed revelers became a tradition among the celebrants . Carnaval is known as a historic root of Brazilian music . Samba Parade at the Sambódromo ( Sambadrome ) during the Rio Carnival Sports ( edit ) See also : Sport in Brazil Football ( edit ) Main article : Football in Rio de Janeiro See also : Football in Brazil , Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , and Campeonato Carioca Maracanã Stadium Nilton Santos Olympic Stadium Estádio São Januário Estádio Luso Brasileiro As in the rest of Brazil , football is the most popular sport . The city 's major teams are Flamengo , Vasco da Gama , Fluminense and Botafogo . Madureira , Bangu , Portuguesa , America and Bonsucesso are small clubs . Famous players born in the city include Ronaldo and Romário . Rio de Janeiro was one of the host cities of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , for which on both occasions Brazil was the host nation . In 1950 , the Maracanã Stadium hosted 8 matches , including all but one of the host team 's matches . The Maracanã was also the location of the infamous tournament - deciding match between Uruguay and Brazil , where Brazil only needed a draw to win the final group stage and the whole tournament . Brazil ended up losing 2 -- 1 in front of a home crowd of more than 199,000 . In 2014 , the Maracanã hosted seven matches , including the final , where Germany beat Argentina 1 -- 0 . Football teams Club League Venue Established ( team ) Flamengo Série A Maracanã Stadium 78,838 ( 173,850 record ) 1895 Vasco da Gama Série A São Januário Stadium 19,717 ( 40,209 record ) 1898 Fluminense Série A Maracanã Stadium 78,838 ( 173,850 record ) 1902 Botafogo Série A Nilton Santos Stadium 46,931 ( 43,810 record ) 1894 Madureira Série D Estádio Aniceto Moscoso 5,400 ( 10,762 record ) 1914 Bangu Série D Estádio Moça Bonita 9,564 ( 17,000 record ) 1904 Portuguesa Série D Estádio Luso Brasileiro 15,000 ( 18,725 record ) 1924 Bonsucesso Campeonato Carioca Leônidas da Silva Stadium 13,000 ( 13,571 record ) 1913 America Campeonato Carioca Série B Edson Passos 13,544 ( 9,861 record ) 1904 Olympics ( edit ) See also : 2007 Pan American Games , 2016 Summer Olympics , and 2016 Summer Paralympics Barra Olympic Park , built for 2016 Summer Olympics On 2 October 2009 , the International Olympic Committee selected Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics . Rio made their first bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics , but lost to Berlin . They later made bids for the 2004 and 2012 Games , but failed to become a candidate city both times . Those games were awarded to Athens and London respectively . Rio is the first Brazilian and South American city to host the Summer Olympics . Rio de Janeiro also became the first city in the southern hemisphere outside of Australia to host the games -- Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000 . In July 2007 , Rio successfully organized and hosted the XV Pan American Games . Rio de Janeiro also hosted the 2011 Military World Games from 15 -- 24 July 2011 . The 2011 Military World Games were the largest military sports event ever held in Brazil , with approximately 4,900 athletes from 108 countries competing in 20 sports . Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics . The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016 . The Paralympics were held from 7 to 18 September 2016 . Other sports ( edit ) The city has a history as host of major international sports events . The Ginásio do Maracanãzinho was the host arena for the official FIBA Basketball World Championship for its 1954 and 1963 editions . Later , the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro was the site for the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix from 1978 to 1989 . Rio de Janeiro also hosted the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix from 1995 to 2004 and the Champ Car event from 1996 to 1999 . WCT / WQS surfing championships were contested on the beaches from 1985 to 2001 . The Rio Champions Cup Tennis tournament is held in the spring . As part of its preparations to host the 2007 Pan American Games , Rio built a new stadium , Estádio Olímpico João Havelange , to hold 45,000 people . It was named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange . The stadium is owned by the city of Rio de Janeiro , but it was rented to Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas for 20 years . Rio de Janeiro has also a multi-purpose arena , the HSBC Arena . Children playing beach football The Brazilian Dance / Sport / Martial art Capoeira is very popular . Other popular sports are basketball , beach football , beach volleyball , Beach American Football , footvolley , surfing , kite surfing , hang gliding , motor racing , Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , sailing , and competitive rowing . Another sport that is highly popular in beaches of Rio is called `` Frescobol '' ( pronounced ( fɾe̞ɕko̞ˈbɔw ) ) , a type of beach tennis . Rio de Janeiro is also paradise for rock climbers , with hundreds of routes all over the city , ranging from easy boulders to highly technical big wall climbs , all inside the city . The most famous , Rio 's granite mountain , the Sugar Loaf ( Pão de Açúcar ) , is an example , with routes from the easy third grade ( American 5.4 , French 3 ) to the extremely difficult ninth grade ( 5.13 / 8b ) , up to 280 metres ( 919 feet ) . Horse racing events are held Thursday nights and weekend afternoons at Hipódromo da Gávea . An impressive place with excellent grass and dirt tracks , it runs the best horses in the nation . Hang gliding in Rio de Janeiro started in the mid-1970s and quickly proved to be well - suited for this town , because of its geography : steep mountains encounter the Atlantic Ocean , which provide excellent take - off locations and great landing zones on the beach . One of the most popular sea sports in the city is yachting . The main yacht clubs are in Botafogo area that extends halfway between Copacabana and the center of town . Though the most exclusive and interesting is probably the Rio Yacht club , where high society makes it a point to congregate . Most yacht clubs are open to members only and gate crashing is not easy . Copacabana is also a great place to do surfing as well as `` Arpoador of Ipanema '' beach and `` Praia dos Bandeirantes '' . The sea at these beaches is rough and dangerous , the best surfers from Brazil and other sites of the world come to these beaches to prove themselves . Transportation ( edit ) Airports ( edit ) The city of Rio de Janeiro is served by the following airports for use : Rio de Janeiro -- Galeão International Airport Rio de Janeiro -- Santos Dumont National Airport Galeão -- Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport : used for all international and most of the domestic flights . Since August 2004 , with the transfer of many flights from Santos - Dumont Airport , Rio de Janeiro International Airport has returned to being the main doorway to the city . Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights , Galeão has connections to 19 countries . It has a capacity to handle up to 30 million users a year in two passenger terminals . It is located 20 km ( 12 mi ) from downtown Rio . The airport complex also has Brazil 's longest runway at 4,000 m ( 13,123.36 ft ) , and one of South America 's largest cargo logistics terminals . The airport is connected to the express bus service . Santos Dumont Airport : used mainly by the services to São Paulo , some short and medium - haul domestic flights , and general aviation . Located on Guanabara Bay just a few blocks from the heart of downtown Rio , during the 1990s Santos - Dumont began to outgrow its capacity , besides diverging from its specialization on short - hop flights , offering routes to other destinations in Brazil . For this reason , in late 2004 Santos - Dumont returned to its original condition of operating only shuttle flights to and from Congonhas Airport in São Paulo , along with regional aviation . The passenger terminal has undergone extensive renovation and expansion , which increased its capacity to 9 , 9 million users a year . The airport is connected to the city light rail system ( Rio de Janeiro Light Rail ) , which connects several transport systems to downtown . Jacarepaguá - Roberto Marinho Airport : used by general aviation and home to the Aeroclube do Brasil ( Brasil Flying club ) . The airport is located in the district of Baixada de Jacarepaguá , within the municipality of Rio de Janeiro approximately 30 km ( 19 mi ) from the city center . Military airports include : Galeão Air Force Base : A Brazilian Air Force airbase , sharing some facilities with Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport ; Santa Cruz Air Force Base : A Brazilian Air Force airbase . Formerly called Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport , it was built by the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin . Today it is one of the most important Air Force Bases in Brazil ; Afonsos Air Force Base : One of the historical Brazilian Air Force airbases . It is also the location of the University of the Air Force ( Universidade da Força Aérea ) , the Museu Aeroespacial , and where air shows take place . Ports ( edit ) Port of Rio de Janeiro The Port of Rio de Janeiro is Brazil 's third busiest port in terms of cargo volume , and it is the center for cruise vessels . Located on the west coast of the Guanabara Bay , it serves the States of Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Espírito Santo . The port is managed by Companhia Docas de Rio de Janeiro . The Port of Rio de Janeiro covers territory from the Mauá Pier in the east to the Wharf of the Cashew in the north . The Port of Rio de Janeiro contains almost seven thousand metres ( 23 thousand feet ) of continuous wharf and an 883 - metre ( 2,897 - foot ) pier . The Companhia Docas de Rio de Janeiro administers directly the Wharf of the Gamboa general cargo terminal ; the wheat terminal with two warehouses capable of moving 300 tons of grains ; General Load Terminal 2 with warehouses covering over 20 thousand square metres ( 215 thousand square feet ) ; and the Wharves of Are Cristovao with terminals for wheat and liquid bulk . At the Wharf of Gamboa , leaseholders operate terminals for sugar , paper , iron and steel products . Leaseholders at the Wharf of the Cashew operate terminals for roll - on / roll - off cargoes , containers , and liquid bulk . In 2004 , the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over seven million tons of cargo on almost 1700 vessels . In 2004 , the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over two million tons of containerized cargo in almost 171 thousand TEUs . The port handled 852 thousand tons of wheat , more than 1.8 million tons of iron and steel , over a million tons of liquid bulk cargo , almost 830 thousand tons of dry bulk , over five thousand tons of paper goods , and over 78 thousand vehicles . In 2003 , over 91 thousand passengers moved through the Port of Rio Janeiro on 83 cruise vessels . Public transportation ( edit ) Public transport map In Rio de Janeiro , buses are the main form of public transportation . There are nearly 440 municipal bus lines serving over four million passengers every day , in addition to intercity lines . Although cheap and frequent , Rio 's transportation policy has been moving towards trains and subway in order to reduce surface congestion and increase carrier capacity . Rio 's public transportation service has been a target of many critics and the motive of the 2013 's protests and manifestations that started in São Paulo and spread through the entire country . According to the people , the raise in the bus and subway fares are invalid , seeing that the amount charged is too high for the low quality of the services . The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Rio de Janeiro , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 95 min . 32 % of public transit riders , ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 19 min , while 35 % of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 12.3 km , while 37 % travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Subway and urban trains ( edit ) Main articles : Rio de Janeiro Metro and SuperVia Rio de Janeiro has three subway lines ( Metrô Rio ) with 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) and 41 stations plus several commuter rail lines . Future plans include building a fourth subway line to Niterói and São Gonçalo , including an underwater tunnel beneath Guanabara Bay to supplement the ferry service currently there . The Metro is Rio 's safest and cleanest form of public transport . Urban train from SuperVia Train of Rio de Janeiro Metro The three lines serve the city seven days a week . The first line runs from General Osório in Ipanema to Uruguai Station in Tijuca . The second line runs from Botafogo , sharing ten stations with the first line , terminating at Pavuna in northern Rio . The third connects General Osório to Jardim Oceânico Station , in the Barra da Tijuca neighborhood , where the 2016 Olympic Games were held . The Metro runs services from 05 : 00 am to 12 : 00 midnight , Monday to Saturday , and from 07 : 00 am to 11 : 00 pm Sundays and public holidays . People can buy tickets for the Metro at train stations and can either buy single tickets or rechargeable cards . People can also buy tickets for the Metro at buses that make connect places far from the Metro . Integration with buses are possible in several forms , an integrated Metro and bus ticket for a single journey is available for some lines paying an additional fee and is known as an Integração Expressa ( Express Integration ) and Expresso Barra , the other possibility is taking the Metro na Superfície ( Surface Metro ) with no additional fee . SuperVia connects the city of Rio with other locations in Greater Rio de Janeiro with surface trains . It has 8 lines and 270 kilometres ( 168 mi ) , with 102 stations . Light rail ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro Light Rail in Downtown Rio . In order to improve traffic in the central zone , the prefecture started the project `` Porto Maravilha '' ( Marvelous Port ) , which foresees a modern tramway system . Its lines will connect the central business district to Santos Dumont Airport , the ferry station at XV Square , the Novo Rio terminal bus station at Santo Cristo , and the future high - speed rail Leopoldina station between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo . In 2016 , for the Olympic Games , the light rail system was inaugurated , with 28 km , 42 stations , distributed in 3 lines . The trams are the first in the world to use a combination of ground - level power supply ( APS ) and on - board supercapacitor energy storage ( SRS ) , in order to eliminate overhead lines along the entire route . Bus ( edit ) Main article : Bus transport in Rio de Janeiro TransOeste Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) City buses cost about R $3.80 to ride . They come in both non-air conditioned ( R $3.80 ) and air conditioned versions ( R $3 -- R $5.40 ) . The system may be relatively safe by day but less so at night . Integration of bus lines has been recently implemented , allowing users to take two non-air conditioned bus rides in two hours paying just one ticket . It is necessary to have a registered electronic card ( the `` Bilhete Único Carioca ( BUC ) '' ) in order to benefit of this system . Another type of local bus is called the `` Frescão '' ( air - conditioned ) . These buses run several routes , the main being from Centro through Botafogo , Copacabana and Ipanema to Leblon ( and vice versa ) , and from the International Airport to Barra , through the beach road . They are air conditioned -- about 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) -- more upscale / comfortable and cost between R $6.00 -- R $12.00 . However , it is only available during weekdays . The buses also run more frequently during the rush hours in the morning and evening . Going in the direction of Centro ( city center ) , the bus can be flagged down on the beach road ( buses with plaques showing `` Castelo '' ) . Ferry ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro ferry The most geographically close sister city to Rio that is on the other side of Guanabara Bay is Niterói . Many people who live in Niterói , as well its neighbouring municipalities São Gonçalo and Maricá , commute to Rio de Janeiro to study and work . There are several ferry services that operate between the Rio Centro ( Praça XV ) and Niterói ( Centro and Charitas ) . There is a traditional boat as well as several `` fast cat '' hydrofoil boats . One of the city neighborhoods is Paquetá Island , which can only be accessed by ferryboats or hydrofoil boats . The ferryboat to Paquetá leaves every hour , from early in the morning until around midnight . There is also a ferry to Cocotá . Tram ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro has the oldest operating electric tramway in Brazil and South America , now mainly used by tourists and less by daily commuters . Santa Teresa Tram or bondinho , has been preserved both as a piece of history and as a quick , fun , cheap way of getting to one of the most quirky parts of the city . Santa Teresa Tram is the oldest operating tram system in South America . The tram station is near Cinelândia and the Municipal Theatre . Trams leave every half an hour between 6 : 00 am and 11 : 00 pm . A ticket is just R $ 0.60 ( US $0.35 ) , one way or return , and people pay as they pass through the barrier to the right of the entrance . The Santa Teresa Tram ( known locally as the `` bonde '' ) in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro commenced electric operation in 1891 , replacing horse - drawn trams and expanding the horse - drawn route . At this time the gauge was altered to 1,100 mm ( 43.31 in ) , which remains the case today . The tram cars which are currently in operation are Brazilian - built , are of the cross-bench open sided design , and are fitted with trolley poles . After a derail occurred on 28 August 2011 , which left seven dead , tram service was suspended to improve the system , and would be reopened in 2014 , just before the 2014 FIFA World Cup but after postponements it was finally reopened in July 2015 . While it is being improved , two lines costing R $ 0.60 carry passengers from Santa Teresa to Centro : SE014 and SE006 . Road transport ( edit ) Rio - Niterói Bridge Driving in Rio de Janeiro , as in most large cities of Brazil , might not be the best choice because of the large car fleet . The city is served by a number of expressways , like Linha Vermelha , Linha Amarela , Avenida Brasil , Avenida das Américas and Avenida Infante Dom Henrique ( Aterro do Flamengo ) ; in spite of this , traffic jams are very common . Because of the organization of the 2016 Olympics the city is installing four BRT systems to link Barra da Tijuca with other major neighbourhoods : TransOlimpica ( between Barra and Deodoro ) ; TransBrasil ( over the Avenida Brasil expressway ) ; TransCarioca ( between Barra and the Galeão International Airport ) ; and TransOeste ( between Barra and Santa Cruz , over Avenida das Américas ) . In Brazil , most interstate transportation is done by road . A large terminal for long - distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro . There are also two port facilities for cargo and passenger ships ( Rio de Janeiro and Sepetiba port ) . Rio has roads to all neighbour States . Some roads ( like Via Dutra , to São Paulo , and a stretch of the BR - 101 which covers the Rio - Niterói bridge ) were chartered to private enterprises . The quality of the highways improved much , but was accompanied by a significant increase of the toll fees . From São Paulo : take the BR - 116 ( Presidente Dutra Federal Highway ) or the BR - 101 ( Rio - Santos Federal Highway ) . From Belo Horizonte : BR - 040 . From Salvador : BR - 101 or BR - 324 / BR - 116 / BR - 393 / BR - 040 . Bicycles ( edit ) Bike Rio rental station located in Mauá Square , Downtown Rio The city has 160 km ( 99 mi ) of cycle paths that , wherever they exist , are very much preferable to riding in the city 's traffic . Most paths run alongside beaches and extend intermittently from the Marina da Glória , Centro , through Flamengo , Copacabana and Ipanema , to Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes . six kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) of cycle paths traverse the Tijuca National Park . The Bike Rio began operations in October 2011 . This bicycle sharing system is sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Banco Itaú . The bike sharing system has 600 bicycles available at 60 rental stations in 14 neighborhoods throughout the city . Communications ( edit ) The dialing code for the city of Rio de Janeiro ( RJ ) is 21 . International relations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in South America Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro is twinned with : Adelaide , Australia Atlanta , United States Baku , Azerbaijan Cologne , Germany Guimarães , Portugal Istanbul , Turkey Jerusalem , Israel Kaohsiung , Taiwan Kiev , Ukraine Liverpool , United Kingdom Manaus , Brazil Miami Beach , Florida , United States Montpellier , France Natal , Brazil Udaipur , Rajasthan , India Newark , New Jersey , United States Oklahoma City , United States Paola , Italy Warsaw , Poland Lahore , Pakistan Unión of Ibero - American capital cities ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro is part of the Union of Ibero - American Capital Cities from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities : Andorra la Vella , Andorra Asunción , Paraguay Bogotá , Colombia Buenos Aires , Argentina Caracas , Venezuela Guatemala City , Guatemala Havana , Cuba Quito , Ecuador La Paz , Bolivia Lima , Peru Lisbon , Portugal Madrid , Spain Managua , Nicaragua Mexico City , Mexico Montevideo , Uruguay Panama City , Panama Rio de Janeiro , Brazil San Jose , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico San Salvador , El Salvador Santiago , Chile Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Tegucigalpa , Honduras São Paulo , Brazil Partner cities ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro has the following partner / friendship cities : Berlin , Germany Kansas City , United States Moscow , Russia New York City , United States Nice , France Paris , France Philadelphia , United States Tokyo , Japan Yerevan , Armenia In popular culture ( edit ) Movies ( edit ) The movie Rio and its sequel , Rio 2 , were mainly set in Rio de Janeiro and the Amazon Rainforest . Television ( edit ) An episode of Littlest Pet Shop , `` Plane it on Rio '' , featured Blythe and the pets going to the Carnival , but an old enemy shows up , determined to defeat them . Video Games ( edit ) Angry Birds Rio featured the birds from the Angry Birds series and characters from Rio freeing exotic birds or defeating Nigel 's marmosets in Rio de Janeiro . Rio de Janeiro was featured in the game Asphalt 8 : Airborne as a racing location . Rio de Janeiro was also featured in the game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . See also ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro portal Brazil portal Latin America portal Outline of Rio de Janeiro Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vice Mayor Fernando Mac Dowell died on 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Data from INMET station in the neighborhood of Saúde . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro Info ( ' History ' ) '' . paralumun.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 population estimates . Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) ( 1 July 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ It is pronounced ( ˈʁi. ud ( ʒi ) ʒaˈnejɾu ) in the variety of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in Rio de Janeiro according to Larousse Concise Dictionary : Portuguese - English , 2008 , p. 339 . Vowel reduction at / a ~ ɐ / was added as it is the most often used speech pattern in vernacular , colloquial and educated colloquial modes of speech . ( ˈʁi. u dʑi ʑəˈnejɾu ) is possibly the way most Brazilians , and particularly most cariocas , would actually pronounce it . The European Portuguese pronunciation is : ( ˈʁi. u ðɨ ʒɐˈnɐjɾu ) . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro : travel guide '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '' . UNESCO . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Posição ocupada pelos 100 maiores municípios em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ( IBGE ) . 16 December 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005 '' . City Mayors Statistics . 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa '' . Universidade Estadual de Campinas ( Unicamp ) . 17 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` As cidades mais pacíficas do Brasil , segundo o IPEA '' . exame.abril.com.br . EXAME . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro 's Beach Culture '' Tayfun King , Fast Track , BBC World News ( 11 September 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport , Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games '' . BBC News . 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Jorge Couto , 1995 , A Construção do Brasil , Lisbon : Cosmos . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste : The Social Science of Garbage '' . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Rio '' . Paralumun.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Alex Robinson ; Gardenia Robinson ( 2014 ) . Rio de Janeiro Footprint Focus Guide : Includes Maracana Stadium , Copacabana , Paraty , Ilha Grande , Ipanema . Footprint Travel Guides . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909268 - 88 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sobrinho , Wanderley Preite ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Chegada da família real portuguesa muda a arquitetura do Rio '' ( Arrival of the Real Portuguese family changes Rio 's architecture ) . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apresentação da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil '' ( Presenting Brazil 's National Library ) ( in Portuguese ) . Fundação Biblioteca Nacional . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 199 anos do primeiro jornal impresso no Brasil '' ( 199 years of Brazil 's first printed newspaper ) . O Rebate ( in Portuguese ) . 20 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Coaracy , Vivaldo ( 1955 ) . Livraria José Olympio Editora , ed . Memória da cidade do Rio de Janeiro . Rio de Janeiro . p. 584 . Jump up ^ `` A África civiliza '' ( in Portuguese ) . Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the true father of football in Brazil ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangu Athletic Club History ( Portuguese ) '' . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Suppia , Alfredo ; Scarabello , Marília ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` As reformas do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo . Jump up ^ `` Reforma Urbanística de Pereira Passos , o Rio com cara de Paris '' ( in Portuguese ) . Grupo Globo . Jump up ^ Cabral dos Santos , Marco ( 31 July 2005 ) . `` Revolta da Vacina : Oswaldo Cruz e Pereira Passos tentam sanear Rio '' . UOL Educação ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Boone , Christopher G ( 1995 ) . `` Streetcars and Politics in Rio de Janeiro : Private Enterprise versus Municipal Government in Mass Transit Delivery , 1903 -- 1920 '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 27 ( 2 ) : 343 -- 365 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022216x00010786 . Jump up ^ `` Drugs and violence in Rio : The bottom line '' . The Economist. 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Juscelino Kubitschek and the city of Rio de Janeiro Archived 15 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Em 15 de março de 1975 , Guanabara e Rio se transformaram num único estado '' . Acervo O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo. 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Rio de Janeiro ? '' . Riobrazilblog.com. 8 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rio de Janeiro -- History.com Articles , Video , Pictures and Facts Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Area Territorial Official '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Estimativas para 1 ° de Julho de 2006 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cochicho da Mata '' recria floresta dentro da floresta '' ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. 7 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca ( PEPB ) '' . Governo do Rio de Janeiro ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional do Ambiente . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Afra Balazina ( 21 September 2007 ) . `` Estudo revela poluição elevada em seis capitais '' ( Study reveals high pollution levels in six capitals ) . Folha Online ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contexto ambiental da Baía de Sepetiba '' ( in Portuguese ) . Observatório Quilombola ( OQ ) . 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hélio Almeida ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Lagoa de Marapendi sofre com poluição da água '' ( Marapendi Lagoon suffers with water pollution ) ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Agência Brasil ( 18 May 2010 ) . `` Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas estará despoluída até 2014 , diz secretário '' ( Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be unpolluted until 2014 , says secretary ) . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For rowers in Rio 's Olympic water , it 's all about avoiding the splash '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Alvares , Clayton Alcarde ; Stape , José Luiz ; Sentelhas , Paulo Cesar ; de Moraes Gonçalves , José Leonardo ; Sparovek , Gerd ( 2013 ) . `` Köppen 's climate classification map for Brazil '' . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 22 ( 6 ) : 711 -- 728 . Bibcode : 2013MetZe ... 22 ... 711A . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Weather -- Rio de Janeiro '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hail falls in Rio de Janeiro 's West Zone and Baixada Fluminense '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo News . 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chuvinha de granizo - Nova Iguaçu 18 - 2 - 2013 '' ( Little hail shower -- Nova Iguaçu , 18 February 2013 ) ( in Portuguese ) . YouTube . 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` As hail falls , Rio enters a warning interval '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil drought crisis leads to rationing and tensions '' . The Guardian . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's worst drought in history prompts protests and blackouts '' . The Guardian . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paraíba do Sul River might not have enough water to rescue São Paulo 's Sistema Cantareira '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu , Rio de Janeiro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu '' ( in Portuguese ) . Gazeta do Povo. 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Storm with winds above 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) kill one in Rio ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Bangu windstorm , inside the city of Rio , achieved near - cyclone speed '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Mínima ( ° C ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Máxima ( ° C ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Média Compensada ( ° C ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual ( mm ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Com sensação térmica de 48 ° C , cariocas se refugiram do calor nas praias '' ( Feeling like 48 ° C , cariocas bathe in beaches trying to escape from the heat ) ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sensação térmica no Rio de Janeiro chega a 50 ° C nesta terça - feira '' ( Rio de Janeiro will be feeling like 50 ° C this Tuesday ) ( in Portuguese ) . Yahoo ! Notícias. 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sensação térmica no Rio ultrapassa os 50 graus '' ( Rio de Janeiro 's feels like is now greater than 50 celsius ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rede TV ! . 20 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sensação térmica no Rio chega aos 51 graus , diz pesquisa do Inpe '' ( Feels like in Rio gets in 51 celsius mark , according to research ) ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Mínima Absoluta ( oC ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ( Inmet ) . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Máxima Absoluta ( oC ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ( Inmet ) . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Máximo Absoluto de Precipitação Acumulada ( mm ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico , diz Inmet '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1 Rio de Janeiro. 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record lowest temperature since 7.3 ° C ( 45.1 ° F ) in 2000 '' . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm ( dias ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Insolação Total ( horas ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada ( % ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rio de Janeiro Climate Guide '' . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rio Reveillon Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Engelbrecht Ferreira , Daniel Ernesto ( April 2005 ) . `` Poluição afeta Pedra Branca '' ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Forgan , Duncan ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` World 's best city beaches # 2 '' . CNNGo.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reinventing Rio '' ( 1 ) , Alan Riding , September 2010 , Smithsonian Jump up ^ `` Inea -- Portal '' . www.inea.rj.gov.br . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( PDF ) Trail Guide of Pedra Branca State '' . Jump up ^ `` Bispo do Rosário Museum , the contemporary museum of Colônia '' . Jump up ^ `` SIDERÚRGICA DO ATLÂNTICO VAI GERAR 18 MIL EMPREGOS NA ZONA OESTE '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topo do blog Quais serão os novos ares cariocas ? '' . Veja Rio ( in Portuguese ) . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ 2010 IGBE Census ( in Portuguese ) Archived 14 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : 2010 IGBE Census ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) The largest Brazilian cities -- 2010 IBGE Census Jump up ^ `` Tem índio no Rio '' . Paginas.terra.com.br . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese descent in the city of Rio de janeiro and Brazil '' . Presidencia.pt . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil 500 anos '' ... ibge.gov.br . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Venâncio , R.P. , `` Presença portuguesa : de colonizadores a imigrantes '' , in Brasil 500 anos , 2000 , Rio de Janeiro , IBGE -- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Archived 23 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics . Jump up ^ Os lusíadas na aventura do Rio moderno , p. 107 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Rio de Janeiro , uma cidade ... Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil 500 anos '' ... ibge.gov.br . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Parra , FC ; Amado , RC ; Lambertucci , JR ; Rocha , J ; Antunes , CM ; Pena , SD ( January 2003 ) . `` Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 ( 1 ) : 177 -- 82 . Bibcode : 2003PNAS ... 100 ... 177P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0126614100 . PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516 . Jump up ^ Agencia Brasil ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Consulado do Japão no Rio disponibiliza telefone para prestar informações sobre o país Agencia Brasil '' . Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam , segundo estudo '' . Meionews.com.br . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , DF ; Bydlowski , SP ; Hutz , MH ; Suarez - Kurtz , G ; Magalhães , TR ; Pena , SD ( 2014 ) . `` Association of genetic variants with self - assessed color categories in Brazilians '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : e83926 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 983926D . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0083926 . PMC 3885524 . PMID 24416183 . Jump up ^ Edward Eric Telles ( 2004 ) . `` Racial Classification '' . Race in Another America : the significance of skin color in Brazil . Princeton University Press . pp. 81 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11866 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Barsa Planeta Ltda '' . Brasil.planetasaber.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Roraima heads in Irreligion percentage ranking , Rio de Janeiro state is in # 2 Data from Fundação Getúlio Vargas. ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Piauí is the most Roman Catholic state in Brazil despite growth in Evangelicals , Pentecostals and other Protestants Data from FGV. ( in Portuguese ) Archived 8 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática '' . Sidra.ibge.gov.br -- SIDRA . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iko Poran '' . archive.org. 5 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2004 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FGV : desigualdade entre favela e asfalto cai no Rio '' . Revistaepoca.globo.com. 31 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rio é a cidade com maior população em favelas do Brasil '' . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 December 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of economy '' . Ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Economist ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Comparing Brazilian states with countries '' . Magazine . Economist . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cidade -- Protected Planet '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro % 28city % 29 '' . Gold.dreab.com . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About BCG -- Rio de Janeiro '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE -- Economy of Rio de Janeiro '' . Sidra.ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Economy Of Rio de Janeiro , need To Know Economy Of Rio de Janeiro , About Economy Of Rio de Janeiro '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Rio '' . Portalemfoco.com.br . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro será a capital do petróleo entre os dias 13 e 16 de setembro -- Agricultura RuralBR '' . Agricultura.ruralbr.com.br . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Economy of Rio '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ DataViva. `` 2014 Brazilian Trade by Municipality '' , DataViva , Retrieved on 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ DataViva . `` Exports by Product for Rio de Janeiro ( 2014 ) '' Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , DataViva , Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ DataViva . `` International Trade by Section for Rio de Janeiro ( 2014 ) '' Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , DataViva , Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ per capita income ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rio de Janeiro , Brazil : IBGE. 2005 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 -- Top 50 cities : Cost of living ranking '' . Mercer . 12 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SP é a 10a cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros ; RJ é a 12a '' . UOL Noticias ( in Portuguese ) . 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro lidera lista de hotéis mais caros do País '' . UOL Noticias ( in Portuguese ) . 23 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro is the main tourist destination in the South Hemisphere '' . 29 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Flickr roger4336 . `` Rio de Janeiro '' . TouristLink . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Boniface , Brian G. ; Cooper , Christopher P. ( 2005 ) . Worldwide destinations casebook : the geography of travel and tourism . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 233 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 6440 - 1 . Jump up ^ Do G1 RJ ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` G1 -- Rio recebe quase 1 milhão de turistas homossexuais por ano , diz pesquisa -- notícias em Rio de Janeiro '' . G1.globo.com . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Travel Awards '' . 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ MEC -- Ministério da Educação . `` e-MEC '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pati , Camila . `` As 18 melhores universidades do Brasil em 2015 - EXAME.com '' . abril.com.br . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` QS University Rankings : Latin America 2015 '' . topuniversities.com. 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ OnLine -- Hospedagens e Desenvolvimento de Web Sites . `` Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC , Vestibular , Apostilas , Universitário , Profissão , Professor '' . Ser Universitário . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Rio '' . Student.britannica.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trams of the World 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Blickpunkt Straßenbahn. 24 January 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brasilien '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Educational system in Rio '' . City-data.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FBN Summit '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ festivaldorio.com.br Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon page '' . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Piers Armstrong . `` Rio 's novel history '' . Cco.cambridge.org . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Candido ; Antonio . ( 1970 ) Vários escritos . São Paulo : Duas Cidades . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Faraco , Carlos Emílio e Moura , Francisco Mato . Português Projetos . São Paulo : Editora Ática , 2009 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Gledson , John . J. Machado de Assis , ficção e história . Rio de Janeiro : Paz e Terra , 1986 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` National Library of Rio de Janeiro '' . Rio-de-janeiro.info . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official website -- National Library of Rio '' . Bn.br. 25 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Um pedaço de Portugal no Rio de Janeiro -- Opinião e Notícia '' . opiniaoenoticia.com.br. 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Behague , Gerard . `` Rap , Reggae , Rock , or Samba : The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music ( 1985 -- 1995 ) . '' Latin American Music Review 27 , no . 1 ( Spring / Summer 2006 ) : 79 -- 90 Jump up ^ Sansone , Livio . `` The Localization of Global Funk in Bahia and Rio . '' In Brazilian Popular Music & Globalization , 135 -- 60 . London : Routledge , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Music in the city '' . Georgemlima.blogspot.com. 24 February 2004 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Behague , Gerard ( 2006 ) . `` Globalization / Modernization : Rap , Reggae , Rock , or Samba : The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music ( 1985 -- 1995 ) '' . Latin American Music Review . 27 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` Teatro Municipal do Rio '' . Rio-de-janeiro.info . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Year -- Rio '' . Copacabana.info . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Music Festivals in the World '' . Festival Fling . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Castro Brunetto , Carlos Javier ( 2013 ) . `` Arte popular y estética contemporánea en las escuelas de samba de Río de Janeiro '' . Between categories , beyond boundaries : Arte , ciudad e identidad . Granada : Libargo . pp. 112 -- 130 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 938812 - 9 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cordão do Bola Preta in Rio '' . Carnaval.uol.com.br . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Music : Roots 3 '' . Maria-brazil.org . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's return to glory '' . BBC . 8 December 2002 . Retrieved 4 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , Vicki ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Rio de Janeiro to host 2016 Olympic Games '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro , Brazil '' . Bid city profile and Fact sheet . GamesBids.com . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Rio 2011 Military Games Presentation Archived 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Rio 2011 Official Website . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Botafogo vai administrar estádio olímpico do Engenhão '' . Correio Web . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in the city of Rio '' . Studylanguages.org . Archived from the original on 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` International Airport of Rio de Janeiro '' . Infraero . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Airport of Rio de Janeiro '' . Infraero . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jacarepaguá Airport '' . Infraero . Archived from the original on 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNIFA -- Página inicial '' . www.unifa.aer.mil.br . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUSEU AEROESPACIAL '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WPS -- Port of Rio de Janeiro contact information '' . Worldportsource.com . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Port of Rio de Janeiro '' . Worldportsource.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro Public Transportation Statistics '' . Global Public Transit Index by Moovit . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Material was copied from this source , which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Jump up ^ `` O DIA Online -- Linha 3 do metrô vai receber R $35 milhões da União '' . odia.terra.com.br. 21 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Do G1 , no Rio , com informações da TV Globo . `` Metro Rio -- Transport '' . G1.globo.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Metro Rio '' . Metro Rio . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Rio Integrações '' . Metro Rio . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SuperVia '' . SuperVia . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Resultados , AM4 -- A Internet de . `` Porto Maravilha '' . portomaravilha.com.br . Jump up ^ `` Tarifa de ônibus no Rio aumenta de R $ 3 , 40 para R $ 3 , 80 neste sábado '' . G1. 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Novas tarifas de ônibus com ar condicionado e da integração ônibus - metrô '' . SMTR -- Secretaria Municipal de Transportes. 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bus -- Transportation in Rio '' . Tripadvisor.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nossas Linhas -- Premium '' . Real Auto Ônibus . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bonde de Santa Teresa -- a set on Flickr '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Santa Tereza Tram הכטן7מריכטד7ג Jump up ^ G1 : Bombeiros confirmam cinco mortos em acidente com bonde no Rio Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Rio de Janeiro '' . Rioholiday.com . Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Getting around Rio de Janeiro '' . Worldtravelguide.net . Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Louise Peres ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Prefeitura lança Bike Rio , novo sistema de aluguel de bicicletas da cidade '' ( City Hall launches Bike Rio , the city 's new bike sharing system ) . Veja Rio ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Louise Peres ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Itaú patrocina programa de aluguel de bicicletas no Rio '' ( Itau sponsors bike sharing program in Rio ) . Exame ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DDD Rio de Janeiro ( RJ ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Codigos DDD . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sister Cities Commission '' . City of Atlanta . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sister Cities International 2015 Membership Directory , pp. 53 -- 54 . Sister Cities International . Accessed 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Баку и Рио - де - Жанейро стали городами - побратимами -- 1NEWS.AZ Archived 7 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cologne International : Rio de Janeiro is Cologne 's new twin city '' ( PDF ) . Cologne City Business News . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lei no 2.643 / 1998 . Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro . Página visitada em 26 de dezembro de 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sister cities '' . Radikal.com.tr . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Municipal do Rio de Janeiro 4917 de 2008 -- Wikisource '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pt.wikisource.org . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Waddington , Marc ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Liverpool 's twin cities '' . liverpoolecho.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Twin Cities : Liverpool & Rio de Janeiro -- The City Tribune '' . thecitytribune.net . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documents '' ( PDF ) . www.camara.rj.gov.br. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` LEI No 5241 , DE 11 DE JANEIRO 2011 '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Leis sancionadas e vetos ( 21 de janeiro de 2008 ) . Lei n. o 4.752 / 2008 . Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro . Página visitada em 26 de outubro de 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O Globo -- Dez cidades - irmãs do Rio '' . globo.com . Jump up ^ `` Miasta partnerskie Warszawy '' . um.warszawa.pl ( official Warsaw website ) . Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lei no 6.105 / 2016 '' . Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro. 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas : Rio de Janeiro , símbolo de Brasil '' . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hermandad con la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro -- Brasil '' ( in Spanish ) . Managua.gob.ni . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice '' ( in French ) . Ville de Nice . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mairie de Paris . `` Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei 1383 / 89 -- Lei no 1383 de 10 de maio de 1989 '' . JusBrasil . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partner cities '' . Yerevan Municipal Government . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Rio de Janeiro ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rio de Janeiro . ' let 's go back to Rio ' , RGSSA blog post on Rio in 1904 Rio de Janeiro Photo Gallery -- Year of Brazil at Queens College , CUNY Images of Rio -- Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present Rio de Janeiro Places to Go and Tourist Attractions AboutBrasil / Rio de Janeiro -- The Marvellous City TheBrazilGuide / Rio de Janeiro -- Things to do Geographic data related to Rio de Janeiro at OpenStreetMap Rio de Janeiro Culture Blocos Cidade Maravilhosa Cidade do Samba Banda de Ipanema Geography Zona Central , Rio de Janeiro South Zone Corcovado Ilha das Cobras Ilhas Cagarras Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon Pedra da Gávea Sugarloaf Mountain Tijuca Forest Villegagnon Island Places Avenida Brasil Avenida Rio Branco Rua Farme de Amoedo Category : Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Arpoador Park Cinelândia Passeio Público Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Vista Chinesa History History of Rio de Janeiro Timeline Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil Vaccine Revolt Candelária massacre Infrastructure Category : Transport in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Metro Afonsos Air Force Base Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport Christ the Redeemer Galeão Air Force Base Santa Cruz Air Force Base Santos Dumont Airport Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Jacarepaguá Airport Related Category : People from Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Carioca Demographics of Rio de Janeiro Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro Project Morrinho Category : Sport in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Outline Index Portal World Heritage Sites in Brazil North Region Central Amazon Conservation Complex Northeast Region Brazilian Atlantic Islands Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of São Luís Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão Serra da Capivara National Park Central - West Region Brasília Cerrado Protected Areas Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás Pantanal Conservation Area Southeast Region Atlantic Forest South - East Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Historic Town of Ouro Preto Pampulha Modern Ensemble , Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site South Region Atlantic Forest South - East Reserves Iguaçu National Park Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis Ruins of São Miguel das Missões Shared with other region / s Shared with Argentina Municipalities of Rio de Janeiro Capital : Rio de Janeiro Mesoregion Baixadas Bacia de São João Casimiro de Abreu Rio das Ostras Silva Jardim Lagos Araruama Armação dos Búzios Arraial do Cabo Cabo Frio Iguaba Grande São Pedro da Aldeia Saquarema Mesoregion Centro Fluminense Cantagalo - Cordeiro Cantagalo Carmo Cordeiro Macuco Nova Friburgo Bom Jardim Duas Barras Nova Friburgo Sumidouro Santa Maria Madalena Santa Maria Madalena São Sebastião do Alto Trajano de Morais Três Rios Areal Comendador Levy Gasparian Paraíba do Sul Sapucaia Três Rios Mesoregion Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro Itaguaí Itaguaí Mangaratiba Seropédica Macacu - Caceribu Cachoeiras de Macacu Rio Bonito Microregion Rio de Janeiro Belford Roxo Duque de Caxias Guapimirim Itaboraí Japeri Magé Maricá Nilópolis Niterói Mesquita Nova Iguaçu Queimados Rio de Janeiro São Gonçalo São João de Meriti Tanguá Serrana Petrópolis São José do Vale do Rio Preto Teresópolis Vassouras Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin Mendes Miguel Pereira Paracambi Paty do Alferes Vassouras Mesoregion Noroeste Fluminense Itaperuna Bom Jesus do Itabapoana Italva Itaperuna Laje do Muriaé Natividade Porciúncula Varre - Sai Santo Antônio de Pádua Aperibé Cambuci Itaocara Miracema Santo Antônio de Pádua São José de Ubá Mesoregion Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes Campos dos Goytacazes Cardoso Moreira São Fidélis São Francisco de Itabapoana São João da Barra Macaé Carapebus Conceição de Macabu Macaé Quissamã Mesoregion Sul Fluminense Baía da Ilha Grande Angra dos Reis Parati Barra do Piraí Barra do Piraí Rio das Flores Valença Vale do Paraíba Fluminense Barra Mansa Itatiaia Pinheiral Piraí Porto Real Quatis Resende Rio Claro Volta Redonda Geographic locale Rio de Janeiro city neighbourhoods Central Zone Benfica Caju Catumbi Centro Cidade Nova Estácio Gamboa São Cristóvão Lapa Mangueira Paquetá Rio Comprido Santa Teresa Santo Cristo Saúde Vasco da Gama South Zone Botafogo Catete Copacabana Cosme Velho Flamengo Gávea Glória Humaitá Ipanema Jardim Botânico Lagoa Laranjeiras Leblon Leme Rocinha São Conrado Urca Vidigal North Zone Abolição Acari Água Santa Alto da Boa Vista Anchieta Andaraí Bancários Barros Filho Bento Ribeiro Bonsucesso Brás de Pina Cachambi Cacuia Cavalcanti Campinho Cascadura Cidade Universitária Cocotá Coelho Neto Colégio Complexo do Alemão Cordovil Costa Barros Del Castilho Encantado Engenheiro Leal Engenho da Rainha Engenho de Dentro Engenho Novo Freguesia ( Ilha do Governador ) Galeão Grajaú Guadalupe Higienópolis Honório Gurgel Irajá Inhaúma Jacaré Jacarezinho Jardim América Jardim Carioca Jardim Guanabara Lins de Vasconcelos Madureira Manguinhos Maracanã Maré Marechal Hermes Maria da Graça Méier Moneró Olaria Oswaldo Cruz Parada de Lucas Parque Anchieta Pavuna Penha Penha Circular Piedade Pilares Pitangueiras Praça da Bandeira Praia da Bandeira Portuguesa Quintino Bocaiuva Ramos Riachuelo Ribeira Ricardo de Albuquerque Rocha Rocha Miranda Sampaio São Francisco Xavier Tauá Tijuca Todos os Santos Tomás Coelho Turiaçu Vaz Lobo Vicente de Carvalho Vigário Geral Vila Cosmos Vila da Penha Vila Isabel Vila Kennedy Vista Alegre Zumbi West Zone Anil Bangu Barra da Tijuca Barra de Guaratiba Camorim Campo dos Afonsos Campo Grande Cidade de Deus Cosmos Curicica Deodoro Freguesia ( Jacarepaguá ) Gardênia Azul Gericinó Grumari Guaratiba Inhoaíba Itanhangá Jacarepaguá Jardim Sulacap Joá Magalhães Bastos Paciência Padre Miguel Pedra de Guaratiba Praça Seca Pechincha Realengo Recreio dos Bandeirantes Santa Cruz Santíssimo Senador Camará Senador Vasconcelos Sepetiba Tanque Taquara Vargem Grande Vargem Pequena Vila Militar Vila Valqueire Islands Ilha do Fundão Ilha do Governador Paquetá Villegaignon Favelas Cantagalo -- Pavão -- Pavãozinho Complexo do Alemão Morro da Babilônia Dona Marta Jacarezinho Mangueira Manguinhos Maré Rocinha Tavares Bastos Vidigal Vila Vintém Unofficial Aldeia Campista Arpoador Bairro Araújo Bairro Peixoto Boca do Mato Buraco do Padre Castelo Colônia Consolação Dadur Distrito Industrial Bairro de Fátima Fazenda Botafogo Fazenda da Bica Fonte da Saudade Horto Jabour Jardim Boiúna Jardim Oceânico Largo do Machado Manguariba Mallet Mariópolis Mato Alto Muda Parque Colúmbia Península Praça do Carmo Providência Rio das Pedras Rio Grande Silvestre Terreirão do Rio Bonito Triagem Usina Vila Aliança Village Municipalities of Rio de Janeiro Capital : Rio de Janeiro Mesoregion Baixadas Bacia de São João Casimiro de Abreu Rio das Ostras Silva Jardim Lagos Araruama Armação dos Búzios Arraial do Cabo Cabo Frio Iguaba Grande São Pedro da Aldeia Saquarema Mesoregion Centro Fluminense Cantagalo - Cordeiro Cantagalo Carmo Cordeiro Macuco Nova Friburgo Bom Jardim Duas Barras Nova Friburgo Sumidouro Santa Maria Madalena Santa Maria Madalena São Sebastião do Alto Trajano de Morais Três Rios Areal Comendador Levy Gasparian Paraíba do Sul Sapucaia Três Rios Mesoregion Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro Itaguaí Itaguaí Mangaratiba Seropédica Macacu - Caceribu Cachoeiras de Macacu Rio Bonito Microregion Rio de Janeiro Belford Roxo Duque de Caxias Guapimirim Itaboraí Japeri Magé Maricá Nilópolis Niterói Mesquita Nova Iguaçu Queimados Rio de Janeiro São Gonçalo São João de Meriti Tanguá Serrana Petrópolis São José do Vale do Rio Preto Teresópolis Vassouras Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin Mendes Miguel Pereira Paracambi Paty do Alferes Vassouras Mesoregion Noroeste Fluminense Itaperuna Bom Jesus do Itabapoana Italva Itaperuna Laje do Muriaé Natividade Porciúncula Varre - Sai Santo Antônio de Pádua Aperibé Cambuci Itaocara Miracema Santo Antônio de Pádua São José de Ubá Mesoregion Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes Campos dos Goytacazes Cardoso Moreira São Fidélis São Francisco de Itabapoana São João da Barra Macaé Carapebus Conceição de Macabu Macaé Quissamã Mesoregion Sul Fluminense Baía da Ilha Grande Angra dos Reis Parati Barra do Piraí Barra do Piraí Rio das Flores Valença Vale do Paraíba Fluminense Barra Mansa Itatiaia Pinheiral Piraí Porto Real Quatis Resende Rio Claro Volta Redonda Capitals of Brazilian states Brasília ( DF ) Northern Belém ( PA ) Boa Vista ( RR ) Macapá ( AP ) Manaus ( AM ) Palmas ( TO ) Porto Velho ( RO ) Rio Branco ( AC ) Northeast Aracaju ( SE ) Fortaleza ( CE ) João Pessoa ( PB ) Maceió ( AL ) Natal ( RN ) Recife ( PE ) Salvador ( BA ) São Luís ( MA ) Teresina ( PI ) Center - West Campo Grande ( MS ) Cuiabá ( MT ) Goiânia ( GO ) Southeast Belo Horizonte ( MG ) Rio de Janeiro ( RJ ) São Paulo ( SP ) Vitória ( ES ) South Curitiba ( PR ) Florianópolis ( SC ) Porto Alegre ( RS ) Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Tel Aviv 1972 : Heidelberg 1976 : Toronto 1980 : Arnhem 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Pan American Games host cities Summer 1951 : Buenos Aires 1955 : Mexico City 1959 : Chicago 1963 : São Paulo 1967 : Winnipeg 1971 : Santiago de Cali 1975 : Mexico City 1979 : San Juan 1983 : Caracas 1987 : Indianapolis 1991 : Havana 1995 : Mar del Plata 1999 : Winnipeg 2003 : Santo Domingo 2007 : Rio de Janeiro 2011 : Guadalajara 2015 : Toronto 2019 : Lima 2023 : Santiago Winter 1990 : Las Leñas World 's fifty most - populous urban areas Tokyo Jakarta Delhi Manila Seoul Shanghai Mumbai New York City Beijing São Paulo Mexico City Guangzhou -- Foshan Dhaka Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto Moscow Cairo Bangkok Los Angeles Buenos Aires Kolkata Istanbul Tehran Lagos Tianjin Karachi Shenzhen Kinshasa Rio de Janeiro Chengdu Lima Lahore Paris Bangalore Ho Chi Minh City London Chennai Nagoya Bogotá Hyderabad Chicago Johannesburg -- East Rand Chongqing Taipei Dongguan Hanoi Shenyang Wuhan Ahmedabad Onitsha Kuala Lumpur WorldCat Identities BNF : cb11998409v ( data ) GND : 4076741 - 3 ISNI : 0000 0001 2195 627X LCCN : n79060405 NARA : 10046176 NDL : 00629413 SUDOC : 028076796 VIAF : 123730919 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_de_Janeiro&oldid=865810068 '' Categories : Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Former national capitals Guanabara Bay Municipalities in Rio de Janeiro ( state ) Populated coastal places in Rio de Janeiro ( state ) Port cities in Brazil Populated places established in 1565 1565 establishments in Brazil 1565 establishments in the Portuguese Empire World Heritage Sites in Brazil Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing Portuguese - language text CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from February 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2018 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia page with obscure subdivision All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Тыва дыл Удмурт ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ 240 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 09 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where is rio de janeiro located on the world map
|
[] |
[] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.