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Our House (Madness song)
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Our House ( Madness song ) - wikipedia Our House ( Madness song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Our House '' Single by Madness from the album The Rise & Fall B - side `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' ( UK ) `` Cardiac Arrest '' ( US ) Released 12 November 1982 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1982 Genre Pop Ska new wave Length 3 : 23 Label Stiff ( UK ) Geffen ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Chris Foreman Cathal Smyth Producer ( s ) Clive Langer Alan Winstanley Madness singles chronology `` Driving in My Car '' ( 1982 ) `` Our House '' ( 1982 ) `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Driving in My Car '' ( 1982 ) `` Our House '' ( 1982 ) `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' ( 1983 ) Audio sample file help `` Our House '' is a song by English ska and pop band Madness . It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album , The Rise & Fall , on 12 November 1982 . The song charted within the top ten in multiple countries and won Best Pop Song at the May 1983 Ivor Novello Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 About 2 Music video 3 Use in media 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links 8 See also About ( edit ) Released in November 1982 , it peaked at # 5 in the UK singles chart . In 1983 , `` Our House '' was their biggest hit in the US , reaching # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 . On the US rock chart the song peaked at # 9 , and also reached # 21 on the US dance chart . It receives constant airplay by radio stations . The B - side , `` Walking With Mr. Wheeze '' , is an instrumental song . The title is a play on `` Groovin ' With Mr. Bloe '' , an instrumental hit of 1970 by the session group Mr. Bloe . In 1984 , Madness performed Our House on the episode `` Sick '' of The Young Ones . Music video ( edit ) The video depicts the band acting out the song 's lyrics in an old Victorian terraced house . The song 's lyrics mostly describe the working - class family lifestyle , and the band acts them out by portraying such a family in the video . The band plays their instruments in the living room , prepares for work and school as the family plays squash and relaxes in a hot tub . The video also includes exterior shots of various other houses including the `` Playboy Mansion '' Stocks House in Aldbury , Hertfordshire , and Buckingham Palace . The property that featured in the video is a terrace house on Stephenson Street in north west London , near Willesden Junction . Use in media ( edit ) In 1982 , Madness made a guest appearance in series 2 of The Young Ones performing `` Our House '' . They had previously appeared in series 1 performing `` House of Fun '' . In 1985 `` Our House '' was the theme song for a children 's drama series , Dodger , Bonzo and the Rest . The version featured on the show was performed by the cast members . A 1992 episode of Spitting Image featured a satirical version of the song highlighting the negative equity crisis being faced by many British homeowners at the time . The original recording was also used as the theme for a 1998 ITV docusoap series , The Estate Agents . A musical called Our House , featuring Madness songs , ran in London 's West End between October 2002 and August 2003 . A recording of the show was broadcast on BBC Three and was released as a DVD . An altered version of the song was used in a Maxwell House commercial and the real version was featured in a montage for an episode of the BBC comedy , My Family , as well as for a 2004 American reality game , House of Dreams . The song also featured in a 2007 - 08 series of TV advertisements for Bird 's Eye in which Suggs appeared , as well as an advertisement for the 2008 ABC reality game show Opportunity Knocks , and in episode 4 of season 3 of US TV show Brothers & Sisters , during the yard sale scene . In 2010 , a mashup of `` Jingle Bells '' and `` Our House '' , created by New York music and audio branding company Expansion Team , was used in a Christmastime commercial for Verizon . At the 2012 Olympic Games Madness performed `` Our House '' in the closing Olympic ceremonies during an elaborate light show with scores of dancers . An altered version of the song is used in a 2014 TV advertisement for Chemist Warehouse . In Chile , the song was used in the spot and theme song of Chilean Canal 13 TV series Papá Mono . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Our House '' -- 3 : 23 `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' -- 3 : 31 French 7 '' single `` Our House ( Stretch mix ) '' -- 3 : 45 `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' -- 3 : 31 US 7 '' single `` Our House '' - 3 : 20 `` Cardiac Arrest '' - 2 : 58 ( `` Stretch mix '' is a mostly instrumental edit of the extended mix ) 12 '' single `` Our House '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 00 `` Our House '' ( 7 '' Version ) -- 3 : 23 `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' -- 3 : 31 U.S. 12 '' single `` Our House ( Dance mix ) '' -- 5 : 02 `` Mad House ( Our House dub mix ) '' -- 4 : 35 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( CHUM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 49 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Dance Club Play 21 US Cash Box 5 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 64 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.soundonsound.com/people/classic-tracks-madness-our-house Jump up ^ Glenn Gaslin ; Rick Porter ( 1 January 1998 ) . The Complete , Cross-referenced Guide to the Baby Buster Generation 's Collective Unconscious . Boulevard Books . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57297 - 335 - 0 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Winners '' . Ivor Novello Awards . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madness '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madness '' . Billboard Hot 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Bloe '' . imuzdb.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Young Ones - Sick '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , John . House of Fun : The Story of Madness . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857127150 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Madness ! Iconic terrace home featured in 1980s Our House pop video sells for more than £ 500K ( Suggs not included ) '' . Daily Mail . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dodger , Bonzo and the Rest Episode Guide '' . IMDb . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our House '' . www.guidetomusicaltheatre.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our House - The Musical : BBC3 cast list '' BBC Archived 31 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` May family - Reloaded '' . IMDb . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birds Eye -- In Our House '' . www.tvadmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ coronagarretts ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) , Verizon - Jingle Bells - Our House mash up , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Olympic Closing Ceremony - Madness singing Our House '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chemist Warehouse TV ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) , `` Our House '' 2014 Chemist Warehouse TV Ad ( 45s ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 Jump up ^ `` ( Video ) Canal 13 estrenó spot de su nueva serie ' Papá Mono ' '' . www.cooperativa.cl ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 , part 1 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madness -- Our House '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1388 -- Saturday , August 20 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6286 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Madness -- Our House '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Our House '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Madness -- Our House '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Madness -- Our House '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single uke 10 , 1983 -- VG - lista . Offisielle hitlister fra og med 1958 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Madness -- Our House '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Madness -- Our House '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madness Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending AUGUST 6 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Music video of `` Our House '' on YouTube Classic Tracks : ' Our House ' by Madness Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics See also ( edit ) The Young Ones List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden ( hide ) Madness Chris Foreman Mike Barson Lee Thompson Suggs Dan Woodgate Mark Bedford Cathal Smyth Studio albums One Step Beyond ... Absolutely 7 The Rise & Fall Keep Moving Mad Not Mad The Madness Wonderful The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1 The Liberty of Norton Folgate Oui Oui , Si Si , Ja Ja , Da Da Ca n't Touch Us Now Compilation albums Complete Madness Madness Utter Madness It 's ... Madness It 's ... Madness Too Divine Madness The Business Total Madness ( 1997 ) Our House Total Madness ( 2009 ) Ultimate Madness A Guided Tour of Madness Forever Young : The Ska Collection Live albums Madstock ! Universal Madness Madness Live : To the Edge of the Universe and Beyond Box sets The Business The Lot The Singles Box : Vol. 1 A Guided Tour of Madness Singles `` The Prince '' `` One Step Beyond '' `` My Girl '' `` Work Rest and Play EP '' `` Baggy Trousers '' `` Embarrassment '' `` The Return of the Los Palmas 7 '' `` Grey Day '' `` Shut Up '' `` It Must Be Love '' `` Cardiac Arrest '' `` House of Fun '' `` Driving in My Car '' `` Our House '' `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' `` Wings of a Dove '' `` The Sun and the Rain '' `` Michael Caine '' `` One Better Day '' `` Yesterday 's Men '' `` Uncle Sam '' `` Sweetest Girl '' `` ( Waiting For ) The Ghost Train '' `` Night Boat to Cairo '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Lovestruck '' `` Johnny the Horse '' `` Drip Fed Fred '' `` Shame & Scandal '' `` Girl Why Do n't You '' `` Sorry '' `` NW5 '' `` Dust Devil '' `` Sugar and Spice '' `` Forever Young '' `` My Girl 2 '' `` Never Knew Your Name '' Related articles Discography Lucky 7 Records Dikran Tulaine Our House the Musical 2 Tone Zarjazz Records Starvation / Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie The Madness Take It or Leave It The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra Boring ( The Young Ones ) Sick ( The Young Ones ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_House_(Madness_song)&oldid=843664218 '' Categories : 1982 singles Madness ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Sweden RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Chris Foreman Songs written by Chas Smash Stiff Records singles Geffen Records singles Song recordings produced by Clive Langer 1982 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from March 2018 Use British English from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Poland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sang the song our house in the middle of the street
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"\"Our House\" is a song by English ska and pop band Madness. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, The Rise & Fall, on 12 November 1982. The song charted within the top ten in multiple countries and won Best Pop Song at the May 1983 Ivor Novello Awards.[3]"
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"English ska and pop band Madness"
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Fox Sports 1
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Fox Sports 1 - Wikipedia Fox Sports 1 Jump to : navigation , search Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group ( 21st Century Fox ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed ) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles , California Replaced Speed ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Sister channel ( s ) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 ( HD / SD ) Dish Network Channel 150 ( HD / SD ) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 ( HD ) Channel 652 ( SD ) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 ( HD ) Channel 83 ( SD ) Google Fiber Channel 208 ( HD ) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live ( U.S. cable internet subscribers only ; requires login to stream content ) PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television FuboTV Internet Protocol television Fox Sports 1 ( FS1 ) is an American sports - oriented cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Fox Sports Media Group , a unit of the Fox Entertainment Group division of 21st Century Fox . FS1 replaced the motorsports network Speed on August 17 , 2013 , at the same time that its companion channel Fox Sports 2 replaced Fuel TV . Both FS1 and FS2 absorbed most of the sports programming from its predecessors , as well as content from Fox Soccer , which was replaced by the entertainment - based channel FXX on September 2 , 2013 . FS1 airs an array of live sporting events , including Major League Baseball , college sports ( most notably Pac - 12 and Big 12 Conference football , and Big East Conference basketball ) , soccer matches ( including Major League Soccer , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , Bundesliga , and Copa Libertadores ) , United States Golf Association championship events , UFC mixed martial arts , and a variety of motorsports events such as NASCAR , IMSA , Formula E and the NHRA . FS1 also features daily sports news , analysis and discussion programming as well as sports - related reality and documentary programs . The network is based primarily from the Fox Sports division 's headquarters in the Westwood section of Los Angeles , California , though the network also has significant broadcast operations in New York City , New York and Charlotte , North Carolina ( the latter of which had served as Speed 's home base ) . As of January 2016 , Fox Sports 1 is available to approximately 84,486,000 pay television households ( 72.583 % of households with at least one television set ) in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch and carriage 2 Programming 2.1 Event coverage 2.2 News and analysis programming 2.2. 1 Daily 2.2. 2 Weekly / Seasonal 2.2. 3 Former 3 Ratings 3.1 Season averages 3.2 Individual events 3.2. 1 Major League Baseball 3.2. 2 College football 3.2. 3 NASCAR Cup Series 3.2. 4 Ultimate Fighting Championship 3.3 Other 4 Carriage disputes 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 2012 , reports began circulating that Fox Entertainment Group had plans to launch a national Fox Sports cable network by August 2013 known as Fox Sports 1 , giving the sports division a dedicated cable presence to better compete against established networks like ESPN . Fox was already a major force in cable sports programming , having operated several niche channels such as Fox Soccer , Fox Deportes , Fuel TV and Fox College Sports . Also in its portfolio were the Fox Sports Networks , a group of regional sports networks both owned by Fox outright or by other companies through affiliation agreements with FSN ; in addition to carrying play - by - play rights to several local sports teams , these regional networks also featured common national content produced and distributed by Fox Sports , including national college sports broadcasts and specialty programs such as The Best Damn Sports Show Period and Baseball 's Golden Age . Though this local / national hybrid approach gave Fox prominence at the local sports level , it was somewhat disadvantaged as its flagship over-the - air network had the distinction of being the only major U.S. broadcast television network not to have a national general sports channel to complement its sports division , unlike ABC ( whose corporate parent The Walt Disney Company owns a controlling 80 % stake in ESPN ) , CBS ( which operates CBS Sports Network ) and NBC ( which runs NBCSN ) . The reports indicated that Fox planned on converting one of these niche sports channels , Speed -- which focused on auto racing and other motorsports , as well as motorsports - related specialty programs , into the new Fox Sports 1 due to its established reach on U.S. pay television providers ( Speed maintained a subscriber base of 81 million homes with cable , IPTV or satellite service by 2012 ) , which would result in the reduction of the channel 's commitment to NASCAR and other motorsports coverage . Further supporting this theory , reports surfaced in January 2013 that Fox Soccer would be relaunched as FXX , a general entertainment network that would be spun off from FX and would feature comedy series and feature films ; such reports were confirmed when the channel 's planned launch was officially announced by Fox Entertainment Group on March 28 , 2013 . In October 2012 , Speed altered its on - air logo bug to include the Fox Sports logo above its own , which was believed to indicate a step towards this replacement . Fox Sports would officially confirm the conversion of Speed into Fox Sports 1 in an announcement on March 5 , 2013 . Despite being established well after ESPN ( which launched in 1979 ) , and the NBC - and CBS - owned sports networks ( which respectively launched in 1996 and 2003 under different ownership and branding ) , Fox Sports 1 , even before commencing programming , has been seen as a legitimate and serious competitor to ESPN , in part due to three factors : Audience reach -- By taking over Speed 's transponder space , Fox Sports 1 was expected to reach 90 million households at the time of its launch ( with most cable and satellite providers carrying it on the channel slot , almost entirely through distribution on basic cable tiers , that Speed had occupied on their channel lineups ) . While that number is relatively less than ESPN 's total reach at that time ( 99 million homes ) , it is also more than the 77.9 million homes that NBCSN reached at the beginning of 2013 , which was hamstrung by some of its reach being only through carriage on digital cable tiers . Brand awareness -- Fox heavily promoted Fox Sports 1 's launch through its various television , online and social media platforms , including appearances of Fox Sports 1 talent on existing Fox programming and the online posting of its shows ' pre-launch rehearsals . Programming strategy -- Fox was aggressive in seeking and securing major content for FS1 , employing a strategy to obtain rights to popular sports and leagues that they believed other networks underserved , as well as creating high - profile original shows ( see Programming below ) . Fox Sports executives see Fox Sports 1 as `` an alternative to the establishment '' , much as the Fox Broadcasting Company was to other broadcast networks in the 1980s and Fox News Channel was to CNN in the 1990s . In terms of growth , Fox Entertainment Group acknowledged that Fox Sports 1 would start modestly and not be competitively equal with ESPN right out of the gate ; however , the company foresees the network growing incrementally , believing that the channel will be on - par with its senior competitor within a few years of its launch . Launch and carriage ( edit ) Original logo , used full - time from August 17 , 2013 to May 2015 ; currently used as an alternate logo . Fox Sports 1 formally launched on August 17 , 2013 at 6 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , with the following introduction : `` Good morning and welcome to the very first day of Fox Sports 1 . Here on America 's new sports network , our promise to you is that we will share your passion for the game , never take ourselves too seriously , and , most importantly , never put ourselves above the game nor the athletes . We will be informative without ever sacrificing accuracy . We work for you , the fan , and every day we will live up to this simple promise . Now let 's get on with the show . '' -- Curt Menefee , co-host of Fox NFL Sunday The launch day featured 161⁄2 hours of live sports coverage , including NASCAR coverage during the late morning and afternoon ( highlighted by a Camping World Truck Series qualifying round and race ) , five hours of UFC bouts in the evening ( the main event of the Fight Night card being a match between Maurício Rua and Chael Sonnen ) , and the premiere of the sports news and discussion show Fox Sports Live following the conclusion of the UFC event . Although marketed as a relaunch of Speed , Fox Sports 1 was contractually considered to be a new channel ; due to its change in scope from automotive and motorsports to mainstream sports , Fox was required to reach new deals with providers for them to carry the network . At first , Fox sought a higher carriage fee as well , estimated at 80 ¢ per subscriber ( more than triple the subscriber fee of 23 ¢ that Speed had commanded ; by comparison , ESPN pulls in fees of approximately $5.00 per subscriber , the most expensive fee of any pay television network ) . Concerns by providers over the increasing costs for cable and satellite services for their customers ( largely believed to be partly due to the higher fees commanded by certain sports channels ) resulted in Fox backing off charging the 80 ¢ per subscriber rate , instead charging the same 23 ¢ rate that those providers paid to carry Speed . For any remaining providers that had not reached a deal to carry Fox Sports 1 , Fox planned to offer a version of Speed with limited programming on an interim basis until a deal was reached , in order to fulfill existing contracts that required Fox to provide a motorsports channel . Carriage deals were made by the launch date with all major cable and satellite providers , including cable / telco providers Comcast , Charter Communications , Cox Communications , Verizon FiOS , AT&T U-verse , Cablevision , Bright House Networks , Mediacom , Suddenlink Communications , Cable One and Time Warner Cable , as well as satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network . The deals with Time Warner , Dish and DirecTV -- which were announced just days before FS1 's launch -- were seen as crucial to the network , as those three providers had a combined reach of over 40 million households , nearly half the goal of 90 million homes that FS1 set for its launch . International markets that previously received the U.S. version of Speed ( such as Canada , the Caribbean , and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico ) did not gain access to Fox Sports 1 upon its relaunch ; in Canada , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission permitted the carriage of Speed as a foreign service , but Fox did not seek carriage of FS1 in that country ( some of the sports event programming that Fox Sports 1 holds the broadcast rights to carry already air in that country on domestic sports networks such as TSN and Sportsnet ) . A version of Speed remains operational for these markets ( now known as Fox Sports Racing ) , airing a lineup of past Speed reality shows , and coverage of NASCAR and other motorsports events simulcast with Fox Sports 1 or Fox Sports 2 . In early 2014 , some major Canadian service providers began to drop the channel upon the expiration of their contractual rights to carry Speed . In 2015 , Fox Sports 1 expanded its sports portfolio further with Fox Sports Media Group 's acquisition of rights to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , United States Golf Association championship events and Major League Soccer . In July of that year , the channel began using a new wordmark logo on a redesigned ticker ; then in September 2015 , the network phased out verbal references to `` Fox Sports 1 '' on - air and online and through its social media platforms , and implemented the new logo for other facets of the channel 's branding . As a result , Fox Sports 1 is now referred to on - air and in marketing efforts as `` FS1 '' . A representative for Fox Sports stated that this was not a re-branding , but was meant to align the logo of Fox Sports 1 with its commonly - used abbreviation , and to streamline the channel 's marketing among other Fox Sports channels ; however , the original FS1 logo will remain in use as an alternate logo . On July 14 , 2015 , Fox Sports reached a long - term agreement with the National Hot Rod Association ( NHRA ) to broadcast its drag racing events beginning in 2016 . Fox 's package will include coverage of Friday and Saturday qualifying , and Sunday elimination races for NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series events ( with a minimum of 16 elimination races presented live , and the remainder shown either on weekend afternoons or in primetime ; four of the live elimination races will be aired by the main Fox network , with the rest , as well as encores , on FS1 and FS2 ) , and coverage of select NHRA Lucas Oil Drag Racing Sportsman Series events on Fox Sports 1 . Programming ( edit ) Event coverage ( edit ) Sports programming on FS1 includes the following : Baseball Major League Baseball ( 2014 -- present ) 40 regular season MLB games ( mostly on Saturdays ) Up to 15 post-season games ( eight Divisional Series games and one best - of - seven League Championship Series ) Basketball BIG3 ( 2017 -- present ) 8 regular season weeks totaling 32 games Playoffs College athletics NCAA football and basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big East men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big 12 football and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Pac - 12 football and men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big Ten football and men 's basketball ( 2017 -- present ) Holiday Bowl ( 2017 -- present ) Boxing Premier Boxing Champions ( 2015 -- present ) Soccer CONCACAF ( 2013 -- present ) CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 2014 -- present ; select matches broadcast across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) CONCACAF Champions League ( 2014 -- present ; select matches broadcast across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) CONMEBOL ( 2013 -- present ) Copa Libertadores ( 2014 -- present ; select tournament matches ) Copa América Centenario FA Cup ( 2014 -- present ; select tournament matches ) FIFA World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2018 , 2022 and 2026 FIFA World Cup ) FIFA Women 's World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2015 , 2019 and 2023 FIFA Women 's World Cup ) German Bundesliga ( 2015 -- present ; all 306 league games via FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) DFL - Supercup ( 2015 -- present ) Bundesliga relegation playoffs ( 2015 -- present ) Major League Soccer ( 2015 -- present ; 34 regular season matches ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2015 -- present ; rights alternating with ESPN ) MLS Cup ( beginning in 2015 ; rights alternating with ESPN ) UEFA ( 2013 -- present ) UEFA Champions League ( 2015 -- 2018 ; 146 league games across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ; two live matches per week on FS1 ) UEFA Europa League ( 2015 -- present ; 205 league games across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ; two live matches per week on FS1 ) U.S. Men 's National Soccer Team ( 2015 -- present ; rights to all matches shared with ESPN ) Futsal FIFA Futsal World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2016 , 2020 and 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup ) Golf USGA Championships ( 2015 -- present ) U.S. Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) U.S. Senior Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) U.S. Women 's Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) Men 's , Women 's and Junior Amateur Championships ( 2015 -- present ) Men 's and Women 's Four - Ball Championships ( 2015 -- present ) Franklin Templeton Shootout ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) Horse racing Up to 10 graded stakes races ( 2014 -- present ) Two top stakes races ( 2014 -- present ) Mixed martial arts Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 2013 -- present ) Approximately 18 live UFC events annually , primarily on Saturday nights ( more rarely on Wednesdays and Sundays ) Live preliminary fights for UFC pay - per - view events on Saturday nights The Ultimate Fighter reality television series and tournament , two seasons per year Motorsports AMA Supercross Championship ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the Monster Energy AMA Supercross Championship across FS1 and FS2 ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the AMSOIL AMA Arenacross Championship across FS1 and FS2 ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the Monster Energy Cup event ( 2013 -- present ) ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards ( ten live ARCA races across FS1 and FS2 ) FIA Formula E Championship ( 2014 -- present ; coverage across Fox , FS1 and FS2 ) FIA World Endurance Championship ( 2013 -- present ) 24 Hours of LeMans ( 2013 -- present ; coverage across FS1 and FS2 ) IMSA ( 2013 -- present ) TUDOR United SportsCar Championship ( 2013 -- present ; coverage of the entire season across FS1 and FS2 ) Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge ( 2013 -- present ; coverage of the entire season across FS1 and FS2 ) Monster Jam ( 2013 -- present ; coverage across FS1 and FS2 ) NASCAR ( 2013 -- present ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of six races , as well as practice and qualifying events for the first 17 Cup races ) NASCAR All - Star Race ( 2014 -- present ) Xfinity Series ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of ten races , as well as practice and qualifying for the first 14 Xfinity Series races ) Camping World Truck Series ( 2013 -- present ; live coverage rights to all races including practice and qualifying races , with exception of the Fred 's 250 , which airs on FOX ) National Hot Rod Association ( 2016 -- present ) NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series ; coverage of Friday and Saturday qualifying , and Sunday eliminations NHRA Lucas Oil Drag Racing Series ; Select Sportsman eliminations NHRA J&A Service Pro Mod Drag Racing Series News and analysis programming ( edit ) FS1 airs various studio shows , especially in the afternoon and early evening . In May 2015 , Fox Sports hired Jamie Horowitz , formerly of ESPN , to oversee the channel as Fox Sports ' President of National Networks . Following his arrival , FS1 began to pivot its studio programming towards opinion - oriented shows similar to those he oversaw on ESPN , and also hired away several notable personalities from ESPN , such as Skip Bayless and Colin Cowherd . Horowitz likened this strategy , which has been referred to as `` embrace debate '' , to that of sister property Fox News Channel ; he argued that fewer viewers were watching conventional sports news programs such as SportsCenter due to the ubiquity of online news and highlights , but that there were `` record highs '' for opinion programs . Daily ( edit ) First Things First ( weekdays 6 : 30 -- 9 : 30 a.m. Eastern ; replayed from 3 -- 5 p.m. ) - Morning sports news and debate program with Nick Wright , Cris Carter , and Jenna Wolfe Skip and Shannon : Undisputed ( weekdays 9 : 30 a.m. -- noon Eastern ; replayed from midnight -- 2 a.m. ) -- Midday debate program with Skip Bayless , Shannon Sharpe , and Joy Taylor The Herd with Colin Cowherd ( weekdays noon -- 3 p.m. Eastern ) -- Simulcast of Colin Cowherd 's radio program on Fox Sports Radio . Speak for Yourself with Cowherd & Whitlock ( weekdays 5 - 6 p.m. Eastern ; replayed from 11 p.m. -- midnight ) Afternoon talk / debate program with Colin Cowherd and Jason Whitlock TMZ Sports ( weeknights at 2 a.m. Eastern ) similar to the syndicated TMZ celebrity gossip show , this program focuses specifically on athletes Weekly / seasonal ( edit ) MLB Whiparound ( nightly 11 p.m. -- midnight Eastern during baseball season ) -- A live nightly Major League Baseball highlights and analysis program ( similar in vein to ESPN 's Baseball Tonight or MLB Network 's MLB Tonight ) featuring quick turnaround highlights , news and analysis . The show is hosted by Chris Myers , and one or two analysts from the group of Frank Thomas , Eric Karros and Nick Swisher . Some editions of the program are subject to being moved to a later timeslot , due to conflicts with other scheduled live programming . NASCAR RaceDay ( Saturday afternoon or Sunday morning depending on the race time ) -- A pre-race show for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , hosted by John Roberts , with Larry McReynolds , Michael Waltrip and Kenny Wallace providing analysis ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . NASCAR Race Hub ( weekdays 6 -- 7 p.m. Eastern ) -- A daily program featuring news and analysis on the NASCAR circuit , including reviews of previous races and previews of upcoming action ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . NASCAR Victory Lane ( Saturday night or Sunday evening depending on the race time ) -- A post-race show for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , hosted by John Roberts or Chris Myers , Michael Waltrip and Kenny Wallace ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . UFC Tonight ( Wednesdays 7 -- p.m. Eastern ) -- Hosted by Kenny Florian and Karyn Bryant , the program features the latest news , highlights , and analysis from the UFC ; this program was carried over to FS1 from Fuel TV ( now Fox Sports 2 ) . Former ( edit ) America 's Pregame ( weeknights 5 : 00 -- 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern ; April 7 , 2014 -- October 2 , 2015 ) -- An early evening preview of the night 's sports action ; the program was cancelled on September 30 , 2015 due to low ratings . Fox NFL Kickoff ( Sundays 11 : 00 a.m. -- 12 : 00 p.m. Eastern during the NFL season ; August 18 , 2013 -- January 18 , 2015 ) -- A program previewing the day 's NFL action , it serves as the supplementary program to the Fox Broadcasting Company 's existing pre-game show Fox NFL Sunday . Fox NFL Kickoff moved to Fox on September 13 , 2015 , in an effort to boost the program 's currently low viewership and to serve as a lead - in for Fox NFL Sunday . Fox Sports Live with Jay and Dan ( nightly 11 : 00 p.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. Eastern ; August 17 , 2013 -- February 22 , 2017 ) -- Fox Sports 1 's flagship sports news program , which aired directly opposite ESPN 's SportsCenter on most nights . The program was primarily anchored by Jay Onrait and Dan O'Toole ( who came to FS1 from the Canadian sports channel TSN , where the pair gained popularity for their irreverent and humorous presentation of sports news while serving as anchors of the late - night editions of that network 's SportsCentre ) . The show 's first run featured analysis and opinions on that night 's events and that day 's sports news , with Jay and Dan discussing the day 's major stories from FS1 's sister channels ( such as Big Ten Network ) . In February 2016 , the show was rebranded as a late night talk show in order to appeal to a younger generation and to boost low ratings . The program was cancelled on February 23 , 2017 . The Mike Francesa Show ( 2014 - 2015 ) − WFAN radio host Mike Francesa agreed to simulcast a portion of his show on Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2 . However , the arrangement ended after only 1 year , on September 11 , 2015 . Francesa took full blame for the partnership not succeeding . Garbage Time with Katie Nolan - Fox Sports 1 's weekly program was aired from March 15 , 2015 to September 2017 . Ratings ( edit ) While its live events ( such as NASCAR races ) are beaten in the ratings by ESPN , the program Undisputed is behind only 613 thousand viewers to Pardon the Interruption . Live events have still provided FS1 with high ratings . Season averages ( edit ) The following table shows average season viewership for certain team sports competitions on FS1 : Sports event Season Viewers Reference College football 2013 529,000 Major League Soccer 2015 224,000 College basketball 2013 -- 14 92,790 Individual events ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( edit ) 2014 National League Championship Series Game 2 : 4.4 million viewers Game 4 : 5.1 million viewers Game 5 : 4.9 million viewers 2015 American League Championship Series Game 1 : 5.9 million viewers Game 6 : 5.6 million viewers 2016 National League Championship Series Game 2 : 7.3 million viewers Game 6 : 9.7 million viewers 2017 American League Championship Series Game 1 : 6.2 million viewers Game 3 : 3.1 ( 5.1 million viewers ) Game 4 : 4.7 million viewers Game 5 : 3.3 ( 5.3 million viewers ) Game 6 : 8.2 million viewers Game 7 : 9.9 million viewers College football ( edit ) 2013 Oklahoma - Baylor : 1.3 2014 Baylor - Oklahoma : 1.3 2015 Michigan - Utah : 1.7 2016 Texas - Oklahoma : 1.7 2017 Oklahoma - Oklahoma State : 1.4 2017 Ohio State - Nebraska : 1.3 2017 Maryland - Texas : 1.2 NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) 2014 Duel : 1.9 ( 3.1 million viewers ) 2014 All - Star Race : 2.1 ( 3.5 million viewers ) 2015 Duel : 1.8 ( 3.0 million viewers ) 2015 Martinsville : 2.4 ( 4.1 million viewers ) 2015 All - Star Race : 2.1 ( 3.8 million viewers ) 2015 Dover : 2.5 ( 3.9 million viewers ) 2015 Pocono : 2.3 ( 3.6 million viewers ) 2015 Michigan : 2.2 ( 3.5 million viewers ) 2015 Sonoma : 2.3 ( 3.7 million viewers ) 2016 Duel : 1.6 ( 2.5 million viewers ) 2016 Martinsville : 2.2 ( 4.2 million viewers ) 2016 All - Star Race : 2.0 ( 3.3 million viewers ) 2016 Sonoma : 2.2 ( 3.9 million viewers ) 2017 Duel : 2.5 million viewers 2017 Martinsville : 2.3 ( 4.0 million viewers ) 2017 All - Star Race : 1.6 ( 2.9 million viewers ) Ultimate Fighting Championship ( edit ) UFC Fight Night 59 prelims : 1.1 million viewers UFC Fight Night 59 : 2.8 million viewers UFC Fight Night 81 prelims : 1.8 million viewers UFC Fight Night 81 : 2.3 million viewers UFC Fight Night 82 prelims : 1.1 million viewers UFC Fight Night 82 : 1.3 million viewers UFC 168 prelims : 1.6 million viewers UFC 182 prelims : 1.0 million viewers UFC 193 prelims : 1.3 million viewers UFC 194 prelims : 1.9 million viewers UFC 195 prelims : 1.0 million viewers UFC 196 prelims : 1.8 million viewers UFC 207 prelims : 1.5 million viewers Other ( edit ) 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - United States vs Australia : 3.9 million 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - Japan vs England : 2.3 million 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - United States vs Colombia : 4.7 million 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup final : 1.0 ( 1.8 million viewers ) Carriage disputes ( edit ) In February 2015 , Fox Sports 1 became part of a carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse , as Fox Sports Media Group pursued higher carriage fees for the network to cover the cost of sports broadcast rights that had been acquired by the group to fill FS1 's schedule since its launch . AT&T declined to accept these additional fees , with a representative for the provider stating that `` while it 's important to us that we provide our customers with the content they want , we do n't believe that it is reasonable to pass on the added costs of carrying this programming to our customer . '' Rather than pull the channel outright , Fox instead began blacking out certain sporting events carried by FS1 on U-verse , including certain NASCAR , Major League Soccer and college basketball events . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jon Weisman ; Jill Goldsmith ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Dreams Big , Brash with New Sports Channel '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Targeting FS1 to Be Profitable By 2016 '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Broadcasting and Cable . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Pedigree part of pitch for Fox Sports 1 '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ; Tripp Mickle ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Will Fox launch all - sports network ? '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Soccer to relaunch as FXX '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 -- via Yahoo ! TV . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` FX Officially Unveils FXX Channel To Launch In September , New Branding Campaign '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Gluck ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` NASCAR fans have much to lose if Speed goes away '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Hiestand ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports launches direct challenge to ESPN dominance '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Austin Karp ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Sports Network Heads Into NHL Season In 77.9 Million U.S. TV Households '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Pesca ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Launches 24 - Hour Sports Network On Saturday '' . NPR . National Public Radio , Inc . Jump up ^ Anthony Crupi ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 to Launch Aug. 17 '' . Adweek . Mediabistro Holdings . Jump up ^ Bob Pockrass ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` As Speed dies , Mike Joy provides lookback , then bridge to Fox Sports 1 '' . Sporting News . Sporting News Media . Jump up ^ `` FOX Sports 1 Media Information - T - Minus 100 Days And Counting to Launch of FOX Sports 1 '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports PressPass ( Press release ) . Fox Sports Media Group . May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jon Weisman ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 Sets Opening Day Schedule '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ `` FS1 Ready To Take On ESPN , Though Fox Execs Know The Battle Could Take A While '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Flint ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 will launch with DirecTV , Dish and Time Warner Cable '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Jump up ^ Barry Petchesky ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` You Will Not Be Paying Much For Fox Sports 1 '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sources : Distributors Hold The Line On Fox Sports 1 Sub Fee '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` FS1 carriage talks sticky a month out '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Phillip Swann . `` All Major Providers Pick Up Fox Sports 1 '' . TVPredictions.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Two channels will carry Speed name '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norris McDonald ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Fogarty , Gurney at large , Villeneuve at Indy and Speed Channel '' . Wheels.ca . Star Media Group . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Channel '' . Rogers Communications . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Yoder ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 beginning shift to new `` FS1 '' logo this week `` . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . ^ Jump up to : `` NHRA leaves ESPN , signs long - term deal with Fox Sports '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Associated Press . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Bucholtz ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` NHRA confirms move to Fox , removing ESPN 's last regular motorsports coverage '' . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Ourand ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` MLB on Fox : New voices , channel , platforms '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soon - to - be-renamed Big East , ESPN complete TV deal ; contract runs through 2019 - 20 season '' . Fox News . Associated Press . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Bowl moving from ESPN to FS1 '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Rafael ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Premier Boxing Champions finalize deal with Fox Sports 1 '' . ESPN . ESPN Inc . Jump up ^ Phillip Quinn ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Sports secures Bundesliga 's USA television rights beginning 2015 - 2016 '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FS1 to pursue ' unicorn ' of late - night TV after it gets ' First Things First ' rolling '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bobby . `` Turner Sports Acquisition Of UEFA Champions League Rights Means More Than Just A Broadcaster Change '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Compton ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 and The Jockey Club Announce New Racing Package '' . MichaelWCompton.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports 1 will carry Sprint Cup ; Speed gone on Aug. 17 '' . Sporting News . March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Horowitz Fired at Fox Sports Amid Harassment Probe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' UFC Tonight '' Moves to Fox Sports 1 on September 11 `` . MMA Weekly . August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Reynolds ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` FS1 Looks To Boost Audience with MLB 's Arrival '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Matt Yoder ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` FS1 is canceling America 's Pregame '' . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 Sets Roster for Pair of Studio Shows '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' NFL Kickoff ' moving from FS1 to Fox '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reid Cherner ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 not the usual new kid on ESPN 's block '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` FS1 blows up its late night : ' Fox Sports Live ' canceled , Katie Nolan in limbo '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` FS1 cancels Fox Sports Live '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Bob 's ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` FOX Sports 1 & 2 COO David Nathanson Comments on Mike Francesa Joining the Fledging National Network '' . BobsBlitz.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Francesa , Fox finally end failed marriage '' . 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins - Mets , SportsCenter , Live From top cable sports TV ratings for Sunday April 9 , 2017 '' . Sports TV Ratings. 2017 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pardon the Interruption , Rangers - Canadiens , Around the Horn top cable sports TV ratings for Friday April 14 , 2017 '' . Sports TV Ratings. 2017 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : NBCSN NHL Down by Double - Digits , FS1 Supercross - Detroit Triples from ' 16 '' . Awful Announcing. 2017 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : Huge Gains for NBCSN Chelsea - Manchester United and FS1 Bayern Munchen - Real Madrid '' . Awful Announcing. 2017 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : John Ourand ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Sports execs like trends at FS1 '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` MLS encouraged by growth in TV audiences '' . Soccer America . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 , AT&T In Dispute Over Fees For Nascar , Golf , Soccer '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . 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fox sports on dish what channel is it
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[
"\n\nFox Sports 1\n\n\n\n\n\nLaunched\nAugust 17, 2013 (2013-08-17)\n\n\nNetwork\nFox Sports\n\n\nOwned by\nFox Entertainment Group\n(21st Century Fox)\n\n\nPicture format\n720p (HDTV)\n(HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed)\n\n\nSlogan\nThe 1\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBroadcast area\nUnited States\nPuerto Rico\nCaribbean\n\n\nHeadquarters\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nReplaced\nSpeed (2005–2013)\n\n\nSister channel(s)\nFox Sports 2\nFox Soccer Plus\nFox Deportes\nFox Sports Networks\nFox College Sports\nBig Ten Network\nFox Sports\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.foxsports.com/watch/fs1\nwww.foxsports.com\n\n\n\nAvailability\n\n\n\nSatellite\n\n\nDirecTV\nChannel 219 (HD/SD)\n\n\nDish Network\nChannel 150 (HD/SD)\n\n\nCable\n\n\nAvailable on most U.S. cable systems\nConsult your local cable provider for channel availability\n\n\nIPTV\n\n\nAT&T U-verse\nChannel 1652 (HD)\nChannel 652 (SD)\n\n\nVerizon FiOS\nChannel 583 (HD)\nChannel 83 (SD)\n\n\nGoogle Fiber\nChannel 208 (HD)\n\n\nStreaming media\n\n\nFox Sports Go\nWatch live\n(U.S. cable internet subscribers only; requires login to stream content)\n\n\nPlayStation Vue\nInternet Protocol television\n\n\nSling TV\nInternet Protocol television\n\n\nDirecTV Now\nInternet Protocol television\n\n\nFuboTV\nInternet Protocol television\n\n"
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"Channel 150"
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Lost in Space (2018 TV series)
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Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) - Wikipedia Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Lost in Space Series logotype Genre Science fiction Adventure Family drama Created by Irwin Allen Developed by Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Starring Molly Parker Toby Stephens Maxwell Jenkins Taylor Russell Mina Sundwall Ignacio Serricchio Parker Posey Composer ( s ) Christopher Lennertz John Williams ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Zack Estrin Kevin Burns Jon Jashni Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Neil Marshall Marc Helwig Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Sam McCurdy Running time 47 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) Sazama Sharpless Productions Applebox Entertainment Synthesis Entertainment Clickety - Clack Productions Legendary Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Lost in Space ( 1965 TV series ) Lost in Space ( 1998 film ) External links Website Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a re-imagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a re-imagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of pioneering space colonists whose ship veers off - course . It is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless and consists of ten episodes produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute , an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world . The Resolute was built after a celestial object , dubbed `` The Christmas Star '' by the media , crashed into Earth a few years earlier , threatening humanity 's survival on Earth . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft . The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a nearby habitable planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson , a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world . She is a mission commander . She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , a former U.S. Navy SEAL , and husband to Maureen . He is the biological father of Maureen 's two youngest children . Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson , the 11 - year - old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson . Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson , Maureen 's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child . She is a mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson , the 15 - year old daughter and middle Robinson child . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , a mechanic who also smuggles luxury goods . He has a chicken named Debbie , which he claims to be lucky . Parker Posey as Dr. Smith . She is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people 's identities to claim their belongings . Dr. Smith , whose real name is June Harris , stole her sister Jessica 's identity and place on the colony ship . There she impersonates a Dr. Zachary Smith , to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , Dr. Smith attempts to sabotage the Jupiters ' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of the doctor 's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on . The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie . Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute , a large ferris wheel style ship , is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their `` family home '' Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child , Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son , Will , set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . John radios Will , saying he will return after saving Judy . Alone , Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds In The Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West , Smith , and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind , instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision . When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them , she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened . She drives the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 , they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing . The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone , returning with her to the Jupiter 2 . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization expansion protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel . John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship . Maureen , John , and Don go there and discover the Resolute 's comm dish . They realize the Resolute ca n't hear them . Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard . Judy confronts Will about the robot , and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way , they 're spotted by Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot , having found and keeping an item he dropped . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena , conducts an experiment using a weather balloon . She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole , and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable . Will ignores Penny and Judy 's advice to tell their father about the Robot . Penny develops a crush on Vijay , flirting with him as they move supplies . Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun , though she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities . He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this , but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot . When another creature shows up , Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot . It does save the survivors , but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures . It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this . The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic . John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot . In the end , despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband , John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will 's responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures , and wants money for its fuel . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Back at camp , Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack . The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will 's bunk and arranged for her to find . When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop . Distraught , Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off . He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) While driving back to Jupiter 2 , Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her . When Will is confronted by his mother , he confirms the robot 3D - printed the gun and that he hid it . Anyone could 've taken the gun , though . Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela 's attack , and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun . John and Maureen 's rover gets stuck in a tar pit . As they sink to the bottom , Maureen admits to doctoring Will 's test results . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , but can not get it to reassemble . Don 's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem , a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they 'll lose most of the fuel . Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker , spilling the fuel , but Evan dies anyway . Back on Jupiter 2 , Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen ca n't talk Victor out of launching , but John sneaks aboard the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down . Later , he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become inhabitable . Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father . Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel , stripping out non-essential modules , and relying on old - school manual piloting . Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don 's Jupiter . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell . Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . With life support also removed , the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G - forces . They select John , but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions . With everyone watching , the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Will tries to signal his father using simple radio , convinced he survived the explosion . Dr. Smith drives herself and Maureen to the alien wreck , and tells Maureen she did n't know Maureen was needed for the ship launch , and when she knocked her out , the ship exploded . She does promise helping Maureen get her kids off the planet , if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass , Judy leaves to find Maureen . The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters , but they must sneak it out quietly to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave . When John manages to send a signal , Penny and others are trapped inside when the blind creatures wake up Throughout the episode , flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft , and that its engine was used to build The Resolute . The robot 's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape . Judy uses GPS to track Smith and Maureen . She manages to disable Dr. Smith , but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor 's commands . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only a few hours of oxygen left . Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith . John responds to Will , confirming that he and Don are still alive . Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected . Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute , telling them it will leave in just over an hour . Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don . Just as they 're about to retrieve them , Dr Smith and the robot escape . Maureen leads the robot into the garage , as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . When the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged . Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . Afterwards , he loses his grip but is saved by his father , who was rescued by Dr. Smith . With everyone safely back on the Jupiter , Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith , but still locks her up . Before they can dock with the Resolute , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Toby Stephens , speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show : `` It 's a very clever , modern reworking of a great story . Lost in Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space , so it was a story that existed before Lost in Space . The fundamental story is that it 's a family that is lost in a difficult , life - threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together . That is essentially what the story of this is , it 's just the context is a lot more modern . It 's a more modern take on the ' 60s version . If you look at it now , it 's charming , but it seems so innocent . Whereas this is a version that is for our time . I 'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it , but it has obviously got ta be for a modern audience . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in January 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in June 2017 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. , followed by a Q&A session with series executive producers and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.26 / 10 , based on 49 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities . In contrast , Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey 's performance as providing `` understated , sly comedic touches '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/04/12/5-things-help-you-take-off-netflixs-new-lost-space/505788002/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leane , Rob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Toby Stephens teases Netflix 's ' modern ' retelling '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . 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List of Major League Baseball single-game runs batted in leaders
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List of major league Baseball single - game runs batted in Leaders - wikipedia List of major league Baseball single - game runs batted in Leaders Tony Lazzeri ( left ) , Rudy York ( center ) and Nomar Garciaparra ( right ) are the only players to amass 10 runs batted in and hit two grand slams in the same game . In baseball , a run batted in ( RBI ) is awarded to a batter for each runner who scores as a result of the batter 's action , including a hit , fielder 's choice , sacrifice fly , sacrifice bunt , catcher 's interference , or a walk or hit by pitch with the bases loaded . A batter is also awarded an RBI for scoring himself upon hitting a home run . Sixteen players have batted in at least 10 runs in a single Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game to date , the most recent being Mark Reynolds of the Washington Nationals on July 6 , 2018 . No player has accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever recorded more than 12 RBIs in a game . Wilbert Robinson was the first player to record at least 10 RBIs in a single game , driving in 11 runs for the Baltimore Orioles against the St. Louis Browns on June 10 , 1892 . As of 2016 , every team that has had a player achieve the milestone has won the game in which it occurred . These games have resulted in other single - game MLB records being set due to the stellar offensive performance . Robinson , for example , also amassed seven hits in that same game , setting a new major league record that has since been tied by only one other player . Mark Whiten hit four home runs to complement his 12 RBIs for the St. Louis Cardinals on September 7 , 1993 , tying the single - game records in both categories . By attaining both milestones , he became one of only two players to hit four home runs and drive in 10 or more runs in the same game , with Scooter Gennett being the other . Tony Lazzeri , Rudy York , and Nomar Garciaparra hit two grand slams during their 10 RBI game , equaling the record for most grand slams in one game . Norm Zauchin has the fewest career RBIs among players who have 10 RBIs in one game with 159 , while Alex Rodriguez , with 2,086 , drove in more runs than any other player in this group and hit the third most in major league history . Of the eight players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have batted in 10 runs in a game , four have been elected and one was elected on the first ballot . Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 MLB seasons , and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months . These requirements leave three players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons and two -- Phil Weintraub and Zauchin -- who did not play in 10 seasons . Players ( edit ) Wilbert Robinson was the first player to drive in at least 10 runs in one game , and also amassed a record seven hits in the same game . Mark Reynolds is the most recent player to record 10 RBIs in one game , achieving the feat in 2018 . ) ) Key Player Name of the player Date Date of the game Team The player 's team at the time of the game Opposing team The team against whom the player hit 10 runs batted in Score Final score of the game , with the player 's team score listed first Runs batted in Number of runs batted in the player hit Career RBI The number of runs batted in the player hit in his MLB career Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active MLB hitters with 10 RBI in one game Player Date Team Opposing team Score Runs batted in Career RBI Refs Wilbert Robinson June 10 , 1892 Baltimore Orioles St. Louis Browns 25 -- 4 11 722 Jim Bottomley September 16 , 1924 St. Louis Cardinals Brooklyn Robins 17 -- 3 12 1,422 Tony Lazzeri May 24 , 1936 New York Yankees Philadelphia Athletics 25 -- 2 11 1,194 Phil Weintraub April 30 , 1944 New York Giants Brooklyn Dodgers 26 -- 8 11 207 Rudy York July 27 , 1946 Boston Red Sox St. Louis Browns 13 -- 6 10 1,152 Walker Cooper July 6 , 1949 Cincinnati Reds Chicago Cubs 23 -- 4 10 812 Norm Zauchin May 27 , 1955 Boston Red Sox Washington Senators 16 -- 0 10 159 Reggie Jackson June 14 , 1969 Oakland Athletics Boston Red Sox 21 -- 7 10 1,702 Fred Lynn June 18 , 1975 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 15 -- 1 10 1,111 Mark Whiten September 7 , 1993 St. Louis Cardinals Cincinnati Reds 15 -- 2 12 423 Nomar Garciaparra May 10 , 1999 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 12 -- 4 10 936 Alex Rodriguez April 26 , 2005 New York Yankees Los Angeles Angels 12 -- 4 10 2,086 Garret Anderson August 21 , 2007 Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees 18 -- 9 10 1,365 Anthony Rendon April 30 , 2017 Washington Nationals New York Mets 23 -- 5 10 365 Scooter Gennett June 6 , 2017 Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 13 -- 1 10 190 Mark Reynolds July 7 , 2018 Washington Nationals Miami Marlins 18 - 4 10 833 References ( edit ) General `` RBI Records / Runs Batted in Records ( scroll down to bottom ) '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . `` 10 RBIs in a game '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules : 10.00 -- The Official Scorer '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon , Mark ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Electric Scooter ! Slam 1st of 4 historic HRs '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Jake ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` 6 Ways to Achieve Baseball Immortality '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Dylan ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` Driving home his points '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blevins , Dave ( December 23 , 2011 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 823 . ISBN 9781461673705 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Semchuck , Alex . `` Wilbert Robinson '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; Whiten 's 4 Homers , 12 Runs Batted In Tie Exclusive Records '' . The New York Times . September 8 , 1993 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBIs : Jim Bottomley / Mark Whiten , 12 -- Best Single - Game Performances in Baseball History '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 RBIs in a game '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glueckstein , Fred . `` Tony Lazzeri '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy York hits two grand slams as Red Sox wallop the Browns '' . Tampa Bay Times . St. Petersburg . Associated Press . July 27 , 1981 . p. 3C . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( May 11 , 1999 ) . `` Nomar Garciaparra 's two grand slams lead Red Sox '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Two grand slams in a game -- Rare Feats '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Batted In '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Weintraub Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norm Zauchin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilbert Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` September 16 , 1924 St. Louis Cardinals at Brooklyn Robins Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 16 , 1924 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Bottomley Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 24 , 1936 New York Yankees at Philadelphia Athletics Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 24 , 1936 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Lazzeri Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 30 , 1944 Brooklyn Dodgers at New York Giants Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 30 , 1944 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 27 , 1946 Boston Red Sox at St. Louis Browns Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 27 , 1946 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy York Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 6 , 1949 Chicago Cubs at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 6 , 1949 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Cooper Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 27 , 1955 Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 27 , 1955 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1969 Oakland Athletics at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1969 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June 18 , 1975 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 18 , 1975 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Lynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` September 7 , 1993 St. Louis Cardinals at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 7 , 1993 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Whiten Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 10 , 1999 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 26 , 2005 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim at New York Yankees Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 21 , 2007 New York Yankees at Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Garret Anderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 30 , 2017 New York Mets at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Rendon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` June 6 , 2017 St. Louis Cardinals at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scooter Gennett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` July 7 , 2018 Miami Marlins at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Reynolds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_runs_batted_in_leaders&oldid=856087462 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured lists Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 19 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has the most rbi in a single game
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[
"\nMLB hitters with 10 RBI in one game\n\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\nTeam\n\nOpposing team\n\nScore\n\nRuns batted in\n\nCareer RBI\n\nRefs\n\n\nWilbert Robinson\n\nJune 10, 1892\nBaltimore Orioles\nSt. Louis Browns\n25–4\n11\n722\n[5][18]\n\n\nJim Bottomley\n\nSeptember 16, 1924\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nBrooklyn Robins\n17–3\n12\n1,422\n[19][20]\n\n\nTony Lazzeri\n\nMay 24, 1936\nNew York Yankees\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n25–2\n11\n1,194\n[21][22]\n\n\nPhil Weintraub\n\nApril 30, 1944\nNew York Giants\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n26–8\n11\n207\n[16][23]\n\n\nRudy York\n\nJuly 27, 1946\nBoston Red Sox\nSt. Louis Browns\n13–6\n10\n1,152\n[24][25]\n\n\nWalker Cooper\n\nJuly 6, 1949\nCincinnati Reds\nChicago Cubs\n23–4\n10\n812\n[26][27]\n\n\nNorm Zauchin\n\nMay 27, 1955\nBoston Red Sox\nWashington Senators\n16–0\n10\n159\n[17][28]\n\n\nReggie Jackson\n\nJune 14, 1969\nOakland Athletics\nBoston Red Sox\n21–7\n10\n1,702\n[29][30]\n\n\nFred Lynn\n\nJune 18, 1975\nBoston Red Sox\nDetroit Tigers\n15–1\n10\n1,111\n[31][32]\n\n\nMark Whiten\n\nSeptember 7, 1993\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nCincinnati Reds\n15–2\n12\n423\n[33][34]\n\n\nNomar Garciaparra\n\nMay 10, 1999\nBoston Red Sox\nSeattle Mariners\n12–4\n10\n936\n[35][36]\n\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\nApril 26, 2005\nNew York Yankees\nLos Angeles Angels\n12–4\n10\n2,086\n[37][38]\n\n\nGarret Anderson\n\nAugust 21, 2007\nLos Angeles Angels\nNew York Yankees\n18–9\n10\n1,365\n[39][40]\n\n\nAnthony Rendon\n\nApril 30, 2017\nWashington Nationals\nNew York Mets\n23–5\n10\n365\n[41][42]\n\n\nScooter Gennett\n\nJune 6, 2017\nCincinnati Reds\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n13–1\n10\n190\n[43][44]\n\n\nMark Reynolds\n\nJuly 7, 2018\n\nWashington Nationals\n\nMiami Marlins\n\n18-4\n\n10\n\n833\n\n[45][46]\n",
"\nMLB hitters with 10 RBI in one game\n\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\nTeam\n\nOpposing team\n\nScore\n\nRuns batted in\n\nCareer RBI\n\nRefs\n\n\nWilbert Robinson\n\nJune 10, 1892\nBaltimore Orioles\nSt. Louis Browns\n25–4\n11\n722\n[5][18]\n\n\nJim Bottomley\n\nSeptember 16, 1924\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nBrooklyn Robins\n17–3\n12\n1,422\n[19][20]\n\n\nTony Lazzeri\n\nMay 24, 1936\nNew York Yankees\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n25–2\n11\n1,194\n[21][22]\n\n\nPhil Weintraub\n\nApril 30, 1944\nNew York Giants\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n26–8\n11\n207\n[16][23]\n\n\nRudy York\n\nJuly 27, 1946\nBoston Red Sox\nSt. Louis Browns\n13–6\n10\n1,152\n[24][25]\n\n\nWalker Cooper\n\nJuly 6, 1949\nCincinnati Reds\nChicago Cubs\n23–4\n10\n812\n[26][27]\n\n\nNorm Zauchin\n\nMay 27, 1955\nBoston Red Sox\nWashington Senators\n16–0\n10\n159\n[17][28]\n\n\nReggie Jackson\n\nJune 14, 1969\nOakland Athletics\nBoston Red Sox\n21–7\n10\n1,702\n[29][30]\n\n\nFred Lynn\n\nJune 18, 1975\nBoston Red Sox\nDetroit Tigers\n15–1\n10\n1,111\n[31][32]\n\n\nMark Whiten\n\nSeptember 7, 1993\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nCincinnati Reds\n15–2\n12\n423\n[33][34]\n\n\nNomar Garciaparra\n\nMay 10, 1999\nBoston Red Sox\nSeattle Mariners\n12–4\n10\n936\n[35][36]\n\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\nApril 26, 2005\nNew York Yankees\nLos Angeles Angels\n12–4\n10\n2,086\n[37][38]\n\n\nGarret Anderson\n\nAugust 21, 2007\nLos Angeles Angels\nNew York Yankees\n18–9\n10\n1,365\n[39][40]\n\n\nAnthony Rendon\n\nApril 30, 2017\nWashington Nationals\nNew York Mets\n23–5\n10\n365\n[41][42]\n\n\nScooter Gennett\n\nJune 6, 2017\nCincinnati Reds\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n13–1\n10\n190\n[43][44]\n\n\nMark Reynolds\n\nJuly 7, 2018\n\nWashington Nationals\n\nMiami Marlins\n\n18-4\n\n10\n\n833\n\n[45][46]\n"
] |
[
"Mark Whiten",
"Jim Bottomley"
] |
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ITER
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ITER - wikipedia ITER For the type of medieval circuit court , see Eyre ( legal term ) . For the computer science terminology , see Iterator . Coordinates : 43 ° 42 ′ 17.84 '' N 5 ° 46 ′ 9.1 '' E / 43.7049556 ° N 5.769194 ° E / 43.7049556 ; 5.769194 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Thirty - five participating nations Formation 24 October 2007 Headquarters Saint - Paul - lès - Durance , France Director - General Bernard Bigot Website www.iter.org ITER Type Tokamak Construction date 2013 -- 2025 Major radius 6.2 m Plasma volume 840 m Magnetic field 11.8 T ( peak toroidal field on coil ) 5.3 T ( toroidal field on axis ) 6 T ( peak poloidal field on coil ) Heating 50 MW Fusion power 500 MW Continuous operation up to 1000 s Location Saint - Paul - lès - Durance , France ITER ( International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject , which will be the world 's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment . It is an experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor that is being built next to the Cadarache facility in Saint - Paul - lès - Durance , in Provence , southern France . ITER was proposed in 1987 and designed as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor , according to the `` ITER Technical Basis , '' published by the International Atomic Energy Agency , in 2002 . By 2005 , the ITER organization abandoned the original meaning of the acronym iter , and instead adopted a new meaning , the Latin word for `` the way . '' The ITER thermonuclear fusion reactor has been designed to produce a fusion plasma equivalent to 500 megawatts ( MW ) of thermal output power for around twenty minutes while 50 megawatts of thermal power are injected into the tokamak , resulting in a ten-fold gain of plasma heating power . Thereby the machine aims to demonstrate the principle of producing more thermal power from the fusion process than is used to heat the plasma , something that has not yet been achieved in any fusion reactor . The total electricity consumed by the reactor and facilities will range from 110 MW up to 620 MW peak for 30 - second periods during plasma operation . Thermal - to - electric conversion is not included in the design because ITER will not produce sufficient power for net electrical production . The emitted heat from the fusion reaction will be vented to the atmosphere . The project is funded and run by seven member entities -- the European Union , India , Japan , China , Russia , South Korea , and the United States . The EU , as host party for the ITER complex , is contributing about 45 percent of the cost , with the other six parties contributing approximately 9 percent each . In 2016 the ITER organization signed a technical cooperation agreement with the national nuclear fusion agency of Australia , enabling this country access to research results of ITER in exchange for construction of selected parts of ITER machine . Construction of the ITER Tokamak complex started in 2013 and the building costs are now over US $14 billion as of June 2015 . The facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2025 and will start commissioning the reactor that same year . Initial plasma experiments are scheduled to begin in 2025 , with full deuterium -- tritium fusion experiments starting in 2035 . If ITER becomes operational , it will become the largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment in use with a plasma volume of 840 cubic meters , surpassing the Joint European Torus by almost a factor of 10 . The goal of ITER is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful use . It is the latest and largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s . ITER 's planned successor , DEMO , is expected to be the first fusion reactor to produce electricity in an experimental environment . DEMO 's anticipated success is expected to lead to full - scale electricity - producing fusion power stations and future commercial reactors . Contents 1 Background 2 Organization history 3 Objectives 4 Timeline and current status 5 Reactor overview 6 Technical design 6.1 Vacuum vessel 6.2 Breeder blanket 6.3 Magnet system 6.4 Additional heating 6.5 Cryostat 6.6 Cooling systems 7 Location 8 Participants 9 Funding 10 Criticism 10.1 Responses to criticism 11 Similar projects 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Fusion power has the potential to provide sufficient energy to satisfy mounting demand , and to do so sustainably , with a relatively small impact on the environment . Nuclear fusion has many potential attractions . Firstly , its hydrogen isotope fuels are relatively abundant -- one of the necessary isotopes , deuterium , can be extracted from seawater , while the other fuel , tritium , would be bred from a lithium blanket using neutrons produced in the fusion reaction itself . Furthermore , a fusion reactor would produce virtually no CO or atmospheric pollutants , and its radioactive waste products would mostly be very short - lived compared to those produced by conventional nuclear reactors . On 21 November 2006 , the seven participants formally agreed to fund the creation of a nuclear fusion reactor . The program is anticipated to last for 30 years -- 10 for construction , and 20 of operation . ITER was originally expected to cost approximately € 5 billion , but the rising price of raw materials and changes to the initial design have seen that amount almost triple to € 13 billion . The reactor is expected to take 10 years to build with completion scheduled for 2019 . Site preparation has begun in Cadarache , France , and procurement of large components has started . When supplied with 300 MW of electrical power , ITER is expected to produce the equivalent of 500 MW of thermal power sustained for up to 1,000 seconds . This compares to JET 's consumption of 700 MW of electrical power and peak thermal output of 16 MW for less than a second ) by the fusion of about 0.5 g of deuterium / tritium mixture in its approximately 840 m reactor chamber . The heat produced in ITER will not be used to generate any electricity because after accounting for losses and the 300 MW minimum power input , the output will be equivalent to a zero ( net ) power reactor . Organization History ( edit ) Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev at the Geneva Summit in 1985 ITER began in 1985 as a Reagan -- Gorbachev initiative with the equal participation of the Soviet Union , the European Atomic Energy Community , the United States , and Japan through the 1988 -- 1998 initial design phases . Preparations for the first Gorbachev - Reagan Summit showed that there were no tangible agreements in the works for the summit . One energy research project , however , was being considered quietly by two physicists , Alvin Trivelpiece and Evgeny Velikhov . The project involved collaboration on the next phase of magnetic fusion research -- the construction of a demonstration model . At the time , magnetic fusion research was ongoing in Japan , Europe , the Soviet Union and the US . Velikhov and Trivelpiece believed that taking the next step in fusion research would be beyond the budget of any of the key nations and that collaboration would be useful internationally . A major bureaucratic fight erupted in the US government over the project . One argument against collaboration was that the Soviets would use it to steal US technology and know - how . A second was symbolic -- the Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov was in internal exile and the US was pushing the Soviet Union on its human rights record . The United States National Security Council convened a meeting under the direction of William Flynn Martin that resulted in a consensus that the US should go forward with the project . Martin and Velikhov concluded the agreement that was agreed at the summit and announced in the last paragraph of this historic summit meeting , `` ... The two leaders emphasized the potential importance of the work aimed at utilizing controlled thermonuclear fusion for peaceful purposes and , in this connection , advocated the widest practicable development of international cooperation in obtaining this source of energy , which is essentially inexhaustible , for the benefit for all mankind . '' Conceptual and engineering design phases carried out under the auspices of the IAEA led to an acceptable , detailed design in 2001 , underpinned by US $650 million worth of research and development by the `` ITER Parties '' to establish its practical feasibility . These parties , namely EU , Japan , Russian Federation ( replacing the Soviet Union ) , and United States ( which opted out of the project in 1999 and returned in 2003 ) , were joined in negotiations by China , South Korea , and Canada ( who then terminated its participation at the end of 2003 ) . India officially became part of ITER in December 2005 . On 28 June 2005 , it was officially announced that ITER would be built in the European Union in Southern France . The negotiations that led to the decision ended in a compromise between the EU and Japan , in that Japan was promised 20 % of the research staff on the French location of ITER , as well as the head of the administrative body of ITER . In addition , another research facility for the project will be built in Japan , and the European Union has agreed to contribute about 50 % of the costs of this institution . On 21 November 2006 , an international consortium signed a formal agreement to build the reactor . On 24 September 2007 , the People 's Republic of China became the seventh party to deposit the ITER Agreement to the IAEA . Finally , on 24 October 2007 , the ITER Agreement entered into force and the ITER Organization legally came into existence . Objectives ( edit ) ITER 's mission is to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion power , and prove that it can work without negative impact . Specifically , the project aims to : Momentarily produce a fusion plasma with thermal power ten times greater than the injected thermal power ( a Q value of 10 ) . Produce a steady - state plasma with a Q value greater than 5 . ( Q = 1 is scientific breakeven . ) Maintain a fusion pulse for up to 8 minutes . Develop technologies and processes needed for a fusion power station -- including superconducting magnets and remote handling ( maintenance by robot ) . Verify tritium breeding concepts . Refine neutron shield / heat conversion technology ( most of the energy in the D + T fusion reaction is released in the form of fast neutrons ) . Timeline and current status ( edit ) In 1978 , the European Commission , Japan , United States , and USSR joined in the International Tokamak Reactor ( INTOR ) Workshop , under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , to assess the readiness of magnetic fusion to move forward to the experimental power reactor ( EPR ) stage , to identify the additional R&D that must be undertaken , and to define the characteristics of such an EPR by means of a conceptual design . Hundreds of fusion scientists and engineers in each participating country took part in a detailed assessment of the then present status of the tokamak confinement concept vis - a-vis the requirements of an EPR , identified the required R&D by early 1980 , and produced a conceptual design by mid-1981 . In 1985 , at the Geneva summit meeting in 1985 , Mikhail Gorbachev suggested to Ronald Reagan that the two countries jointly undertake the construction of a tokamak EPR as proposed by the INTOR Workshop . The ITER project was initiated in 1988 . Project milestones Date Event ITER project officially initiated . Conceptual design activities ran from 1988 to 1990 . Engineering design activities from 1992 to 1998 . 2005 India officially became part of ITER . 2006 Approval of a cost estimate of € 10 billion ( US $12.8 billion ) projecting the start of construction in 2008 and completion a decade later . 2008 Site preparation start , ITER itinerary start . 2009 Site preparation completion . Tokamak complex excavation starts . 2013 Tokamak complex construction starts . 2015 Tokamak construction starts , but the schedule is extended by at least six years . 2016 The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran formally requests to join ITER . 2017 Assembly Hall ready for equipment 2018 - 2025 Assembly and integration 2025 Planned : Assembly ends ; commissioning phase starts 2025 Planned : Achievement of first plasma . 2035 Planned : Start of deuterium -- tritium operation . Reactor overview ( edit ) See also : Nuclear fusion When deuterium and tritium fuse , two nuclei come together to form a helium nucleus ( an alpha particle ) , and a high - energy neutron . + → He + n + 6988281822844063300 ♠ 17.59 MeV While nearly all stable isotopes lighter on the periodic table than iron - 56 and nickel - 62 , which have the highest binding energy per nucleon , will fuse with some other isotope and release energy , deuterium and tritium are by far the most attractive for energy generation as they require the lowest activation energy ( thus lowest temperature ) to do so , while producing among the most energy per unit weight . All proto - and mid-life stars radiate enormous amounts of energy generated by fusion processes . Mass for mass , the deuterium -- tritium fusion process releases roughly three times as much energy as uranium - 235 fission , and millions of times more energy than a chemical reaction such as the burning of coal . It is the goal of a fusion power station to harness this energy to produce electricity . Activation energies for fusion reactions are generally high because the protons in each nucleus will tend to strongly repel one another , as they each have the same positive charge . A heuristic for estimating reaction rates is that nuclei must be able to get within 100 femtometers ( 1 × 10 meter ) of each other , where the nuclei are increasingly likely to undergo quantum tunneling past the electrostatic barrier and the turning point where the strong nuclear force and the electrostatic force are equally balanced , allowing them to fuse . In ITER , this distance of approach is made possible by high temperatures and magnetic confinement . High temperatures give the nuclei enough energy to overcome their electrostatic repulsion ( see Maxwell -- Boltzmann distribution ) . For deuterium and tritium , the optimal reaction rates occur at temperatures on the order of 100,000,000 K . The plasma is heated to a high temperature by ohmic heating ( running a current through the plasma ) . Additional heating is applied using neutral beam injection ( which cross magnetic field lines without a net deflection and will not cause a large electromagnetic disruption ) and radio frequency ( RF ) or microwave heating . At such high temperatures , particles have a large kinetic energy , and hence velocity . If unconfined , the particles will rapidly escape , taking the energy with them , cooling the plasma to the point where net energy is no longer produced . A successful reactor would need to contain the particles in a small enough volume for a long enough time for much of the plasma to fuse . In ITER and many other magnetic confinement reactors , the plasma , a gas of charged particles , is confined using magnetic fields . A charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of travel , resulting in centripetal acceleration , thereby confining it to move in a circle or helix around the lines of magnetic flux . A solid confinement vessel is also needed , both to shield the magnets and other equipment from high temperatures and energetic photons and particles , and to maintain a near - vacuum for the plasma to populate . The containment vessel is subjected to a barrage of very energetic particles , where electrons , ions , photons , alpha particles , and neutrons constantly bombard it and degrade the structure . The material must be designed to endure this environment so that a power station would be economical . Tests of such materials will be carried out both at ITER and at IFMIF ( International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility ) . Once fusion has begun , high energy neutrons will radiate from the reactive regions of the plasma , crossing magnetic field lines easily due to charge neutrality ( see neutron flux ) . Since it is the neutrons that receive the majority of the energy , they will be ITER 's primary source of energy output . Ideally , alpha particles will expend their energy in the plasma , further heating it . Beyond the inner wall of the containment vessel one of several test blanket modules will be placed . These are designed to slow and absorb neutrons in a reliable and efficient manner , limiting damage to the rest of the structure , and breeding tritium for fuel from lithium bearing ceramic pebbles contained within the blanket module following the following reactions : n + Li → + He n + Li → + He + n where the reactant neutron is supplied by the D-T fusion reaction . Energy absorbed from the fast neutrons is extracted and passed into the primary coolant . This heat energy would then be used to power an electricity - generating turbine in a real power station ; in ITER this generating system is not of scientific interest , so instead the heat will be extracted and disposed of . Technical design ( edit ) Cross-section of part of the planned ITER fusion reaction vessel . Vacuum vessel ( edit ) The vacuum vessel is the central part of the ITER machine : a double walled steel container in which the plasma is contained by means of magnetic fields . The ITER vacuum vessel will be twice as large and 16 times as heavy as any previously manufactured fusion vessel : each of the nine torus shaped sectors will weigh between 390 and 430 tonnes . When all the shielding and port structures are included , this adds up to a total of 5,116 tonnes . Its external diameter will measure 19.4 metres ( 64 ft ) , the internal 6.5 metres ( 21 ft ) . Once assembled , the whole structure will be 11.3 metres ( 37 ft ) high . The primary function of the vacuum vessel is to provide a hermetically sealed plasma container . Its main components are the main vessel , the port structures and the supporting system . The main vessel is a double walled structure with poloidal and toroidal stiffening ribs between 60 - millimetre - thick ( 2.4 in ) shells to reinforce the vessel structure . These ribs also form the flow passages for the cooling water . The space between the double walls will be filled with shield structures made of stainless steel . The inner surfaces of the vessel will act as the interface with breeder modules containing the breeder blanket component . These modules will provide shielding from the high - energy neutrons produced by the fusion reactions and some will also be used for tritium breeding concepts . The vacuum vessel has 18 upper , 17 equatorial and 9 lower ports that will be used for remote handling operations , diagnostic systems , neutral beam injections and vacuum pumping . Breeder blanket ( edit ) Owing to very limited terrestrial resources of tritium , a key component of the ITER reactor design is the breeder blanket . This component , located adjacent to the vacuum vessel , serves to produce tritium through reaction with neutrons from the plasma . There are several reactions that produce tritium within the blanket . Li produces tritium via n , t reactions with moderated neutrons , Li produces tritium via interactions with higher energy neutrons via n , nt reactions . Concepts for the breeder blanket include helium cooled lithium lead ( HCLL ) and helium cooled pebble bed ( HCPB ) methods . Six different Test Blanket Modules ( TBM ) will be tested in ITER and will share a common box geometry . Materials for use as breeder pebbles in the HCPB concept include lithium metatitanate and lithium orthosilicate . Requirements of breeder materials include good tritium production and extraction , mechanical stability and low activation levels . Magnet system ( edit ) The central solenoid coil will use superconducting niobium - tin to carry 46 kA and produce a field of up to 13.5 teslas . The 18 toroidal field coils will also use niobium - tin . At their maximum field strength of 11.8 teslas , they will be able to store 41 gigajoules . They have been tested at a record 80 kA . Other lower field ITER magnets ( PF and CC ) will use niobium - titanium for their superconducting elements . As of now the in - wall shielding blocks to protect the magnets from high energy neutrons are being manufactured and transported from the Avasarala technologies in Bangalore India to the ITER center . Additional heating ( edit ) There will be three types of external heating in ITER : Two Heating Neutral Beam injectors ( HNB ) , each providing about 17MW to the burning plasma , with the possibility to add a third one . The requirements in terms of deuterium beam energy ( 1MeV ) , total current ( 40A ) and beam pulse duration ( up to 1h ) . The prototype is being built at the Neutral Beam Test Facility ( NBTF ) prototype is being constructed in Padova Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ICRH ) Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ECRH ) Cryostat ( edit ) The cryostat is a large 3,800 - tonne stainless steel structure surrounding the vacuum vessel and the superconducting magnets , in order to provide a super-cool vacuum environment . Its thickness ranging from 6998500000000000000 ♠ 50 to 250 mm will allow it to withstand the atmospheric pressure on the area of a volume of 8,500 cubic meters . The total of 54 modules of the cryostat will be engineered , procured , manufactured , and installed by Larsen & Toubro Heavy Engineering . Cooling systems ( edit ) The ITER tokamak will use three interconnected cooling systems . Most of the heat will be removed by a primary water cooling loop , itself cooled by water through a heat exchanger within the tokamak building 's secondary confinement . The secondary cooling loop will be cooled by a larger complex , comprising a cooling tower , a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) pipeline supplying water from Canal de Provence , and basins that allow cooling water to be cooled and tested for chemical contamination and tritium before being released into the Durance River . This system will need to dissipate an average power of 7008450000000000000 ♠ 450 MW during the tokamak 's operation . A liquid nitrogen system will provide a further 7006130000000000000 ♠ 1300 kW of cooling to 80 K ( − 193.2 ° C ; − 315.7 ° F ) , and a liquid helium system will provide 7004750000000000000 ♠ 75 kW of cooling to 4.5 K ( − 268.65 ° C ; − 451.57 ° F ) . The liquid helium system will be designed , manufactured , installed and commissioned by Air Liquide . Location ( edit ) Location of Cadarache in France The process of selecting a location for ITER was long and drawn out . The most likely sites were Cadarache in Provence - Alpes - Côte - d'Azur , France , and Rokkasho , Aomori , Japan . Additionally , Canada announced a bid for the site in Clarington in May 2001 , but withdrew from the race in 2003 . Spain also offered a site at Vandellòs on 17 April 2002 , but the EU decided to concentrate its support solely behind the French site in late November 2003 . From this point on , the choice was between France and Japan . On 3 May 2005 , the EU and Japan agreed to a process which would settle their dispute by July . At the final meeting in Moscow on 28 June 2005 , the participating parties agreed to construct ITER at Cadarache in Provence - Alpes - Côte - d'Azur , France . Construction of the ITER complex began in 2007 , while assembly of the tokamak itself was scheduled to begin in 2015 . Fusion for Energy , the EU agency in charge of the European contribution to the project , is located in Barcelona , Spain . Fusion for Energy ( F4E ) is the European Union 's Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy . According to the agency 's website : `` F4E is responsible for providing Europe 's contribution to ITER , the world 's largest scientific partnership that aims to demonstrate fusion as a viable and sustainable source of energy . ( ... ) F4E also supports fusion research and development initiatives ( ... ) '' The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility aimed at developing and optimizing the neutral beam injector prototype , is being constructed in Padova , Italy . It will be the only ITER facility out of the site in Cadarache . Participants ( edit ) Thirty - five countries participate in the ITER project Currently there are seven parties participating in the ITER program : the European Union ( through the legally distinct organisation EURATOM ) , India , Japan , China , Russia , South Korea , and the United States . Canada was previously a full member , but has since pulled out due to a lack of funding from the federal government . The lack of funding also resulted in Canada withdrawing from its bid for the ITER site in 2003 . The host member of the ITER project , and hence the member contributing most of the costs , is the EU . In 2007 , it was announced that participants in the ITER will consider Kazakhstan 's offer to join the program and in March 2009 , Switzerland , an associate member of EURATOM since 1979 , also ratified the country 's accession to the European Domestic Agency Fusion for Energy as a third country member . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced on 20 March 2017 that the UK will be withdrawing from EuroAtom and future involvement in the project is unclear . The future of the Joint European Torus project , which is located in the UK , is also not certain . Some type of associate membership in EURATOM is considered a likely scenario , possibly similar to Switzerland . In 2016 , ITER announced a partnership with Australia for `` technical cooperation in areas of mutual benefit and interest '' , but without Australia becoming a full member . ITER 's work is supervised by the ITER Council , which has the authority to appoint senior staff , amend regulations , decide on budgeting issues , and allow additional states or organizations to participate in ITER . The current Chairman of the ITER Council is Won Namkung , and the ITER Director - General is Bernard Bigot . Participants EU United States China India Japan Russia South Korea Switzerland Funding ( edit ) As of 2016 , the total price of constructing the experiment is expected to be in excess of € 20 billion , an increase of € 4.6 billion of its 2010 estimate , and of € 9.6 billion from the 2009 estimate . Prior to that , the proposed costs for ITER were € 5 billion for the construction and € 5 billion for maintenance and the research connected with it during its 35 - year lifetime . At the June 2005 conference in Moscow the participating members of the ITER cooperation agreed on the following division of funding contributions : 45 % by the hosting member , the European Union , and the rest split between the non-hosting members -- China , India , Japan , South Korea , the Russian Federation and the USA . During the operation and deactivation phases , Euratom will contribute to 34 % of the total costs . Although Japan 's financial contribution as a non-hosting member is one - eleventh of the total , the EU agreed to grant it a special status so that Japan will provide for two - elevenths of the research staff at Cadarache and be awarded two - elevenths of the construction contracts , while the European Union 's staff and construction components contributions will be cut from five - elevenths to four - elevenths . It was reported in December 2010 that the European Parliament had refused to approve a plan by member states to reallocate € 1.4 billion from the budget to cover a shortfall in ITER building costs in 2012 -- 13 . The closure of the 2010 budget required this financing plan to be revised , and the European Commission ( EC ) was forced to put forward an ITER budgetary resolution proposal in 2011 . The U.S. withdrew from the ITER consortium in 2000 . In 2006 , Congress voted to rejoin , and again contribute financially . Criticism ( edit ) Protest against ITER in France , 2009 . Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007 , but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns . The World Nuclear Association says that fusion `` presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges '' . A technical concern is that the 14 MeV neutrons produced by the fusion reactions will damage the materials from which the reactor is built . Research is in progress to determine whether and how reactor walls can be designed to last long enough to make a commercial power station economically viable in the presence of the intense neutron bombardment . The damage is primarily caused by high energy neutrons knocking atoms out of their normal position in the crystal lattice . A related problem for a future commercial fusion power station is that the neutron bombardment will induce radioactivity in the reactor material itself . Maintaining and decommissioning a commercial reactor may thus be difficult and expensive . Another problem is that superconducting magnets are damaged by neutron fluxes . A new special research facility , IFMIF , is planned to investigate this problem . Another source of concern comes from the 2013 tokamak parameters database interpolation which says that power load on tokamak divertors will be five times the expected value for ITER and much more for actual electricity - generating reactors . Given that the projected power load on the ITER divertor is already very high , these new findings mean that new divertor designs should be urgently tested . However , the corresponding test facility ( ADX ) has not received any funding as of 2018 . A number of fusion researchers working on non-tokamak systems , such as Robert Bussard and Eric Lerner , have been critical of ITER for diverting funding from what they believe could be a potentially more viable and / or cost - effective path to fusion power , such as the polywell reactor . Many critics accuse ITER researchers of being unwilling to face up to the technical and economic potential problems posed by tokamak fusion schemes . The expected cost of ITER has risen from US $5 billion to US $20 billion , and the timeline for operation at full power was moved from the original estimate of 2016 to 2027 . A French association including about 700 anti-nuclear groups , Sortir du nucléaire ( Get Out of Nuclear Energy ) , claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high - energy deuterium and tritium hydrogen isotopes used in the fusion process . Rebecca Harms , Green / EFA member of the European Parliament 's Committee on Industry , Research and Energy , said : `` In the next 50 years , nuclear fusion will neither tackle climate change nor guarantee the security of our energy supply . '' Arguing that the EU 's energy research should be focused elsewhere , she said : `` The Green / EFA group demands that these funds be spent instead on energy research that is relevant to the future . A major focus should now be put on renewable sources of energy . '' French Green party lawmaker Noël Mamère claims that more concrete efforts to fight present - day global warming will be neglected as a result of ITER : `` This is not good news for the fight against the greenhouse effect because we 're going to put ten billion euros towards a project that has a term of 30 -- 50 years when we 're not even sure it will be effective . '' ITER is not designed to produce electricity , but made as a proof of concept reactor for the later DEMO project . Responses to criticism ( edit ) Proponents believe that much of the ITER criticism is misleading and inaccurate , in particular the allegations of the experiment 's `` inherent danger . '' The stated goals for a commercial fusion power station design are that the amount of radioactive waste produced should be hundreds of times less than that of a fission reactor , and that it should produce no long - lived radioactive waste , and that it is impossible for any such reactor to undergo a large - scale runaway chain reaction . A direct contact of the plasma with ITER inner walls would contaminate it , causing it to cool immediately and stop the fusion process . In addition , the amount of fuel contained in a fusion reactor chamber ( one half gram of deuterium / tritium fuel ) is only sufficient to sustain the fusion burn pulse from minutes up to an hour at most , whereas a fission reactor usually contains several years ' worth of fuel . Moreover , some detritiation systems will be implemented , so that at a fuel cycle inventory level of about 2 kg ( 4.4 lb ) , ITER will eventually need to recycle large amounts of tritium and at turnovers orders of magnitude higher than any preceding tritium facility worldwide . In the case of an accident ( or sabotage ) , it is expected that a fusion reactor would release far less radioactive pollution than would an ordinary fission nuclear station . Furthermore , ITER 's type of fusion power has little in common with nuclear weapons technology , and does not produce the fissile materials necessary for the construction of a weapon . Proponents note that large - scale fusion power would be able to produce reliable electricity on demand , and with virtually zero pollution ( no gaseous CO , SO , or NO by - products are produced ) . According to researchers at a demonstration reactor in Japan , a fusion generator should be feasible in the 2030s and no later than the 2050s . Japan is pursuing its own research program with several operational facilities that are exploring several fusion paths . In the United States alone , electricity accounts for US $210 billion in annual sales . Asia 's electricity sector attracted US $93 billion in private investment between 1990 and 1999 . These figures take into account only current prices . Proponents of ITER contend that an investment in research now should be viewed as an attempt to earn a far greater future return . Also , worldwide investment of less than US $1 billion per year into ITER is not incompatible with concurrent research into other methods of power generation , which in 2007 totaled US $16.9 billion . Supporters of ITER emphasize that the only way to test ideas for withstanding the intense neutron flux is to experimentally subject materials to that flux , which is one of the primary missions of ITER and the IFMIF , and both facilities will be vitally important to that effort . The purpose of ITER is to explore the scientific and engineering questions that surround potential fusion power stations . It is nearly impossible to acquire satisfactory data for the properties of materials expected to be subject to an intense neutron flux , and burning plasmas are expected to have quite different properties from externally heated plasmas . Supporters contend that the answer to these questions requires the ITER experiment , especially in the light of the monumental potential benefits . Furthermore , the main line of research via tokamaks has been developed to the point that it is now possible to undertake the penultimate step in magnetic confinement plasma physics research with a self - sustained reaction . In the tokamak research program , recent advances devoted to controlling the configuration of the plasma have led to the achievement of substantially improved energy and pressure confinement , which reduces the projected cost of electricity from such reactors by a factor of two to a value only about 50 % more than the projected cost of electricity from advanced light - water reactors . In addition , progress in the development of advanced , low activation structural materials supports the promise of environmentally benign fusion reactors and research into alternate confinement concepts is yielding the promise of future improvements in confinement . Finally , supporters contend that other potential replacements to the fossil fuels have environmental issues of their own . Solar , wind , and hydroelectric power all have a relatively low power output per square kilometer compared to ITER 's successor DEMO which , at 2,000 MW , would have an energy density that exceeds even large fission power stations . Similar projects ( edit ) Precursors to ITER were EAST , KSTAR , JET , and Tore Supra . Other planned and proposed fusion reactors include DEMO , Wendelstein 7 - X , NIF , HiPER , and MAST , as well as CFETR ( China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor ) , a 7008200000000000000 ♠ 200 MW tokamak . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Energy portal Science portal France portal COLEX process ( isotopic separation ) EAST ( Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak ) Fusenet , European Fusion Education Network , 2008 - 2013 Fusion for Energy , the Domestic Agency in charge of managing EU contributions to the ITER project International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility , proposed , construction not started ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility , the facility dedicated to the development of the ITER neutral beam injector prototype JT - 60 , Japan 's magnetic fusion program KSTAR , Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research ( One of the first research tokamaks in the world to feature fully superconducting magnets ) National Ignition Facility , inertial confinement using lasers Nuclear power in France Wendelstein 7 - X ( German experimental fusion reactor ) - a stellarator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ITER project . 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Jump up ^ `` Detritiation Systems at ITER '' ( PDF ) . French Nuclear Safety Authority . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hiwatari , R. ; Okano , K. ; Asaoka , Y. ; Shinya , K. ; Ogawa , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Demonstration tokamak fusion power station for early realization of net electric power generation '' . Nuclear Fusion. 45 ( 2 ) : 96 . Bibcode : 2005NucFu ... 45 ... 96H . doi : 10.1088 / 0029 - 5515 / 45 / 2 / 004 . Jump up ^ DOE / EIA - 0623 Challenges of Electric Power Industry Restructuring for Fuel Suppliers . Eia.doe.gov ( September 1998 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Worldwide power Electric Perspectives Find Articles at BNET.com Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Data for Helium Production in Fusion . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Commentaries on criticisms of magnetic fusion , Weston M. Stacey , Georgia Institute of Technology , March 1999 Jump up ^ `` Demonstration Fusion Reactors '' . Fusion for Energy . European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. Nuclear Statistics . Date of Latest Data : 2008 , Report Released : August 2009 , eia.doe.gov . Jump up ^ `` EFDA - JET '' . EFDA. 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tore Supra '' . CEA . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond ITER '' . iter.org . Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wendelstein 7 - X '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Plasmaphysik. 3 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Ignition Facility & Photon Science '' . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HiPER '' . HiPER Project . 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MAST '' . Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak. 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM45256/talks/Gao.pdf Jump up ^ Zheng , Jinxing ( 2013 ) . `` Concept design of CFETR superconducting magnet system based on different maintenance ports '' . Fusion Engineering and Design . 88 ( 11 ) : 2960 -- 2966 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fusengdes. 2013.06. 008 . Jump up ^ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6716984&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6716984 Jump up ^ http://aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/1302-USJ-PPS/Ye.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : France secures site for 10 billion euro nuclear fusion research project Wikimedia Commons has media related to ITER . Official website The New Yorker , Mar. 3 2014 , Star in a Bottle , by Raffi Khatchadourian Archival material collected by Prof. McCray relating to ITER 's early phase ( 1979 -- 1989 ) can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence `` Way to New Energy '' video ( 23 : 24 ) at YouTube , by RT , on May 6 , 2014 . The roles of the Host and the non-Host for the ITER Project . June 2005 The broader approach agreement with Japan . Fusion Electricity - A roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy EFDA 2012 - 8 missions , ITER , project plan with dependencies , ... `` The template below ( Fusion experiments ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Fusion experimental devices by confinement method Magnetic Tokamak International ITER DEMO PROTO Americas STOR - M MEDUSA - CR Alcator C - Mod DIII - D UCLA ET LTX NSTX Pegasus PBX - M TEXT TFTR ETE Novillo Asia and Australia LT - 1 TORTUS CT - 6 CFETR EAST HL - 1 ( M ) HL - 2A HT - 6 ( B , M ) HT - 7 ( U ) KT - 5 SUNIST ADITYA SST - 1 IR - T1 JT - 60 QUEST ( ja ) KTM GLAST K - DEMO KSTAR Europe JET COMPASS GOLEM TJ - I TFR WEST ASDEX Upgrade TEXTOR FTU IGNITOR RTP ISTTOK T - 3 T - 4 T - 10 T - 15 TCV MAST MAST - U START Stellarator Americas CNT ATF CAT HSX HIDRA NCSX QPS SCR - 1 Asia and Australia H - 1NF Lingyun CHS Heliotron J LHD TU - Heliac Europe UST - 1 UST - 2 TJ - II TJ - IU TJ - K WEGA ( de ) Wendelstein 7 - AS ( de ) Wendelstein 7 - X Uragan - 1 Uragan - 2 ( Uragan - 2M ) Uragan - 3 ( Uragan - 3M ) L - 2M RFP RFX TPE - RX EXTRAP T2R MST Other MTF Dense plasma focus LDX MCX MFTF Polywell SSPX ZETA Inertial Laser Americas Argus Cyclops Janus Laser Inertial Fusion Energy Long path NIF Nike Nova OMEGA Shiva Asia SG - I SG - II SG - III SG - IV GEKKO XII Europe HiPER Asterix IV ( PALS ) LMJ LULI2000 ISKRA Vulcan Non-laser PTS Qiangguang - 1 PACER Z machine International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility Nuclear power in France Power plants Active Belleville Blayais Bugey Cattenom Chinon Chooz Civaux Cruas Dampierre Fessenheim Flamanville Golfech Gravelines Nogent Paluel Penly Saint - Alban Saint - Laurent Tricastin ( Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux ) Closed Brennilis Bugey 1 Chinon ( A1 / A2 / A3 ) Chooz A Creys - Malville SPX ( Superphénix ) Marcoule Saint - Laurent ( A1 / A2 ) Reactor types Power plant reactors UNGG CP0 , CP1 , CP2 , CPY P4 , P'4 N4 EPR ( under construction ) Research , experimental , prototype reactors and concepts HWGCR ( Brennilis ) Rapsodie Phénix Superphénix ITER ( under construction ) ASTRID ( planned ) Flexblue ( concept ) Research locations CEA Cadarache CEA Fontenay - aux - Roses CEA Grenoble Institut Laue -- Langevin ( Grenoble ) CEA Marcoule ( Marcoule , Pierrelatte ) CEA Saclay Meuse / Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory ( Andra ) Tricastin Nuclear Site ( Bollène , Lapalud , Pierrelatte , Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux ) Fuel cycle locations Malvesi Tricastin Eurodif Romans ( fr ) La Hague L'Aube La Manche Morvilliers Organisations ANCCLI Orano Group ( formerly Areva ) Areva NC ( formerly Cogema ) Framatome ( formerly Areva NP ) Naval Group ( formerly DCNS ) ASN CEA Électricité de France ( EDF ) Engie GSIEN Public discourse and opposition Accidents and incidents Anti-nuclear movement in France Sortir du nucléaire 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood Sébastien Briat André Larivière Stéphane Lhomme Pierre Schaeffer Mycle Schneider Monique Sené Dominique Voynet Related categories Nuclear energy in France Nuclear power stations in France Nuclear technology in France List of nuclear reactors in France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITER&oldid=856050031 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Bouches - du - Rhône Fusion power Fusion reactors Nuclear energy in France Nuclear research institutes Plasma physics Proposed fusion reactors Research projects Tokamaks Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 14 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the status of the iter fusion power project
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"\nProject milestones\n\n\nDate\nEvent\n\n\n1988\nITER project officially initiated.[33][34] Conceptual design activities ran from 1988 to 1990.[35]\n\n\n1992\nEngineering design activities from 1992[36] to 1998.[37]\n\n\n2005\nIndia officially became part of ITER.\n\n\n2006\nApproval of a cost estimate of €10 billion (US$12.8 billion) projecting the start of construction in 2008 and completion a decade later.[21]\n\n\n2008\nSite preparation start, ITER itinerary start.[38]\n\n\n2009\nSite preparation completion.[38]\n\n\n2010\nTokamak complex excavation starts.[34]\n\n\n2013\nTokamak complex construction starts.[38]\n\n\n2015\nTokamak construction starts,[39][40] but the schedule is extended by at least six years.[41]\n\n\n2016\nThe Atomic Energy Organization of Iran formally requests to join ITER.[42]\n\n\n2017\nAssembly Hall ready for equipment\n\n\n2018-2025\nAssembly and integration[43]\n\n\n2025\nPlanned: Assembly ends; commissioning phase starts [43]\n\n\n2025\nPlanned: Achievement of first plasma.[44]\n\n\n2035\nPlanned: Start of deuterium–tritium operation.[45]\n"
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"Assembly and integration"
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Pilus
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Pilus - wikipedia Pilus Jump to : navigation , search Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. 1 - Donor cell produces pilus. 2 - Pilus attaches to recipient cell , brings the two cells together . 3 - The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell . 4 - Both cells recircularize their plasmids , synthesize second strands , and reproduce pili ; both cells are now viable donors . A pilus ( Latin for ' hair ' ; plural : pili ) is a hair - like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria . The terms pilus and fimbria ( Latin for ' fringe ' ; plural : fimbriae ) can be used interchangeably , although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation . All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins , which are oligomeric . Dozens of these structures can exist on the bacteria . Some bacterial viruses or bacteriophages attach to receptors on pili at the start of their reproductive cycle . Pili are antigenic . They are also fragile and constantly replaced , sometimes with pili of different composition , resulting in altered antigenicity . Specific host responses to old pili structure are not effective on the new structure . Recombination genes of pili code for variable ( V ) and constant ( C ) regions of the pili ( similar to immunoglobulin diversity ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Conjugative pili 1.2 Type IV pili 2 Fimbriae 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Types ( edit ) Conjugative pili ( edit ) Conjugative pili allow for the transfer of DNA between bacteria , in the process of bacterial conjugation . They are sometimes called `` sex pili '' , in analogy to sexual reproduction , because they allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of `` mating pairs '' . Perhaps the most well - studied is the F pilus of Escherichia coli , encoded by the F plasmid or fertility factor . A pilus is typically 6 to 7 nm in diameter . During conjugation , a pilus emerging from the donor bacterium ensnares the recipient bacterium , draws it in close , and eventually triggers the formation of a mating bridge , which establishes direct contact and the formation of a controlled pore that allows transfer of DNA from the donor to the recipient . Typically , the DNA transferred consists of the genes required to make and transfer pili ( often encoded on a plasmid ) , and so is a kind of selfish DNA ; however , other pieces of DNA are often co-transferred and this can result in dissemination of genetic traits throughout a bacterial population , such as antibiotic resistance . Not all bacteria can make conjugative pili , but conjugation can occur between bacteria of different species . Type IV pili ( edit ) Some pili , called type IV pili , generate motile forces . The external ends of the pili adhere to a solid substrate , either the surface to which the bacterium is attached or to other bacteria . Then , when the pili contract , they pull the bacterium forward like a grappling hook . Movement produced by type IV pili is typically jerky , so it is called twitching motility , as opposed to other forms of bacterial motility such as that produced by flagella . However , some bacteria , for example Myxococcus xanthus , exhibit gliding motility . Bacterial type IV pili are similar in structure to the component flagellins of archaeal flagella . Genetic transformation is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up DNA from a neighboring cell and integrates this DNA into its genome by homologous recombination . In Neisseria meningitidis ( also called meningococcus ) , DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA uptake sequences ( DUSs ) which are 9 - 10 monomers residing in coding regions of the donor DNA . Specific recognition of DUSs is mediated by a type IV pilin . Menningococcal type IV pili bind DNA through the minor pilin ComP via an electropositive stripe that is predicted to be exposed on the filament 's surface . ComP displays an exquisite binding preference for selective DUSs . The distribution of DUSs within the N. meningitides genome favors certain genes , suggesting that there is a bias for genes involved in genomic maintenance and repair . Fimbriae ( edit ) To initiate formation of a biofilm , fimbriae must attach bacteria to host surfaces for colonization during infection . A fimbria is a short pilus that is used to attach the bacterium to a surface . They are sometimes called `` attachment pili '' . Fimbriae are either located at the poles of a cell or are evenly spread over its entire surface . Mutant bacteria that lack fimbriae can not adhere to their usual target surfaces , and thus can not cause diseases . Some fimbriae can contain lectins . The lectins are necessary to adhere to target cells because they can recognize oligosaccharide units on the surface of these target cells . Other fimbriae bind to components of the extracellular matrix . Fimbriae found in Gram - negative have the pilin subunits covalently linked . Some aerobic bacteria form a thin layer at the surface of a broth culture . This layer , called a pellicle , consists of many aerobic bacteria that adhere to the surface by their fimbriae or `` attachment pili '' . Thus , fimbriae allow the aerobic bacteria to remain on the broth , from which they take nutrients , while they congregate near the air . See also ( edit ) Bacterial nanowires Flagellum Sortase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` pilus '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Mattick JS ( 2002 ) . `` Type IV pili and twitching motility '' . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56 ( 1 ) : 289 -- 314 . PMID 12142488 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 56.012302. 160938 . Jump up ^ Jarrell ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Archaeal Flagella and Pili '' . Pili and Flagella : Current Research and Future Trends . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 48 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cehovin A , Simpson PJ , McDowell MA , Brown DR , Noschese R , Pallett M , Brady J , Baldwin GS , Lea SM , Matthews SJ , Pelicic V ( 2013 ) . `` Specific DNA recognition mediated by a type IV pilin '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 ( 8 ) : 3065 -- 70 . PMC 3581936 . PMID 23386723 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1218832110 . Jump up ^ Davidsen T , Rødland EA , Lagesen K , Seeberg E , Rognes T , Tønjum T ( 2004 ) . `` Biased distribution of DNA uptake sequences towards genome maintenance genes '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 32 ( 3 ) : 1050 -- 8 . PMC 373393 . PMID 14960717 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkh255 . Jump up ^ Caugant DA , Maiden MC ( 2009 ) . `` Meningococcal carriage and disease -- population biology and evolution '' . Vaccine. 27 Suppl 2 : B64 -- 70 . PMC 2719693 . PMID 19464092 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2009.04. 061 . External links ( edit ) Sex Pilus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Bacterial Pilus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) ( hide ) Microbiology : Bacteria Medical microbiology infection Coley 's toxins Exotoxin Lysogenic cycle Pathogenic bacteria resistance Biochemistry and ecology Oxygen preference Aerobic Obligate Anaerobic Facultative Obligate Microaerophile Nanaerobe Aerotolerant Other Microbial metabolism Primary nutritional groups Nitrogen fixation Microbial ecology Human flora Gut Lung Mouth Skin Vaginal ( In pregnancy ) Placental Uterine Salivary Substrate preference Lipophilic Saccharophilic Shape Bacterial cellular morphologies L - form bacteria Coccus Diplococcus Bacillus Coccobacillus Spiral Structure Cell envelope Cell membrane Cell wall : Peptidoglycan NAM NAG DAP Gram - positive bacteria only : Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid Endospore Gram - negative bacteria only : Bacterial outer membrane Porin Lipopolysaccharide Periplasmic space Mycobacteria only : Arabinogalactan Mycolic acid Outside envelope Bacterial capsule Slime layer S - layer Glycocalyx Pilus Fimbria Non-motile bacteria Composite Biofilm Taxonomy Bacteria ( classifications ) Bacterial phyla Former groupings : Schizomycetes Monera Prokaryota Gracilicutes Firmicutes Mollicutes Mendosicutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilus&oldid=803964059 '' Categories : Organelles Bacteria Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the function of pili in a prokaryotic cell
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Orange Is the New Black
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Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black American comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Laura Gómez Matt Peters Dale Soules Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 78 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Production location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix ; it was third premiered show produced by Netflix Originals . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The sixth season was released on July 27 , 2018 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 6 13 July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) This section needs expansion with : Main storyline ( s ) of seasons 1 - 4 . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) The series begins revolving around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections '' . This is a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons . In later seasons , it was acquired by the Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Chapman was convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment disrupts her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Chapman is reunited with Vause ( who named Chapman in her trial , resulting in Chapman 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Chapman , along with the other inmates , attempt to grapple with prison 's numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically depict how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The fifth season shows the prisoners revolting against the guards , wardens and the system after MCC 's failed handling of an inmate 's death at the hands of a guard . This followed a peaceful protest and subsequent instigation of an inmate fight by another guard in the fourth season . Fueled by the conditions the inmates are forced to tolerate , as well as grudges against the prison guards , a three - day riot ensues , during which some inmates attempt to negotiate better living conditions and seek justice for the death of the inmate , while others pursue their own interests and entertainment , and a few seek no involvement in the riot . At the emergence of the riot , the guard that incited the fight in the prior season is critically shot by an inmate who took the gun the guard illegally brought into the prison . At the end of the season , SWAT raids the prison to end the riot and remove all inmates from the facility . During this raid , a correctional officer is fatally shot by a corrupt `` strike team '' , which then conspires to blame the guard 's death on inmates that hid in an underground bunker and had taken hostage of the guard . All inmates are transported to other prisons . The consequences of the riot are shown in the sixth season . A number of the inmates , including Chapman and Vause , are transported to Litchfield Maximum Security . Most of these inmates are interrogated , and several of them charged and sentenced for their involvement in the riot . In max , new inmates are introduced , alliances are made , and a gang - like war emerges between two prison blocks , spearheaded by a longstanding feud between two sisters and a grudge harbored by them toward a former maximum - security inmate that returned . Inmates that arrived from the minimum security prison are either caught up or willingly participate in the war between prison blocks . The season portrays further corruption and guard brutality . Throughout the series , it is shown how various forms of corruption , funding cuts , privatization of prison , overcrowding , guard brutality and racial discrimination , among other issues , affect the prisoners ' safety , health and well - being , the correctional officers , and the prison 's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the minimum - security prison 's Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the corporate interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 6 ) Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Captain of the Guard , later Director of Human Activities Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores , inmate Matt Peters as Joel Luschek , correctional officer Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin , inmate ( season 2 -- present ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Julie Lake as Angie Rice ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 , 6 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( season 3 ; guest season 4 ) Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( seasons 4 -- present ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Francesca Curran as Helen `` Skinhead Helen '' Van Maele ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Amanda Fuller as Madison `` Badison '' Murphy ( season 6 -- present ) Vicci Martinez as Dominga `` Daddy '' Duarte ( season 6 -- present ) Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola ( season 6 -- present ) Besanya Santiago as Raquel `` Creech '' Munoz ( season 6 -- present ) Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler ( season 6 -- present ) Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara `` Barb '' Denning ( season 6 ) Henny Russell as Carol Denning ( season 6 ) Staff ( edit ) Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 5 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Evan Arthur Hall as B. Stratman ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Hunter Emery as Rick Hopper ( season 5 -- present ) Shawna Hamic as Virginia `` Ginger '' Copeland ( season 6 -- present ) Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward ( season 6 -- present ) Josh Segarra as Stefanovic ( season 6 -- present ) Greg Vrotsos as Hellman ( season 6 -- present ) Nicholas Webber as Alvarez ( season 6 -- present ) Branden Wellington as Jarod Young ( season 6 -- present ) Others ( edit ) Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 6 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 6 ) Berto Colon as Cesar Velazquez ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 5 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Mendez - Powell ( season 3 ; guest season 5 ) Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo ( seasons 4 -- present ) Michael J. Burg as Detective Mark Bellamy ( season 6 ) Jason Altman as Main Officer Herrmann ( seasons 5 - 6 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Kohan had initially wanted to cast Katie Holmes in the role of Piper Chapman , and met with the actress to discuss it , but Holmes had other commitments . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series , as Alex Vause and Lorna Morello , respectively . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . In season six , Dale Soules , Laura Gómez , and Matt Peters were promoted to series regulars . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 47 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 45 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 95 % ( 58 reviews ) 83 ( 24 reviews ) 96 % ( 47 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 73 % ( 41 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) 6 84 % ( 32 reviews ) 69 ( 14 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim . It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 94 % approval rating based on 47 reviews , with an average rating of 8.24 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.17 out of 10 based on 45 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . '' Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.15 out of 10 based on 58 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.46 out of 10 based on 47 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 73 % rating with an average score of 7.19 out of 10 based on 41 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : Orange Is the New Black 's fifth season offers up more of the sharp writing and dizzying tonal juggling acts that fans expect -- albeit somewhat less successfully . '' The sixth season received positive reviews from critics , with many critics noting its improvement over the previous season . On Metacritic , it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an 84 % rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor , even if some arcs are more inspired than others . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 6 Gets Premiere Date & Teaser On Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Holmes almost starred in ' Orange is the New Black ' '' . New York Post . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Caged Heat '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Metacritic. 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Orange Is the New Black Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons 5 6 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Kaplan John Abdallah Wambere Edith Windsor 2015 Marsha Aizumi Connor Franta Arsham Parsi Bayard Rustin Dennis Shepard Judy Shepard 2016 The Advocate Harvey Fierstein Marsha P. Johnson Billie Jean King Subhi Nahas Sylvia Rivera 2017 Alvin Ailey Jason Collins Cleve Jones David Kohan Cyndi Lauper Max Mutchnick 2018 American Civil Liberties Union James Baldwin Sybrina Fulton Tracy Martin Ryan Murphy Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Prisons portal LGBT portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black&oldid=856833112 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black African - American television 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s LGBT drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American prison television series Bisexuality - related television series Feminist television Lesbian - related television programs Transgender - related television programs Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Television programs based on books Netflix original programming Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television programs about drugs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television shows set in New York ( state ) Peabody Award - winning television programs Hispanic and Latino American media Imprisonment and detention of women in the United States Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Television series created by Jenji Kohan Federal American minimum security prisons in fiction Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did orange is the new black season 6 start
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"Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB) is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix.[1][2] The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix; it was third premiered show produced by Netflix Originals.[3] In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[4] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[5] The sixth season was released on July 27, 2018.[6] The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television.\n"
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Roughing the passer
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Roughing the passer - wikipedia Roughing the passer Jump to : navigation , search In gridiron football , roughing the passer refers to making contact with the passer ( usually the quarterback ) after the passer has released the ball from his hands . Touching the quarterback while he is in possession of the ball is a permitted act of defense . But once he releases the ball , defenders are not permitted to make contact with the quarterback unless carried to do so by momentum . Judgment over whether contact following release was the result of a violation or momentum is made by the referee on a case - by - case basis . Roughing the passer can also be called if the defender commits intimidating acts toward the passer , such as picking him up and stuffing him into the ground , or wrestling with him . It can also be called if the player who tackles the passer makes helmet to helmet contact . An exception to the roughing rule is where the quarterback rejoins a play after passing , such as in an attempt to block , recover a fumble , or tackle a defensive player who has gained possession of the ball . In this case , the quarterback is treated as any other player and may legally be contacted . Justification ( edit ) The NFL makes roughing the passer against the rules in an effort to protect its quarterbacks . Penalty assessed ( edit ) Canadian Football League : 15 yards ( also enforces at the end of the play ) and automatic first down NFL and NCAA : 15 yards ( also enforces at the end of the play ) OR half the distance to the goal , whichever is less , and an automatic first down . NIRSA : 10 yards ( also enforces at the end of the play ) and automatic first down References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beacom , Mike . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Understanding Football . ^ Jump up to : Football for Dummies . p. 56 . Jump up ^ 2009 & 2010 NIRSA Flag & Touch Football Rules Book & Officials ' Manual - 14th ... Gridiron football penalties Penalty flag Equipment violations Unfair act 5 - yard penalties Delay of game Time count Encroachment False start Illegal contact Illegal formation Illegal forward pass Illegal touching of a free kick Illegal motion Illegal participation Illegal shift Illegal substitution Illegal touching Ineligible receiver downfield Neutral zone infraction Offside Sideline infraction 10 - yard penalties Block in the back Holding Illegal use of hands Intentional grounding 15 - yard penalties Blocking below the waist Chop block Clipping Face mask Helmet - to - helmet collision Horse - collar tackle Illegal hands to the face Illegal forward kick Pass interference Leaping Personal foul Roughing the kicker Roughing the passer Roughing the snapper Spearing Tripping Unsportsmanlike conduct Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roughing_the_passer&oldid=759782216 '' Categories : Gridiron football penalties Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 January 2017 , at 03 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did roughing the passer become a rule
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Cinema of the United States
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Cinema of the United States - Wikipedia Cinema of the United States See also : History of cinema in the United States Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , often regarded as a symbol of the American film industry . No. of screens 40,547 ( 2015 ) Per capita 14 per 100,000 ( 2015 ) Main distributors Paramount ( 19.2 % ) Warner Bros. ( 18.0 % ) Sony Pictures ( 12.5 % ) Produced feature films ( 2013 ) Fictional 727 ( 98.5 % ) Animated 11 ( 1.5 % ) Number of admissions ( 2015 ) Total 1,197,000,000 Per capita 3.9 ( 2010 ) Gross box office ( 2015 ) Total $10.1 billion This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a profound effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1917 to 1960 and characterizes most films made there to this day . While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , American cinema quickly came to be the most dominant force in the industry as it emerged . Since the 1920s , the film industry of the United States has had higher annual grosses than any other country 's . It produces the largest number of films of any single - language national cinema , with more than 800 English - language films released on average every year . While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom ( 299 ) , Canada ( 206 ) , and Australia and New Zealand also produce films in the same language , they are not considered part of the Hollywood system . Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . Classical Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles , often in Spanish or French . Contemporary Hollywood offshores production to Canada , Australia , New Zealand . Hollywood is the oldest film industry in the world , and is considered the birthplace of various genres of cinema -- among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction and the war epic -- having set an example for other national film industries . It produced the world 's first sound ( talkie ) as well as musical film The Jazz Singer . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion - picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world 's first sync - sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927 , and was at the forefront of sound - film development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the US film industry has largely been based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . Director D.W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) is frequently cited in critics ' polls as the greatest film of all time . The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world , such as The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , Jaws ( 1975 ) , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , Avatar ( 2009 ) , Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Jurassic World ( 2015 ) , and Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Moreover , many of Hollywood 's highest - grossing movies have generated more box - office revenue and ticket sales outside the United States than films made elsewhere . Today , American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year , making the United States one of the most prolific producers of films in the world and a leading pioneer in motion picture engineering and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins and Fort Lee 1.2 Rise of Hollywood 1.3 Classical Hollywood cinema and the Golden Age of Hollywood ( 1917 -- 1960 ) 1.3. 1 The studio system 1.4 Decline of the studio system ( late 1940s ) 1.4. 1 Impact : Fewer films , larger individual budgets 1.5 New Hollywood and post-classical cinema ( 1960s -- 1980s ) 1.6 Rise of the home video market ( 1980s -- 1990s ) 1.7 Modern cinema 2 Hollywood and politics 2.1 Political endorsements 2.2 Political donations 3 Spread to world markets 4 Role of women 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of cinema in the United States Origins and Fort Lee ( edit ) See also : Silent film Justus D. Barnes as outlaw leader Bronco Billy Anderson in The Great Train Robbery ( 1903 ) , the first western . The first recorded instance of photographs capturing and reproducing motion was a series of photographs of a running horse by Eadweard Muybridge , which he took in Palo Alto , California using a set of still cameras placed in a row . Muybridge 's accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices . In the United States , Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device , the kinetoscope . Harold Lloyd in the famous clock scene from Safety Last ! ( 1923 ) The history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where , at one time , Fort Lee , New Jersey was the motion - picture capital of America . The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edison 's `` Black Maria '' , the first motion - picture studio in West Orange , New Jersey . The cities and towns on the Hudson River and Hudson Palisades offered land at costs considerably less than New York City across the river and benefited greatly as a result of the phenomenal growth of the film industry at the turn of the 20th century . The industry began attracting both capital and an innovative workforce , and when the Kalem Company began using Fort Lee in 1907 as a location for filming in the area , other filmmakers quickly followed . In 1909 , a forerunner of Universal Studios , the Champion Film Company , built the first studio . They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee . In the 1910s and 1920s , film companies such as the Independent Moving Pictures Company , Peerless Studios , The Solax Company , Éclair Studios , Goldwyn Picture Corporation , American Méliès ( Star Films ) , World Film Company , Biograph Studios , Fox Film Corporation , Pathé Frères , Metro Pictures Corporation , Victor Film Company , and Selznick Pictures Corporation were all making pictures in Fort Lee . Such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios . In New York , the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens , was built during the silent film era , was used by the Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields . The Edison Studios were located in the Bronx . Chelsea , Manhattan was also frequently used . Picture City , Florida was also a planned site for a movie picture production center in the 1920s , but due to the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , the idea collapsed and Picture City returned to its original name of Hobe Sound . Other major centers of film production also included Chicago , Texas , California , and Cuba . The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the US Many worked with equipment for which they did not own the rights and thus filming in New York could be dangerous ; it was close to Edison 's Company headquarters , and to agents the company set out to seize cameras . By 1912 , most major film companies had set up production facilities in Southern California near or in Los Angeles because of the region 's favorable year - round weather . Rise of Hollywood ( edit ) `` History of Hollywood '' redirects here . For the history of the district itself , see Hollywood § History . The Hollywood Walk of Fame In early 1910 , director D.W. Griffith was sent by the Biograph Company to the west coast with his acting troupe , consisting of actors Blanche Sweet , Lillian Gish , Mary Pickford , Lionel Barrymore and others . They started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles . While there , the company decided to explore new territories , traveling several miles north to Hollywood , a little village that was friendly and enjoyed the movie company filming there . Griffith then filmed the first movie ever shot in Hollywood , In Old California , a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century , when it belonged to Mexico . Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York . After hearing about Griffith 's success in Hollywood , in 1913 , many movie - makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison , who owned patents on the movie - making process . Nestor Studios of Bayonne , New Jersey , built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911 . Nestor Studios , owned by David and William Horsley , later merged with Universal Studios ; and William Horsley 's other company , Hollywood Film Laboratory , is now the oldest existing company in Hollywood , now called the Hollywood Digital Laboratory . California 's more hospitable and cost - effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s . At the time , Thomas Edison owned almost all the patents relevant to motion picture production and movie producers on the East Coast acting independently of Edison 's Motion Picture Patents Company were often sued or enjoined by Edison and his agents while movie makers working on the West Coast could work independently of Edison 's control . In Los Angeles , the studios and Hollywood grew . Before World War I , movies were made in several US cities , but filmmakers tended to gravitate towards southern California as the industry developed . They were attracted by the warm climate and reliable sunlight , which made it possible to film movies outdoors year - round and by the varied scenery that was available . There are several starting points for cinema ( particularly American cinema ) , but it was Griffith 's controversial 1915 epic Birth of a Nation that pioneered the worldwide filming vocabulary that still dominates celluloid to this day . In the early 20th century , when the medium was new , many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry . They were able to make their mark in a brand - new business : the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons , after their admission price of a nickel ( five cents ) . Within a few years , ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn , William Fox , Carl Laemmle , Adolph Zukor , Louis B. Mayer , and the Warner Brothers ( Harry , Albert , Samuel , and Jack ) had switched to the production side of the business . Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise : the movie studio . ( It is worth noting that the US had at least one female director , producer and studio head in these early years : French - born director Alice Guy - Blaché . ) They also set the stage for the industry 's internationalism ; the industry is often accused of Amero - centric provincialism . Other moviemakers arrived from Europe after World War I : directors like Ernst Lubitsch , Alfred Hitchcock , Fritz Lang and Jean Renoir ; and actors like Rudolph Valentino , Marlene Dietrich , Ronald Colman , and Charles Boyer . They joined a homegrown supply of actors -- lured west from the New York City stage after the introduction of sound films -- to form one of the 20th century 's most remarkable growth industries . At motion pictures ' height of popularity in the mid-1940s , the studios were cranking out a total of about 400 movies a year , seen by an audience of 90 million Americans per week . The Hollywood Sign in the Hollywood Hills has become a landmark representing the Southern California film industry . Sound also became widely used in Hollywood in the late 1920s . After The Jazz Singer , the first film with synchronized voices was successfully released as a Vitaphone talkie in 1927 , Hollywood film companies would respond to Warner Bros. and begin to use Vitaphone sound -- which Warner Bros. owned until 1928 -- in future films . By May 1928 , Electrical Research Product Incorporated ( ERPI ) , a subsidiary of the Western Electric company , gained a monopoly over film sound distribution . A side effect of the `` talkies '' was that many actors who had made their careers in silent films suddenly found themselves out of work , as they often had bad voices or could not remember their lines . Meanwhile , in 1922 , US politician Will H. Hays left politics and formed the movie studio boss organization known as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America ( MPPDA ) . The organization became the Motion Picture Association of America after Hays retired in 1945 . In the early times of talkies , American studios found that their sound productions were rejected in foreign - language markets and even among speakers of other dialects of English . The synchronization technology was still too primitive for dubbing . One of the solutions was creating parallel foreign - language versions of Hollywood films . Around 1930 , the American companies opened a studio in Joinville - le - Pont , France , where the same sets and wardrobe and even mass scenes were used for different time - sharing crews . Also , foreign unemployed actors , playwrights , and winners of photogenia contests were chosen and brought to Hollywood , where they shot parallel versions of the English - language films . These parallel versions had a lower budget , were shot at night and were directed by second - line American directors who did not speak the foreign language . The Spanish - language crews included people like Luis Buñuel , Enrique Jardiel Poncela , Xavier Cugat , and Edgar Neville . The productions were not very successful in their intended markets , due to the following reasons : Brown Derby , an iconic image that became synonymous with the Golden Age of Hollywood . The lower budgets were apparent . Many theater actors had no previous experience in cinema . The original movies were often second - rate themselves since studios expected that the top productions would sell by themselves . The mix of foreign accents ( Castilian , Mexican , and Chilean for example in the Spanish case ) was odd for the audiences . Some markets lacked sound - equipped theaters . In spite of this , some productions like the Spanish version of Dracula compare favorably with the original . By the mid-1930s , synchronization had advanced enough for dubbing to become usual . Classical Hollywood cinema and the Golden Age of Hollywood ( 1917 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Main article : Classical Hollywood cinema Stars of the Classical Hollywood cinema era ( c. 1917 -- 1960 ) . Top row , l-r : Greta Garbo , Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Clark Gable , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Ginger Rogers , Marlon Brando , the Marx Brothers , Joan Crawford . Second row , l-r : John Wayne , James Stewart , Buster Keaton , Claudette Colbert , Gene Kelly , Burt Lancaster , Judy Garland , Gregory Peck , Elizabeth Taylor , Kirk Douglas . Third row , l-r : Bette Davis , Audrey Hepburn , Jean Harlow , Alfred Hitchcock , John Ford , Howard Hawks , Grace Kelly , Laurence Olivier , Marlene Dietrich , James Cagney . Fourth row , l-r : Ava Gardner , Cary Grant , Ingrid Bergman , Henry Fonda , Marilyn Monroe , James Dean , Orson Welles , Mae West , William Holden , Sophia Loren . Bottom row , l-r : Vivien Leigh , Joan Fontaine and Gary Cooper , Spencer Tracy , Barbara Stanwyck , Lillian Gish , Tyrone Power , Shirley Temple , Janet Leigh with Charlton Heston , Rita Hayworth , Mary Pickford . Classical Hollywood cinema is defined as a technical and narrative style characteristic of film from 1917 to 1960 . During the Golden Age of Hollywood , which lasted from the end of the silent era in American cinema in the late 1920s to the early 1960s , thousands of movies were issued from the Hollywood studios . The start of the Golden Age was arguably when The Jazz Singer was released in 1927 , ending the silent era and increasing box - office profits for films as sound was introduced to feature films . Most Hollywood pictures adhered closely to a formula -- Western , slapstick comedy , musical , animated cartoon , biographical film ( biographical picture ) -- and the same creative teams often worked on films made by the same studio . For example , Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films , Alfred Newman worked at 20th Century Fox for twenty years , Cecil B. De Mille 's films were almost all made at Paramount , and director Henry King 's films were mostly made for 20th Century Fox . At the same time , one could usually guess which studio made which film , largely because of the actors who appeared in it ; MGM , for example , claimed it had contracted `` more stars than there are in heaven . '' Each studio had its own style and characteristic touches which made it possible to know this -- a trait that does not exist today . For example , To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) is famous not only for the first pairing of actors Humphrey Bogart ( 1899 -- 1957 ) and Lauren Bacall ( 1924 -- 2014 ) , but also for being written by two future winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature : Ernest Hemingway ( 1899 -- 1961 ) , the author of the novel on which the script was nominally based , and William Faulkner ( 1897 -- 1962 ) , who worked on the screen adaptation . After The Jazz Singer was released in 1927 , Warner Bros. gained huge success and were able to acquire their own string of movie theaters , after purchasing Stanley Theaters and First National Productions in 1928 . MGM had also owned the Loews string of theaters since forming in 1924 , and the Fox Film Corporation owned the Fox Theatre strings as well . Also , RKO ( a 1928 merger between Keith - Orpheum Theaters and the Radio Corporation of America ) responded to the Western Electric / ERPI monopoly over sound in films , and developed their own method , known as Photophone , to put sound in films . Paramount , which already acquired Balaban and Katz in 1926 , would answer to the success of Warner Bros. and RKO , and buy a number of theaters in the late 1920s as well , and would hold a monopoly on theaters in Detroit , Michigan . By the 1930s , almost all of the first - run metropolitan theaters in the United States were owned by the Big Five studios -- MGM , Paramount Pictures , RKO , Warner Bros. , and 20th Century Fox . The studio system ( edit ) Hollywood movie studios , 1922 Movie - making was still a business , however , and motion picture companies made money by operating under the studio system . The major studios kept thousands of people on salary -- actors , producers , directors , writers , stunt men , craftspersons , and technicians . They owned or leased Movie Ranches in rural Southern California for location shooting of westerns and other large - scale genre films . And they owned hundreds of theaters in cities and towns across the nation in 1920 film theaters that showed their films and that were always in need of fresh material . In 1930 , MPPDA President Will Hays created the Hays ( Production ) Code , which followed censorship guidelines and went into effect after government threats of censorship expanded by 1930 . However , the code was never enforced until 1934 , after the Catholic watchdog organization The Legion of Decency -- appalled by some of the provocative films and lurid advertising of the era later classified Pre-Code Hollywood - threatened a boycott of motion pictures if it did n't go into effect . Those films that did n't obtain a seal of approval from the Production Code Administration had to pay a $25,000 fine and could not profit in the theaters , as the MPPDA controlled every theater in the country through the Big Five studios . Throughout the 1930s , as well as most of the golden age , MGM dominated the film screen and had the top stars in Hollywood , and was also credited for creating the Hollywood star system altogether . Some MGM stars included `` King of Hollywood '' Clark Gable , Lionel Barrymore , Jean Harlow , Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo , Joan Crawford , Jeanette MacDonald and husband Gene Raymond , Spencer Tracy , Judy Garland , and Gene Kelly . But MGM did not stand alone . Another great achievement of US cinema during this era came through Walt Disney 's animation company . In 1937 , Disney created the most successful film of its time , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . This distinction was promptly topped in 1939 when Selznick International created what is still when adjusted for inflation , the most successful film of all time , Gone with the Wind . Many film historians have remarked upon the many great works of cinema that emerged from this period of highly regimented film - making . One reason this was possible is that , with so many movies being made , not everyone had to be a big hit . A studio could gamble on a medium - budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors : Citizen Kane , directed by Orson Welles ( 1915 -- 1985 ) and often regarded as the greatest film of all time , fits that description . In other cases , strong - willed directors like Howard Hawks ( 1896 -- 1977 ) , Alfred Hitchcock ( 1899 -- 1980 ) , and Frank Capra ( 1897 -- 1991 ) battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions . The apogee of the studio system may have been the year 1939 , which saw the release of such classics as The Wizard of Oz , Gone with the Wind , Stagecoach , Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , Wuthering Heights , Only Angels Have Wings , Ninotchka and Midnight . Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics : Casablanca , It 's a Wonderful Life , It Happened One Night , the original King Kong , Mutiny on the Bounty , Top Hat , City Lights , Red River , The Lady from Shanghai , Rear Window , On the Waterfront , Rebel Without a Cause , Some Like It Hot , and The Manchurian Candidate . Decline of the studio system ( late 1940s ) ( edit ) Percentage of the US population that went to the cinema on average , weekly , 1930 -- 2000 Walt Disney introduces each of the seven dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer . The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s : a federal antitrust action that separated the production of films from their exhibition ; and the advent of television . In 1938 , Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released during a run of lackluster films from the major studios , and quickly became the highest grossing film released to that point . Embarrassingly for the studios , it was an independently produced animated film that did not feature any studio - employed stars . This stoked already widespread frustration at the practice of block - booking , in which studios would only sell an entire year 's schedule of films at a time to theaters and use the lock - in to cover for releases of mediocre quality . Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold -- a noted `` trust buster '' of the Roosevelt administration -- took this opportunity to initiate proceedings against the eight largest Hollywood studios in July 1938 for violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act . The federal suit resulted in five of the eight studios ( the `` Big Five '' : Warner Bros. , MGM , Fox , RKO and Paramount ) reaching a compromise with Arnold in October 1940 and signing a consent decree agreeing to , within three years : Eliminate the block - booking of short film subjects , in an arrangement known as `` one shot '' , or `` full force '' block - booking . Eliminate the block - booking of any more than five features in their theaters . No longer engage in blind buying ( or the buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand ) and instead have trade - showing , in which all 31 theater districts in the US would see films every two weeks before showing movies in theaters . Set up an administration board in each theater district to enforce these requirements . The `` Little Three '' ( Universal Studios , United Artists , and Columbia Pictures ) , who did not own any theaters , refused to participate in the consent decree . A number of independent film producers were also unhappy with the compromise and formed a union known as the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers and sued Paramount for the monopoly they still had over the Detroit Theaters -- as Paramount was also gaining dominance through actors like Bob Hope , Paulette Goddard , Veronica Lake , Betty Hutton , crooner Bing Crosby , Alan Ladd , and longtime actor for studio Gary Cooper too - by 1942 . The Big Five studios did n't meet the requirements of the Consent of Decree during WWII , without major consequence , but after the war ended they joined Paramount as defendants in the Hollywood anti-trust case , as did the Little Three studios . The Supreme Court eventually ruled that the major studios ownership of theaters and film distribution was a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . As a result , the studios began to release actors and technical staff from their contracts with the studios . This changed the paradigm of film making by the major Hollywood studios , as each could have an entirely different cast and creative team . The decision resulted in the gradual loss of the characteristics which made Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios , Columbia Pictures , RKO Pictures , and 20th Century Fox films immediately identifiable . Certain movie people , such as Cecil B. DeMille , either remained contract artists till the end of their careers or used the same creative teams on their films so that a DeMille film still looked like one whether it was made in 1932 or 1956 . Impact : fewer films , larger individual budgets ( edit ) Stanley Kubrick was an American film director , screenwriter , producer , cinematographer , editor , and photographer . The ground - breaking scientific realism and innovative special effects of his 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey caused fellow - director Steven Spielberg to refer to it as his generation 's `` big bang '' . It is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made . Also , the number of movies being produced annually dropped as the average budget soared , marking a major change in strategy for the industry . Studios now aimed to produce entertainment that could not be offered by television : spectacular , larger - than - life productions . Studios also began to sell portions of their theatrical film libraries to other companies to sell to television . By 1949 , all major film studios had given up ownership of their theaters . Television was also instrumental in the decline of Hollywood 's Golden Age as it broke the movie industry 's hegemony in American entertainment . Despite this , the film industry was also able to gain some leverage for future films as longtime government censorship faded in the 1950s . After the Paramount anti-trust case ended , Hollywood movie studios no longer owned theaters and thus made it so foreign films could be released in American theaters without censorship . This was complemented with the 1952 Miracle Decision in the Joseph Burstyn Inc. v Wilson case , in which the Supreme Court of the United States reversed its earlier position , from 1915 's Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio case , and stated that motion pictures were a form of art and were entitled to the protection of the First amendment ; US laws could no longer censor films . By 1968 , with film studios becoming increasingly defiant to its censorship function , the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) had replaced the Hays Code -- which was now greatly violated after the government threat of censorship that justified the origin of the code had ended -- with the film rating system . New Hollywood and post-classical cinema ( 1960s -- 1980s ) ( edit ) Main article : New Hollywood Steven Spielberg is considered one of the pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks Studios . Post-classical cinema is the term used to describe the changing methods of storytelling in the New Hollywood . It has been argued that new approaches to drama and characterization played upon audience expectations acquired in the classical period : chronology may be scrambled , storylines may feature `` twist endings '' , and lines between the antagonist and protagonist may be blurred . The roots of post-classical storytelling may be seen in film noir , in Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , and in Hitchcock 's storyline - shattering Psycho . The New Hollywood describes the emergence of a new generation of film school - trained directors who had absorbed the techniques developed in Europe in the 1960s ; The 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde marked the beginning of American cinema rebounding as well , as a new generation of films would afterwards gain success at the box offices as well . Filmmakers like Francis Ford Coppola , Steven Spielberg , George Lucas , Brian De Palma , Stanley Kubrick , Martin Scorsese , Roman Polanski , and William Friedkin came to produce fare that paid homage to the history of film and developed upon existing genres and techniques . Inaugurated by the 1969 release of Andy Warhol 's Blue Movie , the phenomenon of adult erotic films being publicly discussed by celebrities ( like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope ) , and taken seriously by critics ( like Roger Ebert ) , a development referred to , by Ralph Blumenthal of The New York Times , as `` porno chic '' , and later known as the Golden Age of Porn , began , for the first time , in modern American culture . According to award - winning author Toni Bentley , Radley Metzger 's 1976 film The Opening of Misty Beethoven , based on the play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw ( and its derivative , My Fair Lady ) , and due to attaining a mainstream level in storyline and sets , is considered the `` crown jewel '' of this ' Golden Age ' . In the 1970s , the films of New Hollywood filmmakers were often both critically acclaimed and commercially successful . While the early New Hollywood films like Bonnie and Clyde and Easy Rider had been relatively low - budget affairs with amoral heroes and increased sexuality and violence , the enormous success enjoyed by Friedkin with The Exorcist , Spielberg with Jaws and Jurassic Park , Coppola with The Godfather and Apocalypse Now , Scorsese with Taxi Driver , Kubrick with 2001 : A Space Odyssey , Polanski with Chinatown , and Lucas with American Graffiti and Star Wars , respectively helped to give rise to the modern `` blockbuster '' , and induced studios to focus ever more heavily on trying to produce enormous hits . The increasing indulgence of these young directors did not help . Often , they 'd go overschedule , and overbudget , thus bankrupting themselves or the studio . The three most famous examples of this are Coppola 's Apocalypse Now and One From The Heart and particularly Michael Cimino 's Heaven 's Gate , which single - handedly bankrupted United Artists . However , Apocalypse Now eventually made its money back and gained widespread recognition as a masterpiece , winning the Palme d'Or at Cannes . Rise of the home video market ( 1980s -- 1990s ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1980s and 1990s saw another significant development . The full acceptance of home video by studios opened a vast new business to exploit . Films such as Showgirls , The Secret of NIMH , and The Shawshank Redemption , which may have performed poorly in their theatrical run , were now able to find success in the video market . It also saw the first generation of filmmakers with access to videotapes emerge . Directors such as Quentin Tarantino and Paul Thomas Anderson had been able to view thousands of films and produced films with vast numbers of references and connections to previous works . Tarantino has had a number of collaborations with director Robert Rodriguez . Rodriguez directed the 1992 action film El Mariachi , which was a commercial success after grossing $2 million against a budget of $7,000 . This , along with the explosion of independent film and ever - decreasing costs for filmmaking , changed the landscape of American movie - making once again and led a renaissance of filmmaking among Hollywood 's lower and middle - classes -- those without access to studio financial resources . With the rise of the DVD in the 21st century , DVDs have quickly become even more profitable to studios and have led to an explosion of packaging extra scenes , extended versions , and commentary tracks with the films . Modern cinema ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of Hollywood 's blockbuster action heroes from the 1980s and 1990s : From left : ( top row ) Sylvester Stallone , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Bruce Willis , Steven Seagal ( bottom row ) Dolph Lundgren , Jean - Claude Van Damme , Wesley Snipes , Jackie Chan . The drive to produce a spectacle on the movie screen has largely shaped American cinema ever since . Spectacular epics which took advantage of new widescreen processes had been increasingly popular from the 1950s onwards . Since then , American films have become increasingly divided into two categories : Blockbusters and independent films . Studios have focused on relying on a handful of extremely expensive releases every year in order to remain profitable . Such blockbusters emphasize spectacle , star power , and high production value , all of which entail an enormous budget . Blockbusters typically rely upon star power and massive advertising to attract a huge audience . A successful blockbuster will attract an audience large enough to offset production costs and reap considerable profits . Such productions carry a substantial risk of failure , and most studios release blockbusters that both over - and underperform in a year . Classic blockbusters from this period include Raiders of the Lost Ark , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Blade Runner , Scarface , Ghostbusters , The Terminator , The Goonies , Back to the Future , Beverly Hills Cop , Top Gun , Aliens , Lethal Weapon , Fatal Attraction , Wall Street , Rain Man , Die Hard , Driving Miss Daisy , Dances with Wolves , Goodfellas , Thelma & Louise , The Silence of the Lambs , Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Unforgiven , The Bodyguard , The Fugitive , Jurassic Park , Schindler 's List , Forrest Gump , Pulp Fiction , Seven , Braveheart , Austin Powers , Titanic , Saving Private Ryan , American History X , Fight Club , The Matrix , The Green Mile , The Sixth Sense , American Beauty , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Gladiator , Gangs of New York , The Lord of the Rings , Pirates of the Caribbean , The Notebook , Million Dollar Baby , Little Miss Sunshine , The Departed and The Bourne Identity . American film industry ( 1995 -- 2014 ) All values in billions Year Tickets Revenue 1995 1.22 $5.29 1.26 $5.59 1.42 $6.51 1998 1.44 $6.77 1999 1.44 $7.30 2000 1.39 $7.48 1.44 $8.13 2002 1.58 $9.19 2003 1.55 $9.35 1.49 $9.27 2005 1.40 $8.95 2006 1.41 $9.25 2007 1.40 $9.63 2008 1.39 $9.95 2009 1.42 $10.65 1.33 $10.48 2011 1.28 $10.14 2012 1.39 $11.07 2013 1.34 $10.90 2014 1.27 $10.37 As compiled by The Numbers Studios supplement these movies with independent productions , made with small budgets and often independently of the studio corporation . Movies made in this manner typically emphasize high professional quality in terms of acting , directing , screenwriting , and other elements associated with production , and also upon creativity and innovation . These movies usually rely upon critical praise or niche marketing to garner an audience . Because of an independent film 's low budget , a successful independent film can have a high profit - to - cost ratio while a failure will incur minimal losses , allowing for studios to sponsor dozens of such productions in addition to their high - stakes releases . Hollywood Boulevard from the Dolby Theatre , before 2006 American independent cinema was revitalized in the late 1980s and early 1990s when another new generation of moviemakers , including Spike Lee , Steven Soderbergh , Kevin Smith and Quentin Tarantino made movies like , respectively : Do the Right Thing , Sex , Lies , and Videotape , Clerks and Reservoir Dogs . In terms of directing , screenwriting , editing , and other elements , these movies were innovative and often irreverent , playing with and contradicting the conventions of Hollywood movies . Furthermore , their considerable financial successes and crossover into popular culture reestablished the commercial viability of independent film . Since then , the independent film industry has become more clearly defined and more influential in American cinema . Many of the major studios have capitalised on this by developing subsidiaries to produce similar films ; for example , Fox Searchlight Pictures . To a lesser degree in the early 21st century , film types that were previously considered to have only a minor presence in the mainstream movie market began to arise as more potent American box office draws . These include foreign - language films such as Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon and Hero and documentary films such as Super Size Me , March of the Penguins , and Michael Moore 's Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 9 / 11 . Hollywood and politics ( edit ) Main article : Good Neighbor policy 81st Academy Awards Presentations , Dolby Theatre , Hollywood , 2009 In the 1930s , the Democrats and the Republicans saw money in Hollywood . President Franklin Roosevelt saw a huge partnership with Hollywood . He used the first real potential of Hollywood 's stars in a national campaign . Melvyn Douglas toured Washington in 1939 and met the key New Dealers . Political endorsements ( edit ) Endorsements letters from leading actors were signed , radio appearances and printed advertising were made . Movie stars were used to draw a large audience into the political view of the party . By the 1960s , John F. Kennedy was a new , young face for Washington , and his strong friendship with Frank Sinatra exemplified this new era of glamor . The last moguls of Hollywood were gone and younger , newer executives and producers began generating more liberal ideas . Celebrities and money attracted politicians into the high - class , glittering Hollywood lifestyle . As Ronald Brownstein wrote in his book `` The Power and the Glitter '' , television in the 1970s and 1980s was an enormously important new media in politics and Hollywood helped in that media with actors making speeches on their political beliefs , like Jane Fonda against the Vietnam War . Despite many celebrities and producers are left - leaning and tend to support the Democratic Party , this era produced many Republican actors and producers . Former actor Ronald Reagan become Governor of California and subsequently become the 40th President of the United States . It continued with Arnold Schwarzenegger as California 's Governor in 2003 , and former reality star Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States . Political donations ( edit ) Today , Washington 's interest is in Hollywood donations . On February 20 , 2007 , for example , Democratic then - presidential candidate Barack Obama had a $2300 - a-plate Hollywood gala , being hosted by DreamWorks founders David Geffen , Jeffrey Katzenberg , and Steven Spielberg at the Beverly Hilton . Spread to world markets ( edit ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Chinese Theatre before 2007 The Dolby Theatre In 1912 , American film companies were largely immersed in the competition for the domestic market . It was difficult to satisfy the huge demand for films created by the nickelodeon boom . Motion Picture Patents Company members such as Edison Studios , also sought to limit competition from French , Italian , and other imported films . Exporting films , then , became lucrative to these companies . Vitagraph Studios was the first American company to open its own distribution offices in Europe , establishing a branch in London in 1906 , and a second branch in Paris shortly after . Other American companies were moving into foreign markets as well , and American distribution abroad continued to expand until the mid-1920s . Originally , a majority of companies sold their films indirectly . However , since they were inexperienced in overseas trading , they simply sold the foreign rights to their films to foreign distribution firms or export agents . Gradually , London became a center for the international circulation of US films . Many British companies made a profit by acting as the agents for this business , and by doing so , they weakened British production by turning over a large share of the UK market to American films . By 1911 , approximately 60 to 70 percent of films imported into Great Britain were American . The United States was also doing well in Germany , Australia , and New Zealand . More recently , as globalization has started to intensify , and the United States government has been actively promoting free trade agendas and trade on cultural products , Hollywood has become a worldwide cultural source . The success on Hollywood export markets can be known not only from the boom of American multinational media corporations across the globe but also from the unique ability to make big - budget films that appeal powerfully to popular tastes in many different cultures . With globalization , movie production has been clustered in Hollywood for several reasons : the United States has the largest single home market in dollar terms , entertaining and highly visible Hollywood movies have global appeal , and the role of English as a universal language contributes to compensating for higher fixed costs of production . In the meantime , Hollywood has moved more deeply into Chinese markets , although influenced by China 's censorship . Films made in China are censored , strictly avoiding themes like `` ghosts , violence , murder , horror , and demons . '' Such plot elements risk being cut . Hollywood has had to make `` approved '' films , corresponding to official Chinese standards , but with aesthetic standards sacrificed to box office profits . Even Chinese audiences found it boring to wait for the release of great American movies dubbed in their native language . Role of women ( edit ) Main article : Women in film Patty Jenkins 's Wonder Woman premiered in 2017 , giving Jenkins the biggest domestic opening of all - time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) Meryl Streep , Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award winner Women are statistically underrepresented in creative positions in the center of the US film industry , Hollywood . This underrepresentation has been called the `` celluloid ceiling '' , a variant on the employment discrimination term `` glass ceiling '' . In 2013 , the `` ... top - paid actors ... made 21⁄2 times as much money as the top - paid actresses . '' `` ( O ) lder ( male ) actors make more than their female equals '' in age , with `` female movie stars mak ( ing ) the most money on average per film at age 34 while male stars earn the most at 51 . '' The 2013 Celluloid Ceiling Report conducted by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University collected a list of statistics gathered from `` 2,813 individuals employed by the 250 top domestic grossing films of 2012 . '' Women accounted for ... `` 18 % of all directors , executive producers , producers , writers , cinematographers , and editors . This reflected no change from 2011 and only a 1 % increase from 1998 . '' `` 9 % of all directors . '' `` 15 % of writers . '' `` 25 % of all producers . '' `` 20 % of all editors . '' `` 2 % of all cinematographers . '' `` 38 % of films employed 0 or 1 woman in the roles considered , 23 % employed 2 women , 28 % employed 3 to 5 women , and 10 % employed 6 to 9 women . '' A New York Times article stated that only 15 % of the top films in 2013 had women for a lead acting role . The author of the study noted that `` The percentage of female speaking roles has not increased much since the 1940s when they hovered around 25 percent to 28 percent . '' `` Since 1998 , women 's representation in behind - the - scenes roles other than directing has gone up just 1 percent . '' Women `` ... directed the same percent of the 250 top - grossing films in 2012 ( 9 percent ) as they did in 1998 . '' See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Crossroads of the World American comedy films American Film Institute History of animation in the United States History of film List of films in the public domain in the United States Motion Picture Association of America film rating system National Film Registry General List of cinema of the world Photography in the United States of America Cinema of North America Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Shanghai Film Festival : China to Top U.S. Screen Total by 2017 , Says Wanda Cinema Chief '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Table 8 : Cinema Infrastructure -- Capacity '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Table 6 : Share of Top 3 distributors ( Excel ) '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Feature Film Production -- Genre / Method of Shooting '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema -- Admissions per capita '' . Screen Australia . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 11 : Exhibition -- Admissions & Gross Box Office ( GBO ) '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lumière Brothers , Pioneers of Cinema '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5538 Jump up ^ Hudson , Dale . Vampires , Race , and Transnational Hollywoods . Edinburgh University Press , 2017 . Website Jump up ^ The earliest documented account of an exhibition of projected motion pictures in the United States was in June 1894 in Richmond , Indiana by Charles Francis Jenkins Jump up ^ http://time.com/3457278/the-jazz-singer/ Jump up ^ http://time.com/3457278/the-jazz-singer/ Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite.org ; `` Sight and Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 ... BFI . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kannapell , Andrea . `` Getting the Big Picture ; The Film Industry Started Here and Left . Now It 's Back , and the State Says the Sequel Is Huge . '' , The New York Times , October 4 , 1998 . Accessed December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amith , Dennis . `` Before Hollywood There Was Fort Lee , N.J. : Early Movie Making in New Jersey ( a J ! - ENT DVD Review ) '' , J ! - ENTonline.com , January 1 , 2011 . Accessed December 7 , 2013 . `` When Hollywood , California , was mostly orange groves , Fort Lee , New Jersey , was a center of American film production . '' Jump up ^ Rose , Lisa. `` 100 years ago , Fort Lee was the first town to bask in movie magic '' , The Star - Ledger , April 29 , 2012 . Accessed December 7 , 2013 . `` Back in 1912 , when Hollywood had more cattle than cameras , Fort Lee was the center of the cinematic universe . Icons from the silent era like Mary Pickford , Lionel Barrymore and Lillian Gish crossed the Hudson River via ferry to emote on Fort Lee back lots . '' Jump up ^ Before Hollywood , There Was Fort Lee , Fort Lee Film Commission . Accessed April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koszarski , Richard . `` Fort Lee : The Film Town , Indiana University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86196 - 652 - 3 . Accessed May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Studios and Films Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Fort Lee Film Commission . Accessed December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fort Lee Film Commission ( 2006 ) , Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry , Arcadia Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 4501 - 5 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Lewis ; Rise of the American film , The ; Harcourt Brace , New York , 1930 ; p. 85 Jump up ^ Pederson , Charles E. ( September 2007 ) . Thomas Edison . ABDO Publishing Company . p. 77 . ISBN 1 - 59928 - 845 - 1 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Memorial at First Studio Site Will Be Unveiled Today '' , Los Angeles Times , September 29 , 1940 . Accessed July 8 , 2014 . `` The site of the Nestor Studios today is the Hollywood home of the Columbia Broadcasting System . '' Jump up ^ Bishop , Jim . `` How movies got moving ... '' , The Lewiston Journal , November 27 , 1979 . Accessed February 14 , 2012 . `` Movies were unheard if in Hollywood , even in 1900 The flickering shadows were devised in a place called Fort Le , N.J. It had forests , rocks cliffs for the cliff - hangers and the Hudson River . The movie industry had two problems . The weather was unpredictable , and Thomas Edison sued producers who used his invention ... It was not until 1911 that David Horsley moved his Nestor Co. west . '' ^ Jump up to : `` History of the motion picture '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Will Hays and Motion Picture Censorship '' . Jump up ^ `` Thumbnail History of RKO Radio Pictures '' . earthlink.net . Jump up ^ `` The Paramount Theater Monopoly '' . Cobbles.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Film History of the 1920s '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Father of the Constitution '' is born `` . This Day in History -- 3 / 16 / 1751 . History.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Richard . `` More Sinned Against than Sinning : The Fabrications of `` Pre-Code Cinema '' `` . SensesofCinema.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived June 21 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Disney Insider '' . go.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aberdeen , JA ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Part 1 : The Hollywood Slump of 1938 '' . Hollywood Renegades Archive . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consent Decree '' . Time Magazine . November 11 , 1940 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Aberdeen , JA ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Part 3 : The Consent Decree of 1940 '' . Hollywood Renegades Archive . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Studios in Federal Court -- The Paramount case '' . Cobbles.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Two Outlaws , Blasting Holes in the Screen '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` That Old Feeling : When Porno Was Chic '' . Time . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 13 , 1973 ) . `` The Devil In Miss Jones - Film Review '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 24 , 1976 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland : An X-Rated Musical Fantasy '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( January 21 , 1973 ) . `` Porno chic ; ' Hard - core ' grows fashionable - and very profitable '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porno Chic ( Jahsonic.com ) Jump up ^ Mathijs , Ernest ; Mendik , Xavier ( 2007 ) . The Cult Film Reader . Open University Press . ISBN 978 - 0335219230 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Toni ( June 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Henry Paris '' . Playboy . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Toni ( June 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Henry Paris '' ( PDF ) . ToniBentley.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belton , John ( November 10 , 2008 ) . American cinema / American culture . McGraw - Hill . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338615 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sight & Sound . Modern Times Archived March 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Sight & Sound British Film Institute , Dec. 2002 . Web . October 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Belton , John ( November 10 , 2008 ) . American cinema / American culture . McGraw - Hill . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338615 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Movie Theatrical Market Summary 1995 to 2015 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Note : in order to provide a fair comparison between movies released in different years , all rankings are based on ticket sales , which are calculated using average ticket prices announced by the MPAA in their annual state of the industry report . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Ronald ( 1990 ) . The power and the glitter : the Hollywood - Washington connection . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56938 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Politicians Are Doing Hollywood Star Turns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2010 ) . Film History : An Introduction . Madison , Wisconsin : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338613 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2010 ) . Film History : An Introduction . Madison , Wisconsin : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338613 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2010 ) . Film History : An Introduction . Madison , Wisconsin : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338613 - 3 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.J. ( 2000 ) . The Cultural Economy of Cities . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5455 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shirey , Paul ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` C'mon Hollywood : Is Hollywood going to start being Made in China ? '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Betsy Woodruff ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Gender wage gap in Hollywood : It 's very , very wide '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ Maane Khatchatourian . `` Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34 -- Variety '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Lauzen , Martha . `` The Celluloid Ceiling : Behind - the - Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 250 Films of 012 '' ( PDF ) . The Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film . San Diego State University . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara . `` Only 15 Percent of Top Films in 2013 Put Women in Lead Roles , Study Finds '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . References ( edit ) Earley , Steven C. ( 1978 ) . An Introduction to American Movies . New American Library . Fraser , George McDonald ( 1988 ) . The Hollywood History of the World , from One Million Years B.C. to ' Apocalypse Now ' . London : M. Joseph ; `` First US ed . '' , New York : Beech Tree Books . Both eds . collate thus : xix , 268 p. , amply ill . ( b&w photos ) . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2997 - 0 ( U.K. ed . ) , 0 - 688 - 07520 - 7 ( US ed . ) . Gabler , Neal ( 1988 ) . An Empire of Their Own : How the Jews Invented Hollywood . Crown . ISBN 0 - 385 - 26557 - 3 . Scott , A.J. ( 2000 ) . The Cultural Economy of Cities . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5455 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Hallett , Hilary A. Go West , Young Women ! The Rise of Early Hollywood . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 2013 . Ragan , David . Who 's Who in Hollywood , 1900 -- 1976 . New Rochelle , NY : Arlington House , 1976. i was thinking to External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinema of the United States . 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Katharine McPhee
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Katharine McPhee - Wikipedia Katharine McPhee Jump to : navigation , search Katharine McPhee McPhee at the Camp Conival presentation for Scorpion at Petco Park during San Diego Comic - Con 2016 Katharine Hope McPhee ( 1984 - 03 - 25 ) March 25 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress singer songwriter Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Nick Cokas ( m . 2008 ; div. 2016 ) Musical career Genres Pop R&B Labels 19 RCA Verve Forecast Columbia BMG Website katharinemcphee.net Katharine Hope McPhee ( born March 25 , 1984 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . In May 2006 , she was the runner - up on the fifth season of American Idol . Her self - titled debut album was released on RCA Records on January 30 , 2007 , and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 381,000 copies ( as of December 2010 ) . The album 's first single , `` Over It '' , was a Pop Top 30 hit and was certified gold in 2008 . Her second album , Unbroken , was released on Verve Forecast Records on January 5 , 2010 , and debuted at No. 27 on the `` Billboard 200 '' . The album featured the single `` Had It All '' , which peaked at number 22 on the AC chart . It has sold 45,000 copies as of January 2011 . Her third album , the holiday - themed Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You , was released on October 12 , 2010 . The album debuted at number 11 on the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart , while the single `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' peaked at number 16 on the `` Billboard '' AC chart . As of January 2011 , this album had sold 23,000 copies . McPhee released her fourth album , Hysteria , on September 18 , 2015 . She released her fifth album , I Fall in Love Too Easily , composed of jazz standards , on November 17 , 2017 . McPhee has also established an acting career , co-starring in The House Bunny and Shark Night 3D . She has played Karen Cartwright , one of the lead roles on Smash . Since September 2014 , she has starred in Scorpion as Paige Dineen . McPhee will make her Broadway debut in the musical Waitress playing the lead of Jenna April 10 - June 17 , 2018 Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 American Idol 2.1 Performances and results ( during voting weeks ) 3 Career 3.1 2006 -- 08 : Katharine McPhee and feature film debut 3.2 2009 -- 10 : Unbroken , TV shows , and movie projects 3.3 2011 -- 2013 : Smash series and new record deal 3.4 2014 -- 2017 : Scorpion and Hysteria 3.5 2017 -- present : I Fall In Love Too Easily & leading role in Broadway 's Waitress 4 Personal life 5 Discography 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Theatre 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) McPhee was born in Los Angeles , California . Her father , Daniel McPhee , is a television producer . Her mother , Peisha ( née Burch ) McPhee , has been a vocal coach on American Idol since 2011 . The family moved to the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles when she was 12 years old . Peisha McPhee recognized her daughter 's musical talent and decided to train her . McPhee 's older sister , Adriana , has been a vocal coach on American Idol since 2012 . McPhee is of Irish , Scottish , and German descent . McPhee attended Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks , where she performed in school plays and musicals . She graduated in 2002 . She attended Boston Conservatory for three semesters , majoring in musical theatre . She left college before graduation on the advice of her manager , and returned to Los Angeles to try out for television pilots . McPhee was cast ( during the time she had dropped out of college and was auditioning in Los Angeles ) in a mall - based MTV soap opera pilot , You Are Here , playing the older sister of a more popular younger sister . MTV never aired the pilot and did not pick up the series . In March 2005 , McPhee starred as Annie Oakley in a Cabrillo Music Theater production of the musical Annie Get Your Gun . McPhee was nominated for a Los Angeles Stage Ovation Award in the category of `` Lead Actress in a Musical '' . McPhee had a small role as Paramount Girl in the 2007 musical film Crazy , based on the life of Hank Garland . McPhee filmed the role in early 2005 , before she auditioned for American Idol . McPhee has struggled with eating disorders . She told People that at age 13 , she began starving herself and exercising compulsively , and at age 17 , became bulimic . McPhee gained weight in college due to her bingeing . After seven years of illness , she finally entered a three - month rehabilitation program after successfully passing her American Idol audition ; her rehab stint ended just before the Idol semifinals started in February 2006 . During her run on American Idol , she lost 30 lb ( 14 kg ) due to eating better as part of her treatment . She told Teen Vogue in May 2007 , `` I eat whatever I crave -- I 'm just really careful about portions . '' McPhee and her sister appeared on the debut of The Dr. Keith Ablow Show on September 18 , 2006 , to discuss her struggles with bulimia and her childhood fear of her father . Also on the show , McPhee stated that she was misdiagnosed with a learning disability during her middle school years , but was finally correctly diagnosed with a vision problem that caused her to have trouble reading in class . McPhee claimed she was known as the `` pretty but stupid '' girl in school because she had trouble reading . American Idol ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 5 ) In 2005 , McPhee was persuaded by eventual husband Nick Cokas and her parents to try out for the television series competition American Idol . She auditioned in San Francisco and sang `` God Bless the Child '' , originally performed by Billie Holiday , and was selected to be a participant in the fifth season , which aired in 2006 . After the first round of Hollywood week , she sang `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' by Dionne Warwick , which earned favorable comments from the judges . During the second round , she performed in a group , singing `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' by the Four Tops , forgetting the words , but the judges decided to advance the entire group . During the third round , she sang `` My Funny Valentine '' a cappella and advanced to the top 40 . She was angered when fellow group member Crystal Stark did not make the top 24 . McPhee 's run on American Idol led to the use of the term `` McPheever '' . The inclusion of producer David Foster and singer Andrea Bocelli as guest mentors for Top 6 Week turned out to be a fortuitous introduction for McPhee , as she has worked on various music projects with both men after Idol . In May 2006 , McPhee visited her alma mater Notre Dame High School for her hometown celebration . Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa visited the school and proclaimed the day Katharine McPhee Day . She finished as the runner - up to Taylor Hicks . Performances and results ( during voting weeks ) ( edit ) Week # Theme Song choice Original artist Result Top 24 ( 12 Women ) Free Choice `` Since I Fell for You '' Ella Johnson Safe Top 20 ( 10 Women ) Free Choice `` All in Love is Fair '' Stevie Wonder Safe Top 16 ( 8 Women ) Free Choice `` Think '' Aretha Franklin Safe Top 12 Stevie Wonder `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' Stevie Wonder Safe Top 11 The 1950s `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' Sy Oliver ( with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra ) Safe Top 10 Songs from The 21st Century `` The Voice Within '' Christina Aguilera Bottom 2 Top 9 Country `` Bringing Out the Elvis '' Faith Hill Safe Top 8 Songs by Queen `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' Queen Safe Top 7 The Great American Songbook `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' Gertrude Lawrence Safe Top 6 Great Love Songs `` I Have Nothing '' Whitney Houston Safe Top 5 One Song From the Year They Were Born ( 1984 ) One Song on the Billboard Charts at the time `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' Phil Collins KT Tunstall Safe Top 4 Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog '' / `` All Shook Up '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Big Mama Thornton / Elvis Presley Bottom 2 Top 3 Clive Davis 's choice Judge 's Choice ( Simon Cowell ) Contestant 's Choice `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' But the Blues '' R. Kelly Judy Garland Duke Ellington Safe Finale Contestant 's Choice Contestant 's Choice Coronation Song `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` My Destiny '' KT Tunstall Judy Garland Katharine McPhee Runner - Up ^ Note 1 When Ryan Seacrest announced the results that night , McPhee was placed in the top two . ^ Note 2 When Ryan Seacrest announced the results that night , McPhee was in the bottom two but declared safe when Chris Daughtry was eliminated . Career ( edit ) 2006 -- 08 : Katharine McPhee and feature film debut ( edit ) On June 6 , 2006 , Sony BMG announced that McPhee had signed to American Idol series creator Simon Fuller 's 19 Recordings Limited and Sony BMG 's RCA Records . Also in June , McPhee performed at the J.C. Penney Jam : Concert for America 's Kids , soloing with `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' and performing a duet with Andrea Bocelli on `` Somos Novios '' . McPhee 's Idol single , `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / My Destiny '' was released on June 27 , 2006 by RCA Records . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and `` My Destiny '' peaked at number 60 . 32 weeks after its release , Somewhere Over the Rainbow / My Destiny had climbed to number four on the Billboard Hot Singles Sales charts . It was the second - highest best - selling single of 2006 after Taylor Hicks ' `` Do I Make You Proud '' . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / My Destiny '' remained on the chart for more than 58 weeks . In July , McPhee missed the first three weeks of the American Idol Tour due to laryngitis and bronchitis . She joined the tour beginning with the July 28 show in Washington , DC , singing only two songs `` Over the Rainbow '' and `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' , instead of the usual four , on doctor 's orders to conserve her voice . At the August 1 concert in Charlotte , North Carolina , McPhee suffered a hairline fracture of her foot when she tripped backstage and was fitted with a walking boot cast . Once she recovered from the foot injury , she added `` Think '' to her concert set . McPhee recorded a duet with Andrea Bocelli on `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' for his Under the Desert Sky album , which was released as a CD / DVD package on November 7 , 2006 . McPhee signed a two - year endorsement deal in 2006 with Sexy Hair Concepts to become their first celebrity spokesperson for their hair - care product line . Also in 2006 , McPhee founded a charity called McPhee Outreach . The purpose of the charity is to team up with other foundations or organizations and help in any way possible . The foundation teamed up with the Lollipop Theater Network to provide music outreach ( called `` Rhythm of Hope '' ) to sick children in Southern California hospitals . McPhee Outreach teamed up with Global Compassion Services to build a preschool in the West African nation of Burkina Faso to help combat that nation 's high illiteracy rate . On December 1 , 2006 , McPhee released `` A Gift to You / O Come All Ye Faithful . '' The single was conceived and co-produced by Al Gomes of Big Noise , along with Walter Afanasieff . McPhee performed `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' on the TNT Network special Christmas in Washington , DC . McPhee 's self - titled debut album , Katharine McPhee was released on January 30 , 2007 and sold 116,000 copies its first week , debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart . The first single from the album was `` Over It '' peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The second single , `` Love Story '' failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100 . In early 2007 , McPhee guest - starred in the web series , lonelygirl15 as an unnamed character in the episode `` Truth Or Dare '' . McPhee made a cameo appearance as herself on Ugly Betty in the episode `` I 'm Coming Out '' . The episode was broadcast February 1 , 2007 . During the 2007 Christmas holiday season , McPhee released a Christmas single `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' . On January 11 , 2008 , it was reported by Billboard.com that McPhee had been released from her contract with RCA Records . A spokesperson for the label stated , `` She is going to record her next album on her own . '' McPhee signed a two - year endorsement deal with Neutrogena to become the new spokesperson for their anti-acne skin - care product line . In March 2008 , she filmed her first commercial , which began airing on television in May 2008 and on Neutrogena 's skinid.com website . McPhee appeared on Idol judge Randy Jackson 's album Randy Jackson 's Music Club , Vol. 1 , which was released on March 11 , 2008 . McPhee recorded a duet of `` Real Love '' with fellow American Idol 5 contestant Elliott Yamin . On March 12 , 2008 , McPhee returned to the American Idol stage during the Top 12 results night of the seventh season of the competition . She performed the Beatles song `` Something '' , with producer David Foster , on piano . After the performance , Foster indicated that McPhee and he were collaborating on her second studio album ( though it ended up he was not part of the finished product ) . McPhee took part in the David Foster tribute concert Hit Man : David Foster & Friends , which was filmed by PBS , in May 2008 . She soloed on `` Somewhere '' and performed a duet of `` The Prayer '' with Andrea Bocelli . A CD / DVD was released in November 2008 . Foster recorded `` I Will Be There With You '' for Japan Airlines ( JAL ) , with McPhee on vocals . Starting in June 2008 , it was used to promote the introduction of new aircraft to JAL 's US flights . McPhee made her studio acting debut in the comedy The House Bunny , co-starring as one of the few members of a misfit sorority . The movie , released in August 2008 , starred Anna Faris as a Playboy Bunny who took the girls under her wing . It was directed by Fred Wolf for Columbia Pictures and produced by Adam Sandler 's Happy Madison Productions . McPhee released a cover of the song `` I Know What Boys Like '' , featuring the other cast members of the movie ' ( The House Bunny . In September 2008 , McPhee took part in Chris Botti 's concert , which was filmed by PBS in Boston . She sang `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' accompanied by Botti on trumpet . The concert was shown several times on PBS starting in January 2009 . A live album Chris Botti In Boston was released on March 31 , 2009 on CD / DVD and Blu - ray . 2009 -- 10 : Unbroken , TV Shows , and movie projects ( edit ) It was announced on January 27 , 2009 that McPhee had signed a record deal with Verve Forecast Records ( part of the Verve Music Group under Universal Music Group ) . McPhee performing in 2010 McPhee guest - starred on CSI : NY in the episode `` Prey '' as a singer and stalker victim who murdered her stalker . The episode was broadcast April 8 , 2009 . In September 2009 , McPhee took part in the United Negro College Fund 's `` An Evening of Stars '' concert that was a tribute to singer - songwriter Lionel Richie . McPhee sang You Are . The concert was broadcast in syndication and on BET the weekend of January 23 -- 24 , 2010 . A two - disc DVD of the concert was available for a time through a donation to the United Negro College Fund . McPhee joined actresses Alyson Hannigan , Jaime King , Minka Kelly , and Emily Deschanel in a video slumber party made available in October 2009 and featured on FunnyorDie.com and other Internet platforms in a comedic take to promote regular breast - cancer screenings for the organization Stand Up To Cancer . A Christmas single `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' was released November 17 , 2009 . McPhee 's second album Unbroken was released January 5 , 2010 and debuted at number 27 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 15,000 copies its first week . For her second effort , McPhee worked with producer John Alagia . The first single from the album , `` Had It All '' , was released to McPhee 's MySpace page on August 25 , 2009 . McPhee appeared on the Jan 19 , 2010 , episode of The Biggest Loser , McPhee was shown volunteering at a Los Angeles food bank and meeting with children at a Boys and Girls Club and talking about the importance of helping to fight hunger in America . On February 1 , 2010 , McPhee joined over 75 other musicians , including fellow American Idol alumni Jennifer Hudson and Jordin Sparks and American Idol judge Randy Jackson , for a remake of `` We Are the World '' , retitled `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' , which marked the 25th anniversary of the iconic song and for which proceeds will go to Haitian earthquake relief . During the week of February 8 , 2010 , in the taped Hollywood Week portion of season 9 of American Idol , contestant Didi Benami was shown singing `` Terrified '' , a song on the Unbroken album and written by Idol judge Kara DioGuardi . As a result of the exposure , digital downloads of the song ( the album version featuring Jason Reeves ) rose nearly 10 times from the week before , selling about 20,000 copies for the week , for a total of 22,000 sold at that point . On February 22 , 2010 , McPhee appeared in the production of 110 Stories , directed by Mark Freiburger at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles . She co-starred alongside Ed Asner , Diane Venora , Gail O'Grady , John Hawkes , Malcolm - Jamal Warner , and many others . The play was a benefit to help the victims of the recent Haiti earthquake . Proceeds went to the Red Cross of Greater Los Angeles . On March 9 , 2010 , McPhee performed `` Surrender '' at the White House , in front of President Obama and the First Lady as part of International Women 's Day . McPhee guest - starred on Community in the episode `` Basic Genealogy '' as Chevy Chase 's character 's ex-stepdaughter and potential love interest for Joel McHale 's character . The episode was broadcast March 11 , 2010 . In April 2010 , McPhee made a TV pilot for The Pink House . McPhee played Emily , a down - to - earth Midwestern girl new to Manhattan Beach , Los Angeles . The pilot was shot as a possible pickup for the Fall 2010 season and was produced by Conan O'Brien 's production company , with O'Brien as executive producer . Shooting took place April 9 , 2010 . NBC did not pick up the pilot . On May 4 , 2010 , a new version of the Unbroken song `` Terrified '' featuring actor Zachary Levi premiered on Entertainment Weekly 's website and was made available for purchase on iTunes . The accompanying music video premiered on May 7 , 2010 , on the music video website Vevo . In the summer of 2010 , McPhee partnered with Feeding America and ConAgra Foods Foundation to help launch the Hunger - Free Summer Initiative , which aimed to help children at risk of hunger during the summer months . Throughout the month of July , McPhee traveled around the country to various Feeding America food banks to raise awareness . McPhee released a Christmas album titled Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You on October 12 , 2010 . The album debuted at number 11 on the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart and sold 1,000 copies in its first week . One of the Christmas album 's songs `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' was released to radio in November 2010 and peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart . Country singer Chelsea Field 's song `` Love 's Never Leavin ' '' , a song that McPhee co-wrote with singer - songwriter Richard Marx and producer Trey Bruce , was made available for purchase on iTunes on November 9 , 2010 , with 100 % of the proceeds to benefit the Tammany Humane Society in Covington , LA . On December 15 , 2010 , St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital released a video on their website for their Thanks and Giving Campaign that featured McPhee interacting with sick children at the hospital with her song `` Lifetime '' playing over the soundtrack . 2011 -- 2013 : Smash series and new record deal ( edit ) In February 2011 , it was announced that McPhee had landed a starring role in the TV pilot Smash , also starring Debra Messing , Megan Hilty , Jack Davenport , Anjelica Huston , Christian Borle , and Brian d'Arcy James . In May 2011 , NBC picked up Smash as a series . The series , set as a musical drama , follows a group of characters who come together to put on a Broadway musical inspired by Marilyn Monroe . On June 9 , 2011 , it was announced that McPhee had signed a record deal with Columbia Records ( a label under Sony Music Entertainment ) , in conjunction with Columbia teaming with NBC to distribute the music for Smash . In July 2011 , Forbes reported that McPhee was number 10 on their list of the 10 top - earning American Idol performers ( she was tied with David Archuleta and David Cook ) , earning $1 million ( pretax estimates before subtracting manager and agent fees ) for music and acting endeavors for the period May 2010 to May 2011 . McPhee co-starred in director David Ellis ' shark thriller indie film Shark Night 3D , which was released September 2 , 2011 . In December 2011 , McPhee became a spokesperson for the Malaria No More organization to help raise awareness about the campaign to eradicate malaria . NBC debuted Smash in midseason 2011 -- 12 on February 6 , 2012 , to generally favorable reviews , scoring a 79 out of 100 on Metacritic . In March 2012 , McPhee traveled to two countries in Africa , Ghana and Burkina Faso , on behalf of Malaria No More to raise awareness and to help distribute mosquito nets . On March 26 , 2012 , Smash was renewed for a second season . McPhee recorded a voiceover for Family Guy , for the episode `` You Ca n't Do That On Television , Peter '' , playing the voice of Mother Maggie . The episode was broadcast April 1 , 2012 . McPhee had a cameo role as a singer performing at a festival for the feature film Peace , Love & Misunderstanding which stars Jane Fonda and was filmed in upstate New York . McPhee filmed her cameo in September 2010 . The film was released to theaters in limited release June 8 , 2012 . In early 2009 , McPhee was cast in a lead role in the independent $6 million romantic - comedy You May Not Kiss the Bride , which was filmed in Hawaii . McPhee played the role of Masha , alongside Dave Annable . The film debuted at the 14th Annual Sonoma International Film Festival that was held April 6 -- 10 , 2011 The film was released theatrically in the US in late 2012 , premiering August 29 , 2012 , in Hawaii and September 21 , 2012 , in several mainland markets including Chicago , Dallas , and Los Angeles , as well as Video On Demand , iTunes , and Amazon . One of the songs included in the movie was co-written by McPhee . McPhee at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards In January 2013 , Forbes reported that McPhee again made their list of the 10 top - earning American Idol performerss ( she was tied with Kellie Pickler at number seven ) , earning $1.1 million ( pretax estimates before subtracting manager and agent fees ) for music and acting endeavors for the period May 2011 to May 2012 . On March 28 , 2013 , McPhee returned to the American Idol stage to perform on the 12th season top - eight results show with OneRepublic where she lent guest vocals to the group 's latest single , `` If I Lose Myself '' . By April 2013 , McPhee had begun recording her fourth studio album , then scheduled for release in late 2013 and featuring songwriting collaborations with Ryan Tedder , Linda Perry , and Sia Furler . Smash was canceled that same year , after two seasons . In August 2013 , McPhee indicated in an interview for an upcoming concert that she hoped to see the album released in 2014 . 2014 -- 2017 : Scorpion and Hysteria ( edit ) In January 2014 , Forbes reported that McPhee again made their list of the 10 top - earners ( tied with Jennifer Hudson at number 10 ) , this time for 2013 , earning $1 million ( pretax estimates before subtracting manager and agent fees ) for music and acting endeavors for the period May 2012 to May 2013 . In November and December 2013 , McPhee filmed a Hallmark Hall of Fame movie in Vancouver , British Columbia , called In My Dreams . Directed by Kenny Leon , it stars McPhee and Mike Vogel as two people searching for love and meeting in their dreams . The movie was broadcast on April 20 , 2014 . McPhee at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con International On March 17 , 2014 , it was announced that McPhee would star as the female lead Paige in Scorpion . A TV production website indicated filming would start that same day and McPhee posted a picture on her Instagram account on March 18 of her in an outfit and indicated that she was currently filming the pilot . CBS picked up the show on May 9 , 2014 , and it was scheduled to premiere on September 22 . McPhee guest - starred with fellow Smash actor Megan Hilty on the Wesley Taylor web series It Could Be Worse . McPhee and Hilty filmed the roles in January 2014 and the episode premiered with the second season on Hulu in July 2014 . McPhee said in interviews for Scorpion , including one to the L.A. Times in September 2014 , that her fourth album had been put on hold due to Scorpion being picked up and that some realigning would occur as far as where the music fits . CBS debuted Scorpion on September 22 , 2014 , as part of the 2014 - 15 fall TV season . The pilot received generally mixed reviews from critics . On Metacritic , it received a score of 48 / 100 from 19 critics , indicating mixed or average reviews . The pilot earned 13.83 million viewers and a 3.2 in the 18 - 49 demographic . McPhee covered the Frankie Valli song `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' in the episode `` Risky Business '' . On November 5 , 2014 , McPhee was a presenter for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards nominations announcement . McPhee performed on the 16th annual A Home For the Holidays adoption special that was broadcast on December 19 , 2014 . This was her second appearance on the annual special . On January 7 , 2015 , McPhee was a presenter at the 2015 People 's Choice Awards , where she introduced a performance of Lady Antebellum . On January 12 , 2015 , Scorpion was renewed for a second season . On January 18 , McPhee sang the national anthem before the NFC Championship Game in Seattle . On January 26 , she co-hosted with sports analyst Boomer Esiason the 2015 Greatest Super Bowl Commercials special . On February 8 , McPhee was a presenter at the 2015 Grammy Awards on CBS , where she introduced a performance of Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga . On April 6 , 2015 , actor Ari Stidham , one of the cast members on Scorpion , announced in an Ask Me Anything session on Reddit that McPhee and he had recorded a duet called `` Just Us '' for his upcoming EP , indicating a summer timeframe for the release . On April 9 , 2015 , McPhee posted a photo on Instagram , teasing about the upcoming music video of the first single from her fourth album . `` Lick My Lips '' , written by Florence and the Machine member Isabella Summers , was released on May 26 . The track list of Hysteria has been revealed with one song written by Ryan Tedder and another song written by Sia Furler . On August 14 , `` Stranger than Fiction , '' a song co-written by Ryan Tedder and McPhee , was released . On August 28 , `` Love Strikes , '' was released on iTunes . Hysteria , McPhee 's fourth studio album was released as scheduled on September 18 , 2015 . On December 6 , Katharine performed `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' and with John Legend on `` You and Me ( We Wanted It All ) '' on the Sinatra 100 : An All - Star Grammy Concert . McPhee returned to American Idol on March 24 , 2016 , for which she performed `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' . She returned for the fifteenth season finale on April 7 , where she performed a short version of `` Need You Now '' with Casey James as part of an acoustic medley . McPhee appeared on Lip Sync Battle on April 7 , 2016 , where she performed against Jason Derulo and won . On September 18 , 2015 , McPhee independently released her fourth album , Hysteria , composed of pop originals . In September 2016 , McPhee indicated she was working on her fifth album . In December 2016 , McPhee performed as the opening act at several stops on Andrea Bocelli 's tour On Feb 12 , 2017 , McPhee was a presenter with The Chainsmokers at the 2017 Grammy Awards on CBS On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed Scorpion for a fourth season . On April 16 , 2017 , CBS broadcast the concert `` Stayin ' Alive : A Grammy 's Salute to the Music of the Bee Gees '' , where McPhee performed `` Emotion '' . The concert was taped on February 14 , 2017 . In June 2017 , McPhee began filming the independent film Louisiana Cavier in New Orleans , LA , directed by and starring Cuba Gooding , Jr . 2017 -- Present : I Fall in Love Too Easily & leading role in Broadway 's Waitress ( edit ) On October 5 , 2017 , McPhee announced her fifth album I Fall In Love Too Easily , a collection of romantic standards , was to be released on November 17 , 2017 , via BMG . The first single `` Night and Day '' was made available for free via streaming from Entertainment Weekly and then other streaming sites and iTunes . On November 4 , 2017 , McPhee starred in the Lifetime TV movie The Lost Wife of Robert Durst in the role of Robert Durst 's first wife Kathie . McPhee 's fifth album I Fall in Love Too Easily was released as scheduled on November 17 , 2017 . Sara Bareilles announced via Twitter on February 14 , 2018 that McPhee would be taking over the lead female role of Jenna in Waitress . This will be her Broadway debut . She is scheduled to be in the role from April 10 to June 17 , 2018 . Personal life ( edit ) On February 2 , 2008 , McPhee married Nick Cokas at Beverly Hills Presbyterian Church . On May 22 , 2014 , McPhee 's representative announced that McPhee had filed for divorce from Cokas , after `` having been separated for the past year . '' News of their split came seven months after Katharine was photographed kissing her married Smash director , Michael Morris . Her divorce from Cokas was finalized on February 8 , 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Katharine McPhee discography Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) Unbroken ( 2010 ) Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You ( 2010 ) Hysteria ( 2015 ) I Fall in Love Too Easily ( 2017 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Crazy Paramount Girl Cameo 2008 The House Bunny Harmony 2011 You May Not Kiss the Bride Masha 2011 Shark Night 3D Beth 2012 Peace , Love & Misunderstanding Sara Cameo 2014 In My Dreams Natalie Russo TV movie 2017 The Lost Wife of Robert Durst Kathie Durst Lifetime TV movie Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 American Idol Contestant Runner - Up ( Lost to Taylor Hicks ) 2007 lonelygirl15 New Friend Episode : `` Truth or Dare '' 2007 Ugly Betty Herself Episode : `` I 'm Coming Out '' 2009 CSI : NY Odessa Shaw / Dana Melton Episode : `` Prey '' Community Amber Episode : `` Basic Genealogy '' 2012 -- 2013 Smash Karen Cartwright 32 episodes 2012 Family Guy Mother Maggie ( voice ) Episode : `` You Ca n't Do That on Television , Peter '' 2014 It Could Be Worse Lucy Episode : `` Uncharted Territory '' 2014 -- present Scorpion Paige Dineen Main role 2016 Lip Sync Battle Herself Episode `` Katherine McPhee vs. Jason Derulo '' Theatre ( edit ) Year Production Role Dates Location Category 2018 Waitress Jenna Hunterson April 10 -- June 17 , 2018 Brooks Atkinson Theatre Broadway Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Association Category Work Result 2005 Ovation Awards Lead Actress in a Musical Annie Get Your Gun ( stage production ) Nominated 2006 Fox Reality Awards Favorite Hottie Won 2006 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Female Artist Nominated 2006 VH1 Big in ' 06 Awards Big `` It '' Girl Won 2007 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Female Artist Smash Nominated 2007 Young Hollywood Awards Exciting New Vocalist Won 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Smash Nominated 2012 Women 's Image Network Awards Best Actress in a Drama Series Smash Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Silverman , Stephen M. `` Katharine McPhee Signs Record Deal '' , People.com , June 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` Katharine McPhee signs with Verve '' . Azcentral.com . 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Playbill . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katharine McPhee performs at the White House for International Women 's Day . YouTube . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - community on yahoo - TheFutonCritic.com '' . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee making TV pilot debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Headline News : NBC picks up Conan - produced pilot starring Katharine McPhee '' . Allheadlinenews.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Free TV Studio Audience Tickets - PILOTS AND SPECIALS - tvtickets.com '' . tvtickets.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sign In - Katharine McPhee Community '' . Katharine McPhee Community . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News & Updates - Feeding America Press Room '' . Feeding America . 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Jump up ^ Lauren Valenti . `` Katharine McPhee `` Stranger Than Fiction '' Exclusive Song Premiere `` . Marie Claire . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Katharine McPhee 's east coast radio interviews '' . KatharineMcPhee.net . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Levine , John Legend , Katharine McPhee and Harry Connick Jr. kick off ' Sinatra 100 ' in style '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW - Katherine McPhee on tonight 's event , on Granmy ... '' Getty Images . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee confirms American Idol return , hints at `` Somewhere Over The Rainbow '' performance `` . KatharineMcPhee.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Idol Finale Acoustic Medley '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee pole dances to Jason Derulo , easily wins ' Lip Sync Battle ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee on Her Hit Show ' Scorpion ' & Why She Still Believes in True Love '' . OceanDrive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Opera Legend Andrea Bocelli Sets US Tour Dates '' . thewrap.com . March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox , Nick Jonas , Katharine McPhee And More To Present At GRAMMYs - CBS.com '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # ICYMI - CBS Renews 18 Shows for the 2017 / 18 Season '' . Spoilertv.com . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys , CBS to honor the Bee Gees with tribute concert '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees Tribute Airs April 16 ; Tori Kelly , Celine Dion , Panic ! , Demi Lovato , More Featured '' . Headlineplanet.com . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Haggis to Exec - produce Cuba Gooding Jr. 's Directorial Debut '' . fireshoe.com . June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee single Night and Day Exclusive Premiere '' . ew.com . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee & Daniel Gillies to Topline Lifetime 's ' The Lost Wife Of Robert Durst ' '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Has Five All New Movies You Do n't Want to Miss '' . thefutoncritic.com . September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee Will Make Her Broadway Debut in Waitress '' . playbill.com . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Katharine McPhee Marries Producer Boyfriend '' . People . Jump up ^ Coyne , Kate ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Katharine McPhee Files for Divorce from Nick Cokas '' . People Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Katharine McPhee and Nick Cokas Are Officially Divorced '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Young Hollywood Awards 2007 Archived July 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Allieiswired.com , April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Image Network '' . thewinawards.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katharine McPhee . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Katharine McPhee Official website Katharine McPhee at American Idol Katharine McPhee on IMDb Katharine McPhee Discography Filmography Studio albums Katharine McPhee Unbroken Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You Hysteria I Fall in Love Too Easily Compilation albums American Idol Season 5 : Encores Soundtrack albums Barbie & the Diamond Castle Tinker Bell The Music of Smash Bombshell Singles `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / My Destiny '' `` Over It '' `` Love Story '' `` Had It All '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Lick My Lips '' `` Night and Day '' Smash singles `` Let Me Be Your Star '' `` The 20th Century Fox Mambo '' `` Touch Me '' `` A Thousand and One Nights '' `` Never Give All the Heart '' `` Smash ! '' `` Do n't Forget Me '' Tours `` American Idols LIVE ! 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Tampa Bay Buccaneers
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Tampa Bay Buccaneers - wikipedia Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jump to : navigation , search Tampa Bay Buccaneers Current season Established April 24 , 1974 ; 44 years ago ( April 24 , 1974 ) First season : 1976 Play in Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida Headquartered in One Buccaneer Place Tampa , Florida Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1976 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1976 ) AFC West ( 1976 ) National Football Conference ( 1977 -- present ) NFC Central ( 1977 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Buccaneer Red , Pewter , Bay Orange Mascot Captain Fear Personnel Owner ( s ) Glazer family Chairman Bryan Glazer Joel Glazer Edward Glazer General manager Jason Licht Head coach Dirk Koetter Team history Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1976 -- present ) Team nicknames The Bucs Championships League championships ( 1 ) Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Conference championships ( 1 ) NFC : 2002 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC Central : 1979 , 1981 , 1999 NFC South : 2002 , 2005 , 2007 Playoff appearances ( 10 ) NFL : 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 Home fields Tampa Stadium ( 1976 -- 1997 ) Raymond James Stadium ( 1998 -- present ) The Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( usually shortened as the Bucs ) are a professional American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member team of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . Along with the Seattle Seahawks , the team joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Bucs played their first season in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division as part of the 1976 expansion plan , whereby each new franchise would play every other franchise over the first two years . After the season , the club switched conferences with the Seahawks and became a member of the NFC Central division . During the 2002 league realignment , the Bucs joined three former NFC West teams to form the NFC South . The club is owned by the Glazer family , and plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa . The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division title , win a playoff game , and to host and play in a conference championship game ; all three accomplishments occurred during the 1979 season . They are also the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies , which happened in the 2010 season . In 1976 and 1977 , the Buccaneers lost their first 26 games . After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons . Then , for a 10 - year period , they were consistent playoff contenders and won Super Bowl XXXVII at the end of the 2002 season , but have not yet returned to the Super Bowl ; thus the Bucs , along with the New Orleans Saints and New York Jets , are the only NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance . Over the course of 41 seasons , the Buccaneers have compiled an overall record of 256 -- 402 -- 1 , with a regular - season record of 250 -- 393 -- 1 and a playoff record of 6 -- 9 . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` Tampa Bay '' 2 Origins 3 Franchise history 3.1 1976 -- 1978 3.2 1979 -- 1982 3.3 1983 -- 1996 3.4 1994 -- 1996 3.5 1996 -- 2001 3.6 2002 -- 2008 : Jon Gruden era 3.7 2008 -- present : Playoff drought 3.7. 1 2009 -- 2011 : Raheem Morris era 3.7. 2 2012 -- 2013 : Greg Schiano era 3.7. 3 2014 -- 2015 : Lovie Smith and Jason Licht era 3.7. 4 2016 -- present : Dirk Koetter era 4 Defense 4.1 1978 -- 1982 4.2 1997 -- 2008 : The Tampa 2 4.2. 1 2002 defense 5 Team facilities 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 1976 -- 1996 6.2 1997 -- 2013 6.3 2014 -- present 6.4 Throwback uniform 7 Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons 8 Facts and records 8.1 Losing streaks 8.2 Records 9 Players 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Hall of Famers 9.3 Florida Sports Hall of Fame 9.4 Retired numbers 9.5 Individual awards 9.6 Tampa Stadium Krewe of Honor 9.7 Ring of Honor 9.8 Pro Bowl selections 9.9 A Football Life / The Timeline 9.10 Tampa Bay players 9.11 Tampa Bay starting quarterbacks 9.12 Tampa Bay draft picks 10 Coaches 10.1 Head coaches 10.2 Current staff 11 A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story 12 Buccaneer Cheerleaders 13 Radio and television 14 Notes and references 15 External links `` Tampa Bay '' ( edit ) The name `` Tampa Bay '' is often used to describe a geographic metropolitan area which encompasses the cities around the body of water known as Tampa Bay , including Tampa , St. Petersburg , Clearwater , Bradenton , and Sarasota . Unlike in the case of Green Bay , Wisconsin , there is no municipality known as `` Tampa Bay '' . The `` Tampa Bay '' in the names of local professional sports franchises , such as the Buccaneers , Rowdies , Rays , Lightning , Storm , and the former Mutiny , denotes that they represent the entire region , not just Tampa . Origins ( edit ) The Tampa Bay expansion franchise was originally awarded to Tom McCloskey , a construction company owner from Philadelphia . McCloskey soon entered a financial dispute with the NFL , so the league found a replacement in Hugh Culverhouse , a wealthy tax attorney from Jacksonville . Culverhouse 's handshake deal to purchase the Los Angeles Rams from the estate of Dan Reeves was thwarted by Robert Irsay 's purchase of the team , which he then traded to Carroll Rosenbloom in exchange for the Baltimore Colts , a complete trade of teams between two owners . Culverhouse had long been alleged to be in line for an expansion franchise through a settlement of his antitrust lawsuits in which he accused the owners of conspiracy to prevent his purchase of the Rams . A name - the - team contest resulted in the nickname `` Buccaneers '' , a reference to José Gaspar , a mythical pirate who is said to have terrorized the Spanish Main from his hidden base on Florida 's west coast . The team name was opposed by St. Petersburg businessmen on the grounds that it emphasized Tampa at the expense of other Bay Area cities , until NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle himself met with them to encourage their support . Their uniforms and `` Bucco Bruce '' winking pirate logo were designed by Tampa Tribune artist Lamar Sparkman , with colors drawn from the state 's four major college teams : orange from the universities of Miami and Florida , and red from Florida State and the University of Tampa . They were one of the few teams to wear white home uniforms , forcing opponents to wear their dark uniforms in Tampa 's 90 ° fall heat . The team 's first home was Tampa Stadium , which had recently been expanded to seat just over 72,500 fans . Steve Spurrier was the quarterback for Tampa Bay during their expansion season . Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976 -- 1978 ( edit ) The Buccaneers joined the NFL as members of the AFC West in 1976 . The following year , they were moved to the NFC Central , while the other 1976 expansion team , the Seattle Seahawks , switched conferences with Tampa Bay and joined the AFC West . This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan , so that both teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise once during their first two seasons . Instead of a traditional schedule of playing each division opponent twice , the Buccaneers played every conference team once , plus the Seahawks . Tampa Bay did not win their first game until the 13th week of their second season , starting with a record of 0 -- 26 ( though the Bucs had beaten the Atlanta Falcons 17 -- 3 in a 1976 pre-season game before their first regular season ) . Until the Detroit Lions in 2008 , the 1976 Bucs were the worst team in NFL history . Their losing streak caused them to become the butt of late - night television comedians ' jokes . Their first win came in December 1977 , on the road against the New Orleans Saints . The Saints ' head coach Hank Stram was fired after losing to the Buccaneers . Tampa Bay only needed one more week to get their second victory , a home win over the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1977 season finale . The Cardinals also fired their coach , Don Coryell , shortly afterward . The team continued to improve in 1978 , although injuries to several key players kept the team from achieving the winning record promised by McKay . 1979 -- 1982 ( edit ) The Buccaneers defeated the Eagles in their first playoff appearance in 1979 after suffering three consecutive losing seasons . The Bucs ' situation improved rapidly in the 1979 season . With the maturation of quarterback Doug Williams and future four - time Pro Bowl tight end Jimmie Giles , the first 1,000 - yard rushing season from running back Ricky Bell , and a smothering , league - leading defense led by future NFL Hall of Famer Lee Roy Selmon , the Bucs kicked off the season with five consecutive victories , a performance that landed them on the cover of Sports Illustrated . With four games left in the season , the Bucs needed to win only one of them to make the playoffs . In the first , STP was put all over the goal posts in Tampa to prevent the goalposts from being ripped down in the event of a celebration . Four blocked kicks later , the Bucs wasted the oily substance , falling to the Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 22 . STP was wasted again the following week as the Bucs were shut out 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bears , and in O.J. Simpson 's final home game in San Francisco , Tampa Bay lost its third straight attempt to clinch a division title against a 49ers team which came in with a 1 -- 13 record . However , in the season finale at home against the Kansas City Chiefs , which was played in the worst downpour in Bucs history , Tampa Bay pulled out a 3 -- 0 victory . Finishing with a 10 -- 6 record , the Bucs had their first winning season in franchise history , and won the Central Division in a tiebreaker over the Bears . In an upset , the Bucs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 24 -- 17 in the divisional round of the playoffs . Because the Los Angeles Rams defeated the Dallas Cowboys in the other NFC playoff game , the Bucs hosted the NFC Championship Game the following week in Tampa . The Bucs lost to the Rams 9 -- 0 . In their fourth season , the Bucs seemed on the verge of fulfilling McKay 's five - year plan . The Bucs made the playoffs again by winning their division in the 1981 season . It came down to a thrilling final game at Detroit ; the winner would take the Central Division crown and the loser would miss the playoffs . The Lions had not lost at home all season . Although the Bucs trailed early , an 84 - yard touchdown bomb from QB Williams to WR Kevin House and a fumble recovery for a touchdown by DT David Logan sealed the win for the Bucs . In the playoffs , the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Bucs , 38 -- 0 , in the divisional round . The 1982 season started 0 -- 3 for the Bucs , before a player 's strike shut down the NFL for seven weeks . When the league resumed play , the Bucs were nicknamed the `` Cardiac Kids '' for winning five of their next six games , all in the final moments , to go 5 -- 4 and qualify for the expanded playoff slate . In the first round , the Bucs once again faced the Cowboys at Dallas , losing 30 -- 17 . As it turned out , this would be the last winning regular season under Culverhouse 's ownership . 1983 -- 1996 ( edit ) Before the 1983 season , Williams bolted to the United States Football League in a salary dispute . The Bucs lost their first nine games of the 1983 season en route to finishing 2 -- 14 , the first of 12 consecutive seasons with at least ten losses -- an NFL record . Included was the drafting of Heisman Trophy winner Bo Jackson with the first pick in the 1986 draft . Jackson had let it be known that he would never play a down for Hugh Culverhouse at Tampa Bay . Making good on his threat , he opted instead to play baseball for the Kansas City Royals and would later return for parts of football seasons with the Los Angeles Raiders . Along with Williams , who later was a Super Bowl champion QB for Washington , two other Buc quarterbacks during this era led other teams to Super Bowl wins . Steve Young won with the 49ers and Trent Dilfer won with the Baltimore Ravens . Under Culverhouse , the Bucs were one of the NFL 's more profitable teams during the 1980s ; however , this was largely because he kept the payroll among the lowest in the league , hampering their ability to sign quality players . Attendance also sagged ; at one point the Buccaneers went parts of three whole seasons without having a home game televised locally , and when they did it was more attributed to a strong visiting team with a large following in the area , such as the Chicago Bears or Green Bay Packers . John Lynch , a future Pro Bowl strong safety , was drafted in 1993 . In the 1995 NFL draft the Buccaneers drafted two future Hall of Famers : Warren Sapp and Derrick Brooks . Pro Bowl Fullback , Mike Alstott , was drafted the next year in the 1996 draft . 1994 -- 1996 ( edit ) Despite the profitability of the Buccaneers in the 1980s , Culverhouse 's death in 1994 revealed a team close to bankruptcy , which surprised many observers . His son , Miami attorney Hugh Culverhouse Jr. , practically forced the trustees of his father 's estate to sell the team , which cast doubt on the future of the franchise in Tampa . Interested parties included New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner and Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos , the latter of whom publicly declared he would move the team to Baltimore , as the city did not have an NFL franchise at that time . However , in a last - minute surprise , Malcolm Glazer outbid both of them for $192 million , the highest sale price for a professional sports franchise up to that point . Glazer immediately placed his sons Bryan , Edward , and Joel in charge of the team 's financial affairs , and informed Tampa Bay area citizens its current stadium deal would not support the record paid amount and that a new stadium would be required . The Glazers convinced Hillsborough County voters to raise sales taxes to fund the construction of Raymond James Stadium and the family 's deep pockets and serious commitment to fielding a winning team finally allowed the Bucs to become competitive . The team 's performance dramatically improved when the Glazers hired Minnesota Vikings defensive coordinator Tony Dungy as head coach , jettisoned the old uniform designs ( see below ) . 1996 -- 2001 ( edit ) Pro Bowl cornerback Ronde Barber was drafted in the third round of the 1997 draft . During Dungy 's first season in 1996 , the team continued to struggle , starting the season 1 -- 8 . But in the second half of the season they finished 5 -- 2 , primarily due to the performance of a defense ranked seventh in the NFL led by Hardy Nickerson and the maturing of Sam Wyche 's draftees Brooks , Lynch , and Sapp . Dungy , with his even - tempered personality , quickly brought balance and morale to the team , and his Cover 2 defensive scheme , sharpened to perfection by defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin and linebackers coach Lovie Smith , became the foundation for Tampa Bay 's future success . Their version of Cover 2 was so successful that it became known as the Tampa 2 . It has been brought to the Chicago Bears by Smith , Detroit Lions by Rod Marinelli , Kansas City Chiefs by Herman Edwards and to the Indianapolis Colts by Dungy himself , and copied by several other teams . The team started the 1997 season 5 -- 0 , picking up where they left off the previous year , and this quick start once again landed them on the cover of Sports Illustrated twice . The Bucs went 10 -- 6 for their first winning season and playoff appearance since 1982 , as a wild - card team . In the Bucs ' final home game at Houlihan 's Stadium ( formerly Tampa Stadium ) , the team defeated the Detroit Lions 20 -- 10 . They lost at Lambeau Field to the eventual NFC champion Green Bay Packers 21 -- 7 . Still , there was reason for optimism , and the expectations were high for the following season . The 1998 season , the first to be played in the newly constructed Raymond James Stadium , saw the Bucs lose several close games en route to a disappointing 8 -- 8 record . The Bucs had to play the first 6 football games of the year ( including preseason ) on the road as the new stadium was not quite finished . The 1999 season brought much better fortune . On the strength of the NFL 's number 3 overall defense and a performance by rookie QB Shaun King , the Bucs finished the season with an 11 -- 5 record and won their third NFC Central Division Championship . They beat Washington 14 -- 13 in the Divisional round , before losing to the eventual Super Bowl Champion St. Louis Rams in a low - scoring NFC Championship Game , 11 -- 6 . The Bucs ' loss was controversial , highlighted by the reversal of a pass from King to WR Bert Emanuel , which ended the Bucs ' chances at continuing their last - minute drive . In league meetings following the season , the NFL changed the rules regarding what constituted an incomplete pass . While the Bucs played well in 2000 and 2001 and made the playoffs in each season , they were unable to fulfill their primary goal of a Super Bowl victory . The wild card spots that Tampa Bay earned forced them to go on the road for their postseason opener in each year , and both road games took them into frigid Philadelphia to play the Eagles . The two losses also continued an unusual losing streak for Tampa Bay : they remained winless all - time in games played when the temperature was less than 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) . 2002 -- 2008 : Jon Gruden era ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The Buccaneers ' Super Bowl XXXVII champions flag . Dungy was fired by the Buccaneers following a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles 31 -- 9 in the Wildcard Round of 2001 and soon thereafter hired as the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts , while the Bucs mounted a prolonged and much - maligned search for his replacement . Several potential candidates were offered the job , including University of Florida head coach ( and former Buccaneers quarterback ) Steve Spurrier , former New York Giants head coach Bill Parcells , and Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis . Spurrier jumped to the Redskins when he was offered the most lucrative salary package ever offered to an NFL head coach , and Parcells eventually passed on the Bucs ' offer -- the second time he had done so in the history of the franchise . Bucs ' general manager Rich McKay threw his support behind Lewis . The Glazer brothers were so displeased with the selection of yet another defensive - minded coach that they overruled McKay and took control of the candidate search themselves . They made it clear that their top choice was Jon Gruden ; however , he was still under contract with the Oakland Raiders . While talks with the Raiders were secretly under way , the Glazers publicly pursued another respected offensive mind , San Francisco 49ers head coach Steve Mariucci . Just when initial reports indicated that Mariucci had agreed to become both the Bucs ' head coach and their general manager , Raiders owner Al Davis agreed to release Gruden to Tampa Bay . Jon Gruden coached the Buccaneers to a Super Bowl . The Glazers ' shrewd move eventually paid off in acquiring Gruden , but it was costly . The team hired Gruden away from the Raiders on February 20 , 2002 , but the price was four draft picks , including the Bucs ' first and second round picks in 2002 , their first round pick in 2003 , and their second round selection in 2004 , along with $8 million in cash . ( The league as a result prohibited any further trading of draft picks for coaches . ) Gruden was frustrated by the limitation of his coaching authority by Davis and was more than pleased to return to Tampa Bay . His parents lived in Carrollwood , and he had spent part of his childhood in Tampa in the early 1980s when his father was a running backs coach and later a scout for the Bucs . The rock from the 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers , `` Pound the rock '' , can be found inside One Buc Place . Upon his arrival in Tampa , Gruden immediately went to work , retooling a sluggish offense , changing over 50 % of the starting offense . With a new Tailback , Wide Receiver , Two Tight Ends , Left Tackle , and Left Guard , Gruden put his stamp on the teams offense to remove the term `` Dungy 's Team '' label . The league 's sweeping realignment sent the Bucs to the new NFC South Division , along with the Atlanta Falcons , Carolina Panthers and New Orleans Saints . Led by the league 's top defense , the 2002 campaign was the Buccaneers ' most successful season to date . Linebacker Derrick Brooks was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year with a tendency to make big plays . They won the NFC South title with the team 's best ever record , 12 -- 4 , and scored more points in two playoff wins over the 49ers and Eagles than in Bucs playoff history combined . The Philadelphia Eagles were a thorn in Tampa Bay 's side , having eliminated the Bucs in each of the last two seasons ' wild card games . Tampa Bay entered the game as heavy underdogs and fell behind early . However , the Bucs persevered and took a ten - point lead into the fourth quarter . Ronde Barber sealed the win in dramatic fashion with a late interception return for a touchdown , and a 27 -- 10 victory . The Bucs then went on to rout Gruden 's former team , the Raiders , who had the league 's number one offense , by a score of 48 -- 21 in Super Bowl XXXVII , nicknamed ' The Pirate Bowl ' . Buccaneers defensive tackle Warren Sapp Soon after the Super Bowl victory , a growing number of press reports indicated Gruden 's lack of patience with general manager McKay , a major architect of the Bucs ' rebuilding effort over the previous ten years . McKay , like Gruden , had long - established ties to the Tampa Bay area . However , during the 2003 season , the Gruden - McKay relationship deteriorated as the Bucs struggled on the field . In November , Keyshawn Johnson was deactivated by the team ten games into the season for his conduct , which included sideline arguments with Bucs coaches and players . Johnson was eventually traded to the Dallas Cowboys for wide receiver Joey Galloway , who later in his career played for the New England Patriots , Pittsburgh Steelers , and Washington Redskins . In December , the Glazers allowed McKay to leave the Bucs before the end of the regular season , and he promptly joined the Falcons as president and general manager . Thus , McKay watched his first game as a Falcons executive sitting next to owner Arthur Blank in a Raymond James Stadium skybox . The Falcons defeated the Bucs 30 -- 28 . The Bucs suffered a sluggish start and finished the season 7 -- 9 . With the Raiders ' dismal 4 -- 12 performance , neither Super Bowl team reached the playoffs that year . For 2004 , Bruce Allen was hired as general manager . After Allen 's arrival , both John Lynch and Warren Sapp were released , stunning many Buccaneer fans . The distracted Buccaneers began the 2004 season with a 1 -- 5 record , their worst start under Gruden . The fading accuracy of kicker Martín Gramática did not help matters , as the team lost many close games en route to a 5 -- 11 record . President George W. Bush visiting the Bucs at practice In the 2005 season , the Buccaneers celebrated their 30th season in the league , and returned to their winning ways . The Bucs selected Carnell `` Cadillac '' Williams in the first round of the 2005 draft , and the rookie would provide a running game the Buccaneers had not possessed since the days of James Wilder in the 1980s . Williams would later go on to receive the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award . After starting 5 -- 1 , the team entered a midseason slump hampered by a season - ending injury to starting QB Brian Griese . Replacement starter Chris Simms struggled early , but came into his own , leading the team to a last - minute win over the Redskins . The Bucs won the NFC South Division finishing 11 -- 5 . The season ended abruptly , however , with a 17 -- 10 loss in the Wild Card round , in a rematch with Washington that saw receiver Edell Shepherd drop the game - winning catch in the endzone . Tampa Bay plays home games at Raymond James Stadium . After winning the division in 2005 , the Bucs suffered through an abysmal 2006 season . The season was plagued by injuries , with starters such as guard Dan Buenning , wide receiver Michael Clayton , running back Cadillac Williams , defensive end Simeon Rice , cornerback Brian Kelly , and quarterback Chris Simms all being placed on injured reserve at some point in the season . The season also saw a lot of rookies starting for the Bucs , such as quarterback Bruce Gradkowski , tackle Jeremy Trueblood , and guard Davin Joseph . Fan favorite fullback Mike Alstott The Bucs started off the season 0 -- 3 , with Simms throwing only 1 touchdown to 7 interceptions . In the third game of the season , a last - minute loss to the Panthers , Simms 's spleen was ruptured , and he was placed on injured reserve for the balance of the season . After their bye week , the Bucs elected to start Gradkowski , a 6th - round pick from Toledo . After nearly beating the Saints , Gradkowski led the team to last - minute wins over the Bengals and Eagles . The success was short - lived , however , and the Bucs lost five of the next six games . Tim Rattay replaced Gradkowski as quarterback late in the season , and the team finished 4 -- 12 . The aged defense , with 5 starters who had played there for a decade or more , was ranked 17th overall , the first time a Tampa defense was not ranked in the top ten since 1996 . Stadium entrance After the disappointing 2006 season , the Buccaneers for the first time in several seasons had money to spend in free agency . They brought in quarterback Jeff Garcia , offensive tackle Luke Petitgout , defensive end Kevin Carter , and linebacker Cato June . On April 28 , 2007 , the Buccaneers drafted Clemson defensive end Gaines Adams with the 4th overall pick in the NFL Draft . After the draft the Buccaneers picked up tight end Jerramy Stevens and defensive tackle Ryan Sims . The Buccaneers made their most recent playoff appearance after the 2007 season . The offseason changes resulted in the Buccaneers winning the NFC South title in the 2007 season , finishing with a 9 -- 7 record , and the 4th seed in the conference . The division crown was the second one in three seasons under Gruden . In the Wild Card round of the playoffs held on January 6 , 2008 , the Buccaneers lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants by a final score of 24 -- 14 . 2008 -- present : playoff drought ( edit ) During the 2008 offseason , the Bucs re-signed head coach Gruden and general manager Allen through the 2011 season . They also acquired former players Warrick Dunn , who had spent the last 6 seasons with the Atlanta Falcons , and Brian Griese , who was the starting quarterback for the team in 2005 until a knee injury sidelined him for the remainder of the year . Chris Simms was finally released , having not played in a game since his injury in 2006 . The Bucs got off to a great start in 2008 , with a 9 -- 3 record going into the final month of the season , tied for first place in the division , with a chance at the top seed in the conference . On December 2 , it was announced that defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin would be leaving the team after the season 's end , for the same job at the University of Tennessee , serving under his son Lane Kiffin , who had just been named the new head coach at the school . After the announcement , the Buccaneers would lose their final four games of the season to finish 9 -- 7 for the second consecutive season . Unlike 2007 , it was not enough to secure the division championship , nor a playoff appearance . 2009 -- 2011 : Raheem Morris era ( edit ) Raheem Morris was named the replacement for Monte Kiffin as defensive coordinator in December 2008 . A month later , after the huge collapse that ended the 2008 season , the Buccaneers fired Jon Gruden and swiftly elevated Morris to the head coach position . Bruce Allen was also let go , with Mark Dominik his successor as general manager . Several veterans were released including Derrick Brooks , Joey Galloway , and Jeff Garcia . The new staff traded for tight end Kellen Winslow Jr. , signed quarterback Byron Leftwich , and drafted Josh Freeman with the 17th overall pick . The 2009 squad started out 0 -- 7 , behind Leftwich and later Josh Johnson . Following their bye week , the team elevated Freeman to starting quarterback , resulting in the team 's first win of the season . The team finished 3 -- 13 , the worst record since 1991 . Vincent Jackson was one of several high - profile acquisitions during the 2012 off - season . In 2010 , the Buccaneers surprised many , producing the greatest single - season turnaround in franchise history , going 10 -- 6 . This was largely behind the stellar performances of Freeman , rookie receiver Mike Williams , and LeGarrette Blount . Despite the effort , the team narrowly missed the playoffs , losing out on the wild card tiebreaker to eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay . Tampa Bay began the 2011 season with high hopes , adding several key defensive players through the draft . After a 4 -- 2 start , however , the Buccaneers collapsed , dropping ten consecutive games to finish 4 -- 12 . The day after a 45 -- 24 loss to Atlanta in their final game of the season , the team fired Morris , offensive coordinator Greg Olson and the rest of his corresponding staff . During the Morris era , the lack of on - the - field success , along with several contributing factors , including the recession , saw attendance slip , precipitating local television blackouts for the first time since the mid-1990s . All 8 regular season home games were blacked out in 2010 , and 5 of 7 were blacked out in 2011 ( one `` home '' game was played in London ) . 2012 -- 2013 : Greg Schiano era ( edit ) The Bucs vs the Jacksonville Jaguars About three weeks after firing Raheem Morris , the Buccaneers hired Greg Schiano from Rutgers as the new head coach . During his introductory conference he stated `` There will be Buccaneer men , and there will be a Buccaneer Way . '' The phrase `` The Buccaneer Way '' became a slogan amongst fans and local media , describing the new regime and attitude . The team filled out the coaching staff with new faces , including Mike Sullivan , Bill Sheridan , and Butch Davis . In 2013 , Dave Wannstedt was also added as special teams coach . In the first day of free agency , the club signed top prospects Vincent Jackson and Carl Nicks , as well as Eric Wright . The $140 million committed to the team during that 24 - hour period is considered the largest investment the Glazer family has put into the team going back almost a decade . The team would finish the 2012 season at 7 -- 9 , notably ranking first in rushing defense . Furthermore , the rushing offense was highlighted by the breakout performance of Doug Martin . After two seasons of game day local television blackouts , the improved team began seeing increased attendance and attention , and some blackouts lifted . 6 games were blacked out in 2012 . For the three - year period of 2010 -- 2012 the Bucs led the NFL in local television blackouts with 19 ( Cincinnati was second with 11 ) . Schiano 's strict and regimented coaching style , however , drew criticism at the end of the game against the Giants , ordering his defense to continue to aggressively tackle the offense as the quarterback was taking a knee to end the game . Coming into the 2013 season , fans and analysts had better than average expectations for Tampa Bay . They were expected to improve their record , and potentially make a playoffs run . The predictions proved unfounded , as numerous issues on and off the field saw the team collapse . The team dealt with several players , including Lawrence Tynes , Carl Nicks and Johnthan Banks , contracting antibiotic - resistant MRSA infections , which led to a 2015 lawsuit by Tynes that settled in 2017 . During training camp , a reported rift began to divide Schiano and quarterback Josh Freeman . After an 0 - 3 start , Freeman was benched , and ultimately released . This was after Freeman reportedly missed several team meetings , along with the team 's annual photograph . Schiano started rookie Mike Glennon , but the team continued to lose . The fans ' confidence of Schiano began to decay rapidly , and after an 0 - 8 start , the team finally got its first win of the season on a Monday night against Miami . A brief win streak saw improvements with Glennon at quarterback , and Bobby Rainey took over at running back with stellar numbers after Doug Martin went down with a shoulder injury . There were no blackouts in 2013 , as the Glazers bought up the necessary tickets for two of the games to get to the 85 % threshold needed to prevent local blackouts . Despite some individual improvements , and some impressive performances by members of the defense , the team dropped the last three games of the season , and finished 4 - 12 . The team ranked last or near the bottom in almost every offensive category . On December 30 , 2013 , Schiano and general manager Mark Dominik were fired . 2014 -- 2015 : Lovie Smith and Jason Licht era ( edit ) 2014 marked the first season under coach Lovie Smith . On January 1 , 2014 , Lovie Smith was hired as the new head coach of the Buccaneers , replacing Greg Schiano. Smith had previously spent 5 seasons with the Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001 coaching the linebackers under Tony Dungy . During his first news conference with the Bucs , Smith talked about restoring the quality of the team from the late 1990s and early 2000s : `` There was a certain brand of football you expected from us , '' Smith said . `` You know we would be relentless . There was a brand of football that you got from us each week at Raymond James Stadium . It was hard for opponents to come in and win . We have gotten away from that a little bit , and it 's time ... for us to become a relevant team again . '' On January 21 , 2014 , Jason Licht was hired as the new general manager , replacing Mark Dominik . He was officially introduced at One Buc Place on January 23 , 2014 . In his first news conference , Licht talked about his philosophy : `` Our philosophy is going to be to build through the draft . That 's where we find our stars . That 's where we find the next generation . But also in the short term and long term we 're going to supplement our roster through free agency but we 're going to look for value . We 're going to spend wisely . '' After signing veteran free agent Josh McCown and many more free agents , many analysts predicted that the Buccaneers could be the surprise team of the year and possibly make a playoff run . Those predictions soon went away after the Bucs began the season 0 -- 3 , including a 56 -- 14 blowout against the Atlanta Falcons on Thursday Night Football . McCown was injured in that game , and second year quarterback Mike Glennon was named the starter . His first start of the 2014 season ended with the Bucs earning their first victory of the season in Pittsburgh against the Steelers 27 -- 24 . The Bucs lost the next 4 games , including two overtime losses against the New Orleans Saints and the Minnesota Vikings , one blowout against the Baltimore Ravens , and a 5 - point loss against the Cleveland Browns . Going into week 10 at 1 -- 8 , McCown returned as the starter . Mathematically , the Bucs were still in playoff contention only being 3 games out of first place in the division . McCown 's first game back ended with a 27 -- 17 loss to the Falcons but won the following week in a 27 -- 7 blowout against struggling Washington . The Bucs would lose the next three games and were officially knocked out of playoff contention in week 14 . The Bucs would finish 2 -- 14 , winning 2 less games than the previous season and secured the first - overall draft pick for the 2015 NFL draft . Despite the team 's record , first - round draft pick wide receiver Mike Evans had more than 1,000 receiving yards and he became the youngest NFL player to record more than 200 receiving yards in a single game . Vincent Jackson also had more than 1,000 yards receiving , which represented Tampa Bay 's first pair of 1,000 yard receivers in a season . Second - year CB Johnthan Banks led the team with 4 interceptions and has 50 tackles . Danny Lansanah flourished in the Tampa 2 system with 81 tackles , 1.5 QB sacks , and 3 interceptions , with 2 of those interceptions returned for touchdowns for the 2014 season . Jacquies Smith , who was signed from Buffalo after waiving rookie DE Scott Solomon a month into the season , had 17 combined tackles , 13 solo tackles , 6.5 sacks , and 1 forced fumble in only 8 starts for 2014 . In December 2014 , a report surfaced that the Tampa Bay Buccaneers used homeless people to sell beer and did not pay them . After the conclusion of the 2014 season , Tampa Bay hired Ben Steele to become the team 's new offensive quality control coach as well as former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator , Dirk Koetter , to be their new offensive coordinator after parting ways with QB coach and interim offensive coordinator Marcus Arroyo . Having a 2 -- 14 record , tied for the worst record in the NFL in 2014 , Tampa gained the 1st overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft . They also made some headlines when they released QB Josh McCown on February 11 , 2015 to save $5.25 million in cap space . With the first overall pick in the NFL draft , the Buccaneers selected Jameis Winston from Florida State . Throughout the offseason , there was much debate whether the Buccaneers should pick Jameis , or Oregon QB Marcus Mariota . This decision was controversial given serious concerns about repeated instances of sexual misconduct on the part of Jameis . On January 6 , 2016 , Smith was fired by the Buccaneers after posting a record of 8 -- 24 in his two seasons , including a 6 -- 10 record in the 2015 season . 2016 -- present : Dirk Koetter era ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , Dirk Koetter was promoted from offensive coordinator to become the new head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The teams ' record sat at 3 - 5 following a blowout loss to the Atlanta Falcons in a nationally televised Thursday Night Football matchup . Playoff chances grew increasingly more unlikely . However , following the loss , the Buccaneers rattled off five straight victories , the longest winning streak since the 2002 season . During the streak , the Buccaneers earned upset victories over the heavily favored Kansas City Chiefs and Seattle Seahawks . The Buccaneers ended their 2016 season with a 9 - 7 record , but lost the NFC 's sixth seed to the Detroit Lions due to tiebreakers . Defense ( edit ) Throughout their history , the Buccaneers have been known for their suffocating defense . It started with the drafting of Hall of Fame defensive end Lee Roy Selmon with their first pick ever in 1976 . Three Buccaneer players have been named the AP Defensive Player of the Year , and the team has led the league in total defense on three occasions . All four of the Buccaneers Hall of Fame inductees are defensive players or coaches . 1978 -- 1982 ( edit ) Led by Selmon , Linebackers Dewey Selmon , Richard Wood , Dave Lewis , and Mike Washington , Mark Cotney , and Cedric Brown in the secondary , the early years Buccaneers quickly earned an identity as a defensive team . Their 3 -- 4 defense peaked in 1979 when they led the league in total defense , points allowed , and first downs allowed . Lee Roy Selmon was voted NFL Defensive Player of the Year , but they eventually fell 10 points short of the Super Bowl as the offense held them back in the NFC Championship game in a 9 -- 0 loss to the Los Angeles Rams . 1997 -- 2008 : the Tampa 2 ( edit ) John Lynch was a key player in the Tampa Bay defense for eleven seasons . The team drafted franchise cornerstones John Lynch in 1993 , and Warren Sapp and Derrick Brooks in 1995 to go along with All - Pro linebacker Hardy Nickerson . That was followed by the hiring of innovative defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin in 1996 . The new - look Buccaneers set the stage for one of the greatest defensive runs in NFL history . From 1997 to 2008 , the Buccaneers defense finished in the league 's top ten every year but one , including eight top - 5 finishes , and two top - ranked efforts . Kiffin along with head coach Tony Dungy created the `` Tampa 2 '' defense , a modified version of the established Cover 2 scheme . Kiffin 's defenses were known as gang tacklers with tremendous team speed with a front four that could pressure the quarterback consistently , fast sideline - to - sideline linebackers , and a hard - hitting secondary that caused turnovers . Many teams have copied the Tampa 2 , but none have come close to the success the Buccaneers experienced led by numerous Pro Bowlers and Hall of Famers . The Tampa Bay defense featured future Hall of Famers , Derrick Brooks and Warren Sapp , and Pro Bowlers , John Lynch , Ronde Barber , Hardy Nickerson , Simeon Rice , Shelton Quarles , Donnie Abraham , and Super Bowl XXXVII MVP Dexter Jackson . Sapp and Nickerson were named to the 1990s All - Decade 2nd Team while the 2000s All - Decade Team featured Sapp and Brooks as 1st Team players and Ronde Barber on the 2nd Team . 2002 defense ( edit ) Players from the 2002 team along with head coach Jon Gruden The 2002 Buccaneers defense is widely regarded as one of the greatest defenses in NFL history , rivaled only by the 2000 Ravens , 1985 Bears , 1976 Steelers , and few others . In the regular season Tampa Bay led the league in total defense ( 252.8 ypg ) , points allowed ( 196 ) , first downs allowed ( 14.8 pg ) , passing ( 155.6 ypg ) , interceptions ( 31 ) , interceptions returned for touchdowns ( 5 ) , opponent passer rating ( 48.4 ) , and shutouts ( 2 ) . They also finished third in opponent rushing average ( 3.8 ypc ) , and sixth in sacks ( 43 ) . Derrick Brooks was awarded AP Defensive Player of the Year as the defense led the way to a 12 -- 4 regular season . The team was even better in the postseason allowing only 37 points in three games combined -- all against top ten offenses . In those three playoff games , they intercepted 9 passes -- returning 4 for touchdowns -- and collected 11 sacks . In Super Bowl XXXVII , the Buccaneers delivered one of the most impressive defensive performances in Super Bowl history . Playing against the # 1 offense in the league led by league MVP Rich Gannon , the defense actually outscored the Raiders offense , allowing 2 offensive touchdowns while returning 3 interceptions for touchdowns . The defense set two records in the 48 -- 21 blowout , one for most interceptions in a Super Bowl ( 5 ) , and one for most interceptions returned for touchdowns in a Super Bowl ( 3 ) . In 19 total games in 2002 , the Buccaneers recorded 40 interceptions , 53 sacks , and 9 defensive touchdowns . Team facilities ( edit ) For their first 22 seasons of existence , the Buccaneers played at Tampa Stadium . Since 1998 the Buccaneers have played their home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa . Prior to that they played in Tampa Stadium since their establishment . In 1975 , the Buccaneers built a small practice complex with offices near Tampa International Airport called One Buccaneer Place . As other NFL teams replaced or upgraded their respective facilities , Buccaneers players and coaches stepped up their complaints about the constant aircraft noise , cramped offices , small locker rooms , and decrepit condition of One Buc Place . Then - head coach Jon Gruden sarcastically referred to the facility as `` The Woodshed , '' and some of the coaches ' offices were actually converted broom closets . For much of the team 's existence , the Buccaneers held training camp on the University of Tampa campus , then at the expansive and better - equipped Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex near Orlando ( 2002 -- 2008 ) . In August 2006 , the Buccaneers unveiled a new $30 million training facility . Conveniently located across the street from Raymond James Stadium ( on the former site of Tampa Bay Center ) , the state - of - the - art complex ( 145,000 - square - foot ( 13,500 m ) facility on 33 acres ( 13 ha ) ) is one of the largest in the NFL . Its features include offices and meeting rooms , three natural grass practice fields , a theater for meetings and press conferences , an expanded weight room , a fully equipped kitchen and dining room , a rehabilitation center with three separate pools and a locker room twice the size of the former location . The building is capped off with a giant five - story glass and steel football as a key design element . An indoor practice field , featuring artificial turf , was completed in 2017 . In 2009 , the team began holding training camp at the new upgraded facilities in Tampa . The pirate ship at Raymond James Stadium In the second week of September 2007 , statues of important figures from the Bucs 2002 Championship season were moved into the lobby area in an exhibit called `` Moment of Victory '' . The life - size statues included players Mike Alstott , Ronde Barber , Derrick Brooks , Brad Johnson , John Lynch , Shelton Quarles , Simeon Rice , Warren Sapp , and head coach Jon Gruden . The statues are modeled after images from the sideline towards the end of Super Bowl XXXVII . Practices at the currently unnamed facility will remain closed to the public , although the existing mall parking on the west side of the property is still available for use on game days . The facility is still referred to as One Buc Place , or sometimes by local media as One Buc Palace . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) 1976 -- 1996 ( edit ) Tampa Bay uniforms worn in the 2012 season , including the throwback orange uniform When the team began play in 1976 , Culverhouse initially picked team colors of red , green , orange and white . However , the shade of green was too close to that used by the Miami Dolphins . A medium shade of `` Florida Orange '' was substituted for green . Home uniforms included orange jerseys with white numerals outlined in red -- the now - infamous `` Creamsicle '' uniforms . Road white jerseys originally had orange numerals outlined in red , but these colors were reversed for year two and beyond . The color swap provided better visibility , especially for television coverage purposes . Long - time Tampa Tribune cartoonist and Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla member Lamar Sparkman designed the first team logo . Faced with the challenge of designing a logo that did not closely resemble that of the other `` pirates '' in the league , the Oakland Raiders , Sparkman came up with a moustached pirate donning a plumed slouch hat , with a large hoop earring , clutching a dagger in his teeth . The pirate appeared to be winking . For a very brief time he was referred to as `` Morgan , '' and coach John McKay called him `` Errol Flynn . '' Local St. Petersburg Times sportswriter Hubert Mizell coined the somewhat belittling nickname `` Bucco Bruce '' in a February 1976 column , noting almost immediately the mascot 's unintimidating and `` cavalier '' appearance . The nickname stuck , while the logo and the name `` Bucco Bruce '' became symbols and reminders of the club 's ongoing futility . Sports writer and commentator Nick Bakay once said that Bucco Bruce was a pirate who `` struck fear in the hearts of no one . '' There was controversy over where the cartoonist received inspiration for his Buccaneer . Beloit College , located in Beloit , Wisconsin , received a notice from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the college 's illegitimate use of their mascot . Beloit College 's buccaneer is the mirror image of the Tampa Bay buccaneer , with the creamsicle colors replaced with Beloit 's school colors . Athletic Director Ed DeGeorge said Beloit 's Buccaneers have used the logo since the early 1980s , when he chose it from a book while ordering decals for the football team 's helmets . The NFL 's Buccaneers joined the league in 1976 . However , the Buccaneers withdrew their claim against Beloit College because of the independent decision to redesign the logo . In 1992 , the Buccaneers introduced orange pants to be worn with the white jerseys . Prior to the team 's season finale in 1995 against the Lions , coach Sam Wyche suggested that the Buccaneers wear the orange pants with their orange jerseys . The idea was vetoed by , among others , Pro Bowl linebacker Hardy Nickerson . For the 1993 season , following Culverhouse 's death , the Buccaneers added a commemorative patch to the right sleeve of their orange away uniforms , which read `` Mr C '' in cursive script . 1997 -- 2013 ( edit ) For the 1997 season , the Buccaneers worked with the NFL to develop a more marketable and intimidating look in order to improve the team 's image . The Buccaneers changed their team colors to red , pewter , black , and orange . `` Bucco Bruce '' was replaced by a red wind - swept flag displaying a white pirate skull and crossed sabres which is a modified Jolly Roger ( similar to that of Calico Jack ) . The flagpole was another larger sabre . The `` Buccaneers '' team name was written in a new font , Totally Gothic , and was either red with shadows of pewter or red and white . Orange pinstriping , and an orange football , was used to maintain a visual link to the former colors . Chris Berman nicknamed them `` the pirates in pewter pants , '' a play on the Gilbert and Sullivan opera The Pirates of Penzance . The Buccaneers staged a ceremony at The Pier on April 7 , 1997 in which Bucco Bruce walked the plank of the pirate ship Bounty docked in Tampa Bay . But not before he was pardoned at the last minute by Governor Lawton Chiles . Tight end Luke Stocker wearing the away uniforms worn from 1997 -- 2013 The new uniforms were adopted while Raymond James Stadium was still under construction , and the new colors would be prominent at the new facility . This new color scheme loosely resembled that of the Tampa Bay Bandits , the USFL team that played in the region from 1983 to 1985 and had a color scheme of red , silver , black and white . Buccaneers helmet ( 1997 - 2013 ) The new uniforms provided a combination of either red or white jerseys with either pewter or white trousers . The white - on - white combination has been used numerous times during preseason and early regular season games , while the red - on - white combination has been used much less sparingly . The red - on - white has been used for some prime time home games , and other selected home games . Most games , home and away , have utilized pewter trousers . In 2003 , the Buccaneers introduced a practice jersey that featured orange piping . In 2004 , a pewter practice jersey was used , with numerals in the Totally Gothic font . For 2005 , the uniform featured a patch commemorating the club 's 30th season . Like many other NFL teams located in subtropical climates , the Buccaneers traditionally wear their white road jerseys at home during the first half of the season -- forcing opponents to wear their darker colors during the hot summers and autumns in Tampa . Additionally , the visitors ' bench of Raymond James Stadium is located on the east side of the stadium , which is in direct sunlight for games that kick off at 1 : 00 p.m. Eastern games . The west sideline is in the shade . In 1989 , the Buccaneers started to wear white at home to accommodate Vinny Testaverde 's color blindness . Vinny Testaverde had bad performances in the darker ( orange ) uniforms and persuaded head coach Ray Perkins to change the team 's home uniform to white . In certain years such as 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , and 1996 -- the last year of the original uniforms , the Buccaneers generally wore white at home for the entire season including preseason . Since the new uniforms were adopted , the Buccaneers wear their red jerseys home games during the second half of the season , as for nearly all nighttime home games . During the preseason , the Buccaneers may or may not wear white for their home games . The Buccaneers have worn their red jerseys for all home postseason games except for a January 6 , 2008 playoff match up against the Giants . The Buccaneers wore white that day instead , as the temperature that day was unseasonably high . At Super Bowl XXXVII , in which Tampa Bay was the designated home team , they elected to wear their red home jerseys . This was despite the kickoff temperature of 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , one of the hottest Super Bowls on record . The Buccaneers ' 1997 uniform change prompted a 2003 lawsuit by the Raiders , who claimed that the NFL and the Buccaneers had infringed upon key trademark elements of the Raiders ' brand , including the Raiders ' pirate logo . In the same suit , the Raiders challenged the Carolina Panthers ' color scheme , which included silver and black . The Raiders wanted the courts to bar the Buccaneers and Panthers from wearing their uniforms while playing in California . However , since the lawsuit was filed in a California state court , the lawsuit was tossed out because only federal courts have jurisdiction on intellectual property issues . 2014 -- present ( edit ) Buccaneers wordmark logo , 1997 -- 2013 . The Buccaneers unveiled a slightly altered logo and helmet on February 20 , 2014 . On March 3 , 2014 , they unveiled the entire new uniform to be used starting in the 2014 season . The jersey numbers feature a high - vis reflective outline , the helmet logo has been revamped , and the facemask now has a chrome - effect coating . The Bucs ' original Creamsicle shade of orange has been reintroduced to the uniform . In 2015 , the Buccaneers debuted their Color Rush uniform featuring red jerseys and red trousers , with pewter numerals . Throwback uniform ( edit ) Following the uniform change in 1997 , the Buccaneers did not wear the old uniform , even during popular league - sponsored `` throwback '' weekends . The old uniforms were mostly eschewed by the club , and the sale of team merchandise in the old color scheme was scuttled for several years . Fans ' opinions of the old uniforms was equally as negative , although after about a decade , a nostalgic affection began to rekindle . In 2008 , the team revealed that they would be wearing orange throwback uniforms for at least one game in the 2009 season . Their use was in conjunction with the creation of a Buccaneers Ring of Honor , coinciding with the 30th anniversary of the 1979 division championship team . Throwback merchandise went on sale in the summer of 2009 , and referred to the orange color , not as `` Florida Orange , '' but as `` Orange Glaze . '' Considerable research was done using photographs and old uniforms to match the original color schemes . The dagger - biting pirate was given a cleaned - up look , and the orange , red and white uniforms debuted against the Green Bay Packers ( Tampa Bay 's former division rival ) on November 8 , 2009 . Raymond James Stadium was also transformed via orange banners and classic field logos and fonts back to the classic Tampa Stadium look of the late 1970s . The Buccaneers won their first throwback game ( their first victory of 2009 ) behind rookie quarterback Josh Freeman 's first - career NFL start . The throwback game was to become an annual tradition , but has been on hiatus since 2013 due to league - wide restrictions suggesting players wear the same helmet throughout the season for safety reasons . Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons Facts and records ( edit ) Losing streaks ( edit ) Steve Spurrier started 12 games as a quarterback for the winless Bucs in 1976 . The expansion Buccaneers lost all 14 games during the 1976 regular season , and the first 12 games of the 1977 season , for a record 26 straight losses . They remained the only NFL team in the modern era to experience a winless season until Detroit went 0 -- 16 in 2008 , and then Cleveland also went winless in 2017 . Tampa Bay had a 20 - game road losing streak against AFC teams that finally ended with a 17 -- 10 victory at Denver on December 26 , 1993 . In 1980 , after beating the Bengals at Riverfront Stadium , the Buccaneers began a 27 - game losing streak of games played outdoors on AstroTurf . The streak was broken in 1995 , with a victory over the Eagles at Veterans Stadium . From their inception , Tampa Bay lost 20 consecutive games in which the temperature at kickoff was below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . The streak ended in the final week of the 2002 regular season , when they beat the Bears at Champaign ( Soldier Field was under renovation at the time ) . From their inception in 1976 through 1995 , Tampa Bay had a dismal 1 -- 19 record in games played on the west coast . Starting with a noteworthy comeback victory at San Diego in 1996 , the club improved slightly in the Pacific Time Zone , going 6 -- 8 over their next 14 such games , including their victory in Super Bowl XXXVII . Tampa Bay was 0 -- 6 in their first six postseason road games . Their first road playoff win did not come until the 2002 season , in the NFC Championship at Philadelphia . From 1990 -- 2001 , Tampa lost 13 consecutive games on the road against their division rival Green Bay , including one divisional playoff game . The losing streak was snapped in 2005 when Tampa Bay won 17 -- 16 at Lambeau Field , when the two teams were no longer in the same division . From their inception until 2008 , Tampa Bay had never won a road game in which they trailed by 10 + points in the second half . The streak was broken with two come - from - behind overtime wins at Chicago ( September 28 , 2008 ) and Kansas City ( November 2 , 2008 ) . The win against Kansas City saw the Buccaneers rally from a 21 - point deficit , the greatest comeback in franchise history . Tampa Bay is the first team since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger to finish last place in its division 5 consecutive years . Records ( edit ) Derrick Brooks played a key role in the defensive records that the Bucs hold . Matt Bryant 's 62 - yard , game - winning field goal against the Eagles in 2006 was the third - longest field goal in NFL history . It is now sixth -- the NFL record is 64 yards ( held by Matt Prater , who was with the Denver Broncos at the time ) . The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division title , win a playoff game , and to host and play in a conference championship game . This was accomplished during the 1979 season . They are the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies , which happened in the 2010 season . Until December 16 , 2007 , the Buccaneers were the only NFL team to have never returned a kickoff for a touchdown during the regular season . This distinction ended when Micheal Spurlock returned the 1,865 th try 90 yards for the score during the week 15 game against the Atlanta Falcons . A record 69 consecutive games with at least one sack . The record ( previously 68 by Dallas ) was broken on November 9 , 2003 against Carolina . The streak ended the following week on November 16 , 2003 against Green Bay . 50 consecutive games with at least one sack and one forced turnover . The streak ended on November 16 , 2003 against Green Bay . 54 consecutive games with at least one forced turnover ( interception or forced fumble ) . The streak ended December 14 , 2003 against the Texans . The all - time record was 71 consecutive games by the Eagles . Only team without a play of 99 yards or more in their entire history . The team has also never achieved a scoring drive of 99 yards . The team record is 98 yards ( 4 occasions ) . Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Austin Allen 14 Ryan Fitzpatrick 4 Ryan Griffin 3 Jameis Winston Running backs 25 Peyton Barber 44 Dalton Crossan 46 Austin Johnson FB 27 Ronald Jones II 32 Jacquizz Rodgers 34 Charles Sims 38 Shaun Wilson Wide receivers 83 Sergio Bailey 13 Mike Evans 12 Chris Godwin 10 Adam Humphries 11 DeSean Jackson 19 Jake Lampman 16 Freddie Martino 89 Erv Philips 18 Bernard Reedy 17 Justin Watson 85 Bobo Wilson Tight ends 82 Antony Auclair 84 Cameron Brate 45 Alan Cross 86 Donnie Ernsberger 80 O.J. Howard 88 Tanner Hudson 81 Jason Reese Offensive linemen 77 Caleb Benenoch T 64 Cole Boozer G 65 Alex Cappa G 69 Demar Dotson T 68 Cole Gardner T 72 Adam Gettis G 70 Ruben Holcomb G 66 Ryan Jensen C 67 Michael Liedtke G 74 Ali Marpet G 78 Givens Price T 60 Brad Seaton T 76 Donovan Smith T 62 Evan Smith C 73 J.R. Sweezy G 61 Leonard Wester T Defensive linemen 91 Beau Allen DT 94 Will Clarke DE 97 Vinny Curry DE 92 William Gholston DE 72 Demone Harris DE 75 DaVonte Lambert DT 93 Gerald McCoy DT 79 Pat O'Connor DE 78 Evan Perrizo DE 90 Jason Pierre - Paul DE 57 Noah Spence DE 96 Stevie Tu'ikolovatu DT 98 Mitch Unrein DT 50 Vita Vea DT 71 Channing Ward DE Linebackers 58 Kwon Alexander MLB 51 Kendell Beckwith OLB 59 Devante Bond OLB 49 Riley Bullough OLB 41 Jack Cichy OLB 54 Lavonte David OLB 52 Nigel Harris MLB 43 Cameron Lynch MLB 46 Eric Nzeocha MLB 56 Shaheed Salmon LB 53 Adarius Taylor MLB Defensive backs 23 Chris Conte S 33 Carlton Davis CB 35 Javien Elliott CB 21 Justin Evans S 30 Maurice Fleming CB 24 Brent Grimes CB 28 Vernon Hargreaves CB 34 Godwin Igwebuike S 38 Mark Myers CB 39 Isaiah Johnson S 27 David Rivers CB 26 Josh Robinson CB 29 Ryan Smith CB 36 M.J. Stewart CB 37 Keith Tandy S 31 Jordan Whitehead S Special teams 9 Bryan Anger P 7 Chandler Catanzaro K 5 Trevor Moore K 48 Drew Ferris LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated May 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 90 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Hall of Famers ( edit ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 63 Lee Roy Selmon DE 1976 -- 1984 1995 8 Steve Young QB 1985 -- 1986 2005 64 Randall McDaniel OG 2000 -- 2001 2009 99 Warren Sapp DT 1995 -- 2003 2013 55 Derrick Brooks LB 1995 -- 2008 2014 81 Tim Brown WR 2015 Coaches and Executives Name Position Tenure Inducted Ron Wolf GM / VP 1976 -- 1978 2015 Tony Dungy Coach 1996 -- 2001 2016 Florida Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Florida Sports Hall of Fame Retired numbers ( edit ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 55 Derrick Brooks LB 1995 -- 2008 63 Lee Roy Selmon DE 1976 -- 1984 99 Warren Sapp DT 1995 -- 2003 Individual awards ( edit ) NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1979 Lee Roy Selmon DE 1999 Warren Sapp DT 2002 Derrick Brooks LB Super Bowl MVP winners Super Bowl Player Position XXXVII Dexter Jackson Pro Bowl MVP winners Pro Bowl Player Position 1982 Lee Roy Selmon DE 2006 Derrick Brooks LB NFL Rookie of the Year Award Season Player Position 1991 Lawrence Dawsey WR 1992 Santana Dotson DT 1997 Warrick Dunn RB 2005 Cadillac Williams RB 2015 Jameis Winston QB NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award Season Player Position 1997 Warrick Dunn RB 2005 Cadillac Williams RB NFL Comeback Player of the Year Season Player Position 2008 Antonio Bryant WR 2013 Darrelle Revis CB Maxwell Club NFL Coach of the Year Season Coach 1997 Tony Dungy Bart Starr Man of the Year Award Season Player Position Derrick Brooks LB 2009 Warrick Dunn RB Byron `` Whizzer '' White NFL Man of the Year Award Season Player Position 1997 Hardy Nickerson LB 2003 Derrick Brooks LB Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award Season Player Position 2000 Derrick Brooks LB Tampa Stadium Krewe of Honor ( edit ) In 1991 , the organization initiated the `` Krewe of Honor '' to recognize top players , and featured a mural of the first class of three members . The display was located on the east side of the stadium . Quarterback Doug Williams was inducted September 6 , 1992 , and owner Hugh Culverhouse on September 5 , 1993 . No additional members were added before Tampa Stadium was closed and demolished ; when the stadium was demolished in 1998 , so was the Krewe . Tampa Stadium Krewe of Honor Year No . Name Position Tenure 1991 63 Lee Roy Selmon DE 1976 -- 1984 -- John McKay Head Coach 1976 -- 1984 42 Ricky Bell RB 1977 -- 1981 1992 12 Doug Williams QB 1978 -- 1982 1993 -- Hugh Culverhouse Owner 1976 -- 1994 Ring of Honor ( edit ) The Ring of Honor at Raymond James Stadium On November 8 , 2009 , the team unveiled a new Ring of Honor at Raymond James Stadium . Tampa Bay Buccaneers Ring of Honor Year No . Name Position Tenure 2009 63 Lee Roy Selmon DE 1976 -- 1984 -- John McKay Head Coach 1976 -- 1984 2011 88 Jimmie Giles TE 1978 -- 1986 2012 74 Paul Gruber OT 1988 -- 1999 2013 99 Warren Sapp DT 1995 -- 2003 2014 55 Derrick Brooks LB 1995 -- 2008 2015 40 Mike Alstott RB 1996 -- 2007 12 Doug Williams QB 1978 -- 1982 2016 47 John Lynch 1993 -- 2003 2017 -- Malcolm Glazer Owner 1995 -- 2014 -- Jon Gruden Head Coach 2002 - 2008 2018 -- Tony Dungy Head coach 1996 -- 2001 Pro Bowl selections ( edit ) Many former and current Tampa Bay Buccaneers players have represented the franchise in the Pro Bowl : Tampa Bay Buccaneers Pro Bowl selections No. of Pro Bowls Player Position Tenure Pro Bowls 11 Derrick Brooks LB 1995 -- 2008 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 7 Warren Sapp DT 1995 -- 2003 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 6 Lee Roy Selmon DE 1976 -- 1984 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 6 Mike Alstott FB 1996 -- 2007 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 6 Gerald McCoy DT 2010 -- present 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 5 Hardy Nickerson LB 1993 -- 1999 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 5 John Lynch SS 1993 -- 2003 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 5 Ronde Barber CB 1997 -- 2012 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 Jimmie Giles TE 1978 -- 1986 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Tony Mayberry 1990 -- 1999 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Hugh Green LB 1981 -- 1985 1982 , 1983 Warrick Dunn RB 1997 -- 2001 , 2008 1997 , 2000 Simeon Rice DE 2001 -- 2006 2002 , 2003 Davin Joseph 2006 -- 2013 2008 , 2011 Doug Martin RB 2012 -- 2017 2012 , 2015 Dave Pear DT / NT 1976 -- 1978 1978 Dave Lewis LB 1977 -- 1981 1980 James Wilder RB 1981 -- 1989 1984 Mark Carrier WR 1987 -- 1992 1989 Wayne Haddix CB 1990 -- 1991 1990 Trent Dilfer QB 1994 -- 1999 1997 Donnie Abraham CB 1996 -- 2001 2000 Martín Gramática 1999 -- 2003 2000 Randall McDaniel 2000 -- 2001 2000 Jeff Christy 2000 -- 2002 2000 Keyshawn Johnson WR 2000 -- 2003 2001 Shelton Quarles LB 1997 -- 2006 2002 Brad Johnson QB 2001 -- 2004 2002 Keenan McCardell WR 2002 -- 2003 2003 Josh Bidwell 2004 -- 2009 2005 Dave Moore TE 1992 -- 2001 2004 -- 2007 2006 Jeff Garcia QB 2007 -- 2008 2007 Clifton Smith RB / RS 2008 -- 2009 2008 Donald Penn 2006 -- 2013 Vincent Jackson WR 2012 -- 2016 2012 Darrelle Revis CB 2013 2013 Lavonte David LB 2012 -- present 2015 Logan Mankins 2014 -- 2015 2015 Jameis Winston QB 2015 -- present 2015 Mike Evans WR 2014 -- present 2016 Kwon Alexander LB 2015 -- present 2017 A Football life / the Timeline ( edit ) Former Buccaneer players profiled on A Football Life and The Timeline : Warren Sapp Ronde Barber ( along with his twin brother Tiki Barber ) Keenan McCardell ( along with his former Jacksonville Jaguars ' teammate Jimmy Smith ) 0 - 26 Bucs : The players of the 1976 - 1977 teams Tampa Bay players ( edit ) Main article : List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers players Tampa Bay starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Main article : List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks Tampa Bay draft picks ( edit ) Main articles : Tampa Bay Buccaneers draft history and List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers first - round draft picks Coaches ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coaches Coach Seasons W -- L -- T ( % ) Division titles Wild Card berths NFC Championship appearances NFC Championships Super Bowl Championships John McKay 1976 -- 1984 45 -- 91 -- 1 (. 332 ) 1979 , 1981 1982 1979 ( vs. Rams ) Leeman Bennett 1985 -- 1986 4 -- 28 -- 0 (. 125 ) Ray Perkins 1987 -- 1990 19 -- 41 -- 0 (. 317 ) Richard Williamson 1990 -- 1991 4 -- 15 -- 0 (. 211 ) Sam Wyche 1992 -- 1995 23 -- 41 -- 0 (. 359 ) Tony Dungy 1996 -- 2001 56 -- 46 -- 0 (. 549 ) 1999 1997 , 2000 , 2001 1999 ( at Rams ) Jon Gruden 2002 -- 2008 60 -- 57 -- 0 (. 513 ) 2002 , 2005 , 2007 2002 ( at Eagles ) 2002 XXXVII ( vs. Raiders ) Raheem Morris 2009 -- 2011 17 -- 31 -- 0 (. 354 ) Greg Schiano 2012 -- 2013 11 -- 21 -- 0 (. 344 ) Lovie Smith 2014 -- 2015 8 -- 24 -- 0 (. 250 ) Dirk Koetter 2016 -- present 14 -- 18 -- 0 (. 438 ) Current staff ( edit ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers staff Front Office Owner / President -- Estate of Malcolm Glazer Co-Chairman -- Bryan Glazer Co-Chairman -- Edward Glazer Co-Chairman -- Joel Glazer General Manager -- Jason Licht Director of Player Personnel -- John Spytek Director of Football Operations -- Shelton Quarles Director of College Scouting -- Mike Biehl Director of Pro Scouting -- Rob McCartney Director of Football Administration -- Mike Greenberg Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dirk Koetter Assistant to the Head Coach -- Anthony Perkins Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator - Todd Monken Quarterbacks -- Mike Bajakian Running Backs -- Tim Spencer Wide Receivers -- Skyler Fulton Assistant Wide Receivers / Game Mangagement - Andrew Weidinger Tight Ends -- Ben Steele Offensive Line -- George Warhop Assistant Offensive Line -- Butch Barry Offensive Quality Control -- Zack Grossi Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Mike Smith Defensive Line -- Brentson Buckner Assistant Defensive Line -- Paul Spicer Linebackers -- Mark Duffner Defensive Backs -- Brett Maxie Secondary -- Jon Hoke Defensive Assistant - Danny Breyer Defensive Quality Control - Stephen Nicholas Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Nate Kazcor Assistant Special Teams -- Carlos Polk Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Dave Kennedy Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Vaughn Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Chad Wade → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA A Triumph of the Heart : the Ricky Bell story ( edit ) See also : A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story is a made - for - television movie that recounts the life of the late Buccaneer running back Ricky Bell . The movie takes place through a dramatic reenactment of the 1981 season , including actual footage of gameplay around the dramatized role by Mario Van Peebles playing Bell himself . Bell finds himself befriending an impaired child who inspire each other to become better in their own ways . It also includes other former Buccaneer players , like Lee Roy Selmon , Charley Hannah , and Doug Williams ( only through gameplay footage ) . Buccaneer Cheerleaders ( edit ) A Cheerleader in the current uniform Main article : Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders The Bucs created an official cheerleading squad in their first season , called the `` Swash - Buc - Lers . '' In 1999 , they were renamed as the `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders . '' Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers broadcasters WDAE WFUS WINZ WYGM WXCV WWJB WROK - FM WMEN WWCN WTLY Map of radio affiliates The Buccaneers ' current flagship radio stations are WXTB 97.9 FM and WDAE 620 AM . The play - by - play announcer since 1989 has been Gene Deckerhoff . Former Bucs tight end Dave Moore joined Deckerhoff as analyst for the 2007 season . T.J. Rives works as the sideline reporter . Broadcast legend and former Green Bay Packers ' announcer Ray Scott was the play - by - play man for the Bucs ' inaugural season of 1976 , and from 1977 to 1988 Mark Champion , who became the voice of the Detroit Lions ( 1989 -- 2004 ) and now the Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- present ) , held that position with the Bucs . Former Buccaneer Hardy Nickerson served as color commentator for one season in 2006 , until he signed with the Bears as a linebackers coach on February 23 , 2007 . Nickerson had replaced Scot Brantley , who was the commentator from 1999 through 2005 . Jesse Ventura , the famous professional wrestler , actor , and former governor of Minnesota , was Deckerhoff 's partner on the Bucs radio broadcasts for one year , 1990 , and former Buc David Logan held that position after Ventura until his death after the 1998 season . Dave Kocerek and Fran Curci were also color commentors for the Buccaneers during their earlier years . Ronnie Lane previously worked as a sideline reporter . The Bucs have broadcast on FM radio since signing with Top 40 station WRBQ - FM in 1992 . The team moved to WQYK - FM in 1994 , then to WFUS in 2004 , and then to WXTB in 2017 . While regular season and post-season games in the NFL are all broadcast by national television contracts on CBS , Fox , NBC , ESPN and NFL Network , the television broadcasts are for the most part handled by the individual teams . Effective with the 2011 season , preseason games not picked up for national broadcast are seen on WTSP Channel 10 . WFTV Channel 9 simulcasts the broadcast in the Orlando area . CBS , Fox and NBC games are shown respectively in Tampa Bay on WTSP , WTVT channel 13 and WFLA Channel 8 , while they are shown respectively in Orlando on WKMG , WOFL and WESH . Monday Night Football games on ESPN and Thursday night games on NFL Network are simulcast locally on WMOR - TV , who also previously carried the Bucs ' Sunday Night Football games when they were televised on ESPN and TNT ; previously , the Bucs ' appearances on the cable networks were seen locally on WFLA - TV and WFTS . WFLA was the previous home to Buccaneers preseason games , where they have been televised from 2003 to 2010 . At WFLA , Chris Myers was the play - by - play announcer with John Lynch as color commentator . Both Myers and Lynch work nationally with Fox Sports . Ron Jaworski previously served as color commentator , until he signed with Monday Night Football for 2007 . Charles Davis also served as color commentator from 2007 to 2008 . WTOG channel 44 also previously broadcast Buccaneers preseason games for many years , ending in 2002 . Former CBS play - by - play and ESPN golf broadcaster Jim Kelly was the play - by - play announcer for many of those games in the 1980s , and Joe Namath was a commentator . In the early years of the franchise , WTVT , then a CBS affiliate , broadcast some Buccaneers preseason games . Sports anchor Andy Hardy handled the play - by - play , and for one game in 1978 , his broadcast partner was his friend , Florida State alumni and movie actor Burt Reynolds . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Era : Dramatic Uniform Update '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . As was revealed when the Buccaneers unveiled their enhanced logo and helmet on February 20 , the team has retained its primary color scheme while introducing a brighter , more vibrant red and a richer , darker pewter . By paying homage to the team 's original color scheme through the Bay Orange accents , keeping the popular red - and - pewter combination that was introduced in 1997 and creating a sleeker and bolder presentation moving forward , the Buccaneers have adopted a uniform that very visibly combines the franchise 's past , present and future . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert . `` Economics chase McCloskey out '' . St. Petersburg Times . 6 December 1974 Jump up ^ Zier , Patrick , and Bill Clark . `` Bucs ' Ownership Part Of Settlement ? '' . The Lakeland Ledger. 2 Feb 1976 Jump up ^ Awosika , Mary , and Mark Zaloude . `` Pirate State ( of mind ) ; When bad boys make for good fun : Pirates have shed their villainous image in Florida '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . 3 February 2003 Jump up ^ Martz , Ron . `` Red carpet treatment for Bay Bucs '' . St. Petersburg Times . 25 Apr 1975 Jump up ^ Gurney , Jack . `` Tampa Bay Bucs Announce Colors : Orange - Red - White '' . The Sarasota Herald - Tribune . 15 Jun 1975 Jump up ^ `` The Answer Man , Series 2 , Vol. 18 '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . June 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2006 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Underwood , John . `` A Three - hour Time Difference '' . Sports Illustrated . 23 August 1976 Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg . `` Bucs Who Went 0 for the Season Do Not Want a Repeat '' . The New York Times . 2 December 2007 Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank . `` John McKay , U.S.C. & Buccaneers Coach , Dies at 77 '' . The New York Times . 11 June 2001 Jump up ^ Martz , Ron . Tampa Bay traded their number one draft pick in the 1978 draft to Houston for Jimmy Giles , and a few other picks ; one of which was used to pick Doug Williams . `` McKay 's one - word summary of ' 78 season : frustration '' . St. Petersburg Times . 19 December 1978 Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- Sports Illustrated Covers -- October 1 , 1979 '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- Sports Illustrated Covers -- January 7 , 1980 '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- Sports Illustrated Covers -- September 8 , 1997 '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- September 29 , 1997 '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mills , Roger . `` It will feel like coming home for Gruden '' . St. Petersburg Times . 19 February 2002 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Les ( 2006 - 01 - 08 ) . `` ' I 'll Hold It Tighter Next Time ' '' . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found - Tampa Bay Times '' . blogs.tampabay.com . Jump up ^ Roy Cummings ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Bucs reward Morris for turnaround season '' . Tampa Tribune . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sun , Sept 94 : 25 PM ET ( 1988 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Josh Freeman Stats , News , Videos , Highlights , Pictures , Bio -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rick Stroud ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Freeman 's season 9th all - time in TD / INT ratio ; Dominik : `` He is a franchise quarterback '' `` . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sun , Sept 94 : 25 PM ET ( 1987 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mike Williams Stats , News , Videos , Highlights , Pictures , Bio -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Record '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sun , Sept 94 : 25 PM ET ( 1986 - 12 - 05 ) . `` LeGarrette Blount Stats , News , Videos , Highlights , Pictures , Bio -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brian P ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Winning the Games You 're Scheduled to Play '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers fire head coach Raheem Morris '' . Tampa Bay Times . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Greg Schiano , Buccaneers Coach , Defends Final Play of Loss to Giants '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ NFL.com http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000260608/article/johnthan-banks-third-bucs-player-with-mrsa-infection . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/2015/04/21/lawrence-tynes-mrsa-lawsuit-tampa-bay-buccaneers Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers , former kicker Lawrence Tynes reach settlement in MRSA lawsuit '' . ESPN.com . February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Freeman apologizes for missed Buccaneers photo '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Schiano and GM Mark Dominik fired by Buccaneers '' . CBS Sports . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Rick ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Licht : Building Through the Draft and Free Agency '' . TheLedger.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burke , Timothy ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Buccaneers Will Stop Using Unpaid Homeless People to Sell Beer '' . Deadspin . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com.au/nfl/story/_/id/21446306/nfl-investigating-allegation-tampa-bay-buccaneers-qb-jameis-winston-groped-female-uber-driver Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Buccaneers promote OC Dirk Koetter to head coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Dirk Koetter Named Buccaneers Head Coach '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2016 Schedule - Buccaneers Home and Away - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Rick ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` Time to say goodbye '' . St. Pete Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Rick ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Bucs ' moment of victory is permanently set '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Rick . `` 101 Gasparilla '' . St. Petersburg Times . 28 January 2005 ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Bucs push Bucco Bruce overboard ( Part 1 ) '' . The Orlando Sentinel . p. 41 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert ( February 8 , 1976 ) . `` Bay Bucs better have a sense of humor ( Part 1 ) '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 49 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert ( February 8 , 1976 ) . `` Bay Bucs better have a sense of humor ( Part 2 ) '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 61 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert ( December 23 , 1979 ) . `` McKay 's ugly turn to swans '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 182 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` New - look Bucs dressed for success ( Part 2 ) '' . The Orlando Sentinel . p. 29 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Beloit College Buccaneers '' . MASCOTdb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . DenverBroncos.com. 2016 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Beloit College : A Logo Pirateer ? Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. 1997 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jake Jahimiak ( May 2010 ) . `` Collecting game - worn Buccaneer jerseys '' . Bucpower.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` New - look Bucs dressed for success ( Part 1 ) '' . The Orlando Sentinel . p. 132 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Bucs push Bucco Bruce overboard ( Part 2 ) '' . The Orlando Sentinel . p. 42 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . Orlando Sentinel . November 16 , 1988 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Testaverde Stats Unsightly '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs free to use pirate logo after Raiders suit is tossed '' . Tampa Bay Times . April 22 , 2003 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bucs Unveil Enhanced Logo and Helmet '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers update helmet , logo for 2014 '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Uniform Design Unveiled '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers reveal new uniforms '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat . `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Unveil New Bolder Uniforms '' . ESPN . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Rick ; Holder , Stephen F. ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bucs to create Ring of Honor , wear orange uniforms in 2009 '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Color of Victory ! '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Allison ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Ca n't Wear Throwback ' Bucco Bruce ' Helmets Because of New NFL Rule '' . NESN . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BUCPOWER.COM '' . www.bucpower.com . Jump up ^ `` BUCPOWER.COM '' . www.bucpower.com . Jump up ^ Tampa Bay at New Orleans -- ESPN Sunday Night Football telecast , December 1 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` BUCPOWER.COM '' . www.bucpower.com . Jump up ^ `` Long field goals '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Legwold , Jeff ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` Matt Prater hits record 64 - yard FG '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fred Goodall ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` Bucs go Seahawk hunting , win 38 -- 15 '' . Fox Sports Florida . Associated Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chemistry Lesson : Unity Contributing to Buc Success '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Media Guide - Records : Page 437 , Column 2 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Werder , Ed ( December 5 , 1991 ) . `` Tampa initiates Krewe of Honor '' . The Orlando Sentinel . p. 42 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Boylan , Tony ( September 7 , 1992 ) . `` Popular Williams placed in Bucs ' Krewe of Honor '' . News - Press . p. 54 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( September 6 , 1993 ) . `` Kansas City vs. Tampa Bay : The Game - Headliners '' . The Orlando Sentinel . p. 15 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Edrington , Tom ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Take Selmon for Their Ring of Honor '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers - Cheerleaders '' . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Radio & TV Affiliates '' . Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUCPOWER.COM '' . www.bucpower.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Official website Tampa Bay Buccaneers Founded in 1976 Based and headquartered in Tampa , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tampa Stadium Raymond James Stadium Culture and lore Hugh Culverhouse Malcolm Glazer Tampa 2 Captain Fear Cheerleaders Snow Bowl A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Miami Dolphins Wild card berths ( 3 ) 1997 2000 2001 Division championships ( 6 ) 1979 1981 1999 2002 2005 2007 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Hall of Famers Lee Roy Selmon Steve Young Randall McDaniel Warren Sapp Derrick Brooks Tim Brown Ron Wolf Retired numbers 55 63 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 43 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports in the Tampa Bay Area Baseball Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area MLB Tampa Bay Rays FSL Clearwater Threshers Dunedin Blue Jays Tampa Tarpons GCL Blue Jays Phillies Yankees Football NFL Tampa Bay Buccaneers WFA Tampa Bay Inferno Hockey NHL Tampa Bay Lightning Roller derby WFTDA Tampa Bay Derby Darlins Soccer USL Tampa Bay Rowdies College athletics NCAA Division I South Florida Bulls NCAA Division II Eckerd Tritons Saint Leo Lions Tampa Spartans Major sports venues Current venues Raymond James Stadium Tropicana Field Amalie Arena George M. Steinbrenner Field Spectrum Field Al Lang Field Dunedin Stadium USF Sun Dome USF Soccer Stadium Bob Martinez Sports Center Jack Russell Memorial Stadium Expo Hall Former venues Tampa Stadium Al Lopez Field Bayfront Center Curtis Hixon Hall Plant Field Phillips Field Sports teams in Florida Baseball MLB Miami Marlins Tampa Bay Rays SL Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp Pensacola Blue Wahoos FSL Bradenton Marauders Charlotte Stone Crabs Clearwater Threshers Daytona Tortugas Dunedin Blue Jays Florida Fire Frogs Fort Myers Miracle Jupiter Hammerheads Lakeland Flying Tigers Palm Beach Cardinals St. Lucie Mets Tampa Tarpons Gulf Coast League Florida Collegiate Summer League Basketball NBA Miami Heat Orlando Magic G League Lakeland Magic ABA Jacksonville Giants Miami Midnites South Florida Gold Football NFL Jacksonville Jaguars Miami Dolphins Tampa Bay Buccaneers NAL Jacksonville Sharks AAL Florida Tarpons WFA Daytona Waveriders Jacksonville Dixie Blues Miami Fury Orlando Anarchy Tampa Bay Inferno Hockey NHL Florida Panthers Tampa Bay Lightning ECHL Florida Everblades Jacksonville Icemen Orlando Solar Bears SPHL Pensacola Ice Flyers Lacrosse MLL Florida Launch Roller derby WFTDA Fort Myers Derby Girls Gainesville Roller Rebels Gold Coast Derby Grrls Jacksonville RollerGirls Tallahassee RollerGirls Tampa Roller Derby MRDA Magic City Misfits Rugby league USARL Central Florida Warriors Jacksonville Axemen Tampa Mayhem Rugby union FRU Bay Area Pelicans Boca Raton RFC Jacksonville RFC Miami Rugby Club Tampa Bay Krewe Soccer MLS Miami ( in 2020 ) Orlando City SC NWSL Orlando Pride NASL Jacksonville Armada FC Miami FC USL Tampa Bay Rowdies USL D3 Orlando City B NPSL Boca Raton FC Jacksonville Armada FC Miami FC 2 Miami United FC Naples United FC Palm Beach United Storm FC PDL IMG Academy Bradenton Lakeland Tropics SC FC Miami City North County United Next Academy Palm Beach SIMA Águilas The Villages SC Weston FC APSL Hurricane FC Inter United AC Jupiter United SC Miami Dade FC Red Force FC South Florida FC Uruguay Kendall Soccer ( indoor ) MASL Florida Tropics SC Softball NPF USSSA Pride Ultimate AUDL Jacksonville Cannons College Sports in Florida Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers&oldid=843588335 '' Categories : Tampa Bay Buccaneers National Football League teams American football teams in Tampa , Florida Sports clubs established in 1976 1976 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 51 . 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Chevrolet Silverado
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Chevrolet Silverado - wikipedia Chevrolet Silverado Jump to : navigation , search For the Chevrolet C / K series Silverado , see Chevrolet C / K . Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra Overview Manufacturer General Motors Also called GMC Sierra Chevrolet Cheyenne ( Mexico ) VIA VTRUX VTA SolTRUX Chevrolet C / K ( South Korea and east Asia ) Production 1987 -- present Assembly Flint , Michigan , United States Roanoke , Indiana , United States Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Silao , Guanajuato , Mexico Body and chassis Class Full - size / Heavy - Duty pickup truck Body style 2 - door regular cab 4 - door double cab 4 - door crew cab Dually Layout Front - engine , Rear - wheel drive , Four - wheel drive , All - wheel drive Chronology Predecessor Chevrolet / GMC C / K The Chevrolet Silverado , and its mechanically identical cousin , the GMC Sierra , are a series of full - size and heavy - duty pickup trucks manufactured by General Motors and introduced in 1998 as the successor to the long - running Chevrolet C / K line . The Silverado name was taken from a trim level previously used on its predecessor , the Chevrolet C / K pickup truck from 1975 through 1998 . General Motors continues to offer a GMC - badged variant of the Chevrolet full - size pickup under the GMC Sierra name , first used in 1987 for its variant of the GMT400 platform trucks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First generation ( 1999 - 2007 ) 2.1 Light duty 2.1. 1 2001 GMC Sierra C3 / Denali 2.1. 2 Chevrolet Silverado SS 2.1. 2.1 Intimidator SS 2.1. 3 Vortec High Output / Vortec Max 2.1. 4 Hybrid 2.2 Heavy duty 2.3 Engines 3 Second generation ( 2006 -- 2014 ) 3.1 Engines 3.2 Production location switch 3.3 Safety 3.4 Electric version 4 Third generation ( 2013 -- present ) 4.1 2015 4.1. 1 Special Editions 4.1. 1.1 Chevrolet 4.2 2016 4.2. 1 Special editions 4.2. 1.1 GMC 4.2. 1.2 Chevrolet 4.3 Engines 5 Military applications 5.1 Variants 6 Awards 7 Motorsport 8 World markets 8.1 Gray import gallery 9 Yearly American sales 10 Special use Silverados and Sierras 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Although General Motors introduced its first pickup truck in 1930 , the term `` Silverado '' was a designation used only to detail the trim for the Chevrolet C / K pickup trucks , Suburbans , and Tahoes from 1975 through 1999 . GMC used a few variations of the `` Sierra '' name ( e.g. Sierra , Sierra Classic , and High Sierra ) ; however , Chevrolet still uses the CK and the CC in their current model codes . The Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks have been essentially the same for their entire history . However , there are some trim and add - on option variations . Early models included variations in the engine and equipment , but the present differences are slight . The 1999 model year redesign included different grilles and interior trim , and certain features ( e.g. Quadrasteer ) were included at different times on the two trucks . The GMC Sierra has a luxury package known as `` Denali '' which adds tons of creature comfort features and design changes . Chevrolet 's equivalent to the Denali trim level is the High Country Silverado which was introduced in the 2014 model year . First generation ( 1999 - 2007 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Also called Chevrolet C / K ( South Korea ) Production June 1998 - 2007 Designer Ken Sohocki ( 1994 ) Body and chassis Platform GM GMT800 platform Powertrain Engine Vortec 4300 ( 4.3 L ) V6 Vortec 4800 ( 4.8 L ) V8 Vortec 5300 ( 5.3 L ) V8 Vortec 6000 ( 6.0 L ) V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L60 - E automatic 4 - speed 4L65 - E automatic 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed NV3500 manual Dimensions Wheelbase 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Length 203 in ( 5,156 mm ) 227 in ( 5,766 mm ) 246 in ( 6,248 mm ) Hybrid : 230.2 in ( 5,847 mm ) Width 78.5 in ( 1,994 mm ) Height 74 in ( 1,880 mm ) 77 in ( 1,956 mm ) Hybrid 2WD : 71.2 in ( 1,808 mm ) Hybrid 4WD : 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) The GMT800 Silverado / Sierra 1500 and 2500 ( non Heavy Duty ) ( light pickup trucks ) were released in August 1998 as 1999 models . The `` classic '' light - duty GMT400 C / K trucks were continued in production for that first year alongside the new models , and the Heavy - Duty GMT400 pickups ( alongside the GMT400 SUVs ) were continued through 2000 , with the new GMT800 Silverado / Sierra HD ( Heavy Duty ) being introduced . A small refresh for 2003 models was introduced in 2002 , bringing slight design changes and an upgrade to the audio and HVAC controls . The latter 2006 and 2007 GMT800 production units used the name Classic to denote the difference between the first and second generation trucks . Light duty ( edit ) There are a number of models of light - duty Silverados and Sierras , including the half - ton , SS , and Hybrid . The light - duty trucks use the 1500 name . They are available in three cab lengths , 2 - door standard / regular cab , 4 - door extended cab , and front - hinged 4 - door crew cab . Three cargo beds are available : a 69.2 in ( 1,758 mm ) short box , 78.7 in ( 1,999 mm ) standard box , and a 97.6 in ( 2,479 mm ) long box . The short box is only available with the extended or crew cab , and is the only option on the latter . For the first year , only the regular cab and an extended cab were available , along with the Vortec 4300 V6 , Vortec 4800 V8 , and the Vortec 5300 V8 . In 2000 , a driver 's side door option became available for the extended cab , giving it four doors , and the crew - cab body was added to the lineup . Output on the 5.3 L engine also increased to 285 hp ( 213 kW ) and 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) . The 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 was standard on the 2500 and was added for the 2001 Heavy Duty models , rated at 300 hp ( 224 kW ) , with the GMC Sierra 1500 C3 getting an uprated 25 hp ( 19 kW ) version of this engine . The Silverado Z71 got an optional lighter composite box , with a suspension package for towing , but lacked the high - output engine . The C3 became the Denali for 2002 , and Quadrasteer was added . GM introduced a reworked version of the Silverado ( but not the Sierra ) in 2003 , with a new front end and a slightly updated rear end . In 2006 the Silverado received another facelift , similar to the HD version introduced in 2005 HD models . In addition to that , Chevrolet has deleted the `` Chevrolet '' badge off the tailgate that was used from 1998 - 2005 . Its SUV counterparts retained the use of the pre-facelift sheetmetal . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) gave the Silverado an overall `` marginal '' score on the frontal offset crash test for poor structural integrity and poor dummy control , although no injuries were recorded on the dummy 's body regions . 2001 GMC Sierra C3 / Denali ( edit ) Sierra Denali with Quadrasteer GMC created an upscale version of its Sierra 1500 in 2000 called the Sierra C3 . It used all - wheel drive with a 3.73 final drive gear ratio and included the 6.0 L Vortec 6000 LQ4 V8 rated at 325 hp ( 242 kW ) at 5000 rpm and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L60E - HD four speed automatic transmission along with other upscale equipment . For 2002 , the name was changed to Sierra Denali , but the specifications remained essentially the same except for the addition of Quadrasteer and GM changed from the 4L60E - HD to the 4L65E in conjunction with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio . The Denali is rated for towing 9,100 pounds ( 4,100 kg ) and hauling 1,595 pounds ( 723 kg ) in the cargo box . The Sierra Denali was initially equipped with Delphi 's Quadrasteer system as standard equipment . It was a 4 - wheel steering system that greatly reduced the truck 's turning radius and improved lane changing while towing . General Motors dropped Quadrasteer from the Sierra Denali after the 2004 model year and its entire lineup after 2005 due to poor sales of this expensive option . For the ' 07 model year , the Sierra Denali shares the same billet grille from the other Denali models , and also has the same dash as the ' 07 SUV 's . The ' 07 Sierra Denali was initially the only half ton pickup that had a 6.2 liter with 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ft ( 565 N m ) of torque coupled to a six speed transmission . This truck is also an optional all wheel drive vehicle and goes 0 - 60 mph in 6.3 seconds . Chevrolet Silverado SS ( edit ) Silverado SS Launched in early 2003 , the Silverado SS is a high - performance pickup truck built by Chevrolet . It is based on the 1500 Silverado with upgrades in drive train and both exterior and interior appearance . It was equipped standard with the 6.0 liter Vortec High - Output V8 rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 380 lb ft ( 515 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L65E four speed automatic transmission . This was the same engine used for the second generation Cadillac Escalade . Chevrolet and GMC advertised this engine as the Vortec High Output and later as the `` VortecMAX '' , while Cadillac calls it the `` HO 6000 '' . The SS debuted in 2003 with a standard All Wheel Drive setup with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio and 4 wheel disc brakes . In 2005 , in an attempt to increase sales , a 2 - wheel drive version became available ( the 2WD SS also lost its rear disc brakes in favor of drums , as did the rest of the 1 / 2 - ton GMT800s ) . 2005 was also the first year the sun roof was available in the SS line up . In 2006 , the AWD variant was dropped and the rear wheel drive was the only driveline layout available . In a further effort to reduce cost , you could also get cloth interior and / or bench seat . The Silverado SS also comes with the Z60 performance suspension and 20 inch aluminum wheels . All the SS trucks in both 2 wheel drive and AWD used the torsion bar style front suspension for better handling . It should also be noted the SS themed trucks were only available from the factory in Black Onyx , Victory Red , and Arrival Blue Metallic from 2003 to 2004 . In 2005 Arrival Blue Metallic was dropped from the color choice and replaced with Silver Birch Metallic ... Intimidator SS ( edit ) In 2006 , Chevrolet released a special edition Silverado SS under the name `` Intimidator SS '' ( licensed by Dale Earnhardt Inc . ) to honor the late Dale Earnhardt . The truck came with several minor appearance upgrades ( rear spoiler , embroidered headrests , Intimidator custom badging ) , but was essentially just a regular Silverado SS . Of the 1,033 scheduled trucks , only 933 were made ( the remaining 100 were sold as 2007 Silverado SS `` classic '' bodystyle trucks before the 2007.5 MY changeover . These trucks were only available in Black Onyx exterior but could be ordered with cloth or leather interior . Also features - Vortec High output / Vortec Max ( edit ) 2004 GMC Sierra with VHO package The Vortec High Output option was first introduced in 2004 to a limited market ( mainly consisting of Texas and several surrounding areas ) ; it was available nationwide for MY 2005 . It was available for both the Chevy and GMC 1500 series trucks . This special edition package ( under option code B4V ) included several options previously not found on the standard 1500 model , most notably the LQ9 6.0 L V - 8 engine ( the same used for the Silverado SS , the 2005 - 2006 GMC Denalis and the Cadillac Escalade ) . The LQ9 motor was rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 380 lb ft ( 515 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm , which was the same specifications shared in the SS models . The B4V package could only be ordered on extended cab standard box 2WD trucks . They were all built at the Canadian assembly plant and were equipped with the Z60 High Performance suspension package , in addition to the M32 = 4L65E transmission , GT4 = 3.73 rear gear , and G80 Gov Lock as standard equipment . The 2004 models were equipped with the standard 10 bolt 8.625 rear end . The 2005 models were upgraded with the larger 14 bolt 9.5 rear end under RPO option AXN . The package also included one style of the newly introduced GM 20 inch wheels installed from the factory . This marked the first time the LQ9 engine was available for a two - wheel drive application . Unlike the previous years with the SS Package , you could order the interior combination in anything from basic cloth to fully loaded . There were also more exterior color options available with this package . In 2006 , the Vortec Max trailering package became available . The Vortec Max package was added to the option list with an array of similar features and new badges , and at its core retained the LQ9 / 4L65 - E powertrain . However , the Vortec Max package differed from the Performance edition in that it also came with a variant of the Z85 Handling / Trailering suspension , as well as 17 - inch wheels and tires under the option code NHT on 4x4 models versus the Z60 High Performance Suspension and 20 - inch wheel and tire package of the regular B4V 2 wheel drive Performance Edition . This was because the Vortec Max package was intended for max trailer towing , while the Performance Edition was intended more for customers who wanted the Silverado SS mechanicals without the visuals of the SS . It was also made available ( in addition to the extended cab ) in the light duty 4 door crew cab models . For the first time it was also available in 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drive on both the Silverados and Sierras , with or without the Z71 package . The newest Vortec Max performance package introduced in 2006 on the GMT900 includes a 10,800 pounds towing capacity . Hybrid ( edit ) The engine compartment of a 2006 GMC Sierra Hybrid GM launched a hybrid version of the Silverado / Sierra in 2004 , becoming the first ever GM hybrid passenger vehicle . Known within GM as the Parallel Hybrid Truck or PHT it is not actually a parallel hybrid by the current definition , but a type of micro hybrid design . The electric motor housed within the transmission flywheel housing , serves only to provide engine cranking / starting , battery charging , and powering accessories . The engine automatically shuts down as the truck comes to a stop and uses 42 Volt electric power to the starter / generator unit to restart the engine as the brake pedal is released . Besides the typical 12 V automotive battery the PHT uses three additional 12 V valve regulated lead acid ( VRLA ) batteries mounted under the rear seat to store and provide power . The truck uses a 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 for primary propulsion power . These trucks were also purchased back from customers for more than what they were worth in the late 2000s . The PHT features four 120 volt 20 amp AC outlets , two in the bed and two inside the cab under the rear seat . These are particularly interesting to the building / construction contractor market , since they often require AC power when on the job . Additionally , the extra reserves of power for the accessories make this truck well - suited to that market , where trucks often sit at idle for hours at a time . Availability was extremely limited at first , with commercial buyers getting the first allotment . Later in 2005 , the truck was offered at retail in Alaska , California , Florida , Nevada , Oregon , Washington and Canada . For 2006 - 07 the truck was generally available to retail buyers throughout North America . The Parallel Hybrid Truck was discontinued for the 2008 model year with the release of the GMT900 truck line . Starting in 2009 , General Motors offers a second generation Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra equipped with a Two - Mode Hybrid powertrain and 4 - speed CVT . Heavy duty ( edit ) GMT800 Heavy Duty Overview Production 2000 -- 2007 Body and chassis Platform GM GMT880 platform Powertrain Engine 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8 6.6 L Duramax V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic ( 2000 -- 2005 ) 6 - speed Allison 1000 automatic ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 5 - speed NV4500 manual ( 2000 -- 2007 6.0 ) 6 - speed ZF S6 - 650 manual ( 2000 -- 2006 6.6 and 8.1 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) 157.5 in ( 4,000 mm ) 167 in ( 4,242 mm ) 153 in ( 3,886 mm ) Length 222.1 in ( 5,641 mm ) 227.7 in ( 5,784 mm ) 246.6 in ( 6,264 mm ) 237.2 in ( 6,025 mm ) 256.1 in ( 6,505 mm ) Width SRW : 79.7 in ( 2,024 mm ) DRW : 96.1 in ( 2,441 mm ) Height 76.0 - 77.4 in ( 1,930 - 1,966 mm ) The HD variant is a heavy - duty light truck . It is a strengthened version of the Silverado / Sierra light - duty , and is available in the 1500HD , 2500HD , and 3500HD models . The 2500 , introduced in 2000 , offers a Vortec 6000 V8 with 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 360 lb ft ( 488 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm with a Hydra - Matic 4L80E four - speed automatic transmission . The 2500HD also offers either the LB7 Duramax V8 with 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 3100 rpm and 520 lb ft ( 705 N m ) of torque at 1800 rpm , the LLY Duramax V8 with 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 3000RPM and 605 lb ft ( 820 N m ) @ 1600RPM , and the LBZ Duramax V8 with 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 3200RPM and 650 lb ft ( 881 N m ) @ 1600RPM . Also available is the Vortec 8100 V8 with 340 hp ( 254 kW ) at 4200 rpm and 455 lb ft ( 617 N m ) of torque at 3200 rpm . The 2500HD has an available five - speed ( six - speed for 2006 - 2007 models ) Allison 1000 transmission with the Vortec 8100 and Duramax 6.6 . The Silverado 3500 offers the same engine / transmission features that the 2500HD does , however it is usually equipped with `` dually '' twin wheels at the rear and has a stronger suspension . The HD models are primarily used for towing and high - weight cargo . The Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD came in at # 2 in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com ranking the top 10 longest - lasting vehicles . The Silverado 2500HD had 5.7 % of vehicles over 200,000 miles , according to the iSeeCars study . Towing capacity for the 1500HD is rated at 10,300 pounds ( 4,700 kg ) and can haul 3,129 pounds ( 1,419 kg ) in the bed depending on options . Towing capacity for the 2500HD is rated at 16,100 pounds ( 7,300 kg ) with the gasoline 8.1 L V8 with 3.73 : 1 rear and can haul 3,964 pounds ( 1,798 kg ) in the bed depending on options . Towing capacity for the 3500HD is rated at 16,700 pounds ( 7,600 kg ) and can haul 5,753 pounds ( 2,610 kg ) in the bed depending on options . The addition of 4 wheel drive tends to reduce the towing and carrying capacity by 200 to 400 lb ( 181 kg ) , depending upon year and model . Other factors , such as options , can also affect these numbers . Engines ( edit ) Model Year Engine Power Torque 1500 1998 -- 2003 4.3 L Vortec 4300 V6 200 hp ( 149 kW ) @ 4600 RPM 260 lb ft ( 353 N m ) @ 2800 RPM 2004 -- 2006 195 hp ( 145 kW ) @ 4600 RPM 260 lb ft ( 353 N m ) @ 2800 RPM 1999 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 255 hp ( 190 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 285 lb ft ( 386 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 2000 - 2003 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 285 lb ft ( 386 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 2004 - 2007 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 295 lb ft ( 400 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 1999 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 315 lb ft ( 427 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 2000 -- 2003 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 2004 -- 2007 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 335 lb ft ( 454 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 2005 - 2007 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 335 lb - ft ( 454 N-m ) @ 4000 RPM 1500HD / 2500HD / 3500HD 2000 - 2006 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 4400 RPM 360 lb ft ( 488 N m ) @ 4000 RPM 2000 -- 2004 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8 340 hp ( 254 kW ) @ 4200 RPM 455 lb ft ( 617 N m ) @ 3200 RPM 2004 -- 2006 330 hp ( 246 kW ) @ 4200 RPM 450 lb ft ( 610 N m ) @ 3200 RPM 2001 -- 2002 w / LQY 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 400 lb ft ( 542 N m ) @ 1600 RPM 2001 -- 2002 w / LQQ 210 hp ( 157 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) @ 1200 RPM 2002 -- 2005 w / LRW 325 hp ( 242 kW ) @ 4000 RPM 450 lb ft ( 610 N m ) @ 2800 RPM 2002 -- 2006 w / LRZ 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 440 lb ft ( 597 N m ) @ 3200 RPM 2002 -- 2006 w / LQR 225 hp ( 168 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 350 lb ft ( 475 N m ) @ 1200 RPM 2000 -- 2004 6.6 L Duramax ( LB7 / LLY ) V8 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 3100 RPM 520 lb ft ( 705 N m ) @ 1800 RPM 2005 - 2006 w / MTX 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 3000 RPM 520 lb ft ( 705 N m ) @ 1800 RPM 2005 - 2006 w / ATX 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 3000 RPM 605 lb ft ( 820 N m ) @ 1600 RPM 2006 - 2007 6.6 L Duramax ( LBZ ) V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 3200 RPM 650 lb ft ( 881 N m ) @ 1600 RPM GMC Sierra C3 2000 - 2001 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 325 hp ( 242 kW ) @ 5000 RPM 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) @ 4000 RPM GMC Sierra Denali 2002 -- 2004 2004 -- 2006 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 345 hp ( 257 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 380 lb ft ( 515 N m ) @ 4000 RPM Chevrolet Silverado SS 2002 -- 2006 Chevrolet Silverado Vortec High Output 2003 -- 2005 Chevrolet Silverado VortecMAX 2005 - 2006 1999 -- 2002 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 regular cab 2003 -- 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 crew cab The Allison 1000 attached to the 6.6 L Duramax Diesel 2004 Silverado 2500 HD 2009 Chevrolet Silverado Single Cab in Chile Second generation ( 2006 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Also called Chevrolet Platform / Shakebody GMC Dump Truck VIA VTRUX GMC Sierra Chevrolet / GMC C / K Production 2006 -- 2014 Body and chassis Platform GM GMT900 platform : GMT901 ( Chevrolet Silverado ) GMT902 ( GMC Sierra ) Powertrain Engine 4.3 L V6 195 hp ( 145 kW ) 4.8 L V8 295 hp ( 220 kW ) 5.3 L V8 315 hp ( 235 kW ) 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) 6.2 L V8 403 hp ( 301 kW ) Transmission 4 - speed 4L60 - E automatic 4 - speed `` 2 - Mode Hybrid transmission '' 2ML70 ( Hybrid ) 6 - speed 6L80 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase Regular : 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) Extended & Crew : 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Length Regular : 205.6 in ( 5,222 mm ) Extended & Crew : 230.2 in ( 5,847 mm ) Hybrid : 229.9 in ( 5,839 mm ) Width Regular & Extended : 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) Crew : 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) Height Regular & Extended : 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) Crew : 73.8 in ( 1,875 mm ) Hybrid 4WD : 73.7 in ( 1,872 mm ) The all - new GMT900 generation of the Silverado / Sierra arrived in the last quarter of 2006 as a 2007 model . It features a redesigned exterior , interior , frame , and suspension as well as a power increases on certain engines . It takes styling cues from the 2007 GMT900 SUVs and the Chevrolet Colorado pickups . Like the GMT900 SUVs , these pickups also have greatly improved aerodynamics over their predecessors like steeply raked windshields and tighter panel gaps which improve fuel economy . The GMT800 models were continued through 2007 badged as `` Classic '' , just as the GMT400 models continued for two years after the GMT800 's introduction . The new Silverado earned the North American Truck of the Year award for 2007 and was Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year for 2007 . Like its predecessors , the new Silverado offers buyers a choice of two door regular cabs , four door extended cabs ( with rear doors that now open 170 degrees similar to the Nissan Titan ) and four door crew cabs with the rear doors opening in the same direction as the front doors . GM also offers the trucks in the traditional two and four wheel drive configurations . The Generation III small block V8 engines offered in the GMT 800 trucks were replaced in the GMT 900 series by the Generation IV small block V8 engine family , featuring upgrades such as increased power and Active Fuel Management on the 5.3 L and 6.0 L V8s . A new high performance 6.2 liter V8 ( with 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ft ( 565 N m ) of torque ) was introduced with the 2007 Cadillac Escalade and 2007 GMC Denali line , and is now available on the Silverado LTZ trim line . After skipping the 2008 model year , with 2007 being the last for the GMT800 hybrid line , a two - mode hybrid model was introduced in late 2008 as a 2009 model . General Motors discontinued the Silverado Hybrid due to poor sales along with the GMC Sierra Hybrid , Chevy Avalanche , Chevy Tahoe Hybrid , GMC Yukon Hybrid , Cadillac Escalade Hybrid , and Cadillac Escalade EXT after the 2013 model year even though it was the one of the two first hybrid pickup trucks ever manufactured . Available in either two - or four - wheel - drive , the Sierra 1500 Hybrid is powered by a 6.0 - liter V8 . It 's joined by two 60 - kilowatt electric motors supplied by a nickel -- metal hydride battery pack under the rear seat . On its own , the V8 is rated at 332 horsepower and 367 pound - feet of torque . GM engineers say that combined output with the electric motors is 379 hp . The unique transmission houses the electric motors along with three different planetary gear sets and four traditional clutches . There were two dash options offered in this model Silverado and Sierra : a luxury - inspired dash that closely mimics the dash in their GMT900 SUVs , and a more traditional upright dash to make room for a passenger seat in place of a center console . As of 2008 , General Motors full - size trucks were no longer sold in United States and Canada with manual transmissions ; they were only offered in Mexico in the Silverado 1500 V6 engine and Silverado 3500 . All Silverado & Sierra 1 / 2 - ton models received a revised bumper and shortened front fascia midway through the 2009 model year and a full mid-cycle refresh followed with all 2010 models , including new interior door panels ( which moved the handle forward and added an additional cup holder ) and a six - speed automatic transmission on regular and extended cab models with 5.3 L or larger V8 's was also made standard . Two new exterior colors were added : Taupe Gray Metallic and Sheer Silver Metallic . 2007 GMC Sierra Denali Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LTZ extended cab 2013 GMC Sierra Denali Crew Cab GMT900 Heavy Duty Overview Production 2006 -- 2014 Body and chassis Platform GM GMT910 platform : GMT911 ( Chevrolet Silverado ) GMT912 ( GMC Sierra ) Powertrain Engine 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) 6.6 L Duramax diesel V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) Transmission 6 - speed 6L90 automatic 6 - speed Allison 1000 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase Varies greatly Length Varies greatly Width 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) 95.9 in ( 2,436 mm ) ( Towing mirrors ) Height 76 in ( 1,930 mm ) The 8.1 L big - block V8 is no longer offered on the Heavy Duty models , and no replacement has been announced . The 6L90 6 - speed automatic transmission is standard in all Heavy Duty models . The Allison 1000 transmission is paired with the optional Duramax V8 diesel . As of 2011 the GMC and Chevrolet heavy Duty 's have being upgraded with a new fully boxed high strength steel frame from front to rear improving stiffness by 92 % with bigger rear springs , larger engine and transmission mounts and new hydraulic body mounts to improve the ride. The front suspension incorporates new upper and lower control arms and new torsion bars tailored to one of five different gross axle weight ratings . Upper control arms are constructed from forged steel that is both stronger and lighter than the previous arms , while the new lower arms are cast iron to maximize load capacity . Using a unique torsion bar for each gross weight rating allows for better control over vehicle height , resulting in improved handling and better alignment for reduced tire wear . These improvements allow for up to a 6,000 pound front axle weight rating , allowing all 4wd trucks to accommodate a snow plow . Additional front suspension enhancements come from new urethane bump stops , two per side . The upper shock mount has been changed from a single stem mount to a two - bolt design to eliminate the possibility of squeaks and thumps . The rear suspension design uses asymmetrical leaf springs that are wider and capable of greater load handling . The design features 3 - inch wide leaves , with front and rear spring sections of different lengths to reduce the twisting that can result in axle hop and loss of traction . The 2500HD use a two - stage design with a rating of 6,200 lbs , and 3500HD models have a three - stage design with 7,050 lb and 9,375 lb ratings on single and dual - wheel models respectively 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD crew cab 2012 GMC Sierra Denali HD 2008 GMC Sierra 3500HD SLT crew cab 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD crew cab Engines ( edit ) Model Year Engine Power Torque 1500 2007 - 2013 4.3 L Vortec 4300 V6 195 hp ( 145 kW ) @ 4600 RPM 260 lb ft ( 353 N m ) @ 2800 RPM 2007 - 2008 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 305 lb ft ( 414 N m ) @ 4800 RPM 2009 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 305 lb ft ( 414 N m ) @ 4600 RPM 2010 - 2013 302 hp ( 225 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 305 lb ft ( 414 N m ) @ 4600 RPM 2007 - 2009 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 338 lb ft ( 458 N m ) @ 4400 RPM 2010 - 2013 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5300 RPM 335 lb ft ( 454 N m ) @ 4400 RPM 2007 - 2008 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 367 hp ( 274 kW ) @ 5500 RPM 375 lb ft ( 508 N m ) @ 4300 RPM 2009 367 hp ( 274 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 375 lb ft ( 508 N m ) @ 4300 RPM 2009 - 2013 6.2 L Vortec 6200 V8 403 hp ( 301 kW ) @ 5700 RPM 417 lb ft ( 565 N m ) @ 4300 RPM 2500HD / 3500HD 2007 - 2008 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 353 hp ( 263 kW ) @ 5400 RPM 373 lb ft ( 506 N m ) @ 4400 RPM 2009 - 2014 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 5400 RPM 380 lb ft ( 515 N m ) @ 4200 RPM 2007 - 2010 6.6 L Duramax V8 365 hp ( 272 kW ) @ 3200 RPM 660 lb ft ( 895 N m ) @ 1600 RPM 2011 - 2014 397 hp ( 296 kW ) @ 3000 RPM 765 lb ft ( 1,037 N m ) @ 1600 RPM Silverado XFE 2009 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 332 hp ( 248 kW ) @ 5100 RPM 367 lb ft ( 498 N m ) @ 4100 RPM Silverado Hybrid 2009 - 2013 Production location switch ( edit ) For the 2011 model year of the Silverado / Sierra , the production of crew cab models partially shipped from Silao , Mexico to Flint , Michigan . Safety ( edit ) The Silverado comes standard with four - wheel ABS . StabiliTrak and side curtain airbags are optional on certain trim levels . 2007 NHTSA crash test : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : The IIHS gave the Silverado a `` Good '' score in their frontal crash test , however 2007 - 09 models equipped with or without optional side curtain airbags received a `` Poor '' rating in the side impact test . For 2010 models the side structure was strengthened , side torso air bags were added , and side airbags became standard , with the upgrades the IIHS side impact overall rating improved to `` Acceptable '' , while the overall side structure rating is improved from `` Poor '' to `` Acceptable '' . The crew cab variant of the 2011 - 13 Silverado is also rated `` Marginal '' in the IIHS roof strength test . Electric version ( edit ) In 2011 developer of the Chevrolet Volt and former vice chairman Bob Lutz joined VIA Motors in developing electric versions of the Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra called VIA VTrux . 2013 VIA VTRUX Third generation ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Third generation Overview Also called GMC Sierra VIA Vtrux Truck Production 2013 -- present ( 1500 ) 2014 - present ( 2500 and 3500 ) Designer Kevin O'Donnell ( 2010 ) Body and chassis Platform GMT K2XX Powertrain Engine LV3 EcoTec3 4.3 L V6 285 hp ( 213 kW ) L83 EcoTec3 5.3 L V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) L8B EcoTec3 5.3 L V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) L86 EcoTec3 6.2 L V8 420 hp ( 313 kW ) LY6 Vortec 6000 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) LML Duramax 6.6 L V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) Transmission 6 - speed 6L80 automatic 8 - speed 8L90 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase Regular 6'6 `` : 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) Regular 8 ' : 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) Double 6'6 '' & Crew 5'5 `` : 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Crew 6'6 `` : 153 in ( 3,886 mm ) Length Regular 6'6 `` : 205.6 in ( 5,222 mm ) Regular 8 ' : 224.4 in ( 5,700 mm ) Double & Crew 5'5 `` : 230 in ( 5,842 mm ) Crew 6'6 `` : 239.6 in ( 6,086 mm ) Width 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) Height 73.5 in ( 1,867 mm ) -- 74.2 in ( 1,885 mm ) 2014 Silverado LTZ Crew Cab 4x4 On December 13 , 2012 , the redesigned 2014 Chevrolet Silverado , along with the related 2014 GMC Sierra were introduced in Detroit , Michigan at the North American International Auto Show . GM dropped the 900 platform and changed to K2XX . The third generation Silverado 1500 has three gas engine options : 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6 , 5.3 L EcoTec3 V8 , or 6.2 L EcoTec3 V8 . Chevrolet 's MyLink touch - screen multimedia interface system will be available on most models . It will have A2DP stereo streaming technologies , Bluetooth hands - free telephone , USB hookups , and an input for an Apple iPod or iPhone . When connected via the USB port , an iPhone 4 / 4S , iPhone 5 / iPhone 5S , iPhone 6 , or iPhone 6 Plus will be able to stream music from Pandora Radio . A Bose premium audio system , as well as a Bose surround sound audio system will be available on most models . OnStar will be standard on all models . Underneath , the Silverado rides on a fully boxed high strength steel frame with hydroforming technology ; truck cab 's frame is built with high strength steel as well . The third generation Silverado uses aluminum on the hood , for the engine block and for the control arms in order to save mass . The truck 's bed is made of roll - formed steel instead of stamped steel used by other manufacturers in order to save weight and gain strength . The third generation Silverado introduced the upmarket High Country edition which includes saddle brown leather interior , which is Chevrolet 's first entry into the luxury market . A revised front end features styling cues from the 1980s - era Chevrolet C - Series Trucks , and , on Z - 71 models , a Z - 71 badge was added to the front grille . The first production Silverado completed assembly on April 29 , 2013 . The Silverado 1500 went on sale in May 2013 as a 2014 model , with the Silverado HD Series being available in early 2014 for the 2015 model year . On January 10 , 2014 a recall was issued for 370,000 Silverado and Sierra pickups due to a fire risk . A rebadged version of the Silverado called the Chevrolet Cheyenne is sold in Mexico . The American model version of the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 / 2500 / 3500HD and the 2015 Chevrolet Silverado High Country was introduced to the Philippines market by Chevrolet Motorama Show late November 2014 as a MY2015 , along with the MY2015 Chevrolet Suburban , 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe , 2015 Chevrolet Impala , 2015 Chevrolet Express Van , 2015 Chevrolet Trax and 2015 Chevrolet Colorado . On January 14 , 2014 , The Silverado , along with the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray , received the 2014 North American International Auto Show 's Car and Truck of the Year awards . 2015 ( edit ) For the 2015 model year , the 6.2 L Ecotec3 was paired with the new 8 - speed 8L90 transmission , offering a wider ratio spread with more closely spaced gears , quicker shifts , and improved acceleration and fuel economy . Special Editions ( edit ) Chevrolet ( edit ) For that year , Chevrolet introduced Special Edition for the Silverado truck series . They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2 , Midnight Edition , Custom Sport Edition , Custom Sport Plus Edition , Black Out Edition , and Texas Longhorns Edition . Rally Edition 1 Rally Edition 2 Black Out Edition Texas Longhorns Edition 2016 ( edit ) For 2016 , the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 received its first mid-cycle refresh . The refreshed Silverado and Sierra received a new grille , new headlights and new front fascia , with design influences from the 2015 Chevrolet Colorado , as well as all new LED tail lights on the 2016 Silverado LTZ , HIGH COUNTRY , 2016 GMC Sierra SLT and DENALI trim levels while the 2016 Chevy Silverado LT trim levels and below still have the pre-facelifted taillights along with the 2016 GMC Sierra SLE trim levels and below . On October 1 , 2015 , HD Radio was added to the Silverado , Sierra , and their HD level models . The Silverado / Silverado HD will add HD Radio to their 8 - inch MyLink system as a standard on the LT and LTZ trims , while the Sierra / Sierra HD will include the feature in its IntelliLink system as a standard on all its trims and for the 2017 model year the Chevy Silverado received CarPlay in the IntelliLink system and the Silverado 2500 and 3500 models received a new front hood with vents . 2016 Chevrolet Silverado 2017 Chevrolet Silverado back Special Editions ( edit ) GMC ( edit ) In 2016 , GMC announced they introduced the Sierra All Terrain X , which is equipped with a 5.3 - liter V8 engine with performance exhaust , bumping output up from 355 to 365 horsepower . On the exterior , the Sierra All Terrain X features back 18 inch rims fitted with Goodyear Wrangler DuraTrac MT tires , black bed - mounted sport bar , LED off - road lights , and blacked - out accents . Chevrolet ( edit ) For that year , Chevrolet has added and dropped some of the Special Editions for the Silverado truck series . They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2 , Midnight HD Edition , Midnight Edition , Custom Sport HD Edition , Realtree Edition , Custom Sport HD Edition , Black Out Edition , and Special Ops Edition . Custom Sport HD Edition Black Out Edition Engines ( edit ) Model Year Engine Power Torque 1500 2014 - 4.3 L LV3 GM EcoTec3 4300 V6 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5300 RPM 305 lb ft ( 414 N m ) @ 3900 RPM 2014 - 5.3 L L83 GM EcoTec3 5300 V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 383 lb ft ( 519 N m ) @ 4100 RPM 2016 - 5.3 L L8B GM EcoTec3 5300 V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 383 lb ft ( 519 N m ) @ 4100 RPM 2014 - 6.2 L L86 GM EcoTec3 6200 V8 420 hp ( 313 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 460 lb ft ( 624 N m ) @ 4100 RPM 2500HD / 3500HD 2015 - 6.0 L LY6 Vortec 6000 V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 5400 RPM 380 lb ft ( 515 N m ) @ 4400 RPM 2015 - 2016 6.6 L LML Duramax V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) @ 3200 RPM 765 lb ft ( 1,037 N m ) @ 1600 RPM 2017 6.6 L L5P Duramax V8 445 hp ( 332 kW ) @ 2800 RPM 910 lb ft ( 1,234 N m ) @ 1600 RPM Military applications ( edit ) LSSV Overview Manufacturer General Motors , AM General Model years 2001 -- present Body and chassis Body style 2 - door SUV 4 - door SUV 2 - door pickup 4 - door pickup Platform GM GMT880 platform Powertrain Engine 6.6 L Duramax V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic Dimensions Width 79.9 in ( 2.03 m ) Height 74.5 in ( 1.89 m ) When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000 , GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings . The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle in 2001 . In 2005 , LSSV production switched to AM General , a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings . The LSSV is a GM - built Chevrolet Silverado 1500 , Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD , Chevrolet Tahoe , or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine . The various Silverados , Tahoes , and Suburbans that are used provide numerous platforms for different kinds of vehicles . As GM has redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001 -- present , LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically . The Militarization of standard GM trucks / SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint ( Forest Green , Desert Sand , or 3 - color Camouflage ) , blackout lights , military bumpers , a brush guard , a NATO slave receptacle / NATO trailer receptacle , a pintle hook and tow shackles . The electrical system is changed to the 24 / 12 volt military standard . The dashboard has additional controls and dataplates . The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab , cargo tie down hooks , folding troop seats , pioneer tools , winches , and other military accessories . The Enhanced Mobility Package ( EMP ) option adds enhanced suspension , 4 - wheel anti-lock brakes , a locking differential , on / off - road beadlock tires , a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades . About 2,000 LSSV units were sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations . Variants ( edit ) Cargo / Troop Carrier Pickup ( 2 - door , Extended Cab , or 4 - door Silverado ) Cargo / Command Vehicle ( 4 - door Tahoe ) Cargo / Trooprier / Command Vehicle / Ambulance ( 4 - door Suburban ) Awards ( edit ) 1999 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year 2001 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year ( Heavy Duty Model ) 2001 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck 2002 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck 2003 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck 2007 - North American Truck of the Year 2007 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year 2007 - ICOTY International Truck of the Year 2007 - Truckin ' magazine 's Truck of the Year 2011 - Heavy Duty model won Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year Motorsport ( edit ) The Silverado of Jordan Anderson Chevrolet is represented in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series by the Silverado . As of the 2016 season , 19 full - time teams use the Silverado . Xpress Motorsports won the 2002 and 2003 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . The Silverado is also the title sponsor for the Chevrolet Silverado 250 Truck Series race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park . The truck also won the Primm 300 off - road race in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 . World markets ( edit ) As of 2015 , the Chevrolet Silverado is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , Venezuela , Chile , and the Middle East . And the GMC Sierra is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East ( except Israel and Iran ) . GM has also announced plans to introduce the Silverado , along with the smaller Colorado , to China . There is a small gray market for both the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks in some parts of the world , mostly in Scandinavian countries and Germany . Gray import gallery ( edit ) Chevrolet Silverado in Asker , Norway in front of McDonalds Yearly American sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Chevrolet Silverado GMC Sierra Total 1998 538,254 160,555 698,809 1999 636,150 208,693 844,843 2000 642,119 188,907 831,026 716,051 210,154 926,205 2002 652,646 202,045 854,691 2003 684,302 196,689 880,991 680,768 213,756 894,524 2005 705,982 229,488 935,468 2006 636,069 210,736 846,805 2007 618,259 208,243 826,500 2008 465,065 168,544 633,609 2009 316,554 111,842 428,396 370,135 129,794 499,929 2011 415,130 149,170 564,300 2012 418,312 157,185 575,497 2013 480,414 184,389 664,803 2014 529,755 211,833 741,588 2015 600,544 224,139 824,683 2016 574,876 221,680 796,556 Special use Silverados and Sierras ( edit ) Tow truck in Honolulu , Hawaii . Spill response vehicle used after Hurricane Sandy , Staten Island , New York Firetruck in Nebraska Humpty Dumpty delivery van in Montreal Dump truck in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Ambulance in Uppsala , Sweden Landing an airplane in Airdrie , Alberta Race car Drying a race track Railway vehicle Taxi in Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Beach patrol in Santa Monica , California Hearse in Indianola , Mississippi Chevrolet Cheyenne in use as a police car in Tijuana , Mexico See also ( edit ) Chevrolet pickup truck Chevrolet Avalanche General Motors C / K Trucks Chevrolet S10 / Chevrolet Colorado List of hybrid vehicles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Silverado History '' . Jump up ^ `` GM Trucks Jump Back in the Saddle - A whole lot is riding on GM 's new fullsize pickups '' . wardsauto.com . ^ Jump up to : `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet Silverado 1500 '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cost , complexity kills Quadrasteer '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Chevy Silverado Intimidator SS - Featured Custom Trucks - Truckin Magazine '' . Truckinweb.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` chevrolet.com '' . chevrolet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chevy Silverado 1500 Hybrid Review '' . Automoblog.net . Jump up ^ http://blog.iseecars.com/2016/03/03/longest-lasting-vehicles-2016/ ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Silverado Standard Features & Options '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM Powertrain '' . GM . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Chevrolet Models Offer Fuel - saving , Six - speed Automatic Transmissions for 2011 Model Year '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters Article . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silverado 1500 ( Spanish site ) Archived 2008 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Chevy Silverado Production Going into Flint '' . TheDetroitBureau.com. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet Silverado 1500 '' . Iihs.org. 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle body exterior '' . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Silverado Standard Features & Options '' . GM . 2013 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://gmpowertrain.com/product_guide/2016_Information_Guide_20151030.pdf . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` General Motors news - Detroit Free Press - freep.com '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Sweeps 2014 NACTOY Awards '' . media.gm.com . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Silverado Gears Up for 2015 '' . GM Media USA . GM . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Special Edition Silverado Trucks Jump up ^ `` GENERAL MOTORS EXTENDS SUPPORT FOR HD RADIO TM TECHNOLOGY IN NEW 2016 CHEVROLET AND GMC TRUCKS '' from Ibiquity Digital ( October 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 GMC Sierra All Terrain X is cool but no Raptor threat '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Special Edition Silverado Trucks ^ Jump up to : `` Light Service Support Vehicle ( LSSV ) '' . Olive - Drab . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 ICOTY International Truck of the Year '' . Roadandtravel.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Chevrolet Silverado HD named Motor Trend Truck of the Year '' . CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Team Chart '' . Jayski 's Silly Season Site . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Norris ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Chevy Silverado to sponsor NASCAR race at CTMP '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2000 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2002 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2003 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December Sales of 447,900 , Down 9 Percent From Record Year - Ago Levels '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` DeliveriesDecember2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DeliveriesDecember2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GM 2012 Sales : Chevrolet Silverado , Volt End Strong - GM Sells One Million 30 - MPG Cars '' . Motor Trend Magazine . 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/Jan/gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2014.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0105-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/GM-Deliveries-December-2015.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/jan/0104-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2016.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet Silverado . Wikimedia Commons has media related to GMC Sierra . 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Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
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Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar - wikipedia Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar United States Supreme Court case Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 25 , 1975 Decided June 16 , 1975 Full case name Goldfarb et ux . v. Virginia State Bar et al Citations 421 U.S. 773 ( more ) 95 S. Ct. 2004 ; 44 L. Ed . 2d 572 ; 1975 U.S. LEXIS 13 Prior history State bar held exempt from antitrust action , 355 F. Supp. 491 ( E.D. Va . 1973 ) , judgment reversed on appeal , 497 F. 2d 1 ( 4th Cir. 1974 ) Holding The legal profession is subject to the Sherman Antitrust Act . A minimum - fee schedule for basic legal services is in restraint of trade and is illegal . Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices William O. Douglas William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell Jr . William Rehnquist Case opinions Majority Burger , joined by Douglas , Brennan , Stewart , White , Marshall , Blackmun , Rehnquist Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . Laws applied Section I of the Sherman Act Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar , 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975 ) , was a U.S. Supreme Court decision . It stated that lawyers engage in `` trade or commerce '' and hence ended the legal profession 's exemption from antitrust laws . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts 1.1 Petitioners ' arguments 1.2 Respondents ' arguments 2 Judgment 3 Significance 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Facts ( edit ) In 1971 , Ruth and Lewis Goldfarb decided to buy a house in Fairfax County , Virginia . To get a mortgage , they needed to perform a title search on the house , which can only be performed by a lawyer i.e. a member of the Virginia State Bar . Goldfarb contacted a lawyer , who quoted him a price suggested in a minimum - fee schedule published by the Fairfax County Bar Association , which was 1 % of the property 's value . Goldfarb attempted to find a cheaper quote . He sent 36 letters to other lawyers and received 19 responses , all declining to quote a fee lower than the minimum - fee schedule suggests . Some said that they did not know of any attorney who would do so . Unable to find a lower price , Goldfarb agreed to the 1 % quote and subsequently sued both the State Bar and the County Bar alleging that the fee schedule amounted to price - fixing and a violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act , seeking both injunctive relief and damages . The minimum - fee schedule was a list of prices , suggested by the county bar for various basic legal services , such as wills , marriage contracts , and title searches . The enforcement power lay in the hands of the State Bar , which was the administrative agency used by the Supreme Court of Virginia to regulate the legal profession . Without a license from the State Bar , no one can practice law in Virginia . The State Bar did not compel adherence to this fee schedule , but it had published several reports condoning the practice and had opined that habitual violation of the minimum - fee schedule suggests misconduct on the part of the lawyer . Petitioners ' arguments ( edit ) The plaintiffs argued that the minimum - fee schedule created an artificial price floor for title searches in Fairfax County and that , in the absence of this fee schedule , they would have been able to procure a quote lower than the one listed in the schedule . They pointed to the history of Section 1 , Sherman Act enforcement . In Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States , Judge Taft created the distinction between naked and ancillary restraints of trade , and the Virginia State Bar 's restraints are naked . In United States v. Trenton Potteries , the Supreme Court first established per se illegality of price - fixing because a reasonable price today may become unreasonable tomorrow and the courts can not be expected to re-confirm every price . The reasonableness of the fees on the minimum - fee schedule is , then , immaterial . And finally , in United States v. Socony - Vacuum Oil Co , Inc. , the Court proclaimed , in a famous footnote , that price - fixing need be neither intentional or feasible to be found per se illegal . Hence , the fact that the State Bar 's power of compulsion was not absolute does not mean the fee schedule is legal . Respondents ' arguments ( edit ) The defendants posed four separate arguments . The minimum - fee schedule is purely advisory and is only intended to provide information to members . No attorney is compelled to follow it . Furthermore , while membership in the State Bar is a prerequisite to practice law in Virginia , membership in the County Bar is voluntary , and hence , any guidelines , such as the fee schedule , adopted by a local bar association , are also voluntary . This was to be a transaction between a resident of Virginia and a lawyer residing in Virginia , influenced by his County Bar and the Virginia State Bar . Since interstate commerce is not affected , federal law in general and the Sherman Act in particular do not apply . Law is a `` learned profession . '' Lawyers do not engage in trade and commerce and hence any restrictions on the pricing schemes they use are not restraints of trade , prohibited under the Sherman Act . Because the Virginia State Bar is licensed by the Virginia Supreme Court to regulate the profession in the state , policies promulgated by it and its subsidiaries are `` state action '' and are thus subject to the Parker v. Brown state action exemption from federal antitrust law . Judgment ( edit ) The Supreme Court held that since prices were fixed , since price - fixing is per se illegal under the Sherman Act , and since no valid exemption from the Sherman Act could be shown , the minimum - fee schedule violates Section 1 of the Sherman Act . The Circuit Court judgment was reversed , and the case was remanded to District court to determine the proper remedy . The court rejected each defense attempted by the respondents as follows . It found the fee schedule to be effectively compulsory . The prospect of disciplinary action from the State Bar , regardless of whether the County Bar was a voluntary organization or had enforcement capabilities , was sufficient to dissuade all attorneys from quoting a price below the one listed on the schedule . The attorneys were furthermore assured that their competitors would not undercut them because they would face the same disciplinary action . This effectively created a price floor . The source of financing for the house , which was what originally required Goldfarb to seek a title search , would come from across state lines , making this a matter of interstate commerce . Lawyers provide services in exchange for money , and thus engage in commerce . There is nothing to suggest that the Sherman Act was meant to provide a sweeping exemption to an entire profession regardless of what other not - for - profit purposes the profession may have . While the operation of the Virginia State Bar was proscribed by state action i.e. authority granted by statute to the Virginia Supreme Court , the specific anticompetitive behavior in question -- the minimum - fee schedule -- was not directly authorized by the State acting as a sovereign . `` It is not enough that , as the County Bar puts it , anticompetitive conduct is `` prompted '' by state action ; rather , anticompetitive activities must be compelled by direction of the State acting as a sovereign . '' Significance ( edit ) Since Goldfarb the trend of attorneys fees has been towards super-inflationary increases . This has led to criticism that while the Supreme Court may have thought that it was increasing competition and therefore lowering prices , in fact , the abolition of controls increased prices . See also ( edit ) US antitrust law Wouters v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten ( 2002 ) C - 309 / 99 , a case of the European Court of Justice , holding that the self - regulation by lawyers of standards was permissible . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar , 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ http://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-virginia-couple-that-gave-birth-to-the-billable-hour/60997 Jump up ^ Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States , 85 F. 271 ( 6th Cir. 1898 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Trenton Potteries , 273 U.S. 392 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Socony - Vacuum Oil Co , Inc. , 310 U.S. 150 ( 1940 ) . Jump up ^ Parker v. Brown , 317 U.S. 341 ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Breit , W ; Elzinga , K . The Antitrust Casebook : Milestones in Antitrust Regulation , page 49 . The Dryden Press , 1996 . References ( edit ) Breit , W ; Elzinga , K . The Antitrust Casebook : Milestones in Antitrust Regulation External links ( edit ) Text of Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar , 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975 ) is available from : CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Oyez Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar&oldid=838596222 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases 1975 in United States case law United States antitrust case law United States professional responsibility case law American Bar Association United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 01 : 21 . About Wikipedia
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the goldfarb v. virginia state bar decision on anti-trust laws was decided at what level
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"Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975),[1] was a U.S. Supreme Court decision. It stated that lawyers engage in \"trade or commerce\" and hence ended the legal profession's exemption from antitrust laws."
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Sticky keys
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Sticky keys - wikipedia Sticky keys Jump to : navigation , search The StickyKeys confirmation dialog in Windows . Sticky keys is an accessibility feature of some graphical user interfaces to assist users who have physical disabilities or help users reduce repetitive strain injury ( or a syndrome called the Emacs Pinky ) . It serializes keystrokes instead of pressing multiple keys at a time , allowing the user to press and release a modifier key , such as Shift , Ctrl , Alt , or the Windows key , and have it remain active until any other key is pressed . Sticky keys functionality is available on Microsoft Windows as StickyKeys , on macOS as Sticky Keys , and on Unix / X11 systems as part of the AccessX utility . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Enabling 3 Issues 4 Sounds 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Sticky Keys was first introduced to Mac OS in System 6 as part of the Easy Access extension , which also included mouse keys functionality . In 1994 , Solaris 2.4 shipped with the AccessX utility , which also provided sticky keys and mouse keys functionality . Microsoft introduced StickyKeys to the Windows platform in Windows 95 . Enabling ( edit ) To enable this shortcut , the Shift key must be pressed 5 times in short succession . This feature can also be turned on and off via the Accessibility icon in the Windows Control Panel . To turn off once enabled , just simply press 3 or more of the Sticky Keys ( Ctrl , Alt , Shift , Windows Button ) at the same time . Under OS Linux / BSD / etc run X server with `` + accessx '' command line option and XKB extension enabled , then press the ⇧ Shift key five times . Issues ( edit ) Over the years , this feature has posed difficulties for users who use the Shift key heavily , such as gamers , because an activation popup will be placed above all other applications , disturbing their gameplay . This can be fixed by going into the control panel and going into the accessibility option and then disabling the shortcut option . The feature creates a vulnerability in some versions of Windows , enabling the recovery or replacement of the user password using a method known as a Sticky key attack . Sounds ( edit ) Sticky Keys makes an alert sound on Windows computers and laptops , but on Mac or Apple computers , it makes a quiet tapping sound . On Mac , Sticky Keys is pressed only once on the shift key . See also ( edit ) FilterKeys Mouse keys Slow keys ToggleKeys References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` macOS Sierra : Use accessibility features '' . Apple Support . Apple Inc . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The X Keyboard Extension : Protocol Specification '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Underwood , R.C. ( September 10 , 1999 ) . `` SGI AccessX '' . Jump up ^ Using Your Classic ( PDF ) . Apple Inc. p. 146 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` About AccessX '' . Sun Microsystems Accessibility Program . Sun Microsystems . April 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 15 . Examples of use of loadkeys and xmodmap '' . Linux Documentation Project . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bhatla , Akshay . `` How to secure Computer from Sticky Key Attack ? '' . www.toptrickstips.com . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sticky_keys&oldid=836989396 '' Categories : Computer accessibility User interface techniques Ergonomics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 01 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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what is a sticky key in windows 7
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Structure of the Earth
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Structure of the Earth - wikipedia Structure of the Earth Structure of the Earth The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells : an outer silicate solid crust , a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle , a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle , and a solid inner core . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry , observations of rock in outcrop , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity , analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth , measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth , and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth 's deep interior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mass 2 Structure 2.1 Crust 2.2 Mantle 2.3 Core 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Mass ( edit ) The force exerted by Earth 's gravity can be used to calculate its mass . Astronomers can also calculate Earth 's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites . Earth 's average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments , which have historically involved pendulums . The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 kg . Structure ( edit ) Earth 's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Earth 's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth 's interior . Mapping the interior of Earth with earthquake waves . Schematic view of the interior of Earth . 1 . continental crust -- 2 . oceanic crust -- 3 . upper mantle -- 4 . lower mantle -- 5 . outer core -- 6 . inner core -- A : Mohorovičić discontinuity -- B : Gutenberg Discontinuity -- C : Lehmann -- Bullen discontinuity . The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways : by mechanical properties such as rheology , or chemically . Mechanically , it can be divided into lithosphere , asthenosphere , mesospheric mantle , outer core , and the inner core . Chemically , Earth can be divided into the crust , upper mantle , lower mantle , outer core , and inner core . The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface : Depth Layer Kilometres Miles 0 -- 60 0 -- 37 Lithosphere ( locally varies between 5 and 200 km ) 0 -- 35 0 -- 22 ... Crust ( locally varies between 5 and 70 km ) 35 -- 60 22 -- 37 ... Uppermost part of mantle 35 -- 2,890 22 -- 1,790 Mantle 210 - 270 130 - 168 ... Upper mesosphere ( upper mantle ) 660 -- 2,890 410 -- 1,790 ... Lower mesosphere ( lower mantle ) 2,890 -- 5,150 1,790 -- 3,160 Outer core 5,150 -- 6,360 3,160 -- 3,954 Inner core The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes . The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it , while the speed of travel ( seismic velocity ) is different in other layers . The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell 's law , like light bending as it passes through a prism . Likewise , reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror . Crust ( edit ) Main article : Crust ( geology ) The crust ranges from 5 -- 70 kilometres ( 3.1 -- 43.5 mi ) in depth and is the outermost layer . The thin parts are the oceanic crust , which underlie the ocean basins ( 5 -- 10 km ) and are composed of dense ( mafic ) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks , like basalt . The thicker crust is continental crust , which is less dense and composed of ( felsic ) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks , like granite . The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories -- sial and sima ( Suess , 1831 -- 1914 ) . It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity ( a second order discontinuity ) . The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere . The crust - mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events . First , there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity , which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho . The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar ( above ) to rocks that contain no feldspars ( below ) . Second , in oceanic crust , there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites , which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences . Many rocks now making up Earth 's crust formed less than 100 million ( 1 × 10 ) years ago ; however , the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion ( 4.4 × 10 ) years old , indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years . Mantle ( edit ) World map showing the position of the Moho . Main article : Mantle ( geology ) Earth 's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km , making it the thickest layer of Earth . The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle . The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone . The lowest part of the mantle next to the core - mantle boundary is known as the D '' ( pronounced dee - double - prime ) layer . The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈ 140 G Pa ( 1.4 M atm ) . The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust . Although solid , the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales . Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates . As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle , the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle ( chemical changes within the mantle may also be important ) . The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 10 and 10 Pa s , depending on depth . In comparison , the viscosity of water is approximately 10 Pa s and that of pitch is 10 Pa s . The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet 's formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium in Earth 's crust and mantle . Core ( edit ) Main articles : inner core and outer core The average density of Earth is 7000551499999999999 ♠ 5.515 g / cm . Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 g / cm , we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth 's core . This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment , performed in the 1770s . Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about 9 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ) that of surface rock , concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic . Hutton estimated this metallic portion to occupy some 65 % of the diameter of the Earth . Hutton 's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20 % too low , at 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 g / cm Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000 ♠ 5.45 g / cm , within 1 % of the modern value . Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts , a `` solid '' inner core with a radius of ≈ 1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈ 3,400 km . The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg / m in the outer core and 12,600 -- 13,000 kg / m in the inner core . The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel . Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves ( transverse seismic waves ) , it must be solid . Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core . Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure : diamond anvil ( static ) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser ( dynamic ) studies . The laser studies create plasma , and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid . This is an area of active research . In early stages of Earth 's formation about 4.6 billion years ago , melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation ( see also the iron catastrophe ) , while less - dense materials would have migrated to the crust . The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron ( 80 % ) , along with nickel and one or more light elements , whereas other dense elements , such as lead and uranium , either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust ( see felsic materials ) . Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal . Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron -- nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips ( diamond anvil cell ) , and then heating to approximately 4000 K . The sample was observed with x-rays , and strongly supported the theory that Earth 's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south . The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements . Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold , platinum and other siderophile elements . The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites , and to matter of outer portion of the Sun . There is good reason to believe that Earth is , in the main , like a chondrite meteorite . Beginning as early as 1940 , scientists , including Francis Birch , built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites , the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth , while totally ignoring another , albeit less abundant type , called enstatite chondrites . The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen , leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth . Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core , combined with the Coriolis effect , gives rise to Earth 's magnetic field . The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field ( see Curie temperature ) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core . The average magnetic field strength in Earth 's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss ( 2.5 mT ) , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet ; however , more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive . Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system . In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that , according to their estimates , Earth 's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface . The current scientific explanation for Earth 's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet 's initial formation , decay of radioactive elements , and freezing of the inner core . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Geological history of Earth Lehmann discontinuity Rain - out model Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Selected Astronomical Constants '' in The Astronomical Almanac Online , USNO -- UKHO , M = 5 9722 × 10 kg ± 6 × 10 kg ^ Jump up to : A.M. Dziewonski , D.L. Anderson ( 1981 ) . `` Preliminary reference Earth model '' ( PDF ) . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 356 . Bibcode : 1981PEPI ... 25 ... 297D . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 81 ) 90046 - 7 . ISSN 0031 - 9201 . Jump up ^ T.H. Jordan ( 1979 ) . `` Structural Geology of the Earth 's Interior '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 76 ( 9 ) : 4192 -- 4200 . Bibcode : 1979PNAS ... 76.4192 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 76.9. 4192 . PMC 411539 . PMID 16592703 . Jump up ^ Breaking News Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet . Spaceflight Now ( 2001 - 01 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Kim ( 24 March 2004 ) . `` D Layer Demystified '' . Science News . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Uwe Walzer , Roland Hendel , John Baumgardner Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley Lab ) is a Department of Energy ( DOE ) Office of Science lab managed by University of California. , What Keeps the Earth Cooking ? News Release by Paul Preuss , July 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Planetary Fact Sheet '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . NASA . Retrieved 2 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hutton , C. ( 1778 ) . `` An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 68 ( 0 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1778.0034 . Jump up ^ Tretkoff , Ernie ( June 2008 ) . `` June 1798 : Cavendish Weighs the World '' . APS News . 17 ( 6 ) . American Physical Society . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 . PMID 20395477 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , James S. ; Monroe , Reed ; Wicander , Richard ( 2006 ) . Physical geology : exploring the earth ( 6 . ed . ) . Belmont : Thomson . p. 346 . ISBN 9780495011484 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Cohen , R.E. ( January 15 , 1995 ) . `` Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core : Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 22 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1995GeoRL ... 22 ... 125S . doi : 10.1029 / 94GL02742 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Ravasio , A. ; Vinci , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Laser - driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states '' . Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 ( 12B ) . Bibcode : 2006PPCF ... 48B. 347B . doi : 10.1088 / 0741 - 3335 / 48 / 12B / S32 . Jump up ^ Remington , Bruce A. ; Drake , R. Paul ; Ryutov , Dmitri D. ( 2006 ) . `` Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 . Bibcode : 2006RvMP ... 78 ... 755R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 78.755 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Husar , G. ; Faral , B. ( June 2002 ) . `` Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks '' . Physics of Plasmas. 9 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhPl ... 9.2466 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1478557 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald ; Stixrude , Lars . `` Crystal at the Center of the Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , L. ; Cohen , R.E. ( 1995 ) . `` High - Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 267 ( 5206 ) : 1972 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1972 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5206. 1972 . PMID 17770110 . Jump up ^ BBC News , `` What is at the centre of the Earth ? . Bbc.co.uk ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ozawa , H. ; al. , et ( 2011 ) . `` Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth 's Outer Core '' . Science . 334 ( 6057 ) : 792 -- 794 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 334 ... 792O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208265 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Fort Knox '' . Discover . 27 ( 9 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . A372 ( 1748 ) : 149 -- 154 . JSTOR 2398362 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth 's composition '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 7 ) : 1034 -- 1037 . Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Earth 's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . Science . 309 ( 5739 ) : 1313a . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5739. 1313a . PMID 16123276 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 26 August 2005 ) `` Scientists Say Earth 's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface '' The New York Times Sec . A , Col. 1 , p. 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Drollette , Daniel ( October 1996 ) . `` A Spinning Crystal Ball '' . Scientific American . 275 ( 4 ) : 28 -- 33 . Kruglinski , Susan ( June 2007 ) . `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Discover . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Lehmann , I ( 1936 ) . `` Inner Earth '' . Bur . Cent . Seismol . Int. 14 : 3 -- 31 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1966 ) . The origin of continents and oceans . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486617084 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Media related to Structure of the Earth at Wikimedia Commons Down To The Earth 's Core ( HD ) on YouTube The Earth 's Core on In Our Time at the BBC Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Portal Earth sciences Links to related articles Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! 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War of 1812
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War of 1812 - Wikipedia War of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Anglo - American War from 1812 to 1815 . For the Franco - Russian conflict , see French invasion of Russia . For other uses of this term , see War of 1812 ( disambiguation ) . War of 1812 Clockwise from top : damage to the U.S. Capitol after the Burning of Washington ; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights ; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere ; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans . Date June 18 , 1812 -- February 18 , 1815 ( 2 years and 8 months ) Location Eastern and Central North America , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks British Empire United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † Oliver Hazard Perry Isaac Chauncey George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 -- 15,000 Casualties and losses 2,200 -- 3,721 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 4,000 slaves freed 20,000 captured 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1,400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 - 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured ( 373 recaptured ) 15,500 captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) Unknown captured * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . St. Lawrence / Lake Champlain frontier 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh Niagara campaign s Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills Old Northwest Tippecanoe River Canard Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church American South Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaíso ( capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the United States contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which 11 British sailors died . The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment . Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , United States President James Madison , after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With the majority of their army in Europe fighting Napoleon , the British adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie , and at the Battle of the Thames defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware that the treaty had been signed , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with Status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and Naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.1. 1 Administrative and economic problems 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 15 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 National bias of historians 7.4. 2 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence , held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since have often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British were also offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt affair . This gave the British a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President , which they succeeded in doing in 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . Press gang : oil painting by Luke Clennell During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside U.S. harbours in view of U.S. shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within U.S. territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the U.S. for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the U.S. was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The U.S. Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S. Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American strugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Democratic - Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. Political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European war , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates , and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , and the soldiers well trained and brave . However , leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent ; some officers proved themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . Congress was hostile to a standing army , and during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed , and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 , in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented : `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much more lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . As such they played pivotal roles in various engagements , including at the Battle of the Chateauguay where Canadian and Indian forces alone stopped a much larger American force despite not having assistance from regular British units . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S. with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Administrative and economic problems While the London government was well administered , in terms of its army , navy , and financial offices , the government in Washington was badly organized , with inexperience , incompetence and confusion the main hallmarks . The federal government 's management system was Designed to minimize the federal role before 1812 . The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government ; when the war began , the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations . Problems multiplied rapidly in 1812 , and all the weaknesses were magnified , especially regarding the Army and the Treasury . There were no serious reforms before the war ended . In financial matters , the decentralizing ideology of the Republicans meant they wanted the First Bank of the United States to expire in 1811 , when its 20 - year charter ran out . Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war , and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state , since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines . The bureaucracy was terrible , often missing deadlines . On the positive side , over 120 new state banks were created all over the country , and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort , along with loans raised by Washington . Some key Republicans , especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes , but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts . The whole time , the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist - controlled state governments in the Northeast , and the Federalist - aligned financial system in the Northeast , was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing . Indeed , they facilitated smuggling across the Canadian border , and sent large amounts of gold and silver to Canada , which created serious shortages in the US . Across the two and half years of the war , 1812 -- 1815 , the federal government took in more money than it spent . Cash out was $119.5 million , cash in was $154.0 million . Two - thirds of the income was borrowing that had to be paid back in later years ; the national debt went from $56.0 million in 1812 to $127.3 million in 1815 . Out of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) of about $925 million ( in 1815 ) , this was not a large burden for a national population of 8 million people . A new Second Bank of the United States was set up in 1816 , and after that the financial system performed very well , even though there was still a shortage of gold and silver . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 U.S. leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - in - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British launched a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he built a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather than trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada . The Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and they believed taking the rest of the province would force the British to cede it to them . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to secure Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . They planned to invade via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac ; the British were supplying the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans renewed their attack on the Niagara peninsula and quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 , with the garrison of 170 quickly surrendering to the 5,000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and , unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force , chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British , who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George and the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses , losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British were further weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually they raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms and weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the Americans advanced into Upper Canada and engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence -- armed with 104 guns and launched in Kingston that September -- was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor to gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and to defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season , he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks , so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . Upon reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 15 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Belle Fontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , these gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . In 1814 U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . After the U.S. was pushed out of the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . At the end of the war , some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honor was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling . Similarly , British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop HMS Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . Meanwhile , the USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from the Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had , therefore , become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged the HMS Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honor . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honor . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship ; Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship ; Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) . The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament . The American sloops Hornet , Wasp ( 1807 ) , Peacock , Wasp ( 1813 ) , and Frolic were all ship - rigged while the British Cruizer - class sloops they encountered were brig rigged , which gave the Americans a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer class brig Pelican ( 1812 ) and the United States ' Argus where the Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where the Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battles , superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ships being of greater force than the British ships of the same class , Britain constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honor by taking the Constitution , which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon ( 1806 ) would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand , had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which led to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) , but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time , and her hull had begun to rot , further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single - ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close - range engagement , the boarding ( hand - to - hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed , and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and banned single - ship duels after this engagement . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 in what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , the USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of the HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on the Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on the President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like the President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike the Guerriere 's which bounced of the Constitution 's hull or the Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's Magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact the Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by the HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as they had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . These arguments show the significance to honor of last frigate engagement 's of the War of 1812 as the question as to how President was taken is only significant to honor as the outcome is maintained that President was taken . British honor was finally redeemed as President was taken and the Little Belt was avenged . Furthermore , President was used as an example to prove to the British that the American 44 - gun frigates were nowhere near evenly matched to the standard British 38 - gun frigates which had been taken in 1812 . Nevertheless , this was not a duel ( which was stressed by Decatur ) and the United States still maintained greater success in frigate duels , and American honor was maintained . Both countries therefore emerged with the sense that they had redeemed their honor . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) , while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy . although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1 , 344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who most vocal about annexing British North America by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and USS Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . The USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington , D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War by victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the national capital . On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when British army and naval units were obviously on their way to Washington . The inexperienced state militia was easily routed in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from what is now the `` White House '' ) , senior officials fled to Virginia . Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered setting fire to the Washington Navy Yard to prevent the capture of supplies . The nation 's public buildings were destroyed by the British ( and by a furious thunderstorm that ruined a great deal of property , although it did quench the flames ) . American morale was challenged , and many Federalists swung around and rallied to a patriotic defense of their homeland . The British moved on to their major target , the heavily fortified major city of Baltimore . They delayed their movement allowing Baltimore an opportunity to strengthen the fortifications and bring in new federal troops and state militia units . The `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . The British Army commander Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by snipers . The British paused , then continued to march northwestward to face the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units at `` Godly Wood . '' The Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' -- now part of Patterson Park ) . The Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and overseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith . The Royal Navy was unable to reduce Fort McHenry at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor in support of an attack from the northeast by the British Army . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry . Francis Scott Key watched from a U.S. truce ship and was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' . The poem was later set to music and named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , which was adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . The British naval guns , mortars and new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore . The ships mostly stood out of range of the Americans , who returned very little fire . The fort was not heavily damaged except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces but with few casualties . The British eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . A last ditch night feint and barge attack during a heavy rain storm was led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west . Split and misdirected partly in the storm , it turned back after suffering heavy casualties from the alert gunners of Fort Covington and Battery Babcock . The British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army , which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was later set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war paint , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops -- from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major Generals Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S. forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tukabatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River ( see Fort Gadsden Historic Site ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , and further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo González Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S. force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily . The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 , where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . In the United States , the economy grew every year 1812 -- 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Prices were 15 % higher -- inflated -- in 1815 compared to 1812 , an annual rate of 4.8 % . There was inflation of about % . The national economy grew 1812 -- 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Hundreds of new banks were opened ; they largely handled the loans that financed the war since tax revenues were down . Money that would have been spent on foreign trade was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British factory - made products were not for sale . This gave a major boost to the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company , built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America , was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 , announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists , saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup , who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' , is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public '' . The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war '' . A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , as the U.S. restored its independence and honor , and opened the way to westward expansion , while Britain defeated Napoleon and ruled the seas . American historian Norman K. Risjord argues that the main motivation was restoring the nation 's honor in the face of relentless British Aggression toward American neutral rights on the high seas , and in the Western lands . The Results in terms of honor satisfied the War Hawks . American historian Donald Hickey asks , `` Did the cost in blood and treasure justify the U.S. decision to go to war ? Most Republicans thought it did . In the beginning they called the contest a `` second war of independence '' , and while Britain 's maritime practices never truly threatened the Republic 's independence , the war did in a broad sense vindicate U.S. sovereignty . But it ended in a draw on the battlefield . '' Historians argue that it was an American success to end the threat of Indian raids , kill the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary , and hereby to open an unimpeded path for westward expansion . Winston Churchill concluded : The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power . American naval historian George C. Daughan argues that the US achieved enough of its war goals to claim a victorious result of the conflict , and subsequent impact it had on the negotiations in Ghent . Daughan uses official correspondences from President Madison to the delegates at Ghent strictly prohibiting negotiations with regards to maritime law , stating : Madison 's latest dispatches ( arrived July 25 -- 27 , 1814 ) permitted them ( the delegates ) to simply ignore the entire question of maritime rights . Free trade with liberated Europe had already been restored , and the Admiralty no longer needed impressment to man its warships . The president felt that with Europe at peace the issues of neutral trading rights and impressment could safely be set aside in the interests of obtaining peace ... Thus , from the start of the negotiations , the disagreements that started the war and sustained it were acknowledged by both parties to be no longer important . The British permanently stopped impressing Americans , although they never publicly rescinding the possibility of resuming that practice . The US delegates at the meeting understood it to be a dead issue after the 1814 surrender of Napoleon . In addition , the successful defence of Baltimore , Plattsburgh , and Fort Erie ( a strategic fortress located in Upper Canada on the Niagara River , and occupied during the 3rd and most successful offensive into Canada ) had very favorable influence on the negotiations for the Americans and prompted several famous responses from both sides . Henry Clay wrote to the delegates in October 1814 , `` for in our own country , my dear sir , at last must we conquer the peace . '' With growing pressure in Britain , The Duke of Wellington when asked to command the forces in America wrote to Liverpool on November 9 , 1814 `` I confess that I think you have no right , from the state of the war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry ... ( the war ) into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack ( Fort Erie ) ... Why Stipulate for uti possidetis ? '' The argument that the US failed to capture any Canadian territory that influenced the negotiations is an outdated and highly criticized position , argues Daughan . He cites the Edinburgh Review , a British newspaper who had remained silent about the war with America for two years wrote `` the British government had embarked on a war of conquest , after the American government had dropped its maritime demands , and the British had lost . It was folly to attempt to invade and conquer the United States . To do so would result in the same tragedy as the first war against them , and with the same result . '' National bias of historians Historians have different views on who won the War of 1812 , and there is an element of national bias to this . British and Canadian historians follow the view that the war was a British victory , and some US historians also support this view . The opposing position , held by most US historians along with some Canadians and British , is that the result was a stalemate . Only US historians follow the minority view that the US was the victorious party in the war . Similarly , a survey of school textbooks found that historians from Canada , Britain , and the United States emphasize different aspects of the war according to their national narratives ; some British texts will scarcely mention the war . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon in spring 1814 ended the war . ( Napoleon unexpectedly returned in 1815 , after the final end of the war of 1812 . ) Except for occasional border disputes and some tensions during the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary . It remains in effect to this day . Although Britain had defeated the American invasions she was in no mood to have more conflicts with the United States since her attention was to her growing Indian possessions . Indicative of forbearance , or at least improved relations , Britain never seriously challenged the US over land claims after 1846 : she had hoped to keep Texas out of the US and had designs of taking California . From the 1880s , because of the burgeoning industrial power of the US , Britain had designs on getting the US on her side in a hypothetical European war . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington , D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams -- Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican Church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist Church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early U.S. naval history Bibliography of the War of 1812 Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Donald Hickey ( Hickey 2006 , p. 297 ) Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ; James R. Arnold ; Roberta Wiener ; Paul G. Pierpaoli ; John C. Fredriksen ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 956 - 6 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 , A Short History . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09447 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 245 ; includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Swanson ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ed. The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Caffrey 1977 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Black 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hooks , J.W. ( 2009 ) . `` A friendly salute the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' Ebscohost P ii Jump up ^ `` John P. Deeben , `` The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires : The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy '' , Prologue Magazine , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , Summer 2012 , Vol. 44 , No. 2 `` . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White 2010 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Willig 2008 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hitsman 1965 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 504 ; Zuehlke 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 392 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1955 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Army Historical Series , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith 1989 , pp. 46 -- 63 , esp . pp. 61 -- 63 ; Carroll 2001 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2010 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Bowler 1988 , pp. 11 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1981 , pp. 3 -- 34 ; Stagg 1983 , ; Horsman 1962 , p. 267 ; Hickey 1989 , p. 72 ; Brown 1971 , p. 128 ; Burt 1940 , pp. 305 -- 310 ; Stuart 1988 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ George F.G. Stanley , 1983 , pg. 32 Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1925 , pp. 9 -- 15 ; Hacker 1924 , pp. 365 -- 395 ; Hickey 1989 , p. 47 ; Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 ; Stagg 2012 , pp. 5 -- 6 ; Tucker 2011 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` War of 1812 -- 1815 ( Milestones 1801 -- 1829 ) . US Department of State , Office of the Historian , Web . 26 Apr. 2016 Jump up ^ Nugent 2008 , pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Berton 2001 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2012 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Nugent 2008 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Benn , C. , & Marston , D. ( 2006 ) . Liberty or death : Wars that forged a nation . Oxford : Osprey Pub . Jump up ^ John Roderick Heller ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . p. 98 . ISBN 9780807137420 . Jump up ^ Maass , R. W ( 2014 ) , `` '' Difficult to Relinquish Territory Which Had Been Conquered `` : Expansionism and the War of 1812 '' , Diplomatic History , 39 : 70 -- 97 , doi : 10.1093 / dh / dht132 ^ Jump up to : Horsman , R ... ( 1987 ) . On to Canada : Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812 . Michigan Historical Review , 13 ( 2 ) , 1 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 137 -- 139 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2003 ) . Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 ( 2002 ) pg. 4 , Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , `` Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp. 23 -- 39 . Jump up ^ James M. Banner , To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 & 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 1812 : Congress stages fiery debates over whether to declare war on Britain '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( January 13 , 1991 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Congress acts to authorize war in Gulf ; Margins are 5 votes in Senate , 67 in House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation : Province of Upper Canada '' . Library and Archives Canada . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner 2011 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Mackinac Island , 17 July 1812 '' . HistoryofWar.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 847 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Quimby 1997 , pp. 2 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( November 2012 ) . `` Small War , Big Consequences : Why 1812 Still Matters '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 233 -- 34 , 349 -- 50 , 478 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Jeffersonians : A Study in Administrative History 1801 1829 ( 1951 ) pp 118 -- 19 , 146 , 216 -- 37 , 285 , 419 , 554 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker eds. ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 9781851099566 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : display - authors ( link ) . Jump up ^ Tucker , Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 p. 210 Jump up ^ See tables 5 and 6 , in Paul Studenski and Herman Edward Krooss ( 1963 ) . Financial History of the United States . p. 77 . ISBN 9781587981753 . and p 79 . Jump up ^ For GDP and population by year see `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' Jump up ^ Jane Ellen Knodell ( 2016 ) . The Second Bank of the United States : `` Central '' Banker in an Era of Nation - building , 1816 -- 1836 . Taylor & Francis . p. 99 . ISBN 9781317662778 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2001 ) . The Invasion of Canada : Battles of the War of 1812 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 17 . ISBN 1550287389 . ^ Jump up to : Burroughs 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Benn & Marston 2006 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Auchinleck , Gilbert ( January 1 , 1855 ) . A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America : During the Years 1812 , 1813 , and 1814 . Maclear & Company . Jump up ^ Peppiatt , Liam . `` Chapter 24 : Andrew Mercer 's Cottage '' . Robertson 's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 848 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1985 . Jump up ^ Jones 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky : National Guard History eMuseum -- War of 1812 '' . Kynghistory.ky.gov . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Lewiston , New York '' . Historical Association of Lewiston . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prohaska , Thomas J. ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lewiston monument to mark Tuscarora heroism in War of 1812 '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Benn 2013 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Grodzinski 2010 , pp. 560 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1987 ) ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 337 . ISBN 0870214454 . Jump up ^ D.C. Harvey , `` The Halifax - Castine Expedition '' , Dalhousie Review 18 ( 1938 -- 39 ) : 207 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2002 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Cyrenus Cole , A history of the people of Iowa ( 1921 ) pp. 69 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Concise Historical Atlas of Canada , plate 38 , Geoffrey J. Matthews , University , of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Nolan 2009 , pp. 85 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1921 , pp. 480 -- 482 Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` First United States Infantry '' . Iaw.on.ca . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Admiralty reply to British press criticism ( Toll 2006 , p. 180 ) . Jump up ^ Gwyn 2003 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` A British View of the Naval War of 1812 U.S. Naval Institute '' . www.usni.org . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Toll 2006 ^ Jump up to : Lambert 2012 ^ Jump up to : James 1817 ^ Jump up to : Gardiner 2000 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 360 -- 365 . ^ Jump up to : James1817 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt Jump up ^ Labert 2012 Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 164 . 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Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Leckie 1998 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 56 - 57 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Malcomson , `` Freedom by reaching the Wooden World : American Slaves and the British Navy during the War of 1812 '' , The Northern Mariner , Vol . XXII , No. 4 ( October 2012 ) , p. 366 . Jump up ^ `` '' Black Sailors and Soldiers in the War of 1812 `` , The War of 1812 , PBS ( 2012 ) '' . Black Soldier and Sailors in the War -- War of 1812 -- PBS . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith 2011 , pp. 75 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Smith 2007 , pp. 81 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Harvey 1938 , pp. 207 -- 213 . Jump up ^ `` The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814 : Naval Documents of the War of 1812 '' . History.navy.mil . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrick , Carole L. ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , Virginia : Higher Education Publications , Inc. p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 914927 - 50 - 7 . Jump up ^ William Coleman , `` ' The Music of a well tun 'd State ' : `` The Star Spangled Banner '' and the Development of a Federalist Musical Tradition . '' Journal of the Early Republic ) 35.4 ( 2015 ) : 599 -- 629 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2005 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Braund , Kathryn E. , Deerskins and Duffels : The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo - America , 1685 -- 1815 . ( University of Nebraska Press 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 ( University of New Mexico Press 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 785 . Jump up ^ Waselkov , Gregory A . A Conquering Spirit : Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813 -- 1814 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Braund , Kathryn E. Tohopeka : Rethinking the Creek War and the War of 1812 . ( University of Alabama Press 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Remini , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , pp. 791 -- 793 . Jump up ^ Remini 1977 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 146 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Mike and Clay Williams . Battle for the Southern Frontier : The Creek War and the War of 1812 . Charleston : History Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Carron '' . Pbenyon.plus.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Sugden , pp. 286 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` The War Of 1812 - ( 7.1 ) Jackson on the Gulf Coast '' . Greg Goebel . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 409 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2012 ) , p. 229 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' . galafilm.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chartrand , René ( 2012 ) , Forts of the War of 1812 , Oxford , Oxfordshire : Osprey , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Owsley , Frank L. , Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands : The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans , 1812 -- 1815 , University of Alabama Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Reilly 1974 , pp. 303 , 306 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , pp. 136 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : The War of 1812 '' . Army.mil . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Edward Frazer and L.G. Carr - Laughton ( 1930 ) , The Royal Marine Artillery 1803 -- 1923 , Volume 1 , 1804 -- 1859 , London : Royal United Services Institution , OCLC 4986867 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Bullard , Mary R. Black Liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815 . ( University of Georgia Press , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 . Jump up ^ 3 . George Daughan , 1812 : The Navy 's War ( New York , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert `` the challenge '' pg. 399 . Jump up ^ Brian Arthur , How Britain won the war of 1812 -- The Royal Navy 's Blockade of the United States , Boydell Press , Suffolk , 2011 , ISBN 9781843836650 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morison 1941 , pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 362 -- 365 . Jump up ^ For details of the negotiations , see Samuel Flagg Bemis , John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy ( 1956 ) pp 196 -- 220 ; Robert V. Remini , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) pp 94 -- 122 ; Ward , A.W. ; Gooch , G.P. ( 1922 ) . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 -- 1919 : 1783 -- 1815 . Macmillan Company . pp. 537 -- 42 . and A.T. Mahan , `` The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' , American Historical Review ( 1905 ) 11 # 1 pp. 68 -- 87 , esp . pp. 73 -- 78 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Remini , Henry Clay ( 1991 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mahan , `` The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' , pp. 73 -- 78 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ward and Gooch , Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , p 540 Jump up ^ Perkins 1964 , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Hickey 2006 , pp. 150 -- 151 ; Hibbert 1997 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Mills 1921 , pp. 19 -- 32 ; Toll 2006 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 389 -- 391 ; Gash 1984 , pp. 111 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Mahan , A.T. ( October 1905 ) . `` The negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . The American Historical Review Jump up ^ http://www.snopes.com/2016/08/29/star-spangled-banner-and-slavery/ Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 295 ; Updyke 1915 , p. 360 ; Perkins 1964 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the War Of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . pp. 208 -- 9 . ISBN 9781591143628 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Latimer , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Donald Adams , Finance and Enterprise in Early America : A Study of Stephen Girard 's Bank , 1812 -- 1831 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Lillian Ione Rhoades MacDowell ( 1900 ) . The Story of Philadelphia . American Book Company . pp. 315 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Schama 2006 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Black Loyalists in New Brunswick , 1789 -- 1853 '' , Atlantic Canada Portal , University of New Brunswick . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lindsay 1920 , p. . Jump up ^ Jay 's treaty and the treaty of ghent -- Arbitration , Mediation , and Conciliation , Americanforeignrelations.com , retrieved July 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ See `` Inflation Calculator '' Jump up ^ Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson , `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' MeasuringWorth , 2018 ) Jump up ^ Curtis Nettels , The emergence of a national economy : 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 335 -- 40 . Jump up ^ H.E. Bergquist Jr , `` The Boston Manufacturing Company and Anglo - American Relations 1807 -- 1820 . '' Business History 15.1 ( 1973 ) : 45 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Kaufman 1997 , pp. 110 -- 135 . Jump up ^ CMH , `` Origins of the Militia Myth '' ( February 2006 ) online Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 458 , 459 . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boswell 2009 . Jump up ^ Ipsos Reid . `` Americans ( 64 % ) less likely than Canadians ( 77 % ) to Believe War of 1812 had Significant Outcomes , Important to formation National Identity , but still more likely to Commemorate War '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos Reid . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814 : Naval Documents of the War of 1812 '' . U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 82 - 83 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner and the War of 1812 '' . Encyclopedia Smithsonian . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Edwin H. ( 2003 ) . The United States Marines : A History , Fourth Edition . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 790 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jasper Trautsch , `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' , Reviews in History ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Howe 2007 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 ; Latimer 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Should we still care about the War of 1812 ? , Troy Bickham , July 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Wesley B. Turner , The War of 1812 : The War That Both Sides Won ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord , `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks and the Nation 's Honor . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1961 ) : 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( Library of America , 2013 ) . Introduction . Jump up ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2009 ) concludes , `` British plans for an American Indian buffer state were dropped , and American Indian nations within U.S. borders lost their last major remaining European diplomatic partner , clearing a path for American westward expansion . '' Michael Kazin eds. ( 2009 ) . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton UP . p. 343 . ISBN 1400833566 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : display - authors ( link ) Jump up ^ Sir Winston Churchill ( 1958 ) . A History of the English - speaking Peoples volume 3 . p. 366 . Jump up ^ George C. Daughan , 1812 : The Navy 's War ( 2011 ) , p. 328 Jump up ^ Robert A. Rutland , James Madison Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) p 200 . Jump up ^ Daughan , 1812 p. 353 Jump up ^ Dudley Mills , `` The Duke of Wellington and the Peace Negotiations at Ghent . '' Canadian Historical Review 2 # 1 , ( 1921 ) pp 19 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Daughan , 1812 p. 359 Jump up ^ Trautsch , Dr Jasper `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' Reviews in History http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1387 ^ Jump up to : Randy , Boswell `` Canada Won the war of 1812 , US Historian admits '' November 27 , 2011 National Post http://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada-won-the-war-of-1812-u-s-historian-admits Jump up ^ Hattendorf , J.B. ( 2012 , Jan 28 ) . The war without a loser . Wall Street Journal ( Online ) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/docview/918117327?accountid=12372 Jump up ^ Simon , Richard `` Who Really won the war of 1812 '' LA Times http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/26/nation/la-na-war-of-1812-20120226 Jump up ^ Foreman , Amanda `` The British View the War of 1812 quite differently than Americans Do '' Smithsonian Mag July 2014 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/british-view-war-1812-quite-differently-americans-do-180951852/ Jump up ^ C.L. , Mowat. 1965 . `` A Study of Bias in British and American History Textbooks . '' Bulletin . British Association For American Studies no . 10 : 31 . p 35 Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , Introduction '' ( 2013 ) . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence . Library of America . p. 22 . ISBN 9781598532647 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John Herd ; Randall , Stephen J. ( 2008 ) . Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies . University of Georgia Press . p. 23 . ISBN 9780820331133 . ; Bowman , John Stewart ; Greenblatt , Miriam ( 2003 ) . War of 1812 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 142 -- . ISBN 9781438100166 . ; Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . p. 145 . ISBN 9780816033379 . ; Boyer , Paul S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Enduring Vision 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 9780495800941 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Sugden , pp. 301 -- 302 , mentions that ' Brock ' had urged the British government to protect his Indian allies in peace negotiations , and by the end of 1812 he had obtained from Earl Bathurst , colonial secretary , a promise to that effect . ' Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 435 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ PBS , The War of 1812 , Essays . https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/ Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 ; Cogliano 2008 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield 1952 , pp. xi -- xiii , 95 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 456 , 467 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , pp. 47 , 80 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 255ff . Jump up ^ Cogliano 2008 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Julius W Pratt , A History of United States Foreign Policy ( 1955 ) , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Akenson 1999 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Landon 1941 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hayes 2008 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Calloway 1986 , pp. 1 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 7 ; Latimer 2009 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Stearns 2008 , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Donald R. 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William and Mary Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 210 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918543 . JSTOR 1918543 . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 188 - 5 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Smith , Dwight L ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Smith , Joshua ( 2007 ) . Borderland Smuggling . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . pp. 81 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2986 - 4 . Smith , Joshua ( 2011 ) . Battle for the Bay : The War of 1812 . Fredericton , NB : Goose Lane Editions . pp. 75 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86492 - 644 - 9 . 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Stuart , Reginald ( 1988 ) . United States Expansionism and British North America , 1775 - 1871 . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 76 . Sugden , John ( January 1982 ) . `` The Southern Indians in the War of 1812 : The Closing Phase '' . Florida Historical Quarterly . Swanson , Neil H. ( 1945 ) . The Perilous Fight : Being a Little Known and Much Abused Chapter of Our National History in Our Second War of Independence ... Recounted Mainly from Contemporary Records . Farrar and Rinehart . Tanner , Helen H. ( 1987 ) . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2056 - 8 . Toll , Ian W. ( 2006 ) . Six Frigates : The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05847 - 5 . Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4265 - 8 . Trautsch , Jasper M. ( January 2013 ) . `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate '' . Journal of Military History . 77 ( 1 ) : 273 -- 293 . Trautsch , Jasper . `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' Reviews and History ( 2013 ; updated 2014 ) Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 3 volumes ) '' . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 1097 . ISBN 9781851096039 . Turner , Wesley B. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1812 : The War That Both Sides Won . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 9781550023367 . Turner , Wesley B. ( July 4 , 2011 ) . The Astonishing General : The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock . Dundurn Press . p. 311 . Updyke , Frank Arthur ( 1915 ) . The diplomacy of the war of 1812 . Johns Hopkins U.P. Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge U.P. p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : Bibliography of the War of 1812 Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 -- 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 -- 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 -- 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02046 - 1 . Hickey , Donald R . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict ( 1989 ) ; abridged as The War of 1812 : A Short History ( 1995 ) Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! : Myths of the War of 1812 ( 2006 ) Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 -- 556 Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Maryland : Scarecrow . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Rutland , Robert A. ed . James Madison and the American Nation 1751 -- 1836 : An Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) pp 144 -- 45 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Primary sources Hickey , Donald R. , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( New York : Library of America , 2013 ) . xxx , 892 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 19 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on 2001 - 02 - 21 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . The War of 1812 , January 31 , 2013 Indiana University Lilly Library Digital Collection of War of 1812 The War : A War of 1812 Newspaper Brock University Library Digital Repository War of 1812 Collection Brock University Library Digital Repository War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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United States presidential election, 1928
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United states presidential election , 1928 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1928 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1928 ← 1924 November 6 , 1928 1932 → 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 56.9 % 8.0 pp Nominee Herbert Hoover Al Smith Party Republican Democratic Home state California New York Running mate Charles Curtis Joseph T. Robinson Electoral vote 444 87 States carried 40 8 Popular vote 21,427,123 15,015,464 Percentage 58.2 % 40.8 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Hoover / Curtis , blue denotes those won by Smith / Robinson . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Herbert Hoover Republican The United States presidential election of 1928 was the 36th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1928 . Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee , Governor Al Smith of New York . Hoover was the last Republican to win a presidential election until 1952 . After President Calvin Coolidge declined to seek reelection , Hoover emerged as his party 's front - runner . As Hoover 's intra-party opponents failed to unite around a candidate , Hoover received a large majority of the vote at the 1928 Republican National Convention . The strong state of the economy discouraged some Democrats from running , and Smith was nominated on the first ballot of the 1928 Democratic National Convention . Hoover and Smith had been widely known as potential presidential candidates long before the 1928 campaign , and both were generally regarded as outstanding leaders . Each candidate was a newcomer to the presidential race and presented in his person and record an appeal of unknown potency to the electorate . Each candidate also faced serious discontent within his party membership , and neither had the wholehearted support of his party organization . In the end , the Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s , whereas Smith , a Roman Catholic , suffered politically from anti-Catholic prejudice , his anti-prohibitionist stance , and his association with the legacy of corruption of Tammany Hall . Hoover won a third straight Republican landslide and made substantial inroads in the traditionally Democratic Solid South , winning several states that had not voted for a Republican since the end of Reconstruction . Hoover 's victory made him the first president born west of the Mississippi River , and he is the most recent sitting member of the Cabinet to win a major party 's presidential nomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.3 Prohibition Party nomination 2 General election 2.1 The fall campaign 2.2 Results 2.3 Geography of results 2.3. 1 Cartographic gallery 2.4 Results by state 2.5 Close states 2.5. 1 Statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Primary sources 6 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1928 Republican National Convention Republican Party Ticket , 1928 Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis for President for Vice President 3rd U.S. Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) U.S. Senator from Kansas ( 1907 -- 1913 & 1915 -- 1929 ) Campaign Republican candidates : Herbert Hoover from California , Secretary of Commerce Former Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis from Kansas With President Coolidge choosing not to enter the race , the race for the nomination was wide open . The leading candidates were Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover , former Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden and Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis . A draft - Coolidge movement failed to gain traction with party insiders and failed to persuade Coolidge himself . In the few primaries that mattered , Hoover did not perform as well as expected , and it was thought that the president or Vice-President Charles G. Dawes might accept a draft in case of a deadlock , but Lowden withdrew just as the convention was about to start , paving the way for a Hoover victory . The Republican Convention , held in Kansas City , Missouri , from June 12 to 15 , nominated Hoover on the first ballot . With Hoover disinclined to interfere in the selection of his running mate , the party leaders were at first partial to giving Dawes a shot at a second term , but when this information leaked , Coolidge sent an angry telegram saying that he would consider a second nomination for Dawes , whom he hated , a `` personal affront . '' To attract votes from farmers concerned about Hoover 's pro-business orientation , it was instead offered to Senator Curtis , who accepted . He was nominated overwhelmingly on the first ballot . In his acceptance speech eight weeks after the convention ended , Secretary Hoover said : `` We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of this land ... We shall soon with the help of God be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this land . '' The phrase would eventually haunt Hoover during the Great Depression . The Balloting Presidential Ballot Vice Presidential Ballot Herbert Hoover 837 Charles Curtis 1,052 Frank Orren Lowden 74 Herman Ekern 19 Charles Curtis 64 Charles G. Dawes 13 James Eli Watson 45 Hanford MacNider George W. Norris 24 Guy D. Goff 18 Calvin Coolidge 17 Charles G. Dawes Charles Evans Hughes Democratic party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1928 Democratic National Convention Democratic Party Ticket , 1928 Al Smith Joseph T. Robinson for President for Vice President 42nd Governor of New York ( 1919 -- 1920 & 1923 -- 1928 ) U.S. Senator from Arkansas ( 1913 -- 1937 ) Campaign Democratic candidates : Governor Al Smith of New York Representative Cordell Hull from Tennessee Senator James A. Reed from Missouri Former Senator Atlee Pomerene from Ohio With the memory of the Teapot Dome scandal rapidly fading , and the current state of prosperity making the party 's prospects look dim , most of the major Democratic leaders , such as William Gibbs McAdoo , were content to sit this one out . One who did not was New York Governor Al Smith , who had tried twice before to secure the Democratic nomination . The 1928 Democratic National Convention was held in Houston , Texas , on June 26 to 28 , and Smith became the candidate on the first ballot . The leadership asked the delegates to nominate Sen. Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas , who was in many ways Smith 's political polar opposite , to be his running mate , and he was nominated for vice-president . Smith was the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party 's nomination for president , and his religion became an issue during the campaign . Many Protestants feared that Smith would take orders from church leaders in Rome in making decisions affecting the country . The Balloting Presidential Ballot Vice Presidential Ballot Al Smith 849.17 Joseph Taylor Robinson 1,035.17 Cordell Hull 71.84 Alben W. Barkley 77 Walter F. George 52.5 Nellie Tayloe Ross 31 James A. Reed 52 Henry Tureman Allen 28 Atlee Pomerene 47 George L. Berry 17.5 Jesse H. Jones 43 Dan Moody 9.33 Evans Woollen 32 Duncan U. Fletcher 7 Pat Harrison 20 John H. Taylor 6 William A. Ayres 20 Lewis Stevenson Richard C. Watts 18 Evans Woollen Gilbert Hitchcock 16 Joseph Patrick Tumulty 100 A. Victor Donahey 5 Houston Thompson Theodore G. Bilbo Source : US President - D Convention . Our Campaigns . ( March 10 , 2011 ) . Prohibition party nomination ( edit ) The Prohibition Party Convention was held in Chicago from July 10 through July 12 . Smith openly opposed Prohibition . Some members of the Prohibition Party wanted to throw their support to Hoover , thinking that their candidate would not win and that they did not want their candidate to provide the margin by which Smith would win . Nonetheless , William F. Varney was nominated for president over Hoover by a margin of 68 -- 45 . General election ( edit ) The fall campaign ( edit ) Anti-Catholicism was a significant problem for Smith 's campaign . Protestant ministers warned that he would take orders from the pope who , many Americans sincerely believed , would move to the United States to rule the country from a fortress in Washington , D.C. , if Smith won . According to a popular joke , after the election he sent a one - word telegram advising Pope Pius XI to `` Unpack '' . Beyond the conspiracy theories , a survey of 8,500 Southern Methodist Church ministers found only four who supported Smith , and the northern Methodists , Southern Baptists , and Disciples of Christ were similar in their opposition . Many voters who sincerely rejected bigotry and the anti-Catholic Ku Klux Klan -- which had declined during the 1920s until the 1928 campaign revived it -- justified their opposition to Smith on their belief that the Catholic Church was an `` un-American '' , `` alien culture '' that opposed freedom and democracy . An example was a statement issued in September 1928 by the National Lutheran Editors ' and Managers ' Association that opposed Smith 's election . The manifesto , written by Dr. Clarence Reinhold Tappert , warned about `` the peculiar relation in which a faithful Catholic stands and the absolute allegiance he owes to a ' foreign sovereign ' who does not only ' claim ' supremacy also in secular affairs as a matter of principle and theory but who , time and again , has endeavored to put this claim into practical operation . '' The Catholic Church , the manifesto asserted , was hostile to American principles of separation of church and state and of religious toleration . Groups circulated a million copies of a counterfeit oath claiming that fourth degree Knights of Columbus members swore to exterminate Freemasons and Protestants and commit violence against anyone , if the church so ordered . Smith 's opposition to Prohibition , a key reform promoted by Protestants , also lost him votes , as did his association with Tammany Hall . Because many anti-Catholics used these issues as a cover for their religious prejudices , Smith 's campaign had difficulty denouncing anti-Catholicism as bigotry without offending others who favored Prohibition or disliked Tammany 's corruption . Due to these issues , Smith lost several states of the Solid South that had been carried by Democrats since Reconstruction . However , in many southern states with sizable African American populations ( and where the vast majority of African Americans could not vote at the time ) , many believed that Hoover supported integration , or at least was not committed to maintaining segregation , which in turn overcame opposition to Smith 's campaign . During the campaign , Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo claimed that Hoover had met with a black member of the Republican National Committee and danced with her . Hoover 's campaign quickly denied the `` untruthful and ignoble assertion '' . Smith 's religion helped him with Roman Catholic New England immigrants ( especially Irish - Americans and Italian - Americans ) , which may explain his narrow victories in traditionally Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island , as well as his narrow loss in his home state of New York , where previous Democratic presidential candidates lost by double digits , but which Smith only lost by two percent . Results ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the margin of victory for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for Hoover ( Republican ) and shades of blue are for Smith ( Democratic ) , and shades of green are for `` Other ( s ) '' ( Non-Democratic / Non-Republican ) , grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood ... The total vote exceeded that of 1924 by nearly eight million . It was nearly twice the vote cast in 1916 and nearly three times that of 1896 . Every section in the Union increased its vote , the Mountain , East South Central and West South Central sections least of all . The greatest increases were in the heavily populated ( Northeastern ) Mid-Atlantic and East North Central sections , where more than 4,250,000 more votes were cast , more than half of the nationwide increase . There was an increase of over a million each in New York and Pennsylvania . Hoover won the election by a wide margin on pledges to continue the economic boom of the Coolidge years . He received more votes than any candidate of the Republican Party previously had in every state except five : Rhode Island , Iowa , North Dakota , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The Hoover vote was greater than the Coolidge vote in 2,932 counties ; it was less in 143 of the comparable counties . The 21,400,000 votes cast for Hoover also touched the high - water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate up to that time and were an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote four years earlier . The Republican ticket made substantial inroads in the South : the heaviest Democratic losses were in the three Southern sections ( South Atlantic , East South Central , West South Central ) . These losses included 215 counties that had never before supported a Republican presidential candidate , distributed as follows : Alabama ( 14 ) , Arkansas ( 5 ) , Florida ( 22 ) , Georgia ( 4 ) , Kentucky ( 28 ) , Maryland ( 3 ) , Mississippi ( 1 ) , Missouri ( 10 ) , North Carolina ( 16 ) , Tennessee ( 3 ) , Texas ( 64 ) , Virginia ( 26 ) , West Virginia ( 4 ) . In Georgia , eight counties recorded more votes cast for `` anti-Smith '' electors than either of the two - party candidates , while one county in Wyoming had no recorded votes . The electoral votes of North Carolina and Virginia had not been awarded to a Republican since 1872 , while Florida had not been carried by a Republican since the heavily disputed election of 1876 . Texas was carried by a Republican for the first time in its history , leaving Georgia as the only remaining state never carried by a Republican presidential candidate . Georgia was eventually won by Barry Goldwater in 1964 . In all , Smith carried only six of the eleven states of the former Confederacy , the lowest number carried by a Democratic candidate since the end of Reconstruction . Smith polled more votes than any previous Democratic candidate in thirty of the 48 states , all but Alabama , Colorado , Delaware , Idaho , Kansas , Kentucky , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , and Washington . In only four of these ( Tennessee , Oklahoma , Texas , and New Mexico ) did Smith receive fewer votes than Davis had in 1924 . Smith received nearly as many votes as Coolidge had in 1924 , and his vote exceeded Davis 's by more than six and half million . The Democratic vote was greater than in 1924 in 2,080 counties ; it fell off in 997 counties . In only one section did the Democratic vote drop below 38 % , and that was the Pacific section , the only one in which the Republican percentage exceeded 60 % . But the Democrats made gains in five sections . Of these counties , fourteen had never been Democratic and seven had been Democratic only once . The size and the nature of the distribution of the Democratic vote illustrates Smith 's strengths and weaknesses as a candidate . Despite evidence of an increased Democratic vote , Smith 's overwhelming defeat in the electoral college and the retention of so few Democratic counties reflected Hoover 's greater appeal . Smith won the electoral votes of only the Deep Southern States of the Democratic Solid South ( plus Robinson 's home state of Arkansas ) and the New England states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island , which had a large proportion of Catholic voters . His 87 electoral votes were the fewest a Democratic candidate had won since the 80 votes earned by Horatio Seymour in 1868 ( not counting Horace Greeley in 1872 , who was endorsed by the Democratic Party , but ran as a Liberal Republican ) . Hoover even triumphed by a narrow margin in Smith 's home state of New York . Smith carried 914 counties , the fewest in the Fourth Party System . The Republican total leaped to 2,174 counties , a greater number than in the great overturn of 1920 . Third - party support sank almost to the vanishing point , as the election of 1928 proved to be a two - party contest to a greater extent than any other in the Fourth Party System . Until the major split before the 1948 election in the Democratic Party between Southern Democrats and the more liberal Northern faction , no further significant third - party candidacies as seen in 1912 and 1924 were to occur . All `` other '' votes totaled only 1.08 percent of the national popular vote . The Socialist vote sank to 267,478 , and in seven states there were no Socialist votes . This was the last election in which the Republicans won North Carolina until 1968 , the last when they won Kentucky and West Virginia until 1956 , the last when they won Arizona , California , Florida , Idaho , Illinois , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , and Washington until 1952 , the last when they won Maryland , New Jersey , New York , and Oregon until 1948 , the last when they won Ohio , Wisconsin , and Wyoming until 1944 , and the last when they won Colorado , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Nebraska , North Dakota and South Dakota until 1940 . As of 2016 it remains the last election when the Republican candidate carried the three contiguous counties of Saint Louis County , Minnesota , Carlton County , Minnesota and Douglas County , Wisconsin , and the last until Donald Trump in 2016 when the Republicans carried neighboring Itasca County , Minnesota , Columbia County , Oregon or Grays Harbor County , Washington . It is also the last occasion when Wayne County , Michigan supported a Republican candidate and the only occasion since 1908 when Republicans have carried Orange County , North Carolina . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Herbert Hoover Republican California 21,427,123 58.21 % 444 Charles Curtis Kansas 444 Al Smith Democratic New York 15,015,464 40.80 % 87 Joseph Taylor Robinson Arkansas 87 Norman Thomas Socialist New York 267,478 0.73 % 0 James H. Maurer Pennsylvania 0 William Z . Foster Communist Massachusetts 48,551 0.13 % 0 Benjamin Gitlow New York 0 Verne L. Reynolds Socialist Labor Michigan 21,590 0.06 % 0 Jeremiah D. Crowley New York 0 William F. Varney Prohibition New York 20,095 0.05 % 0 James Edgerton Virginia 0 Frank Webb Farmer - Labor California 6,390 0.02 % 0 LeRoy R. Tillman Georgia 0 Other 321 0.00 % -- Other -- Total 36,807,012 100 % 531 531 Needed to win 266 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1928 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 28 , 2005 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 28 , 2005 . Popular vote Hoover 58.21 % Smith 40.80 % Thomas 0.73 % Others 0.26 % Electoral vote Hoover 83.62 % Smith 16.38 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States won by Hoover / Curtis States won by Smith / Robinson Herbert Hoover Republican Alfred E. Smith Democratic Norman Thomas Socialist William Foster Communist Verne Reynolds Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 12 120,725 48.49 - 127,797 51.33 12 460 0.18 - - - - - - - - 7,072 - 2.84 248,982 AL Arizona 52,533 57.57 38,537 42.23 - - - - 184 0.20 - - - - 13,996 15.34 91,254 AZ Arkansas 9 77,751 39.33 - 119,196 60.29 9 429 0.22 - 317 0.16 - - - - - 41,445 - 20.96 197,693 AR California 13 1,162,323 64.69 13 614,365 34.19 - 19,595 1.09 - 112 0.01 - - - - 547,958 30.50 1,796,656 CA Colorado 6 253,872 64.72 6 133,131 33.94 - 3,472 0.89 - 675 0.17 - - - - 120,741 30.78 392,242 CO Connecticut 7 296,614 53.63 7 252,040 45.57 - 3,019 0.55 - 730 0.13 - 622 0.11 - 44,574 8.06 553,031 CT Delaware 68,860 65.03 36,643 34.60 - 329 0.31 - 59 0.06 - - - - 32,217 30.42 105,891 DE Florida 6 144,168 56.83 6 101,764 40.12 - 4,036 1.59 - 3,704 1.46 - - - - 42,404 16.72 253,672 FL Georgia 14 99,369 43.36 - 129,602 56.56 14 124 0.05 - 64 0.03 - - - - - 30,233 - 13.19 229,159 GA Idaho 97,322 64.22 52,926 34.93 - 1,293 0.85 - - - - - - - 44,396 29.30 151,541 ID Illinois 29 1,769,141 56.93 29 1,313,817 42.28 - 19,138 0.62 - 3,581 0.12 - 1,812 0.06 - 455,324 14.65 3,107,489 IL Indiana 15 848,290 59.68 15 562,691 39.59 - 3,871 0.27 - 321 0.02 - 645 0.05 - 285,599 20.09 1,421,314 IN Iowa 13 623,570 61.77 13 379,311 37.57 - 2,960 0.29 - 328 0.03 - 230 0.02 - 244,259 24.20 1,009,489 IA Kansas 10 513,672 72.02 10 193,003 27.06 - 6,205 0.87 - 320 0.04 - - - - 320,669 44.96 713,200 KS Kentucky 13 558,064 59.33 13 381,070 40.51 - 837 0.09 - 293 0.03 - 340 0.04 - 176,994 18.82 940,604 KY Louisiana 10 51,160 23.70 - 164,655 76.29 10 - - - - - - - - - - 113,495 - 52.58 215,833 LA Maine 6 179,923 68.63 6 81,179 30.96 - 1,068 0.41 - - - - - - - 98,744 37.66 262,171 ME Maryland 8 301,479 57.06 8 223,626 42.33 - 1,701 0.32 - 636 0.12 - 906 0.17 - 77,853 14.74 528,348 MD Massachusetts 18 775,566 49.15 - 792,758 50.24 18 6,262 0.40 - 2,461 0.16 - 772 0.05 - - 17,192 - 1.09 1,577,823 MA Michigan 15 965,396 70.36 15 396,762 28.92 - 3,516 0.26 - 2,881 0.21 - 799 0.06 - 568,634 41.44 1,372,082 MI Minnesota 12 560,977 57.77 12 396,451 40.83 - 6,774 0.70 - 4,853 0.50 - 1,921 0.20 - 164,526 16.94 970,976 MN Mississippi 10 27,153 17.90 - 124,539 82.10 10 - - - - - - - - - - 97,386 - 64.20 151,692 MS Missouri 18 834,080 55.58 18 662,562 44.15 - 3,739 0.25 - - - - 340 0.02 - 171,518 11.43 1,500,721 MO Montana 113,300 58.37 78,578 40.48 - 1,667 0.86 - 563 0.29 - - - - 34,722 17.89 194,108 MT Nebraska 8 345,745 63.19 8 197,959 36.18 - 3,434 0.63 - - - - - - - 147,786 27.01 547,144 NE Nevada 18,327 56.54 14,090 43.46 - - - - - - - - - - 4,237 13.07 32,417 NV New Hampshire 115,404 58.65 80,715 41.02 - 465 0.24 - 173 0.09 - - - - 34,689 17.63 196,757 NH New Jersey 14 925,285 59.77 14 616,162 39.80 - 4,866 0.31 - 1,240 0.08 - 488 0.03 - 309,123 19.97 1,548,195 NJ New Mexico 69,645 59.01 48,211 40.85 - - - - 158 0.13 - - - - 21,434 18.16 118,014 NM New York 45 2,193,344 49.79 45 2,089,863 47.44 - 107,332 2.44 - 10,876 0.25 - 4,211 0.10 - 103,481 2.35 4,405,626 NY North Carolina 12 348,923 54.94 12 286,227 45.06 - - - - - - - - - - 62,696 9.87 635,150 NC North Dakota 5 131,441 54.80 5 106,648 44.46 - 936 0.39 - 842 0.35 - - - - 24,793 10.34 239,867 ND Ohio 24 1,627,546 64.89 24 864,210 34.45 - 8,683 0.35 - 2,836 0.11 - 1,515 0.06 - 763,336 30.43 2,508,346 OH Oklahoma 10 394,046 63.72 10 219,174 35.44 - 3,924 0.63 - - - - - - - 174,872 28.28 618,427 OK Oregon 5 205,341 64.18 5 109,223 34.14 - 2,720 0.85 - 1,094 0.34 - 1,564 0.49 - 96,118 30.04 319,942 OR Pennsylvania 38 2,055,382 65.24 38 1,067,586 33.89 - 18,647 0.59 - 4,726 0.15 - 380 0.01 - 987,796 31.35 3,150,610 PA Rhode Island 5 117,522 49.55 - 118,973 50.16 5 - - - 283 0.12 - 416 0.18 - - 1,451 - 0.61 237,194 RI South Carolina 9 5,858 8.54 - 62,700 91.39 9 47 0.07 - - - - - - - - 56,842 - 82.85 68,605 SC South Dakota 5 157,603 60.18 5 102,660 39.20 - 443 0.17 - 232 0.09 - - - - 54,943 20.98 261,865 SD Tennessee 12 195,388 53.76 12 167,343 46.04 - 631 0.17 - 111 0.03 - - - - 28,045 7.72 363,473 TN Texas 20 367,036 51.77 20 341,032 48.10 - 722 0.10 - 209 0.03 - - - - 26,004 3.67 708,999 TX Utah 94,618 53.58 80,985 45.86 - 954 0.54 - 46 0.03 - - - - 13,633 7.72 176,603 UT Vermont 90,404 66.87 44,440 32.87 - - - - - - - - - - 45,964 34.00 135,191 VT Virginia 12 164,609 53.91 12 140,146 45.90 - 250 0.08 - 173 0.06 - 180 0.06 - 24,463 8.01 305,358 VA Washington 7 335,844 67.06 7 156,772 31.30 - 2,615 0.52 - 1,541 0.31 - 4,068 0.81 - 179,072 35.75 500,840 WA West Virginia 8 375,551 58.43 8 263,784 41.04 - 1,313 0.20 - 401 0.06 - - - - 111,767 17.39 642,752 WV Wisconsin 13 544,205 53.52 13 450,259 44.28 - 18,213 1.79 - 1,528 0.15 - 381 0.04 - 93,946 9.24 1,016,831 WI Wyoming 52,748 63.68 29,299 35.37 - 788 0.95 - - - - - - - 23,449 28.31 82,835 WY TOTALS : 531 21,427,123 58.21 444 15,015,464 40.80 87 267,478 0.73 - 48,551 0.13 - 21,590 0.06 - 6,411,659 17.42 36,807,012 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 1 % ( 5 electoral votes ) : Rhode Island , 0.61 % Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 95 electoral votes ) : Massachusetts , 1.09 % New York , 2.35 % Alabama , 2.84 % Texas , 3.67 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 60 electoral votes ) : Utah , 7.72 % Tennessee , 7.72 % Virginia , 8.01 % Connecticut , 8.06 % Wisconsin , 9.24 % North Carolina , 9.87 % Statistics ( edit ) Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Republican ) Jackson County , Kentucky 96.52 % Leslie County , Kentucky 94.51 % Alpine County , California 94.23 % Johnson County , Tennessee 93.74 % Sevier County , Tennessee 92.57 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Democratic ) Jackson Parish , Louisiana 100.00 % Armstrong County , South Dakota 100.00 % Humphreys County , Mississippi 99.90 % Edgefield County , South Carolina 99.67 % Bamberg County , South Carolina 99.49 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Other ) Alachua County , Florida 62.63 % Appling County , Georgia 58.25 % Long County , Georgia 57.32 % Decatur County , Georgia 46.03 % Jefferson County , Georgia 43.67 % See also ( edit ) History of the United States ( 1918 - 1945 ) Inauguration of Herbert Hoover United States House of Representatives elections , 1928 United States Senate elections , 1928 Al Smith presidential campaign , 1928 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 24 Jump up ^ Rutland , Robert Allen ( 1996 ) . The Republicans . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1090 - 6 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Niall A. ( 2006 ) . The twenties in America . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2037 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walch , Timothy ( 1997 ) . At the President 's side . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1133 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mencken , Henry Louis ; George Jean Nathan ( 1929 ) . The American mercury . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Mieczkowski , Yanek ; Mark Christopher Carnes ( 2001 ) . The Routledge historical atlas of presidential elections . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92133 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover 's Speech '' . Time . August 20 , 1928 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US President - R Convention Race - Jun 12 , 1928 '' . Our Campaigns . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US Vice President - R Convention Race - Jun 15 , 1928 '' . Our Campaigns . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Arthur C. ( 2000 ) . Realignment and party revival . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96865 - 6 . Jump up ^ Binning , William C. ; Larry Eugene Esterly ; Paul A. Sracic ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of American parties , campaigns , and elections . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30312 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ledbetter , Cal ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` Joe T. Robinson and the 1928 presidential election '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette ( Little Rock ) . Jump up ^ Slayton , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Empire statesman . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86302 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur ( February 2 , 1990 ) . `` O'Connor , Vaughan , Cuomo , Al Smith , J.F.K. - The New York Times '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blocker , Jack S. ; David M. Fahey ; Ian R. Tyrrell ( 2003 ) . Alcohol and temperance in modern history . ABC - CLIO . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 833 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John ( 2006 ) . The president , the Pope , and the prime minister : three who changed the world . Regnery . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 016 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Slayton , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Empire statesman : the rise and redemption of Al Smith . Simon and Schuster . pp. 309 -- 313 , 317 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86302 - 2 . Jump up ^ Douglas C. Strange , `` Lutherans and Presidential Politics : The National Lutheran Editors ' and Managers ' Association Statement of 1928 , '' Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly , Winter 1968 , Vol. 41 Issue 4 , pp 168 - 172 Jump up ^ `` Great & Fake Oath '' . Time . 1928 - 09 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Hachten , Arthur ( October 20 , 1928 ) . `` Hoover Spikes Dance Slander '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 6 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Arnold S. ( 1972 ) . The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics . Haskell House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8383 - 1427 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 -- Google Books . Stanford University Press . 1934 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Edgar Eugene ( 1947 - 01 - 01 ) . The Presidential Vote 1896 - 1932 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804716963 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 25 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 27 ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Presidential General Election Data - National '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Kristi . The Creation of a Democratic Majority : 1928 - 1936 . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1997 ) Bornet , Vaughn Davis . `` The Communist Party in the Presidential Election of 1928 , '' Western Political Quarterly , ( 1958 ) , 11 # 3 pp. 514 -- 538 . In JSTOR Bornet , Vaughn Davis . ' Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic : Moderation , Division , and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1964 ) Coffman , Elesha . `` The ' Religious Issue ' in Presidential Politics . '' American Catholic Studies ( 2008 ) 119 # 4 pp 1 - 20 Craig , Douglas B. After Wilson : The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party , 1920 - 1934 . ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1993 ) Doherty , Herbert J. `` Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928 . '' The Florida Historical Quarterly 26.2 ( 1947 ) : 174 - 186 . Goldberg , David Joseph . Discontented America : The United States in the 1920s . ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1999 ) Hostetler , Michael J. `` Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question : The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign '' Communication Quarterly , Vol. 46 , 1998 . Lichtman , Allan , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1979 . Moore , Edmund A . A Catholic Runs for President : The Campaign of 1928 . Ronald Press , 1956 . Rulli , Daniel F. `` Campaigning in 1928 : Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards , '' Teaching History : A Journal of Methods , Vol. 31 , no . 1 ( 2006 ) , pp. 42 + Slayton , Robert A. Empire Statesman : The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith . New York : Free Press , 2001 . Sweeney , James R. `` Rum , Romanism , and Virginia Democrats : The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90 ( 1982 ) : 403 -- 31 . in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Hoover , Herbert . The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover : The Cabinet and the Presidency , 1920 - 1933 ( 1952 ) , Smith , Alfred E. Campaign Addresses 1929 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1928 . United States presidential election of 1928 at Encyclopædia Britannica 1928 popular vote by counties How close was the 1928 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Election of 1928 in Counting the Votes United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections ( 1924 ← ) United States presidential election , 1928 ( → 1932 ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Herbert Hoover VP nominee Charles Curtis Candidates : Charles Curtis Guy D. Goff Frank O. Lowden George W. Norris Frank B. Willis Democratic Party Convention Nominee Al Smith VP nominee Joseph Taylor Robinson Candidates Cordell Hull Atlee Pomerene James A. Reed Evans Woollen Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee William Z . Foster VP nominee Benjamin Gitlow Prohibition Party Nominee William F. Varney Socialist Party Nominee Norman Thomas VP nominee James H. Maurer Socialist Labor Party Nominee Frank T. Johns VP nominee Verne L. Reynolds Independents and other candidates William Dudley Pelley Other 1928 elections : House Senate Socialist Party of America Presidential tickets 1904 , Debs / Hanford 1908 , Debs / Hanford 1912 , Debs / Seidel 1916 , Benson / Kirkpatrick 1920 , Debs / Stedman 1924 , Endorsed Progressive Party ticket 1928 , Thomas / Maurer 1932 , Thomas / Maurer 1936 , Thomas / Nelson 1940 , Thomas / Krueger 1944 , Thomas / Hoopes 1948 , Thomas / Smith 1952 , Hoopes / Friedman 1956 , Hoopes / Friedman Parties by state and territory State California Colorado Connecticut Florida Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Washington ( state ) Wisconsin Related topics History of the socialist movement in the United States Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party USA Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Social Democrats , USA Young People 's Socialist League Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America Democratic socialism Multi-tendency Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) Presidency 1929 inauguration Hoover Dam Federal Farm Board Wall Street Crash of 1929 Hooverville Bonus Army Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua U.S. occupation of Haiti London Naval Treaty Hoover Moratorium Stimson Doctrine Cabinet Medicine Ball Cabinet Hooverball State of the Union Address , 1929 1930 Judicial appointments Supreme Court Other events Sons of Gwalia mine Zinc Corporation Commission for Relief in Belgium University Foundation Belgian American Educational Foundation American Relief Administration Russian Famine Relief Act U.S. Food Administration Commission for Polish Relief Finnish Relief Fund Hoover Commission Life Early life Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site Hoover -- Minthorn House Lou Henry Hoover House Rapidan Camp Legacy Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Hoover Institution Library and Archives Hoover Tower Hoover Institution Herbert C. Hoover Building U.S. Postage stamp Hoover Medal Hoover Chair Hoover Field Books Freedom Betrayed English translation of De re metallica Elections Republican National Convention , 1920 1928 1932 1940 United States presidential election , 1928 1932 Family Lou Henry Hoover ( wife ) Herbert Hoover Jr. ( son ) Allan Hoover ( son ) Margaret Hoover ( great - granddaughter ) Jesse Hoover ( father ) Hulda Randall ( Minthorn ) Hoover ( mother ) ← Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1928&oldid=824191413 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1928 History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Anti-Catholicism in the United States Presidency of Herbert Hoover November 1928 events Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Pages using bar box without float left or float right Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 21 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who ran in the presidential election of 1928
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[
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n",
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n",
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n",
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n",
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n",
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n",
"\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n"
] |
[
"Herbert Hoover",
"Al Smith",
"Norman Thomas",
"William Z. Foster",
"Verne L. Reynolds",
"William F. Varney",
"Frank Webb"
] |
4080170451722267299
|
Latitude
|
Latitude - wikipedia Latitude Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geographical reference system . For other uses , see Latitude ( disambiguation ) . A graticule on the Earth as a sphere or an ellipsoid . The lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude , or meridians . The circles parallel to the equator are lines of constant latitude , or parallels . The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface . In this example meridians are spaced at 6 ° intervals and parallels at 4 ° intervals . In geography , latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north -- south position of a point on the Earth 's surface . Latitude is an angle ( defined below ) which ranges from 0 ° at the Equator to 90 ° ( North or South ) at the poles . Lines of constant latitude , or parallels , run east -- west as circles parallel to the equator . Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth . Without qualification the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined in the following sections . Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preliminaries 2 Latitude on the sphere 2.1 The graticule on the sphere 2.2 Named latitudes on the Earth 2.3 Meridian distance on the sphere 3 Latitude on the ellipsoid 3.1 Ellipsoids 3.2 The geometry of the ellipsoid 3.3 Geodetic and geocentric latitudes 3.4 Length of a degree of latitude 4 Auxiliary latitudes 4.1 Geocentric latitude 4.2 Reduced ( or parametric ) latitude 4.3 Rectifying latitude 4.4 Authalic latitude 4.5 Conformal latitude 4.6 Isometric latitude 4.7 Inverse formulae and series 4.8 Numerical comparison of auxiliary latitudes 5 Latitude and coordinate systems 5.1 Geodetic coordinates 5.2 Spherical polar coordinates 5.3 Ellipsoidal coordinates 5.4 Coordinate conversions 6 Astronomical latitude 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Preliminaries ( edit ) Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of latitude and longitude . In the first step the physical surface is modeled by the geoid , a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses . The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface . The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere , but the geoid is more accurately modeled by an ellipsoid . The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections . Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface . The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface , the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface . Latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard . Since there are many different reference ellipsoids , the precise latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique : this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that `` without the full specification of the coordinate reference system , coordinates ( that is latitude and longitude ) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst '' . This is of great importance in accurate applications , such as a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , but in common usage , where high accuracy is not required , the reference ellipsoid is not usually stated . In English texts the latitude angle , defined below , is usually denoted by the Greek lower - case letter phi ( φ or φ ) . It is measured in degrees , minutes and seconds or decimal degrees , north or south of the equator . The precise measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth , either to set up theodolites or to determine GPS satellite orbits . The study of the figure of the Earth together with its gravitational field is the science of geodesy . This article relates to coordinate systems for the Earth : it may be extended to cover the Moon , planets and other celestial objects by a simple change of nomenclature . Latitude on the sphere ( edit ) A perspective view of the Earth showing how latitude ( φ ) and longitude ( λ ) are defined on a spherical model . The graticule spacing is 10 degrees . The graticule on the sphere ( edit ) The graticule is formed by the lines of constant latitude and constant longitude , which are constructed with reference to the rotation axis of the Earth . The primary reference points are the poles where the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the reference surface . Planes which contain the rotation axis intersect the surface at the meridians ; and the angle between any one meridian plane and that through Greenwich ( the Prime Meridian ) defines the longitude : meridians are lines of constant longitude . The plane through the centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator . Planes parallel to the equatorial plane intersect the surface in circles of constant latitude ; these are the parallels . The Equator has a latitude of 0 ° , the North Pole has a latitude of 90 ° North ( written 90 ° N or + 90 ° ) , and the South Pole has a latitude of 90 ° South ( written 90 ° S or − 90 ° ) . The latitude of an arbitrary point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal to the surface at that point : the normal to the surface of the sphere is along the radius vector . The latitude , as defined in this way for the sphere , is often termed the spherical latitude , to avoid ambiguity with the geodetic latitude and the auxiliary latitudes defined in subsequent sections of this article . Named latitudes on the Earth ( edit ) The orientation of the Earth at the December solstice . Besides the equator , four other parallels are of significance : Arctic Circle 66 ° 34 ′ ( 66.57 ° ) N Tropic of Cancer 23 ° 26 ′ ( 23.43 ° ) N Tropic of Capricorn 23 ° 26 ′ ( 23.43 ° ) S Antarctic Circle 66 ° 34 ′ ( 66.57 ° ) S The plane of the Earth 's orbit about the Sun is called the ecliptic , and the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the Earth is the equatorial plane . The angle between the ecliptic and the equatorial plane is called variously the axial tilt , the obliquity , or the inclination of the ecliptic , and it is conventionally denoted by i . The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to i and the latitude of the polar circles is its complement ( 90 ° - i ) . The axis of rotation varies slowly over time and the values given here are those for the current epoch . The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt . The figure shows the geometry of a cross-section of the plane perpendicular to the ecliptic and through the centres of the Earth and the Sun at the December solstice when the Sun is overhead at some point of the Tropic of Capricorn . The south polar latitudes below the Antarctic Circle are in daylight , whilst the north polar latitudes above the Arctic Circle are in night . The situation is reversed at the June solstice , when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer . Only at latitudes in between the two tropics is it possible for the Sun to be directly overhead ( at the zenith ) . On map projections there is no universal rule as to how meridians and parallels should appear . The examples below show the named parallels ( as red lines ) on the commonly used Mercator projection and the Transverse Mercator projection . On the former the parallels are horizontal and the meridians are vertical , whereas on the latter there is no exact relationship of parallels and meridians with horizontal and vertical : both are complicated curves . Normal Mercator Transverse Mercator \ Meridian distance on the sphere ( edit ) On the sphere the normal passes through the centre and the latitude ( φ ) is therefore equal to the angle subtended at the centre by the meridian arc from the equator to the point concerned . If the meridian distance is denoted by m ( φ ) then m ( φ ) = π 180 ∘ R φ d e g r e e s = R φ r a d i a n s ( \ displaystyle m ( \ phi ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) R \ phi _ ( \ mathrm ( degrees ) ) = R \ phi _ ( \ mathrm ( radians ) ) ) where R denotes the mean radius of the Earth . R is equal to 6,371 km or 3,959 miles . No higher accuracy is appropriate for R since higher - precision results necessitate an ellipsoid model . With this value for R the meridian length of 1 degree of latitude on the sphere is 111.2 km or 69.1 miles . The length of 1 minute of latitude is 1.853 km or 1.151 miles , and this distance was formerly used as the basis of the nautical mile . Latitude on the ellipsoid ( edit ) Ellipsoids ( edit ) In 1687 Isaac Newton published the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he proved that a rotating self - gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid . ( This article uses the term ellipsoid in preference to the older term spheroid . ) Newton 's result was confirmed by geodetic measurements in the 18th century . ( See Meridian arc . ) An oblate ellipsoid is the three - dimensional surface generated by the rotation of an ellipse about its shorter axis ( minor axis ) . `` Oblate ellipsoid of revolution '' is abbreviated to ' ellipsoid ' in the remainder of this article . ( Ellipsoids which do not have an axis of symmetry are termed triaxial . ) Many different reference ellipsoids have been used in the history of geodesy . In pre-satellite days they were devised to give a good fit to the geoid over the limited area of a survey but , with the advent of GPS , it has become natural to use reference ellipsoids ( such as WGS84 ) with centre at the centre of mass of the Earth and minor axis aligned to the rotation axis of the Earth . These geocentric ellipsoids are usually within 100 m ( 330 ft ) of the geoid . Since latitude is defined with respect to an ellipsoid , the position of a given point is different on each ellipsoid : one can not exactly specify the latitude and longitude of a geographical feature without specifying the ellipsoid used . Many maps maintained by national agencies are based on older ellipsoids , so one must know how the latitude and longitude values are transformed from one ellipsoid to another . GPS handsets include software to carry out datum transformations which link WGS84 to the local reference ellipsoid with its associated grid . The geometry of the ellipsoid ( edit ) The shape of an ellipsoid of revolution is determined by the shape of the ellipse which is rotated about its minor ( shorter ) axis . Two parameters are required . One is invariably the equatorial radius , which is the semi-major axis , a . The other parameter is usually ( 1 ) the polar radius or semi-minor axis , b ; or ( 2 ) the ( first ) flattening , f ; or ( 3 ) the eccentricity , e . These parameters are not independent : they are related by f = a − b a , e 2 = 2 f − f 2 , b = a ( 1 − f ) = a 1 − e 2 . ( \ displaystyle f = ( \ frac ( a-b ) ( a ) ) , \ qquad e ^ ( 2 ) = 2f - f ^ ( 2 ) , \ qquad b = a ( 1 - f ) = a ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , . ) Many other parameters ( see ellipse , ellipsoid ) appear in the study of geodesy , geophysics and map projections but they can all be expressed in terms of one or two members of the set a , b , f and e . Both f and e are small and often appear in series expansions in calculations ; they are of the order 1 / 300 and 0.08 respectively . Values for a number of ellipsoids are given in Figure of the Earth . Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by the semi-major axis and the inverse flattening , 1 / f . For example , the defining values for the WGS84 ellipsoid , used by all GPS devices , are a ( equatorial radius ) : 7006637813700000000 ♠ 6378137. 0 m exactly 1 / f ( inverse flattening ) : 7002298257223563000 ♠ 298.257 223 563 exactly from which are derived b ( polar radius ) : 7006635675231420000 ♠ 6356752. 3142 m e ( eccentricity squared ) : 6997669437999014000 ♠ 0.006 694 379 990 14 The difference between the semi-major and semi-minor axes is about 21 km ( 13 miles ) and as fraction of the semi-major axis it equals the flattening ; on a computer monitor the ellipsoid could be sized as 300 by 299 pixels . This would barely be distinguishable from a 300 - by - 300 - pixel sphere , so illustrations usually exaggerate the flattening . Geodetic and geocentric latitudes ( edit ) The definition of geodetic latitude ( φ ) and longitude ( λ ) on an ellipsoid . The normal to the surface does not pass through the centre , except at the equator and at the poles . The graticule on the ellipsoid is constructed in exactly the same way as on the sphere . The normal at a point on the surface of an ellipsoid does not pass through the centre , except for points on the equator or at the poles , but the definition of latitude remains unchanged as the angle between the normal and the equatorial plane . The terminology for latitude must be made more precise by distinguishing : Geodetic latitude : the angle between the normal and the equatorial plane . The standard notation in English publications is φ . This is the definition assumed when the word latitude is used without qualification . The definition must be accompanied with a specification of the ellipsoid . Geocentric latitude : the angle between the radius ( from centre to the point on the surface ) and the equatorial plane . ( Figure below ) . There is no standard notation : examples from various texts include ψ , q , φ ′ , φ , φ . This article uses ψ . Spherical latitude : the angle between the normal to a spherical reference surface and the equatorial plane . Geographic latitude must be used with care . Some authors use it as a synonym for geodetic latitude whilst others use it as an alternative to the astronomical latitude . Latitude ( unqualified ) should normally refer to the geodetic latitude . The importance of specifying the reference datum may be illustrated by a simple example . On the reference ellipsoid for WGS84 , the centre of the Eiffel Tower has a geodetic latitude of 48 ° 51 ′ 29 '' N , or 48.8583 ° N and longitude of 2 ° 17 ′ 40 '' E or 2.2944 ° E. The same coordinates on the datum ED50 define a point on the ground which is 140 metres ( 460 feet ) distant from the tower . A web search may produce several different values for the latitude of the tower ; the reference ellipsoid is rarely specified . Length of a degree of latitude ( edit ) Main article : Meridian arc In Meridian arc and standard texts it is shown that the distance along a meridian from latitude φ to the equator is given by ( φ in radians ) m ( φ ) = ∫ 0 φ M ( φ ′ ) d φ ′ = a ( 1 − e 2 ) ∫ 0 φ ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ′ ) − 3 2 d φ ′ ( \ displaystyle m ( \ phi ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ phi ) M ( \ phi ' ) \ , d \ phi ' = a ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ phi ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ' \ right ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , d \ phi ' ) where M ( φ ) is the meridional radius of curvature . The distance from the equator to the pole is m p = m ( π 2 ) ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = m \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ , ) For WGS84 this distance is 7007100019657290000 ♠ 10 001. 965 729 km . The evaluation of the meridian distance integral is central to many studies in geodesy and map projection . It can be evaluated by expanding the integral by the binomial series and integrating term by term : see Meridian arc for details . The length of the meridian arc between two given latitudes is given by replacing the limits of the integral by the latitudes concerned . The length of a small meridian arc is given by δ m ( φ ) = M ( φ ) δ φ = a ( 1 − e 2 ) ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ) − 3 2 δ φ ( \ displaystyle \ delta m ( \ phi ) = M ( \ phi ) \ , \ delta \ phi = a ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi \ right ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , \ delta \ phi ) φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) Δ1 lat Δ1 long 0 ° 110.574 km 111.320 km 15 ° 110.649 km 107.550 km 30 ° 110.852 km 96.486 km 45 ° 111.132 km 78.847 km 60 ° 111.412 km 55.800 km 75 ° 111.618 km 28.902 km 90 ° 111.694 km 0.000 km When the latitude difference is 1 degree , corresponding to π / 180 radians , the arc distance is about Δ l a t 1 = π a ( 1 − e 2 ) 180 ∘ ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ) 3 2 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( lat ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi a \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) The distance in metres ( correct to 0.01 metre ) between latitudes φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) − 0.5 degrees and φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) + 0.5 degrees on the WGS84 spheroid is Δ l a t 1 = 111 132.954 − 559.822 cos 2 φ + 1.175 cos 4 φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( lat ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = 111 \ , 132.954 - 559.822 \ cos 2 \ phi + 1.175 \ cos 4 \ phi ) The variation of this distance with latitude ( on WGS84 ) is shown in the table along with the length of a degree of longitude ( east - west distance ) : Δ l o n g 1 = π a cos φ 180 ∘ 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( long ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi a \ cos \ phi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) ) ) \ , ) A calculator for any latitude is provided by the U.S. Government 's National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) . Historically a nautical mile was defined as the length of one minute of arc along a meridian of a spherical earth . An ellipsoid model leads to a variation of the nautical mile with latitude . This was resolved by defining the nautical mile to be exactly 1,852 metres . Auxiliary latitudes ( edit ) There are six auxiliary latitudes that have applications to special problems in geodesy , geophysics and the theory of map projections : Geocentric latitude Reduced ( or parametric ) latitude Rectifying latitude Authalic latitude Conformal latitude Isometric latitude The definitions given in this section all relate to locations on the reference ellipsoid but the first two auxiliary latitudes , like the geodetic latitude , can be extended to define a three - dimensional geographic coordinate system as discussed below . The remaining latitudes are not used in this way ; they are used only as intermediate constructs in map projections of the reference ellipsoid to the plane or in calculations of geodesics on the ellipsoid . Their numerical values are not of interest . For example , no one would need to calculate the authalic latitude of the Eiffel Tower . The expressions below give the auxiliary latitudes in terms of the geodetic latitude , the semi-major axis , a , and the eccentricity , e . ( For inverses see below . ) The forms given are , apart from notational variants , those in the standard reference for map projections , namely `` Map projections : a working manual '' by J.P. Snyder . Derivations of these expressions may be found in Adams and online publications by Osborne and Rapp . Geocentric latitude ( edit ) The definition of geodetic ( or geographic ) and geocentric latitudes . The geocentric latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and the radius from the centre to a point on the surface . The relation between the geocentric latitude ( ψ ) and the geodetic latitude ( φ ) is derived in the above references as ψ ( φ ) = tan − 1 ( ( 1 − e 2 ) tan φ ) = tan − 1 ( ( 1 − f ) 2 tan φ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( \ phi ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( 1 - f ) ^ ( 2 ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) \ , . ) The geodetic and geocentric latitudes are equal at the equator and at the poles but at other latitudes they differ by a few minutes of arc . Taking the value of the squared eccentricity as 0.0067 ( it depends on the choice of ellipsoid ) the maximum difference of φ − ψ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ( - ) \ psi ) may be shown to be about 11.5 minutes of arc at a geodetic latitude of approximately 45 ° 6 ′ . Reduced ( or parametric ) latitude ( edit ) Definition of the reduced latitude ( β ) on the ellipsoid . The reduced or parametric latitude , β , is defined by the radius drawn from the centre of the ellipsoid to that point Q on the surrounding sphere ( of radius a ) which is the projection parallel to the Earth 's axis of a point P on the ellipsoid at latitude φ . It was introduced by Legendre and Bessel who solved problems for geodesics on the ellipsoid by transforming them to an equivalent problem for spherical geodesics by using this smaller latitude . Bessel 's notation , u ( φ ) , is also used in the current literature . The reduced latitude is related to the geodetic latitude by : β ( φ ) = tan − 1 ( 1 − e 2 tan φ ) = tan − 1 ( ( 1 − f ) tan φ ) ( \ displaystyle \ beta ( \ phi ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( 1 - f ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) ) The alternative name arises from the parameterization of the equation of the ellipse describing a meridian section . In terms of Cartesian coordinates p , the distance from the minor axis , and z , the distance above the equatorial plane , the equation of the ellipse is : p 2 a 2 + z 2 b 2 = 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1 \ , . ) The Cartesian coordinates of the point are parameterized by p = a cos β , z = b sin β ; ( \ displaystyle p = a \ cos \ beta \ , , \ qquad z = b \ sin \ beta \ , ; ) Cayley suggested the term parametric latitude because of the form of these equations . The reduced latitude is not used in the theory of map projections . Its most important application is in the theory of ellipsoid geodesics . ( Vincenty , Karney ) . Rectifying latitude ( edit ) See also : Rectifying radius The rectifying latitude , μ , is the meridian distance scaled so that its value at the poles is equal to 90 degrees or π / 2 radians : μ ( φ ) = π 2 m ( φ ) m p ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( \ phi ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( m ( \ phi ) ) ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) ) where the meridian distance from the equator to a latitude φ is ( see Meridian arc ) m ( φ ) = a ( 1 − e 2 ) ∫ 0 φ ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ′ ) − 3 2 d φ ′ , ( \ displaystyle m ( \ phi ) = a ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ phi ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ' \ right ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , d \ phi ' \ , , ) and the length of the meridian quadrant from the equator to the pole ( the polar distance ) is m p = m ( π 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = m \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ , . ) Using the rectifying latitude to define a latitude on a sphere of radius R = 2 m p π ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( 2m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) defines a projection from the ellipsoid to the sphere such that all meridians have true length and uniform scale . The sphere may then be projected to the plane with an equirectangular projection to give a double projection from the ellipsoid to the plane such that all meridians have true length and uniform meridian scale . An example of the use of the rectifying latitude is the Equidistant conic projection . ( Snyder , Section 16 ) . The rectifying latitude is also of great importance in the construction of the Transverse Mercator projection . Authalic latitude ( edit ) See also : Authalic radius The authalic ( Greek for same area ) latitude , ξ , gives an area - preserving transformation to a sphere . ξ ( φ ) = sin − 1 ( q ( φ ) q p ) ( \ displaystyle \ xi ( \ phi ) = \ sin ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( q ( \ phi ) ) ( q_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) where q ( φ ) = ( 1 − e 2 ) sin φ 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ − 1 − e 2 2 e ln ( 1 − e sin φ 1 + e sin φ ) = ( 1 − e 2 ) sin φ 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ + 1 − e 2 e tanh − 1 ( e sin φ ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) q ( \ phi ) & = ( \ frac ( ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2e ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( e ) ) \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and q p = q ( π 2 ) = 1 − 1 − e 2 2 e ln ( 1 − e 1 + e ) = 1 + 1 − e 2 e tanh − 1 e ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) q_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = q \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) & = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2e ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e ) ( 1 + e ) ) \ right ) & = 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( e ) ) \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) e \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and the radius of the sphere is taken as R q = a q p 2 . ( \ displaystyle R_ ( q ) = a ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( q_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , . ) An example of the use of the authalic latitude is the Albers equal - area conic projection . Conformal latitude ( edit ) The conformal latitude , χ , gives an angle - preserving ( conformal ) transformation to the sphere . χ ( φ ) = 2 tan − 1 ( ( 1 + sin φ 1 − sin φ ) ( 1 − e sin φ 1 + e sin φ ) e ) 1 2 − π 2 = 2 tan − 1 ( tan ( φ 2 + π 4 ) ( 1 − e sin φ 1 + e sin φ ) e 2 ) − π 2 = sin − 1 ( tanh ( tanh − 1 ( sin φ ) − e tanh − 1 ( e sin φ ) ) ) = gd ( gd − 1 ( φ ) − e tanh − 1 ( e sin φ ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ chi ( \ phi ) & = 2 \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 - \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) ^ ( e ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ ( 2ex ) & = 2 \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( \ tan \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ phi ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( e ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ & = \ sin ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( \ tanh \ left ( \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ sin \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ right ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( gd ) \ left ( \ operatorname ( gd ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where gd ( x ) is the Gudermannian function . ( See also Mercator projection . ) The conformal latitude defines a transformation from the ellipsoid to a sphere of arbitrary radius such that the angle of intersection between any two lines on the ellipsoid is the same as the corresponding angle on the sphere ( so that the shape of small elements is well preserved ) . A further conformal transformation from the sphere to the plane gives a conformal double projection from the ellipsoid to the plane . This is not the only way of generating such a conformal projection . For example , the ' exact ' version of the Transverse Mercator projection on the ellipsoid is not a double projection . ( It does , however , involve a generalisation of the conformal latitude to the complex plane ) . Isometric latitude ( edit ) The isometric latitude is conventionally denoted by ψ ( not to be confused with the geocentric latitude ) : it is used in the development of the ellipsoidal versions of the normal Mercator projection and the Transverse Mercator projection . The name `` isometric '' arises from the fact that at any point on the ellipsoid equal increments of ψ and longitude λ give rise to equal distance displacements along the meridians and parallels respectively . The graticule defined by the lines of constant ψ and constant λ , divides the surface of the ellipsoid into a mesh of squares ( of varying size ) . The isometric latitude is zero at the equator but rapidly diverges from the geodetic latitude , tending to infinity at the poles . The conventional notation is given in Snyder ( page 15 ) : ψ ( φ ) = ln ( tan ( π 4 + φ 2 ) ) + e 2 ln ( 1 − e sin φ 1 + e sin φ ) = tanh − 1 ( sin φ ) − e tanh − 1 ( e sin φ ) = gd − 1 ( φ ) − e tanh − 1 ( e sin φ ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ psi ( \ phi ) & = \ ln \ left ( \ tan \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ phi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( e ) ( 2 ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ sin \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( gd ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For the normal Mercator projection ( on the ellipsoid ) this function defines the spacing of the parallels : if the length of the equator on the projection is E ( units of length or pixels ) then the distance , y , of a parallel of latitude φ from the equator is y ( φ ) = E 2 π ψ ( φ ) . ( \ displaystyle y ( \ phi ) = ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ psi ( \ phi ) \ , . ) The isometric latitude ψ is closely related to the conformal latitude χ : ψ ( φ ) = gd − 1 χ ( φ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( \ phi ) = \ operatorname ( gd ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ chi ( \ phi ) \ , . ) Inverse formulae and series ( edit ) The formulae in the previous sections give the auxiliary latitude in terms of the geodetic latitude . The expressions for the geocentric and reduced latitudes may be inverted directly but this is impossible in the four remaining cases : the rectifying , authalic , conformal , and isometric latitudes . There are two methods of proceeding . The first is a numerical inversion of the defining equation for each and every particular value of the auxiliary latitude . The methods available are fixed - point iteration and Newton -- Raphson root finding . The other , more useful , approach is to express the auxiliary latitude as a series in terms of the geodetic latitude and then invert the series by the method of Lagrange reversion . Such series are presented by Adams who uses Taylor series expansions and gives coefficients in terms of the eccentricity . Osborne derives series to arbitrary order by using the computer algebra package Maxima and expresses the coefficients in terms of both eccentricity and flattening . The series method is not applicable to the isometric latitude and one must use the conformal latitude in an intermediate step . Numerical comparison of auxiliary latitudes ( edit ) The following plot shows the magnitude of the difference between the geodetic latitude , ( denoted as the `` common '' latitude on the plot ) , and the auxiliary latitudes other than the isometric latitude ( which diverges to infinity at the poles ) . In every case the geodetic latitude is the greater . The differences shown on the plot are in arc minutes . The horizontal resolution of the plot fails to make clear that the maxima of the curves are not at 45 ° but calculation shows that they are within a few arc minutes of 45 ° . Some representative data points are given in the table following the plot . Note the closeness of the conformal and geocentric latitudes . This was exploited in the days of hand calculators to expedite the construction of map projections . Approximate difference from geodetic latitude ( φ ) φ Reduced φ − β Authalic φ − ξ Rectifying φ − μ Conformal φ − χ Geocentric φ − ψ 0 ° 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 15 ° 2.91 ′ 3.89 ′ 4.37 ′ 5.82 ′ 5.82 ′ 30 ° 5.05 ′ 6.73 ′ 7.57 ′ 10.09 ′ 10.09 ′ 45 ° 5.84 ′ 7.78 ′ 8.76 ′ 11.67 ′ 11.67 ′ 60 ° 5.06 ′ 6.75 ′ 7.59 ′ 10.12 ′ 10.13 ′ 75 ° 2.92 ′ 3.90 ′ 4.39 ′ 5.85 ′ 5.85 ′ 90 ° 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ Latitude and coordinate systems ( edit ) The geodetic latitude , or any of the auxiliary latitudes defined on the reference ellipsoid , constitutes with longitude a two - dimensional coordinate system on that ellipsoid . To define the position of an arbitrary point it is necessary to extend such a coordinate system into three dimensions . Three latitudes are used in this way : the geodetic , geocentric and reduced latitudes are used in geodetic coordinates , spherical polar coordinates and ellipsoidal coordinates respectively . Geodetic coordinates ( edit ) Geodetic coordinates P ( ɸ , λ , h ) At an arbitrary point P consider the line PN which is normal to the reference ellipsoid . The geodetic coordinates P ( ɸ , λ , h ) are the latitude and longitude of the point N on the ellipsoid and the distance PN . This height differs from the height above the geoid or a reference height such as that above mean sea level at a specified location . The direction of PN will also differ from the direction of a vertical plumb line . The relation of these different heights requires knowledge of the shape of the geoid and also the gravity field of the Earth . Spherical polar coordinates ( edit ) Geocentric coordinate related to spherical polar coordinates P ( r , θ , λ ) The geocentric latitude ψ is the complement of the polar angle θ in conventional spherical polar coordinates in which the coordinates of a point are P ( r , θ , λ ) where r is the distance of P from the centre O , θ is the angle between the radius vector and the polar axis and λ is longitude . Since the normal at a general point on the ellipsoid does not pass through the centre it is clear that points on the normal , which all have the same geodetic latitude , will have differing geocentric latitudes . Spherical polar coordinate systems are used in the analysis of the gravity field . Ellipsoidal coordinates ( edit ) Ellipsoidal coordinates P ( u , β , λ ) The reduced latitude can also be extended to a three - dimensional coordinate system . For a point P not on the reference ellipsoid ( semi-axes OA and OB ) construct an auxiliary ellipsoid which is confocal ( same foci F , F ′ ) with the reference ellipsoid : the necessary condition is that the product ae of semi-major axis and eccentricity is the same for both ellipsoids . Let u be the semi-minor axis ( OD ) of the auxiliary ellipsoid . Further let β be the reduced latitude of P on the auxiliary ellipsoid . The set ( u , β , λ ) define the ellipsoid coordinates . These coordinates are the natural choice in models of the gravity field for a uniform distribution of mass bounded by the reference ellipsoid . Coordinate conversions ( edit ) The relations between the above coordinate systems , and also Cartesian coordinates are not presented here . The transformation between geodetic and Cartesian coordinates may be found in Geographic coordinate conversion . The relation of Cartesian and spherical polars is given in Spherical coordinate system . The relation of Cartesian and ellipsoidal coordinates is discussed in Torge . Astronomical latitude ( edit ) Astronomical latitude ( Φ ) is the angle between the equatorial plane and the true vertical at a point on the surface . The true vertical , the direction of a plumb line , is also the direction of the gravity acceleration , the resultant of the gravitational acceleration ( mass - based ) and the centrifugal acceleration at that latitude . Astronomic latitude is calculated from angles measured between the zenith and stars whose declination is accurately known . In general the true vertical at a point on the surface does not exactly coincide with either the normal to the reference ellipsoid or the normal to the geoid . The angle between the astronomic and geodetic normals is usually a few seconds of arc but it is important in geodesy . The reason why it differs from the normal to the geoid is , because the geoid is an idealized , theoretical shape `` at mean sea level '' . Points on the real surface of the earth are usually above or below this idealized geoid surface and here the true vertical can vary slightly . Also , the true vertical at a point at a specific time is influenced by tidal forces , which the theoretical geoid averages out . Astronomical latitude is not to be confused with declination , the coordinate astronomers use in a similar way to specify the angular position of stars north / south of the celestial equator ( see equatorial coordinates ) , nor with ecliptic latitude , the coordinate that astronomers use to specify the angular position of stars north / south of the ecliptic ( see ecliptic coordinates ) . See also ( edit ) Altitude ( mean sea level ) Bowditch 's American Practical Navigator Cardinal direction Declination on celestial sphere Degree Confluence Project Geodesy Geodetic datum Geographic coordinate system Geographical distance Geotagging Great - circle distance History of latitude measurements Horse latitudes List of cities by latitude List of countries by latitude Longitude Natural Area Code Navigation Orders of magnitude ( length ) World Geodetic System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The current full documentation of ISO 19111 may be purchased from http://www.iso.org but drafts of the final standard are freely available at many web sites , one such is available at the following CSIRO Jump up ^ The value of this angle today is 23 ° 26 ′ 13.1 '' ( or 23.43697 ° ) . This figure is provided by Template : Circle of latitude . Jump up ^ An elementary calculation involves differentiation to find the maximum difference of the geodetic and geocentric latitudes . Full details may be found on page 90 of The Mercator projections References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac . `` Book III Proposition XIX Problem III '' . Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . Translated by Motte , Andrew . p. 407 . Jump up ^ `` TR8350. 2 '' . National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency publication . p. 3 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Torge , W. ( 2001 ) . Geodesy ( 3rd ed . ) . De Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 017072 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Peter ( 2013 ) . `` Chapters 5 , 6 '' . The Mercator Projections . doi : 10.5281 / zenodo. 35392 . for LaTeX code and figures . ^ Jump up to : Rapp , Richard H. ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . Geometric Geodesy , Part I. Columbus , OH : Dept. of Geodetic Science and Surveying , Ohio State Univ . Jump up ^ `` Length of degree calculator '' . National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , John P. ( 1987 ) . Map Projections : A Working Manual . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395 . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Oscar S. ( 1921 ) . Latitude Developments Connected With Geodesy and Cartography ( with tables , including a table for Lambert equal area meridional projection ( PDF ) . Special Publication No. 67 . US Coast and Geodetic Survey . ( Note : Adams uses the nomenclature isometric latitude for the conformal latitude of this article ( and throughout the modern literature ) . ) Jump up ^ Legendre , A.M. ( 1806 ) . `` Analyse des triangles tracés sur la surface d'un sphéroïde '' . Mém . Inst . Nat . Fr . 1st semester : 130 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Bessel , F.W. ( 1825 ) . `` Über die Berechnung der geographischen Langen und Breiten aus geodatischen Vermessungen '' . Astron . Nachr. 4 ( 86 ) : 241 -- 254 . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 201011352 . Translation : Karney , C.F.F. ; Deakin , R.E. ( 2010 ) . `` The calculation of longitude and latitude from geodesic measurements '' . Astron . Nachr. 331 ( 8 ) : 852 -- 861 . Bibcode : 1825AN ... 4 ... 241B . arXiv : 0908.1824 . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18260041601 . Jump up ^ Cayley , A. ( 1870 ) . `` On the geodesic lines on an oblate spheroid '' . Phil . Mag. 40 ( 4th ser . ) : 329 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Karney , C.F.F. ( 2013 ) . `` Algorithms for geodesics '' . J. Geodesy. 87 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 55 . doi : 10.1007 / s00190 - 012 - 0578 - z . Jump up ^ `` Maxima computer algebra system '' . Sourceforge . Jump up ^ Hofmann - Wellenhof , B. ; Moritz , H. ( 2006 ) . Physical Geodesy ( 2nd ed . ) . ISBN 3 - 211 - 33544 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLatitudeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity GEONets Names Server , access to the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency 's ( NGA ) database of foreign geographic feature names . Resources for determining your latitude and longitude Convert decimal degrees into degrees , minutes , seconds - Info about decimal to sexagesimal conversion Convert decimal degrees into degrees , minutes , seconds Distance calculation based on latitude and longitude - JavaScript version 16th Century Latitude Survey Determination of Latitude by Francis Drake on the Coast of California in 1579 Longitude and Latitude of Points of Interest Online computation of all relevant quantities referring to an ellipsoidal latitude on a chosen reference ellipsoid Circles of latitude / Meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Map projection History List Portal By surface Cylindrical Mercator - conformal Gauss -- Krüger Transverse Mercator Equal - area Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Cassini Central Equirectangular Gall stereographic Miller Space - oblique Mercator Web Mercator Pseudocylindrical Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Goode homolosine Kavrayskiy VII Mollweide Sinusoidal Tobler hyperelliptical Wagner VI Conical Albers Equidistant Lambert conformal Pseudoconical Bonne Bottomley Polyconic Werner Azimuthal ( planar ) General perspective Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Equidistant Lambert equal - area Pseudoazimuthal Aitoff Hammer Wiechel Winkel tripel By metric Conformal Adams hemisphere - in - a-square Gauss -- Krüger Guyou hemisphere - in - a-square Lambert conformal conic Mercator Peirce quincuncial Stereographic Transverse Mercator Equal - area Bonne Sinusoidal Werner Bottomley Sinusoidal Werner Cylindrical Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert cylindrical equal - area Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Tobler hyperelliptical Collignon Mollweide Albers Briesemeister Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Hammer Lambert azimuthal equal - area Quadrilateralized spherical cube Equidistant in some aspect Conic Equirectangular Sinusoidal Two - point Werner Gnomonic Gnomonic Loxodromic Loximuthal Mercator Retroazimuthal ( Mecca or Qibla ) Craig Hammer Littrow By construction Compromise Chamberlin trimetric Kavrayskiy VII Miller cylindrical Robinson Van der Grinten Wagner VI Winkel tripel Hybrid Goode homolosine HEALPix Perspective Planar Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Central cylindrical Polyhedral Cahill Butterfly Dymaxion Quadrilateralized spherical cube Waterman butterfly See also Latitude Longitude Tissot 's indicatrix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latitude&oldid=806897572 '' Categories : Lines of latitude Geodesy Navigation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . 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what are the lines parallel to the equator called
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"In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. Without qualification the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined in the following sections. Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications."
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"Lines of constant latitude"
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Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
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Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain - wikipedia Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain See also : Sub-Roman Britain This article is part of the series : Anglo - Saxon Society and Culture People Settlement Women Language Language Literature Runes Material culture Architecture Art Burial Coins Dress Glass Weaponry Power and organization Charters Monarchs and kingdoms Military organisation Warfare Religion Christianity Paganism The Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano - British to Germanic . The Germanic - speakers in Britain , themselves of diverse origins , eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo - Saxons . This process occurred from the mid-fifth to early seventh centuries , following the end of Roman power in Britain around the year 410 . The settlement was followed by the establishment of Anglo - Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain , later followed by the rest of modern England . The available evidence includes the scanty contemporary and near - contemporary written record , and archaeological and genetic information . The few literary sources tell of hostility between incomers and natives . They describe violence , destruction , massacre and the flight of the Romano - British population . Moreover , there is little clear evidence for the influence of British Celtic or British Latin on Old English . These factors have suggested a very large - scale invasion by various Germanic peoples . In this view , held by the majority of historians until the mid to late twentieth century , much of what is now England was cleared of its prior inhabitants . If this traditional viewpoint were to be correct , the genes of the later English people would have been overwhelmingly inherited from Germanic migrants . However , another view , probably the most widely held today , is that the migrants were relatively few , centred on a warrior elite . This hypothesis suggests that the incomers , having achieved a position of political and social dominance , initiated a process of acculturation by the natives to their language and material culture . Archaeologists have found that settlement patterns and land - use show no clear break with the Romano - British past , though there are marked changes in material culture . This view predicts that the ancestry of the people of Anglo - Saxon and modern England would be largely derived from the native Romano - British . The uncertain results of genetic studies tend to support this prediction . Even so , if these incomers established themselves as a social elite , this could have allowed them enhanced reproductive success ( the so - called ' Apartheid Theory ' ) . In this case , the prevalent genes of later Anglo - Saxon England could have been largely derived from moderate numbers of Germanic migrants . This theory , originating in a population genetics study , has proven controversial , and has been critically received by a number of scholars . Contents 1 Background 2 Historical evidence 2.1 Early sources 2.2 Gildas ' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 2.3 Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 2.4 Tribal Hideage 2.5 Anglo - Saxon Chronicle 3 Linguistic evidence 3.1 The evidence 3.2 The debate 3.3 Current research 3.4 Elite personal names 4 Archaeological evidence 4.1 Understanding the Roman legacy 4.2 Settler evidence 4.3 Tribal characteristics 4.4 Reuse of earlier monuments 4.5 Landscape archaeology 4.6 Distribution of settlements 4.7 Cemetery evidence 5 Molecular evidence 5.1 Y - chromosome evidence 5.2 Ancient DNA , rare mutations and whole genome sequencing 5.3 Isotope analysis 6 Migration and acculturation theories 6.1 Estimating continental migrants ' numbers 6.2 `` Saxon '' political ascendancy in Britain 6.3 ' Romano - Brittonic ' peoples ' fate in the south - east 7 Aspects of the success of the Anglo - Saxon settlement 7.1 Anglo - Saxon political formation 7.2 Rural freedoms and kinship groups 7.3 Material culture 7.4 Culture of belief 7.5 Language and literature 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 11.1 General 11.2 Archaeology 11.3 History Background ( edit ) Main article : End of Roman rule in Britain Britain , 383 -- 410 By 400 , the Roman provinces in Britain ( all the territory to the south of Hadrian 's Wall ) were a peripheral part of the Roman Empire , occasionally lost to rebellion or invasion , but until then always eventually recovered . That cycle of loss and recapture collapsed over the next decade . Eventually around 410 , although Roman power remained a force to be reckoned with for a further three generations across much of Gaul , Britain slipped beyond direct imperial control into a phase which has generally been termed `` sub-Roman '' . The history of this period has traditionally been a narrative of decline and fall . However , evidence from Verulamium suggests that urban - type rebuilding , featuring piped water , was continuing late on in the 5th century , if not beyond . At Silchester , there are signs of sub-Roman occupation down to around 500 , and at Wroxeter new Roman baths have been identified as Roman - type . The writing of Patrick and Gildas ( see below ) demonstrates the survival in Britain of Latin literacy and Roman education , learning and law within elite society and Christianity , throughout the bulk of the 5th and 6th centuries . There are also signs in Gildas ' works that the economy was thriving without Roman taxation , as he complains of luxuria and self - indulgence . This is the 5th century Britain into which the Anglo - Saxons appear . Historical evidence ( edit ) Surveying the historical sources for signs of the Anglo - Saxon settlement , and the people , assumes that the words Angles , Saxons or Anglo - Saxon have the same meaning in all the sources . Assigning ethnic labels such as `` Anglo - Saxon '' is fraught with difficulties and the term itself only began to be used in the 8th century to distinguish `` Germanic '' groups in Britain from those on the continent ( Old Saxony in present - day Northern Germany ) . Early sources ( edit ) The Chronica Gallica of 452 records for the year 441 : `` The British provinces , which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes , are reduced to Saxon rule . '' The Chronicle was written some distance from Britain . There is uncertainty about precise dates for fifth - century events especially before 446 . This , however , does not undermine the position of the Gallic Chronicles as a very important contemporary source , which suggests that Bede 's later date for ' the arrival of the Saxons ' was mistaken . In the Chronicle , Britain is grouped with four other Roman territories which came under ' Germanic ' dominion around the same time , the list being intended as an explanation of the end of the Roman empire in the west . The four share a similar history , as they were all given into the `` power of the barbarians '' by Roman authority : three were deliberately settled with German federates and though the Vandals took Africa by force their dominion was confirmed by treaty . Procopius states that Britain was settled by three races : the Angiloi , Frisones , and Britons , each ruled by its own king . Each race was so prolific that it sent large numbers of individuals every year to the Franks , who planted them in unpopulated regions of its territory . Writing in the mid-sixth century , he also states that after the overthrow of Constantine III in 411 , `` the Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain , but it remained from that time under tyrants . '' Gildas ' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae ( edit ) In Gildas ' work of the 6th century ( perhaps 510 -- 530 ) , De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , a religious tract on the state of Britain , the Saxons were enemies originally from overseas , who brought well - deserved judgement upon the local kings or ' tyrants ' . The sequence of events in Gildas is : After an appeal to Aëtius ( the Groans of the Britons ) the Britons were gripped by famine while suffering attacks from the Picts and Scoti ; some fought back successfully , leading to a period of peace . Peace led to luxuria and self - indulgence . A renewed attack was threatened by the Picts and Scoti , and this led to a council , where it was proposed and agreed that land in the east would be given to the Saxons on the basis of a treaty , a foedus , by which the Saxons would defend the Britons in exchange for food supplies . This type of arrangement was unexceptional in a Late Roman context ; Franks had been settled as foederati on imperial territory in northern Gaul ( Toxandria ) in the 4th century , and the Visigoths were settled in Gallia Aquitania early in the 5th century . The Saxon foederati first complained that their monthly supplies were inadequate . Then they threatened to break the treaty , which they did , spreading the onslaught `` from sea to sea '' . This war , which Higham called the `` War of the Saxon Federates '' , ended some 20 -- 30 years later , shortly after the siege at Mons Badonicus , and some 40 years before Gildas was born . There was a peace with the Saxons who returned to their eastern home , which Gildas called a lugubre divortium barbarorum -- a grievous divorce from the barbarians . The `` divorce settlement '' , Higham in particular has argued , was an improved treaty from the British viewpoint . This included the ability to extract tribute from the people in the east ( i.e. the Saxons ) who were under the leadership of the person Gildas called pater diabolus . Gildas used the correct late Roman term for the Saxons , foederati , people who came to Britain under a well - used treaty system . This kind of treaty had been used elsewhere to bring people into the Roman Empire to move along the roads or rivers and work alongside the army . Gildas called them Saxons , which was probably the common British term for the settlers . Gildas ' use of the word Patria , when used in relation to the Saxons and Picts , gave the impression that some Saxons could by then be regarded as native to Britannia . Britain for Gildas was the whole island ; ethnicity and language were not his issue , he was concerned with the leaders ' faith and actions . The historical details are , as Snyder had it : `` by - products from his recounting of royal - sins '' . There is a strong tradition of Christian writers who were concerned with the moral qualities of leadership and Gildas joined these . He used apocalyptic language : for example the Saxons were `` villains '' , `` enemies '' , led by a Devil - father . Yet Gildas had lived through , in his own words , an age of `` external peace '' , and it is this peace that brought with it the tyrannis -- `` unjust rule '' . Gildas ' remarks reflected his continuing concern regarding the vulnerability of his countrymen and their disregard and in - fighting : for example , `` it was always true of this people ( as it is now ) that it was weak in beating off the weapons of the enemy but strong in putting up with civil war and the burden of sin . '' However , after the War of the Saxon Federates , if there were acts of genocide , mass exodus or mass slavery , Gildas did not seem to know about them . Gildas , in discussing the holy shrines , mentioned that the spiritual life of Britain had suffered , because the partition ( divortium ) , of the country , which was preventing the citizens ( cives ) from worshipping at the shrines of the martyrs . Control had been ceded to the Saxons , even control of access to such shrines . The church was now ' tributary ' , her sons had ' embraced dung ' and the nobility had lost their authority to govern . Gildas described the corruption of the elite : `` Britain has kings but they are tyrants ; she has judges but they are wicked '' . This passage provides a glimpse into the world of Gildas , he continued : `` they plunder and terrorise the innocent , they defend and protect the guilty and thieving , they have many wives , whores and adulteresses , swear false oaths , tell lies , reward thieves , sit with murderous men , despise the humble , their commanders are ' enemies of God ' '' ; the list is long . Oath breaking and the absence of just judgements for ordinary people were mentioned a number of times . British leadership , everywhere , was immoral and the cause of the `` ruin of Britain '' . Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( edit ) Folio 3v from the Petersburg Bede . The Saint Petersburg Bede ( Saint Petersburg , National Library of Russia , lat . Q. v. I. 18 ) , a near - contemporary version of the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Gildas and other sources were used by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , written around 731 . Bede identifies the migrants as Angles , Saxons and Jutes , reporting ( Bk I , Ch 15 ) that the Saxons came from Old Saxony ( Northern Germany ) and the Angles from ' Anglia ' , which lay between the homelands of the Saxons and Jutes . Anglia is reasonably taken to be the old Schleswig - Holstein Province ( straddling the modern Danish - German border ) , and containing the modern Angeln . Jutland was the homeland of the Jutes , and the coast between the Elbe and Weser rivers ( modern German state of Lower Saxony ) is the Saxon area of origin . Crucially , Bede seems to identify three phases of settlement : an exploration phase , when mercenaries came to protect the resident population ; a migration phase , which was substantial , as implied by the statement that Anglus was deserted ; and an establishment phase , in which Anglo - Saxons started to control areas , implied in Bede 's statement about the origins of the tribes . This analysis of Bede has led to a re-evaluation , in terms of continuity and change , of Bede 's `` Northumbrian '' view of history and how this view was projected back into the account of the latter two phases of settlement ; and a possible overhaul of the traditional chronological framework . The concept of Bretwalda originates in Bede 's comment on who held the Imperium of Britain . From this concept , historians have inferred a formal institution of overlordship south of the Humber . Whether such an institution existed is uncertain , but Simon Keynes argues that the idea is not an invented concept . The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo - Saxon elite families . Whether the majority were early settlers , descendant from settlers , or especially after the exploration stage , were Roman - British leaders who adopted Anglo - Saxon culture is unclear , but the balance of opinion is that most were migrants . Notable gaps include : no - one from the East or West Midlands is represented in the list of Bretwaldas , and there is some uncertainty about the dates of these leaders . Bede 's view of Britons is partly responsible for the picture of them as the downtrodden subjects of Anglo - Saxon oppression . This has been used by linguists and archaeologists who have produced genocidal , slavery and bloody invasion settlement theories . Bede 's derogatory depiction of the Britons is influenced by what he had read in Gildas , which had also sought to understand God 's will . For Gildas , the Saxons represented God 's scourge , and he saw the horrors of the Saxon as God 's retribution for the sins of his people . Bede focused on this point and extended Gildas ' vision by portraying the pagan Anglo - Saxons not as God 's scourge against the reprobate Britons , but rather as the agents of Britain 's redemption . Therefore , the ghastly scenario that Gildas feared is calmly explained away by Bede : any rough treatment was necessary , and ordained by God , because the Britons had lost God 's favour , and incurred his wrath . Bede is not using ethnicity in the same manner as a modern reader . Windy McKinney observes , `` Bede 's use of ( ethnic terminology ) was much more mutable : tied to the expression of tradition and religious ideas , to the loyalty of a people to authority , and subject to change as history continued to unfold . Therefore , it is a moot point whether all of those whom Bede encompassed under the term Angli were racially Germanic '' . Indeed , Bede himself may not have been an ethnically ' pure ' Angle . Tribal Hideage ( edit ) The Tribal Hideage is a list of 35 tribes that was compiled in Anglo - Saxon England some time between the 7th and 9th centuries . The inclusion of the ' Elmet - dwellers ' suggests to Simon Keynes that the Tribal Hideage was compiled in the early 670s , during the reign of King Wulfhere , since Elmet seems to have reverted thereafter to Northumbrian control . It includes a number of independent kingdoms and other smaller territories and assigns a number of hides to each one . A hide was an amount of land sufficient to support a household . The list of tribes is headed by Mercia and consists almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the Humber estuary and territories that surrounded the Mercian kingdom , some of which have never been satisfactorily identified by scholars . The document is problematic , but extremely important for historians as it provides a glimpse into the relationship between people , land and the tribes and groups into which they had organised themselves . The individual units in the list developed from the settlement areas of tribal groups , some of which are as little as 300 hides . The names are difficult to locate : places like East wixna and Sweord ora . What it reveals is that micro-identity of tribe and family is important from the start . The list is evidence for more complex settlement than the single political entity of the other historical sources . Anglo - Saxon Chronicle ( edit ) The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle is an historical record of events in Anglo - Saxon England which was kept from the late 9th to the mid-12th century . The Chronicle is a collection of annals that were still being updated in some cases more than 600 years after the events they describe . They contain various entries that seem to add to the breadth of the historical evidence and provide good evidence for a migration , the Anglo - Saxon elites and various significant historical events . The earliest events described in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle were transcribed centuries after they had occurred . Barbara Yorke , Patrick Sims - Williams and David Dumville among others have highlighted how a number of features of the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle for the 5th and early 6th centuries clearly contradict the idea that they contain a reliable year - by - year record . Stuart Laycock has suggested that there may be information from the early period that can be used on the basis that : the obvious glosses and fictions should be rejected ( such as the information about Porta and Portsmouth ) ; the kernel behind some entries might contain a truth ( such as the sequence of the events associated with Ælle of Sussex ) ; and whilst the dates are uncertain , Laycock believes some of the 6th century events may describe real situations . However presenting evidence for the Anglo - Saxon settlement from a chronicle such as the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle is uncertain and relies heavily on the present view of which entries are acceptable truth . As Dumville points out about the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle : `` medieval historiography has assumptions different from our own , particularly in terms of distinctions between fiction and non-fiction '' . Linguistic evidence ( edit ) Kenneth Jackson 's map showing British river names of Celtic etymology , thought to be a good indicator of the spread of Old English . Area I , where Celtic names are rare and confined to large and medium - sized rivers , shows English - language dominance to c. 500 -- 550 ; Area II to c. 600 ; Area III , where even many small streams have Brittonic names to c. 700 . In Area IV , Brittonic remained the dominant language ' till at least the Norman Conquest ' and river names are overwhelmingly Celtic . Main article : Celtic language - death in England Explaining linguistic change , and particularly the rise of Old English , is crucial in any account of the Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain . The modern consensus is that the spread of English can be explained by a fairly small number of Germanic - speaking immigrants becoming politically dominant , in a context where Latin had lost its usefulness and prestige due to the collapse of the Roman economy and administration . The evidence ( edit ) Map of place - names between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees : in green , names likely containing Brittonic elements ; in red and orange , names likely containing the Old English elements - ham and - ingaham respectively . Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the Lammermuir and Moorfoot Hills . All linguistic evidence from Roman Britain suggests that most inhabitants spoke British Celtic and / or British Latin . However , by the eighth century , when extensive evidence for the post-Roman language situation is next available , it is clear that the dominant language in what is now eastern and southern England was Old English , whose West Germanic predecessors were spoken in what is now the Netherlands and northern Germany . Old English then continued spreading westwards and northwards in the ensuing centuries . This development is strikingly different from , for example , post-Roman Gaul , Iberia , or North Africa , where Germanic - speaking invaders gradually switched to local languages . Old English shows little obvious influence from Celtic or spoken Latin : there are for example vanishingly few English words of Brittonic origin . Moreover , except in Cornwall , the vast majority of place - names in England are easily etymologised as Old English ( or Old Norse , due to later Viking influence ) , demonstrating the dominance of English across post-Roman England . Intensive research in recent decades on Celtic toponymy has shown that more names in England and southern Scotland have Brittonic , or occasionally Latin , etymologies than was once thought , but even so , it is clear that Brittonic and Latin place - names in the eastern half of England are extremely rare , and although they are noticeably more common in the western half , they are still a tiny minority ─ 2 % in Cheshire , for example . The debate ( edit ) Into the later twentieth century , scholars ' usual explanation for the lack of Celtic influence on English , supported by uncritical readings of the accounts of Gildas and Bede , was that Old English became dominant primarily because Germanic - speaking invaders killed , chased away , and / or enslaved the previous inhabitants of the areas that they settled . In recent decades , a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation , and Peter Schrijver has said that ' to a large extent , it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios ' about demographic change in late Roman Britain . But the consensus among experts today , influenced by research in contact linguistics , is that political dominance by a fairly small number of Old English - speakers could have driven large numbers of Britons to adopt Old English while leaving little detectable trace of this language - shift . The collapse of Britain 's Roman economy and administrative structures seems to have left Britons living in a technologically similar society to their Anglo - Saxon neighbours , making it unlikely that Anglo - Saxons would need to borrow words for unfamiliar concepts . If Old English became the most prestigious language in a particular region , speakers of other languages may have found it advantageous to become bilingual and , over a few generations , stop speaking the less prestigious languages ( in this case British Celtic and / or British Latin ) . This account , which demands only small numbers of politically dominant Germanic - speaking migrants to Britain , has become ' the standard explanation ' for the gradual death of Celtic and spoken Latin in post-Roman Britain . Likewise , scholars have posited various mechanisms other than massive demographic change by which pre-migration Celtic place - names could have been lost . Scholars have stressed that Welsh and Cornish place - names from the Roman period seem no more likely to survive than English ones : ' clearly name loss was a Romano - British phenomenon , not just one associated with Anglo - Saxon incomers ' . Other explanations for the replacement of Roman period place - names include adaptation of Celtic names such that they now seem to come from Old English ; a more gradual loss of Celtic names than was once assumed ; and new names being coined ( in the newly dominant English language ) because instability of settlements and land - tenure . Current research ( edit ) Extensive research is ongoing on whether British Celtic did exert subtle substrate influence on the phonology , morphology , and syntax of Old English ( as well as on whether British Latin - speakers influenced the Brittonic languages , perhaps as they fled westwards from Anglo - Saxon domination into highland areas of Britain ) . These arguments have not yet , however , become consensus views . Thus a recent synthesis concludes that ' the evidence for Celtic influence on Old English is somewhat sparse , which only means that it remains elusive , not that it did not exist ' . Debate continues within a framework assuming that many Brittonic - speakers shifted to English , for example over whether at least some Germanic - speaking peasant - class immigrants must have been involved to bring about the language - shift ; what legal or social structures ( such as enslavement or apartheid - like customs ) might have promoted the high status of English ; and precisely how slowly Brittonic ( and British Latin ) disappeared in different regions . An idiosyncratic view that has won extensive popular attention is Stephen Oppenheimer 's suggestion that the lack of Celtic influence on English is because the ancestor of English was already widely spoken in Britain by the Belgae before the end of the Roman period . However , Oppenheimer 's ideas have not been found helpful in explaining the known facts : there is no evidence for a well established Germanic language in Britain before the fifth century , and Oppenheimer 's idea contradicts the extensive evidence for the use of Celtic and Latin . Elite personal names ( edit ) The name of the Bretwalda Ceawlin , rendered ' ceaulin ' , as it appears in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle ( C - text ) While many studies admit that a substantial survival of native British people from lower social strata is probable , with these people becoming anglicised over time due to the action of `` elite dominance '' mechanisms , there is also evidence for the survival of British elites and their anglicisation . An Anglo - Saxon elite could be formed in two ways : from an incoming chieftain and his war band from northern Germania taking over an area of Britain , or through a native British chieftain and his war band adopting Anglo - Saxon culture and language . The incidence of British Celtic personal names in the royal genealogies of a number of `` Anglo - Saxon '' dynasties is very suggestive of the latter process . The Wessex royal line was traditionally founded by a man named Cerdic , an undoubtedly Celtic name identical to Ceretic , the name given to two British kings , and ultimately derived from the Brittonic * Caraticos . This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton , and that his dynasty became anglicised over time . A number of Cerdic 's alleged descendants also possessed Celtic names , including the ' Bretwalda ' Ceawlin . The last occurrence of a British name in this dynasty being that of King Caedwalla , who died as late as 689 . The British name Caedbaed is found in the pedigree of the kings of Lindsey , which argues for the survival of British elites in this area also . In the Mercian royal pedigree , the name of King Penda and the names of other kings have more obvious Brittonic than German etymologies , though they do not correspond to known Welsh personal names . Bede , in his major work , charts the careers of four upper - class brothers in the English Church , he refers to them as being Northumbrian , and therefore `` English '' . However , the names of Saint Chad of Mercia ( a prominent bishop ) and his brothers Cedd ( also a bishop ) , Cynibil and Caelin ( a variant spelling of Ceawlin ) are British rather than Anglo - Saxon . A good case can be made for southern Britain ( especially Wessex , Kent , Essex and parts of Southern East Anglia ) , at least , having been taken over by dynasties having some Germanic ancestry or connections , but also having origins in , or intermarrying with , native British elites . Archaeological evidence ( edit ) An Anglo - Frisian funerary urn excavated from the Snape ship burial in East Anglia . Item is located in Aldeburgh Moot Hall Museum Archaeologists seeking to understand evidence for migration and / or acculturation must first get to grips with early Anglo - Saxon archaeology as an `` Archaeology of Identity '' . Guarding against considering one aspect of archaeology in isolation , this concept ensures that different topics are considered together , that previously were considered separately , such as : gender , age , ethnicity , religion and status . The task of interpretation has been hampered by the lack of works of archaeological synthesis for the Anglo - Saxon period in general , and the early period in particular . This is changing , with new works of synthesis and chronology , in particular the work of Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy on the evidence of Spong Hill , which has opened up the possible synthesis with continental material culture and has moved the chronology for the settlement earlier than AD 450 , with a significant number of items now in phases before this historically set date . Understanding the Roman legacy ( edit ) Archaeological evidence for the emergence of both a native British identity and the appearance of a Germanic culture in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries must consider first the period at the end of Roman rule . The collapse of Roman material culture some time in the early 5th century left a gap in the archaeological record that was quite rapidly filled by the intrusive Anglo - Saxon material culture , while the native culture became archaeologically close to invisible -- although recent hoards and metal - detector finds show that coin use and imports did not stop abruptly at AD 410 . The archaeology of the Roman military systems within Britain is well known but is not well understood : for example , whether the Saxon Shore was defensive or to facilitate the passage of goods . Andrew Pearson suggests that the `` Saxon Shore Forts '' and other coastal installations played a more significant economic and logistical role than is often appreciated , and that the tradition of Saxon and other continental piracy , based on the name of these forts , is probably a myth . The archaeology of late Roman ( and sub-Roman ) Britain has been mainly focused on the elite rather than the peasant and slave : their villas , houses , mosaics , furniture , fittings and silver plate . This group had a strict code on how their wealth was to be displayed , and this provides a wealth of material culture , from which `` Britons '' are identified . There was a large gap between richest and poorest ; the trappings of the latter have been the focus of less archaeological study . However the archaeology of the peasant from the 4th and 5th centuries is dominated by `` ladder '' field systems or enclosures , associated with extended families , and in the South and East of England the extensive use of timber - built buildings and farmsteads shows a lower level of engagement with Roman building methods than is shown by the houses of the numerically much smaller elite . Settler evidence ( edit ) Romano - British or Anglo - Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo - Saxon cemetery , early 5th century , using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo - Saxon clients Confirmation of the use of Anglo - Saxons as foederati or federate troops has been seen as coming from burials of Anglo - Saxons wearing military equipment of a type issued to late Roman forces , which have been found both in late Roman contexts , such as the Roman cemeteries of Winchester and Colchester , and in purely ' Anglo - Saxon ' rural cemeteries like Mucking ( Essex ) , though this was at a settlement used by the Romano - British . The distribution of the earliest Anglo - Saxon sites and place names in close proximity to Roman settlements and roads has been interpreted as showing that initial Anglo - Saxon settlements were being controlled by the Romano - British . Catherine Hills suggests it is not necessary to see all the early settlers as federate troops , and that this interpretation has been used rather too readily by some archaeologists . A variety of relationships could have existed between Romano - British and incoming Anglo - Saxons . The broader archaeological picture suggests that no one model will explain all the Anglo - Saxon settlements in Britain and that there was considerable regional variation . Settlement density varied within southern and eastern England . Norfolk has more large Anglo - Saxon cemeteries than the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk ; eastern Yorkshire ( the nucleus of the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Deira ) far more than the rest of Northumbria . The settlers were not all of the same type . Some were indeed warriors who were buried equipped with their weapons , but we should not assume that all of these were invited guests who were to guard Romano - British communities . Possibly some , like the later Viking settlers , may have begun as piratical raiders who later seized land and made permanent settlements . Other settlers seem to have been much humbler people who had few if any weapons and suffered from malnutrition . These were characterised by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes as Germanic ' boat people ' , refugees from crowded settlements on the North Sea which deteriorating climatic conditions would have made untenable . Tribal characteristics ( edit ) Frankish glass ' claw beaker ' 5th - 6th century , excavated in Kent Catherine Hills points out that it is too easy to consider Anglo - Saxon archaeology solely as a study of ethnology and to fail to consider that identity is `` less related to an overall Anglo - Saxon ethnicity and more to membership of family or tribe , Christian or pagan , elite or peasant '' . `` Anglo - Saxons '' or `` Britons '' were no more homogeneous than nationalities are today , and they would have exhibited diverse characteristics : male / female , old / young , rich / poor , farmer / warrior -- or even Gildas ' patria ( fellow citizens ) , cives ( indigenous people ) and hostes ( enemies ) -- as well as a diversity associated with language . Beyond these , in the early Anglo - Saxon period , identity was local : although people would have known their neighbours , it may have been important to indicate tribal loyalty with details of clothing and especially fasteners . It is also unlikely that people would have thought of themselves as Anglo - Saxon : instead they were part of a tribe or region , descendants of a patron or followers of a leader . It is this identity that archaeological evidence seeks to understand and determine , considering how it might support separate identity groups , or identities that were inter-connected . Part of a well - furnished pagan period mixed inhumation and cremation cemetery was excavated at Alwalton near Peterborough . Twenty - eight urned and two unurned cremations dating from between the 5th and 6th centuries , and 34 inhumations , dating from between the late 5th and early 7th centuries , were uncovered . Both cremations and inhumations were provided with pyre or grave goods , and some of the burials were richly furnished . The excavation found evidence for a mixture of practices and symbolic clothing ; these reflected local differences that appeared to be associated with tribal or family loyalty . This use of clothing in particular was very symbolic , and distinct differences within groups in the cemetery could be found . Reuse of earlier monuments ( edit ) The evidence for monument reuse in the early Anglo - Saxon period reveals a number of significant aspects of the practice . Ancient monuments were one of the most important factors determining the placing of the dead in the early Anglo - Saxon landscape . Anglo - Saxon secondary activity on prehistoric and Roman sites was traditionally explained in practical terms . These explanations , in the view of Howard Williams , failed to account for the numbers and types of monuments and graves ( from villas to barrows ) reused . Anglo - Saxon barrow burials started in the late 6th century and continued into the early 8th century . Prehistoric barrows , in particular , have been seen as physical expressions of land claims and links to the ancestors , and John Shephard has extended this interpretation to Anglo - Saxon tumuli . Eva Thäte has emphasised the continental origins of monument reuse in post-Roman England , Howard Williams has suggested that the main purpose of this custom was to give sense to a landscape that the immigrants did not find empty . In the 7th and 8th centuries , monument reuse became so widespread that it strongly suggests the deliberate location of burials of the elite next to visible monuments of the pre-Saxon past , but with ' ordinary ' burial grounds of this phase also frequently being located next to prehistoric barrows . The relative increase of this kind of spatial association from the 5th / 6th centuries to the 7th / 8th centuries is conspicuous . Williams ' analysis of two well - documented samples shows an increase from 32 % to 50 % of Anglo - Saxon burial sites in the Upper Thames region , and from 47 % to 71 % of Anglo - Saxon cemeteries excavated since 1945 . Härke suggests that one of the contexts for the increasing reuse of monuments may be `` the adoption by the natives of the material culture of the dominant immigrants '' . Landscape Archaeology ( edit ) The Anglo - Saxons did not settle in an abandoned landscape on which they imposed new types of settlement and farming , as was once believed . By the late 4th century the English rural landscape was largely cleared , generally occupied by dispersed farms and hamlets , each surrounded by its own fields but often sharing other resources in common ( called `` infield - outfield cultivation '' ) . Such fields , whether of prehistoric or Roman origin , fall into two very general types , found both separately and together : irregular layouts , in which one field after another had been added to an arable hub over many centuries ; and regular rectilinear layouts , often roughly following the local topography , that had resulted from the large - scale division of considerable areas of land . Such stability was reversed within a few decades of the 5th century , as early `` Anglo - Saxon '' farmers , affected both by the collapse of Roman Britain and a climatic deterioration which reached its peak probably around 500 , concentrated on subsistence , converting to pasture large areas of previously ploughed land . However , there is little evidence of abandoned arable land . Evidence across southern and central England increasingly shows the persistence of prehistoric and Roman field layouts into and , in some cases throughout , the Anglo - Saxon period , whether or not such fields were continuously ploughed . Landscapes at Yarnton , Oxfordshire , and Mucking , Essex , remained unchanged throughout the 5th century , while at Barton Court , Oxfordshire , the ' grid of ditched paddocks or closes ' of a Roman villa estate formed a general framework for the Anglo - Saxon settlement there . Similar evidence has been found at Sutton Courtenay , Berkshire . The Romano - British fields at Church Down in Chalton and Catherington , both in Hampshire , Bow Brickhill , Buckinghamshire , and Havering , Essex , were all ploughed as late as the 7th century . Susan Oosthuizen has taken this further and establishes evidence that aspects of the `` collective organisation of arable cultivation appear to find an echo in fields of pre-historic and Roman Britain '' . In particular : the open field systems , shared between a number of cultivators , but cropped individually ; the link between arable holdings and rights to common pasture land ; in structures of governance and the duty to pay some of the surplus to the local overlord , whether in rent or duty . Together these reveal that kinship ties and social relations were continuous across the 5th and 6th centuries , with no evidence of the uniformity or destruction , imposed by lords , the savage action of invaders or system collapse . This has implications on how later developments are considered , such as the developments in the 7th and 8th centuries . Landscape studies draw upon a variety of topographical , archaeological and written sources . There are major problems in trying to relate Anglo - Saxon charter boundaries to those of Roman estates for which there are no written records , and by the end of the Anglo - Saxon period there had been major changes to the organisation of the landscape which can obscure earlier arrangements . Interpretation is also hindered by uncertainty about late Roman administrative arrangements . Nevertheless , studies carried out throughout the country , in `` British '' as well as `` Anglo - Saxon '' areas , have found examples of continuity of territorial boundaries where , for instance , Roman villa estate boundaries seem to have been identical with those of medieval estates , as delineated in early charters , though settlement sites within the defined territory might shift . What we see in these examples is probably continuity of the estate or territory as a unit of administration rather than one of exploitation . Although the upper level of Roman administration based on towns seems to have disappeared during the 5th century , a subsidiary system based on subdivisions of the countryside may have continued . The basis of the internal organisation of both the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms and those of their Celtic neighbours was a large rural territory which contained a number of subsidiary settlements dependent upon a central residence which the Anglo - Saxons called a villa in Latin and a tūn in Old English . These developments suggest that the basic infrastructure of the early Anglo - Saxon local administration ( or the settlement of early kings or earls ) was inherited from late Roman or Sub-Roman Britain . Distribution of settlements ( edit ) There are a number of difficulties in recognising early Anglo - Saxon settlements as migrant settlers . This in part is because most early rural Anglo - Saxon sites have yielded few finds other than pottery and bone . The use of aerial photography does not yield easily identifiable settlements , partly due to the dispersed nature of many of these settlements . The distribution of known settlements also remains elusive with few settlements found in the West Midlands or North - West . Even in Kent , an area of rich early Anglo - Saxon archaeology , the number of excavated settlements is fewer than expected . However , in contrast the counties of Northamptonshire , Oxfordshire , Suffolk and Cambridgeshire are relative rich in early settlements . These have revealed a tendency for early Anglo - Saxon settlements to be on the light soils associated with river terraces . Many of the inland settlements are on rivers that had been major navigation routes during the Roman era . These sites , such as Dorchester on Thames on the upper Thames , were readily accessible by the shallow - draught , clinker - built boats used by the Anglo - Saxons . The same is true of the settlements along the rivers Ouse , Trent , Witham , Nene and along the marshy lower Thames . Less well known due to a dearth of physical evidence but attested by surviving place names , there were Jutish settlements on the Isle of Wight and the nearby southern coast of Hampshire . A number of Anglo - Saxon settlements are located near or at Roman - era towns , but the question of simultaneous town occupation by the Romano - Britons and a nearby Anglo - Saxon settlement ( i.e. , suggesting a relationship ) is not confirmed . At Roman Caistor - by - Norwich , for example , recent analysis suggests that the cemetery post-dates the town 's virtual abandonment . Cemetery evidence ( edit ) Early cemeteries of possible Settler origin The earliest cemeteries that can be classified as Anglo - Saxon are found in widely separate regions and are dated to the early 5th century . The exception is in Kent , where the density of cemeteries and artifacts suggest either an exceptionally heavy Anglo - Saxon settlement , or continued settlement beginning at an early date , or both . By the late 5th century there were additional Anglo - Saxon cemeteries , some of them adjacent to earlier ones , but with a large expansion in other areas , and now including the southern coast of Sussex . Up to the year 2000 , roughly 10,000 early ' Anglo - Saxon ' cremations and inhumations had been found , exhibiting a large degree of diversity in styles and types of mortuary ritual . This is consistent with evidence for many micro cultures and local practice . Cemetery evidence is still dominated by the material culture : finds of clothes , jewellery , weapons , pots and personal items ; but physical and molecular evidence from skeletons , bones and teeth are increasingly important . Considering the early cemeteries of Kent , most relevant finds come from furnished graves with distinctive links to the Continent . However , there are some unique items , these include pots and urns and especially brooches , an important element of female dress that functioned as a fastener , rather like a modern safety pin . The style of brooches ( called Quoits ) , is unique to southern England in the fifth century AD , with the greatest concentration of such items occurring in Kent . Seiichi Suzuki defines the style through an analysis of its design organisation , and , by comparing it with near - contemporary styles in Britain and on the continent , identifying those features which make it unique . He suggests that the quoit brooch style was made and remade as part of the process of construction of new group identities during the political uncertainties of the time , and sets the development of the style in the context of the socio - cultural dynamics of an emergent post-Roman society . The brooch shows that culture was not just transposed from the continent , but from an early phase a new `` Anglo - Saxon '' culture was being developed . Women 's fashions ( tracht , native costumes not thought to have been trade goods ) , have been used to distinguish and identify settlers , supplemented by other finds that can be related to specific regions of the Continent . A large number of Frankish artifacts have been found in Kent , and these are largely interpreted to be a reflection of trade and commerce rather than early migration . Yorke ( Wessex in the Early Middle Ages , 1995 ) , for example , only allows that some Frankish settlement is possible . Frankish sea raiding was recorded as early as 260 and became common for the next century , but their raids on Britain ended c. 367 as Frankish interest turned southward and was thereafter focused on the control and occupation of northern Gaul and Germania . The presence of artifacts that are identifiably North Germanic along the coastal areas between the Humber Estuary and East Anglia indicates that Scandinavians migrated to Britain . However , this does not suggest that they arrived at the same time as the Angles : they may have arrived almost a century later , and their status and influence upon arrival is uncertain . In particular , regarding a significant Swedish influence in association with the Sutton Hoo ship and a Swedish origin for the East Anglian Wuffinga dynasty , both possibilities are now considered uncertain . The process of mixing and assimilation of immigrant and native populations is virtually impossible to elucidate with material culture , but the skeletal evidence may shed some light on it . The 7th / 8th - century average stature of male individuals in Anglo - Saxon cemeteries dropped by 15 mm ( 5⁄8 in ) compared with the 5th / 6th - century average . This development is most marked in Wessex where the average dropped by 24 mm ( 1 in ) . This drop is not easily explained by environmental changes ; there is no evidence for a change in diet in the 7th / 8th centuries , nor is there any evidence of a further influx of immigrants at this time . Given the lower average stature of Britons , the most likely explanation would be a gradual Saxonisation or Anglicisation of the material culture of native enclaves , an increasing assimilation of native populations into Anglo - Saxon communities , and increasing intermarriage between immigrants and natives within Anglo - Saxon populations . Skeletal material from the Late Roman and Early Anglo - Saxon period from Hampshire was directly compared . It was concluded that the physical type represented in urban Roman burials , was not annihilated nor did it die - out , but it continued to be well represented in subsequent burials of Anglo - Saxon date . At Stretton - on - Fosse II ( Warwickshire ) , located on the western fringes of the early Anglo - Saxon settlement area , the proportion of male adults with weapons is 82 % , well above the average in southern England . Cemetery II , the Anglo - Saxon burial site , is immediately adjacent to two Romano - British cemeteries , Stretton - on - Fosse I and III , the latter only 60 metres ( 200 feet ) away from Anglo - Saxon burials . Continuity of the native female population at this site has been inferred from the continuity of textile techniques ( unusual in the transition from the Romano - British to the Anglo - Saxon periods ) , and by the continuity of epigenetic traits from the Roman to the Anglo - Saxon burials . At the same time , the skeletal evidence demonstrates the appearance in the post-Roman period of a new physical type of males who are more slender and taller than the men in the adjacent Romano - British cemeteries . Taken together , the observations suggest the influx of a group of males , probably most or all of them Germanic , who took control of the local community and married native women . It is not easy to confirm such cases of ' warband ' settlement in the absence of detailed skeletal , and other complementary , information , but assuming that such cases are indicated by very high proportions of weapon burials , this type of settlement was much less frequent than the kin group model . Nick Higham outlines the main questions : `` It is fairly clear that most Anglo - Saxon cemeteries are unrepresentative of the whole population , and particularly the whole age range . This was , therefore , a community which made decisions about the disposal of the dead based upon various factors , but at those we can barely guess . Was the inclusion of some but not all individuals subject to political control , or cultural screening ? Was this a mark of ethnicity or did it represent a particular kinship , real or constructed , or the adherents of a particular cult ? Was it status specific , with the rural proletariat -- who would have been the vast majority of the population -- perhaps excluded ? So are many of these cemeteries associated with specific , high - status households and weighted particularly towards adult members ? We do not know , but the commitment of particular parts of the community to an imported and in some senses ' Germanic ' , cremation ritual does seem to have been considerable , and is something which requires explanation . '' Molecular evidence ( edit ) Various forms of molecular evidence have been employed to provide evidence for the Anglo - Saxon settlement . Y - chromosome evidence ( edit ) The inheritance of DNA is a complex process that varies between male and female individuals ; consequently this allows the study of separate female and male lineages using mitochondrial DNA and Y - chromosome DNA respectively . Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA for short ) and Y - chromosome DNA differ from the DNA of diploid nuclear chromosomes in that they are not formed from the combination of both parents ' genes . Rather , males inherit the Y - chromosome directly from their fathers , and both sexes inherit mtDNA directly from their mothers . Consequently , they preserve a genetic record from individual to individual that is altered only through mutation . Map of Y - chromosome distribution from data derived from `` Y chromosome evidence for Anglo - Saxon mass migration '' by Weale et al. ( 2002 ) An examination of Y - chromosome variation , sampled in an east -- west transect across England and Wales , was compared with similar samples taken in Friesland and Norway . Friesland was selected for the study due to it being regarded as a source location for Anglo - Saxon migrants , and because of the similarities between Old English and Frisian . Samples from Norway were also compared , as this is a source of the later Viking migrations . It found that in England 50 % to 100 % of paternal genetic inheritance was derived from incomers originating in the Germanic coastlands of the North Sea . Research published in 2003 on Y - chromosome marker variation , taken from a larger sample population and from more sites throughout Britain , came to a different conclusion . This study suggested that in most of England , continental ( North German and Danish ) paternal genetic input varied between 20 % and 40 % , with York forming an outlier at about 60 % . Southern England , including Kent , had markedly lower frequencies of non-indigenous Y - chromosome markers than eastern England , where Danish Viking settlement is attested . However , the study could not distinguish between North German and Danish populations , thus the relative proportions of genetic input derived from the Anglo - Saxon settlements and later Danish Viking colonisation could not be ascertained . Historical evidence suggests that following the Anglo - Saxon transition , people of indigenous ethnicity were at an economic and legal disadvantage compared to those having Anglo - Saxon ethnicity . This has led to the development of the `` apartheid - like social structure '' theory to explain this high contribution to the modern gene pool , where the proportion of settlers would be smaller . This view has been challenged by JE Pattison , who suggested that the Y - chromosome evidence could still support the idea of a small settlement of people without the apartheid - like structures . In addition , there is no reliable method for dating the influx of genetic material into Britain from the Continent ; and the genetic similarities between people on either side of the North Sea may reflect a cumulative process of population movement , possibly beginning well before the historically attested formation of the Anglo - Saxons or the invasions of the Vikings . The ' apartheid theory ' has received a considerable body of critical comment , especially the genetic studies from which it derives its rationale . Problems with the design of Weale 's study and the level of historical naïvete evidenced by some population genetics studies have been particularly highlighted . Stephen Oppenheimer reviewed the Weale and Capelli studies and suggested that correlations of gene frequency mean nothing without a knowledge of the genetic prehistory of the regions in question . His criticism of these studies is that they generated models based on the historical evidence of Gildas and Procopius , and then selected methodologies to test against these populations . Weale 's transect spotlights that Belgium is further west in the genetic map than North Walsham , Asbourne and Friesland . In Oppenheimer 's view , this is evidence that the Belgae and other continental people -- and hence continental genetic markers indistinguishable from those ascribed to Anglo - Saxons -- arrived earlier and were already strong in the 5th century in particular regions or areas . Oppenheimer , basing his research on the Weale and Capelli studies , maintains that none of the invasions since the Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles , and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an Iberian genetic grouping . He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the Basque people of northern Spain and southwestern France , from 90 % in Wales to 66 % in East Anglia . Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo - Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow -- one up the Atlantic coast , the other from neighbouring areas of Continental Europe -- which occurred just after the Last Glacial Maximum . Bryan Sykes , a former geneticist at Oxford University , came to fairly similar conclusions as Oppenheimer , which he set forth in his 2006 book called Blood of the Isles : Exploring the Genetic Roots of our Tribal History , published in the United States and Canada as Saxons , Vikings and Celts : The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland . Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence . However , Y - chromosome evidence relies on the archaeological and historical evidence for interpretation , and there is a danger of creating a circular argument . Therefore , scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted . Ancient DNA , rare mutations and whole genome sequencing ( edit ) In 2016 , through the investigation of burials using ancient DNA techniques , researchers found evidence of intermarriage in the earliest phase of Anglo - Saxon settlement . The highest status grave of the burials investigated , as evidenced by the associated goods , was that of a female of local , British , origins . By studying rare mutations and employing whole genome sequencing , it was claimed that the continental and insular origins of the ancient remains could be discriminated , and it was calculated that 25 -- 40 % of the ancestry of modern Britons is attributable to continental ' Anglo - Saxon ' origins . The breakdown of the estimates given in this work into the modern populations of Britain determined that whilst the population of eastern England is given a 38 % ' Anglo - Saxon ' ancestry , both Wales and Scotland -- regions not having a historically attested Germanic influx of continental origins -- are given the relatively high figure of 30 % of the same ancestry . Isotope analysis ( edit ) Isotope analysis has begun to be employed to help answer the uncertainties regarding Anglo - Saxon migration ; this can indicate whether a buried individual had always lived in the area he was buried in . However , the number of studies is small . Strontium data in a 5th -- 7th - century cemetery in West Heslerston implied the presence of two groups : one of `` local '' and one of `` nonlocal '' origin . Although the study suggested that they could not define the limits of local variation and identify immigrants with confidence , they could give a useful account of the issues . Oxygen and strontium isotope data in an early Anglo - Saxon cemetery at Wally Corner , Berinsfield in the Upper Thames Valley , Oxfordshire , found only 5.3 % of the sample originating from continental Europe , supporting the hypothesis of acculturation . Furthermore , they found that there was no change in this pattern over time , except amongst some females . Another isotopic method has been employed to investigate whether protein sources in human diets in the early Anglo - Saxon varied with geographic location , or with respect to age or sex . This would provide evidence for social advantage . The results suggest that protein sources varied little according to geographic location and that terrestrial foods dominated at all locations . Migration and acculturation theories ( edit ) Possible routes of Anglo - Saxon migration in the 5th / 6th centuries Various scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo - Saxon settlement . These questions include : How many migrants were there ? When did the `` Saxons '' gain political ascendency ? What happened to the ' Romano - Brittonic ' peoples in the south - east of Britain ? The Anglo - Saxons were a mix of invaders , migrants and acculturated indigenous people . The ratios and relationships between these formative elements at the time of the Anglo - Saxon settlement are the subject of enquiry . The traditional interpretation of the settlement of Britain has been subject to profound reappraisal , with scholars embracing the evidence for both migration and acculturation . Heinrich Härke explains the nature of this agreement : `` It is now widely accepted that the Anglo - Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent , but the outcome of insular interactions and changes . But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms '' . Estimating continental migrants ' numbers ( edit ) Knowing the number of migrants who came from the continent provides a context from which scholars can build an interpretation framework and understanding of the events of the 5th and 6th centuries . Robert Hedges in discussing this point observes that `` archaeological evidence only addresses these issues indirectly '' The traditional methodology used by archaeology to estimate the number of migrants starts with a figure for the population in Britain in the 3rd and 4th centuries . This is usually estimated at between 2 and 4 million . From this figure it is estimated that the population of Southern and Eastern England is 1 million . Within 200 years the settlement density has been established as an Anglo - Saxon village every 2 -- 5 kilometres ( 1.2 -- 3.1 miles ) , in the areas where evidence has been gathered . Given that these settlements are typically of around 50 people , this implies an Anglo - Saxon population in Southern and Eastern England of 250,000 . This estimate is hardly certain , but does provide a ratio of 1 to 4 , between those with a settler background and those with an insular background . The number of migrants therefore depends on the variable of population increase , if the population rose by 1 per cent per year ( which is slightly less than the present world population ) this would suggest a population of 30,000 migrants . However , if the population rose by 2 percent per year ( which is similar to India in the last 20 years ) this would suggest a population of 5,000 migrants . This number is confirmed by the archaeological evidence . The excavations at Spong Hill , for example , revealed over 2,000 cremations and inhumations in what is a very large early cemetery . However , when the period of use is taken into account ( over 200 years ) and its size , it is presumed to be a major cemetery for the entire area and not just one village , it does point to a smaller rather than large number of original immigrants of 20,000 . Heinrich Härke concluded that `` most of the biological and cultural evidence points to a minority immigration on the scale of 10 to 20 % of the native population . The immigration itself was not a single ' invasion ' , but rather a series of intrusions and immigrations over a considerable period , differing from region to region , and changing over time even within regions . The total immigrant population may have numbered somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000 over about a century , but the geographical variations in numbers , and in social and ethnic composition , should have led to a variety of settlement processes . '' Generally , the problems associated with seeking estimates for the population before AD 1089 were set out by Mark Thomas , Michael Stumpf and Heinrich Härke . They suggest that `` Incidental reports of numbers of immigrants are notoriously unreliable , and absolute numbers of immigrants before the Norman period can only be calculated as a proportion of the estimated overall population . '' However , there is a discrepancy between , on the one hand , archaeological and some historical ideas about the scale of the Anglo - Saxon immigration , and on the other , estimates of the genetic contribution of the Anglo - Saxon immigrants to the modern English gene pool ( see `` Molecular evidence '' above ) . Mark Thomas , Michael Stumpf and Heinrich Härke created a statistical study of the two groups : those who held the `` Migrant '' Y chromosome and those that did n't . They examined the effect of differential reproductive success between those groups , coupled with limited intermarriage between the groups , on the spread of the genetic variant to discover whether the levels of migration needed to meet a 50 % contribution to the modern gene pool . What they found is the genetic pool can rise from less than 5 % to more than 50 % in as little as 200 years with the addition of a slight increase in reproduction advantage of 1.8 ( meaning a ratio 51.8 to 50 ) and restricting the amount of female ( migrant genes ) and male ( indigenous genes ) inter-breeding to at most 10 % . `` Saxon '' political ascendancy in Britain ( edit ) Areas which are the most probable areas for Settler communities A re-evaluation of the traditional picture of decay and dissolution Post-Roman Britain has occurred , with sub-Roman Britain being thought rather more a part of the Late Antique world of western Europe than was customary a half century ago . As part of this re-evaluation some suggest that sub-Roman Britain , in its entirety , retained a significant political , economic and military momentum across the fifth century and even the bulk of the sixth . This in large part stems from attempts to develop visions of British success against the incoming Anglo - Saxons , as suggested by the Chronicles which were written in the ninth and mid-tenth century . However , recent scholarship has contested the extent to which either can be credited with any level of historicity regarding the decades around AD 500 . The representation of long - lasting British triumphs against the Saxons appears in large parts of the Chronicles , but stem ultimately from Gildas 's brief and frustratingly elusive reference to a British victory at Mons Badonicus -- Mount Badon ( see historical evidence above ) . Nick Higham suggests , that the war between Britons and Saxons seems to have ended in some sort of compromise , which conceded a very considerable sphere of influence within Britain to the incomers . According to Higham ; The most developed vision of a ' big ' sub-Roman Britain , with control over its own political and military destiny for well over a century , is that of Kenneth Dark , who has argued that Britain should not be divided during the fifth , and even the bulk of the sixth , century into ' British ' and ' Anglo - Saxon ' cultural and / or political provinces , but should be thought of as a generally ' British ' whole . His thesis , in brief , is to postulate not just survival but continuing cultural , political and military power for the sub-Roman elite , both in the far west ( where this view is comparatively uncontroversial ) but also in the east , where it has to be imagined alongside incoming settlements . He postulates the sub-Roman community to have been the dominant force in insular affairs right up to c. 570 . Kenneth Dark 's argument for continuing British military and political power in the east rests on the very uneven distribution of Anglo - Saxon cemeteries and the proposition that large gaps in that distribution necessarily represent strong British polities which excluded Anglo - Saxon settlers by force . Cremation cemeteries in eastern Britain north of the Thames begin during the second quarter of the fifth century , backed up by new archaeological phases before 450 ( see Archaeological evidence above ) . The chronology of this `` adventus '' of cremations is supported by the Gallic Chronicle of 452 , which states that wide parts of Britain fell under Saxon rule in 441 . However , this did not result in many Brittonic words entering Old English . It seems therefore that no large - scale interaction occurred between incoming `` Germanic '' communities and numerous indigenous Brittonic speakers of equivalent social rank . If such interaction had been widespread , then we might have expected far greater language borrowing both in terms of structure and vocabulary ( see linguistic evidence above ) . ' Romano - Brittonic ' peoples ' fate in the south - East ( edit ) The most extreme estimation for the size of the Anglo - Saxon settlement suggests that some 80 % of the resident population of Britain were not Anglo - Saxon . Given that , explanation has been sought to account for the change in culture of the Britons to one where by the 8th Century the majority of people in southern Britain saw themselves as heirs to the Anglo - Saxon culture . Whilst the developments were rather complicated , there are two competing theories . One theory , first set out by Edward Augustus Freeman , suggests that the Anglo Saxons and the Britons were competing cultures , and that through invasion , extermination , slavery , and forced resettlement the Anglo - Saxons defeated the Britons and consequently their culture and language prevailed . This view has influenced much of the linguistic , scholarly and popular perceptions of the process of anglicisation in Britain . It remains the starting point and ' default position ' , to which other hypotheses are compared in modern reviews of the evidence . Widespread extermination and displacement of the native peoples of Britain is still considered a viable possibility by certain scholars . Our best contemporary source , Gildas , certainly suggests that just such a change of populations did take place . However , Freeman 's ideas did not go unchallenged , even as they were being propounded . In particular , the essayist Grant Allen believed in a strong Celtic contribution to Englishness . Another theory has challenged this view and started to examine evidence that the majority of Anglo Saxons were Brittonic in origin . The major evidence comes firstly from the figures , taking a fairly high Anglo - Saxon figure ( 200,000 ) and a low Brittonic one ( 800,000 ) , Britons are likely to have outnumbered Anglo - Saxons by at least four to one . The interpretation of such figures is that while `` culturally , the later Anglo - Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British , ... their genetic , biological make - up is none the less likely to have been substantially , indeed predominantly , British '' . Two processes leading to Anglo - Saxonisation have been proposed . One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia , North Africa and parts of the Islamic world ; where a politically and socially powerful minority culture becomes , over a rather short period , adopted by a settled majority . A process usually termed ' elite dominance ' . The second process is explained through incentives , such as the Wergild outlined in the law code of Ine of Wessex which produced an incentive to become Anglo - Saxon or at least English speaking . The wergild of an Englishman was set at a value twice that of a Briton of similar wealth . However , some Britons could be very prosperous and own five hides of land , which gave thegn - like status , with a wergild of 600 shillings . Ine set down requirements to prove guilt or innocence , both for his English subjects and for his British subjects , who were termed ' foreigners / wealas ' ( ' Welshmen ' ) . The binary ethnic distinction that appears in Ine 's Laws seems to be between ' Englisc / English ( ' us ' ) and ' Wylisc / Welsh ' ( ' them ' ) . Since Ine 's people self - identified as Saxons ( West Saxons ) this very early use of the word ' English ' ( unless it is a later introduction into the text ) suggests that it was the use of a particular language , already recognised as a single language , and already called ' English ' , that was the crucial determinant in ethnic identity . This implies that in the early Anglo - Saxon period it was language use that was the key determination of ethnicity , and not whether you had `` Germanic '' ancestors . Whatever the case , a continuity of ' sub-Roman ' Britons can not be doubted , as evidenced , for example , by the sheer number of burials which already date to the late 5th and early 6th centuries - otherwise impossible to maintain by even the largest ' migration ' estimates . In addition to the ' highland Tyrants ' in the west , the case has been made by persistence of a ' native ' , post-Roman , polity of sorts south of the Thames during much of the fifth century - evidenced by the oppositional deposition of Quoit Brooch Style artefacts in inhumation burials south of the Thames versus ' Scandinavian ' artefacts ( such as ' square headed brooches ' ) within predominantly cremation burial settings dominate north of the Thames ( i.e. in `` Anglian '' areas ) . However , a take - over by continental migrants can not be denied , as evidenced by an abrupt end of Quoit Broch style artefacts and inundation of exotic artefacts of a `` Jutish ' character in the final decade or two of the fifth century . Thus Ken Dark 's notion of a long chronology of a surviving , even dominant `` sub-Roman '' Britain finds little support . Moreover , Halsall argues that ' Britons ' are scarcely if at all visible in the archaeological record of lowland England by the 6th century and beyond , not because of any bizarre notions of ethnic cleansing or ' apartheid ' , but simply because , by then , everyone was an ' Anglo - Saxon ' , whatever their geographic origin . Aspects of the success of the Anglo - Saxon settlement ( edit ) The reasons for the success of Anglo - Saxon settlements remains uncertain . Helena Hamerow has made an observation that in Anglo - Saxon society `` local and extended kin groups remained ... the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo - Saxon period '' . `` Local and extended kin groups '' is one of a number of possible reasons for success ; along with societal advantages , freedom and the relationship to an elite , that allowed the Anglo - Saxons ' culture and language to flourish in the fifth and sixth centuries . Anglo - Saxon political formation ( edit ) Nick Higham is convinced that the success of the Anglo - Saxon elite in gaining an early compromise shortly after the Battle of Badon is a key to the success of the culture . This produced a political ascendancy across the south and east of Britain , which in turn required some structure to be successful . The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo - Saxon elite families and a clear unitary oversight . Whether the majority of these leaders were early settlers , descendant from settlers , or especially after the exploration stage they were Roman - British leaders who adopted Anglo - Saxon culture is unclear . The balance of opinion is that most were migrants , although it should n't be assumed they were all Germanic ( see Elite personal names evidence ) . There is agreement : that these were small in number and proportion , yet large enough in power and influence to ensure `` Anglo - Saxon '' acculturation in the lowlands of Britain . Most historians believe these elites were those named by Bede , the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle and others , although there is discussion regarding their floruit dates . Importantly , whatever their origin or when they flourished , they established their claim to lordship through their links to extended kin ties . As Helen Peake jokingly points out `` they all just happened to be related back to Woden '' . The Tribal Hidage is evidence of the existence of numerous smaller provinces , meaning that southern and eastern Britain may have lost any macro-political cohesion in the fifth and sixth centuries and fragmented into many small autonomous units , though late Roman administrative organisation of the countryside may have helped dictate their boundaries . By the end of the sixth century the leaders of these communities were styling themselves kings , with the majority of the larger kingdoms based on the south or east coasts . They include the provinces of the Jutes of Hampshire and Wight , the South Saxons , Kent , the East Saxons , East Angles , Lindsey and ( north of the Humber ) Deira and Bernicia . Several of these kingdoms may have their foundation the former Roman civitas and this has been argued as particularly likely for the provinces of Kent , Lindsey , Deira and Bernicia , all of whose names derive from Romano - British tribal or district names . The southern and east coasts were , of course , the areas settled first and in greatest numbers by the settlers and so presumably were the earliest to pass from Romano - British to Anglo - Saxon control . Once established they had the advantage of easy communication with continental territories in Europe via the North Sea or the Channel . The east and south coast provinces may never have fragmented to the extent of some areas inland and by the end of the sixth century they were already beginning to expand by annexing smaller neighbours . Barbara Yorke suggests that such aggressiveness must have encouraged areas which did not already possess military protection in the form of kings and their armies to acquire their own war - leaders or protection alliances . By the time of the Tribal Hidage there were also two large ' inland ' kingdoms , those of the Mercians and West Saxons , whose spectacular growth we can trace in par in our sources for the seventh century , but it is not clear how far this expansion had proceeded by the end of the sixth century . What Bede seems to imply in his Bretwalda list of the elite is the ability to extract tribute and overawe and / or protect communities , which may well have been relatively short - lived in any one instance , but ostensibly `` Anglo - Saxon '' dynasties variously replaced one another in this role in a discontinuous but influential and potent roll call of warrior elites , with very few interruptions from other `` British '' warlords . The success of this elite was felt beyond their geography , to include neighbouring British territories in the centre and west of what later became England , and even the far west of the island . Again , Bede was very clear that English imperium could on occasion encompass British and English kingships alike , and that Britons and Angles marched to war together in the early seventh century , under both British and English kings . It is Bede who provides the most vivid picture of a late sixth - and early seventh - century Anglian warlord in action , in the person of Æthelfrith of Northumbria , King of Bernicia ( a kingdom with a non-English name ) , who rapidly built up a personal ' empire ' by military victories over the Britons of the North , the Scots of Dalriada , the Angles of Deira and the Britons of north - eastern Wales , only ultimately to experience disaster at the hands of Rædwald of East Anglia . Rural freedoms and kinship groups ( edit ) Where arable cultivation continued in early Anglo - Saxon England , there seems to have been considerable continuity with the Roman period in both field layout and arable practices , although we do not know whether there were also changes to patterns of tenure or the regulation of cultivation . The greatest perceptible alterations in land usage between about 400 and 600 are therefore in the proportions of the land of each community that lay under grass or the plough , rather than in changes to the layout or management of arable fields . The Anglo - Saxons settled in small groups covering a handful of widely dispersed local communities . These farms were for the most part mobile . This mobility , which was typical across much of Northern Europe took two forms : the gradual shifting of the settlement within its boundaries or the complete location of the settlement altogether . These shifting settlements ( called Wandersiedlungen or `` wandering settlements '' ) were a common feature since the Bronze Age . Why farms became abandoned and then relocated is much debated . However it is suggested that this might be related to the death of a patron of the family or the desire to move to better farmlands . These farms are often falsely supposed to be `` peasant farms '' . However , a ceorl , who was the lowest ranking freeman in early Anglo - Saxon society , was not a peasant but an arms - owning male with access to law , support of a kindred and the wergild , situated at the apex of an extended household working at least one hide of land . It is the ceorl that we should associate with the standard 8 -- 10 metres ( 26 -- 33 feet ) x 4 -- 5 metres ( 13 -- 16 feet ) post-hole building of the early Anglo - Saxon period , grouped with others of the same kin group . Each such household head had a number of less - free dependants . The success of the rural world in the 5th and 6th centuries , according to the landscape archaeology , was due to three factors : the continuity with the past , with no evidence of up - rooting in the landscape ; farmer 's freedom and rights over lands , with provision of a rent or duty to an overlord , who provided only slight lordly input ; and the common outfield arable land ( of an outfield - infield system ) that provided the ability to build kinship and group cultural ties . Material culture ( edit ) The origins of the timber building tradition seen in early Anglo - Saxon England has generated a lot of debate which has mirrored a wider debate about the cultural affinities of Anglo - Saxon material culture . A type of Anglo - Saxon building called a Grubenhaus Philip Rahtz asserted that buildings seen in West Stow and Mucking had late Roman origins . Archaeologist Philip Dixon noted the striking similarity between Anglo - Saxon timber halls and Romano - British rural houses . The Anglo - Saxons did not import the ' long - house ' , the traditional dwelling of the continental Germanic peoples , to Britain . Instead they upheld a local vernacular British building tradition dating back to the late first century . This has been interpreted as evidence of the endurance of kinship and household structures from the Roman into the Anglo - Saxon period . However , this has been considered too neat an explanation for all the evidence . Anne and Gary Marshall summarise the situation : `` One of the main problems in Anglo - Saxon archaeology has been to account for the apparent uniqueness of the English timber structures of the period . These structures seem to bear little resemblance either to earlier Romano - British or to continental models . In essence , the problem is that the hybrid Anglo - Saxon style seems to appear full - blown with no examples of development from the two potentially ancestral traditions ... The consensus of the published work was that the Anglo - Saxon building style was predominantly home - grown . '' For Bryan Ward - Perkins the answer is found in the success of the Anglo - Saxon culture and highlights the micro-diversity and larger cohesion that produced a dynamic force in comparison to the Brittonic culture From beads and quoits to clothes and houses , there is something unique happening in the early Anglo - Saxon period . The material culture evidence shows that people adopted and adapted styles based on set roles and styles . John Hines , commenting on the diversity of nearly a thousand glass beads and many different clothes clasps from Lakenheath , states that these reveal a `` society where people relied on others to fulfill a role '' and `` what they had around them was making a statement '' , not one about the individual , but about `` identity between small groups not within small groups '' . Julian Richards commenting on this and other evidence suggests : `` ( The Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain ) was more complex than a mass invasion bringing fully formed lifestyles and beliefs . The early Anglo - Saxon , just like today 's migrants , were probably riding different cultural identities . They brought from their homelands the traditions of their ancestors . But they would have been trying to work out not only who they were , but who they wanted to be ... and forge an identity for those who followed . '' Looking beyond simplistic ' homeland ' scenarios , and explaining the observations that ' Anglo - Saxon ' houses and other aspects of material culture do not find exact matches in the ' Germanic homelands ' in Europe , Halsall explains the changes within the context of a larger ' North Sea interaction zone ' , including lowland England , Northern Gaul and northern Germany . These areas experienced marked social and cultural changes in the wake of Roman collapse -- experienced not only within the former Roman provinces ( Gaul , Britain ) but also in Barbaricum itself . All three areas experienced changes in social structure , settlement patterns and ways of expressing identities , as well as tensions which created push and pull factors for migrations in , perhaps , multiple directions . Culture of belief ( edit ) The study of pagan religious practice in the early Anglo - Saxon period is difficult . Most of the texts that may contain relevant information are not contemporary , but written later by Christian writers who tended to have a hostile attitude to pre-Christian beliefs , and who may have distorted their portrayal of them . Much of the information used to reconstruct Anglo - Saxon paganism comes from later Scandinavian and Icelandic texts and there is a debate about how relevant these are . The study of pagan Anglo - Saxon beliefs has often been approached with reference to Roman or even Greek typologies and categories . Archaeologists therefore use such terms as gods , myths , temples , sanctuaries , priests , magic and cults . Charlotte Behr argues that this provides a worldview of Anglo - Saxon practice culture which is unhelpful . Peter Brown employed a new method of looking at the belief systems of the fifth to seventh centuries , by arguing for a model of religion which was typified by a pick and choose approach . The period was exceptional because there was no orthodoxy or institutions to control or hinder the people . This freedom of culture is seen also in the Roman - British community and is very evident in the complaints of Gildas . One Anglo - Saxon cultural practice that is better understood are the burial customs , due in part to archaeological excavations at various sites including Sutton Hoo , Spong Hill , Prittlewell , Snape and Walkington Wold , and the existence of around 1,200 pagan ( or non-Christian ) cemeteries . There was no set form of burial , with cremation being preferred in the north and inhumation in the south , although both forms were found throughout England , sometimes in the same cemeteries . When cremation did take place , the ashes were usually placed within an urn and then buried , sometimes along with grave goods . According to archaeologist Dave Wilson , `` the usual orientation for an inhumation in a pagan Anglo - Saxon cemetery was west -- east , with the head to the west , although there were often deviations from this . '' Indicative of possible religious belief , grave goods were common amongst inhumation burials as well as cremations ; free Anglo - Saxon men were buried with at least one weapon in the pagan tradition , often a seax , but sometimes also with a spear , sword or shield , or a combination of these . There are also a number of recorded cases of parts of animals being buried within such graves . Most common amongst these was body parts belonging to either goats or sheep , although parts of oxen were also relatively common , and there are also isolated cases of goose , crab apples , duck eggs and hazelnuts being buried in graves . It is widely thought therefore that such items constituted a food source for the deceased . In some cases , animal skulls , particularly oxen but also pig , were buried in human graves , a practice that was also found earlier in Roman Britain . There is also evidence for the continuation of Christianity in south and east Britain . The Christian shrine at St Albans and its martyr cult survived throughout the period ( see Gildas above ) . There are references in Anglo - Saxon poetry , including Beowulf , that show some interaction between pagan and Christian practices and values . While there is little scholarly focus on this subject , there is enough evidence from Gildas and elsewhere that it is safe to assume some continuing - perhaps more free - form of Christianity survived . Richard Whinder states `` ( The Church 's pre-Augustine ) characteristics place it in continuity with the rest of the Christian Church in Europe at that time and , indeed , in continuity with the Catholic faith ... today . '' The complexity of belief , indicated by various pieces of evidence , is disturbing to those looking for easy categories . The extent to which belief was discursive and free during the settlement period suggests a lack of proscription , indeed , this might be a characteristic of Anglo - Saxon cultural success . Language and literature ( edit ) Little is known about the everyday spoken language of people living in the migration period . Old English is a contact language and it is hard to reconstruct the pidgin used in this period from the written language found in the West Saxon literature of some 400 years later . Two general theories are proposed regarding why people changed their language to Old English ( or an early form of such ) : either a person or household changed so as to serve an elite , or a person or household changed through choice as it provided some advantage economically or legally . According to Nick Higham , the adoption of the language -- as well as the material culture and traditions -- of an Anglo - Saxon elite , `` by large numbers of the local people seeking to improve their status within the social structure , and undertaking for this purpose rigorous acculturation '' , is the key to understanding the transition from Romano - British to Anglo - Saxon . The progressive nature of this language acquisition , and the ' retrospective reworking ' of kinship ties to the dominant group led , ultimately , to the `` myths which tied the entire society to immigration as an explanation of their origins in Britain '' . The final few lines of the poem The Battle of Brunanburh , a tenth - century Anglo - Saxon poem that celebrates a victory of Æthelstan , the first king of all the English , give a poetic voice to the English conception of their origins . Old English Modern English ... Engle and Seaxe upp becomon , ofer brad brimu Britene sohton , wlance wig - smithas , Wealas ofercomon , eorlas ar - hwaete eard begeaton . ... Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea . Britain they sought , Proud war - smiths who overcame the Welsh , glorious warriors they took hold of the land . This ' heroic tradition ' of conquering incomers is consistent with the conviction of Bede , and later Anglo - Saxon historians , that the ancestral origin of the English was not the result of any assimilation with the native British , but was derived solely from the Germanic migrants of the post-Roman period . It also explains the enduring appeal of poems and heroic stories such as Beowulf , Wulf and Eadwacer and Judith , well into the Christian period . The success of the language is the most obvious result of the settlement period . This language was not just the language of acculturation , but through the stories , poetry and oral traditions became the agency of change . Nick Higham has provided this summary of the processes : `` As Bede later implied , language was a key indicator of ethnicity in early England . In circumstances where freedom at law , acceptance with the kindred , access to patronage , and the use of possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent , then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value . '' See also ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England portal England portal Medieval Britain portal Middle Ages portal Wales portal Scotland portal Anglo - Saxon England Timeline of conflict in Anglo - Saxon Britain History of England Romano - British culture Immigration to the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A sample of this discussion can be seen on the television series Britain AD : King Arthur 's Britain , particularly the discussion between Francis Pryor and Heinrich Härke . Jump up ^ Based on Jones & Mattingly 's Atlas of Roman Britain ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 , 1990 , reprinted 2007 ) ; Mattingly 's Imperial Possession ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 , 2006 ) ; Higham 's Rome , Britain , and the Anglo - Saxons ( ISBN 1 - 85264 - 022 - 7 , 1992 ) ; Frere 's Britannia ( ISBN 0 - 7102 - 1215 - 1 , 1987 ) ; and Snyder 's An Age of Tyrants ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 ) -- the sources are cited in the image legend -- Locations of towns ( fortified and unfortified ) are given on p. 156 , with tribal civitates and coloniae specified on p. 154 , of Atlas of Roman Britain . Specification of the Romanised regions of Britain are also from the Atlas , p. 151 . The `` Departure Dates '' are found in the cited sources , and are generally known . The Pictish , Saxon , and Scoti raids are found in the cited sources , as is the date of the Irish settlements in Wales . Frere suggests ( p. 355 ) that it was the Irish who sacked Wroxeter c. 383 . The locations of the Irish settlements is from the locations of inscription stones given in File : Britain. Deisi. Laigin. jpg as of 2010 - 10 - 11 , which cites its sources of information . Jump up ^ Throughout this article Anglo - Saxon is used for Saxon , Angles , Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made ; `` Anglo - Saxon '' is used when specifically the culture is meant rather than any ethnicity . However all these terms are interchangeable used by scholars Jump up ^ By the waning years of the Roman Empire , Britain was earning a special reputation as a `` province fertile with tyrants '' . These tyrants dominate the historical accounts of the 5th and 6th centuries and the work tells us much about the transition from magisterial to monarchical power in Britain . Jump up ^ The phrase which mentions 40 years has been subject of much scholarly discussion . See Battle of Badon for more details . Jump up ^ From patrius ( `` of or pertaining to a father '' ) , from pater ( `` father '' ) , and cognate with Ancient Greek πατριά ( patria , `` generation , ancestry , descent , tribe , family '' ) and πατρίς ( patris , `` place of one 's ancestors '' ) Jump up ^ The sudden and drastic change from Romano - Britainto Anglo - Saxon Britain was once widely accepted as providing clear evidence for a mass migration from continental Europe and the near - complete replacement of the indigenous population in England Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The area of Lothian in modern Scotland was also anglicised in this period , following the conquest of the British ' kingdom ' of Manau Gododdin . It formed part of the Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Northumbria , only becoming a part of Scotland as late as 1018 , when a recent Scottish annexation was recognised by the English . See : Fry , P.S. and Mitchison , R. ( 1985 ) The History of Scotland , Routledge , p. 48 Jump up ^ Channel 4 2004 , Episode 3 Britain AD : King Arthur 's Britain . Jump up ^ Brugmann , B. Migration and Endogenous Change in The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) , Hamerow , H. , Hinton , D.A. and Crawford , S. ( eds . ) , OUP Oxford , pp. 30 - 45 Jump up ^ Heinrich Härke , ' Anglo - Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis ' , Medieval Archaeology , 55 ( 2011 ) , 1 -- 28 . Jump up ^ P. Salway , Roman Britain ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 1981 ) , pp. 295 -- 311 , 318 , 322 , 349 , 356 , 380 , 401 -- 5 Jump up ^ S.S. Frere , Verulamium Excavations , II ( London , Society of Antiquaries , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ M.G. Fulford , ' Excavations on the sites of the amphitheatre and forum - basilica at Silchester , Hampshire : an interim report ' , Antiquaries Journal , 65 , 1985 , pp. 39 -- 81 ; Fulford , Guide to the Silchester excavations : the Forum basilica 1982 -- 4 ( Reading , Department of Archaeology , University of Reading , 1985 ) ; Fulford , The Silchester amphitheatre : excavations of 1979 -- 85 ( London , Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ P. Barker et al. , The Baths Basilica , Wroxeter : Excavations 1966 -- 90 ( London , English Heritage Archaeological Reports 8 , 1997 ) . The general point of urban decline is made by A. Woolf , ' The Britons ' , in Regna and Gentes : The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World , eds H. - W. Goetz , J. Jarnut and W. Pohl ( Leiden , Brill , 2003 ) , pp. 362 -- 3 Jump up ^ A.B.E. Hood ( ed. and trans . ) , St. Patrick : His Writings and Muirchu 's Life ( Chichester , Phillimore , 1978 ) ; M. Winterbottom ( ed. and trans . ) , Gildas : The Ruin of Britain and other works ( Chichester , Phillimore , 1978 ) . Neither text is securely dated but both are clearly post-Roman and Patrick at least is generally assumed to be a 5th - century author . For the dating of Gildas , see variously D.N. Dumville ' The Chronology of De Excidio Britanniae , Book I ' , in Gildas : New Approaches , eds M. Lapidge and D.N. Dumville ( Woodbridge , Boydell and Brewer , 1984 ) , pp. 61 -- 84 ; N.J. Higham , The English Conquest : Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century ( Manchester , Manchester University Press , 1994 ) , pp. 118 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Higham & Ryan 2013 : 7 `` The Anglo - Saxon World '' ^ Jump up to : Jones & Casey 1988 : 367 -- 98 `` The Gallic Chronicle Restored : a Chronology for the Anglo - Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain '' Jump up ^ Miller , Molly ( 1978 ) : The Last British Entry in the ' Gallic Chronicles ' , in : Britannia 9 , pp. 315 -- 318 . Jump up ^ Ian Wood , ' The end of Roman Britain : Continental evidence and parallels ' , p19 , In : Lapidge , M. and Dumville , D. ( eds . ) . Gildas : New Approaches . Woodbridge , Boydell. 1984 Jump up ^ Procopius , History of the Wars , III. 2.38 Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Winterbottom , M. ( 1978 ) , De Excidio britanniae , Chichester The standard modern edition and translation . ^ Jump up to : Higham , Nick . `` From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England : Debating the Insular Dark Ages . '' History Compass 2.1 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Heather , Peter J. , and P.J. Heather . Goths and Romans , 332 - 489 . Clarendon Press , 1991 . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : Chapter 5 , Age of Tyrants Jump up ^ Daniell , Christopher . `` The geographical perspective of Gildas . '' Britannia 25 ( 1994 ) : 213 - 217 . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 85 Jump up ^ De Excidio XXI , 1 , Winterbottom , Gildas , p. 24 . Jump up ^ De Excidio I , 5 , Winterbottom , Gildas , pp. 13 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Winterbottom , M. ( 1978 ) , De Excidio britanniae , Chichester The standard modern edition and translation . Chapter 27 Jump up ^ Giles 1843a : 72 -- 73 , Bede 's Ecclesiastical History , Bk I , Ch 15 . Jump up ^ Brugmann , B.I.R.T.E. `` Migration and endogenous change . '' The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) : 30 - 45 . Jump up ^ Giles 1843a : 72 -- 73 , Bede 's Ecclesiastical History , Bk 2 , Ch 5 . ^ Jump up to : Keynes , Simon . `` England , 700 - 900 . '' The New Cambridge Medieval History 2 ( 1995 ) : 18 - 42 . Jump up ^ See Coates 2007 for such a view which is made to fit with Bede Jump up ^ McKinney , Windy A. `` Creating a gens Anglorum : Social and Ethnic Identity in Anglo - Saxon England through the Lens of Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica . '' ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Nicholas Higham , The Kingdom of Northumbria : AD 350 - 1100 . Stroud : Alan Sutton Publishing , Inc. , 1993 . p75 Jump up ^ Davies , Wendy & Hayo Vierck - The Contexts of the Tribal Hidage : Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns , Frühmittelalterliche Studien 8 , 1974 Jump up ^ Dumville , D.N. ( 1986 ) ' The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List : manuscripts and texts ' , in Anglia 104 , 1 - 32 ^ Jump up to : Laycock , Stuart . Britannia - The Failed State : Tribal Conflict and the End of Roman Britain . History Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kooper , Erik , ed . The Medieval Chronicle II : Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle , Driebergen / Utrecht 16 -- 21 July 1999 . Vol. 144 . Rodopi , 2002 . p167 Jump up ^ Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson , Language and History in Early Britain : A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages , First to Twelfth Century A.D. , Edinburgh University Publications , Language and Literature , 4 ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 1953 ) , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Map by Alaric Hall , first published here as part of Bethany Fox , ' The P - Celtic Place - Names of North - East England and South - East Scotland ' , The Heroic Age , 10 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Hans Frede Nielsen , The Continental Backgrounds of English and its Insular Development until 1154 ( Odense , 1998 ) , pp. 77 -- 9 ; Peter Trudgill , New - Dialect Formation : The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes ( Edinburgh , 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins , ' Why did the Anglo - Saxons ' , 258 , suggested that the successful native resistance of local , militarised tribal societies to the invaders may perhaps account for the fact of the slow progress of Anglo - Saxonisation as opposed to the sweeping conquest of Gaul by the Franks . Jump up ^ Chris Wickham , Framing the Early Middle Ages : Europe and the Mediterranean 400 - 800 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , p. 311 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hills C.M. ( 2013 ) . Anglo - Saxon Migrations . The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration . Wiley - Blackwell . DOI : 10.1002 / 9781444351071. wbeghm029 . Jump up ^ Kastovsky , Dieter , ' Semantics and Vocabulary ' , in The Cambridge History of the English Language , Volume 1 : The Beginnings to 1066 , ed. by Richard M. Hogg ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 290 -- 408 ( pp. 301 -- 20 ) . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Townend , ' Contacts and Conflicts : Latin , Norse , and French ' , in The Oxford History of English , ed. by Lynda Mugglestone , rev . edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 75 -- 105 ( pp. 78 -- 80 ) . Jump up ^ A. Wollmann , ' Lateinisch - Altenglische Lehnbeziehungen im 5 . und 6 . Jahrhundert ' , in Britain 400 -- 600 , ed. by A. Bammesberger and A. Wollmann , Anglistische Forschungen , 205 ( Heidelberg : Winter , 1990 ) , pp. 373 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ E.g. Richard Coates and Andrew Breeze , Celtic Voices , English Places : Studies of the Celtic impact on place - names in Britain ( Stamford : Tyas , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 98 -- 101 . Jump up ^ D. Hooke , ' The Anglo - Saxons in England in the seventh and eighth centuries : aspects of location in space ' , in The Anglo - Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century : an Ethnographic Perspective , ed. by J. Hines ( Woodbridge : Boydell , 1997 ) , 64 -- 99 ( p. 68 ) . Jump up ^ O.J. Padel. 2007 . `` Place - names and the Saxon conquest of Devon and Cornwall . '' In Britons in Anglo - Saxon England ( Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo - Saxon Studies 7 ) , N. Higham ( ed . ) , 215 -- 230 . Woodbridge : Boydell . Jump up ^ R. Coates . 2007 . `` Invisible Britons : The view from linguistics . '' In Britons in Anglo - Saxon England ( Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo - Saxon Studies 7 ) , N. Higham ( ed . ) , 172 -- 191 . Woodbridge : Boydell . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijver , Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages , Routledge Studies in Linguistics , 13 ( New York : Routledge , 2014 ) , quoting p. 16 . Jump up ^ D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 35 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Kastovsky , Dieter , ' Semantics and Vocabulary ' , in The Cambridge History of the English Language , Volume 1 : The Beginnings to 1066 , ed. by Richard M. Hogg ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 290 -- 408 ( pp. 317 -- 18 ) . Jump up ^ Chris Wickham , The Inheritance of Rome : A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 ( London : Allen Lane , 2009 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Quoting Matthew Townend , ' Contacts and Conflicts : Latin , Norse , and French ' , in The Oxford History of English , ed. by Lynda Mugglestone , rev . edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 75 -- 105 ( p. 80 ) . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' The Instability of Place - names in Anglo - Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales , and the Loss of Roman Toponymy ' , in Sense of Place in Anglo - Saxon England , ed. by Richard Jones and Sarah Semple ( Donington : Tyas , 2012 ) , pp. 101 -- 29 ( pp. 102 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Pryor 2005 Pryor , Francis . Britain AD : A Quest for Arthur , England and the Anglo - Saxons . HarperCollins UK , 2009 . Jump up ^ D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 35 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Quoting Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' The Instability of Place - names in Anglo - Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales , and the Loss of Roman Toponymy ' , in Sense of Place in Anglo - Saxon England , ed. by Richard Jones and Sarah Semple ( Donington : Tyas , 2012 ) , pp. 101 -- 29 ( pp. 112 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Higham and Ryan ( 2013 ) , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. 1980 . `` The survival of Romano - British toponymy . '' Nomina 4 : 27 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Carole Hough. 2004 . The ( non ? ) - survival of Romano - British toponymy . Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 105 : 25 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bethany Fox , ' The P - Celtic Place - Names of North - East England and South - East Scotland ' , The Heroic Age , 10 ( 2007 ) , § 23 . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' A gente Anglorum appellatur : The Evidence of Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo - Saxon Period ' , in Words in Dictionaries and History : Essays in Honour of R.W. McConchie , ed. by Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily , Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice , 14 ( Amsterdam : Benjamins , 2011 ) , pp. 219 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Barrie Cox , ' The Place - Names of the Earliest English Records ' , Journal of the English Place - Name Society , 8 ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 12 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Alaric Hall , ' The Instability of Place - names in Anglo - Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales , and the Loss of Roman Toponymy ' , in Sense of Place in Anglo - Saxon England , ed. by Richard Jones and Sarah Semple ( Donington : Tyas , 2012 ) , pp. 101 -- 29 ( pp. 108 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Filppula , Markku , and Juhani Klemola , eds. 2009 . Re-evaluating the Celtic Hypothesis . Special issue of English Language and Linguistics 13.2 . Jump up ^ The Celtic Roots of English , ed. by Markku Filppula , Juhani Klemola and Heli Pitkänen , Studies in Languages , 37 ( Joensuu : University of Joensuu , Faculty of Humanities , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Hildegard L.C. Von Tristram ( ed . ) , The Celtic Englishes , Anglistische Forschungen 247 , 286 , 324 , 3 vols ( Heidelberg : Winter , 1997 -- 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijver , Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages , Routledge Studies in Linguistics , 13 ( New York : Routledge , 2014 ) , pp. 12 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Poussa , Patricia . 1990 . ' A Contact - Universals Origin for Periphrastic Do , with Special Consideration of OE - Celtic Contact ' . In Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics , ed . Sylvia Adamson , Vivien Law , Nigel Vincent , and Susan Wright , 407 -- 34 . Amsterdam : Benjamins . Jump up ^ Paul Russell , ' Latin and British in Roman and Post-Roman Britain : methodology and morphology ' , Transactions of the Royal Philological Society , 109.2 ( July 2011 ) , 138 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijver , Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages , Routledge Studies in Linguistics , 13 ( New York : Routledge , 2014 ) , pp. 31 -- 91 . Jump up ^ D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Quoting D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 35 -- 40 ( p. 39 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . The Origins of the British : A Genetic Detective Story : Constable and Robinson , London . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 158 - 7 . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' A gente Anglorum appellatur : The Evidence of Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo - Saxon Period ' , in Words in Dictionaries and History : Essays in Honour of R.W. McConchie , ed. by Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily , Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice , 14 ( Amsterdam : Benjamins , 2011 ) , pp. 219 -- 31 ( pp. 220 -- 21 ) . ^ Jump up to : Myres , J.N.L. ( 1989 ) The English Settlements . Oxford University Press , pp. 146 -- 147 Jump up ^ Parsons , D. ( 1997 ) British * Caraticos , Old English Cerdic , Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies , 33 , pp , 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Koch , J.T. , ( 2006 ) Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 , pp. 392 -- 393 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins , B. , Why did the Anglo - Saxons not become more British ? The English Historical Review 115.462 ( June 2000 ) : p513 . Jump up ^ Yorke , B. 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( 1998 ) , An Age of Tyrants : Britain and the Britons A.D. 400 -- 600 , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , ISBN 0 - 271 - 01780 - 5 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) , The Britons , Malden : Blackwell Publishing ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 Wickham , Chris ( 2005 ) , Framing the Early Middle Ages : Europe and the Mediterranean , 400 -- 800 , Oxford : Oxford University Press ( published 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921296 - 5 Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) , `` Kings Without States : Britain and Ireland , 400 -- 800 '' , The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages , 400 -- 1000 , London : Penguin Books ( published 2010 ) , pp. 150&ndash , 169 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311742 - 1 Wood , Ian ( 1984 ) , `` The end of Roman Britain : Continental evidence and parallels '' , in Lapidge , M. , Gildas : New Approaches , Woodbridge : Boydell , p. 19 Wood , Ian ( 1988 ) , `` The Channel from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD '' , in McGrail , Seàn , Maritime Celts , Frisians and Saxons , London : Council for British Archaeology ( published 1990 ) , pp. 93&ndash , 99 , ISBN 0 - 906780 - 93 - 4 Yorke , Barbara ( 1990 ) , Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England , B.A. Seaby , ISBN 0 - 415 - 16639 - X Yorke , Barbara ( 1995 ) , Wessex in the Early Middle Ages , London : Leicester University Press , ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1856 - X Yorke , Barbara ( 2006 ) , Robbins , Keith , ed. , The Conversion of Britain : Religion , Politics and Society in Britain c. 600 -- 800 , Harlow : Pearson Education Limited , ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 77292 - 2 Zaluckyj , Sarah , ed. 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Burj Al Arab
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Burj Al Arab - wikipedia Burj Al Arab Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Burj ( disambiguation ) . For the Egyptian city , see Borg El Arab . Burj Al Arab برج العرب Burj Al Arab in 2007 Burj Al Arab Location within United Arab Emirates General information Status Complete Type Luxury hotel Architectural style High - tech Location Dubai , United Arab Emirates Coordinates 25 ° 08 ′ 31 '' N 55 ° 11 ′ 10 '' E / 25.141975 ° N 55.186147 ° E / 25.141975 ; 55.186147 Coordinates : 25 ° 08 ′ 31 '' N 55 ° 11 ′ 10 '' E / 25.141975 ° N 55.186147 ° E / 25.141975 ; 55.186147 Construction started Completed 1999 Opening December 1999 Cost US $ 1 billion Height Architectural 321 m ( 1,053 ft ) Top floor 197.5 m ( 648 ft ) Technical details Floor count 56 ( 3 below ground ) Lifts / elevators 18 Design and construction Architect Tom Wright of WKK Architects Developer Jumeirah Structural engineer Atkins Other information Number of rooms 202 Website burj-al-arab.com References The Burj Al Arab ( Arabic : برج العرب , Tower of the Arabs ) is a luxury hotel located in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . It is the third tallest hotel in the world ( although 39 % of its total height is made up of non-occupiable space ) . Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 m ( 920 ft ) from Jumeirah Beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge . The shape of the structure is designed to resemble the sail of a ship . It has a helipad near the roof at a height of 210 m ( 689 ft ) above ground . Contents ( hide ) 1 Site 2 Design and construction 3 Features 3.1 Rooms and suites 3.2 Restaurants 3.3 Rating 4 Reception 4.1 Reviews by architecture critics 5 Notable events 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Site ( edit ) The beachfront area where Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Miami Beach . The hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land 280 meters offshore of the beach of the former Chicago Beach Hotel . The locale 's name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tanks , known locally as Kazzans on the site . The old name persisted after the old hotel was demolished in 1997 . Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel remained as the Public Project Name for the construction phase of Burj Al Arab Hotel until Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced the new name . Design and construction ( edit ) Burj Al Arab was designed by multidisciplinary consultancy Atkins led by architect Tom Wright , who has since become co-founder of WKK Architects . The design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick Gregory also of WS Atkins . It 's very similar with the Vasco da Gama Tower located in Lisbon , Portugal . Construction of the island began in 1994 and involved up to 2,000 construction workers during peak construction . It was built to resemble the billowing spinnaker sail of a J - class yacht . Two `` wings '' spread in a V to form a vast `` mast '' , while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium . The architect Tom Wright said `` The client wanted a building that would become an iconic or symbolic statement for Dubai ; this is very similar to Sydney with its Opera House , London with Big Ben , or Paris with the Eiffel Tower . It needed to be a building that would become synonymous with the name of the country . '' Fletcher Construction from New Zealand was the lead joint venture partner in the initial stages of pre-construction and construction . The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts and Al Habtoor Engineering and the interior works were delivered by UAE based Depa . The building opened in December 1999 . Features ( edit ) Lobby Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve . The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 m ( 920 ft ) offshore . To secure a foundation , the builders drove 230 forty - meter - long ( 130 ft ) concrete piles into the sand . Engineers created a ground / surface layer of large rocks , which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern , which serves to protect the foundation from erosion . It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea , while it took fewer than three years to construct the building itself . The building contains over 70,000 m ( 92,000 cu yd ) of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel . Inside the building , the atrium is 180 m ( 590 ft ) tall . Burj Al Arab is the world 's third tallest hotel ( not including buildings with mixed use ) . The structure of the Rose Rayhaan , also in Dubai , is 11 m ( 36 ft ) taller than Burj Al Arab . Rooms and suites ( edit ) The hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group . Despite its size , Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double - story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites . The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m ( 1,820 sq ft ) , the largest covers 780 m ( 8,400 sq ft ) . Suites feature design details that juxtapose east and west . White columns show great influence . Bathrooms are accented by mosaic tile patterns . The Royal Suite , billed at US $ 24,000 per night , is listed at number 12 on World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012 . The Burj Al Arab is very popular with the Chinese market , which made up 25 percent of all bookings at the hotel in 2011 and 2012 . Restaurants ( edit ) Al Muntaha Al Mahara Al Muntaha ( `` The Ultimate '' ) , is located 200 m ( 660 ft ) above the Persian Gulf , offering a view of Dubai . It is supported by a full cantilever that extends 27 m ( 89 ft ) from either side of the mast , and is accessed by a panoramic elevator . Al Mahara ( `` Oyster '' ) , which is accessed via a simulated submarine voyage , features a large seawater aquarium , holding roughly 990,000 L ( 260,000 US gal ) of water . The wall of the tank , made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure , is about 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) thick . Rating ( edit ) The Burj Al Arab is a five - star hotel , the highest official ranking . While the hotel is sometimes erroneously described as `` the world 's only seven - star hotel '' , the hotel management claims to never have done that themselves . In the words of a Jumeirah Group spokesperson : `` There 's not a lot we can do to stop it . We 're not encouraging the use of the term . We 've never used it in our advertising . '' Reception ( edit ) Reviews by architecture critics ( edit ) Burj Al Arab Hotel Interior Burj Al Arab has attracted criticism as well `` a contradiction of sorts , considering how well - designed and impressive the construction ultimately proves to be . '' The contradiction here seems to be related to the hotel 's decor . `` This extraordinary investment in state - of - the - art construction technology stretches the limits of the ambitious urban imagination in an exercise that is largely due to the power of excessive wealth . '' Another critic includes negative critiques for the city of Dubai as well : `` both the hotel and the city , after all , are monuments to the triumph of money over practicality . Both elevate style over substance . '' Yet another : `` Emulating the quality of palatial interiors , in an expression of wealth for the mainstream , a theater of opulence is created in Burj Al Arab ... The result is a baroque effect '' . Notable events ( edit ) Several events have taken place on the helipad 210 m ( 689 ft ) above ground to attract media attention . These include : 2004 : Tiger Woods teeing off 2005 : Andre Agassi and Roger Federer playing tennis 2006 : Ronan Keating shot the Music Video for his single `` Iris '' at the Helipad of Burj Al Arab . 2007 : The Today Show broadcast from the Helipad a segment of Where in the World is Matt Lauer ? 2011 : Golfer Rory McIlroy performing a bunker shot . 2013 : Heli - lift of Aston Martin Vanquish . 2013 : David Coulthard performing donuts in a Formula 1 racecar . 2017 : Nick Jacobsen kiteboards down to the sea . In popular culture ( edit ) The last chapter of the espionage novel Performance Anomalies takes place at the top of the Burj Al Arab , ( 1 ) where the spy protagonist Cono 7Q discovers that through deadly betrayal his spy nemesis Katerina has maneuvered herself into the top echelon of the government of Kazakhstan . The Hotel can also be seen in Syriana , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol and also some Bollywood movies . Richard Hammond included the building in his television series , Richard Hammond 's Engineering Connections . The Burj Al Arab serves as the cover image for the 2009 album Ocean Eyes by Owl City . See also ( edit ) W Barcelona ( Hotel Vela ) -- skyscraper of similar appearance in Barcelona , Spain ( sail ) Elite Plaza -- a similar - shaped skyscraper in Yerevan , Armenia Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower ( Panama City ) -- similar structure Spinnaker Tower , Portsmouth -- similar structure in Portsmouth , UK List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates List of buildings in Dubai List of tallest buildings in Dubai References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Arabian Knight '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burj Al Arab Hotel -- The Skyscraper Center '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Jump up ^ Burj Al Arab at Emporis Jump up ^ `` Burj Al Arab '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Burj Al Arab at Structurae Jump up ^ `` Stay at Burj Al Arab '' . Jumeirah . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Eytan , Declan . `` Milan : Inside the World 's Only Certified 7 Star Hotel '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Height : the Use-less Space in Today 's Tallest '' . CTBUH . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Skyscrapers Topped by Wasted Space '' . World Property Channel . 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Solon , Olivia ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Report names and shames vanity skyscrapers with unnecessary spires '' . Wired . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Krane , Jim City of Gold : Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism , page 103 , St. Martin 's Press ( September 15 , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dubai 's Chicago Beach Hotel '' . Dubai As It Used To Be . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Al Arab -- Atkins '' . Jump up ^ `` Burj Al Arab '' . Galinsky . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Dream Palace -- Burj Al - Arab Hotel '' . Megastructures . Episode 70 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel -- Fletcher Construction Company '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.thenational.ae/business/property/depa-announces-strong-growth-1.539070 Jump up ^ `` Murphy & Roberts '' . Forbes Traveler . Murray & Roberts . 2006 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Media Fact File of Burj Al Arab '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burj Al Arab '' . EgyptEng.com engineering directory . 2000 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Burj Al Arab 's 15th anniversary ' dream ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Damluji , Salma Samar , The Architecture of the U.A.E. . Reading , UK : 2006 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Helen `` World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites '' CNN Go . 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Jumeirah gets ravenous for China '' . TTGmice . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel star ratings standards long overdue '' . The National . 2009 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World 's number one player Tiger Woods tees off from the world 's most luxurious hotel , Burj Al Arab '' Hospitality , 9 March 2004 . Accessed : 2 November 2013 . Photos Jump up ^ `` Agassi , Federer enjoy unique experience '' ESPN , 22 February 2005 . Accessed : 2 November 2013 . Photos Archived November 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dubai : Oasis in the desert -- Where in the World . TODAY.com ( 2007 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Rory McIlroy on the Burj Al Arab Helipad '' Jumeirah , 20 December 2011 . Accessed : 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Aston Martin -- Dubai Centenary Spectacular at Burj Al Arab '' Aston Martin , 17 January 2013 . Accessed : 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Red Bull in sensational Dubai helipad donut demo '' Crash.net , 31 October 2013 . Accessed : 2 November 2013 . Photos Jump up ^ `` Nick Jacobsen jumps off the Burj al - Arab in Dubai '' . Surfer Today . 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Photos Jump up ^ Nick Jacobsen 's Dubai jump on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Performance Anomalies '' . Goodreads . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee , Victor Robert ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . Performance Anomalies . USA : Perimeter Six . ISBN 9781938409226 . Jump up ^ Lee , Victor Robert ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . Performance Anomalies : A Novel . Perimeter Six Press . ISBN 9781938409202 . Further reading ( edit ) Rose , Steve . `` Sand and Freedom '' , The Guardian , November 28 , 2005 , retrieved October 27 , 2006 . National Geographic : Megastructures External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Burj Al Arab ( category ) Burj Al Arab official website Burj Al Arab Hotel on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Atkins , the designers and engineers behind Burj Al Arab Tom Wright Burj al Arab architect 's official website Seven Stars Award Burj al Arab Seven Stars Award Jumeirah Group Facilities Burj Al Arab The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management Jumeirah Beach Hotel Jumeirah Carlton Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel Madinat Jumeirah Palais Quartier Wild Wadi Water Park Related Dubai Holding Timeline of the world 's tallest hotels Hotel New Netherland ( 71 m ) ( 1893 ) Hotel Manhattan ( 76 m ) ( 1896 ) Westin Book Cadillac Hotel ( 111.9 m ) ( 1924 ) Waldorf - Astoria Hotel ( 191 m ) ( 1931 ) Hotel Ukraina ( 198 m ) ( 1953 ) Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel ( 220 m ) ( 1973 ) Westin Renaissance Center Detroit ( 221.5 m ) ( 1977 ) Westin Stamford Hotel ( 226 m ) ( 1986 ) Baiyoke Tower II ( 304 m ) ( 1997 ) Burj Al Arab ( 321 m ) ( 1999 ) Rose Tower ( 333 m ) ( 2009 ) JW Marriott Marquis Dubai ( 355 m ) ( 2012 ) Gevora Hotel ( 357.8 m ) ( 2017 ) Dubai skyscrapers Supertall 23 Marina The Address Downtown Dubai Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower Al Yaqoub Tower Almas Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower HHHR Tower The Index Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai The Marina Torch Ocean Heights Princess Tower Rose Tower Completed 21st Century Tower AAM Tower Acico Twin Towers The Address Dubai Mall AG Tower Al Attar Business Tower Al Fattan Marine Towers Al Kazim Towers Al Manara Tower Al Sahab Tower 1 Al Salam Tecom Tower Al Seef Tower Al Seef Towers Al Tayer Tower Angsana Hotel & Suites Armada Towers AU Tower Capricorn Tower Central Park Towers Chelsea Tower Churchill Towers The Citadel City Premiere Hotel Apartments Concord Tower Concorde Tower Conrad Dubai The Dome Dubai Arch Tower Dubai Gate 1 Dubai Jewel Tower Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites Dubai Mixed - Use Towers Dubai World Trade Centre Dusit Residence Dusit Thani Dubai Emirates Crown Etisalat Tower 2 Executive Towers Falcon Tower Four Points by Sheraton Goldcrest Executive Goldcrest Views 1 Goldcrest Views 2 Grosvenor House West Marina Beach Grosvenor House The Residence Horizon Tower I - Rise Jumeirah Bay Jumeirah Beach Residence Jumeirah Business Center Towers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 Laguna Tower Lake Point Tower Lake Shore Tower 1 Lake Terrace Latifa Tower Le Rêve Liberty House MAG 214 Tower Mag 218 Tower Marina 1 Marina Crown Marina Pinnacle Marina Terrace Marina Heights Tower Media 1 Tower Millennium Tower The Monarch Office Tower Nuaimi Tower The One Tower Park Place The Peninsula The Prime Tower The Prism The Residences Rolex Tower Saeed Tower 2 Sama Tower Shaiba Towers Shangri - La Hotel Shatha Tower Sidra Tower Sky Gardens South Ridge Sulafa Tower Swiss Tower Tamani Hotel Marina Tiffany Tower Time Place The Tower Trident Grand Residence Ubora Towers Vision Tower World Trade Centre Residence Topped out Address Boulevard The Buildings by Daman DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 The Skyscraper See also : Future Dubai skyscrapers and List of tallest buildings in Dubai Supertall skyscrapers ( hide ) Current North America 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia 23 Marina 85 Sky Tower Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Bank of China Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower The Center Central Plaza Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre KK100 The Landmark Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon The Marina Torch Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Pearl River Tower Petronas Towers Ping An Finance Centre The Pinnacle Princess Tower Rose Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Taipei 101 Telekom Tower Tianjin World Financial Center Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center The Wharf Times Square White Magnolia Plaza World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Wuxi Maoye City -- Marriott Hotel Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zifeng Tower Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 3 Hudson Boulevard 3 World Trade Center 9 DeKalb Avenue 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Vista Tower Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Zhujiang New City Tower India DB Crown Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Palais Royale Three Sixty West World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper other Abu Dhabi Plaza The Exchange 106 Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower Merdeka PNB 118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Vincom Landmark 81 Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Tower and Convention Center Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium The Pinnacle Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Signature Tower Jakarta Sino - Steel Tower Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Landmarks and attractions in Dubai Al Bastakiya Al Fahidi Fort Atlantis , The Palm Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Deira Clocktower Dubai Autodrome Dubai Creek Tower Dubai Dolphinarium Dubai Fountain Dubai Frame Dubai Gold Souk Dubai Mall Dubai Miracle Garden Dubai Opera Dubai Parks and Resorts Dubai Spice Souk Dubai Textile Souk Dubai Trolley Dubai World Trade Centre Emirates Towers Etisalat Tower 1 Global Village Hatta Heritage Village Heritage Village Dubai Hyatt Regency Dubai Jumeirah Beach Jumeirah Beach Hotel Madinat Jumeirah National Bank of Dubai Orbi Dubai Palm Islands Queen Elizabeth 2 Saeed Al Maktoum House Ski Dubai The Universe Wild Wadi The World Zabeel Park Dubai portal Architecture portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burj_Al_Arab&oldid=841876969 '' Categories : High - tech architecture Artificial islands of Dubai Skyscraper hotels in Dubai Hotel buildings completed in 1999 Futurist architecture Postmodern architecture in Dubai Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Arabic - language text Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 07 . 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Mongol invasion of Rus'
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Mongol invasion of Rus ' - wikipedia Mongol invasion of Rus ' Jump to : navigation , search Mongol conquest of Eastern Europe The Genghis Khan conquests Date 1223 -- 1240 Location Modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus Result Decisive Mongol victory resulting in principalities of Kievan State becoming vassals of the Mongol Golden Horde . Belligerents Mongol Empire Vladimir - Suzdal Kiev Galicia - Volhynia Novgorod Republic Smolensk Turov and Pinsk Rostov Chernigov Ryazan Pereyaslavl Cumans Commanders and leaders Batu Khan Möngke Khan Subutai Jebe Boroldai Berke Orda Kadan Shiban Güyük Khan Mstislav the Bold Daniel of Galicia Mstislav III of Kiev ( POW ) , Mstislav II of Chernigov † Yuri II of Vladimir † Strength 1236 : 35,000 Mongol cavalry 40,000 + Turkic auxiliaries 1223 : ~ 20,000 cavalry 1236 : ~ 50,000 total including garrisons and tribesmen Casualties and losses More than 7,000 500,000 ( 6 -- 7 % of the population of Rus ) Mongol invasions and conquests Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ , Byzantine -- Mongol alliance ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut ) Mongol invasion of Rus ' Kalka River ( 1223 ) Voronezh River ( 1237 ) Ryazan ( 1237 ) Kolomna ( 1238 ) Moscow ( 1238 ) Vladimir ( 1238 ) Sit River ( 1238 ) Kozelsk ( 1238 ) Chernigov ( 1239 ) Kiev ( 1240 ) As part of the Mongol invasion of Europe , the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , destroying numerous cities , including Ryazan , Kolomna , Moscow , Vladimir , and Kiev . The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223 , which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several Rus ' principalities . The Mongols nevertheless retreated . A full - scale invasion of Rus ' by Batu Khan followed , from 1237 to 1240 . The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan . All Rus ' principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire , some of which lasted until 1480 . The invasion , facilitated by the beginning of the breakup of Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , had incalculable ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe , including the division of the East Slavic people into three separate nations : modern - day Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , and in the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Invasion of Batu Khan 3 Age of Tatar rule 4 Impact on development 5 Influence on Rus ' society 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 Sources Background ( edit ) As it was undergoing fragmentation , Kievan Rus ' faced the unexpected eruption of an irresistible foreign foe coming from the mysterious regions of the Far East . `` For our sins '' , writes the Rus ' chronicler of the time , `` unknown nations arrived . No one knew their origin or whence they came , or what religion they practiced . That is known only to God , and perhaps to wise men learned in books '' . The princes of Rus ' first heard of the coming Mongol warriors from the nomadic Cumans . Previously known for pillaging settlers on the frontier , the nomads now preferred peaceful relations , warning their neighbors : `` These terrible strangers have taken our country , and tomorrow they will take yours if you do not come and help us '' . In response to this call , Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old joined forces and set out eastward to meet the foe , only to be routed on April 1 , 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River . Although this defeat left the Rus ' principalities at the mercy of invaders , the Mongol forces retreated and did not reappear for thirteen years , during which time the princes of Rus ' went on quarreling and fighting as before , until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force . In the Secret History of the Mongols , the only reference to this early battle is : `` Then he ( Chinghis Khan ) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv , and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus . He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes , crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers , finally going to war with Kiev . '' Invasion of Batu Khan ( edit ) The vast Mongol hordes of around 35,000 mounted archers , commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai , crossed the Volga River and invaded Volga Bulgaria in late 1236 . It took them a year to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgarians , the Cumans - Kipchaks , and the Alani . Sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in February 1238 ; miniature from the 16th - century chronicle . In November 1237 , Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his submission . A month later , the hordes besieged Ryazan . After six days of bloody battle , the city was totally annihilated . Alarmed by the news , Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders , but they were soundly defeated . Having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow , the horde laid siege to Vladimir on February 4 , 1238 . Three days later , the capital of Vladimir - Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground . The royal family perished in the fire , while the grand prince retreated northward . Crossing the Volga , he mustered a new army , which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4 . Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units , which ransacked fourteen cities of modern - day Russia : Rostov , Uglich , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Kashin , Ksnyatin , Gorodets , Galich , Pereslavl - Zalessky , Yuriev - Polsky , Dmitrov , Volokolamsk , Tver , and Torzhok . Chinese siege engines were used by the Mongols under Tului to raze the walls of Russian cities . The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk , whose boy - prince Vasily , son of Titus , and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks , killing 4,000 . As the story goes , at the news of the Mongol approach , the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake , where , as legend has it , it may be seen to this day . The only major cities to escape destruction were Novgorod and Pskov . The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod , but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the wise decision to preemptively surrender . In mid-1238 , Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia . In the winter of 1239 , he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav . After many days of siege , the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240 . Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych , Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities , Halych and Volodymyr - Volynskyi . The Mongols then resolved to `` reach the ultimate sea '' , where they could proceed no further , and invaded Hungary and Poland . Age of Tatar rule ( edit ) See also : List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus ' Prince Michael of Chernigov was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco - Mongol tradition . Batu Khan ordered him to prostrate himself before the tablets of Genghis Khan . The Mongols stabbed him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to Genghis Khan 's shrine . This time the invaders came to stay , and they built for themselves a capital , called Sarai , on the lower Volga . Here the commander of the Golden Horde , as the western section of the Mongol empire was called , fixed his golden headquarters and represented his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley . Here they had their headquarters and held parts of Rus ' in subjection for nearly three centuries . All of the Russian states , including Novgorod , Smolensk , Galich , and Pskov , submitted to the Tatar - Mongol rule . The term by which this subjection is commonly designated , the Mongol or Tatar `` yoke '' , suggests terrible oppression , but in reality these nomadic invaders from Mongolia were not such cruel , oppressive taskmasters . In the first place , they never settled in the country , and they had little direct dealing with the inhabitants . In accordance with the admonitions of Genghis Khan to his children and grandchildren , they retained their pastoral mode of life , so that the subject races , agriculturists , and dwellers in towns were not disturbed in their ordinary avocations . Golden Horde instituted census , taxes and tributes on the conquered lands , which were usually collected by local princes and brought to Sarai . It was only in the 14th and 15th centuries , with the rise of the Tatar khanates , that slave raids on the Slavic population became significant , with the purpose of trading slaves with the Ottoman Empire . The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of both Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and they largely prevented the settlement of the `` Wild Fields '' -- the steppe and forest - steppe land extending from about a hundred miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea -- and they ultimately contributed to the development of the Cossacks . In religious matters , the Mongols were extremely tolerant . When they first appeared in Europe , they were shamanists , and as such they had no religious fanaticism . After adopting Islam they remained as tolerant as before , and the khan of the Golden Horde , who first became a Muslim , allowed the Rus ' to found a Christian bishopric in his capital . Nogai Khan , half a century later , married a daughter of the Byzantine emperor , and gave his own daughter in marriage to a Rus ' prince , Theodor the Black . Some modern revisionist Russian historians ( most notably the Soviet era historian and `` Neo-Eurasianist '' ideologist Lev Gumilev ) even postulate that there was no invasion at all . According to them , the Rus ' princes concluded a defensive alliance with the Horde in order to repel attacks of the fanatical Teutonic Knights , which posed a much greater threat to the Rus ' religion and culture . These points represent the bright side of Tatar rule , but it also had its dark side . So long as a great horde of nomads was encamped on the frontier , the country was liable to be invaded by an overwhelming force . Fortunately , these invasions were not frequent , but when they occurred they caused an incalculable amount of devastation and suffering . In the intervals the people had to pay a fixed tribute . At first it was collected in a rough - and - ready fashion by Tatar tax - gatherers ; by about 1259 it was regulated by a census of the population ; and finally its collection was entrusted to the native princes , so the people were no longer brought into direct contact with the Tatar officials . Impact on development ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of East Slavs Middle Ages Early East Slavs Khazars Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Galicia -- Volhynia Mongol invasion Golden Horde Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Moscow Early Modern period Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Modern period Russian Empire Revolutions of 1917 Russian Civil War Soviet Union Post-Soviet states Belarus Russian Federation Ukraine History of states History of Belarus History of Russia History of Ukraine The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus ' was uneven . Colin McEvedy ( Atlas of World Population History , 1978 ) estimates the population of Rusa dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards . Centers such as Kiev took centuries to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the initial attack . The Novgorod Republic continued to prosper , and new entities , the rival cities of Moscow and Tver , began to flourish under the Mongols . Moscow 's eventual dominance of northern and eastern Rus ' was in large part attributable to the Mongols . After the prince of Tver joined a rebellion against the Mongols in 1327 , his rival prince Ivan I of Moscow joined the Mongols in crushing Tver and devastating its lands . By doing so he eliminated his rival , allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow , and was granted the title of Grand Prince by the Mongols . As such , the Muscovite prince became the chief intermediary between the Mongol overlords and the Rus ' lands , which paid further dividends for Moscow 's rulers . While the Mongols often raided other areas of Rus ' , they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator . This , in turn , attracted nobles and their servants who sought to settle in the relatively secure and peaceful Moscow lands . Although Rus ' forces defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 , Mongol domination of parts of Rus ' territories , with the requisite demands of tribute , continued until the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 . Historians argued that without the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus ' , the Rus ' would not have unified into the Tsardom of Russia and , subsequently , the Russian Empire would not have risen . Trade routes with the East went through Rus ' territory , making them a center of trade between east and west . Mongol influence , while destructive to their enemies , had a significant long - term effect on the rise of modern Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus . Influence on Rus ' society ( edit ) Principalities of Kievan Rus ' , 1220 - 1240 . These principalities included Vladimir - Suzdal , Smolensk , Chernigov or Ryazan , annexed by the Duchy of Moscow in 1521 . Historians have debated the long - term influence of Mongol rule on Rus ' society . The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus ' , the breakup of the ancient Rus ' nationality into three components , and the introduction of the concept of `` oriental despotism '' into Russia . Historians also credit the Mongol regime with an important role in the development of Muscovy as a state . Under Mongol occupation , for example , Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy , postal road network ( based on Mongolian ortoo system , known in Russian as `` yam '' , hence the terms yamshchik , Yamskoy Prikaz , etc . ) , census , fiscal system , and military organization . The period of Mongol rule over Russia included significant cultural and interpersonal contacts between the Russian and Mongolian ruling classes . By 1450 , the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow , Vasily II , who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech , and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames ( for example , a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name `` Aksak '' and his descendents were the Aksakovs ) Many Russian boyar ( noble ) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars , including Veliaminov - Zernov , Godunov , Arseniev , Bakhmetev , Bulgakov ( descendents of Bulgak ) , and Chaadaev ( descendents of Genghis Khan 's son Chagatai Khan ) . In a survey of Russian noble families of the 17th century , over 15 % of the Russian noble families had Tatar or Oriental origins . The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade . In the religious sphere , St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak , or tax collector , while a nephew of Khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde . In the judicial sphere , under Mongol influence capital punishment , which during the times of Kievan Rus ' had only been applied to slaves , became widespread , and the use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure . Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves ( with execution for a third arrest ) . See also ( edit ) Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Mongol and Tatar states in Europe Mongol invasion of Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fennell , John . `` The Crisis of Medieval Russia : 1200 - 1304 . '' London , 1983 . Page 85 . Excerpt : `` If we assume that each of the larger cities could field , say , between 3,000 and 5,000 men , we can arrive at a total of about 60,000 fighting troops . If we add to this another 40,000 from smaller towns and from the various Turkic allies in the Principality of Kiev , then the total coincides with the 100,000 estimated by S.M. Solov'ev in his History o Russia . But then this is only a rough estimate of the potential number . We have no idea how many , towns and districts actually mustered troops - for instance , it seems highly unlikely that Novgorod sent any at all . Certainly none came to help their outpost at Torzhok . Perhaps then half or a quarter - or even a smaller fraction - of the total was the most the Russians could muster . '' ^ Jump up to : Colin McEvedy , Atlas of World Population History ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century Study.com '' . Study.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Boris Rybakov , Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII - XIII вв . ( Kievan Rus ' and Russian Princedoms in 12th and 13th Centuries ) , Moscow : Nauka , 1993 . ISBN 5 - 02 - 009795 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michell , Robert ; Forbes , Nevell ( 1914 ) . `` The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016 - 1471 '' . Michell . London , Offices of the society . p. 64 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( the University of Michigan ) John Merton Patrick ( 1961 ) . Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Volume 8 , Issue 3 of Monograph series . Utah State University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . The Mongols invaded the Russian steppes at this time , reaching the Crimea before turning back at the Khan 's orders . The youngest son of Genghis , Tului , was given the special task of destroying walled cities during this campaign , employing the Chinese engines Jump up ^ Frank McLynn , Genghis Khan ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Smith Williams The Historians ' History of the World , p. 654 Jump up ^ It has been noted that it was during the period of Mongol domination that `` the curve of Russian Western trade climbed steadily '' , as did its trade with the Orient . See Donald Ostrowski , Muscovy and the Mongols : Cross-cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier , Cambridge University Press , 1996 . Page 109 . Jump up ^ Paul Robert Magocsi . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press , 1996 . Page 110 . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes. ( 1995 ) . Russia Under the Old Regime . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 61 - 62 Jump up ^ `` The Consequences of Mongolian Invasion . '' . russia.rin.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ See Ostrowski , page 47 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press pp. 382 - 385 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press . The exact origins of the families surveyed were : 229 of Western European ( including German ) origin , 223 of Polish and Lithuanian origin ( this number included Ruthenian nobility ) , 156 of Tatar and other Oriental origin , 168 families belonged to the House of Rurik and 42 were of unspecified `` Russian '' origin . Jump up ^ Website of the Orthodox Church calendar , accessed July 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 354 - 357 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. -- Russia . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Allsen , Thomas T. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia . Cambridge UP . Atwood , Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire ( 2004 ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1 : Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire ( Blackwell , 1998 ) Halperin , Charles J. Russia and the golden horde : the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history ( Indiana University Press , 1985 ) Sinor , Denis . `` The Mongols in the West . '' Journal of Asian History ( 1999 ) : 1 - 44 . in JSTOR Vernadsky , George . The Mongols and Russia ( Yale University Press , 1953 ) Halperin , Charles J. `` George Vernadsky , Eurasianism , the Mongols , and Russia . '' Slavic Review ( 1982 ) : 477 - 493 . in JSTOR Sources ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mongol invasion of Rus . Full Collection of Russian Annals , St. Petersburg , 1908 and Moscow , 2001 , ISBN 5 - 94457 - 011 - 3 . Mongol Empire ( 1206 -- 1368 ) Terminology Titles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Political Military Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Politics Organization Life Topics Administrative divisions and vassals Banner ( Bunchuk ) Invasions and conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military tactics and organization Organization under Genghis Khan Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine -- Mongol alliance Franco - Mongol alliance List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus ' Mongol and Tatar states in Europe Khanates Yuan dynasty Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov ( Azaq ) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu / Berke Saray - Jük Shangdu ( Xanadu ) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan Campaigns Battles Asia Central Siberia ( 1207 ) Qara Khitai ( 1216 -- 18 ) Khwarezmia ( 1218 -- 1221 ) East Western Xia ( 1205 / 1207 / 1209 -- 10 / 1225 -- 27 ) Northern China and Manchuria ( 1211 -- 34 ) Southern China ( 1235 -- 79 ) Kingdom of Dali ( 1253 -- 56 ) Tibet ( 1236 / 1240 / 1252 ) Korea ( 1231 -- 60 ) Japan ( 1274 / 1281 ) Sakhalin ( 1264 -- 1308 ) Southeast Burma ( 1277 / 1283 / 1287 ) Java ( 1293 ) Vietnam ( 1257 / 1284 -- 88 ) Burma ( 1300 -- 02 ) South India ( 1221 -- 1327 ) Europe Georgia ( 1220 -- 22 / 1226 -- 31 / 1237 -- 64 ) Chechnya ( 1237 -- 1300s ) Volga Bulgaria ( 1229 -- 36 ) Rus ' ( 1223 / 1236 -- 40 ) Poland and Bohemia ( 1240 -- 41 ) Hungary ( 1241 - 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who led the mongols into russia and conquered kiev
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"In mid-1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia. In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav. After many days of siege, the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240. Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych, Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities, Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskyi. The Mongols then resolved to \"reach the ultimate sea\", where they could proceed no further, and invaded Hungary and Poland."
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"Batu Khan"
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All I Do Is Win
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All I Do is Win - wikipedia All I Do is Win `` All I Do Is Win '' Single by DJ Khaled featuring T - Pain , Ludacris , Rick Ross and Snoop Dogg from the album Victory Released February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) Format Digital download Airplay Recorded 2009 Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 52 Label We the Best Terror Squad E1 Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Bridges Calvin Broadus Johnny Mollings Lenny Mollings William Roberts II Producer ( s ) DJ Nasty & LVM DJ Khaled singles chronology `` Put Your Hands Up '' ( 2010 ) `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) `` Welcome to My Hood '' ( 2011 ) `` Put Your Hands Up '' ( 2010 ) `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) `` Welcome to My Hood '' ( 2011 ) T - Pain singles chronology `` Imagínate '' ( 2010 ) Imagínate2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` Tatoo Girl ( Foreva ) '' ( 2010 ) Tatoo Girl ( Foreva ) 2010 Ludacris singles chronology `` Baby '' ( 2010 ) Baby 2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` My Chick Bad '' ( 2010 ) My Chick Bad 2010 Snoop Dogg singles chronology `` Pass Out '' ( 2010 ) Pass Out 2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` Wet '' ( 2010 ) Wet 2010 Rick Ross singles chronology `` Super High '' ( 2010 ) Super High 2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` Pullin ' on Her Hair '' ( 2010 ) Pullin ' on Her Hair2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' is a song from DJ Khaled 's fourth studio album Victory ( 2010 ) . It was the second single from the album . The track features American rappers T - Pain , Ludacris , Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross . It was released on February 8 , 2010 , along with `` Put Your Hands Up '' . The single was certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA . It was the only Billboard Hot 100 charting single from the album . Contents 1 Music video 2 Remix 3 In popular culture 4 Commercial performance 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video debuted on BET 's 106 and Park on March 3 , 2010 , along with the video for `` Put Your Hands Up '' . It pictures DJ Khaled with his BET Awards and is filmed mostly against a green screen , also featuring a scene of his appearance at the 2008 BET Hip - Hop Awards show accepting an award for his song `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' . A video for the official remix was shot in Florida . The video was directed by Dayo & Gil Green . Photos of the shoot were also leaked online . The video features cameos from Nicki Minaj , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Jadakiss , Puff Daddy , Ace Hood , Cam'Ron and Busta Rhymes . A behind - the - scenes video was released on June 2 , 2010 . The remix 's music video was released on June 29 , 2010 . Remix ( edit ) `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' Promotional single by DJ Khaled featuring T - Pain , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe and Swizz Beatz from the album Victory ( Target Bonus Track ) Released June 8 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 -- 2010 Genre Hip hop Length 5 : 20 Label We the Best Terror Squad E1 Songwriter ( s ) Faheem Najm William Roberts Sean Combs J. Jackson Onika Maraj Trevor Smith Jason Phillips Joseph Cartagena Kasseem Dean Khaled Khaled Producer ( s ) DJ Nasty & LVM Birdman On April 28 , 2010 , the official remix was released . It features Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe , Swizz Beatz on background vocals , and T - Pain . Jadakiss 's verse is a sample from `` Allergic to Losing '' , a song from his 2010 mixtape The Champ Is Here 3 . The remix was released as a digital single on iTunes on June 8 , 2010 . A music video has been shot and was released on June 29 , 2010 . Flo Rida , Red Cafe , The Game , Ace Hood , Drake , Lil Wayne , Gunplay of Triple C 's , Brisco & DJ Nasty & LVM made cameos on the video . Swizz Beatz was not included in the video . DJ Khaled also raps a verse on the remix . There is another remix titled `` Hood Remix '' or `` G - Mix '' which is by Nappy Boy artist Young Cash . The remix features a new rap line up , Yo Gotti , Gudda Gudda , Bun B , Ice Berg , 2 Chainz , T - Pain , & Field Mob . On this version , instead of T - Pain on the chorus , Young Cash is , while T - Pain delivers a verse of his own . In popular culture ( edit ) The song has become an anthem for numerous sports teams , most notably the Auburn Tigers football team during their 2010 national championship season . It was played during the team 's pregame entrance video as well as following each home victory in Jordan -- Hare Stadium . The Milwaukee Brewers and the Baltimore Orioles also play this song after every home game victory as does the Texas Longhorns football band and the Michigan State Spartans after a men 's basketball win . Boxer Devon Alexander uses the song as his entrance music , the Arizona State Sun Devils , Purdue All American Marching Band , the USC Trojans Marching Band Spirit of Troy , and the Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band use it during their athletic programs as well as the East Carolina Pirates and LSU Tigers football teams , the Alabama Crimson Tide and Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball teams , Vampire Weekend on their 2010 tour , and it was also used as the celebratory music by the 2010 Stanley Cup champions The Chicago Blackhawks . The New York Knicks professional basketball team also use an instrumental version of the song for their player intros during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . The Denver Nuggets , Memphis Grizzlies , Indiana Pacers , Portland Trail Blazers , Cleveland Cavaliers , Carolina Panthers , Nashville Predators , and Phoenix Suns play this song after every home game victory . The song has gained popularity among Miami Hurricanes football fans as Snoop Dogg 's line `` We like the U in the 80s '' refers to the University of Miami football team that dominated college football in the 80s and early 90s . It was subsequently arranged for the Band of the Hour , Miami 's marching band . Internet mashup artist DJ Earworm has included the song in a mash - up designed for the 2012 Summer Olympics . A remix version was made in December 2011 for Tim Tebow of the Denver Broncos , called `` All He Does Is Win '' -- the video went viral on YouTube . The New Orleans Saints play the chorus of `` All I Do Is Win '' during home games . This is also one of themes for the Canadian roller derby team , E-Ville Roller Derby . The song was used as background music for one of the commercials advertising the Jamaican teen magazine television programme Teen Seen , which aired on major television network CVM Television on Saturdays at 6pm ( previously at 4 : 30pm ) and was created by the National Family Planning Board ( which produced the programme with Phase 3 Productions ) . At the 2013 White House Correspondents ' Dinner , President Barack Obama was introduced to `` Hail to the Chief , '' which quickly cut to a snippet of `` All I Do is Win . '' On April 28 , 2014 , actress Emma Stone lip synched the song in a `` Lip Sync Battle '' against late - night talk show host Jimmy Fallon . The song was featured in the 2015 musical comedy film Pitch Perfect 2 , the 2015 film Magic Mike XXL , and the 2016 R - Rated comedy `` The Boss '' . The song was also used in the trailer for the 2015 film The Peanuts Movie . This song is also featured on the soundtrack for NBA 2K16 . The YouTube channel Barack 's Dubs created and uploaded a mashup video of U.S. President Donald Trump singing the song . This song is referenced on one of the `` Coke and a Song '' bottles and cans available as of Summer 2016 . The song is featured in a Classico Pasta Sauce commercial that debuted in mid-late 2016 , The song is featured in a Walmart commercial in 2017 . On Facebook , one game in Slotomania , called Shaq 9 ( a golf game ) , featuring Saquille O'Neal , Shaq yells ' All I do is win , win , win , no matter what ! ' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 63 chart date of March 6 , 2010 , and peaked at this chart at No. 24 for the chart dated July 24 , 2010 . It also peaked at No. 8 on Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs in 2010 . The song was certified double Platinum by RIAA on July 6 , 2011 , and 3 × Platinum on 19 June 2015 . The song re-entered the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart in May 2014 at No. 23 . As of May 2014 , the song has sold over 3 million copies in the US . The song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart at No. 69 for the chart date of March 6 , 2010 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 - 2014 ) Peak position Canadian Hot 100 69 Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 98 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 8 US Billboard Rap Songs 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) 111 US Billboard Hot 100 79 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` All I Do Is Win ( feat . T - Pain , Ludacris , Snoop Dogg , Nicki Minaj & Rick Ross ) - Single by DJ Khaled - Download All I Do Is Win ( feat . T - Pain , Ludacris , Snoop Dogg & Rick Ross ) - Single on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . February 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled / Ludacris / Rick Ross / Snoop Dogg / T - Pain All I Do Is Win '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- DJ Khaled -- All I Do Is Win '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Nigel D. `` All I Do Is Win Remix Video Shoot '' . Realtalkny.uproxx.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DJ Khaled Calls Performing With Rick Ross , Diddy , T.I. ' Legendary ' - MTV Jump up ^ `` Video : Behind The Scenes of DJ Khaled `` All I Do Is Win '' ft . Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Fabolous , Jadakiss & Fat Joe . News Rick Ross Artists Def Jam `` . Island Def Jam . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) ( feat . T - Pain , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe & Swizz Beatz ) - Single by DJ Khaled - Download All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) ( feat . T - Pain , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe & Swizz Beatz ) - Single on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KNICKS : Knicks Mix - 12 / 22 / 2010 '' . Nba.com . December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denver Nuggets Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` DJ Earworm Building Beats For Summer Olympic Games '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 29 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( 8 Aug 2013 ) . `` The 2012 Summer Olympics : August 7 , 2012 '' . AVClub.com . Retrieved 29 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Tebow Gets Viral Remix Treatment in ' All He Does Is Win ' Billboard Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Obama And O'Brien Take Jabs At Politics And Media ( Highlights ) '' . The Two - Way . NPR . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ C - SPAN ( April 27 , 2013 ) . `` President Obama at 2013 White House Correspondents ' Dinner ( C - SPAN ) '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Olvia B. ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Emma Stone and Jimmy Fallon Face Off in Epic Lip Sync Battle '' . Time . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump Singing All I Do Is Win by DJ Khaled . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://buy.shareacoke.com/find-your-favorite-lyric/ Jump up ^ Classico Pasta Sauce . Vimeo . September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emily White ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ray LaMontagne 's ' Supernova ' Shines At No. 1 On Top Rock Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : John Legend Wins A Squeaker '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ http://www.djcharts.de/jahrescharts2010/DBC/ Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Snoop Dogg 's Top 10 Billboard Hits Billboard Jump up ^ http://www.djcharts.de/jahrescharts2007/DBC/ Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Apr 22 , 2013 - ( Chart position ) Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Dj Khaled -- All I Do Is Win '' . Music Canada . External links ( edit ) `` All I Do Is Win '' music video on YouTube `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Links to related articles DJ Khaled Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Listennn ... the Album We the Best We Global Victory We the Best Forever Kiss the Ring Suffering from Success I Changed a Lot Major Key Grateful Singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Go Hard '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` No New Friends '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Hold You Down '' `` How Many Times '' `` Gold Slugs '' `` For Free '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Holy Key '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Shining '' `` I 'm the One '' `` To the Max '' `` Wild Thoughts '' `` Top Off '' `` I Believe '' `` No Brainer '' Featured singles `` 100 Million '' `` Speedin ' ( We the Best Remix ) '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Foolish ( remix ) '' `` Always Strapped ( remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2.5 '' `` Body 2 Body ( remix ) '' `` Ima Boss ( remix ) '' `` Cold '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Bugatti ( remix ) '' `` Dinero '' Other songs `` On Everything '' Related articles We the Best Terror Squad Cash Money Demi x Khaled Fat Joe Ace Hood NBA 2K16 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( cameo ) T - Pain singles discography Discography Rappa Ternt Sanga `` I 'm Sprung '' `` I 'm ' n Luv ( wit a Stripper ) '' Epiphany `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) '' `` Bartender '' `` Church '' Three Ringz `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Chopped ' n ' Skrewed '' `` Freeze '' RevolveЯ `` Best Love Song '' `` 5 O'clock '' `` Turn All the Lights On '' T - Pain Presents Happy Hour : The Greatest Hits `` Up Down ( Do This All Day ) '' `` Drankin Patna '' Non-album singles `` Booty Wurk ( One Cheek at a Time ) '' Promotional singles `` Take Your Shirt Off '' `` Reverse Cowgirl '' `` Rap Song '' Featured singles `` U and Dat '' `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Outta My System '' `` Pop , Lock & Drop It ( Remix ) '' `` 2 Step ( Remix ) '' `` Shawty '' `` Cyclone '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Kiss Kiss '' `` Good Life '' `` Low '' `` Who the Fuck Is That ? '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' `` Shawty Get Loose '' `` The Boss '' `` She Got It '' `` I Ca n't Wait '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Moon of Dreams '' `` Got Money '' `` Cuddy Buddy '' `` Go Hard '' `` One More Drink '' `` Blame It '' `` I 'm on a Boat '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Feel It '' `` All the Above '' `` Download '' `` Til da Sun Come Up '' `` Overtime '' `` Number One ( Remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Body Language '' `` Imagínate '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Trillionaire '' `` Hey Baby ( Drop It to the Floor ) '' `` Move That Body '' `` Black & Yellow ( G - Mix ) '' `` No Dejemos Que se Apague '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` Boom '' `` The Way You Move '' `` Bag of Money '' `` So Listen '' `` Algo Me Gusta de Ti '' Featured promotional singles `` Know What I 'm Doin ' '' `` Go Girl '' `` Holla Holla '' `` My Own Step '' `` Shake Señora '' Ludacris Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Incognegro Back for the First Time Word of Mouf Chicken - n - Beer The Red Light District Release Therapy Theater of the Mind Battle of the Sexes Ludaversal Compilations Golden Grain Disturbing tha Peace Mixtapes DJ Drama Presents : The Preview Singles `` What 's Your Fantasy '' `` Southern Hospitality '' `` Area Codes '' `` Rollout ( My Business ) '' `` Saturday ( Oooh Oooh ! ) '' `` Move Bitch '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` Act a Fool '' `` P - Poppin '' `` Stand Up '' `` Splash Waterfalls '' `` Diamond in the Back '' `` Blow It Out '' `` Get Back '' `` Number One Spot '' `` The Potion '' `` Pimpin ' All Over the World '' `` Money Maker '' `` Grew Up a Screw Up '' `` Runaway Love '' `` Slap '' `` What Them Girls Like '' `` Wish You Would '' `` Undisputed '' `` One More Drink '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` How Low '' `` My Chick Bad '' `` Sex Room '' `` Good Lovin '' Featured singles `` One Minute Man '' `` Loverboy '' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' `` Why Do n't We Fall in Love '' `` Gossip Folks '' `` Holidae In '' `` Yeah ! '' `` Lovers & Friends '' `` Shake Dat Shit '' `` Oh '' `` Sugar ( Gimme Some ) '' `` Georgia '' `` Unpredictable '' `` Need a Boss '' `` Glamorous '' `` Get Buck in Here '' `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' `` Rock Star '' `` Gimme Dat '' `` Grippin ' '' `` How We Do It ( Around My Way ) '' `` Still Standing '' `` Chopped & Skrewed '' `` How Do You Sleep ? '' `` Bulletproof '' `` Regret '' `` Creepin ' ( Solo ) '' `` Baby '' `` Break Your Heart '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Ride '' `` Porn Star Dancing '' `` I Like '' `` Saturday Night '' `` Tonight ( I 'm Fuckin ' You ) '' `` Dirt Road Anthem '' `` Little Bad Girl '' `` Wet the Bed '' `` We in This Bitch '' `` All Around the World '' `` The Champion '' Other songs `` War with God '' `` Down in tha Dirty '' `` Shake Señora '' `` Candy Paint & Gold Teeth '' `` Representin '' `` Rest of My Life '' `` Party Girls '' Related articles Disturbing tha Peace WeMix Snoop Dogg songs Discography Awards and nominations Tha Dogg Pound singles discography 213 singles discography Tha Eastsidaz singles discography 7 Days of Funk singles discography Doggystyle `` Gin and Juice '' `` Lodi Dodi '' `` Murder Was the Case '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Doggy Dogg World '' Tha Doggfather `` Doggfather '' `` Vapors '' `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told `` Woof '' `` Still a G Thang '' No Limit Top Dogg `` Snoopafella '' `` G Bedtime Stories '' `` Down for My N 's '' `` Bitch Please '' `` Just Dippin ' '' Tha Last Meal `` Hennesey n Buddah '' `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt. 2 ) '' `` Wrong Idea '' `` Lay Low '' `` Loosen ' Control '' Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Beautiful '' `` Paper 'd Up '' `` Pimp Slapp 'd '' `` Mission Cleopatra '' R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' `` Ups & Downs '' `` Let 's Get Blown '' `` Signs '' `` Girl Like U '' Tha Blue Carpet Treatment `` Vato '' `` That 's That '' `` Candy ( Drippin ' Like Water ) '' `` Boss ' Life '' `` I Wanna Fuck You '' `` Imagine '' Ego Trippin ' `` Neva Have 2 Worry '' `` Sexual Eruption '' `` Life of da Party '' `` My Medicine '' `` Those Gurlz '' Malice n Wonderland `` I Wanna Rock '' `` Gangsta Luv '' More Malice : Deluxe Album & Movie `` I Wanna Rock ( G - Mix ) '' `` That Tree '' Doggumentary `` Platinum '' `` Boom '' `` Wet '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Smokin ' On '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' Reincarnated `` Rebel Way '' `` Here Comes the King '' `` Lighters Up '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` Smoke the Weed '' `` The Good Good '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` La La La '' 7 Days of Funk `` Hit Da Pavement '' `` Faden Away '' Bush `` California Roll '' `` Awake '' `` So Many Pros '' `` Peaches N Cream '' Coolaid `` Point Seen Money Gone '' `` Kush Ups '' Neva Left `` Lavender ( Nightfall Remix ) '' `` Vapors ( DJ Battlecat Remix ) '' As featured artist `` Deep Cover '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' `` Afro Puffs '' `` What Would You Do '' `` New York , New York '' `` All bout U '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` Come and Get with Me '' `` Cali Chronic '' `` Fuck You '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Bow Wow ( That 's My Name ) '' `` Crybaby '' `` The Next Episode '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` Welcome to Atlanta ( Coast to Coast Remix ) '' `` Holidae In '' `` P.I.M.P. ( Remix ) '' `` I Wanna Thank Ya '' `` The Wash '' `` Gangsta Zone '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Keep Bouncin ' '' `` Buttons '' `` Cali Iz Active '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Walk '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` My 64 '' `` 9mm '' `` What a Job '' `` Ghetto '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Hot Girl '' `` Dime Piece '' `` I Do '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` California Gurls '' `` Get ' Em Girls '' `` Kush '' `` Boyfriend '' `` Mr Endowed ( Remix ) '' `` Last Night '' `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' `` The Mack '' `` Want U Back `` I Drink I Smoke '' `` Slow Motion '' `` Major Distribution '' `` Dynamite '' `` Wiggle '' `` Hangover '' `` You and Your Friends '' `` Stuck on a Feeling '' `` Dumb Shit '' `` My Cutie Pie '' `` Professional Rapper '' `` No Social Media '' `` Westside '' `` Way Back '' Other singles `` We Just Wanna Party with You '' `` Undercova Funk ( Give Up the Funk ) '' `` Do U Wanna Roll ( Dolittle Theme ) '' `` Just a Baby Boy '' `` Real Soon '' `` Back Up '' `` I 'm from Long Beach '' `` Late Nights '' Book Template Rick Ross Discography Studio albums Port of Miami Trilla Deeper Than Rap Teflon Don God Forgives , I Do n't Mastermind Hood Billionaire Black Market Rather You Than Me Compilation albums Rise to Power Self Made Vol. 1 ( with MMG ) Self Made Vol. 2 ( with MMG ) Self Made Vol. 3 ( with MMG ) Mixtapes Ashes to Ashes Rich Forever The Black Bar Mitzvah Black Dollar Singles `` Hustlin ' '' `` Push It '' `` Speedin ' '' `` The Boss '' `` Here I Am '' `` Magnificent '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Super High '' `` B.M.F. ( Blowin ' Money Fast ) '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` 9 Piece '' `` You the Boss '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Touch'N You '' `` So Sophisticated '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` 100 Black Coffins '' `` No Games '' `` The Devil Is a Lie '' `` Thug Cry '' `` Sorry '' `` I Think She Like Me '' Featured singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` 100 Million '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` You 're Everything '' `` Welcome to the World '' `` Til da Sun Come Up '' `` Champion '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Monster '' `` Rap Song '' `` Living Better Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` Swagger Right '' `` Can a Drummer Get Some ? '' `` Hustle Hard ( Remix ) '' `` John '' `` Tupac Back '' `` Ima Boss '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Anything ( To Find You ) '' `` Fly Together '' `` Think Like a Man '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` Bag of Money '' `` Why '' `` Lemme See '' `` Born Stunna '' `` Pop That '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` Beautiful Onyinye '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` Dope '' `` Bugatti '' `` Millions '' `` Believe It '' `` U.O.E.N.O. '' `` Pour It Up ( Remix ) '' `` No New Friends '' `` Poor Decisions '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Options '' `` New Flame '' `` When You Feel This '' `` Do You Mind '' Other songs `` Make It Rain ( Remix ) '' `` Devil in a New Dress '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` I Am Your Leader '' `` Ali Bomaye '' `` FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt '' `` Nobody '' `` Sanctified '' `` I 'm Ya Dogg '' `` On Everything '' Related articles Triple C 's Custom Cars & Cycles ( with Triple C 's ) Maybach Music Group Nicki Minaj songs Beam Me Up Scotty `` I Get Crazy '' Pink Friday `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Did It On'em '' `` Right Thru Me '' `` Fly '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Check It Out '' `` Your Love '' `` Super Bass '' `` Girls Fall Like Dominoes '' Roman Reloaded `` Roman Holiday '' `` Come on a Cone '' `` I Am Your Leader '' `` Beez in the Trap '' `` Roman Reloaded '' `` Champion '' `` Right by My Side '' `` Starships '' `` Pound the Alarm '' `` Whip It '' `` Automatic '' `` Marilyn Monroe '' `` Stupid Hoe '' `` Va Va Voom '' The Re-Up `` Freedom '' `` High School '' `` The Boys '' The Pinkprint `` All Things Go '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Only '' `` Anaconda '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Pills n Potions '' `` Bed of Lies '' `` Truffle Butter '' Queen `` Rich Sex '' `` Bed '' `` Chun - Li '' `` Barbie Tingz '' Other songs `` BedRock '' `` Roger That '' `` Massive Attack '' `` Roman in Moscow '' `` Yasss Bish '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Black Barbies '' `` Make Love '' `` Regret in Your Tears '' `` No Frauds '' `` Changed It '' `` MotorSport '' As featured artist `` 5 Star '' ( Remix ) `` Shakin It 4 Daddy '' `` Knockout '' `` All I Do Is Win '' ( Remix ) `` Up Out My Face '' `` My Chick Bad '' `` Lil Freak '' `` Up All Night '' `` Get It All '' `` Woohoo '' `` Hello Good Morning '' ( Remix ) `` Bottoms Up '' `` Dark Fantasy '' `` 2012 ( It Ai n't the End ) '' `` Letting Go ( Dutty Love ) '' `` Monster '' `` I Ai n't Thru '' `` Raining Men '' `` The Creep '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` Till the World Ends ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) '' `` Y.U. Mad '' `` You the Boss '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' ( Remix ) `` Turn Me On '' `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' `` I Do n't Give A '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` Get Low '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` Girl on Fire ( Inferno Version ) '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Freaks '' `` Tapout '' `` Tonight I 'm Getting Over You '' `` Somebody Else '' `` I 'm Out '' `` Twerk It '' `` Get Like Me '' `` Love More '' `` I Wanna Be with You '' `` Clappers '' `` Lookin Ass '' `` Animales '' `` Flawless '' ( Remix ) `` She Came to Give It to You '' `` Low '' `` Touchin , Lovin '' `` Throw Sum Mo '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Bitch I 'm Madonna '' `` All Eyes on You '' `` Back Together '' `` Down in the DM '' ( Remix ) `` No Broken Hearts '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Side to Side '' `` Run Up '' `` Swalla '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Kissing Strangers '' `` Swish Swish '' `` Realize '' `` Rake It Up '' `` You da Baddest '' `` You Already Know '' `` The Way Life Goes '' ( Remix ) `` Krippy Kush '' ( Remix ) `` Anybody '' `` Ball for Me '' `` Big Bank '' `` The Light Is Coming '' `` Boo 'd Up '' ( Remix ) `` Fefe '' Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Fabolous Discography Studio albums Ghetto Fabolous Street Dreams Real Talk From Nothin ' to Somethin ' Loso 's Way The Young OG Project EPs There Is No Competition 2 : The Grieving Music EP Mixtapes More Street Dreams , Pt. 2 : The Mixtape The S.O.U.L. Tape There Is No Competition 3 : Death Comes in 3 's The S.O.U.L. Tape 2 Friday Night Freestyles Summertime Shootout Freddy vs. Jason Singles `` Ca n't Deny It '' `` Young'n ( Holla Back ) '' `` Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Into You '' `` Breathe '' `` Baby '' `` Diamonds '' `` Make Me Better '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' `` Throw It in the Bag '' `` My Time '' `` Everything , Everyday , Everywhere '' `` You Be Killin Em '' `` Ready '' `` When I Feel Like It '' `` Flipmode '' Featured singles `` Superwoman Pt. II '' `` Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life '' `` Basketball '' `` 4Ever '' `` Never Leave You ( Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ) '' `` Dip It Low '' `` Dale Don Dale '' `` Shawty Is a 10 '' `` Finer Things '' `` You Ai n't Got Nuthin '' `` Addiction '' `` I Ca n't Hear the Music '' `` Good Lovin ' '' `` She Got Her Own '' `` Say Aah '' `` More Than Love '' `` Swagger Right '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Start It Up '' `` Oh My '' `` The Walls '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' Related articles Street Family Records Desert Storm Records Def Jam Recordings Fat Joe Discography Studio albums Represent Jealous One 's Envy Don Cartagena Jealous Ones Still Envy ( J.O.S.E. ) Loyalty All or Nothing Me , Myself & I The Elephant in the Room Jealous Ones Still Envy 2 ( J.O.S.E. 2 ) The Darkside Vol. 1 Collaboration albums The Album True Story Plata O Plomo Mixtapes The Darkside Vol. 2 The Darkside Vol. 3 Singles `` Flow Joe '' `` Don Cartagena '' `` We Thuggin ' '' `` What 's Luv ? '' `` Crush Tonight '' `` So Much More '' `` Get It Poppin ' '' `` Make It Rain '' `` Make It Rain ( Remix ) '' `` I Wo n't Tell '' `` Ai n't Sayin ' Nothin ' '' `` One '' `` Aloha '' `` ( Ha Ha ) Slow Down '' `` If It Ai n't About Money '' `` Another Round '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` All the Way Up '' `` Money Showers '' Featured singles `` Feelin ' So Good '' `` I Want You '' `` That 's Nasty '' `` New York '' `` Hold You Down '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Holla at Me '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( Remix ) '' Collaboration singles `` Lean Back '' Related articles Diggin ' in the Crates Crew Terror Squad Terror Squad Entertainment Busta Rhymes Discography Production discography Albums The Coming When Disaster Strikes ... E.L.E. ( Extinction Level Event ) : The Final World Front Anarchy Genesis It Ai n't Safe No More ... The Big Bang Back on My B.S. Year of the Dragon Compilations Total Devastation : The Best of Busta Rhymes Turn It Up ! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes The Artist Collection : Busta Rhymes Rich Gang ( with YMCMB ) Singles `` Woo Hah ! ! Got You All in Check '' `` It 's a Party '' `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' `` Dangerous '' `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' `` Gimme Some More '' `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' `` Break Ya Neck '' `` Make It Clap '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` Where 's Your Money ? '' `` Touch It '' `` I Love My Bitch '' `` New York Shit '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Do n't Get Carried Away '' `` Do n't Touch Me ( Throw da Water on ' em ) '' `` We Made It '' `` Arab Money '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` World Go Round '' `` Why Stop Now '' `` Twerk It '' `` Thank You '' `` Calm Down '' Featured singles `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Victory '' `` Fire '' `` What 's Happenin ' '' `` Do n't Cha '' `` Hurt '' `` Run the Show '' `` Peace Sign / Index Down '' `` Rotate '' `` C'mon ( Catch ' em by Surprise ) '' `` Look at Me Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( remix ) '' `` Worldwide Choppers '' `` The Woman You Love '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Take You There '' Other songs `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Related articles Leaders of the New School Native Tongues Conglomerate Records Jadakiss Discography Albums Kiss tha Game Goodbye ( 2001 ) Kiss of Death ( 2004 ) The Last Kiss ( 2009 ) Top 5 Dead or Alive ( 2015 ) Mixtapes Freddy vs. Jason ( 2017 ) Singles `` Knock Yourself Out '' `` Why ? '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` By My Side '' `` Ca n't Stop Me '' `` Letter to B.I.G. '' `` Who 's Real '' Featured singles `` Banned from T.V. '' `` The Best of Me '' `` Day and Night '' `` Jenny from the Block '' `` New York '' `` All I Need '' `` Lose Your Life '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` It Ai n't Over Til It 's Over '' `` It 's Good '' `` Pride n Joy '' Promotional singles `` A Bay Bay ( The Ratchet Remix ) '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` Hi Hater ( Remix ) '' `` I 'm On 2.0 '' `` Do n't Like '' Related articles The Lox Ruff Ryders Entertainment Swizz Beatz Discography Production Discography Studio albums One Man Band Man Compilations G.H.E.T.T.O. Stories Mixtapes Monster Monday Volume One Singles `` It 's Me Bitches '' `` Money in the Bank '' `` Top Down '' `` International Party '' Featured singles `` Get It on the Floor '' `` Set It Off '' `` Like That '' `` Whuteva '' `` New York Shit '' `` We in Here '' `` My Drink n My 2 Step '' `` C'mon Baby '' `` Blow Ya Mind '' `` Swing Ya Rag '' `` Who 's Real '' `` Million Bucks '' `` I Do '' `` I Can Transform Ya '' `` On to the Next One '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti `` Fancy '' `` Gucci Time '' `` Start It Up '' `` Can a Drummer Get Some ? '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Throw It Away '' `` Famous '' Promotional singles `` Return of the Hustle '' `` Hi Hater ( Remix ) '' `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` It 's Me ... ( Remix ) '' `` Candy Green '' `` Where the Cash At ? '' `` So Appalled '' Related articles Full Surface Ruff Ryders Mashonda Alicia Keys Cassidy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Do_Is_Win&oldid=845530315 '' Categories : 2010 singles DJ Khaled songs Ludacris songs Rick Ross songs Snoop Dogg songs T - Pain songs Songs written by Ludacris Songs written by T - Pain Songs written by Snoop Dogg Nicki Minaj songs Songs written by Nicki Minaj Sean Combs songs Fabolous songs Fat Joe songs Busta Rhymes songs Jadakiss songs Swizz Beatz songs Music videos directed by Gil Green Songs written by Rick Ross Entertainment One singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 10 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did all i do is win come out
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"\"All I Do Is Win\" is a song from DJ Khaled's fourth studio album Victory (2010). It was the second single from the album. The track features American rappers T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross.[1] It was released on February 8, 2010, along with \"Put Your Hands Up\". The single was certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA.[3] It was the only Billboard Hot 100 charting single from the album.\n"
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I Put a Spell on You
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I Put a Spell on You - wikipedia I Put a Spell on You Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see I Put a Spell on You ( album ) . `` I Put a Spell on You '' A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins from the album At Home with Screamin ' Jay Hawkins B - side `` Little Demon '' Released November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 ) Format Seven - inch 45 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues shock rock Length 2 : 25 Label Okeh Songwriter ( s ) Jay Hawkins Herb Slotkin Producer ( s ) Arnold Maxin Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins , whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success , reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales , although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 The original composition 2 Personnel 3 Covers and samples 4 References The original composition ( edit ) Hawkins had originally intended to record `` I Put a Spell on You '' as `` a refined love song , a blues ballad '' . However , the producer `` brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk , and we came out with this weird version ... I do n't even remember making the record . Before , I was just a normal blues singer . I was just Jay Hawkins . It all sort of just fell in place . I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death . '' Hawkins first recorded `` I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955 . However , that version was not released at the time ( it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55 ) . The following year , Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version , which was released in October 1956 . This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style . A truncated version was released but the ban remained . The record still sold over a million copies . The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his `` Rock and Roll Revue . '' Up to this time , Hawkins had been a blues performer : emotional , but not wild . Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the `` demented '' sound of `` I Put a Spell on You '' : Hawkins wore a long cape , and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog . The act was a sensation , later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose , on - stage snakes and fireworks , and a cigarette - smoking skull named `` Henry '' . This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances . Personnel ( edit ) Guitar -- Mickey Baker Piano -- Ernie Hayes Tenor Saxophone -- Sam `` The Man '' Taylor Baritone Saxophone -- Bud Johnson Bass -- Al Lucas Drums -- David `` Panama '' Francis Arranged By -- Leroy Kirkland Recorded 12 September 1956 Covers and samples ( edit ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively ; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes . Most of the covers treat the song seriously ; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins 's bravura performance . Although Hawkins ' version did not make any charts , several later cover versions have . Nina Simone 's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965 ; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year , and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969 . The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966 and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968 . The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969 . A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee ( Anna Dekkers ) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium ( where it peaked on No. 12 ) , France , Germany , Spain , and Australia . In the UK , Bryan Ferry 's version reached No. 18 in 1993 . The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 8 on reissue in 2000 . Other versions of note : The Crazy World of Arthur Brown covered the track on their self - titled album . Manfred Mann released a version on their U.K. EP No Living Without Loving in November 1965 ( also appeared on the band 's 1966 U.S. album ' Pretty Flamingo ' ) . The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards . Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence . Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour , wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus . Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush , John . Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike McPadden ( 1 May 2012 ) . If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands , CDs , Movies , and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Backbeat Books . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4768 - 1357 - 8 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A-J . Routledge . p. 415 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ed Sikov ( 1996 ) . Laughing Hysterically : American Screen Comedy of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner , Contemporary Musicians : Profiles of the People in Music , Volume 8 , Gale , 1992 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 2011 ) , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Omnibus Press , p. 2680 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 Jump up ^ Chris Morris ( Feb 26 , 2000 ) , `` Legendary Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70 '' , Billboard Jump up ^ Gillespie , Paula , and Neal Lerner . The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Boston : Allyn , 2000 . Print . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Screamin-Jay-Hawkins-I-Put-A-Spell-On-You-The-Singles-1954-1957/release/3181566 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 911 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 795 Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/creedence-clearwater-revival/1969/max-yasgurs-farm-bethel-ny-13d6b529.html Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 371 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Catégorie : Single publié par Okeh Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Put_a_Spell_on_You&oldid=833804622 '' Categories : 1956 singles 1956 songs 1966 singles 1968 singles 2001 singles Alan Price songs Annie Lennox songs Arthur Brown ( musician ) songs Bette Midler songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Decca Records singles Disney songs Eels ( band ) songs Eric Burdon songs Fantasy Records singles Halloween songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Natacha Atlas songs Nina Simone songs Parrot Records singles Rhythm and blues songs Screamin ' Jay Hawkins songs She & Him songs Sonique ( musician ) songs The Animals songs Van Morrison songs Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 14 : 28 . About Wikipedia
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ccr i put a spell on you album
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Constitution of Cameroon
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Constitution of Cameroon - wikipedia Constitution of Cameroon Jump to : navigation , search Cameroon This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Cameroon Constitution ( show ) Human rights Government ( show ) President ( list ) Paul Biya Prime Minister ( list ) Philémon Yang Government Parliament ( show ) Senate President : Marcel Niat Njifenji National Assembly President : Cavayé Yéguié Djibril Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions Departments Communes Elections ( show ) Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2018 Parliamentary : 2007 2013 Political parties Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Cameroon to Cameroon Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas The Constitution of Cameroon is the supreme law of the Republic of Cameroon . Adopted in 1972 , it is Cameroon 's third constitution . The document consists of a preamble and 13 Parts , each divided into Articles . The Constitution outlines the rights guaranteed to Cameroonian citizens , the symbols and official institutions of the country , the structure and functions of government , the procedure by which the Constitution may be amended , and the process by which the provisions of the Constitution are to be implemented . Cameroon adopted its earliest Constitution upon independence from France in 1960 . This was a hurried draft based closely on French precedents . In 1961 , British Southern Cameroons gained its independence and voted to join its French counterpart . Delegates framed a new Constitution , which made Cameroon a federation of two states under a single powerful president . In 1972 , President Ahmadou Ahidjo pushed through a new document that abolished the federal system , renamed the country the Unitary Republic of Cameroon , and granted the president greater powers . After assuming the presidency , Paul Biya pushed through a revised Constitution in 1984 . This document changed the country 's name to the Republic of Cameroon , redrew the lines of the provinces , and redefined the line of succession to the presidency . The current Constitution was adopted in 1996 in response to pressure from Anglophone Cameroonian groups advocating a return to the federal system . It grants greater autonomy to the provinces ( renamed regions ) and established a Senate as the upper house to the National Assembly . Nevertheless , none of these provisions has been implemented . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 2 Development 2.1 Constitution of 1960 2.2 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Cameroon 2.3 Constitution of the United Republic of Cameroon 2.4 Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon of 1984 2.5 Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon of 1996 2.6 Modifications to the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon in 2008 3 Notes 4 References Contents ( edit ) The Constitution begins with a preamble that names the Cameroonian people 's cultural and linguistic diversity as an integral part of the nation but expresses the desire to form a unitary government . It defines the ideals upon which the nation is built as `` fraternity , justice and progress '' . The preamble asserts that the Cameroonian people shall advance `` ever - growing bonds of solidarity among African Peoples '' and shall adhere to `` the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations '' . The preamble declares that the nation shall use its natural resources to improve the lives of its citizens . The preamble lists several `` inalienable rights '' granted to all Cameroonian citizens . Among them are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the Charter of the United Nations , and the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights . The preamble is the only portion of the Constitution to have remained unchanged since 1960 . Part One ( Articles one -- 3 ) gives the name of the country as the Republic of Cameroon and defines the coat of arms , motto , flag , anthem , and seal . It establishes the nation as a `` decentralized unitary State '' . English and French are designated the official languages . Yaoundé is made the national capital . Sovereignty is placed in the hands of the people , and government authorities are established as being elected by `` direct or indirect universal suffrage '' via secret ballot . The responsibilities of political parties are outlined , and state power is given to the president and the parliament . Part II ( Articles 5 -- 13 ) defines the offices of the president and prime minister . The election of the president , limits of his term , and his constitutional successor are defined . The president is charged with `` ( defining ) the policy of the nation '' , `` ( ensuring ) respect for the Constitution '' , and `` ( ensuring ) the proper functioning of public authorities '' . The president is named head of state and head of the armed forces . The president may appoint ambassadors , enact laws , refer matters to the Constitutional Council , appoint civil and military personnel , dissolve the National Assembly , and declare a state of emergency , taking additional powers on a temporary basis . The prime minister is named head of government , with duties to be defined by the president . The powers of government officials are limited . Part III ( Article 14 -- 24 ) establishes and define the parliament and the means of the selection of its members and its operations . The legislature is made up of two houses , the National Assembly , and the Senate . Part IV ( Articles 25 -- 36 ) reserves further rights to the legislature and details how the president and legislature may interact . This includes the ability to grant legislative power to the president under limited circumstances . The section also details the process by which a bill may pass into law . Part V ( Articles 37 -- 42 ) outlines the powers and responsibilities of the judicial branch of government . The section establishes the Supreme Court , courts of appeal , and the tribunals , and defines their roles . The president retains the power to appoint the members of the judicial branch of government . Part VI ( Articles 43 -- 45 ) grants the president the ability to `` negotiate and ratify treaties and international agreements '' and places such treaties over conflicting national law . The Constitutional Council retains the right to examine the Constitutionality of such agreements . Part VII ( Articles 46 -- 52 ) defines the Constitutional Council and its duties to rule on the Constitutionality of laws and to oversee national elections and referendums . Part VIII ( Article 53 ) establishes and defines the Court of Impeachment . Its duties are to try the president , prime minister , or other members of government in the event of their being charged with high treason . Part IX ( Article 54 ) creates the Economic and Security Council . Part X ( Articles 55 -- 62 ) divides the country into 10 semi-autonomous regions . These are to be ruled by regional councils with high levels of control over regional `` economic , social , health , educational , cultural and sports development '' . The president may disband any regional council or dismiss its members under certain conditions . The president may create , rename , or redefine regions as he sees fit . Part XI ( Articles 63 and 64 ) define the process by which the Constitution may be amended . Such changes require an absolute majority of members of parliament . Alternatively , the president may submit the amendment to a public referendum , which requires a simple majority to pass . Part XII ( Articles 65 and 66 ) names the preamble `` part and parcel of this Constitution '' and requires all government officials to `` declare their assets and property at the beginning and at the end of their tenure of office . '' Part XIII ( Articles 67 -- 69 ) declares that the new institutions created by the 1996 Constitution shall be introduced progressively and that the appropriate elements of the previous Constitution shall remain in force until such time as the changes have been made . The National Assembly maintains the functions of the Senate , the Supreme Court maintains the functions of the Constitutional Council , and the provinces remain in effect until the regions are set up . Legislation enacted prior to the new Constitution remains effective until replaced by subsequent legislation . Development ( edit ) Constitution of 1960 ( edit ) In 1959 , France agreed to grant independence to its Cameroun colony and set a date of 1 January 1960 as the date the new nation would come into being . The original Constitution was hurriedly drafted in 1959 to meet this deadline . The framers based many provisions , such as those outlining the powers of the president , on French models . The Constitution went into effect on 1 January 1960 . Under it , Cameroon was defined as a unitary state with a one - house parliament , whose members were directly elected under universal suffrage . Constitution of the federal Republic of Cameroon ( edit ) When British Southern Cameroons voted to join with French Cameroun 21 months later , delegates of both the Francophone and Anglophone portions of the country drafted a new Constitution at the Foumban Conference . Cameroon was made a federation , with East Cameroon and West Cameroon as its constituent states . The nation changed its name to the Federal Republic of Cameroon . Each state had its own prime minister and legislature ; in East Cameroon , the legislature was unicameral , but in West Cameroon , the West Cameroon House of Chiefs was added . The Constitution established a powerful federal government . The president presided over the union , served by his Vice President , cabinet , and a 50 - member federal legislature . The new document went into force on 1 October 1961 . In 1969 , the Constitution was amended to `` prolong the life of the federal assembly '' and to alter the selection process for the prime ministers of the states . For many years , the vice-president and the prime minister of West Cameroon were the same person , but in 1970 , another amendment stipulated that the vice president could not hold any other government office . Constitution of the United Republic of Cameroon ( edit ) In 1972 , a new Constitution was drafted . The document abolished the federal system and placed broad political power in the position of the president . The name of the country was changed to the United Republic of Cameroon . The previous legislative system was replaced by a unicameral National Assembly of 120 seats . The speaker of the National Assembly was established as the successor to the president . Nevertheless , the body held little real power . The new document was put to a popular referendum and approved on 20 May 1972 . On 2 June 1972 , President Ahmadou Ahidjo issued Decree 72 - 270 , bringing the new document into law . On 9 May 1975 , an amendment established the position of prime minister . On 29 June 1979 , an amendment established the prime minister as the presidential successor . Under this law , Paul Biya replaced Ahmadou Ahidjo as president of Cameroon in November 1982 . Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon of 1984 ( edit ) Biya and Ahidjo feuded behind the scenes over who would maintain political power in Cameroon . After winning the battle , Biya pushed through a new Constitution in 1984 . The document primarily altered Articles 1 , 5 , and 7 of the previous Constitution . Article 1 renamed the country the Republic of Cameroon . Article 5 did away with the post of prime minister . Article 7 established the speaker of the National Assembly as the presidential successor , but it stipulated that any member of government could receive presidential powers in the event of an emergency . This successor or interim president was forbidden to make or change laws or the structure of government , to alter the Constitution , or to participate in the presidential election . Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon of 1996 ( edit ) With the liberalisation of Cameroonian politics in the 1990s , pressure groups from the Anglophone region demanded changes to Cameroon 's government , preferring a return to the federal system of government . Paul Biya responded to the pressure , and on 18 January 1996 , Law Number 96 / 06 enacted a new Constitution in Cameroon . The main changes came in Article 14 , which established a Senate as the upper house of legislature , and Article 6 , which extended the president 's term limit to 7 years , and which placed the president of the Senate or vice-president as the president 's successor . The Constitution replaces the provinces with semi-autonomous regions . Modifications to the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon in 2008 ( edit ) On 10 April 2008 , the National Assembly overwhelmingly passed a bill to amend Law 96 / 06 to change the Constitution to provide the president with immunity from prosecution for acts as president and to allow the chief executive to run for unlimited re-elections , along with a number of other changes . The vote took place after the opposition Social Democratic Front ( SDF ) representatives walked out of the assembly , and just one month after the 2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests , widespread violence that resulted in dozens of deaths and hundreds of arrests of demonstrators protesting price rises and the proposed constitutional changes . There was limited public discussion of the changes leading up to the vote , with declarations by SDF leader John Fru Ndi reportedly prohibited in the national press and television by Alain Belibi Director of Information at the CRTV . A song titled `` 50 years in power '' by popular Cameroon singer Longuè Longuè was also reportedly banned by the Director of Programmes at the CRTV , Celestin Boten , and one journalist who had played the song , Billy Karson , was suspended and banned from air . Another artist Lapiro De Mbanga , who had composed a song titled `` Constitution constipée '' ( `` Constipated Constitution '' ) was arrested , and painter Joe La Conscience ( Joe De Vinci Kameni ) , who had attempted to walk from Loum to Yaoundé to give a petition of 100 signatures to Cameroon President Paul Biya against the constitutional changes , was sentenced to six months in prison . He and a colleague were arrested after initiating a hunger strike for having held a prohibited meeting , the meeting reportedly consisted of two individuals in his private residence at Tsinga . The proposed changes were published in the national newspaper , the Cameroon Tribune , on 7 April 2008 , however the changes listed did not include proposed changes to Article 53 paragraphs 3 and 5 , the paragraphs according immunity to the president . Five members of parliament voted against the bill . Opposition lawmakers and at least one member of the ruling Cameroon People 's Democratic Movement ( CPDM ) , Paul Abine Ayah , member for Akwaya , criticised the bill as a setback for democracy and the country in general . Following the vote it was revealed that Ayah , who had indicated he would vote against the bill , was absent during the vote , and despite having established no procuration , a supportive ballot was cast in his name by fellow CPDM MP Monjowa Lifaka Emilia , member for Fako West . The Presidential Delegate Minister to the National Assembly , Gregoire Owona , reportedly indicated on the Cameroon state - owned national radio station , CRTV , that he had seen a procuration signed by Paul Abine Ayah , however Ayah insisted that he had not signed a procuartion for the period of the constitutional law vote but only for the period 28 March 2008 to 31 March 2008 . On 17 April 2008 the daily newspaper Quotidien Mutations published what was purported to be a procuration signed by Abine Ayah for the period of the vote ( ( Media : ( 1 ) ) ) However , Abine Ayah continued to deny having signed a procuration and insisted the published document was a fake . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . Constitute . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon 1972 ( rev. 2008 ) '' . Constitute . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeLancey and DeLancey 87 . ^ Jump up to : DeLancey and DeLancey 86 . ^ Jump up to : DeLancey and DeLancey 84 . Jump up ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 85 . Jump up ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 229 , 240 . Jump up ^ Cameroon assembly clears way for Biya third term Jump up ^ `` Cameroon clears way for third term '' . Television New Zealand . 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cameroon : Fru Ndi 's Ideas On Constitutional Amendment Banned On CRTV Jump up ^ Cameroun : Malheurs et misères de Joe La Conscience Jump up ^ ! sourcing reference ! Jump up ^ Cameroun : Constitution - ce que propose le gouvernement Jump up ^ Cameroon parliament extends Biya 's term limit Jump up ^ Cameroun Republic 's Constitutional Amendment Debacle : MP from Akwaya , Hon . Paul Abine Ayah , Declares that `` it will take us back 200 years . '' Jump up ^ Désaccord : Un député Rdpc dit non à la modification Jump up ^ Assemblée nationale : Paul Ayah dément les déclarations de Grégoire Owona Archived 2008 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Polémique . : Qui a signé `` la Procuration '' de Ayah Paul ? Jean Francis Belibi Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... 17 April 2008 . Quotidien Mutations , Yaoundé References ( edit ) Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon ( English and French versions ) . 18 January 1996 . Accessed 4 January 2007 . DeLancey , Mark W. , and Mark Dike DeLancey ( 2000 ) : Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon ( 3rd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press . CameroonConstitution.com ( CameroonConstitution.com ) : Portail Internet dedie a la Constitution du Cameroon dans un contexte de Revision ( hide ) Constitution of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Cameroon&oldid=811887347 '' Categories : Cameroonian law Constitutions by country Government of Cameroon Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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constitution of the federal republic of cameroon pdf
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Family Guy (season 3)
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Family Guy ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Family Guy ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy ( season 3 ) DVD cover Starring Seth MacFarlane Alex Borstein Seth Green Mila Kunis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Adult Swim ( episode 22 ) Original release July 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 11 ) -- November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Family Guy episodes Family Guy 's third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes from July 11 , 2001 , to November 9 , 2003 , before being released as a DVD box set and in syndication . It premiered with the episode `` The Thin White Line '' and finished with `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' . The third season of Family Guy continues the adventures of the dysfunctional Griffin family -- father Peter , mother Lois , daughter Meg , son Chris , baby Stewie and Brian , the family pet , who reside in their hometown of Quahog . The executive producers for the third production season were Dan Palladino and series creator Seth MacFarlane . The aired season also contained nine episodes which were holdovers from season two , which were produced by MacFarlane and David Zuckerman . Although Family Guy was initially canceled in 2000 due to low ratings , following a last - minute reprieve , the series returned for a third season in 2001 . The series was canceled again in 2002 ; however , high ratings on Adult Swim and high DVD sales renewed Fox 's interest in the series . The series returned for a total of 35 new episodes in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Production ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Song for the episode `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' Family Guy was first canceled in 2000 following the series ' second season , but following a last - minute reprieve , it returned for a third season in 2001 . In 2002 , the series was canceled again after three seasons due to low ratings . Fox attempted to sell the rights for reruns of the show , but it was difficult to find networks that were interested ; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights , `` ( ... ) basically for free '' , according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television Production . When the reruns were shown on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in 2003 , Family Guy became Adult Swim 's most - watched show with an average 1.9 million viewers an episode . Following Family Guy 's high ratings on Adult Swim , the first season was released on DVD in April 2003 . Sales of the DVD set reached 2.2 million copies , becoming the best - selling television DVD of 2003 and the second highest - selling television DVD ever , behind the first season of Comedy Central 's Chappelle 's Show . The second season DVD release also sold more than a million copies . The show 's popularity in both DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox 's interest in it . They ordered 35 new episodes in 2004 , marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales . Fox president Gail Berman said that it was one of her most difficult decisions to cancel the show , and was therefore happy it would return . The network also began production of a film based on the series . Dan Povenmire , who became a director on Family Guy during the series ' second season , took a more prominent role in directing by the third season , having directed five episodes . Creator Seth MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom . Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him `` We 've got two minutes to fill . Give me some visual gags . Do whatever you want . I trust you . '' Povenmire praised this management style for letting him `` have ( ... ) fun . '' Povenmire brought realism , and material from his own experiences , to the visual direction of Family Guy . For `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' , several characters carried out fosse moves in prison -- Povenmire went into the office of a color artist , Cynthia Macintosh , who had been a professional dancer , and had her strike poses in order for him to better illustrate the sequence . In the episode `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' Povenmire drew on his childhood in the deep south to sequence a background scene where the `` redneck '' character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river . Reception ( edit ) The episode Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows won an Emmy Award for Best Song . Creator MacFarlane , the recipient of the award , noted that the episode 's director Dan Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode 's win . Povenmire jokingly responded `` That 's a nice sentiment and all , but did he offer to give me his ? No ! And it 's not like he does n't already have two of his own just sitting in his house ! '' The third season has received positive reviews from critics . In his review for the Family Guy Volume 3 DVD , Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk stated `` Often brilliant , extremely witty and darkly hilarious , Family Guy was unfortunately cancelled after Fox bumped it around six or seven different time slots . Although this third season was n't as consistent as the first two , it 's still hilarious and fans of the show should definitely pick up this terrific set . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Family Guy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 29 `` The Thin White Line '' Glen Hill Steve Callaghan July 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 11 ) 2ACX17 Peter wins the Griffin family a cruise after winning a company competition . Shortly before the family prepares to leave , Joe recognizes the sensitivity of Brian 's nose and offers him a job detecting drugs as a police sniffer dog . At the airport , Brian uncovers a bystander carrying cocaine ; however , he accidentally inhales it . The next morning , Brian has an emotional breakdown after the family stages an intervention with his psychiatrist . The family compromises on sending him to rehab with their vacation money . Peter joins Brian since he now can not go on vacation , and the two cause unrest among their fellow patients by causing premature births in pregnant teens . After the two are caught , Peter is accused of being Brian 's `` x-factor '' ; however , Brian manages to defend him and decides to leave the center . The Griffins throw a party to celebrate Brian 's return , but are shocked when he announces that he is leaving Quahog to Los Angeles to continue the search for the thrill of his life . 30 `` Brian Does Hollywood '' Gavin Dell Gary Janetti July 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 18 ) 2ACX20 Brian moves to Los Angeles with his cousin Jasper after his drug rehabilitation and inadvertently becomes a film director . The family decides to visit Brian for support in his new career ; however , when it turns out Brian is directing pornography , he attempts to keep it a secret from the family . Meanwhile , Stewie auditions for Kids Say the Darndest Things in order to unleash a mass hypnosis ; however , during the show the following night , host Bill Cosby grabs Stewie 's device and unwittingly foils his plan . Elsewhere , Brian is nominated for Best Director at the Woody Awards for adult films ; Jasper informs the Griffin family about Brian 's job and attend the awards , much to Brian 's relief . By the end of the episode , he decides to return to Quahog with his family . 31 `` Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington '' Brian Hogan Ricky Blitt July 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 25 ) 2ACX11 The Happy - Go - Lucky Toy Factory is purchased by a tobacco conglomerate . Lois develops concern for Peter and believes the company is promoting underage smoking ; Peter attempts to confront management , but is distractingly appointed president in the process ; the family is pampered and treated elegantly as a result . At a meeting , the company decides to send Peter to Washington , D.C. in order to prevent a new anti-smoking bill from being passed into Congress . is to send someone just as dumb , and they decide to send Peter . At home , Lois catches Stewie smoking and attempts to take the family to the meeting in Washington ; although Peter prepares to deliver his speech on the floors of Congress assembled , he spots Stewie coughing from smoking and tells Congress to reject El Dorado 's proposal . When they agree , El Dorado is fined as a result , driving the company to bankruptcy . 32 `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Dan Povenmire Jim Bernstein & Michael Shipley August 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 01 ) 2ACX19 A hurricane demolishes the majority of the buildings in Quahog -- except the Drunken Clam ; however , the bar 's owner leaves for Florida sells it to an Englishman named Nigel Pinchley , who turns it into a British stereotypical pub . Upset over the loss of their favorite bar and failing to find another one , Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe storm a British ship in an attempt to recreate the Boston Tea Party with beer . The following night , the pub burns down ; Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe are blamed and thrown in jail . In prison , one of the toughest criminals Joe ever jailed , Steve Bellows , plans to kill him and the others at midnight on Saturday . Meanwhile , Stewie tries to teach Nigel 's daughter , Eliza to speak `` proper '' English and overcome her `` common '' Cockney accent as part of a bet with Brian ; although he manages to teach her how to speak `` properly '' , at the party , she urinates in front of everybody , slipping back to her Cockney accent and making Stewie lose the bet . Lois , Bonnie , and Loretta decide to investigate the bar 's destruction , and discover that Nigel had withdrawn a large amount of insurance money the day before the pub burned down , they become suspicious . Lois seduces Nigel into confessing , and his insurance agent discovers the entire story . In jail , Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe are rescued before Steve has a chance to kill them , and the Drunken Clam is reinstated to its normal form . In London , Nigel is hanged and Eliza is sent to an orphanage . 33 5 `` And the Wiener Is ... '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman August 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 08 ) 2ACX22 Peter is intimidated by Chris ' larger penis and then becomes very self - conscious about his own manhood , joining a gun club to make himself feel more masculine . Peter decides to take Chris on a hunting trip with his new gun , where the two are attacked by a bear ; Chris manages to save both of them by making loud noises and jumping in front of the bear . Peter apologizes to Chris and realizes that being a man is about bravery and not size . Meanwhile , Meg tries out for cheerleading but is accepted into the flag girl squad instead , where she is pelted with rancid meat by several of the more popular children in her school . The next day , Lois instructs Meg to make friends with Connie D'Amico and prank her whenever the time his right . However , the plan fails when the popular kids trick Meg at Connie 's sixteenth birthday , where they trick her into kissing pig she thought was a popular boy . However , Lois and Meg have the last laugh when the former sends Quagmire to molest the teenagers . 34 6 `` Death Lives '' Rob Renzetti Mike Henry August 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 15 ) 2ACX21 On their wedding anniversary , Peter sends Lois all over Quahog on a scavenger hunt so he can go play golf . But when Peter gets struck by lightning and has a near - death experience , he meets Death again , who explains to Peter his marriage is in trouble if he does not have a revelation , and fast . 35 7 `` Lethal Weapons '' Brian Hogan Chris Sheridan August 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 22 ) 2ACX18 Lois takes taijutsu lessons to fight back against the leafers ( New York tourists ) overtaking the town , but worries that her violence may be a bad influence on her family . When anger management only makes everyone even more angry , they engage in an all - out brawl to get it out of their system . 36 8 `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' Pete Michels Mark Hentemann August 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 29 ) 3ACX02 Meg applies for an internship at Quahog 5 ( due to her crush on news anchor Tom Tucker ) , but so does the annoying Neil . When she is reluctantly driven to kiss Neil , he broadcasts the word of their `` love '' on the news . Meanwhile , a bully learns not to mess with Stewie when he steals his new tricycle . And a man embarrasses Peter by calling him a phony wherever he goes . 37 9 `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' Michael Dante DiMartino Steve Callaghan September 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) 3ACX04 Peter 's boss , Mr. Weed , dies during a dinner with the Griffin family , and the toy factory is demolished as a result . Now unemployed , and failing to find himself other jobs , Peter decides to live his dream of being a Renaissance fair jouster , where he must defend his family 's honor from his former idol . 38 10 `` A Fish Out of Water '' Bert Ring Alex Borstein & Mike Henry September 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 19 ) 3ACX05 After nearly two weeks of unemployment , Peter decides to begin a new career as a fisherman , but faces problems when he has to pay off a boat loan , so he tries to catch the bounty for a legendary fish . Meanwhile , Lois takes Meg to the beach for spring break , but Lois ends up having more fun than Meg . 39 11 `` Emission Impossible '' Peter Shin Dave Collard & Ken Goin November 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 08 ) 3ACX01 After delivering Lois ' sister 's newborn child , Lois and Peter decide to have another baby , prompting Stewie to do whatever he can to stop it , even if it means shrinking himself and wiping out every sperm in Peter 's testicles . However , when he meets a sperm just like himself , Stewie begins to reconsider . 40 12 `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' Dan Povenmire Steve Callaghan November 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 15 ) 3ACX09 The family moves to the deep South when a criminal threatens to kill Chris for witnessing his crime . There Chris befriends a kid named Sam , whom he is forbidden to see by Sam 's father when Peter questions the accuracy of a Civil War reenactment . But there seems to be more to Sam than meets the eye . 41 13 `` Screwed the Pooch '' Pete Michels Dave Collard & Ken Goin November 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 29 ) 3ACX08 The family visits Lois ' parents , the Pewterschmidts , where Brian takes out all of his pent - up sexual energy on the Pewterschmidts ' prize - winning racing greyhound , Sea Breeze . A custody battle then ensues when Sea Breeze is revealed to be pregnant , and Brian is threatened to be neutered . 42 14 `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' Scott Wood Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman December 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 06 ) 3ACX06 While teaching Chris about his Irish heritage , Peter discovers that he has a black ancestor . When this affects his social status and he finds out that his ancestor was a slave to Lois ' family , Peter fights back . Meanwhile , Stewie tries to learn mind control from the school cheerleaders . 43 15 `` Ready , Willing , and Disabled '' Andi Klein Alex Barnow & Marc Firek December 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) 3ACX07 Joe feels discouraged after failing to catch a thief during a chase , so Peter tries to get his self - confidence back by entering him in a handicapped people 's decathlon , but with Joe still helpless , he rigs his drinks with steroids . Meanwhile , Chris , Meg and Stewie fight over $26 in a money clip . 44 16 `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' Brian Hogan Danny Smith December 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 21 ) 2ACX03 It is Christmas time in Quahog , a time when Lois ' plans for a perfect holiday blow up in her face , causing her to break down and go berserk . Stewie uses his role as the baby Jesus in the town play to be good for Santa Claus , about whom he has become paranoid , and to bring Lois back to Earth . 45 17 `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' Dan Povenmire Allison Adler January 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 17 ) 3ACX03 Brian gets a DUI and , as punishment , he is forced to care for Pearl , a bitter old lady . After discovering that she was actually a brilliant opera singer during the 1940s and 50s who was shamed into seclusion once she faced demands to sing her famous radio jingles , Brian tries to brighten her life . Meanwhile , Peter grows a beard and discovers that a family of rare swallows have housed themselves in it . 46 18 `` From Method to Madness '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman January 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 24 ) 3ACX11 Stewie signs up for an acting class , where he 's paired up with a stuck - up child star named Olivia . They become a hit , though the fame quickly sets in and they soon start bickering . Meanwhile , Peter and Lois object to Meg dating a nudist , though later have second thoughts after seeing her upset . 47 19 `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' Michael Dante DiMartino Mark Hentemann January 31 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 31 ) 3ACX10 Peter and Lois are advised to go through a trial separation after Peter becomes jealous over Lois reuniting with an old boyfriend , and he hooks up with Jennifer Love Hewitt . Meanwhile , Stewie and Brian get stuck together after Stewie plays around with industrial - strength glue . 48 20 `` Road to Europe '' Dan Povenmire Daniel Palladino February 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 07 ) 3ACX13 Stewie becomes obsessed with a British kids ' show and runs away to be part of the cast , and Brian gives chase in an attempt to bring him back . Meanwhile , Peter and Lois go to see a Kiss concert , where Lois reveals she knows nothing about the band , much to Peter 's humiliation . 49 21 `` Family Guy Viewer Mail # 1 '' Pete Michels Scott Wood Michael Dante DiMartino Gene Laufenberg Seth MacFarlane Michael Shipley & Jim Bernstein February 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 14 ) 3ACX12 Brian and Stewie host a special episode of Family Guy , featuring three non-canon stories created from viewer requests . No Bones About It -- A genie comes to Peter to grant him wishes ; his last wish makes it so that he has no bones and must deal with life as a lump of lard . Supergriffins -- The Griffins are exposed to nuclear waste and gain superpowers , which lead them to terrorize the city . Li'l Griffins -- Tot - like versions of Peter and Quagmire try to out - brave each other in a haunted house to impress Lois in this Little Rascals parody . 50 22 `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Dan Povenmire Ricky Blitt November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) ( on Adult Swim ) December 10 , 2004 ( on Fox ) 2ACX05 Peter prays for a Jew to help him with his money woes . After befriending a Jewish accountant , Max Weinstein , and discovering the wonders of their religion , Peter gets the ridiculous idea of converting Chris to Judaism as soon as possible so he will be successful in life , but Lois tries to stop him , claiming that success is not based on religion . Family Guy portal Book : Family Guy ( season 3 ) References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Fall TV Preview : ' Family Guy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Morrow , Terry ( August 13 , 2004 ) . `` Resurrected ' Family Guy ' is drawing a growing audience '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2004 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Chris ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Family Guy hits air waves again '' . The Heights . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy has finally been officially cancelled by Fox '' . TKtv . May 16 , 2002 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Canceled and Resurrected , on the Air and Onstage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Devin ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Family Reunion '' . Newsweek . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( March 24 , 2004 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' un-canceled , thanks to DVD sales success '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ; McDowell , Jeanne ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Not TV . It 's TV on DVD '' . Time . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kipnis , Jill ( February 7 , 2004 ) . `` Successful `` Guy '' `` . Billboard . p. 44 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goodale , Gloria ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Cult fans bring ' The Family Guy ' back to TV '' . The Christian Science Monitor . p. 12 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Louie , Rebecca ( April 28 , 2005 ) . `` The ' Family ' ca n't be killed . Fox thought it was out , but we pulled it back on . The ' Guy ' who would n't die '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' may return '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Strike , Joe . ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , Page 3. `` . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , p. 142 Jump up ^ Callaghan , p. 140 Jump up ^ Callaghan , p. 171 Jump up ^ Callaghan , pp. 192 Jump up ^ Callaghan , pp. 194 Jump up ^ Beierle , Aaron ( September 5 , 2003 ) . `` Family Guy -- Vol. 3 '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . General Callaghan , Steve ( 2005 ) . Family Guy : The Official Episode Guide , Seasons 1 -- 3 . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083305 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Family Guy season 3 Season 3 at TV.com Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 3 `` The Thin White Line '' `` Brian Does Hollywood '' `` Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington '' `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' `` And the Wiener Is ... '' `` Death Lives '' `` Lethal Weapons '' `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' `` A Fish Out of Water '' `` Emission Impossible '' `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' `` Screwed the Pooch '' `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' `` Ready , Willing , and Disabled '' `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' `` From Method to Madness '' `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' `` Road to Europe '' `` Family Guy Viewer Mail # 1 '' `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards `` The 100th Episode Special '' Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2010 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Guy_(season_3)&oldid=802731191 '' Categories : Family Guy ( season 3 ) episodes Family Guy seasons 2001 American television seasons 2002 American television seasons 2003 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Gaeilge Italiano ქართული Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did season 3 of family guy air
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"Family Guy's third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes from July 11, 2001, to November 9, 2003, before being released as a DVD box set and in syndication. It premiered with the episode \"The Thin White Line\" and finished with \"When You Wish Upon a Weinstein\". The third season of Family Guy continues the adventures of the dysfunctional Griffin family—father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and Brian, the family pet, who reside in their hometown of Quahog."
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"from July 11, 2001, to November 9, 2003"
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Field of Dreams
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Field of Dreams - wikipedia Field of Dreams For other uses , see Field of Dreams ( disambiguation ) . Field of Dreams Promotional poster by Olga Kaljakin Directed by Phil Alden Robinson Produced by Lawrence Gordon Charles Gordon Screenplay by Phil Alden Robinson Based on Shoeless Joe by W.P. Kinsella Starring Kevin Costner Amy Madigan James Earl Jones Ray Liotta Burt Lancaster Music by James Horner Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Ian Crafford Distributed by Universal Pictures ( United States ) TriStar Pictures / Carolco Pictures ( International ) Release date April 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 21 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $84.4 million Field of Dreams is a 1989 American fantasy - drama sports film directed by Phil Alden Robinson , who also wrote the screenplay , adapting W.P. Kinsella 's novel Shoeless Joe . It stars Kevin Costner , Amy Madigan , James Earl Jones , Ray Liotta and Burt Lancaster in his final film role . It was nominated for three Academy Awards , including for Best Original Score , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture . In 2017 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Field 3.4 Music 4 Historical connections 5 Release and reception 6 Honors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ray Kinsella is a novice Iowa farmer who lives with his wife , Annie , and daughter , Karin . In the opening narration , he explains how he had a troubled relationship with his father , John Kinsella , who had been a devoted baseball fan . While walking through his cornfield one evening , he hears a voice whispering , `` If you build it , he will come . '' He continues hearing this before finally seeing a vision of a baseball diamond in his field . Annie is skeptical , but she allows him to plow the corn under in order to build a baseball field . As he builds , he tells Karin the story of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal . Months pass and nothing happens ; his family faces financial ruin until , one night , Karin spots a uniformed man on the field . Ray recognizes him as Shoeless Joe Jackson , a deceased baseball player idolized by John . Thrilled to be able to play baseball again , Joe asks to bring others to the field to play . He later returns with the seven other players banned as a result of the 1919 scandal . Ray 's brother - in - law , Mark , ca n't see the players and warns him that he will go bankrupt unless he replants his corn . While in the field , Ray hears the voice again , this time urging him to `` ease his pain . '' Ray attends a PTA meeting at which the possible banning of books by radical author Terence Mann is discussed . He decides the voice was referring to Mann . He comes across a magazine interview dealing with Mann 's childhood dream of playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers . After Ray and Annie both dream about him and Mann attending a baseball game together at Fenway Park , he convinces her that he should seek out Mann . He heads to Boston and persuades a reluctant , embittered Mann to attend a game with him at Fenway Park . While there , he hears the voice again , this time urging him to `` go the distance . '' At the same time , the scoreboard `` shows '' statistics for a player named Archibald `` Moonlight '' Graham , who played one game for the New York Giants in 1922 , but never had a turn at bat . After the game , Mann eventually admits that he , too , saw it . Ray and Mann then travel to Chisholm , Minnesota where they learn that Graham had become a doctor and had died sixteen years earlier . During a late night walk , Ray finds himself back in 1972 and encounters the then - living Graham , who states that he had moved on from his baseball career . He also says that the greater disappointment would have been not having a medical career . He declines Ray 's invitation to fulfill his dream ; however , during the drive back home , Ray picks up a young hitchhiker who introduces himself as Archie Graham . While Archie sleeps , Ray reveals to Mann that John had wanted him to live out his dream of being a baseball star . He stopped playing catch with him after reading one of Mann 's books at 14 . At 17 , he had denounced Shoeless Joe as a criminal to John and that was the reason for the rift between them . Ray expresses regret that he did n't get a chance to make things right before John died . When they arrive back at Ray 's farm , they find that enough players have arrived to field two teams . A game is played and Archie finally gets his turn at bat . The Field of Dreams , Dyersville , Iowa -- May 2006 The next morning , Mark returns and demands that Ray sell the farm . Karin says that they will not need to because people will pay to watch the ballgames . Mann agrees , saying that `` people will come '' in order to relive their childhood innocence . Ray , after much thought , refuses and a frustrated Mark scuffles with him , during which Karin is accidentally knocked off the bleachers . The young Graham runs from the field to help , becoming old Graham , complete with Gladstone bag , the instant he steps off of it , and saves Karin from choking ( she had been eating a hot dog when she fell ) . Ray realizes that Graham sacrificed his young self in order to save her . After reassuring Ray that his true calling was medicine and being commended by the other players , Graham leaves , disappearing into the corn . Suddenly , Mark is able to see the players and urges Ray not to sell the farm . After the game , Shoeless Joe invites Mann to enter the corn ; he accepts and disappears into it . Ray is angry at not being invited , but Shoeless Joe rebukes him : if he really wants a reward for having sacrificed so much , then he had better stay on the field . Shoeless Joe then glances towards a player at home plate , saying `` If you build it , he will come . '' The player then removes his mask , and Ray recognizes him to be his father , John , as a young man . Shocked , Ray realizes that `` ease his pain '' referred to his dad , and believes that Shoeless Joe was the voice all along ; however , Joe implies that `` ease his pain '' was about Ray himself . Joe then disappears into the corn . Ray introduces John ( never calling him `` Dad '' ) to Annie and Karin . As he heads towards the corn , Ray asks him if he wants to play a game of catch . They begin to play and Annie happily watches . Meanwhile , hundreds of cars can be seen approaching the baseball field , fulfilling Karin and Mann 's prophecy that people will come to watch baseball . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Costner as Ray Kinsella Amy Madigan as Annie Kinsella James Earl Jones as Terence Mann Ray Liotta as Shoeless Joe Jackson Burt Lancaster as Archibald `` Moonlight '' Graham Frank Whaley as Archie Graham Timothy Busfield as Mark Dwier Brown as John Kinsella Art LaFleur as Chick Gandil Michael Milhoan as Buck Weaver Steve Eastin as Eddie Cicotte Charles Hoyes as Swede Risberg Gaby Hoffmann as Karin Kinsella Fern Persons as Annie 's mother Kelly Coffield Park as Dee Production ( edit ) Phil Alden Robinson read Shoeless Joe in 1981 and liked it so much that he brought it to producers Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon . Lawrence Gordon worked for 20th Century Fox , part of the time as its president , and repeatedly mentioned that the book should be adapted into a film . The studio , however , always turned down the suggestion because they felt the project was too esoteric and noncommercial . Meanwhile , Robinson went ahead with his script , frequently consulting W.P. Kinsella , the book 's author , for advice on the adaptation . Lawrence Gordon left Fox in 1986 and started pitching the adaptation to other studios . Universal Studios accepted the project in 1987 and hired USC coach Rod Dedeaux as baseball advisor . Dedeaux brought along World Series champion and USC alumnus Don Buford to coach the actors . The film was shot using the novel 's title ; eventually , an executive decision was made to rename it Field of Dreams . Robinson did not like the idea , saying he loved Shoeless Joe , and that the new title was better suited for one about dreams deferred . Later , Kinsella told Robinson that his originally chosen title for the book had been The Dream Field and that the title Shoeless Joe had been imposed by the publisher . Casting ( edit ) Robinson and the producers did not originally consider Kevin Costner for the part of Ray because they did not think that he would want to follow Bull Durham with another baseball film . He , however , did end up reading the script and became interested in the project , stating that he felt it would be `` this generation 's It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Since Robinson 's directing debut In the Mood had been a commercial failure , Costner also said that he would help him with the production . Amy Madigan , a fan of the book , joined the cast as Ray 's wife , Annie . In the book , the writer Ray seeks out is real - life author J.D. Salinger . When Salinger threatened the production with a lawsuit if his name was used , Robinson decided to rewrite the character as reclusive Terence Mann . He wrote with James Earl Jones in mind because he thought it would be fun to see Ray trying to kidnap such a big man . Robinson had originally envisioned Shoeless Joe Jackson as being played by an actor in his 40s , someone who would be older than Costner and who could thereby act as a father surrogate . Ray Liotta did not fit that criterion , but Robinson thought he would be a better fit for the part because he had the `` sense of danger '' and ambiguity which Robinson wanted in the character . Burt Lancaster had originally turned down the part of Moonlight Graham , but changed his mind after a friend , who was also a baseball fan , told him that he had to work on the film . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on May 25 , 1988 . The shooting schedule was built around Costner 's availability because he would be leaving in August to film Revenge . Except for some weather delays and other time constraints , production rolled six days a week . The interior scenes were the first ones shot because the cornfield planted by the filmmakers was taking too long to grow . Irrigation had to be used to quickly grow the corn to Costner 's height . Primary shot locations were in Dubuque County , Iowa ; a farm near Dyersville was used for the Kinsella home ; an empty warehouse in Dubuque was used to build various interior sets . Galena , Illinois served as Moonlight Graham 's Chisholm , Minnesota . One week was spent on location shots in Boston , most notably Fenway Park . Robinson , despite having a sufficient budget as well as the cast and crew he wanted , constantly felt tense and depressed during filming . He felt that he was under too much pressure to create an outstanding film , and that he was not doing justice to the original novel . Lawrence Gordon convinced him that the end product would be effective . During a lunch with the Iowa Chamber of Commerce , Robinson broached his idea of a final scene in which headlights could be seen for miles along the horizon . The Chamber folks replied that it could be done and the shooting of the final scene became a community event . The film crew was hidden on the farm to make sure the aerial shots did not reveal them . Dyersville was then blacked out and local extras drove their vehicles to the field . In order to give the illusion of movement , the drivers were instructed to continuously switch between their low and high beams . Field ( edit ) The baseball field from the film Scenes of the Kinsella farm were taken on the property of Don Lansing ; some of the baseball field scenes were shot on the neighboring farm of Al Ameskamp . Because the shooting schedule was too short for grass to naturally grow , the experts on sod laying responsible for Dodger Stadium and the Rose Bowl were hired to create the baseball field . Part of the process involved painting the turf green . After shooting , Ameskamp again grew corn on his property ; Lansing maintained his as a tourist destination . He did not charge for admission or parking , deriving revenue solely from the souvenir shop . By the film 's twentieth anniversary , approximately 65,000 people visited annually . In July , 2010 , the farm containing the `` Field '' was listed as for sale . It was sold on October 31 , 2011 , to Go The Distance Baseball , LLC , for an undisclosed fee , believed to be around $5.4 million . Music ( edit ) At first , James Horner was unsure if he could work on the film due to scheduling restrictions . Then he watched a rough cut and was so moved that he accepted the job of scoring it . Robinson had created a temp track which was disliked by Universal executives . When the announcement of Horner as composer was made , they felt more positive because they expected a big orchestral score , similar to Horner 's work for An American Tail . Horner , in contrast , liked the temporary score , finding it `` quiet and kind of ghostly . '' He decided to follow the idea of the temp track , creating an atmospheric soundtrack which would `` focus on the emotions '' . In addition to Horner 's score , portions of several pop songs are heard during the film . They are listed in the following order in the closing credits : `` Crazy '' , written by Willie Nelson and performed by Beverly D'Angelo `` Daydream '' , written by John Sebastian and performed by The Lovin ' Spoonful `` Jessica '' , written by Dickey Betts and performed by The Allman Brothers Band `` China Grove '' , written by Tom Johnston and performed by The Doobie Brothers `` Lotus Blossom '' , written by Billy Strayhorn and performed by Duke Ellington Historical connections ( edit ) The character played by Burt Lancaster and Frank Whaley , Archibald `` Moonlight '' Graham , is based on an actual baseball player with the same name . His character is largely true to life except for a few factual liberties taken for artistic reasons . For instance , the real Graham 's lone major league game occurred in June 1905 , rather than on the final day of the 1922 season . The real Graham died in 1965 , as opposed to 1972 as the film depicts . In the film , Terence Mann interviews a number of people about Graham . The DVD special points out that the facts they gave him were taken from articles written about the real man . Release and reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) Universal scheduled the film to open in the U.S. on April 21 , 1989 . It debuted in just a few theaters and was gradually released to more screens so that it would have a spot among the summer blockbusters . It ended up playing until December . As of June 2017 , review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 86 % , based on 58 reviews with an average score of 7.8 / 10 . The consensus states : `` Field of Dreams is sentimental , but in the best way ; it 's a mix of fairy tale , baseball , and family togetherness . '' Roger Ebert awarded the film a perfect four stars , admiring its ambition : `` This is the kind of movie Frank Capra might have directed , and James Stewart might have starred in -- a movie about dreams . '' Honors ( edit ) In June 2008 , after having polled over 1,500 people in the creative community , AFI revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres . The film was acknowledged as the sixth best one in the fantasy genre . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` If you build it , he will come . '' -- # 39 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 28 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 6 Fantasy Film In 2017 , the US Library of Congress selected Field of Dreams as one of its 25 annual additions to the National Film Registry . The announcement quotes film critic Leonard Maltin , who called the film `` a story of redemption and faith , in the tradition of the best Hollywood fantasies with moments of pure magic . '' See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Film in the United States portal List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Field of Dreams ( 1989 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laff at the Movies ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Review : `` Touchback '' Is an Inspiring Drama that Will Make You Smile `` . Grand Rapids , MI : WOOD - TV . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Field of Dreams ' '' . JeffCarneyFilms.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for ' Field of Dreams ' '' . Box Office Mojo . August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a ' Field of Dreams ' '' ( Press release ) . Library of Congress . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ' Field of Dreams ' Scrapbook '' . Field of Dreams ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( April 21 , 1989 ) . `` Diamonds Are Forever : Director Fields the Lost Hopes of Adolescence '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Field of Dreams ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` ' Field of Dreams ' Screens to Mark 20th Anniversary '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Grossfeld , Stan ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Living in a Dream World ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Greg ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Field of Dreams ' Iowa Farm Sold for Millions '' . Chicago : WMAQ - TV . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight Graham '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Field of Dreams ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( April 21 , 1989 ) . `` Field of Dreams Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1989 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' ( Press release ) . American Film Institute . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 -- via ComingSoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores : Honoring America 's Greatest Film Music '' ( PDF ) ( Official ballot ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) ( Official ballot ) ( 10th Anniversary ed . ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Field of Dreams Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field of Dreams . Official website Field of Dreams on IMDb Field of Dreams at the TCM Movie Database Field of Dreams at AllMovie Field of Dreams at Rotten Tomatoes Field of Dreams at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Phil Alden Robinson In the Mood ( 1987 ) Field of Dreams ( 1989 ) Sneakers ( 1992 ) Freedom Song ( 2000 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) The Angriest Man in Brooklyn ( 2014 ) Black Sox Scandal Banned players Eddie Cicotte Happy Felsch Chick Gandil Shoeless Joe Jackson Fred McMullin Swede Risberg Buck Weaver Lefty Williams Other figures Abe Attell Sleepy Bill Burns Charles Comiskey Judge Hugo Friend Hugh Fullerton Joe Gedeon Kid Gleason Ban Johnson Kenesaw Mountain Landis Billy Maharg Arnold Rothstein Sport Sullivan Films Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Miscellaneous 1919 Chicago White Sox season 1919 Cincinnati Reds season 1919 World Series Curse of the Black Sox Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Field of Dreams Book : Black Sox Scandal Boston Red Sox Established in 1901 Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy McGreevy 's Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Fear Strikes Out Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town Patriots Day The Jimmy Fund Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Faithful Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 9 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 2018 League Pennants ( 14 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 2018 Division championships ( 10 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 2018 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox 1 DSL Red Sox 2 Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 119 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_of_Dreams&oldid=864397570 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s fantasy films 1980s ghost films 1980s sports films American baseball films American drama films American fantasy films American films American ghost films Culture of Dubuque , Iowa Films scored by James Horner Films about families Films based on Canadian novels Films based on works by W.P. Kinsella Films directed by Phil Alden Robinson Films set in Boston Films set in Iowa Films set in Minnesota Films shot in Illinois Films shot in Iowa Films shot in Massachusetts Sports drama films Time travel films Universal Pictures films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from March 2015 All articles with incomplete citations Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 23 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the voice if you build it they will come
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Brent Smith
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Brent Smith - wikipedia Brent Smith For the football player , see Brent Smith ( American football ) . Brent Smith Smith performing with Shinedown in 2018 Brent Stephen Smith ( 1978 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1978 ( age 40 ) Knoxville , Tennessee , U.S. Occupation Singer songwriter musician Years active 2001 -- present Partner ( s ) Teresa Collier Children Musical career Genres Alternative rock hard rock post-grunge alternative metal Instruments Vocals guitar drums Labels Atlantic Roadrunner Associated acts Shinedown Website shinedown.com Brent Stephen Smith ( born January 10 , 1978 ) , is an American singer , songwriter , and musician best known as the lead vocalist of the band Shinedown . Contents 1 Early life 2 Personal life 3 Musical career 4 Discography 4.1 Shinedown 4.2 Other 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Brent Smith was born in Knoxville , Tennessee and is an only child . Personal life ( edit ) Smith was in a relationship with Teresa Collier until February of 2016 . They had one son together , Lyric Santana Smith . Smith struggled with drugs , alcohol , and his weight . Smith eventually lost weight through exercise and a healthier diet . Smith says that both his girlfriend and son inspired him to lose weight . Musical career ( edit ) Prior to fronting the rock band Shinedown , Smith had a high school band named Blind Thoughts and later was the lead singer in a band called Dreve , which Atlantic Records had signed . Atlantic Records forced Brent to either find another band or lose his record deal . He made Shinedown shortly after . He then went to Los Angeles , California to record with well - known producer Desmond Child . Shortly after returning home to Knoxville , Tennessee , Atlantic dropped the band but retained Smith . He was soon given a developmental contract by Atlantic Records . Smith moved to Jacksonville , Florida and began working on the project in 2001 . Smith performing with Shinedown in 2012 The first member he recruited was bassist Brad Stewart , through local Jacksonville music producer Pete Thornton. Smith and Stewart began recording demos together in a small local studio , whose owner recommended they meet with her fiancé , guitarist Jasin Todd , who Smith brought in as the third member . The original lineup was rounded out by drummer Barry Kerch , who was the seventh drummer the band had auditioned for the spot . The four worked together on creating demos , and submitted their work - in - progress material to Atlantic , who approved of the material and green - lighted a full - length album . The band 's debut album , Leave a Whisper was released May 27 , 2003 . The album was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA in the United States , indicating sales of over one million . Shinedown has since released four more studio albums , Us and Them ( 2005 ) , The Sound of Madness ( 2008 ) , Amaryllis ( 2012 ) and Threat to Survival ( 2015 ) . In 2014 , Smith and Zach Myers started an acoustic side project called Smith & Myers . Smith performing with Shinedown in 2016 In early 2016 , the band started recording their sixth album , as they revealed in an interview with Wes Styles of the 97.7 WQLZ radio station . The album , Attention Attention , was released on May 4 , 2018 . The first single off the album , titled `` Devil '' , was released on March 7 , 2018 . Discography ( edit ) Shinedown ( edit ) Main article : Shinedown discography Leave a Whisper ( 2003 ) Us a Them ( 2005 ) Sound of Madness ( 2008 ) Amaryllis ( 2012 ) Threat to Survival ( 2015 ) Attention Attention ( 2018 ) Other ( edit ) Halestorm `` Here 's to Us ( Guest Version ) ( feat . Slash , Brent Smith , Wolfgang Van Halen , Myles Kennedy , James Michael , Tyler Connolly , David Draiman & Maria Brink ) '' ( The Strange Case Of ... ( Reissue Version ) ) In This Moment `` Sexual Hallucination ( feat . Brent Smith ) '' ( Black Widow ) Apocalyptica `` Not Strong Enough ( feat . Brent Smith ) '' ( 7th Symphony ) Dreve ( Brent 's Previous band ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shinedown , Seether + Breaking Benjamin Lead ' NOW That 's What I Call Rock ! ' Compilation '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` Interview - Brent Smith Of Shinedown '' . Crypticrock.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown Leave a Whisper '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown bringing acoustic tour to Tampa 's Straz Center Tampa Bay Times and tbt * '' . Tampabay.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Brent Stephen . `` Songwriter / Composer : SMITH BRENT STEPHEN '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brent Smith Discography '' . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Shinedown 's Brent Smith '' . Baltimoresun . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown Singer Reflects on Being Only Child and ' Second Chance ' '' . Noisecreep.com . Jump up ^ Fell , James ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Brent Smith of Shinedown cleans up and slims down '' . LA Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karki , Ashmita ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Brent Smith reveals how his girlfriend Teresa and his son Lyric Santana Smith changed his life '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Shinedown '' . Metal-Rules.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ name = bijog > bijog ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brent Smith '' . bijog . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hester , James ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Scars '' . iUniverse -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Leave a Whisper - Shinedown - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown front man finds a new way of life during making of ' Amaryllis ' '' . Thedailytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Myers '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown to release next Album in April 2018 '' . July 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Shinedown 's Myspace Profile Interview @ smnews.com Shinedown Brent Smith Barry Kerch Zach Myers Eric Bass Jasin Todd Brad Stewart Nick Perri Studio albums Leave a Whisper Us and Them The Sound of Madness Amaryllis Threat to Survival Attention Attention EPs iTunes Session Acoustic Sessions Singles `` Fly from the Inside '' `` 45 '' `` Simple Man '' `` Burning Bright '' `` Save Me '' `` I Dare You '' `` Heroes '' `` Devour '' `` Second Chance '' `` Sound of Madness '' `` If You Only Knew '' `` The Crow & the Butterfly '' `` Diamond Eyes ( Boom - Lay Boom - Lay Boom ) '' `` Bully '' `` Unity '' `` Enemies '' `` I 'll Follow You '' `` Adrenaline '' `` Cut the Cord '' `` State of My Head '' `` Asking For It '' `` How Did You Love '' `` Devil '' Music DVDs Live from the Inside Somewhere in the Stratosphere Related articles Discography MusicBrainz : 5f3a6bb1 - 8376 - 4e13 - b4d3 - 8c31b1955903 VIAF : 145659654 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brent_Smith&oldid=856365935 '' Categories : American rock singers Living people People from Knoxville , Tennessee 1978 births Singers from Tennessee American heavy metal singers Shinedown members Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who is the lead singer of the band shinedown
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"Brent Stephen Smith[5] (born January 10, 1978),[6] is an American singer, songwriter, and musician best known as the lead vocalist of the band Shinedown.[7][6][8]\n"
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Territorial evolution of North America since 1763
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Territorial Evolution of North America since 1763 - wikipedia Territorial Evolution of North America since 1763 Jump to : navigation , search Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years ' War / Guerre de Sept Ans , or by French - Canadians , La Guerre de la Conquête . It was signed by Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement . Preferring to keep Guadeloupe , France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain . With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent . At first only the imperial powers of Europe had the resources to support and expand settlements in North America . As time went on the colonies became more powerful and sought independence from the Old World . These demands for more autonomy sparked several wars , including the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) and the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) . The last major colonial power on the continent , the United Kingdom , granted dominion status to Canada in 1867 and slowly turned over its remaining land to that country over the next 100 years , with the last land transfer being the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949 . Throughout this period , France maintained the small North American territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of the island of Newfoundland . From independence , the United States expanded rapidly to the west , acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 and fighting a war with Mexico to push west to the Pacific . At the same time , British settlement in Canada increased . US expansion was complicated by the division between `` free '' and `` slave '' states , which led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Likewise , Canada faced tensions between settlers , including French and English communities , and the colonial administration that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837 . Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives , as well as the rebellion of the English - speaking region of Texas , which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836 . In 1845 Texas joined the United States and in 1867 the United States acquired Alaska from Russia . The last major territorial change occurred when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949 , but there have been a number of small adjustments like the Boundary Treaty of 1970 where the city of Rio Rico , Texas , was ceded to Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 See also 2 Notes 3 Before 1763 4 1763 5 1774 6 1775 7 1778 8 1779 9 1783 10 1784 11 October 28 , 1790 12 1791 13 1792 14 1793 15 1796 16 1799 17 1800 18 January 1 , 1801 19 1802 20 1803 21 1805 22 March 1 , 1809 23 1810 24 1812 25 December 11 , 1816 26 1817 27 1818 28 1819 29 1820 30 1821 31 1824 32 February 28 , 1825 33 1828 34 September 30 , 1830 35 1835 36 1836 37 January 26 , 1837 38 July 4 , 1838 39 January 17 , 1840 40 1841 41 1842 42 1845 43 1846 44 1848 45 1849 46 1850 47 1853 48 May 30 , 1854 49 February 12 , 1857 50 1858 51 1859 52 1861 53 July 14 , 1862 54 1863 55 1864 56 1865 57 1866 58 1867 59 1868 60 1869 61 July 15 , 1870 62 July 20 , 1871 63 October 21 , 1872 64 July 1 , 1873 65 July 26 , 1874 66 1876 67 February 8 , 1879 68 1880 69 July 1 , 1881 70 March 28 , 1882 71 1884 72 May 7 , 1886 73 1889 74 1890 75 November 24 , 1894 76 October 2 , 1895 77 1896 78 1897 79 June 13 , 1898 80 May 23 , 1901 81 November 24 , 1902 82 1903 83 September 1 , 1905 84 1906 85 1907 86 1912 87 February 5 , 1917 88 March 28 , 1921 89 March 11 , 1927 90 1928 91 November 11 , 1930 92 February 7 , 1931 93 1934 94 1948 95 March 31 , 1949 96 November 21 , 1952 97 1959 98 1970 99 October 8 , 1974 100 April 1 , 1999 101 Annotations 102 Bibliography 102.1 Citations 102.2 References See also ( edit ) Territorial evolution of the United States Territorial evolution of Canada Territorial evolution of Mexico Animated map of North America Animated map of the Canada provinces evolution version 1 Animated map of the Canada provinces evolution version 2 Animated map of US states by date of statehood Animated map of Mexico Notes ( edit ) France is still listed as a nation in North America throughout its history because of their possession of the small islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast of Newfoundland ( the island ) . Republic of Indian Stream ( 1832 -- 1835 ) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine and New Hampshire of the U.S. and Quebec and New Brunswick of Canada . Republic of Madawaska ( 1827 -- 1842 ) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine ( U.S. ) and Canada ; the area was known as Madawaska Valley . It was then transferred to Quebec in 1842 , then transferred to New Brunswick at some point in the 1850s ( see Mitchell maps of Canada - East of 1850 & 1860 ) . Territories of a nation are represented by a lighter color than that for that nation 's states or provinces . Before 1763 ( edit ) See Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763 1763 ( edit ) February 10 , 1763 The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War . It was signed by Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement . Preferring to keep Guadeloupe , France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain . his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty , in full right , Canada , with all its dependencies , as well as the island of Cape Breton , and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence , and in general , every thing that depends on the said countries , lands , islands , and coasts , with the sovereignty , property , possession , and all rights acquired by treaty , or otherwise , which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had until now over the said countries , lands , islands , places , coasts , and their inhabitants '' -- French King Spain ceded Florida to the British , but later received New Orleans and French Louisiana from them . October 7 , 1763 By the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , King George III of Great Britain created the Province of Quebec in the St. Lawrence valley , the part of the former French province of Canada that was settled by people of French descent . The Great Lakes basin was barred to European settlement , reserved as exclusive `` hunting grounds '' for the `` several nations or tribes of Indians '' under the king 's `` protection . '' 1774 ( edit ) By the Quebec Act , the territory of the Province of Quebec was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve , including much of what is now southern Ontario , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , Wisconsin , and parts of Minnesota . 1775 ( edit ) To ensure their claim on the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Bruno de Hezeta and Francisco Mourelle in the Santiago and Sonora sailed to what is now Vancouver Island and then south along the coast before continuing north as far as modern day Alaska . 1778 ( edit ) In 1778 Saint Pierre and Miquelon were attacked by a force led by Newfoundland 's Governor John Montagu and then population deported by the British as retaliation for French support of the American Revolutionary War . The residents were sent to France and their homes were destroyed . 1779 ( edit ) In another attempt to assert Spanish authority over the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Ignatio de Arteaga in La Princesa to what is now Prince of Wales Island and as far north and west as Unalaska . 1783 ( edit ) January 20 , 1783 Great Britain surrendered East Florida and West Florida to Spain ; British inhabitants had 18 months from the date of ratification to leave . September 3 , 1783 The 1783 Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States of America , which had rebelled against British rule . The other combatant nations , France , Spain and the Dutch Republic , had separate agreements , known as the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) . The Kingdom of Great Britain recognized the territory south of what is now Canada , east of the Mississippi and north of Florida as American property . Vermont remained independent until 1791 . France regained Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1783 after the Peace of Paris and some residents returned to the islands . 1784 ( edit ) In 1784 , Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov , who later set up the Russian - Alaska Company that colonized early Alaska , arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island with two ships , the Three Saints and the St. Simon . The indigenous Koniag harassed the Russian party and Shelikhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest . Having established his authority on Kodiak Island , Shelikhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska ( after Unalaska ) on the island 's Three Saints Bay . August 23 , 1784 Delegates from the North Carolina counties of Washington , Sullivan , Spencer ( now Hawkins ) and Greene -- all in present - day Tennessee -- convened in the town of Jonesborough and declared the lands the State of Frankland , independent of North Carolina . A constitution modeled on that of North Carolina was adopted with few changes , and the state name was changed to `` Franklin '' . By 1790 , the state government had collapsed entirely and the territory was again firmly under the control of North Carolina . October 28 , 1790 ( edit ) In 1789 in attempt to assert its sovereignty over the Pacific coast the Spanish seized British ships in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island . This action sparked an international incident that resulted in the Nootka Convention which was signed on October 28 , 1790 . The conventions stated that the English had the right to found settlements anywhere on the Pacific claimed by Spain but never settled by Spain . As a result claims of sovereignty on the Pacific were determined by settlement or feet on the ground as opposed to claims based on prior discovery . 1791 ( edit ) March 4 , 1791 The Vermont Republic , which included land claimed by New York and New Hampshire and , while unrecognized by the United States , was a de facto independent country , was admitted to the US as the 14th state , Vermont . December 26 , 1791 The Province of Quebec was divided into two parts , Lower Canada and Upper Canada . The Province of Upper Canada ( French : province du Haut - Canada ) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario in Canada . Upper Canada officially existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841 . Its name reflected its position higher up the river or closer to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada , present - day southern Quebec . The division was effected so that Loyalist American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada could have English laws and institutions , and the French - speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion . 1792 ( edit ) March 3 , 1792 The US federal government sold the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania . June 1 , 1792 The western counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains were split off and admitted to the US as the 15th state , Kentucky . 1793 ( edit ) Saint Pierre and Miquelon saw action during the French Revolution when France had declared war on the United Kingdom as part of the War of the First Coalition . This led to a British attack on the islands under Captain William Affleck of Halifax who captured the islands in May 1793 . 1796 ( edit ) June 1 , 1796 The Southwest Territory was admitted to the US as the 16th state , Tennessee . August 2 , 1796 Pinckney 's Treaty , also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo , settled the northern border of West Florida as the 31st parallel . 1799 ( edit ) Sitka was originally settled by the native Tlingit people . Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov , the governor of Russian America . Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian - American Company , a `` semi-official '' colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I . 1800 ( edit ) July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was formed from the western portion of Northwest Territory . It corresponded to present - day Illinois , Indiana , northeastern Minnesota , and Wisconsin , as well as the western half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and all but the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula . Northwest Territory was left with only most of Ohio and the rest of Michigan . October 1 , 1800 In the secretly negotiated Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ( formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain , Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana ) , Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France . January 1 , 1801 ( edit ) The Kingdom of Great Britain or Great Britain changed its name to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or United Kingdom on January 1 , 1801 due to the Act of Union 1800 . 1802 ( edit ) Amiens Treaty of 1802 specified that Saint Pierre and Miquelon would again be returned to France . Although it took until 1816 for the British to honor the Treaty and allow the French to return . 1803 ( edit ) March 1 , 1803 The southeastern portion of Northwest Territory was admitted to the US as the 17th state , Ohio . The remainder of Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . April 30 , 1803 The Louisiana Purchase was made , expanding the United States west of the Mississippi River . There was a dispute with West Florida over how much land east of the Mississippi River it included . The purchase extended slightly north of the modern borders , as it was defined only as the watershed of the Mississippi River . The purchase consisted of the whole of present - day Arkansas , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma , and portions of Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , Montana , New Mexico , North Dakota , South Dakota , Texas and Wyoming . It also included the southernmost portions of the present - day Canadian provinces of Alberta , Manitoba , and Saskatchewan . The cost was 60 million francs ( $11,250,000 ) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ( $3,750,000 ) . Including interest , the U.S. finally paid $23,213,568 ( US $371,262,331 in 2017 ) for the Louisiana territory . September 1803 The North West Company organized an overland expedition from Montreal to James Bay and a second expedition by sea . In September 1803 , the overland party met the company 's ship at Charlton Island in what is now Nunavut . There , they lay claim to the territory that drained into the Arctic in the name of the North West Company . 1805 ( edit ) January 11 , 1805 Michigan Territory was split from Indiana Territory , including the whole of the lower peninsula of present - day Michigan but only that eastern tip of the upper peninsula which was held by the Northwest Territory after Indiana Territory had been split from it . July 4 , 1805 The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory . March 1 , 1809 ( edit ) Illinois Territory was split from Indiana Territory . Illinois Territory included present - day Illinois , northeastern Minnesota , and Wisconsin . Indiana Territory included the present - day borders of Indiana , with its western and eastern borders continuing northward ; thus , it also included the central portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan , as well as Door Peninsula of present - day Wisconsin . 1810 ( edit ) September 23 , 1810 The short - lived Republic of West Florida declared its independence from Spain . October 27 , 1810 US President James Madison proclaimed the annexation of the Baton Rouge and Mobile Districts of West Florida , declaring them part of the Louisiana Purchase . The US Army occupied the capital , St. Francisville , on December 6 and Baton Rouge on December 10 , bringing an end to the Republic of West Florida after 90 days . 1812 ( edit ) April 30 . Most of the Territory of Orleans was admitted to the US as the 18th state , Louisiana . The rest of the territory ( the northwestern tip ) was ceded to Louisiana Territory . Russian Colony Fort Ross was created . December 11 , 1816 ( edit ) The southern portion of Indiana Territory was admitted as the 19th state , Indiana . The remainder became unorganized . 1817 ( edit ) March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was split from Mississippi Territory ; both correspond to their present - day counterparts . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted to the US as the 20th state , Mississippi . 1818 ( edit ) October 20 , 1818 The Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the border with British - held lands , and Oregon Country was established as a shared land between the United States and United Kingdom . Oregon Country consisted of most of present - day Idaho and Oregon , all of Washington , and a portion of Montana , as well as the southern part of the unorganized British territory which became British Columbia . The treaty transferred the Red River Basin to the United States , consisting of northwestern Minnesota , northeastern North Dakota , and the northeastern tip of South Dakota . December 3 , 1818 The southern portion of Illinois Territory was admitted as the 21st state , Illinois . The remainder was reassigned to Michigan Territory . The unorganized lands which had been a part of Indiana Territory prior to the admission of Indiana as a state were also assigned to Michigan Territory . 1819 ( edit ) February 22 , 1819 The Adams - Onís Treaty or Transcontinental Treaty was signed in Washington , establishing a defined border between the United States and New Spain . The treaty ceded Spain 's claims to Oregon Country to the United States and American claims to Texas to Spain ; moved portions of present - day Colorado , Oklahoma , and Wyoming , and all of New Mexico and Texas , to New Spain ; and all of Spanish Florida as well as a small portion of modern day Colorado to the United States . The new borders intruded on Arkansaw Territory 's Miller County , created on April 1 , 1820 , which dipped below the Red River and into land ceded to Spain . However , the remoteness of the region caused no serious conflict with Spain . March 2 , 1819 The southern part of Missouri Territory was organized as Arkansaw Territory , consisting of present - day Arkansas as well as part of Oklahoma . It was not officially spelled Arkansas until later . December 14 , 1819 Alabama Territory was admitted to the US as the 22nd state , Alabama . 1820 ( edit ) March 16 , 1820 The Maine District of Massachusetts was split off and admitted to the US as the 23rd state , Maine , as part of the Missouri Compromise . 1821 ( edit ) July 1821 In 1821 , the North West Company of Montreal and the Hudson 's Bay Company merged , with a combined territory that was further extended by a license to the watershed of the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted to the US as the 24th state , Missouri . The remainder became unorganized . Missouri did not include its northwestern triangle at this point , that being added later in the Platte Purchase . 1824 ( edit ) October 4 , 1824 The 1824 Constitution of Mexico was enacted , creating the United Mexican States and replacing the Mexican Empire , which had collapsed on March 19 , 1823 . The constitution organized the country into 19 states and four territories . In the aftermath of the end of the empire , Central American regions mostly voted not to stay a part of Mexico , with Chiapas , formerly part of Guatemala , being the only area that favored remaining in Mexico . However , rebels in one part of Chiapas , Soconusco , proclaimed its separation from Mexico on July 24 , 1824 , and it was formally annexed by the Federal Republic of Central America on August 18 , 1824 . November 15 , 1824 Arkansas Territory was shrunk , the western portion becoming unorganized . February 28 , 1825 ( edit ) The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 , also known as the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1825 , defined the boundaries between Russian America and British claims and possessions in the Pacific Northwest of North America at 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude . 1828 ( edit ) May 6 , 1828 Arkansas Territory was shrunk further , attaining the present - day borders of Arkansas , with the remainder again becoming unorganized , excepting the land it still claimed as Miller County . September 30 , 1830 ( edit ) The state of Sonora y Sinaloa was split into two states , Sinaloa and Sonora . 1835 ( edit ) May 23 , 1835 The territory of Aguascalientes was split from the state of Zacatecas . June 30 , 1834 A large portion of unorganized land was added to Michigan Territory , corresponding to present - day Iowa , western Minnesota , and eastern North Dakota and South Dakota . 1836 ( edit ) June 15 , 1836 Arkansas Territory was admitted to the US as the 25th state , Arkansas . It continued to claim Miller County , with increasing irrelevance . March 2 , 1836 Due to disapproval of the government of Antonio López de Santa Anna , the Tejas region of the state of Coahuila y Tejas declared independence . The remainder was renamed simply Coahuila . The Treaties of Velasco signified the end of the Texas Revolution on May 14 , 1836 , creating the Republic of Texas . July 4 , 1836 Wisconsin Territory was split off from Michigan Territory , consisting of present - day Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa , and eastern North and South Dakota . As an inducement to give up its claim over the Toledo Strip to Ohio , the whole of the present - day upper peninsula was assigned to Michigan Territory , giving it the present - day borders of Michigan . January 26 , 1837 ( edit ) Michigan Territory was admitted to the US as the 26th state , Michigan . March 28 , 1837 The Platte Purchase added a small area of land to Missouri , giving it its present - day boundaries . July 4 , 1838 ( edit ) Iowa Territory was split off from Wisconsin Territory , consisting of present - day Iowa , western Minnesota , and eastern North Dakota and South Dakota , leaving Wisconsin Territory with northeastern Minnesota and Wisconsin . January 17 , 1840 ( edit ) Voicing the same concerns as Texas , the states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas declared independence from Mexico as the Republic of the Rio Grande ; since the border of Texas was never conclusively decided , they claim a northern border of the Nueces River , while Texas claims a southern border of the Rio Grande . The rebellion lasted until November 6 , 1840 . The nation was never fully established , and only existed in the minds of a few . 1841 ( edit ) February 10 , 1841 The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was created by combining Lower Canada and Upper Canada . It was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 . Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837 . The Province of Canada ceased to exist at Canadian Confederation on July 1 , 1867 , when it was redivided into the modern Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . The Russians were forced to sell Fort Ross due to its economic failure . A private investor , John Sutter , agreed to pay $30,000 ( US $696,484 in 2017 ) over a three - year period . 1842 ( edit ) September 11 , 1842 The district of Soconusco rejoined Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas . November 10 , 1842 The Webster - Ashburton Treaty settled the border between the United States and lands held by the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains , ending the disputes over the northern border of the state of Maine and northeastern border of Wisconsin Territory , which today resides in present day Minnesota . 1845 ( edit ) March 3 , 1845 Florida Territory was admitted to the US as the 27th state , Florida . December 29 , 1845 The Republic of Texas was admitted to the US as the 28th state , Texas . The United States Congress passed the joint resolution of annexation on March 1 , 1845 , but Texas did not agree to join the union for some time after . Although the annexation resolution avoided specifying Texas 's boundaries , the U.S. inherited Texas 's unenforced claims to South Texas , West Texas , over half of New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small parts of Oklahoma , Kansas and Wyoming . With Texas joining the union , Arkansas finally gave up its claim on Miller County . 1846 ( edit ) January 1 , 1846 The state of Yucatán declares independence , for the same reasons as the Republic of Texas and Republic of the Rio Grande , forming the Republic of Yucatán . June 14 , 1846 The California Republic , also called the Bear Flag Republic , was proclaimed by settlers in Sonoma in the then - Mexican province of California . Declared during the Mexican - American War , the republic lasted less than a month . June 18 , 1846 The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border ( so it did not include Vancouver Island ) with the lands held by the United Kingdom . The sharing of Oregon Country ended , and the American portion becomes unorganized territory . December 28 , 1846 The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the US as the 29th state , Iowa . The remainder became unorganized . 1848 ( edit ) February 2 , 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican - American War . Mexico ceded the Texas - claimed areas as well as a large area of land consisting of all of present - day California , Nevada , and Utah , most of Arizona , and portions of Colorado , New Mexico , and Wyoming . August 17 , 1848 The Republic of Yucatán rejoined Mexico after the Caste War of Yucatán forced them to seek outside help . May 29 , 1848 The southeastern portion of Wisconsin Territory was admitted to the US as the 30th state , Wisconsin . The remainder became unorganized . August 14 , 1848 Oregon Territory was organized , including present - day Idaho , northwestern Montana , Oregon , Washington , and western Wyoming . 1849 ( edit ) January 13 , 1849 Colony of Vancouver Island is formed as a British crown colony . March 3 , 1849 Minnesota Territory was organized , consisting of present - day Minnesota , and eastern portions of North Dakota and South Dakota . 1850 ( edit ) September 9 , 1850 The Compromise of 1850 divided the Mexican Cession and land claimed by Texas but ceded to the federal government in exchange for taking on its debts . The western portion was admitted to the US as the 31st state , California , most of the rest was organized as Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory , and a small portion became unorganized land . New Mexico Territory consisted of most of present - day Arizona and New Mexico , as well as a southern portion of Colorado and the southern tip of Nevada . Utah Territory consisted of present - day Utah , most of Nevada , and portions of Colorado and Wyoming . 1853 ( edit ) March 2 , 1853 Washington Territory was split from Oregon Territory , consisting of present - day Washington , northern Idaho , and the western tip of Montana , leaving Oregon Territory with all of Oregon , southern Idaho and a portion of Wyoming . December 30 , 1853 The Gadsden Purchase added some land to New Mexico Territory , corresponding to the southernmost areas of present - day Arizona and New Mexico . May 30 , 1854 ( edit ) Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory were organized ; the remaining unorganized land colloquially became known as Indian Territory . Kansas Territory consisted of present - day Kansas and eastern Colorado . Nebraska Territory consisted of present - day Nebraska , and parts of Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , and Wyoming . Indian Territory corresponds to eastern Oklahoma . A peculiarity appeared at this time , when a small strip of land north of Texas was not officially assigned by any state or territory ; this came to be called the Neutral Strip or `` No Man 's Land '' , which corresponds to the present - day panhandle of Oklahoma . February 12 , 1857 ( edit ) The 1857 Constitution of Mexico was adopted , reorganizing some states . Nuevo León is merged into Coahuila ; Aguascalientes , Colima , and Tlaxcala all had their status changed from territory to state ; and the state of Guerrero was created from portions of México and Puebla . 1858 ( edit ) August 2 , 1858 The Colony of British Columbia was a crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1871 . May 11 , 1858 The eastern portion of Minnesota Territory was admitted to the US as the 32nd state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized . 1859 ( edit ) February 14 , 1859 The western portion of Oregon Territory was admitted to the US as the 33rd state , Oregon . The remainder was assigned to Washington Territory . 1859 A boundary commission was set up to delineate the border between Vancouver Island and the Washington State coast . The commission could not come to agreement on where the middle of the Strait was so in 1859 things came to a head during the bloodless Pig War . 1861 ( edit ) January 29 , 1861 The eastern portion of Kansas Territory was admitted as the 34th state , Kansas . The western portion was added to Colorado Territory on February 28 , 1861 , but for the month between statehood for Kansas and the formation of Colorado Territory , it appears to have had no official status . March 4 , 1861 The Confederate States of America ( CSA ) was formed . The Southern states seceded at different dates and joined the CSA at different dates ; to simplify the map , only the final form of the CSA is shown here . There were rebel governments as well as Union governments in Kentucky and Missouri , and the CSA had full control over Indian Territory . To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state secessions see CSA states evolution . February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized , with land from Utah , New Mexico , and Nebraska Territories , as well as the land left over from Kansas Territory ; it corresponded already to present - day Colorado . Also , the eastern tip of Washington Territory was transferred to Nebraska Territory . July 14 , 1862 ( edit ) Due to its nature as a mining and grazing area , land started to be added to Nevada Territory to accommodate these activities . Its eastern border was moved eastward from the 39th meridian west from Washington , to the 38th meridian west from Washington , transferring the land from Utah Territory . 1863 ( edit ) April 29 , 1863 The Mexican state of Campeche was split from Yucatán . February 24 , 1863 The Union created its own Arizona Territory , splitting it off from New Mexico Territory , making both territories correspond to their present - day states , except for Arizona Territory including the southern tip of present - day Nevada . March 4 , 1863 Idaho Territory was created from portions of Washington , Dakota , and Nebraska Territories , consisting of present - day Idaho , Montana , and most of Wyoming . Nebraska and Washington Territories were left corresponding to their present - day counterparts . June 20 , 1863 Several counties of northwestern Virginia who did not want to be part of the Confederacy split off and were admitted to the US as the 35th state , West Virginia . 1864 ( edit ) February 26 , 1864 The Mexican state of Nuevo León was re-split from Coahuila . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory , which also had some land transferred to Dakota Territory . Montana Territory corresponded to present - day Montana , Idaho Territory consisted of Idaho and western Wyoming , and Dakota Territory included both North and South Dakota , and most of Wyoming . October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted to the US as the 36th state , Nevada ; it was a bit smaller than it is today , lacking area in both the east and south . 1865 ( edit ) April 9 , 1865 The Confederate States of America surrendered . The process of Reconstruction and readmission to the union would take several years ; to simplify the map , they are shown as already readmitted . To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state readmission during Reconstruction see CSA states evolution . 1866 ( edit ) August 2 , 1866 Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia merge to form United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1867 ( edit ) January 18 , 1867 Nevada 's eastern border was moved from the 38th meridian west from Washington , to the 37th meridian west from Washington , transferring land to it from Utah Territory . Also , the northwestern corner of Arizona Territory was transferred to the state of Nevada , giving it its present - day borders . March 1 , 1867 Nebraska Territory was admitted to the US as the 37th state , Nebraska . July 1 , 1867 Canada was formed from three provinces of British North America : the Province of Canada , which was split into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec , and the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . At this time , though , Canada did not become independent according to the modern meaning of the word . The Statute of Westminster 1931 made Canada much closer to being independent , but not completely . October 11 , 1867 The United States purchased Alaska from Russia ; it was designated the Department of Alaska , and corresponds , except for a boundary dispute , to present - day Alaska . The United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 ( US $123,377,142.86 in 2017 ) on April 9 , 1867 . 1868 ( edit ) July 25 , 1868 Wyoming Territory was formed from portions of Dakota , Idaho , and Utah Territories , corresponding to the present - day borders of Wyoming . Idaho Territory then corresponds to present day Idaho , and Utah Territory to present - day Utah . 1869 ( edit ) January 15 , 1869 The Mexican state of Hidalgo was split from the state of México . April 16 , 1869 The Mexican state of Morelos was split from the state of México . July 15 , 1870 ( edit ) The United Kingdom ceded most of its remaining land in North America to Canada , with Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory becoming the North - West Territories . The Rupert 's Land Act 1868 transferred the region to Canada as of 1869 , but it was only consummated in 1870 when £ 300,000 were paid to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At this time , the Manitoba Act took effect , and a small square of the newly acquired region surrounding the city of Winnipeg was made the province of Manitoba . Unlike what this map shows , the actual border between Newfoundland & Quebec is still unknown . Mapmakers have mostly made their own guesses until 1927 , pretending that the border was more known than it really was . The problem did n't stop in 1927 ( see 1927 ) . July 20 , 1871 ( edit ) The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province . British Columbia joined the Canadian confederation following The Great Confederation Debates in the spring of 1870 and the Confederation Negotiations of the following summer and winter . October 21 , 1872 ( edit ) The San Juan Islands were awarded to the US , formally ending the Pig War with Britain . July 1 , 1873 ( edit ) The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province by an Act of Parliament ( and , as part of the terms of union , was guaranteed a ferry link , a term which was deleted upon completion of the Confederation Bridge in 1997 ) . July 26 , 1874 ( edit ) The borders of Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west . When the Province of Canada was formed , its borders were not entirely clear , and Ontario claimed to eventually reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean . With Canada 's acquisition of Rupert 's Land , Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders , especially since some of the new areas it was interested in were rapidly growing . After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area , the province asked for an elaboration on its limits , and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north . 1876 ( edit ) April 12 , 1876 The District of Keewatin was created by the passage of the Keewatin Act on April 12 , 1876 in a central separate strip from the North - West Territories , in order to provide government for the growing area north of Manitoba and west of Ontario . August 1 , 1876 Colorado Territory was admitted to the US as the 38th state , Colorado . February 8 , 1879 ( edit ) Arenas Key is claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act 1880 ( edit ) September 1 , 1880 The United Kingdom ceded its Arctic Islands to Canada , and they were made part of the North - West Territories . September 13 , 1880 The Western Triangle Islands are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act . July 1 , 1881 ( edit ) Manitoba 's borders were expanded to a larger postage stamp province taking land easterly from the District of Keewatin to the western boundary of Ontario . Since the province 's eastern border was defined as the `` western boundary of Ontario '' , the exact definition of which was still unclear , Ontario disputed a portion of the new region . March 28 , 1882 ( edit ) The part of Dakota Territory south of 43 ° north and north of the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred to Nebraska . 1884 ( edit ) June 21 , 1884 The Islands of Perez Chica and Pajora of the Alacrene Islands in the bay of Campeche are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act . December 12 , 1884 The Mexican territory of Tepic was split from the state of Jalisco . May 7 , 1886 ( edit ) The southwestern border of the District of Keewatin was adjusted to conform to the boundaries of the new provisional districts of the North - West Territories created in 1882 , returning some land to the North - West Territories . The provisional districts were the District of Alberta , the District of Athabasca , District of Assiniboia and the District of Saskatchewan , which all remained administrative areas of the North - West Territories , unlike the District of Keewatin . 1889 ( edit ) November 2 , 1889 Dakota Territory was split in two , and it was admitted to the US as the 39th state , North Dakota , and 40th state , South Dakota . November 8 , 1889 Montana Territory was admitted to the US as the 41st state , Montana . November 11 , 1889 Washington Territory was admitted to the US as the 42nd state , Washington . August 12 , 1889 The dispute between Manitoba and Ontario ended as Ontario 's borders were finalized in accordance with the Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act , 1889 , which extended the province west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River . 1890 ( edit ) May 2 , 1890 Oklahoma Territory was organized from the western portion of Indian Territory , and included the Neutral Strip , corresponding to the western half of present - day Oklahoma . July 3 , 1890 Idaho Territory was admitted to the US as the 43rd state , Idaho . July 10 , 1890 Wyoming Territory was admitted to the US as the 44th state , Wyoming . November 24 , 1894 ( edit ) The American claims over the Western Triangle , Areaas , Perez , Chica , Pajoras , and Arenas Keys are all waived by the American government in favor of Mexico . October 2 , 1895 ( edit ) Keewatin covered the portion of the North - West Territories north of Manitoba on the mainland , and all islands within Hudson , James , and Ungava Bays . The portion between the District of Keewatin , Ontario , and Hudson Bay was not in a district , and was assigned to the District of Keewatin by an Order of Council . Four additional provisional districts of the North - West Territories were formed , the District of Yukon , the District of Ungava , the District of Mackenzie , and the District of Franklin . 1896 ( edit ) January 4 , 1896 Utah Territory was admitted to the US as the 45th state , Utah . May 4 , 1896 A Supreme Court ruling officially assigns Greer County to Oklahoma Territory . 1897 ( edit ) The borders of the District of Keewatin were adjusted . Southampton Island , Coats Island , Mansel Island , Akimiski Island , and other islands were transferred to Keewatin . June 13 , 1898 ( edit ) Yukon Territory was created from the District of Yukon in the northwestern part of the North - West Territories , and the Quebec Boundary Extension Act , 1898 expanded the borders of Quebec north to the Eastmain River . May 23 , 1901 ( edit ) The eastern border of Yukon Territory was adjusted to the eastern edge of the Peel River watershed , and also to include some more islands . November 24 , 1902 ( edit ) The Mexican territory of Quintana Roo was split from the state of Yucatán . 1903 ( edit ) The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada ( then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London ) , and at a subnational level between Alaska on the US side and British Columbia and the Yukon on the Canadian side . It was resolved by arbitration in 1903 , generally favoring the American claim . September 1 , 1905 ( edit ) The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the North - West Territories . Saskatchewan 's western border and Alberta 's eastern border run concurrent with the 4th meridian or the 110 ° W longitude . Saskatchewan 's eastern border is not a meridian , but instead follows a staircase - shaped Dominion Land Survey range line . Alberta 's southern and northern borders are the same as Saskatchewan 's : the southern border is the Canada -- United States border or the 49th parallel and the northern border is the 60th parallel . Alberta 's western border runs along peaks of the Rocky Mountain ridge and then extends north to the 60th parallel . The District of Keewatin became an administrative unit of the Northwest Territories . 1906 ( edit ) In 1906 , the American Rio Grande Land and Irrigation Company performed an unauthorized diversion of the Rio Grande , which moved a 413 - acre ( 167 ha ) tract of land , including the American village of Rio Rico , south of the river . Since the 1845 Border Treaty all land south of the Rio Grande was Mexican . Mexican authorities unknowingly assumed control of the area , which became known as the Horcón Tract . 1907 ( edit ) September 26 , 1907 The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 ( before which the territory had the status of a British colony , self - governing from 1855 ) to 1949 . The Dominion of Newfoundland was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland . Newfoundland never became independent according to the modern meaning of the word . The Statute of Westminster 1931 would have made Newfoundland much closer to being independent , but not completely . However , the government of Newfoundland did not ratify it , and furthermore , abolished itself in 1934 because of bankruptcy . November 16 , 1907 Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were combined and admitted to the US as the 46th state , Oklahoma . 1912 ( edit ) January 6 , 1912 New Mexico Territory was admitted to the US as the 47th state , New Mexico . February 14 , 1912 Arizona Territory was admitted to the US as the 48th state , Arizona . May 15 , 1912 Manitoba , Ontario , and Quebec were all expanded into their present - day boundaries . The Northwest Territories is now only situated north of the 60th parallel ( except Hudson Bay and James Bay islands ) with three districts , Keewatin , Mackenzie and Franklin . February 5 , 1917 ( edit ) With the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico , the territory of Tepic had its name and status changed to the state of Nayarit . March 28 , 1921 ( edit ) The dispute over a square mile between Delaware and Pennsylvania , The Wedge , is finally resolved in favor of Delaware . March 11 , 1927 ( edit ) A decision of the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council of 1927 decided the issue of the border between the Dominion of Newfoundland and Canada in favour of Newfoundland . The issue had been the precise boundary between the Canadian province of Quebec and Labrador , part of Newfoundland . The boundary ruling clarified that a large area of the disputed land belonged to Newfoundland , not to Canada . Maps prior to 1927 wildly disagreed on the actual position of the border , instead of agreeing upon marking the area as being disputed . Maps after 1927 tended to agree with the decision , but due to protests , some mapmakers in Quebec still disagreed . In the 60 's , logos of the two biggest political parties of Quebec ( PLQ & UN ) both included the shape of the province as including all of Labrador . Disagreements persist even today ( to a lesser extent ) , as Quebec insists on including the rest of the gulf 's basin in its maps , separated with a dotted line saying 1927 border , non-final . Newfoundland complains in 2014 , even though older electoral maps showed the same . 1928 ( edit ) Norway asserted its claim of sovereignty over the Sverdrup Islands . The islands are named after Norwegian explorer Otto Sverdrup , who explored and mapped them from 1898 to 1902 with the vessel Fram , although some were previously inhabited by Inuit people . Sverdrup claimed the islands for Norway , but the Norwegian government showed no interest in pursuing the claim until 1928 . At that point , the Norwegian government raised the claim , primarily to use the islands as bargaining chips in negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of the Arctic island Jan Mayen and the Antarctic Bouvet Island . November 11 , 1930 ( edit ) Sverdrup Islands are ceded to Canada by Norway , in exchange for British recognition of Norway 's sovereignty over Jan Mayen . February 7 , 1931 ( edit ) The Mexican Baja California Territory was split into North Territory of Baja California and South Territory of Baja California . Statute of Westminster 1931 allows dominions to become independent . Dominion of Canada decides to become almost independent , whereas Newfoundland does not sign ( see 1934 ) . 1934 ( edit ) The Dominion of Newfoundland , because of financial difficulties , was obliged to give up its self - governing status and the Commission of Government took its place . 1948 ( edit ) Air Force Island , Prince Charles Island , and Foley Island are discovered and added to Northwest Territories . March 31 , 1949 ( edit ) The Dominion of Newfoundland and its dependency of Labrador joined Canada as the tenth province , named Newfoundland as proclaimed by the British North America Act 1949 . November 21 , 1952 ( edit ) The North Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California . 1959 ( edit ) January 3 , 1959 Alaska Territory was admitted to the US as the 49th state , Alaska . 1970 ( edit ) The city of Rio Rico , Texas , was ceded to Mexico in the Boundary Treaty of 1970 . The handover officially took place in 1977 and the city was added to the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . October 8 , 1974 ( edit ) The territory of Quintana Roo changed into a state status . The South Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California Sur , giving Mexico its present - day configuration . April 1 , 1999 ( edit ) The Canadian territory of Nunavut was created from the Northwest Territories . The provisional districts are no longer administrative areas of the Northwest Territories . Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as it a name change not a territorial change Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted 90 days Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted under a month Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as maritime borders are not displayed Bibliography ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Saint Pierre and Miquelon '' . USA.gov . Central Intelligence Agency . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Memorial University of Newfoundland and the C.R.B. Foundation . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1981 , pp. 13 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Kingdoms of Great Britain , France and Holland ( 1763 ) . Treaty of Paris . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Hall , Anthony J. `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannon 1995 , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Haycox 2002 , pp. 159 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Chamier - James 1860 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Bemis 2008 , p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Van DeWater 1974 , p. xix Jump up ^ `` Alaska History Timeline '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Fink 1989 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Chiorazzi-Most 2005 , p. 958 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Canada '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Erie County ( PA ) Genealogy -- Triangle Monument History '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Marley 2005 , p. 470 Jump up ^ `` Text of the `` Treaty of Friendship , Limits , and Navigation Between Spain and The United States '' `` . The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dauenhauer - Black 2008 , p. xxviii . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Territories and States from the Old `` Northwest Territory '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Spain & the Republic of France ( 1819 ) . Treaty of San Ildefonso . Wikisource . ( scan ) Jump up ^ Chamier - James 1837 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Robert Higgs ( 2005 - 03 - 14 ) . `` '' Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful `` : The U.S. Takeover of West Florida '' . The Independent Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase '' . United States National Archives . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Knafla - Swainger 2005 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes at Large , 8th Congress , 2nd Session '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Davis 2005 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Kalani - Sweedler 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` An Act To Establish A Separate Territorial Government For The Eastern Part Of The Mississippi Territory '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Convention of 1818 between the United States and Great Britain '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty of Amity , Settlement , and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty. 1819 '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` MILLER COUNTY , ARKANSAS '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` States of the United States '' . Statoids . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` North West Company '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TREATY WITH THE IOWA , ETC . ( September 17 , 1836 ) '' . The Ioway Nation . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Gwillim ( 2009 ) . `` States of Mexico '' . statoids.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas Territory 1819 -- 1836 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1977 , p. 175 Jump up ^ `` Ioway Cultural Institute : History -- Treaties '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mireles - Cotera 2006 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Parliament 1841 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kalani - Sweedler 2004 , pp. 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` The Webster - Ashburton Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Annexation of Texas . Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States , March 1 , 1845 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The California Bear Flag '' . sfmuseum.org. 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty with Great Britain , in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains . '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 14 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to Establish the Territorial Government of Minnesota '' ( PDF ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Compromise of 1850 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Creation of Washington Territory '' . Whshington State Historical Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas . '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NO MAN 'S LAND '' . Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Act of Congress Admitting Oregon into Union '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barman 1996 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado Government '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . USA.gov. 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Nevada : The Adjustment of the Boundaries of Nevada '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bills and Resolutions , House of Representatives , 37th Congress , 2nd Session '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Glacier National Park -- Administrative History '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 26 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Old Boundary , ( Nevada 's Southern Boundary 1861 -- 1867 ) , Nevada Historical Marker 57 '' . Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias to the United States of America '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Facts '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hall , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` North - West Territories , 1870 -- 1905 '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia > History > West & Northwest History . Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Moffat , Ben ( 2006 ) . `` Boundaries of Saskatchewan '' . Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maps 1667 -- 1999 -- Canadian Confederation '' . Library and Archives Canada . Government of Canada . May 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on Mar 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia -- Canadian Confederation '' . Library and Archives Canada . Government of Canada . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barman 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Bolger , Francis William Pius ( 1961 ) . `` Prince Edward Island and Confederation 1863 -- 1873 '' ( PDF ) . St. Dunstan 's University , Charlottetwon CCHA Report 28 ( 1961 ) 25 -- 30 . University of Manitoba . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mills 1877 , p. 347 Jump up ^ `` Territorial Evolution , 1874 '' . Natural Resources Canada > Atlas Home > Explore Our Maps > History > Territorial Evolution > Territorial Evolution , 1874 . Government of Canada . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Manitoba 1876 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Manitoba 1876 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Adjacent Territories Order Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1880 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manitoba 's Boundaries '' . Association of Manitoba Land Surveyors . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2007 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Canada 1893 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Papers of the Territorial Governors '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Martin 1899 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1895 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Oklahoma , Volume 12 , No. 2 , June , 1934 : GREER COUNTY '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1897 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quebec Boundary Extension Act . Wikisource. 1898 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory Act , S.C. 1901 , c. 41 , s . 14 Jump up ^ D.M.L. FARR ( 2007 ) . `` Alaska Boundary Dispute '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Malcolm M. ; Tanner , Richard W. ( April 1977 ) . `` Canada 's Prime Meridian '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 71 : 204 . 1977JRASC ... 71 ... 204T . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Widdis , Randy ( 2006 ) . `` 49th Parallel '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewry , Marilyn ( 2006 ) . `` Boundary surveys '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- Territorial Evolution , 1905 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . April 6 , 2004 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Strange case of Rio Rico '' ( PDF ) . tomesparza.com. 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site ( 2007 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ international 1914 , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` The Erie Triangle '' ( PPT ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Labrador Boundary Dispute Jump up ^ `` Les Dix Grand Mensonges '' . Henri Dorion discrédite les Dix Grand Mensonges sur la frontière du Labrador ( Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary ) . Québec -- Assemblée Nationale -- Première session , 34 Législature ( Quebec -- National Assembly -- First Session , 34th Legislature ) . October 1 , 1991 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/images/carte-2011/circonscriptions/745.gif Jump up ^ http://globalnews.ca/news/1257709/quebec-election-map-revives-controversy-over-labrador-border-dispute/ ^ Jump up to : Berton 1988 , p. 629 Jump up ^ Walker , Ruth ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Nunavut becomes the newest , largest territory in Canada '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . References ( edit ) Bacci , Massimo Livi ( 2001 ) . A concise history of world population ( 2001 ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22335 - 5 . - Total pages : 251 Barman , Jean ( 1996 ) . The West beyond the West : a history of British Columbia ( 1996 ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7185 - 6 . - Total pages : 449 Berton , Pierre ( 1988 ) . The Arctic grail : the quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole , 1818 -- 1909 ( 1988 ed . ) . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82491 - 7 . - Total pages : 672 Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 2008 ) . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 2008 ed . ) . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2193 - X . - Total pages : 320 Bourne , Charles B. ( 1977 ) . Canadian Yearbook of International Law , Volume 14 ( 1977 ed . ) . UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0069 - 0 . - Total pages : 442 Canada , Government of ( 1893 ) . Sessional papers , Volume 46 , Issue 24 : Report of the Dominion Fishery Commission on the Fisheries of the Province of Ontario ( 1893 ed . ) . C.H. Parmelee . Cannon , Kerry A. ( 1995 ) . On the Land : Confronting the Challenges to Aboriginal Self - Determination ( 1995 ed . ) . Dundurn Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9690783 - 6 - 6 . - Total pages : 165 Chamier , Frederick ; James , Wiliam . The naval history of Great Britain : from the declaration of war by France in 1793 , to the accession of George IV. , Volumes 3 - 4 ( 1837 ed . ) . London : R. Bentley . - Total pages : 377 Chamier , Frederick ; James , Wiliam . The naval history of Great Britain , from the declaration of war by France in 1793 , to the accession of George IV ( 1860 ed . ) . London : W. Clowes and sons . - Total pages : 461 Chiorazzi , Michael G. ; Most , Marguerite . Prestatehood legal materials ( 2005 ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7890 - 2056 - 4 . Dauenhauer , Richard ; Black , Lydia . Russians in Tlingit America ( 2008 ed . ) . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98601 - 8 . - Total pages : 491 Davis , William C. ( 2005 ) . The pirates Laffite : the treacherous world of the corsairs of the Gulf ( 2005 ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100403 - X . - Total pages : 706 Fink , Paul M. ( 1989 ) . Jonesborough : the first century of Tennessee 's first town , 1776 -- 1876 ( 1989 ed . ) . The Overmountain Press . ISBN 0 - 932807 - 38 - 0 . - Total pages : 203 Hansen , Jerry ( 2007 ) . State Boundaries Of America : How , Why , and When American State Lines Were Formed ( 2007 ed . ) . Heritage Books . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 4456 - 5 . - Total pages : 210 Haycox , Stephen W. ( 2002 ) . Alaska : an American colony ( 2002 ed . ) . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 677 - 0 . - Total pages : 372 international ( 1914 ) . The New international year book ( 1914 ed . ) . Dodd , Mead and Co . Kalani , Lyn ; Sweedler , Sarah . Fort Ross and the Sonoma Coast ( 2004 ed . ) . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2896 - X . - Total pages : 128 Knafla , Louis A. ; Swainger , Jonathan Scott . Laws and societies in the Canadian prairie west , 1670 -- 1940 ( 2005 ed . ) . University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1166 - 8 . - Total pages : 344 Who Named the North - Land ? ( August 19 , 1876 ed . ) . Manitoba Free Press . Keewatin ( August 19 , 1876 ed . ) . Manitoba Free Press . Marley , David F. ( 2005 ) . Historic cities of the Americas : an illustrated encyclopedia ( 2005 ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 027 - 1 . - Total pages : 1010 Martin , Frederick ; Keltie , Sir John Scott ; Renwick , Isaac Parker Anderson ; Epstein , Mortimer ; Steinberg , Sigfrid Henry ; Paxton , John . The Statesman 's year - book ( 1899 ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Miller , Tom ( 1981 ) . On the border : portraits of America 's southwestern frontier ( 1981 ed . ) . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013039 - 3 . - Total pages : 226 Mills , David ( 1877 ) . Report on the Boundaries of the Province of Ontario ( 1877 ed . ) . Hunter , Rose & Co . - Total pages : 204 Mireles , Jovita González ; Cotera , María Eugenia . Life along the border : a landmark Tejana thesis ( 2006 ed . ) . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 564 - 9 . - Total pages : 131 Parliament , Great Britain ( 1841 ) . Correspondence relative to the affairs of Canada , 1841 ( 1841 ed . ) . Printed by W. Clowes for Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . - Total pages : 72 Van DeWater , Frederic F. ( 1974 ) . The Reluctant Republic , Vermont 1724 -- 1791 ( 1974 ed . ) . The John Day company . ISBN 0 - 914378 - 02 - 3 . - Total pages : 344 ( hide ) Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_North_America_since_1763&oldid=815903180 '' Categories : History of North America Territorial evolution Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 23 : 24 . 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which event led to changes in the political boundaries of the united states in 1898
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Hackney carriage
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Hackney carriage - wikipedia Hackney carriage Jump to : navigation , search `` London Taxi '' redirects here . For the video game , see London Taxi : Rushour . For the company , see The London Taxi Company . `` Black Cab '' and `` Black Taxi '' redirect here . For the band `` Black Cab '' , see Black Cab ( band ) . For the band `` Black Taxi '' , see Black Taxi ( band ) . For the type of New York City taxicab , see Taxicabs of New York City . LTI TX1 cab LTI FX4 cab London growler circa 1900 The Beardmore was an alternative taxi design used in London during the 1960s and 1970s Until the late 1950s , vehicles licensed as London taxis were required to be provided with an open - access luggage platform in place of the front passenger seat found on other passenger cars ( including taxis licensed for use in other British cities ) . Cabs carrying the Spice Girls at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony at the Olympic Stadium , London A hackney or hackney carriage ( also called a cab , black cab , hack or London taxi ) is a carriage or automobile for hire . A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise . In the United Kingdom , the name hackney carriage today refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office , local authority ( non-metropolitan district councils , unitary authorities ) or the Department of the Environment depending on region of the country . In the United States , the police department of the city of Boston has a Hackney Carriage Unit , analogous to taxicab regulators in other cities , that issues Hackney Carriage medallions to its taxi operators . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Motorisation 2.2 Continuing horse - drawn cab services 3 Black cabs 3.1 Vehicle design 3.2 Driver qualification 3.3 Notable drivers 3.4 Private users 3.5 In other countries 3.6 Variety of models 3.7 Use in advertising 4 Future 5 Digital hailing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name ' hackney ' was once thought to be an anglicized derivative of French haquenée -- a horse of medium size recommended for lady riders ; however , current opinion is that it is derived from the village name Hackney ( now part of London ) . Despite the currency of this opinion , however , earlier sources dispute it . In 1908 , a popular London newspaper stated , `` The hackney coach -- which is commonly supposed , though wrongly , to have taken its name from the district in the north of London -- was started in the metropolis so long ago as 1025 by a certain Captain Bailey . '' The place - name , through its fame for its horses and horse - drawn carriages , is also the root of the Spanish word jaca , a term used for a small breed of horse and the Sardinian achetta horse . The first documented hackney coach -- the forerunner of the more generic hackney carriage -- operated in London in 1621 . The New York City colloquial terms `` hack '' ( taxi or taxi - driver ) , hackstand ( taxi stand ) , and hack license ( taxi license ) are probably derived from hackney carriage . Such cabs are now regulated by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission . History ( edit ) `` An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney - Coachmen in London and the places adjacent '' was approved by Parliament in 1654 , to remedy what it described as the `` many Inconveniences ( that ) do daily arise by reason of the late increase and great irregularity of Hackney Coaches and Hackney Coachmen in London , Westminster and the places thereabouts '' . The first hackney - carriage licences date from a 1662 Act of Parliament establishing the Commissioners of Scotland Yard to regulate them . Licences and applied literally to horse - drawn carriages , later modernised as hansom cabs ( 1834 ) , that operated as vehicles for hire . The 1662 act limited the licences to 400 ; when it expired in 1679 , extra licences were created until a 1694 act imposed a limit of 700 , which was increased by later acts and abolished in 1832 . There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a hackney coach , a hireable vehicle with specifically four wheels , two horses and six seats , and driven by a Jarvey ( also spelled jarvie ) . In 19th century London , private carriages were commonly sold off for use as hackney carriages , often displaying painted - over traces of the previous owner 's coat of arms on the doors . The Clarence or growler was a type of four - wheel , enclosed carriage drawn by two horses used as a hackney carriage , that is , as a vehicle for hire with a coachman . It is distinguished from a cab , hansom cab or cabriolet , in that those had only two wheels . It is distinguished from most coaches by being of slightly smaller size , nominally holding four passengers , and being much less ostentatious . A small , usually two - wheeled , one - horse hackney vehicle called a noddy once plied the roads in Ireland and Scotland . The French had a small hackney coach called a fiacre . Motorisation ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2017 ) Electric hackney carriages appeared before the introduction of the internal combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1901 . In fact there was even London Electrical Cab Company : the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them , Walter C. Bersey . Another nickname was Hummingbirds from the sound that they made . In August 1897 25 were introduced , and by 1898 there were 50 more . During the 20th century , cars generally replaced horse - drawn models , and the last horse - drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947 . UK regulations define a hackney carriage as a taxicab allowed to ply the streets looking for passengers to pick up , as opposed to private hire vehicles ( sometimes called minicabs ) , which may pick up only passengers who have previously booked or who visit the taxi operator 's office . In 1999 , the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were tried out in London . The `` Millennium Cab '' built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in the Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by Judd Hirsch , the star of the television series Taxi . ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001 . Continuing horse - drawn cab services ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2017 ) Horse - drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK , for example in Cockington , Torquay . The town of Windsor , Berkshire , is believed to be the last remaining town with a continuous lineage of horse - drawn hackney carriages , currently run by Orchard Poyle Carriages , the licence having been passed down from driver to driver since 1830 . The Royal Borough now licences the carriage for rides around Windsor Castle and the Great Park , however the original hackney licence is in place allowing for passenger travel under the same law that was originally passed in 1662 . The city of Bath has an occasional horse - drawn Hackney , principally for tourists , but still carrying hackney plates . Black cabs ( edit ) Illuminated for hire signage is a distinguishing feature of the hackney carriage A TX4 hackney carriage at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 Motorised hackney cabs in the UK , are known as black cabs , although they are now produced in a variety of colours , sometimes in advertising brand liveries ( see below ) . The 50 golden cabs produced for the Queen 's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002 were notable . Vehicle Design ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historically four - door saloon cars have been highly popular as hackney carriages , but with disability regulations growing in strength and some councils offering free licensing for disabled - friendly vehicles , many operators are now opting for wheelchair - adapted taxis such as The London Taxi Company ( LTI ) . Other models of specialist taxis include the Peugeot E7 and rivals from Fiat , Volkswagen , Metrocab and Mercedes - Benz . These vehicles normally allow six or seven passengers , although some models can accommodate eight . Some of these minibus taxis include a front passenger seat next to the driver , while others reserve this space solely for luggage . Many black cabs have a turning circle of only 25 ft ( 8 m ) . One reason for this is the configuration of the famed Savoy Hotel : The hotel entrance 's small roundabout meant that vehicles needed the small turning circle in order to navigate it . That requirement became the legally required turning circles for all London cabs , while the custom of a passenger 's sitting on the right , behind the driver , provided a reason for the right - hand traffic in Savoy Court , allowing hotel patrons to board and alight from the driver 's side . The design standards for London taxis are set out in the Conditions of Fitness , which are now published by Transport for London . The first edition was published in May 1906 , by the Public Carriage Office , which was then part of the Metropolitan Police . These regulations set out the conditions under which a taxi may operate and include regulating the taximeter ( not compulsory until 1907 ) , the maximum age of the taxi ( not more than 15 years ) , advertisements and the turning circle of 8.535 m ( 28 ft ) . As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities , in 15 October 2015 , after two months of public voting , the black cab was elected by Londoners as their favourite transport design icon . Driver qualification ( edit ) In London , hackney - carriage drivers have to pass a test called The Knowledge to demonstrate that they have an intimate knowledge of the geography of London streets , important buildings , etc . Learning The Knowledge allows the driver to become a member of the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers . There are two types of badge , a yellow one for the suburban areas and a green one for all of London . The latter is considered far more difficult . Drivers who own their cabs as opposed to renting from a garage are known as `` mushers '' and those who have just passed the `` knowledge '' are known as `` butter boys '' . There are currently around 21,000 black cabs in London , licensed by the Public Carriage Office . Elsewhere , councils have their own regulations . Some merely require a driver to pass a Criminal Records Bureau disclosure and have a reasonably clean driving licence , while others use their own local versions of London 's The Knowledge test . Notable drivers ( edit ) Alfred Collins , who retired in 2007 at the age of 92 , was the oldest cab driver and had been driving for 70 years . Fred Housego is a former London taxi driver who became a television and radio personality and presenter after winning the BBC television quiz Mastermind in 1980 . John Worboys is a convicted serial rapist . Known as the Black Cab Rapist because he drove a London cab , he was convicted in March 2009 for attacks on 12 women . Clive Efford MP for the London constituancy of Eltham was a cab driver for 10 years before entering parliament in 1997 . Private users ( edit ) Oil millionaire Nubar Gulbenkian drove about in a custom - built gold and black car , designed to look like a vintage London taxi and powered by a Rolls - Royce engine , because he had been told `` it can turn on a sixpence . '' Other celebrities are known to have used hackney carriages both for their anonymity and their ruggedness / manoeuvrability in London traffic . Users included Prince Philip , whose cab was converted to run on liquefied petroleum gas , author and actor Stephen Fry , and the Sheriffs of the City of London . A black cab was used in the band Oasis 's video for the song `` Do n't Look Back in Anger . '' Black cabs also have recently served as recording studios for indie band performances and other performances in the Black Cab Sessions internet project . Ghosthunting With ... featured a black cab owned by host of the show , Yvette Fielding . Bez of the Happy Mondays owns one , it was featured on the UK edition of Pimp My Ride . Noel Edmonds used a black cab to commute from his home to the Deal or No Deal studios in Bristol . He placed a fully dressed mannequin in the back so that he could use special bus / taxi lanes and so that the public would not attempt to hail his cab . The Governor 's official car in the Falkland Islands was a London taxi between 1976 and 2010 . In other countries ( edit ) A London taxi ( TX1 model ) in Switzerland A London taxi ( TX4 model ) in Singapore Between 2003 and 1 August 2009 , it was possible to purchase the London taxi model TXII in the United States . Today there are approximately 250 TXIIs in the US , operating as taxis in San Francisco , Dallas , Long Beach , Houston , New Orleans , Las Vegas , Newport , Rhode Island , Wilmington , North Carolina and Portland , Oregon . There are also a few operating in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The largest London taxi rental fleet in North America is located in Wilmington and owned by The British Taxi Company . Cabs can also be seen in Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Lebanon , Egypt , Bahrain and Cyprus , as well as in Israel , where a Chinese - made version of LTI 's model TX4 built by Geely Automobile is available for sale . On February 2010 , a number of TX4s started operating in Pristina , the capital of Kosovo , and are known as London Taxi . After July 2009 , new London taxis were no longer available to buy in the United States . Singapore has used London - style cabs since 1992 ; starting with the `` Fairway '' . The flag down fares for the London Taxis are the same as for other taxis . SMRT Corporation , the sole operator , has as of March 2013 replaced its fleet of 15 ageing multi coloured ( gold , pink , etc . ) taxis with new white ones . These remain the only wheelchair accessible taxis in Singapore and have been brought back following an outcry as to the removal of such a service . As of 2011 , 1000 of a Chinese - made version of LTI 's latest model TX4 were ordered by Baku Taxi Company . The plan is part of a program originally announced by the Ministry of Transportation of Azerbaijan to introduce London cabs to the capital , Baku . The move was part of £ 16 million agreement between The London Taxi Company and Baku Taxi Company . Variety of models ( edit ) A Metrocab on Westminster Bridge There have been different makes and types of hackney cab through the years , including : Mann & Overton -- now The London Taxi Company and including Carbodies Unic sold in London from 1906 to 1930s Austin London Taxicab Austin FX3 Austin / Carbodies / LTI FX4 and Fairway LTI TX1 , TXII and TX4 Mercedes - Benz Vito W639 Morris London General Cab Co . Citroën Beardmore Nuffield Oxford Taxi Beardmore Marks I to VII Metrocab ( originally formed by Metro Cammell Weymann ) MCW / Reliant / Hooper Metrocab Use in advertising ( edit ) An example of an Eyetease digital screen on top of a hackney carriage Primelocation livery Vodafone livery Vita Coco coconut water livery The unique body of the London taxi is occasionally wrapped with all - over advertising , known as a `` livery '' . In October 2011 the company Eyetease Ltd. first introduced the use of digital screens on the roofs of London taxis for the purposes of broadcast advertising . Future ( edit ) On 14 December 2010 , the then Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , released an air quality strategy paper encouraging a phase - out of the oldest of the LT Cabs and proposing a £ 1m fund to encourage taxi owners to upgrade to low emission vehicles such as electric taxi cabs . On the same day , the then Secretary of State for Transport , Philip Hammond , unveiled the £ 5,000 electric car subsidy. . In the longer term , black cabs are predicted to be largely automated and driverless . Digital hailing ( edit ) 2011 saw the launch of many digital hailing applications for hackney carriages that operate through smartphones , including GetTaxi and Hailo . Many of these applications also facilitate payment and tracking of the taxicabs . See also ( edit ) Illegal taxicab operation Wagon Cabmen 's Shelter Fund Cabvision M4 bus lane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` hackney '' `` . Onlinedictionary.datasegment.com . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of remise by the Free Online Dictionary , Thesaurus and Encyclopedia '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Police Hackney Carriage Unit '' . Cityofboston.gov . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The history of the word `` Hackney '' `` . Worldwidewords.org . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hansoms and Growlers '' . The Globe and Traveller : 1 . August 10 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` DICCIONARIO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA '' . REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney - Coachmen in London and the places adjacent , June 1654 , british-history.ac.uk ; accessed 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William and Mary , 1694 : An Act for the lycenseing and regulateing Hackney - Coaches and Stage - Coaches ( Chapter XXII Rot . Parl . pt. 5 . nu. 2 . ) '' . Statutes of the Realm : Volume 6 , 1685 - 94 . Great Britain Record Commission . 1819 . pp. 502 -- 505 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Omnibuses of London '' . The Gentleman 's Magazine . R. Newton : 663 . December 1857 . Jump up ^ Busch , Noel F. ( 1947 ) `` Life 's Reports : Restful Days in Dublin '' `` Life Magazine 15 September 1947 page 9 , includes a photograph of a growler . Jump up ^ Knox , Thomas Wallace ( 1888 ) The pocket guide for Europe : hand - book for travellers on the Continent and the British Isles , and through Egypt , Palestine , and northern Africa G. Putnam , New York , page 34 , OCLC 28649833 ^ Jump up to : `` Taxi History - London Vintage Taxi Association '' . lvta.co.uk . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cockington Carriages plan for the future Jump up ^ traditionally all black in London Jump up ^ Golden times for black cabs , bbc.co.uk , 13 March 2002 Jump up ^ Why does traffic entering and leaving the Savoy Hotel in London drive on the right ? , theguardian.com ; accessed 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Conditions of Fitness , tfl.gov.uk ; accessed 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Transported by Design Jump up ^ London 's transport ' Design Icons ' announced , ltmuseum.co.uk ; accessed 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Transported By Design : Vote for your favourite part of London transport , timeout.com ; accessed 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The history of London 's black cabs , theguardian.com , 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ About the Public Carriage Office , `` A brief history of the hackney carriage and Public Carriage Office '' . Archived from the original on 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Longest serving cabbie honoured , bbc.co.uk ; accessed 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ de Garis , Kirsty ( 9 February 2003 ) . `` What happened next ? '' . The Observer . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Take our Mastermind quiz '' . BBC News . 7 July 2003 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cab driver guilty of sex attacks '' . BBC News . 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The sixpence was the smallest coin in circulation , so the phrase was a hyperbole meaning that it had a tight turning radius . Jump up ^ Last of the big spenders , time.com , 24 January 1972 . Jump up ^ Photo of Gulbenkian in special cab Photographer Bryan Wharton , 1964 Jump up ^ `` Prince Philip 's taxi '' . Royal.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen Fry in America , stephenfry.com , 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Noel Edmonds ' black taxi mannequin gets a makeover from blonde to brunette '' . Daily Mirror. 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rex Hunt , Governor of the Falkland Islands '' . Imperial War Museum . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben - Gedalyahu , Dubi ( 18 August 2009 ) . `` Eldan to sell Chinese ' London taxi ' '' . Globes . Tel Aviv . Archived from the original on 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.london-fleet.com Jump up ^ Meidment , Neil . `` Manganese Bronze seals biggest London taxi order '' . Reuters . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jaglom , Ben . `` Manganese takes black cab to Azerbaijan '' . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1,000 London taxis for Azerbaijan '' . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British firm wins £ 16m Azerbaijan order for its Chinese built taxis '' . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taxicab Make And Model History '' . London-taxi.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London Black - Cab Crisis Opens Road to Mercedes Minivans '' . Bloomberg. 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Hardman ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` End of the road for the Black Cab ? They 're a British icon -- but now the factory that makes London taxis has run out of cash . And without a rescue , it 's doomed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Prigg ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` The video screen coming to a cab near you '' . ThisIsLondon . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking of doing The Knowledge ? You may want to think again '' . Onega.net. 15 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxis of London . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cab . Fairway Owners Club and Forum Taxi fare calculator based on fares set by local authorities Taxis and private hire Transport for London Public Carriage Office London hackney coach regulations , 1819 . Genealogy UK Genealogy and Family History . 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List of Attack on Titan episodes
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List of Attack on Titan episodes - Wikipedia List of Attack on Titan episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll are streaming the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim airing a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for April 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Young Eren Yeager , of the town of Shiganshina , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Survey Corps , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their mother Carla Yeager are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join which impresses his father Grisha Yeager . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlert from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , a Titan much taller than the walls ( later named the Colossal Titan ) suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to Shiganshina , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria ) , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush to their home to find their mother pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until the city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as the Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of the Shiganshina townsfolk escape to the inner Wall Maria while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but one of the Titans ( later named the Armored Titan ) rams the gate , breaching inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace choose to fight but they are wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Shardis inspects the new recruits and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an Omni - directional Mobility Gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , however Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Survey Corps on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) May 31 , 2014 As Eren attacks the Colossal Titan , it destroys the wall 's cannons , revealing itself to be intelligent . As Eren prepares to attack its weak point , it inexplicably vanishes in a burst of steam . The Military Police scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Eren calms Armin and Jean , who both start having nervous breakdowns due to the approaching Titans . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . Despite Mikasa 's protest of wanting to stay and protect Eren , he convinces her to do her duty after promising her he will not die . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , one by one their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a bearded Titan and almost swallowed . As Eren recalls his past , where he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , he manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . Eren reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Connie Springer , Krista Lenz and Ymir . When Armin breaks down in tears after Connie asks what happened to his squad , Ymir correctly deduces that they are all dead . As Armin heads back to the rear guard , he blames himself for being weak and not saving Eren . Meanwhile , a greedy merchant tries to force his cargo into the city 's exit gate and refuses to allow the refugees to go first . As the crowd grows impatient , an Abnormal Titan suddenly approaches but is killed by Mikasa right before it can reach the crowd . When she realizes the merchant is the cause of the holdup at the gate , she threatens him into moving his cargo for the refugees . As she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa is targeted by slave traders , who murder her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discover the dead bodies while making a visit , Grisha orders Eren to return home . Instead , Eren tracks down the slave traders to a nearby hut and kills two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appears and begins strangling Eren , who tells Mikasa to kill the man if she wants to live , which she does after overcoming her fear and gaining resolve . Eventually , the children are found by the Military Police . As Mikasa cries that she has no home to go back to , she is invited to live with Grisha and Eren , who gives her a red scarf to wear . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their Omni - directional Mobility Gears being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa learns from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . Seemingly unfazed , Mikasa rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , and they are inspired to join her in the attack . Mikasa ends up running out of gas mid-air and falls into an alleyway , leading Jean to assume command . However , he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she at first accepts her fate but instinctively starts fighting back after remembering Eren 's words of perseverance . As she prepares to attack with her only remaining broken blade , another Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Connie show up , and they are all shocked to see the Rogue Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Rogue Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot area swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Rogue Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Connie agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Connie arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Rogue Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Connie fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat , but they see the Rogue Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , and much to their shock , watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that his severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Survey Corps and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . It is revealed that when Eren was eaten and swallowed by the bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims , one of whom was still alive . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming into a Titan himself and going on a rampage against them . To Eren 's confusion when regaining consciousness , Kitts 's men aim their weapons at him . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Rogue Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men corner Eren , but Armin and Mikasa defend him . Kitts accuses Eren of actually being a Titan in disguise , but Eren has no memories of becoming a Titan or how his limbs grew back . Even though Eren claims he is human , Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them . As they try to escape , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Rogue Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) July 12 , 2014 After partially transforming himself to protect Mikasa and Armin , Eren climbs out of the Titan to talk with the two regarding the basement in his former house and how he believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts is still afraid and once again orders the cannon to be loaded . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for him to transform into a Titan and run away on his own , forever criminalizing himself in the eyes of humanity . The second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset , not a danger . Armin has several flashbacks and comes to the realization that even though he is physically weak and cowardly , he can still defend his friends , and decides to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control his Titan form . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren in Titan form carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison : Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in Titan form , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his Omni - directional Mobility Gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of Omni - directional Mobility Gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Connie and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren in Titan form now fully awake and carrying the boulder towards the gate as planned , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs , with many of them sacrificing their lives in the process . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and a tearful Rico , the only remaining member of the elite squad , fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans but are then saved by the timely arrival of Levi . With the gate finally sealed , the army eliminates all of the Titans remaining in the Trost District except two , which are captured for research . As the army counts their casualties , a shocked Jean finds Marco 's dead and half - eaten body , Sasha 's group is horrified to find a pile of corpses regurgitated from a Titan , and Annie mourns one of her dead comrades . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Survey Corps . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) August 9 , 2014 When word spreads about a Titan siding with humankind , the populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Darius Zackly , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police or the Survey Corps , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Survey Corps wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . As both sides get into heated arguments over Eren 's Titan powers , one of the merchants siding with the Military Police accuses Mikasa of being a Titan as well , much to Eren 's anger . When Eren calls out the Military Police and their supporters for their cowardice , one of them prepares to shoot him , only for Levi to beat Eren down . Despite being brutally beaten , he does not transform into a Titan , which Levi uses to show to the court that the Survey Corps can control Eren , and proposes that he is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zackly gives Eren to the Survey Corps where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out during Levi 's beating . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Petra Ral , Oluo Bozado , Eld Jinn and Gunther Schultz , who are all elites chosen by him , bring Eren to the old Survey Corps headquarters where Eren will learn to control his Titan 's power under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that despite his rude and harsh demeanor , Levi does care about the people under his command . Meanwhile , Erwin and Mike Zacharias discuss the new recruits joining the Survey Corps and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . While discussing his powers with Levi 's squad , Hange arrives and asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . Hange is revealed to have an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . During her all night talks with Eren , she reveals that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . But the next day , the Survey Corps discover Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Survey Corps deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their Omni - directional Mobility Gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police later , gives advice to Armin and Connie that it is their choice to decide on which branch of the military they join . The recruits from the 104th are later greeted by Commander Erwin at the ' Decision Ceremony ' , where he tells them that the goal of the Survey Corps 's expedition the following month is to reclaim Shiganshina and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Survey Corps 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Survey Corps in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertolt , Connie , Sasha , Krista and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Survey Corps prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Survey Corps begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) September 6 , 2014 As the expedition gets underway , the Survey Corps assemble into their ' Long - Range Scouting Formation ' wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if a Titan is nearby so the group can steer to avoid them and avoid conflict if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Titan with a feminine body suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize it was the Female Titan 's work and she is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the centre . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Krista , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . Soon , the whole formation reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . As he considers turning himself into his Titan form , Levi tells him to choose to either rely on his own strength or believe in his squad mates . Eren starts remembering when Hange , Levi and his squad had him try to transform into a Titan for experimental purposes but was unable to . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , much to the squad 's shock . They almost attacked him but Levi ordered them to stand down . Hange deduced that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks at the Female Titan , trapping her . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Survey Corps before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Survey Corps 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Survey Corps member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all humans who can transform into Titans are like Eren since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice , while elsewhere the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into his Titan form , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Petra , Oluo and Eld manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms and kill her . However , the Female Titan manages to quickly regenerate her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into his Titan form , which gets Mikasa and Levi 's attention . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) October 11 , 2014 Levi , who orders Mikasa to distract the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , successfully debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but he injures his leg in the process when saving Mikasa from the Female Titan after leaving herself vulnerable when attempting to finish off . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Survey Corps mournfully retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . However , a Scout named Dieter retrieves the corpse of his friend Ivan against this direct order , which draws the attention of two Titans to the retreating Survey Corps . Mikasa kills one of the Titans to save Dieter , who loses both Ivan 's corpse and his friend Jurgen . In order to outrun the remaining Titan , Levi reluctantly orders some of the corpses , including Petra 's , be disposed of in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past to find himself and the Survey Corps back at town , safely behind Wall Sina . He becomes angry upon hearing the townspeople berate the Survey Corps 's ineptitude , until he sees a boy who admires their bravery , which sends him into tears . All the while , a shocked Levi is questioned by Petra 's father over his daughter 's whereabouts , who reveals that Petra planned on devoting her life to Levi . The townspeople also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District of Wall Sina , the Military Police are ordered to escort the Survey Corps convoy once they enter the capital . The Military Police are shown to be lazy and corrupt ; one of Annie 's colleagues , Hitch Dreyse , reveals that she joined the police for that reason . Another colleague named Marlowe Freudenberg is disgusted , revealing he joined the Military Police so he could reform it to become a better organization , which Annie respects since he reminds her of Eren . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin asks for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although refusing at first , she finally agrees after Armin begs again , believing she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel . However , Annie refuses to enter as she has noticed Armin behaving strangely and hidden Scouts watching her . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's Omni - directional Mobility Gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the last expedition . Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , but knowing her identity is exposed , Annie laughs sadly and tries to transform . Despite the Scouts ' attempts to bind and gag her , she succeeds in transforming using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin reveal to him they have a plan to capture the person they believe is the Female Titan and is shocked when they tell him it is Annie . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie in Titan form . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dok of the Military Police demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Survey Corps distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Rogue Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths while Hange orders her men to stand by before they capture Annie . Meanwhile , Erwin tells Nile that he will accept responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , for which Nile has Erwin arrested and orders the Military Police to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , a berserk Eren completely overpowers Annie , who attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina . However , Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers , sending her falling . As Annie falls , she remembers her father asking for forgiveness , telling her to hate the world and asking her to promise him she will come back home . When it appears Eren is about to eat Annie , he stops once he sees her crying , and her body starts encasing itself in crystal . As Eren recuperates , he admits to Mikasa , Armin and Jean that he allowed Annie to get herself encased . As Armin and Jean wonder if sacrificing their humanity to defeat the Titans is worth the price , Erwin attends a government inquiry , where he reveals that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks . He further explains that despite the deaths and casualties of his plan and how they can not get any information from Annie now that she is encased , she is proof there are humans that can turn into Titans living within the walls and he plans to find and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . In the end , Erwin 's name is cleared , Eren stays with the Survey Corps , Annie is put under the Survey Corps 's custody and the rest of the 104th Top Trainees go on their different missions . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) April 22 , 2017 As the encased Annie is taken into custody , Hange and her team discover the Titan sealed inside the walls . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult appears , urging them to cover it from sunlight . After the Titan is covered with sheets , Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him . She suspects that more titans are hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . 12 hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Trainees are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Mike Zacharias orders the soldiers and trainees to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . In Stohess , Eren wakes up with Mikasa at his bedside and Armin tells them the Titans have breached Wall Rose . Back at the outpost , Mike buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a mysterious ape - like Titan covered in fur that is capable of speaking . The Beast Titan inquires about his three - dimensional maneuvering equipment ( 立体 機動 装置 , Rittai kidō sōchi ) , but Mike does not answer , so the Titan strips Mike of his gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) April 29 , 2017 Hange and Armin deduce that the Titans encased within the walls provide its strength . The Survey Corps depart from Stohess to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha rushes to warn her father and her village . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees but they are chased by the Titan . Sasha decides to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away . Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Connie arrives at his village , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Connie discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside . He and the others wonder how it got so far from the walls when its short , thin legs seem too weak to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) May 6 , 2017 Connie grieves for the death of his family while his senior Lynn tries to assure him they might be still be alive since no bodies nor blood was found despite Gelgar 's suspicions since the village horses are still at their stables . As Connie rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , the Titan in his house speaks to him , saying `` Welcome Back . '' Elsewhere , Ymir asks her seniors Nanaba and Henning to allow her and Krista to leave their group since they do n't have their gear which the latter tells Ymir not to worry about her . Eventually , both groups meet up but are surprised to discover there were no breaches at the Walls and rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Hange explains to Eren that she discovered the hardened crystallized skin that Annie created from her Titan form is the same material that the Walls are made of which might help them seal the breach at Shiganshina if Eren can learn to do the same thing . After witnessing the flight of the people of Wall Rose due to the Titans , Pastor Nick relents and tells Hange that a 104th Trainee can help her find the answers she seeks ; this is none other than Krista . Following this , an out - of - breath Sasha arrives and hands Hange a report . Shortly thereafter Hange and her group head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , Titans , led by the Beast Titan , attack Castle Utgard despite it being night time , forcing Gelgar , Lynn , Nanaba and Henning to defend the 104th Trainees . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Trainees rest as their seniors keep watch . Connie mentions the Titan he encountered at his village resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can . The Titans soon appear , and Nanaba and the Senior Scouts hold them off from the outside while Connie , Reiner , Bertoldt , Ymir and Krista defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower the unarmed Trainees are on , Ymir , in order to save Krista 's life and honor the promise they made , jumps off the tower , and transforms into a Titan . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) May 20 , 2017 During their winter training in the mountains as cadets , Krista and Ymir become lost while saving fellow cadet Daz during a blizzard . Ymir accuses of Krista of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She also reveals she knows that Krista is an unwanted illegitimate child of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Telling Krista that they were both given a second chance in life , Ymir makes Krista promise that should she ever reveal her true name , she should live her own life . Back in the present , Titan Ymir fights off the other Titans as Reiner and Bertholdt recognize Ymir as the Titan who ate their childhood friend in the past . Realizing Ymir is trying to help them , Krista tells Ymir to destroy the tower instead in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Krista and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir ; only the timely arrival of Hange and the other Scouts saves them . With the battle over , Krista attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Trainees learn Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Krista reveals that her real name is Historia . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) June 3 , 2017 After the battle , the Scouts climb the wall nearest to Castle Utgard and prepare to take the comatose Ymir to Trost for medical attention . They are surprised that there are no titans in the area , especially when a patrol led by Hannes reports that the walls were never breached . As the Scouts prepare to set off for Trost , Reiner takes Eren aside and casually reveals that he is the Armored Titan , Bertholdt is the Colossal Titan , and that their mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply come with them . The episode flashes back to 12 hours earlier in Ehrmich District where Hange explains that the scroll she received earlier from Sasha contained a background report on Annie which suggests a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little background information available . After reaching into their memories of Reiner and Bertholdt , they begin to suspect that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Hange therefore orders everyone to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their respective Titan forms despite a quick intervention by Mikasa . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and heads down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , an angry Eren shifts into his Titan form and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat '' `` Da tō kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) June 10 , 2017 As the Armored Titan and Eren 's Titan Form engage in battle , Mikasa regrets not having succeeded at killing Bertholdt and Reiner before they shifted into Titans . Hange orders the Scouts to attack the slow - moving Colossal Titan after it `` eats '' Ymir and another Scout , but it releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . Meanwhile , the Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and despite the best efforts of Mikasa to help , the situation seems desperate . Fortunately , Eren remembers the hand - to - hand techniques taught to him by Annie during their training and he begins to seriously damage the Armored Titan . Armin implores Eren to fall back to the wall for his own safety , and much to everyone 's surprise , he obliges . Hannes ' patrol returns , and Hannes is shocked to see the Colossal Titan , not to mention Eren 's Titan Form as well as the Armored Titan . The latter charges at Eren once more , who again utilizes grapple techniques to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . With the encouragement of his comrades , he is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . To the Scout 's horror , the Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan 's falling body hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of heat and steam and enabling the Armored Titan to free itself from Eren 's grasp and extract Eren from his Titan form . Bertholdt , carrying the still unconscious Ymir , uses stolen 3DMG to leave with the Armored Titan . The blast seriously injures many of the Scouts , including Mikasa and Hange . Several hours later in Trost District , Commander Pyxis , Erwin , Jean , and the other military forces are informed about the battle with the Colossal and Armored Titans as well as the capture of Eren and Ymir . Back at the walls , Armin watches over the unconscious Mikasa . While unconscious , Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she rescued Eren from the neighborhood bullies . She wakes , and is distraught to find that Eren is gone . There is nothing they can do about it in their current state , but Hannes gives a rousing speech reminding them of Eren 's steadfast resolve , and vows to help them rescue Eren . Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements . Hange , now awake , posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the relative safety of a nearby Forest of Giant Trees to rest until nightfall , assuming their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their missing and damaged limbs while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The episode ends with the soldiers departing from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , the badly injured Hange demands a horse to ride to Connie 's town to see the captured Titan who was unable to walk . Her assistant Moblit refuses and goes in her stead . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , Eren realizes that he has no arms , but his attempts to Titan Shift are stopped by Ymir . She points out that they are they deep within Titan territory , surrounded by Titans , weakened from their earlier battle , and only Reiner and Bertholdt possess 3DMG . When questioned , Reiner says that they are taking them to their hometown , and are waiting until nightfall , when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren remains unconvinced , but Ymir reminds him that they are not in a position to fight until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and warrior , which Ymir figures indicates confusion between his undercover and real personas . This infuriates Eren , who confronts Reiner and Bertholdt about the death and destruction they have caused as Titans . Ymir however , is more concerned about the ape - like Titan that caused the recent Titan invasion and who may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Ymir and Eren . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts , which angers Reiner and Bertholdt . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) At Connie 's village , Moblit assumes the Titans destroyed it without killing any humans . However , when he is handed a portrait of Connie 's parents , it appears that the disabled Titan is Connie 's mother . At the Forest of Giant Trees , Reiner continues to press Ymir to join them , but she 'll only help if they agree to take Christa with them . In a flashback to Ymir 's childhood , she is taken in and worshiped by a cult , who insist she has royal blood . She lives this lie until the cult is apprehended by soldiers , who punish the cultists and Ymir by injecting them with something and throwing them off a wall , resulting in them Titan Shifting . Ymir then spends the next 60 years as a Titan , only to happen upon Reiner , Bertholdt , Annie , and their friend Marcel . Marcel saves Reiner , but is eaten by Ymir , allowing her to return to human form . She realizes the freedom she felt in accepting who she was instead of living a lie was why she developed such empathy with Christa . Returning to the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to Titan Shift and take Christa with them . When the 104th Trainees enter the forest , Titan Ymir singles out Christa and envelops her in her mouth before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . At the edge of the forest , Reiner shifts into the Armored Titan , and with Bertholdt , Eren and Titan Ymir on his shoulders , he flees , with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir removes Christa from her mouth and exits her Titan Form in order to explain her actions to Christa . She claims she is doing this only to save herself , as she believes that by handing Christa over to those outside the Walls she will be granted amnesty , though in secret is trying to save her . Their conversation is interrupted by attacks from the Scouts , who have caught up to the Armored Titan . Christa convinces Ymir not to intervene as Mikasa desperately throws herself at Bertholdt to save Eren , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan surrounds the two with his hands . The rest of the 104th Trainees catch up with Mikasa and attempt to reason with Bertholdt to give up Eren but he refuses , distraughtly professing he and Reiner have done too much harm to let their mission be a failure . Hannes then orders them to scatter when he sees them charging straight towards a group of Titans baited by Erwin . As the Armored Titan is attacked by the arriving Titans , Erwin orders a charge but is carried away in the mouth of a Titan . Reiner , realizing he has no choice but to use his arms to defend himself , releases Eren and Bertholdt , but Mikasa is severely wounded by a Titan while trying to save Eren . Desperate , Armin distracts Bertholdt by infuriating him with the revelation that Annie was captured , allowing an opening for Erwin - now missing an arm - to cut Eren free of Bertholdt , allowing the injured Mikasa to finally rescue him . As the Scouts retreat , Connie and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying as she would never harm her . The retreat is hampered by the Armored Titan , who begins to throw Titans at the group , successfully knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Helpless , they hear an approaching Titan and turn to face it , coming face - to - face with the same Titan that ate Eren 's mother . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) July 22 , 2017 With the Scouts in a losing battle as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position , Eren tries but fails to transform and is forced to watch Hannes get killed protecting Mikasa and him from the Smiling Titan . Despairing , Mikasa comforts Eren and thanks him for always being there for her . Rekindling his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , Eren throws a punch at the Smiling Titan , activating an unknown power within him that suddenly causes the non-sentient Titans to attack and kill it , avenging both his mother and Hannes . Ymir realizes Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the `` Coordinate '' , the ability to control other Titans . The survivors escape after Eren causes the Titans to stop the Armored Titan . Feeling guilty for them , Ymir decides to leave Historia , believing she will be safe within the Walls , and saves Reiner and Bertholdt , letting them take her back to their hometown so they wo n't come back empty - handed . A week after the Wall Rose incident , Hange gives her report to Levi , Erwin and Pyxis , revealing the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were in fact the people of Connie 's village , shocked by her theory that all Titans were once human . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Connie and Reiner teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their maneuver gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Krista hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Krista at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Krista and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertolt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Connie and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Connie when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the Three Dimensional Maneuver Gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hanji tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Trainee Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 coming in 2018 '' . IGN.com . IGN . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=809984930 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does episode 38 of attack on titan come out
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Constitutional Union Party (United States)
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Constitutional Union party ( United States ) - wikipedia Constitutional Union party ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Constitution Party ( United States ) . Constitutional Union Party First Leader John Bell Founded 1860 ( 1860 ) Dissolved 1861 ( 1861 ) Merger of American Party Opposition Party Succeeded by Unionist Party Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia Ideology American nationalism Conservatism Gag rule Political position Big tent ( main aim was to preserve the Union ) Colors Orange Politics of United States Political parties Elections A Constitutional Union campaign poster for the 1860 election in which are shown John Bell ( left ) , the presidential nominee ; and Edward Everett , the vice presidential nominee The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860 which ran against the Republicans and Democrats as a fourth party in 1860 . It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid secession over the slavery issue . These former Whigs ( some of whom had been under the banner of the Opposition Party in 1854 -- 1858 ) teamed up with former Know Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against secession to form the Constitutional Union Party . The party 's name comes from its simple platform , which consists of the resolution `` to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution of the country , the Union of the states , and the Enforcement of the Laws '' . The party hoped that by not taking a firm stand either for or against slavery or its expansion , the issue could be pushed aside . John J. Crittenden and other unionist Congressmen organized the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention , which met in May 1860 . The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President . Crittenden , Sam Houston , William Alexander Graham and William Cabell Rives also received support for the party 's presidential nomination at the convention . In the 1860 presidential election , Bell took 12.6 % of the popular vote and won three slave states . Most of Bell 's support came from former Southern Whigs or Know Nothings . After the election , Crittenden and other Constitutional Unionists unsuccessfully sought to prevent a civil war with the Crittenden Compromise and the Peace Conference of 1861 . After the onset of the American Civil War , many former party members , including Bell , supported the Confederacy whereas most border state Constitutional Unionists remained loyal to the Union . Constitutional Unionists helped organize the Wheeling Convention ( which split off West Virginia from Virginia ) while many in Missouri joined the Unconditional Union Party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings 2 1860 presidential election 3 After 1860 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Beginnings ( edit ) A predecessor of the Constitutional Union Party , the Unionist Party , was founded in 1850 by Georgia politicians Robert Toombs , Alexander Stephens and Howell Cobb to support the Compromise of 1850 and reject the notion of Southern secession . This party united Southern Whigs and Democrats under the Georgia Platform , which affirmed Georgia 's acceptance of the Compromise as a final resolution to the issue of slavery . However , the party never expanded outside of the Deep South states of Georgia , Mississippi and Alabama and dissolved by the end of 1851 . The 1860 incarnation of the Constitutional Union Party united remnants of both the defunct Whig and Know Nothing parties who were unwilling to join either the Democrats or the Republicans . Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky , Henry Clay 's successor in border - state Whiggery , set up a meeting among fifty conservative , pro-Compromise congressmen in December 1859 , which led to a convention in Baltimore the week of May 9 , 1860 , one week before the Republican Party convention . The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President . 1860 presidential election ( edit ) In the 1860 election , the Constitutional Unionists received the great majority of their votes from former southern Whigs or Know Nothings . A few of their votes were cast by former Democrats who were against secession . Although the party did not get 50 % of the popular vote in any state , they won the electoral votes of three states , Virginia , Kentucky and Tennessee , largely due to the split in Democratic votes between Stephen A. Douglas in the North and John C. Breckinridge in the South . California and Everett 's home state of Massachusetts were the only non-slave states in which the party received more than 5 % of the popular vote . After 1860 ( edit ) The party and its purpose disappeared after 1860 as the Southern states began to secede , though the party remained active in Congress until the end of the Civil War . Bell and many other Constitutional Unionists later supported the Confederacy during the Civil War , but backers of the party from north of the Carolinas tended to remain supporters of the Union . Constitutional Unionists were influential in the Wheeling Convention , which led to the creation of the Union loyalist state of West Virginia , as well as in the declaration of the Kentucky General Assembly for the Union and winning Congressional elections in Kentucky and Maryland in June . In Missouri , many of the party joined the new Unconditional Union Party headed by Francis P. Blair , Jr. and remained active in that state 's efforts to remain in the Union by overthrowing the elected government of Claiborne Jackson . Everett supported the Union and in 1863 gave a speech at Gettysburg before Lincoln 's famous Gettysburg Address . See also ( edit ) conservatism portal National Union Party ( United States ) Southern Unionist United States presidential election , 1860 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schott , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . LSU Press . pp. 129 -- 132 . References ( edit ) Blum , John M. ; William S. McFeely ; Edmund S. Morgan ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. ; Kenneth M. Stampp ; C. Vann Woodward ( 1985 ) . The National Experience : A History of the United States ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 344 -- 345 . ISBN 0155656643 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Constitutional Union Party . Newly Formed Party Party Platform of 1860 OurCampaigns overview of Constitutional Union Convention 1860 ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller African People 's Socialist All - African People 's Revolutionary America 's American ( 1969 ) American Delta American Freedom American Party of Labor American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist ( 1973 ) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Falangist American Nazi American Vegetarian Americans Elect Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National Socialist National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist ( 1901 ) Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal ( 1856 ← ) United States presidential election , 1860 ( 1864 → ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Abraham Lincoln VP nominee Hannibal Hamlin Candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party Conventions Northern Nominee Stephen A. Douglas Northern VP nominee Herschel V. Johnson Southern Nominee John C. Breckinridge Southern VP nominee Joseph Lane Candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M.T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Constitutional Union Party Convention Nominee John Bell VP nominee Edward Everett Candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Other 1860 elections : House Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&oldid=834022996 '' Categories : American nationalist parties Political parties established in 1860 American Civil War political groups Defunct conservative parties in the United States Defunct nationalist parties in the United States 1860 establishments in the United States 1865 disestablishments in the United States Unionist Party ( United States ) Political parties disestablished in 1865 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Polski Simple English Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 14 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who represented the constitutional union party in 1860
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"John J. Crittenden and other unionist Congressmen organized the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention, which met in May 1860. The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President. Crittenden, Sam Houston, William Alexander Graham and William Cabell Rives also received support for the party's presidential nomination at the convention. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell took 12.6% of the popular vote and won three slave states. Most of Bell's support came from former Southern Whigs or Know Nothings.",
"John J. Crittenden and other unionist Congressmen organized the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention, which met in May 1860. The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President. Crittenden, Sam Houston, William Alexander Graham and William Cabell Rives also received support for the party's presidential nomination at the convention. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell took 12.6% of the popular vote and won three slave states. Most of Bell's support came from former Southern Whigs or Know Nothings."
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"John Bell of Tennessee for President",
"Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President"
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Mont Saint-Michel
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Mont Saint - Michel - wikipedia Mont Saint - Michel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mont Saint Michel ( disambiguation ) . Le Mont Saint - Michel Commune Coat of arms Le Mont Saint - Michel Location within Normandy region ( show ) Le Mont Saint - Michel Coordinates : 48 ° 38 ′ 10 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 41 '' W / 48.636 ° N 1.5114 ° W / 48.636 ; - 1.5114 Coordinates : 48 ° 38 ′ 10 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 41 '' W / 48.636 ° N 1.5114 ° W / 48.636 ; - 1.5114 Country France Region Normandy Department Manche Arrondissement Avranches Canton Pontorson Intercommunality Pontorson - Le Mont - Saint - Michel Government Mayor ( 2014 - 2020 ) Yann Galton Area 0.97 km ( 0.37 sq mi ) Population ( 2015 ) 50 Density 52 / km ( 130 / sq mi ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) INSEE / Postal code 50353 / 50116 Elevation 5 -- 80 m ( 16 -- 262 ft ) French Land Register data , which excludes lakes , ponds , glaciers > 1 km2 ( 0.386 sq mi or 247 acres ) and river estuaries . Population without double counting : residents of multiple communes ( e.g. , students and military personnel ) only counted once . Le Mont - Saint - Michel ( pronounced ( lə mɔ̃ sɛ̃ mi. ʃɛl ) ; Norman : Mont Saint Miché , English : Saint Michael 's Mount ) is an island commune in Normandy , France . It is located about one kilometre ( 0.6 miles ) off the country 's northwestern coast , at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches and is 100 hectares ( 247 acres ) in size . As of 2009 , the island has a population of 44 . The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name . The structural composition of the town exemplifies the feudal society that constructed it : on top , God , the abbey and monastery ; below , the great halls ; then stores and housing ; and at the bottom , outside the walls , houses for fishermen and farmers . The commune 's position -- on an island just 600 metres from land -- made it accessible at low tide to the many pilgrims to its abbey , but defensible as an incoming tide stranded , drove off , or drowned would - be assailants . The Mont remained unconquered during the Hundred Years ' War ; a small garrison fended off a full attack by the English in 1433 . The reverse benefits of its natural defence were not lost on Louis XI , who turned the Mont into a prison . Thereafter the abbey began to be used more regularly as a jail during the Ancien Régime . One of France 's most recognizable landmarks , visited by more than 3 million people each year , Mont Saint - Michel and its bay are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . Over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as monuments historiques . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Formation 1.2 Tides 1.3 Tidal island 2 History 2.1 Abbey design 2.2 Development 3 Administration 4 Population 5 The Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem 6 People and places of note 7 Economy 8 Twin towns and sister cities 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Geography ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) Now a rocky tidal island , the Mont occupied dry land in prehistoric times . As sea levels rose , erosion reshaped the coastal landscape , and several outcrops of granite emerged in the bay , having resisted the wear and tear of the ocean better than the surrounding rocks . These included Lillemer , the Mont - Dol , Tombelaine ( the island just to the north ) , and Mont Tombe , later called Mont Saint - Michel . Mont Saint - Michel consists of leucogranite , which solidified from an underground intrusion of molten magma about 525 million years ago , during the Cambrian period , as one of the younger parts of the Mancellian granitic batholith . ( Early studies of Mont Saint - Michel by French geologists sometimes describe the leucogranite of the Mont as `` granulite '' , but this granitic meaning of granulite is now obsolete ) . The Mont has a circumference of about 960 metres ( 3,150 ft ) and its highest point is 92 metres ( 302 ft ) above sea level . Tides ( edit ) The tides can vary greatly , at roughly 14 metres ( 46 ft ) between high and low water marks . Popularly nicknamed `` St. Michael in peril of the sea '' by medieval pilgrims making their way across the flats , the mount can still pose dangers for visitors who avoid the causeway and attempt the hazardous walk across the sands from the neighbouring coast . Polderisation and occasional flooding have created salt marsh meadows that were found to be ideally suited to grazing sheep . The well - flavoured meat that results from the diet of the sheep in the pré salé ( salt meadow ) makes agneau de pré - salé ( salt meadow lamb ) , a local specialty that may be found on the menus of restaurants that depend on income from the many visitors to the mount . Tidal island ( edit ) Low tide in 2005 Mont Saint - Michel in 2014 with the new bridge The connection between Mont Saint - Michel and the mainland has changed over the centuries . Previously connected by a tidal causeway ( a path uncovered only at low tide ) , this was converted into a raised ( permanently dry ) causeway in 1879 , preventing the tide from scouring the silt around the mount . The coastal flats have also been polderised to create pastureland , decreasing the distance between the shore and the island , and the Couesnon River has been canalised , reducing the dispersion of the flow of water . These factors all encouraged silting - up of the bay . On 16 June 2006 , the French prime minister and regional authorities announced a € 164 million project ( Projet Mont - Saint - Michel ) to build a hydraulic dam using the waters of the river Couesnon and the tides to help remove the accumulated silt , and to make Mont Saint - Michel an island again . The construction of the dam began in 2009 . The project also includes the removal of the causeway and its visitor car park . Since 28 April 2012 the new car park on the mainland has been located 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 miles ) from the island . Visitors can walk or use shuttles to cross the causeway . On 22 July 2014 the new bridge by architect Dietmar Feichtinger was opened to the public . The light bridge allows the waters to flow freely around the island and improves the efficiency of the now operational dam . The project which cost € 209 million was officially opened by President François Hollande . On rare occasions tidal circumstances produce an extremely high ' supertide ' . The new bridge was completely submerged on 21 March 2015 , by the highest sea level for at least 18 years , as crowds gathered to snap photos . History ( edit ) The original site was founded by an Irish hermit who gathered a following from the local community . Mont Saint - Michel was used in the sixth and seventh centuries as an Armorican stronghold of Gallo - Roman culture and power until it was ransacked by the Franks , thus ending the trans - channel culture that had stood since the departure of the Romans in 460 . From roughly the fifth to the eighth century , Mont Saint - Michel belonged to the territory of Neustria , and in the early ninth century was an important place in the marches of Neustria . Inside the walls of Mont Saint - Michel Before the construction of the first monastic establishment in the 8th century , the island was called Mont Tombe ( Latin : tumba ) . According to legend , the archangel Michael appeared in 708 to Aubert of Avranches , the bishop of Avranches , and instructed him to build a church on the rocky islet . Unable to defend his kingdom against the assaults of the Vikings , the king of the Franks agreed to grant the Cotentin peninsula and the Avranchin , including Mont Saint - Michel traditionally linked to the city of Avranches , to the Bretons in the Treaty of Compiègne ( 867 ) . This marked the beginning of the brief period of Breton possession of the Mont . In fact , these lands and Mont Saint - Michel were never really included in the duchy of Brittany and remained independent bishoprics from the newly created Breton archbishopric of Dol . When Rollo confirmed Franco as archbishop of Rouen , these traditional dependences of the Rouen archbishopric were retained in it . The mount gained strategic significance again in 933 when William I Longsword annexed the Cotentin Peninsula from the weakened Duchy of Brittany . This made the mount definitively part of Normandy , and is depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry , which commemorates the 1066 Norman conquest of England . Harold Godwinson is pictured on the tapestry rescuing two Norman knights from the quicksand in the tidal flats during a battle with Conan II , Duke of Brittany . Norman ducal patronage financed the spectacular Norman architecture of the abbey in subsequent centuries . Bayeux Tapestry scenes 16 and 17 : William and Harold at Mont Saint - Michel ( at top centre ) ; Harold rescuing knights from quicksand In 1067 , the monastery of Mont Saint - Michel gave its support to William the Conqueror in his claim to the throne of England . This he rewarded with properties and grounds on the English side of the Channel , including a small island off the southwestern coast of Cornwall which was modelled after the Mount and became a Norman priory named St Michael 's Mount of Penzance . Cannons abandoned by Thomas de Scales , 7th Baron Scales at Mont Saint - Michel on June 17 , 1434 . As of June 2013 , only the second cannon , the one closer to the wall , is on display inside the entrance to the Mont 's outer wall . During the Hundred Years ' War , the Kingdom of England made repeated assaults on the island but were unable to seize it due to the abbey 's improved fortifications . The English initially besieged the Mont in 1423 -- 24 , and then again in 1433 -- 34 with English forces under the command of Thomas de Scales , 7th Baron Scales . Two wrought - iron bombards that Scales abandoned when he gave up his siege are still on site . They are known as les Michelettes . Mont Saint - Michel 's resolute resistance inspired the French , especially Joan of Arc . When Louis XI of France founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469 , he intended that the abbey church of Mont Saint - Michel become the chapel for the Order , but because of its great distance from Paris , his intention could never be realised . Mont Saint - Michel Mont Saint - Michel UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Mont Saint - Michel and its Bay Location Manche , canton of Pontorson , France Coordinates 48 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 37 '' W / 48.6358 ° N 1.5103 ° W / 48.6358 ; - 1.5103 Area 3.97 km ( 42,700,000 sq ft ) Criteria Cultural : i , iii , vi Reference 80 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Website www.ot-montsaintmichel.com/index.htm ? lang = en Location of Mont Saint - Michel ( edit on Wikidata ) The wealth and influence of the abbey extended to many daughter foundations , including St. Michael 's Mount in Cornwall . However , its popularity and prestige as a centre of pilgrimage waned with the Reformation , and by the time of the French Revolution there were scarcely any monks in residence . The abbey was closed and converted into a prison , initially to hold clerical opponents of the republican regime . High - profile political prisoners followed , but by 1836 , influential figures -- including Victor Hugo -- had launched a campaign to restore what was seen as a national architectural treasure . The prison was finally closed in 1863 , and the mount was declared a historic monument in 1874 . Mont Saint - Michel and its bay were added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 , and it was listed with criteria such as cultural , historical , and architectural significance , as well as human - created and natural beauty . Abbey design ( edit ) See also : Mont Saint Michel Abbey Plan of the mount by Eugène Viollet - le - Duc In the 11th century , William of Volpiano , the Italian architect who had built Fécamp Abbey in Normandy , was chosen by Richard II , Duke of Normandy , to be the building contractor . He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey , daringly placing the transept crossing at the top of the mount . Many underground crypts and chapels had to be built to compensate for this weight ; these formed the basis for the supportive upward structure that can be seen today . Today Mont Saint - Michel is seen as a building of Romanesque architecture . Robert de Thorigny , a great supporter of Henry II of England ( who was also Duke of Normandy ) , reinforced the structure of the buildings and built the main façade of the church in the 12th century . In 1204 , Guy of Thouars , regent for the Duchess of Brittany , as vassal of the King of France , undertook a siege of the Mount . After having set fire to the village and having massacred the population , he was obliged to beat a retreat under the powerful walls of the abbey . Unfortunately , the fire which he himself lit extended to the buildings , and the roofs fell prey to the flames . Horrified by the cruelty and the exactions of his Breton ally , Philip Augustus offered Abbot Jordan a grant for the construction of a new Gothic architectural set which included the addition of the refectory and cloister . Charles VI is credited with adding major fortifications to the abbey - mount , building towers , successive courtyards , and strengthening the ramparts . Development ( edit ) 10th century 11th to 12th century 17th to 18th century 19th to 21st century Administration ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The cloister The islet belongs to the French commune of Le Mont - Saint - Michel , in the département of Manche , in Normandy . Population ( 1999 ) : 46 . The nearest major town , with an SNCF train station , is Pontorson . Mont Saint - Michel belongs to the Organization of World Heritage Cities . Mont Saint - Michel has also been the subject of traditional jealousy from the Bretons . Bretons claim that since the Couesnon River marks the traditional boundary between Normandy and Brittany , it is only because the river has altered its course over the centuries that the mount is on the Norman side of the border . This legend amuses the area 's inhabitants , who state that the border is not located on the Couesnon River itself but on the mainland , 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) to the west , at the foot of the solid mass of Saint - Brelade . Population ( edit ) Historical population of Le Mont - Saint - Michel Year Pop . ± % 1793 234 -- 1800 234 + 0.0 % 1806 282 + 20.5 % 1821 904 + 220.6 % 1831 390 − 56.9 % 1836 385 − 1.3 % 1841 1,082 + 181.0 % 1846 1,100 + 1.7 % 1851 1,182 + 7.5 % 1856 1,153 − 2.5 % 1861 1,056 − 8.4 % 1866 203 − 80.8 % Year Pop . ± % 1872 193 − 4.9 % 1876 184 − 4.7 % 1881 209 + 13.6 % 1886 211 + 1.0 % 1891 199 − 5.7 % 1896 230 + 15.6 % 1901 235 + 2.2 % 1906 238 + 1.3 % 1911 232 − 2.5 % 1921 230 − 0.9 % 1926 247 + 7.4 % 1931 250 + 1.2 % Year Pop . ± % 1936 231 − 7.6 % 1946 186 − 19.5 % 1954 268 + 44.1 % 1962 132 − 50.7 % 1968 105 − 20.5 % 114 + 8.6 % 1982 80 − 29.8 % 72 − 10.0 % 1999 46 − 36.1 % 2006 41 − 10.9 % 2009 44 + 7.3 % 2015 50 + 13.6 % From the year 1962 on : No double counting -- residents of multiple communes ( e.g. students and military personnel ) are counted only once . Since 2004 , as for any city with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants , censuses are every five years , in years ending in 1 and 6 for this city , other counts are from annual population surveys . Source : EHESS and Insee Births 1956 -- 1962 1962 -- 1968 1968 -- 1975 1975 -- 1982 1982 -- 1990 1990 -- 1999 xx 13 16 8 6 Deaths 1956 -- 1962 1962 -- 1968 1968 -- 1975 1975 -- 1982 1982 -- 1990 1990 -- 1999 xx 6 6 5 Up to 20,000 people visit the city during the summer months . Among the 43 inhabitants as of 2006 , 5 were monks and 7 nuns . The monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem ( edit ) Since 2001 , a community of monks and nuns of the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem , sent from the mother - house of St - Gervais - et - St - Protais in Paris , have been living as a community on Mont Saint - Michel . They replaced the Benedictine monks who returned to the Mount in 1966 . They are tenants of the centre for national monuments and are not involved in the management of the abbey . The community meets four times a day to recite the liturgical office in the abbey itself ( or in the crypt of Notre - Dame des Trente Cierges in winter ) . In this way , the building keeps its original purpose as a place of prayer and singing the glory of God . The presence of the community attracts many visitors and pilgrims who come to join in the various liturgical celebrations . In 2012 , the community undertook the renovation of a house on the Mount , the Logis Saint - Abraham , which is used as a guest house for pilgrims on retreat . People and places of note ( edit ) Robert of Torigni , famous abbot of the Mount ; Guillaume de Saint Pair , monk of the abbey and author of the novel Mont - Saint - Michel ; The Duke of Chartres ( later Louis - Philippe I ) came to demolish the `` iron cage '' ; Mathurin Bruneau , shoemaker , rogue , and fake Louis XVII , prisoner in 1821 - 1822 ; Louis Auguste Blanqui , political prisoner in the Mount ; Armand Barbès , political prisoner in the Mount ; Monsignor Bravard , restorer of the abbey ; La Mère Poulard , famous omelet restaurant ; Émile Couillard , writer , historian of the Mount , and abbot of the Mont - Saint - Michel . Economy ( edit ) Le Mont - Saint - Michel has long `` belonged '' to some families who shared the businesses in the town , and succeeded to the village administration . Tourism is the main and even almost unique source of income of the commune . There are about fifty shops for 3 million tourists , while only 25 people sleep every night on the Mount ( monks included ) , except in hotels . Nowadays , the main institutions of the city are shared by : Eric Vannier , owner of the group the Mère Poulard ( holding half of restaurants , shops , hotels and three museums ) ; Jean - Yves Vételé , CEO of Sodetour ( five hotels , a supermarket and shops - all extramural - , including Mercury Barracks ) ; Patrick Gaul , former elected official , hotelier and intramural restaurateur ; Independent merchants Twin towns and sister Cities ( edit ) Hatsukaichi , Hiroshima , Japan , where Itsukushima Shrine -- another island - temple and UNESCO World Heritage Site -- is located . Historically , Mont Saint - Michel was the Norman counterpart of St Michael 's Mount in Cornwall , UK , which was given to the Benedictines , religious order of Mont Saint - Michel , by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century . The two mounts share the same tidal island characteristics and the same conical shape , though St Michael 's Mount is much smaller . In popular culture ( edit ) Statue of Archangel Michael atop the spire Main article : Mont Saint - Michel in popular culture In 1904 , the American intellectual Henry Adams privately published Mont - Saint - Michel and Chartres celebrating the unity of medieval society , especially as represented in the great cathedrals of France . French composer Claude Debussy frequented the island and possibly drew inspiration from not only the legend of the mythical city of Ys , but also Mont Saint - Michel 's cathedral for his piano prelude La Cathédrale Engloutie . 1991 : Mindwalk 1995 : the island is the capital of the reign of Benoic in the Bernard Cornwell 's novel The Winter King . The site is called Ynys Trebes at the time of the story . 2003 : Mont Saint - Michel was the inspiration for the design of Minas Tirith in the film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . 2010 : Mont Saint - Michel served as the artistic inspiration for the Disney hit Tangled . The castle and surrounding town are easily recognizable . 2011 : The design of Dark Souls location New Londo Ruins is inspired by Mont Saint - Michel . 2016 : Mont Saint Michael is able to be built as a wonder in `` Sid Meier 's Civilization VI '' . See also ( edit ) Normandy portal Brittany portal France portal Middle Ages portal Mont Saint Michel Abbey Carolingian architecture Carolingian art La Mère Poulard List of Carolingian monasteries Manoir de Brion Saint Michael in the Catholic Church St Michael 's Mount , Cornwall References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Insee -- Populations légales 2009 -- 50353 - Le Mont - Saint - Michel '' . insee.fr. 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mont Saint - Michel '' . xenophongroup.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO '' . UNESCO . 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ French government website ( in French ) Jump up ^ L'Homer , A. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Notice explicative , Carte géologique de la France ( 1 / 50 000 ) , feuille Baie du mont - Saint - Michel ( 208 ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Orléans : BRGM . ISBN 2 - 7159 - 1208 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Carnets géologique de Philippe Glangeaud - Glossaire '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Chantal Bonnot - Courtois , La Baie Du Mont - Saint - Michel et l'estuaire de la Rance : environnements sédimentaires , aménagements et évolution récente . Editor Technip. 2002 . pages 15 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` Official website of the restoring operation of the Mont - saint - Michel 's maritime character '' . www.projetmontsaintmichel.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mont - Saint - Michel reclaims its island status '' . rfi . Jump up ^ Galimberti , Katy ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` PHOTOS : Supertide Turns Mont Saint - Michel Into Island in a Once in 18 - Year Spectacle '' . AccuWeather . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Mont - St - Michel '' . Newadvent.org. 1911 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Adams , Henry ( 1913 ) . Mont - Saint - Michel and Chartres : A Study of Thirteenth - Century Unity . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` Département de la Manche '' . Insee.fr . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Mont - Saint - Michel - Notice Communale '' . Cassini.ehess.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Historique des populations par commune depuis le recensement de 1962 '' . Insee.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Insee - Populations légales 2006 - 50353 - Le Mont - Saint - Michel '' . Insee.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Mont - Saint - Michel -- Jumelage '' ( in French ) . Wikimanche.fr . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nishihiroshima Times '' . L-co.co.jp . Archived from the original on 13 January 2010 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Miyajima Grand Hotel Info '' . Miyajima-arimoto.co.jp. 16 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Charles ( 1925 ) . Cornish Church Guide . Truro : Oscar Blackford . pp. 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Adams , Henry ( 1904 ) . Mont - Saint - Michel and Chartres . self - published . Jump up ^ Debussy 's : La Cathedrale Engloutie Jump up ^ `` Mindwalk ( Philosophical Films ) '' . University of Tennessee at Martin . Philfilms.utm.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Bernard ( 2015 ) . The Winter King . Brazil : Record . pp. 273 -- 314 . ISBN 9788501061140 . Jump up ^ `` Making Of '' featurette on The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , Extended Edition DVD . Jump up ^ `` 10 Real Life Locations That Inspired Disney Films '' . Buzzfeed . buzzfeed.com. 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Translation of the Design Works Interview with Hidetaka Miyazaki '' . Giant Bomb . giantbomb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mont - Saint - Michel . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mont Saint - Michel . Mont - Saint - Michel Celebrates 1,300 yrs of History Official Mont - Saint Michel Tourist site ( English version ) Virtual recreation of Mont St. Michel in Second Life Pano at 360 ° of Mont St Michel INSEE population figures World Heritage Sites in France Île - de-France Palace and Park of Versailles Fontainebleau Palace and Park Paris : Banks of the Seine Provins Parisian basin Amiens Cathedral Belfries of Belgium and France Bourges Cathedral Champagne hillsides , houses and cellars Chartres Cathedral Climats and terroirs of Burgundy Reims : Cathedral of Notre - Dame , Abbey of Saint - Remi , Palace of Tau Abbey of Fontenay Le Havre Vézelay Church and hill Nord - Pas - de-Calais Belfries of Belgium and France Nord - Pas de Calais Mining Basin East Great Saltworks of Salins - les - Bains and Royal Saltworks of Arc - et - Senans Nancy : Place Stanislas , Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance Strasbourg : Grande Île , Neustadt Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps West Abbey Church of Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe Mont Saint - Michel and its bay South West Episcopal city , Albi Port of the Moon , Bordeaux Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley Pyrénées -- Mont Perdu Saint - Émilion Centre East Chauvet Cave Lyon Mediterranean Roman and Romanesque monuments , Arles Carcassonne citadel Gulf of Porto : Calanches de Piana , Gulf of Girolata , Scandola Reserve Avignon : Papal Palace , Episcopal Ensemble , Avignon Bridge Pont du Gard Orange : Roman Theatre and environs , Triumphal Arch Multiple regions The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Canal du Midi Fortifications of Vauban Loire Valley between Sully - sur - Loire and Chalonnes - sur - Loire Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France Overseas departments and territories Lagoons of New Caledonia Pitons , cirques and remparts of Réunion Taputapuātea Shared locally with other region / s and with Belgium Shared with Spain Shared with Austria , Germany , Italy , Slovenia and Switzerland Communes of Manche Agneaux Agon - Coutainville Airel Amigny Ancteville Anctoville - sur - Boscq Anneville - en - Saire Anneville - sur - Mer Annoville Appeville Aucey - la - Plaine Audouville - la - Hubert Aumeville - Lestre Auvers Auxais Avranches Azeville Bacilly La Baleine Barenton Barfleur Barneville - Carteret La Barre - de-Semilly Baubigny Baudre Baupte Beauchamps Beaucoudray Beauficel Beauvoir Belval Benoîtville Bérigny Beslon Besneville Beuvrigny Beuzeville - la - Bastille Biéville Biniville Blainville - sur - Mer Blosville La Bloutière Boisyvon La Bonneville Bourguenolles Bourgvallées Boutteville Brainville Brécey Bréhal Bretteville Bretteville - sur - Ay Breuville Bréville - sur - Mer Bricquebec - en - Cotentin Bricquebosq Bricqueville - la - Blouette Bricqueville - sur - Mer Brillevast Brix Brouains Brucheville Buais - les - Monts Cambernon Cametours Camprond Canisy Canteloup Canville - la - Rocque Carantilly Carentan - les - Marais Carneville Carolles Carquebut Catteville Catz Cavigny Céaux Cérences Cerisy - la - Forêt Cerisy - la - Salle La Chaise - Baudouin Champeaux Champrepus Chanteloup La Chapelle - Cécelin La Chapelle - Urée Chaulieu Chavoy Cherbourg - en - Cotentin Chérencé - le - Héron Clitourps La Colombe Colomby Condé - sur - Vire Contrières Coudeville - sur - Mer Coulouvray - Boisbenâtre Courcy Courtils Coutances Couvains Couville Crasville Créances Les Cresnays Crollon Crosville - sur - Douve Cuves Dangy Denneville Le Dézert Digosville Domjean Donville - les - Bains Doville Dragey - Ronthon Ducey - les - Chéris Écausseville Émondeville Équilly Éroudeville L'Étang - Bertrand Étienville La Feuillie Fermanville Feugères Fierville - les - Mines Flamanville Fleury Flottemanville Folligny Fontenay - sur - Mer Fourneaux Le Fresne - Poret Fresville Gathemo Gatteville - le - Phare Gavray Geffosses Genêts Ger La Godefroy La Gohannière Golleville Gonfreville Gonneville - le - Theil Gorges Gouvets Gouville - sur - Mer Graignes - Mesnil - Angot Le Grand - Celland Grandparigny Granville Gratot Grimesnil Le Grippon Grosville Guéhébert Le Guislain La Hague Le Ham Hambye Hamelin Hardinvast Hauteville - la - Guichard Hauteville - sur - Mer Hautteville - Bocage La Haye La Haye - Bellefond La Haye - d'Ectot La Haye - Pesnel Héauville Helleville Hémevez Hérenguerville Heugueville - sur - Sienne Hiesville Hocquigny Le Hommet - d'Arthenay Huberville Hudimesnil Huisnes - sur - Mer Isigny - le - Buat Joganville Juilley Jullouville Juvigny les Vallées Lamberville La Lande - d'Airou Lapenty Laulne Lengronne Lessay Lestre Liesville - sur - Douve Lieusaint Lingeard Lingreville Les Loges - Marchis Les Loges - sur - Brécey Lolif Longueville Le Loreur Le Lorey La Lucerne - d'Outremer Le Luot La Luzerne Magneville Marcey - les - Grèves Marchésieux Marcilly Margueray Marigny - le - Lozon Martinvast Maupertuis Maupertus - sur - Mer La Meauffe Méautis Le Mesnil Le Mesnil - Adelée Le Mesnil - Amand Le Mesnil - Amey Le Mesnil - Aubert Le Mesnil - au - Val Le Mesnilbus Le Mesnil - Eury Le Mesnil - Garnier Le Mesnil - Gilbert Le Mesnil - Herman Le Mesnillard Le Mesnil - Ozenne Le Mesnil - Rogues Le Mesnil - Rouxelin Le Mesnil - Véneron Le Mesnil - Villeman La Meurdraquière Millières Les Moitiers - d'Allonne Montabot Montaigu - la - Brisette Montaigu - les - Bois Montbray Montcuit Montebourg Montfarville Monthuchon Montjoie - Saint - Martin Montmartin - en - Graignes Montmartin - sur - Mer Montpinchon Montrabot Montreuil - sur - Lozon Mont Saint - Michel Montsenelle Montsurvent Moon - sur - Elle Morigny Morsalines Mortain - Bocage Morville La Mouche Moulines Moyon - Villages Muneville - le - Bingard Muneville - sur - Mer Nay Négreville Néhou Le Neufbourg Neufmesnil Neuville - au - Plain Neuville - en - Beaumont Nicorps Notre - Dame - de-Cenilly Notre - Dame - de-Livoye Nouainville Octeville - l'Avenel Orglandes Orval - sur - Sienne Ouville Ozeville Le Parc Percy - en - Normandie Périers La Pernelle Perriers - en - Beauficel Le Perron Le Petit - Celland Picauville Pierreville Les Pieux Pirou Le Plessis - Lastelle Poilley Pontaubault Pont - Hébert Pontorson Ponts Portbail Précey Quettehou Quettreville - sur - Sienne Quibou Quinéville Raids Rampan Rauville - la - Bigot Rauville - la - Place Ravenoville Reffuveille Regnéville - sur - Mer Reigneville - Bocage Remilly - les - Marais Réville Rocheville Romagny - Fontenay Roncey La Ronde - Haye Le Rozel Sacey Saint - Amand - Villages Saint - André - de-Bohon Saint - André - de-l'Épine Saint - Aubin - de-Terregatte Saint - Aubin - des - Préaux Saint - Aubin - du - Perron Saint - Barthélemy Saint - Brice Saint - Brice - de-Landelles Saint - Christophe - du - Foc Saint - Clair - sur - l'Elle Saint - Clément - Rancoudray Saint - Cyr Saint - Cyr - du - Bailleul Saint - Denis - le - Gast Saint - Denis - le - Vêtu Sainte - Cécile Sainte - Colombe Sainte - Geneviève Sainte - Marie - du - Mont Sainte - Mère - Église Sainte - Suzanne - sur - Vire Saint - Floxel Saint - Fromond Saint - Georges - d'Elle Saint - Georges - de-la - Rivière Saint - Georges - de-Livoye Saint - Georges - de-Rouelley Saint - Georges - Montcocq Saint - Germain - d'Elle Saint - 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Pierre Saint - Michel - de-Montjoie Saint - Nicolas - de-Pierrepont Saint - Nicolas - des - Bois Saint - Ovin Saint - Pair - sur - Mer Saint - Patrice - de-Claids Saint - Pierre - d'Arthéglise Saint - Pierre - de-Coutances Saint - Pierre - de-Semilly Saint - Pierre - Église Saint - Pierre - Langers Saint - Planchers Saint - Pois Saint - Quentin - sur - le - Homme Saint - Sauveur - de-Pierrepont Saint - Sauveur - la - Pommeraye Saint - Sauveur - Lendelin Saint - Sauveur - le - Vicomte Saint - Sébastien - de-Raids Saint - Senier - de-Beuvron Saint - Senier - sous - Avranches Saint - Vaast - la - Hougue Saint - Vigor - des - Monts Sartilly - Baie - Bocage Saussemesnil Saussey Savigny Savigny - le - Vieux Sébeville Sénoville Servigny Servon Sideville Siouville - Hague Sortosville Sortosville - en - Beaumont Sottevast Sotteville Soulles Sourdeval Sourdeval - les - Bois Subligny Surtainville Taillepied Tamerville Tanis Le Tanu Le Teilleul Terre - et - Marais Tessy - Bocage Teurthéville - Bocage Teurthéville - Hague Thèreval Théville Tirepied Tocqueville Tollevast Torigny - les - Villes Tourville - sur - Sienne Tréauville Trelly Tribehou La Trinité Turqueville Urville Vains Valcanville Valognes Le Val - Saint - Père Varenguebec Varouville Le Vast Vaudreville Vaudrimesnil La Vendelée Ver Vernix Vesly Le Vicel Vicq - sur - Mer Videcosville Vierville Villebaudon Villedieu - les - Poêles - Rouffigny Villiers - Fossard Virandeville Yquelon Yvetot - Bocage VIAF : 159458718 LCCN : n81100655 GND : 4040122 - 4 SUDOC : 167715658 BNF : cb152623284 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mont_Saint-Michel&oldid=804656952 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Manche Car - free zones Carolingian architecture Churches in Manche Communes of Manche Islands of Normandy Landmarks in France Ramsar sites in Metropolitan France Reportedly haunted locations in France Tidal islands of France Tourist attractions in Normandy Tourist attractions in Manche Fortified settlements World Heritage Sites in France Michael ( archangel ) Peaks dedicated to Michael ( archangel ) Landforms of Normandy Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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The Gospel of Wealth
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The Gospel of wealth - wikipedia The Gospel of wealth Not to be confused with Prosperity Gospel . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carnegie portrait ( detail ) in the National Portrait Gallery `` Wealth '' , more commonly known as `` The Gospel of Wealth '' , is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self - made rich . Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to utilize their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner . This approach was contrasted with traditional bequest ( patrimony ) , where wealth is handed down to heirs , and other forms of bequest e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes . Benjamin Soskis , a historian of philanthropy , refers to the article as the ' urtext ' of modern philanthropy . Carnegie argued that surplus wealth is put to best use ( i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to society ) when it is administered carefully by the wealthy . Carnegie also argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance , irresponsible spending , or self - indulgence , instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one 's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor . As a result , the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages `` the slothful , the drunken , the unworthy '' . Contents 1 Andrew Carnegie 1.1 Early life 1.2 Industrial life 1.3 Scholar and activist 1.4 Death 2 Publication 3 Assertions 4 Reception 4.1 William Ewart Gladstone 4.2 Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' 5 Relevance in the Modern Age 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Andrew Carnegie ( edit ) `` I should consider it a disgrace to die a rich man '' - Andrew Carnegie , 1887 Early life ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline , Scotland in 1835 . The only schooling he received was from the local grammar school . He held onto his Scottish roots throughout most of his life - he retained close ties with his relative that stayed in Scotland ; many of his early business associates were americanized Scots ; his English school friends had Scottish ties ; he returned home to Scotland almost every summer . Even his radicalism can be tied to his Scottish roots . His immediate family rejected the establishment , from his grandfather who was a controversial orator and contributor to Register , William Cobbet 's political journal , to his mother and father , who rejected the Presbyterian Church . Due to their radicalism , the Carnegies moved to Antebellum America in 1848 . His father lost nearly everything he owned , and never recovered from the shock of his poverty , so Carnegie 's mother supported the family until he , himself , was able to become the primary breadwinner , and support the family . He felt indebted to his mother for the rest of his life , which contributed to his determination to succeed , and his generosity with his money later in life . Carnegie did n't marry until after his mother died . Industrial life ( edit ) Unlike many industrialists of his time , Carnegie was not an inventor or a risk - taking Wall Street financier . Many of his fellow capitalists financed their various business ventures with watered - down stocks . This is not how Carnegie chose to conduct his business . All of his early organizations were either partnerships or associations . He chose to focus on the vertical integration of a single industry , specifically the steel industry . Most others made their profits by creating a horizontal monopoly . He worked hard to control entire industries , rather than parts of many . By 1890 , Carnegie was a multi-millionaire . Scholar and activist ( edit ) At the age of 35 , Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes . He was determined to be remembered for his good deeds rather than his wealth . He became a `` radical '' philanthropist . Prior to publishing his ideas about wealth , he began donating to his favorite causes , starting by donating a public bath to his hometown of Dunfermline . Carnegie never pursued a formal education . At one point , he wrote that he wished to attend Oxford University , but that never happened . Instead , he spent most of his free time as a young adult reading and educating himself . Death ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie died in 1919 in Lenox , Massachusetts . His autobiography was published posthumously in 1920 , which contained many gaps , since he died in the midst of writing his book about the outbreak of the First World War . Publication ( edit ) As Carnegie tried to live his life in a way that the poor could benefit from his wealth , he decided he needed to share his ideas with the public . In 1880 , he published his controversial views in an article entitled `` Wealth '' in the North American Review , an opinion magazine for America 's establishment . It was later published as `` The Gospel of Wealth '' in the Pall Mall Gazette . Assertions ( edit ) The Gospel of Wealth asserts that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth . Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large fortunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them . Even bequeathing one 's fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would be used wisely , due to the fact that there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under one 's direction would use the money in accordance with one 's wishes . Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that maintained the poor in their impoverished state , and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving that would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves . As a result , the gift would not be simply consumed , but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the house . In `` The Gospel of Wealth '' , Carnegie examines the modes of distributing accumulated wealth and capital to the communities from which they originate . He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures were wrong . He praised the high British taxes on the estates of dead millionaires , remarking that `` By taxing estates heavily at death the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire 's unworthy life . It is desirable that nations should go much further in this direction . '' Carnegie made it clear that the duty of the rich was to live modest lifestyles , and that any surplus of money they had was best suited for re-circulation back into society where it could be used to support the greater good . He shunned aristocratic chains of inheritance and argued that dependents should be supported by their work with major moderation , with the bulk of excess wealth to be spent on enriching the community . In cases where excess wealth was held until death , he advocated its apprehension by the state on a progressive scale : `` Indeed , it is difficult to set bounds to the share of a rich man 's estates which should go at his death to the public through the agency of the State , and by all means such taxes should be granted , beginning at nothing upon moderate sums to dependents , and increasing rapidly as the amounts swell , until of the millionaire 's hoard , at least the other half comes to the privy coffer of the State . '' . Reception ( edit ) When Carnegie Steel busted the union in 1892 , Carnegie was able to keep himself from blame because he focused on his new doctrine for the wealthy . The Homestead Strike ended in a showdown between 300 Pinkerton guards and a crowd of steel workers and supporters devolved into an exchange of gunfire . This outbreak left 7 workers and 3 guards dead , and many more wounded . It made headlines around the world , and reporters reached Carnegie , who was in Scotland at the time . When questioned , Carnegie called the violence `` deplorable '' but otherwise pleaded ignorance , and stated `` I have given up all active control of the business . '' This move kept him innocent , and he began to focus on his philanthropic work and teaching the Gospel of Wealth . His good works still benefit people around the globe , and people saw that in him . The Homestead Strike did little to mar his reputation . Carnegie 's controversial views on wealth sparked a trans - Atlantic debate that argued the nature , purpose , and disposition of wealth . William Ewart Gladstone ( edit ) William Ewart Gladstone , the head of the Liberal Party in England , and a friend of Carnegie 's , had some sharp remarks on the publication . Even though they were close friends and had similar political ideals , Gladstone did not agree with Carnegie 's paper . Gladstone defended primogeniture , unlimited inheritance , and the British Aristocracy . This led to many other critics joining Gladstone in denouncing Carnegie 's `` radical '' philanthropic ways . These critical reviews led Carnegie to publish a series of essays defending himself . He defended individualism , private property , and the accumulation of personal wealth on the grounds that they benefited the human race in the long run . In an effort to convince his critics that he was n't saying everyone should get free handouts from the upper class , he edited his original doctrine , so that it read `` Help those who will help themselves , to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so . '' Since many interpreted his writing to mean that all those in poverty should be assisted by the wealthy , it was necessary for Carnegie to clarify that charity has its limitations . Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of wealth '' ( edit ) In 1901 , U.S. Senator Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver wrote an article for the celebrity magazine Success , titled `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the New Gospel of Wealth '' . Hearst was an American philanthropist and suffragist . According to Dolliver , Hearst saw inadequacies of public schools and was concerned about urban poverty and vice . She , like Carnegie , believed that as a millionaire , it was her duty to help those less fortunate . The purpose of Dolliver 's article was to explain Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' and illustrate how she should be viewed as a complementary equal to men like Carnegie . She declared that women who were wealthy had a sacred and moral duty to give away their fortunes to causes , especially progressive education and reform , to benefit their communities . Like Carnegie , Hearst was very concerned with giving the lower class the opportunity to be educated at the same level at which the upper class was educated . Also like Carnegie , she established her own free public library . Hers was located in Anaconda , Montana . Relevance in the modern age ( edit ) Further information : Carnegie libraries Carnegie Free Library of Braddock in Braddock , Pennsylvania , built in 1888 , was the first Carnegie Library in the United States . Carnegie put his philosophy into practice through a program of gifts to endow public libraries , known as ' Carnegie libraries ' in cities and towns throughout the United States and the English - speaking world , with the idea that he was thus providing people with the tools to better themselves . In order to ensure that his gifts would not be wasted , he stipulated that the municipality must pass an ordinance establishing a tax to support the library 's ongoing operating costs after the initial grant provided the costs for building and equipping the library . Each of these organizations had its own endowment and its own board of trustees . Many of them still exist today . After several communities squandered their grants on extravagant buildings , Carnegie established a system of architectural guidelines that mandated simplicity and functionality . When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime , he established the Carnegie Foundation to continue his program of giving . Little Free Libraries are starting to pop up in cities like Ann Arbor and Detroit , Michigan , and Cleveland , Ohio . These free libraries follow Carnegie 's philosophy of offering to the lower class things that the upper class already has access to . Little Free Libraries is an organization that stocks books in boxes throughout inner - city areas for the youth to enjoy . For many reasons , these kids do n't have access to regular libraries . Having instant access to books in their neighborhood is beneficial in helping them improve their literacy and progress with their education at the same pace as the children in the more affluent neighborhoods . See also ( edit ) The Giving Pledge Gospel of success References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Portrait Gallery catalogue ^ Jump up to : Carnegie , Andrew ( June 1889 ) . `` Wealth '' . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie Jump up ^ `` Carnegie. Gospel of Wealth '' . www.swarthmore.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Gospel According to Andrew : Carnegie 's Hymn to Wealth '' . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Both More and No More : The Historical Split between Charity and Philanthropy '' . hudson.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Vernon ( July 1991 ) . `` Andrew Carnegie 's Gospel of Wealth '' . Society . doi : 10.1007 / bf02695689 . Jump up ^ http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1889carnegie.asp Jump up ^ Ernsberger , Richard ( February 2015 ) . `` Andrew Carnegie : Robber Baron turned Robin Hood '' . American History : 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Dolliver , Jonathan ( 1901 ) . `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and The New Gospel of Wealth '' . Success ( 4 ) : 839 -- 840 . Jump up ^ Nickliss , Alexandra ( 2002 ) . `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth , '' 1883 - 1901 `` . Pacific Historical Review . 71 ( 4 ) : 575 -- 605 . doi : 10.1525 / phr. 2002.71. 4.575 . Jump up ^ Abigail Ayres Van Slyck Free To All , p. 22 , University of Chicago Press , 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 85031 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Gospel of Wealth Wealth , by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review Vol. 148 , Issue 391 pp. 653 -- 665 , June 1889 . ( Later published as Part I of The Gospel of Wealth ) The Best Fields for Philanthropy , by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review Vol. 149 , Issue 397 pp. 682 -- 699 , December 1889 . ( Later published as Part II of The Gospel of Wealth ) Excerpts from `` Wealth '' by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review , 148 , no . 391 ( June 1889 ) Carnegie , South American View , 223 no . 876 ( October 1982 ) Carnegie , Andrew . The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays . New York : The Century Co , 1901 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_Wealth&oldid=862411593 '' Categories : 1880s essays Philanthropy Andrew Carnegie 1889 documents Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 06 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the gospel of wealth by andrew carnegie
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Slasher (TV series)
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Slasher ( TV series ) - wikipedia Slasher ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Slasher Genre Anthology Horror Slasher Drama Created by Aaron Martin Starring Katie McGrath Brandon Jay McLaren Steve Byers Patrick Garrow Dean McDermott Leslie Hope Lovell Adams - Gray Jim Watson Christopher Jacot Paulino Nunes Ty Olsson Joanne Vannicola Sebastian Pigott Madison Cheeatow Melinda Shankar Kaitlyn Leeb Rebecca Liddiard Paula Brancati Composer ( s ) Shawn Pierce Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aaron Martin Greg Phillips Jonathan Ford Christina Jennings Scott Garvie Location ( s ) Ontario , Canada Editor ( s ) Erin Deck Camera setup Single - camera Running time 46 - 53 minutes Production company ( s ) Shaftesbury Films Super Channel ( season 1 ) TVA Group ( season 2 ) Distributor Content Media Corporation Release Original network Super Channel ( Canada , season 1 ) Chiller ( USA , season 1 ) Netflix ( season 2 ) Original release March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80105452 Slasher is a Canadian television horror anthology series created by Aaron Martin . The first season , retroactively subtitled The Executioner , was produced in association with the Canadian network Super Channel , Slasher was the first original series by U.S. TV channel Chiller , which premiered the series on Friday , March 4 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 pm EST . Super Channel aired the show 's Canadian premiere on April 1 , 2016 . The series first season , which centered on a mysterious figure billed as `` The Executioner '' terrorizing the fictional town of Waterbury , Canada , was filmed between July and October 2015 in Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario . On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . The licensing rights for the second season was acquired by Netflix . The season was released as a `` Netflix Original '' title in various countries on October 17 , 2017 . The second season titled Slasher : Guilty Party is centered on a group of former summer camp counselors who return to an isolated campground in order to bury their sins of the past , before being targeted , one by one , by an unknown killer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 Season 1 : The Executioner ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Recurring cast members 3.2 Season 1 : The Executioner 3.2. 1 Main 3.2. 2 Recurring 3.3 Season 2 : Guilty Party 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 : The Executioner ( 2016 ) 4.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) 5 Development and production 6 Reception 6.1 Awards and accolades 7 International broadcast 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Slasher employs a season - long anthology format , with an overarching mystery storyline that will be resolved upon the season 's conclusion . Aaron Martin , the series ' creator / producer , acknowledged gaining inspiration for the format from American Horror Story , stating that , should Slasher have subsequent seasons , the AHS style of self - contained storylines would be used along with , ideally , the reliance on as many actors from previous seasons as possible to portray brand new roles . Martin aims to tell `` a modern - day monster story '' in Slasher , combining three of his favorite genres : The contemporary murder mystery ( a la Broadchurch ) , the works of Agatha Christie ( one of Martin 's favorite crime writers ) , and the classic slasher films he grew up with . In terms of the latter , Martin has specifically cited the influences of Halloween and It Follows in Slasher 's use of a mysterious singular embodiment that is responsible for a series of killings . Not wanting to have the show 's killer be `` a mythological creature '' ( as he feels the killers in most slasher films do not have much mystery surrounding them ) , Martin also uses elements of the traditional whodunit in Slasher : The show 's characters , many of whom have mysterious backgrounds -- and their own reasons for possibly being the killer -- are featured , explored , and eliminated from consideration , one by one ( either through death or the natural deductive process ) , until the `` all too human '' killer and their motivations for their actions are revealed . Plot ( edit ) Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Slasher 's 8 - episode first season centers around Sarah Bennett who , with husband Dylan , moves back to the town of her birth , Waterbury ( a fictional town in Canada ) , and into her parents ' former home . It was in that house on Halloween Night 1988 where both of her parents , Bryan and Rachel , were murdered . Rachel was pregnant with Sarah at the time of her murder , with police discovering the killer holding Rachel 's newborn baby after the slayings . Sarah 's return to Waterbury is greeted with the start of a series of copycat murders , all appearing to be at the hands of `` The Executioner '' . Seeking insight on her sightings of `` The Executioner '' and the slayings he or she has committed , Sarah has paid visits to her parents ' imprisoned murderer , Tom Winston . Tom suggests to Sarah that though most of Waterbury 's residents project a veneer of friendship , innocence , and self - righteousness , many of them harbor dark secrets , including her late parents . During these conversations , Tom expresses thoughts on what is a common theme of Slasher 's first season -- the seven deadly sins . Gaining information from Sarah on the victims ' backgrounds and the nature of their deaths , Tom provides suggestions as to what sin the victims may have violated ; Sarah would begin to employ this approach herself without Tom 's assistance in later episodes . Just as Tom declared himself `` the Lord 's messenger '' in a 1988 police interrogation video after murdering Sarah 's parents ( seen in Episode 1 ) , he believes in the present day that the new Executioner has become a self - appointed deliverer of `` Biblical '' punishment towards those he or she believes have committed one of the seven deadly sins in their past , employing methods that are apropos to the individual natures of the deadly sins . Future victim Alison Sutherland would get The Executioner to admit this in their Episode 5 interview : Alison asks why The Executioner would be as much a sinner as everyone else and violate one of God 's commandments to not kill ; The Executioner counters that God only commanded not to murder the innocent , and that his / her victims are not innocent . Tom has suggested to Sarah , in Episode 3 , that The Executioner him / herself has committed a deadly sin of their own , being blinded by pride ( `` the greatest of sins '' ) . The police chief is found harboring Ariel , a missing teenager that he kidnapped , and a child they had together , in a enclosed locked room in his basement . Sarah 's grandmother put her best friend in a coma over a spite about her high school prom by dropping a cinder block on her head . Bryan and Rachel ( Sarahs parents ) were cuckolding multiple men and video taping them into service to support them , including Tom Winston . Tom decided to kill Bryan and Rachel after falling in love with Rachel and being blackmailed , but saved Sarah after Rachel told him she was pregnant and that the child was his . Eventually , it 's revealed that the deputy Cam is the Executioner , suffering under an abusive mother whom he pushed down the stairs , killing her . Cam 's father , the town priest , discovered that Cam was the Executioner , and Cam killed him as well . After finding her father 's body parts in his home , Sarah kills Cam with a machete . Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Slasher 's 8 - episode second season centers around a horrific secret that a group of former summer camp counselors have buried long ago . Due to a changing circumstance , they must return to their resort in the dead of winter to retrieve the body of Talvinder , whom they murdered while they were camp counsellors , five years earlier . They get surprised when they ca n't find the body at the campsite . Later , the group start dying one by one at the hands of a mysterious person wearing a parka , which also alerts the second group of counselors at the resort . Eventually , it 's revealed that Judith is the killer , and another character , Wren , is actually Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull , her son who committed suicide after being framed for Talvinder 's murder , and is a figment of Judith 's imagination . Owen wrote a letter to his mother , asking her to get justice for him before hanging himself . Judith killed several members of the commune for their complicity after the fact , as Antoine discovered Talvinder 's body and hid it to avoid jeopardizing a real estate deal . Dawn and Keira are the only ones to escape her wrath and the former finally turns herself in for her crime during the epilogue . Judith can be seen watching them along with the hallucination of Owen , who says they 'll be waiting for Dawn after she is released from prison . Cast and characters ( edit ) Recurring cast members ( edit ) Actor Character per season The Executioner Guilty Party Katie McGrath Sarah Bennett Does not appear Brandon Jay McLaren Dylan Bennett Does not appear Steve Byers Cam Henry Does not appear Patrick Garrow Tom Winston Does not appear Dean McDermott Iain Vaughn Alan Haight Christopher Jacot Robin Turner Antoine Wendy Crewson Brenda Merrit Does not appear Leslie Hope Does not appear Judith Berry Lovell Adams - Gray Does not appear Peter Broome Paula Brancati Jana Singer Dawn Duguin Jim Watson Young Alan Henry Noah Jenkins Paulino Nunes Does not appear Mark Rankin Ty Olsson Does not appear Benny Ironside Joanne Vannicola Debbie Renée Sebastian Pigott Does not appear Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull Madison Cheeatow Does not appear Keira Melinda Shankar Does not appear Talvinder Gill Kaitlyn Leeb Does not appear Susan Lam Rebecca Liddiard Does not appear Andi Criss Jefferson Brown Trent McBride Gene Season 1 : the Executioner ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Katie McGrath as Sarah Bennett . An artist , Sarah returns with her husband to Waterbury , where she becomes proprietor of her own art gallery . She sets out to find how and why the slayings are occurring . Creator Aaron Martin has described Sarah as more of a Nancy Drew type than that of a classic `` final girl '' commonly found in horror films . Brandon Jay McLaren as Dylan Bennett , Sarah 's husband and editor - in - chief of the local newspaper , the Waterbury Bulletin . Steve Byers as Cam Henry , a member of Waterbury 's police force . Patrick Garrow as Tom Winston , the original Executioner who murdered Sarah 's parents in 1988 and who advises Sarah on the new Executioner 's murders in the present day . Dean McDermott as Iain Vaughn , Waterbury 's police chief . Christopher Jacot as Robin Turner , who , after the death of his husband , Justin , must deal with the business mess he left behind . Wendy Crewson as Brenda Merrit , Sarah 's maternal grandmother , who returns to Waterbury to look after Sarah and Dylan . Recurring ( edit ) Jessica Sipos as June Henry , Cam 's wife , who works as an EMT and shows jealousy over Cam 's relationship to Sarah . Mary Walsh as Verna McBride , Sarah and Dylan 's neighbor , who passed judgement almost immediately on the two . Enuka Okuma as Lisa Ann Follows , a former criminal justice lawyer , now a New York - based journalist and talk show host . Erin Karpluk as Heather Peterson . She is deeply haunted by and obsessed with her daughter Ariel 's disappearance , which occurred 5 years before the show begins . Karpluk has equated Heather to the Log Lady , in that much like the Twin Peaks character , Heather appears to have a sixth sense about Waterbury 's residents and their dark secrets . Mayko Nguyen as Alison Sutherland , the publisher of the Waterbury Bulletin and Dylan 's boss . Rob Stewart as Alan Henry , Cam 's father , a church pastor , and the survivor / witness of Sarah 's parents ' murder . He has made occasional visits to Tom Winston in prison to provide religious counsel . Jefferson Brown as Trent McBride , Verna 's nephew , June Henry 's former EMT partner , and an enthusiastic hunter and taxidermist . Mark Ghanimé as Justin Faysal , who with husband Robin purchased several properties in Waterbury , including the storefront location that serves as Sarah 's art gallery . Dylan Taylor as Bryan Ingram , Sarah 's father Alysa King as Rachel Ingram , Sarah 's mother Victoria Snow as Sonja Edwards , Brenda 's former childhood friend and her intended victim in a prom night 1968 incident . Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Ariel Peterson , Heather 's missing daughter Shawn Ahmed as Sharma , an officer in Waterbury 's police force Booth Savage as Ronald Edwards , the Mayor of Waterbury Susannah Hoffman as Marjorie Travers , a prostitute and drug addict Season 2 : Guilty Party ( edit ) Leslie Hope as Judith Berry Lovell Adams - Gray as Peter Broome Jim Watson as Noah Jenkins Christopher Jacot as Antoine Paulino Nunes as Mark Rankin Ty Olsson as Glenn Morgan / Benny Ironside : A former prisoner , and the sixth to die in the present . A year ago , Benny was serving time in prison when he met a new inmate with whom he entered into a romantic relationship . The inmate is released 6 months later , and 2 months prior to the present , Benny reunites with him as he is camping in Tamarind Bluffs . When the inmate announces he plans on joining a commune , Benny volunteers to come along , but the inmate eventually snaps on the journey and demands he leaves , believing he ca n't start a new life if he 's constantly being reminded of his time in jail . When Benny tries to kiss him and re-affirm their relationship , the inmate angers him by saying he does n't want to be with him anymore and Benny kills him in a fit of rage . He joins the commune under the inmate 's , Glen Morgan , identity . After he kidnaps and rapes Noah , Noah managed to fight back by setting the school bus on fire and driving him out . Benny then returns to the commune and attempts to kill Renee and Judith , but he is shot and incapacitated by Renee . He is tortured for answers regarding the killer , but admits only to Glen 's death until falsely admitting he killed Antoine to end the torture , so Renee slits his throat . Joanne Vannicola as Renée Sebastian Pigott as Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull Madison Cheeatow as Keira Melinda Shankar as Talvinder Gill : A new camp counselor whose murder drives the events of Guilty Party . A manipulative girl , she played on the other counselors kindness , setting up Susan as a destructive hater and having sex with Peter . A summer outing for her and five other counselors turns out to be a trap , as the other five have arranged for her to stand ' trial ' for her actions . The trial goes wrong , however , leading the other campers to believe she is dead only to regain consciousness as her body is about to be hidden . Faced with the possibility of being arrested for her assault , the group argues about what to do with her until Andi snaps and kills her with a rock . 5 years later , the counselors have to return to retrieve and destroy her body as a resort is going to be built and the construction might unearth it . However , despite her death and the hiding of her body resulting in multiple murders , the killer is not doing it because they are avenging Talvinder 's death . Kaitlyn Leeb as Susan Lam : A mother and wife , once Andi and Dawn 's friend , the third to die in the present . 5 years ago , when Talvinder was the newest camp counselor , she was distrustful of her , believing her to be a bad person . After rejecting her attempt at seduction and telling her that she saw right through her , Talvinder trashed the camp carnival booth they had been working on and accused Susan of doing it , setting Dawn against her . Angry , Susan showed Andi that Talvinder was a faker by taking her to where she and Peter were having sex in the woods , promising the distraught Andi that she would figure out a way to make Talvinder pay . She was the one to come up with the trial idea that went bad when Talvinder was hurt and thought to be dead , panicking when Talvinder was found to be dead and she ran away , claiming no wrong doing occurred . After the counselor group is discovered to have access to a gun and separated from the commune group , she leaves the cabin and is caught by the killer , her eyes gouged out with a broken pipe and her neck snapped . Rebecca Liddiard as Andi Criss : Peter 's ex-girlfriend , and the second to die in the present . 5 years ago , when Talvinder was the newest camp counselor , Peter cheated on Andi with Talvinder . When the attempt to scare Talvinder went wrong and she was severely injured , while the other counselors were arguing what to do with her , Talvinder called out to Peter that she loved him , angering Andi and causing her to pick up a rock and kill Talvinder . In the present , she argues with Peter about going to the police and after talking with Mark , decides to return to the rocks where Talivinder 's body disappeared , only to see her skeletal corpse hanging from the trees and get knocked out . She is tied to the ground by stakes and her throat is sliced open , bleeding out onto the snow . Paula Brancati as Dawn Duguin Dean McDermott as Alan Haight Jefferson Brown as Gene : The outfitter and supply deliverer for the commune . He drives the former counselors up to the commune , and becomes suspicious of their desire to visit the former camp in the dead of winter , deciding to stay over the weekend to keep an eye on the newcomers . He is the first to die in the present , as when he decides to visit the communes sauna , he is surprised by a person in a concealing parka and sliced from his stomach downward with a chainsaw . Kyle Buchanan as Simon Simu Liu as Luke : Susan 's kind and somewhat oblivious husband . He truly loves his wife , but fails to notice her stress about interacting with her old counselor friends , once two years prior when Andi approached on the street and in the present when she is hesitating to go up to the commune . Sophia Walker as Megan : An unlucky hiker , the fifth to die in the present . Going on a trek she typically took with a friend who passed away in memoriam of her , she came to the commune to seek shelter when a blizzard is expected . Renee , hardened by the loss of Antoine , is immediately suspicious of her and refuses to listen to reason , striking her with a statue and giving her a concussion . After she learns of the situation at hand , she agrees to attempt a hike down the mountain to the road for help , but only if the blizzard is over by morning . However , that night she suffers a psychotic break , wildly hallucinating and vomiting before falling down the stairs and dying from a broken neck , the cause of which is revealed to be toxic berries in her soup bowl . Kimberly - Sue Murray as Janice Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` An Eye for an Eye '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 0.120 Sarah and Dylan move to Waterbury and into the former home and murder site of her parents . The new `` Executioner '' surfaces for the first time , chasing Sarah down her street before beating a teen boy who had been destroying mailboxes with his baseball bat . Following a suggestion from Tom Winston after their first meeting , Sarah discovers a camcorder and illicit sex tapes her parents buried in their house , tapes that Verna discovers and takes to her house after snooping around . The Executioner ties down and dismembers Verna in her bedroom as punishment for the sin of wrath . Sarah discovers Verna 's body , only to fall down the stairs and lose consciousness while trying to escape The Executioner , who leaves one sex tape beside her . `` Digging Your Grave With Your Teeth '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 0.110 Sarah 's grandmother , Brenda arrives at the Bennett 's home , suitcase in hand . Robin is confronted by Trent , while Sarah is confronted by Heather . Sarah receives a package containing a severed human finger and a note ; following Tom 's suggestion that the note contains geographic coordinates , Sarah discovers the remains of Verna McBride 's husband , Peter , in a nearby wooded area . Lured out into an alley way by a severed power cable , Robin 's arms are slashed by The Executioner , with a bystander rescuing Robin . While Robin recovers in hospital , another outage occurs , after which Robin receives flowers and a card of condolence . Believing Justin is in danger , Robin and Cam frantically try to call Justin but Justin dies after collapsing and frothing at the mouth after snorting cocaine and ingesting the rat poison that was in it , serving as the punishment for his gluttony . After she had previously threatened Justin and Robin , a fitful Heather is arrested by the police . `` Like as Fire Eateth Up and Burneth Wood '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 0.067 Robin , deep in grief over Justin and deep in the business mess he left behind , deals with Trent 's anger over Justin giving him a bad check . After The Executioner breaks into her home , Sarah heads out of town . After swerving off the road to avoid a truck , Sarah and Brenda become separated in the woods . Brenda , who had just admitted to Sarah her role in Ada 's accident , is kidnapped by The Executioner , who ties her to a cinder block and tosses it into the lake at a nearby boathouse . Brenda 's drowning death , the punishment for her envy , prompts the police to release Heather from custody . `` As Water is Corrupted Unless It Moves '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 0.067 The police verify that the truck that ran off Sarah and Brenda belonged to Trent . Trent is chased into a pit in the woods and eaten by snakes as punishment for his sloth by The Executioner . Dylan interviews Tom in prison for the Bulletin . Tom produces evidence to Dylan that suggests he has had a greater interest in Tom than he let on to Sarah . Apologetic for drunkenly claiming Sarah is in love with Cam , June confides to Sarah that she and Trent had an affair while they were EMT partners ; she also tells Sarah about Trent 's encounter with Ariel Peterson . Security camera footage reveals a detail June left out : She was with Trent in his ambulance that night . After comforting a hysterical Heather , June heads to church to pray but The Executioner abducts her . June awakens in a cornfield naked , attached to an IV , and covered in honey , which attracts animals that eat her alive while she does n't know what happens . 5 5 `` Ill - Gotten Gains '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 0.053 June 's rotted remains are discovered . Cam and Sarah argue over suspicions each other have about the killer ; Alan learns about the argument and advises Sarah to be careful . Sarah and Robin discover a `` murder kit '' in Alan 's church office , later discovering Alan needs the contents for a BDSM session . Sarah discovers her parents ' sex videos feature a young Tom Winston . Alison asks The Executioner on - air for an interview who obliges and , in full costume , speaks with Alison at an abandoned foundry . Alison confides to Lisa Ann that she fabricated evidence in the Bulletin that tied Benny Peterson to his daughter 's disappearance . Heading to New York , Alison gets into a courtesy limo driven by the Executioner , who takes her back to the foundry and slashes her throat ; her head is later found in a restaurant 's deep fryer as punishment for her greed . Vaughn heads home to his basement , where he opens a room - sized safe ; inside , a young boy is being sung to by Ariel Peterson . 6 6 `` The One Who Sows His Own Flesh '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 0.076 The cold open depicts Iain Vaughn 's abduction and rape of Ariel 5 years ago ; in the present day , he prevents an attempt by Ariel and son Jake to escape his basement . Sarah becomes suspicious about Dylan 's whereabouts when Alison was killed . Tom insists to Sarah that he is her father with a DNA test to confirm . After Sarah and Cam tell Vaughn their suspicions about Marjorie Travers ' claim of seeing Ariel the night she disappeared , Vaughn and Marjorie meet and he gives Marjorie a needle filled with heroin that she fatally overdoses on . Realizing Sarah is suspicious about Marjorie 's death , Vaughn takes Sarah to a junkyard and attempts to make it appear as if The Executioner punished Sarah for the sin of pride . Knowing his sin is lust , Vaughn makes an attempt to punish himself along with Ariel and Jake with gasoline and attempts to burn himself and the two . With the police demanding Vaughn 's whereabouts , Sarah encourages his wife , Nancy , to let them into their basement , from which only Ariel and Jake exit . Vaughn escapes to a secluded lakeside shack , where The Executioner knocks him out ; he later awakens to being burned alive in a crematorium , a punishment for his lust . 7 7 `` In the Pride of His Face '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 0.077 A flashback to Bryan and Rachel Ingram 's murder reveals a new detail : Before killing her , Tom reveals himself to Rachel ; she responds by professing her love for him and pleads for their baby 's life . Sharma and Cam discover The Executioner 's list of sinners , which include Tom 's and Sarah 's names for pride . Sarah becomes angry at Dylan after discovering his website dedicated to her parents ' murders . Lisa Ann upsets Dylan with her knowledge that Tom and Sarah are targets , but mollifies him with news that she got his request for a book deal approved -- and an intimate moment . While heading back to prison from hospital , Tom escapes to Sarah 's house ; Sarah willingly goes with him to the woods where The Executioner captures them both . With Sarah tied to a buzzsaw , Tom reveals how his own ego and pride led him to murder Bryan and Rachel . Tom demands that The Executioner punish him instead of Sarah , and he dives onto the running buzzsaw , being `` broken on a wheel '' , killing himself for his sin of pride . At Cam 's house , Cam adds a bloody piece of Tom 's prison jumpsuit to a hidden box of murder mementos , implying that he is the Executioner . 8 8 `` Soon Your Own Eyes Will See '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 0.086 After a flashback depicts the death of Cam 's mother , the story picks up on Halloween eve : Alan finds Cam 's box of murder mementos , but is strangled by Cam while praying for his son . Cam plants the mementos in the Bennetts ' house and , after Sarah discovers them , arrests Dylan . Cam comforts Sarah , and the two have a sexual interlude . Browsing through a summer camp scrapbook , Sarah discovers a sketch Cam drew that resembles The Executioner 's drawings ; her new suspicions are confirmed when she sneaks into Cam 's house and discovers Alan 's remains and a bloody knife . Sarah takes the knife and , after luring him out of Robin 's Halloween party , stabs Cam , who takes that same knife and stabs both Sarah and Robin . Sarah escapes to her house , but Cam pursues her and stabs Sarah again . Sarah , along with Dylan , turn the tables , however , stabbing Cam several times and slitting his throat . Four weeks later , a reconciled Sarah and Dylan leave Waterbury , with Robin showing their former house to two prospective buyers and their young daughter , who snaps the neck of a stray cat in the yard . Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 9 `` Six Feet Under '' Felipe Rodriguez Aaron Martin October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Five years ago , a group of six summer camp counselors , Peter , Dawn , Noah , Susan , Andi and Talvinder drive beyond camp limits to party . That night , Susan tells the group that she 's found a good swimming hole , so the group follows her , but only Talivinder is excited about the find until she reaches the clearing , finding it lined with torches as Andi informs her that she is going to stand trial for being ' a nasty bitch ' . The other five members then drag what they think to be Talivinder 's dead body into the woods , until at the place where they plan to hide her she regains consciousness , her face covered in blood , and starts screaming . While Peter wants to take her to the hospital , Dawn refuses to let him take her and Noah tackles him , holding him down while Dawn drags Talivinder away . In the present , the five counselors are burdened by the guilt of what happened , and must return to the former camp , now a commune , to remove and destroy Talivinder 's body when they learn that a resort is going to built on the land , running the risk of having the body be discovered . The group gets a ride up to the commune thanks to the outfitter Gene and his snowmobiles . The people there , Antoine and Renee , the founders of the commune , and Mark , Glen , Judith , Wren , and Kiera , the communes members , are surprised that they have decided to visit in winter . However , only Gene and Wren are suspicious of their intentions . Gene announces he is going to stay over the weekend to keep an eye on the group , but is killed when he goes to the isolated sauna and is surprised by a parka - clad person wielding a chainsaw . When the former counselors go to the site where Talivinder 's body was supposed to be hidden , they find it has disappeared . Upset by this unpleasant discovery , the group argues at their cabin until Peter suggests they all go to the police and finally confess to their crime . This divides the group , as Dawn , Noah and Susan are strongly opposed to this idea . Andi , however , sides with Peter , leading to them talking to each other and having sex . 5 years ago ( sometime prior to her death ) Talivinder is the newest counselor at the summer camp and Andi is showing her the camp . Peter was supposed to give Talivnder her orientation , showing up after Andi finished and apologizing . As Talivinder leaves , she looks back at the couple , Peter in particular . Later , at movie night , when Andi goes to get more popcorn , Talivinder feigns being scared as an excuse to cuddle up with Peter under their blanket . Back in the present , Andi is angered by Peter 's optimistic view about rekindling their relationship after going to the police . They argue , Andi blaming Peter for causing Talivinder 's death and Peter accusing Andi of being a perpetual victim . After talking about her relationship over a smoke break with Mark , she decides to try and search for Talivinder 's body . She sees someone has been there already , and thinks it was Peter , only to find Talivinder 's skeletal corpse suspended from nearby trees and gets knocked out by the parka - clad person . Peter left the commune to find Andi , but is too late to save her as she is tied to the ground by stakes and her throat is slit , and he finds her body after it has bled out onto the snow . Peter returns to the commune with news of Andi 's death , while Antoine tries and fails to contact the outside world via land line . When the former counselors return to their cabin , they find someone has written the words ' I know you killed her ' in blood over their mantle . 5 years ago , after the discovery that Talivinder was still alive and dragged back to the hiding place , she calls out to Peter , repeatedly , that she still loves him . This angers Andi , and she finishes off Talivinder by smashing her head with a rock . 10 `` Between Good and Evil '' Felipe Rodriguez Jana Sinyor October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Susa Two years prior to the present , Susan and her husband Luke are walking down the street when they are approached by Andi . After Luke misunderstands the situation and leaves to let the two of them talk , Susan confronts Andi , telling her to stay away as she will defend her new family to death if necessary . In the present , the group clean up the bloody message while Antoine and Renee go looking for Gene , only to find a gruesome snowman decorated with his dismembered body parts . 5 years ago , sometime after Talvinder became a counselor , she and Susan are setting up a fortune telling booth for a camp carnival event . Susan is n't happy about working with her because she thinks she 's too clingy and desperate , and Dawn admonishes her for disliking Talivinder . In the present , the group create a story , in case the commune members are suspicious about Andi 's murder , and Judith and Wren have a quiet chat , where Wren expresses his concern about her after almost walking in on her cutting herself in the bathroom , until Antoine comes in to announce a meeting between both groups . After announcing the discovery of Gene 's body , Antoine , Renee and Pete go out to the snowmobiles to see if they can go for help , only to find all the gas has been siphoned from them . 5 years ago , before the camp carnival is to begin , Talivinder attempts to seduce Susan , but Susan retorts that she sees right through her , angering Talvinder . In the present , the counselor group are unpleasantly surprised when Dawn reveals she has a gun , having packed it just in case . Noah finds a box on the commune 's doorstep , with a note saying ' Stay Warm ! ' attached , that is stuffed with Gene 's bloody clothes . After this discovery , Susan gets angry so she and Noah attempt to walk back to Gene 's store to go for help in her SUV. 5 years ago at the camp carnival , the fortune teller 's booth is trashed and Talvinder accuses Susan of doing it , though Susan tries to protest her innocence . In the present , Susan and Noah discover that the phone line was cut , preventing anyone from calling for help . Renee discusses the disappearance of Talvinder with the commune group , as it caused Renee 's mother to shut down the camp 3 years prior because parents would n't send their kids anymore . Antoine gets suspicious of the former counselors , as the story they gave fits the disappearance 's timeline . After getting too cold and lost in the dark , Susan and Noah are forced to return to the commune , Noah suffering from severe frostbite on his toes . Dawn is surprised during the night by someone trying to get into the cabin , so she fires through the door , alerting the people behind it , Mark and Kiera , to the fact that the counselor group has a gun , angering Renee and demanding the truth from Noah and Susan . Five years ago , while discussing Talvinder 's accusation , Susan leads Andi through the woods to show her Peter and Talvinder having sex . In the present , Peter convinces Dawn to give up the gun , surrendering it to the commune group , but Antoine and Renee take the gun when he ca n't provide a good reason for having it and kick out Susan and Noah to the counselor cabin , telling them not to come back for any reason . When Susan tries to argue with Dawn , claiming innocence in Talvinder 's death , Dawn reminds her she came up with the idea for the trial that went wrong . 5 years ago , Susan tries to comfort Andi after seeing her boyfriend cheat on her , telling her the only way to beat Talvinder is to think like her , to come up with a plan to ensure she never does anything like that again . In the present , Susan left the cabin to go for a walk and is shot by a knock - out dart. 5 years ago , when Talvinder is discovered to be still alive , she apologizes to Susan and begs for her help while Dawn demands to know what to do next , so Susan panics and runs away . In the present , Susan is dragged by her hair by the parka - clad person to a spot where her eyes are gouged out with a broken pipe and her neck is snapped . Juliet is shocked awake when she discovers Wren in her room , though he had come to stand watch over her through the night . Mark and Kiera discover Susan 's body . Two years ago , when Andi tried to talk to Susan , Susan says that the reason she seems so together is that she pretends that Talvinder 's death never happened , dismissing Andi 's concerns about living with the consequences as ' some of us have more to regret than others ' . 11 `` Saint Sebastian '' Felipe Rodriguez James Hurst October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Three years ago , Antoine , Renee and her girlfriend are going home after a night out . When Antoine walks home alone through an alley , a man in a pickup truck pulls up and insults him about his homosexuality . When the man starts beating him up , Antoine fights back and beats him down before putting his head in his car door and kicking it into him . In the present , after discovering Susan 's body , the two groups begin accusing the others of the murders . Glen lets Noah bunk with him while Dawn and Peter bunk in other rooms . Dawn takes the opportunity , when Judith , her roommate , leaves to get extra blankets to retrieve her gun . Antoine says to Renee that he needs to show her something , and outside he shows her Talvinder 's body in a locked trunk . He had found it last summer while looking for mushrooms in the woods . after he stumbled across it in the woods months prior and he had to hide it to ensure the land deal went through . But after that , he was concerned he 'd left evidence on it and would be accused of her murder so he had to keep it . Renee is angry that Antoine has hidden this from her but agrees to keep the body a secret . Glen gives Noah some drugs for the pain from his frostbite , but makes sure he promises that he wo n't tell anyone he has them , as illicit drugs are banned from the house and spies on Noah from the bathroom keyhole as he is changing . 3 years ago , Antoine is trying to dispose of the evidence of the homophobic man 's murder when Renee invites him over to smoke weed . He expresses his frustration with city life , and Renee tells him about some land her family has that they could use to build their own open community . In the present , Antoine and Renee go out with an auger to hide Talinder 's body , but the ground is frozen and Antoine tries to tear her corpse apart to bury her in different locations . When he fails , Renee convinces him to turn over the body to the police and hide it in the trunk again until they can . Renee , Dawn , Peter , Mark and Glen hike to Glen 's shop to get to the SUV that brought the counselor group there , and Dawn misplaces her gun after Noah is seen holding a similar gun . Juliet finds a note from Wren on her bed that is seemingly romantic in tone . While looking for pain relief , Noah accidentally discovers more of Glen 's pills , one with the name Benny Ironside on the prescription label . The group arrives at Gene 's store , but find his phone line is n't functional because he did n't pay the bill , and the SUV 's battery is dead because Dawn left the lighted mirror over her seat on . Keira discovers Talvinder 's severed hand when going for firewood , which enrages Antoine into confronting and attacking Noah because he was the only member of the counselor group left behind , demanding he tell everything about what happened 5 years ago and why they came back . Noah blames Owen , and before Antoine can hurt him anymore , the group comes back , shocking Renee with his display of violence . Antoine apologizes to her , but refuses her help as he leaves to hide the body . He runs into Judith in the hall , who wanted to discuss his observation of her and Wren earlier , but says it 's natural to want to escape in this situation and he believes it 's harmless . When her gets to the trunk , he finds it empty , and is surprised by the parka - clad person , who knocks him down by pushing over the auger , impaling him in the stomach before turning it on and tearing his insides apart . Glen goes back to his room and Noah confronts him about the different name on the pill bottle . Glen identifies the pills as warfarin , an extremely expensive medication he received for free from a compassion clinic , and they had to print random names on the labels because the practice is considered illegal . Noah does n't believe the story , so Glen warns him not to go through his things again . As Glen prepares some meat for his meal , a piece he puts into the pan has one of Antoine 's tattoos , leading Renee to the shocking revelation that Antoine is dead . 12 `` Night of Hunters '' Felipe Rodriguez Story by : Aaron Martin Teleplay by : Naledi Jackson October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) One year ago , Glen is in prison , talking to a confident new inmate while working out , advising him to seek allies . In the present , Glen is throwing up in a sink after the discovery that the meat he was cooking and eating was Antoine . Mark and Renee go out to the shed where Antoine was killed , finding the bloody auger and the rest of his remains in the trunk that was used to hide Talvinder 's body . Judith comforts the grieving Renee , convincing her to take some pills to let her sleep . Mark visits with Dawn , returning the gun Antoine took so she could have it for protection . When Glen angers Noah , he reveals to Kiera and Peter that Glen has a prescription with a different name , but ca n't find in his drawer when tries to show them . This makes Kiera suspicious , so she orders him to stay in Glen 's room until further notice . Kiera and Peter are surprised by a stranger in a parka outside , who they chase down , only to find it to be a woman named Megan McCalister , who claims to be on a memorial trek for her best friend Gail who died of leukemia . Renee is suspicious and strikes her with a statue , giving her a concussion , refusing to listen Kiera trying to tell her Megan was telling the truth because she found a park permit dated the day before at 8 am , from a station 50 kilometers away . When Renee keeps trying to hurt or tie Megan up , Kiera orders her out of the room to tend to Megan . 6 months ago at Glen 's prison , the cocky new inmate is about to be released , saying his first stop on the outside will be a few months in Tamarind Bluffs , and gives Glen a picture postcard from the place . In the present , Peter informs Megan about what 's been happening and she , reluctantly , agrees to help with a trek back down to the main road , but only if the blizzard is gone by morning . In the night , Noah decides to try and get into Glen 's RV in order to find evidence to prove his suspicions about Glen being the killer . 2 months ago , Glen surprises the cocky inmate by visiting him in his RV . That night , as the two are talking , the inmate tells Glen he intends to join an intended community for a fresh start and Glen says he wants to come along too . In the present , Noah sees the freezer in the back has blood on it and opens it for a surprising sight . He takes a picture of it and flees . He tries to get back to the commune , but struggles because he went out in only a hoodie , and is grabbed by a person in black . Noah and Glen 's absence is noticed at dinner , so Peter and Kiera go to look for him . 2 months ago , the cocky inmate is annoyed by Glen 's antics and does n't want him around anymore to remind him of his time in jail . Glen tells him he 's tired and that he 'll drive , pulling him in for a deep kiss , but the inmate breaks it , saying the best day of his life was his release , as it meant he would n't have to look at or touch Glen anymore . Glen really cared for the inmate , so this angers him and in his rage he kills him . In the present , Noah is tied up with duct tape as Glen is revealed to be the one who abducted him and is holding him in an abandoned school bus . At the commune , Megan suffers a psychotic break , seeing hallucinations and vomiting before throwing herself down the stairs and breaking her neck . Mark finds toxic berries in Megan 's soup , putting suspicion on Dawn as she was the one who ladled out the soup . Kiera and Peter get to the RV and find the inmate 's body in the freezer . 2 months ago , Glen made it to the commune and is accepted under the dead inmate 's name , revealing ' Glen ' is his false identity and Bruce Ironsides as his real name . In the present , Glen rapes Noah . 13 5 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Felipe Rodriguez Lucie Pagé October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Five years ago , Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) is building tents , having trouble , so Noah ( Jim Watson ) helps her out selflessly . She comes on to him a bit , conning him into doing stuff for her . The picture of the hideous acts which later occurred is being painted , one stroke at a time . Not long later , Noah sees Tal heading into the woods with a beer and friends . Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and him both have a thing for her , obviously the former has a better idea of what was going on . Now , Noah 's lying in a bus after being raped by Glenn ( Actually Benny Ironside ) ( Ty Olsson ) . While his captor sleeps , he picks up a kettle and tries beating him with it . That does n't go over well , at all . Out at the camper , Peter and the others have found the corpse in the freezer . They look around to find any clues about who it was , who owns the camper . They find the actual Glenn Morgan 's ID . Judith ( Leslie Hope ) tends to Megan 's dead body when Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) shows up . He believes that anything could happen now . Out in the living room , Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) is still standing accused of poisoning the woman , denying it to Renée ( Joanne Vannicola ) and Mark ( Paulino Nunes ) . This is when Peter and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) come to tell them about Glenn 's true identity , which is n't totally received so hot right away . But some of them will go looking for Benny . Speaking of , he 's strangling Noah to death . His victim manages to toss a bit of fire around and lights the place up , trapping his captor inside the bus . Benny gets out , not before Noah escapes for the time being . Cut back to five years ago , when the group of friends has taken Tal out to the forest , calling her out . Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) , Dawn , and Susan ( Kaitlyn Leeb ) lead them . She 's sentenced to spend a night out there alone with nothing , just what she 's wearing . She pleads to Noah , getting no help . Present day again . Everyone 's looking for Noah now , the bus burning in the distance . They hear him screaming for them . Benny takes off further in the darkness . He goes back to the cabins , breaking through the window and strangling Renée until she 's unconscious . Judith runs and hides from him as he stalks her through the halls . Thankfully , Renée puts a bullet in the big guy , incapacitating him for the time being . Benny 's in trouble , tied to a chair , helpless . When Mark comes out with food and water , he has questions for him . He asks about the snowmobile , the poison in the food . He claims he 's not a killer . He fesses up to one murder , naturally , that he 's Mr. Ironside , saying that killing Glenn was n't a planned thing . Meanwhile , Keira and Dawn help Noah get his clothes off and clean up . This is when the women discover he 's been raped , as well . Back to five years ago again , as Tal chases after the group pleading for them not to leave . They taunt her while they go . Peter protests , whereas Noah calls her a skank and starts a fight with him . Before they leave , Tal brings up something about Susan , a girl named Marcy Rae ; they made out , and when Susan outed her she killed herself . Plus , Tal trots out everyone 's secrets , blackmailing them to take her back out of the woods . Noah yells at her , prompting her to call him pathetic , going hard at him . So he runs after her , angry enough to kill . Present day . Renée , Peter , and Mark discuss what to do next . They realize that Benny may not be the serial killer . So , what 's their best option ? Could lure the real killer using him . Renée 's fixing to get answers of him , believing he killed Antoine , and she starts slicing the guy up with a box cutter . And she 's barred the door so nobody can get inside . Soon , he admits to it just to try ending the torture . This is when she peels a strip off his arm , followed by cutting his throat open . Outside , Noah finds a fire going . But it 's not any of his friends there . He 's stumbled onto the parka killer , who tosses gas on him and lights him ablaze . Immediately we cut back to Noah charging after Tal that night five years ago . He tears her shirt open , then he 's about to rape her right on the truck . Peter rushes in and hauls him off . This sends Tal running into the woods , the others shocked at their friend 's actions . Peter punches him in the face before going after Tal . This has everyone actually worried about the girl instead of murderous . Present day once more . Everyone wakes up , wondering if they 're safe since Benny is dead . Nobody can find Noah , though . Peter and Keira head out to look , coming to the remains of the fire : Noah on top of Tal 's skeletal remains . 14 6 `` Drone '' Felipe Rodriguez Floyd Kane October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Back in the past , Mark ( Paulino Nunes ) is having sex in the kitchen with Stephanie , taking pictures . It 's in a restaurant , not far from the staff just outside . In through the door comes a scruffy looking dude ( Dean McDermott ) . He 's pissed at Mark , whose client killed his son in a drunk driving incident ; he obviously got the guy off for the death . The lawyer claims he was just doing a job , but this is not the end . Moments later , the man blows Stephanie 's brains out in front of everybody . He points the gun at Mark , shooting him twice , before turning the gun on himself . Back to the retreat , where Peter ( Lovell Adams - Grey ) and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) have found the corpse of Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) with a burned up Noah ( Jim Watson ) underneath . Turns out he 's still alive . They get him inside , trying to help with his burn wounds . A brutal situation . Mark 's having troubles due to his flashbacks to that day he was shot . Worse , Noah needs a hospital , he can barely breath without a tube getting shoved down his throat . Outside a plane flies over ; they do n't get its attention , though they start making an SOS signal out of branches and logs in hopes it 'll circle back , and that they 'll be ready . Mark also wants to build a couple fires to make smoke signals , so Peter and Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) head further into the woods . Inside , Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) reveals a bit of an inner dark side , he does n't care that there 's a man burned up , dying in front of them , whereas Judith ( Leslie Hope ) hates to see Noah in pain ; she does n't care what the young man did before . Out in the woods , Dawn steps right into a bear trap . They ca n't open it . Peter offers to head back . Although now this leaves her all alone . She has a gun , but that 'll only do so good . She nearly shoots Mark when he turns up , then Peter gets back , too . They manage to get her out . But her leg 's completely broken . She and Mark get closer now , bonding during a terrifying experience , isolated out there . Keira straight out asks Peter if they killed that girl five years ago . From his burned up state , Noah tells Peter that it 's his fault . He admits to his part in what happened , telling Keira it was largely his fault . Downstairs Mark comes to confront everybody . He believes that one of them is the killer , someone in that cabin . He talks about being an attorney before , paid to be a nasty shark . He wants to root out the killer by questioning everybody . However , they 're not happy with that . Nobody 's gon na do that , certainly not Renée ( Joane Vannicola ) . Yet he 's pretty keen on it . He offers for him to represent We Live As One and Dawn to represent the group of friends during this little mock trial . Mark stats with Keira . He figures out eventually she had a patient die on her watch once when she was an ER nurse . She 'd been working a long shift , she messed up , and that was that . Next is Wren . He 's pretty combative and has nothing to say . Judith is n't totally forthcoming , Mark asks her about her strong prescription drugs and she passes it off . He pushes her a bit hard , getting personal , to the point Dawn is n't on board . Judith yells at him . Then comes Renée . She would 've had no reason to kill Antoine , however , Mark wo n't let her forget that she killed Benny , torturing him to death . Mark questions Dawn about why they came up there . She 's honest , explaining they were coming up to find the remains , to move them before the resort was built . She does n't show any remorse . Claims it was an accident and goes on about how Talvinder was n't innocent . Whatever relationship they 'd started building together has fallen apart , as Mark rages at her . When he goes to interrogate Peter , they 've all had enough of him stirring the place into madness . Everybody 's slowly starting to crumble , turning against one another . This leads to the lawyer pulling out that gun ; an interesting parallel to the opening scene . Simultaneously , Noah chokes to death , succumbing to his brutal wounds . Renée puts aside the anger , asking Mark to go with her someplace . She tells him , vaguely , somebody said something they should n't have known about the past . They head out to a spot where there 's a small cabin . She heads in while he stays out , guarding with the gun . This is when we flash back two years ago , Mark first coming to We Live As One . He meets Antoine ( Christopher Jacot ) , Renée , Judith , as they welcome him with open arms . They 're all bright eyed , bushy tailed , ready to live an alternative lifestyle in the midst of nature . Quite different from how it is now . Especially with a chainsaw revving in the distance . Renée finds a box of things from 2012 marked Camp Motega . She looks through it and comes across the files of the group of friends , from Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) to Talvinder to Dawn and the rest . And then we see Wren . Outside the killer , covered in blood , arrives on snowmobile . He runs Mark down hard . Then he puts a couple bullets into Renée as she runs away . She does n't make it very far . The killer takes the file from her , then we hear the sounds of him running her over , the wet sounds of the blood , her last scream . 15 7 `` Dawn of the Dead '' Felipe Rodriguez Amanda Fahey October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Five years ago , Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) and Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) are close . Talking together about the future , what it 'll be like fully entering adulthood , how they should move in together . A macabre match cut takes us from Dawn twirling her fingers through Tal 's living hair to the dead hair on the corpse 's head . Then she winds up toppling the remains over onto her . Meanwhile , Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) have found the snowmobile , covered in blood and gore . Plus , no gas , no Renée ( Joanne Vannicola ) -- well , at least not much . Suspicions are high , Keira wonders if it was Dawn who could be the killer , even if Peter is n't convinced . Jump back to five years prior . Dawn and the other counselors teach kids to do all kinds of stuff , like archery . She was particularly close to one dude , Ryan . This is also when we see Owen ( Wren ) talking to Tal , pressing her to go out with him , being creepy . Nothing gets any better at the retreat . Peter thinks Mark is the killer . Mark finds one of the pictures from the files on Renée , and it 's Peter . Five years ago again . Tal and Dawn talk about the latter sleeping with a married man ; her stepfather , in fact . She wrecked her own home , doing it to get back at her mother . At Camp Motega , she did n't want to add to her body count , and so she intended on taking it slow with Ryan . This is where we see her bonding , deeply , with Tal . At the cabin , Mark puts a pill in Peter 's beer , as they all sit around trying to forget their grim reality , at least for a moment . They try a game of Never Have I Ever . He has a flashback to five years before , he and Tal lying together out in the woods . She tells him about moving in with Dawn when they go back home , what they ought to do about their relationship . He made some promises , ones he appears to want to go back on . Breaking her heart a bit . Later , she listens to Dawn talking lovingly of Ryan , and she laments the love she just lost . And the drugs are kicking in on Peter . He stumbles outside , so Mark locks the door . Dawn was a part of it , of course . Keira 's the only one who seems to not believe in what the others are sure of already . Things are getting really ugly . Go back five years . Dawn wants Tal to talk her up to Ryan . The trusted friend goes to him , trying to work her magic . He asks if Dawn ever mentions him . She gives him a generic answer , not talking Dawn up whatsoever . Tal 's doing what she does , acting deviously behind the backs of the people who seem to like her ; she lies about Dawn 's stepfather , making it out to look like she was molested . In the woods , Peter is stumbling , drugged on ketamine , out in the cold . At the cabins , Wren and Judith ( Leslie Hope ) hook up in one room . In the living room , Dawn tries getting closer to Mark , in a genuine way , talking to him about her past . She also admits that all that 's happened is because of her , her friends . She wants to own up to the guilt . Five years ago , once more . Tal lies to Dawn that she 's not Ryan 's type because he likes really skinny , small girls . This clearly devastates her friend . That night , Dawn gets drunk and starts getting a bit wild in front of everyone , talking to Ryan . But he mentions the stepfather stuff , and then she realizes her friend is not actually her friend . Out in the woods , Peter comes across a shrine , bloody , candles lit . Above it is a mannequin , hanging by the neck . Back at the retreat , Judith finds the gun in Wren 's jacket ; the one the killer supposedly took from Renée . She nearly uses it on him , deciding not to at the last moment . Peter goes back to the cabin , more information now , but when Dawn lets him inside Mark runs at him , knocking him out . After that Keira is pissed . She believes maybe Mark is the killer now . Yet there 's a piece of Andi 's hair in Peter 's pocket . So strange , so creepy . Go back again , five years ago . Dawn and the other girls plot against Tal . They go from silly little pranks , to more serious things . They want to scare the life out of her . They decide to put her on trial , leaving her in the woods to walk home alone . Present day , Judith 's having trouble , worried Wren is the killer . She considers blowing her own brains out , until he finds her out there . He confesses his love for her . She says she loves him , too . However , when Mark comes running towards them , Wren shoots him in the head . 16 8 `` The Past is Never Dead '' Felipe Rodriguez Aaron Martin October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Five years ago , Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) , Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and the rest of the friends are carefully enacting their calculated plan to get revenge on Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) . They take her out to that spot in the woods with the lit torches . They 've got her on trial . She 's made to stand in the middle of a circle . They all call her out , starting with Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) . Conveniently , Andi does n't blame Peter , which Tal uses against her . Susan ( Kaitlyn Leeb ) calls her nothing . Eventually Dawn has her say , feeling utterly betrayed ; she 's the one who really has the most genuine reason . Peter does n't bash her , instead apologizing to his girlfriend for what he 's done . Cut to a little later , when Noah ( Jim Watson ) almost rapes her on the truck . Then she 's rushing off into the woods , the others worried for her . But Tal wo n't turn back . She winds up tripping and smashing her head . They find her in a ditch . She seems dead , so they all react with horror . They drag her off , she 's still alive . Andi smashes her head , she still wo n't die . And Dawn takes the rock , smashing her once more . Noah takes his turn , as well . Laying the killing blow , it seems . Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) is heading back to the cabin , after killing Mark , Judith ( Leslie Hope ) is pleading with him not to do anything else terrible . He 's bent on revenge . They let him take the fall for Talvinder 's disappearance . All she asks is that Keira is left alive . Back at the cabins , Judith reels off a lie about Mark , that he was going to kill her . And she says she shot him . Taking the blame . Lulling Dawn in . Except the young woman does n't believe it , she knows it 's lies . Five years ago . The friends are reeling in the aftermath of what they 've done , people are asking where Tal has gone . They 're trying to figure out the next course of action . Their lives changed for the worse , and they had to either deal or go to prison for the rest of their lives . Present day , the gang at the retreat hear a snowmobile . A woman named Janice arrives looking for her boyfriend , Gene . She thinks We Live As One are a cult , but Peter tries explaining , asking for help . Janice has room for one on her machine ; Judith tries desperately to send Keira , only Keira wo n't have it , wanting it to be Dawn , so she might get medical attention . But Wren , he 's intent on killing more . He wants Judith to help and she wo n't , he starts getting worse . He 's a sad , lonely , murderous man . He says she 'll die alone and she grabs him , throwing him at the mirror . Except nobody 's there . Just her . Soon , Peter and Keira find her , bloodied , unconscious . They put her to bed , then decide they 've got to find Mark 's corpse , confirm he 's dead . Peter heads out while she stays to look after Judith . Judith has worse problems . She continually hears Wren in her head , commanding her . We jump back five years . Wren a.k.a Owen leaves his cabin at Camp Motega , and in slips Dawn to drop a piece of Tal 's jewelry into his things . Present day , Peter comes across Mark 's dead body . Nearby he sees the footprints , he tries re-imagining the crime . He knows something 's not right . Elsewhere , Dawn and Janice try getting out of the forest , but they stop a moment across the way from the parka killer , who fires on both women , bleeding Janice out . Dawn makes it away , though she 's soon shot in the river . Who 's behind the mask ? Judith . At the cabin , Peter finds Keira unconscious , propane filling the house . Then he sees a bunch of letters in Judith 's room . They 're from Wren , in jail . To his mother , Judith . Peter does the only thing he can , carrying Keira through the woods . Only to run into Judith . She says one lives , the other dies . A tough choice . We 're finally seeing the full extent of things now after a flashback , why the noose was in that shrine Peter found -- Judith has hallucinated Owen , the entire time . He hanged himself in jail . Peter puts the noose around his neck and steps from the ledge over the shrine , hanging himself as Judith watches , flashing to images of her son slowly dying . But another surprise , as well -- up the river , Dawn is still alive , on shore , and two hunters find her there bleeding profusely . When Keira wakes up she sees Peter hanging . She also finds a letter Peter wrote to Talvinder 's parents , confessing to the crime , trying to give them closure . Admitting that Owen was innocent , they laid the crime on him . Skip ahead a bit . Keira is safe , back home . She meets with Dawn , who 's preparing to turn herself in to the police , to atone for her terrible sins . From a distance , Judith watches them , still followed by the haunting ghost of her son . Neither of them have forgotten Dawn , they 'll wait until she 's free . Development and production ( edit ) Aaron Martin was inspired to write Slasher after his work on the first season of the medical series Saving Hope , including his writing of two Hope episodes where , in his words , `` people got chopped up . '' Martin would write the first episode of Slasher as a spec script , with two intentions for doing so : To offer it to prospective studios , and to show a writing style that was different from his previous work ( e.g. Saving Hope , Degrassi : The Next Generation , Being Erica ) . Though the script did not receive immediate interest , Shaftesbury Films would discover and option it to prospective broadcasters . The script would land at Canadian premium network Super Channel , who , their interest piqued in part by Slasher 's fixed - end format , would order it as a series . The American network Chiller , which specializes in the horror / thriller genre , would join in production sometime after Super Channel ; Slasher would be Chiller 's first foray into original scripted series content . Production on Slasher 's 8 - episode first season was announced on July 28 , 2015 , with filming taking place between then and October 2015 . Three Northern Ontario municipalities -- the cities of Sudbury and Sault Ste . Marie and the town of Parry Sound -- would stand in for the show 's fictitious location , the town of Waterbury . A first trailer for the series would be released on November 26 , 2015 . Unlike most TV series that film their episodes in order , Slasher , under the direction of Craig David Wallace , was shot as if it were a `` super-sized '' movie : Scenes from multiple episodes were shot at the same time , with the availability of locations and cast being factored in . The out - of - order schedule allowed the actors to know of their characters ' fates , especially those who had to film their death scenes one day but return later to film earlier scenes as necessary . As an example of this , Martin cited Mark Ghanimé 's first day on set , when his character , Justin Faysal , was laid out in a casket for a scene early in Slasher 's third episode ( Justin 's death , which took place in Episode 2 , would be filmed later on ) . On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . Shaftesbury Films confirmed that the series will not be returning to Super Channel or Chiller for a second season . However , Netflix acquired the rights to the second season . The second season was released via Netflix on October 17 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Slasher has received positive reviews . Zap2it called the series `` a whole lot of fun '' and `` something for everyone , '' praising the series ' anthology nature , its cast of characters , storyline , plot twists , bloody violence , and even the series - within - the - series Falcon Husbandry ( shown as a favorite of Robin and Justin 's in Episode 2 ) . Bloody Disgusting awarded the show four skulls out of five , praising Katie McGrath as a great `` protagonist and possible final girl '' and the series ' decision to feature an adult cast , rather than teenagers , with well - developed characters and a `` decidedly classic '' presentation . On the occasion of Slasher 's Super Channel premiere , The Globe and Mail 's John Doyle , while remarking that it `` is no masterpiece of horror , nor was it meant to be , '' called the show `` very well - crafted , '' praising its `` exceptional cast '' and tight pacing , and noting fans of gory horror will appreciate its bloody scenes . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2017 5th Annual Canadian Screen Awards Best TV Movie or Limited Series Slasher Nominated Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Nominated Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Steve Byers Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series Wendy Crewson Won International broadcast ( edit ) On May 25 , 2016 , the entire first season of Slasher became available to stream instantly on Netflix US . On October 17 , 2017 , the full second season of Slasher became available to stream on Netflix in various countries . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brzoznowski , Kristin . `` Super Channel Sets April Premiere for Original Series Slasher '' . TVDrama.ws . World Screen ( WSN Inc . ) . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiller and Shaftesbury Announce Start of Production and Cast for `` Slasher '' `` . The Futon Critic . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lights , camera , action ... ' Slasher ' TV series begins filming in Orangeville '' . Orangeville Banner . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher returns for a second season '' . Playback Online . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Urqyhart - White , Alaina ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Is ' Slasher 2 : Guilty Party ' A True Story ? The Netflix Series Honors Some Legendary Horror Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Hipes . `` Chiller Unveils First Original Series ' Slasher ' , More New Movies '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher delivers a good old - fashioned murder mystery , '' from The TV Junkies , 3 / 3 / 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` A Conversation with ' Slasher ' Creator Aaron Martin , '' from TheTelevixen , 3 / 4 / 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Katie McGrath , Brandon Jay McLaren , Wendy Crewson & More To Star In Chiller 's Anthology Series ' Slasher ' '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ Apr 1 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Steve Byers on Twitter : `` Welcome to Waterbury Canada . # Slasher starts any minute on @ SuperChannel @ SlasherSeries '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher Premieres With Two Back - to - Back Episodes , '' from TheTeleVixen.com , 3 / 2 / 2016 ^ Jump up to : Recap for Slasher Season 1 , Episode 3 from ChillerTV.com ^ Jump up to : Mario Giglio . `` Slasher : Chiller stellt Cast seiner Horrorserie auf '' . Serienjunkies ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Recap of Chiller Season 1 , Episode 6 from ChillerTV.com ^ Jump up to : `` John Doyle : If gore 's your thing , Slasher will slay you , '' from The Globe and Mail , 4 / 3 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` Erin Karpluk Ventures Into New Territory on ' Slasher ' , '' from TheTelevixen.com , 3 / 25 / 2016 Jump up ^ Recap of Slasher Season 1 , Episode 2 from ChillerTV.com ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Lead Prime Time '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mario Giglio ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Slasher : Erster Trailer zur Horrorserie von Chiller '' . Serienjunkies . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Martin Talks Slasher 's First Season And Teases The Finale , '' from TheTeleVixen , 4 / 15 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Slasher ' : Guts & gore galore and 5 more reasons to watch Chiller 's first scripted series '' . Zap2it.com . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( TV Review ) Chiller 's ' Slasher ' Impresses With More Drama Than Kills ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nat Brehmer . `` New on Netflix : May 27th , 2016 '' . Wicked Horror . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Slasher on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slasher_(TV_series)&oldid=818206813 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American anthology television series American drama television series American horror fiction television series American mystery television series English - language television programs Serial drama television series Thriller television series 2010s Canadian drama television series 2016 Canadian television series debuts Canadian horror fiction television series Super Channel shows Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 06 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Cinderella
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Cinderella - wikipedia Cinderella Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cinderella ( disambiguation ) . Cinderella Cinderella Fleeing the Ball by Anne Anderson Folk tale Name Cinderella Also known as Italian : Cenerentola , French : Cendrillon , German : Aschenputtel , Russian : Zolushka , Dutch : Assenpoester . Data Aarne - Thompson grouping AT 510 A ( `` the persecuted heroine '' ) Region Eurasia Cinderella ( Italian : Cenerentola , French : Cendrillon , German : Aschenputtel ) , or The Little Glass Slipper , is a folk tale embodying a myth - element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward . Thousands of variants are known throughout the world . The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances , that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune . The story of Rhodopis , recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC , about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt , is usually considered as the earliest known variant of the `` Cinderella '' story . The first literary European version of the story was published in Italy by Giambattista Basile in his Pentamerone in 1634 ; the most popular version was published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697 , and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales in 1812 . Although the story 's title and main character 's name change in different languages , in English - language folklore `` Cinderella '' is the archetypal name . The word `` Cinderella '' has , by analogy , come to mean one whose attributes were unrecognized , or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect . The still - popular story of `` Cinderella '' continues to influence popular culture internationally , lending plot elements , allusions , and tropes to a wide variety of media . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as `` the persecuted heroine '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient versions 1.1 European versions 1.1. 1 Rhodopis 1.1. 2 Le Fresne 1.1. 3 Cordelia 1.2 Asian versions 1.2. 1 Ye Xian 1.2. 2 One Thousand and One Nights 1.2. 3 Tam and Cam 2 Literary versions 2.1 Cenerentola , by Basile 2.2 Cendrillon , by Perrault 2.3 Aschenputtel , by the Brothers Grimm 3 Plot variations and alternative tellings 4 Folkloristics 5 Adaptations 5.1 Opera and ballet 5.2 Theatre 5.3 Films and television 6 Translations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Ancient versions ( edit ) The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A , `` the persecuted heroine '' . Variants of the theme are known throughout the world . European versions ( edit ) Rhodopis ( edit ) Pair of ancient leather sandals from Egypt Main article : Rhodopis The oldest known version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis , a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt , whose name means `` Rosy - Cheeks '' . The story is first recorded by the Greek geographer Strabo in his Geographica ( book 17 , 33 ) , probably written around 7 BC or thereabouts : They tell the fabulous story that , when she was bathing , an eagle snatched one of her sandals from her maid and carried it to Memphis ; and while the king was administering justice in the open air , the eagle , when it arrived above his head , flung the sandal into his lap ; and the king , stirred both by the beautiful shape of the sandal and by the strangeness of the occurrence , sent men in all directions into the country in quest of the woman who wore the sandal ; and when she was found in the city of Naucratis , she was brought up to Memphis , became the wife of the king ... The same story is also later reported by the Roman orator Aelian ( ca . 175 -- ca . 235 ) in his Miscellanious History , which was written entirely in Greek . Aelian 's story closely resembles the story told by Strabo , but adds that the name of the pharaoh in question was Psammetichus . Aelian 's account indicates that the story of Rhodopis remained popular throughout antiquity . Herodotus , some five centuries before Strabo , records a popular legend about a possibly - related courtesan named Rhodopis in his Histories , claiming that Rhodopis came from Thrace , and was the slave of Iadmon of Samos , and a fellow - slave of the story - teller Aesop and that she was taken to Egypt in the time of Pharaoh Amasis , and freed there for a large sum by Charaxus of Mytilene , brother of Sappho the lyric poet . Le Fresne ( edit ) Illustration of Marie de France , the author of Le Fresne , from a medieval illuminated manuscript The twelfth - century AD lai of Le Fresne ( `` The Ash - Tree Girl '' ) , retold by Marie de France , is a variant of the `` Cinderella '' story in which a wealthy noblewoman abandons her infant daughter at the base of an ash tree outside a nunnery with a ring and brocade as tokens of her identity , because she is one of two twin sisters and the mother fears that she will be accused of infidelity . The infant is discovered by the porter , who names her Fresne , meaning `` Ash Tree '' , and she raised by the nuns . After she has attained maturity , a young nobleman sees her and becomes her lover . The nobleman , however , is forced to marry a woman of noble birth . Fresne accepts that she will never marry her beloved , but waits in the wedding chamber as a handmaiden . She covers the bed with her own brocade , but , unbeknownst to her , her beloved 's bride is actually her twin sister , and her mother recognizes the brocade as the same one she had given to the daughter she had abandoned so many years before . Fresne 's true parentage is revealed and , as a result of her noble birth , she is allowed to marry her beloved , while her twin sister is married to a different nobleman . Cordelia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cordelia by William Frederick Yeames ( 1888 ) Aspects of Cinderella may be derived from the story of Cordelia in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae . Cordelia is the youngest and most virtuous of King Leir of Britain 's three daughters , however her virtue is such that it will not allow her to lie in flattering her father when he asks , so that he divides up the kingdom between the elder daughters and leaves Cordelia with nothing . Cordelia marries her love , Aganippus , King of the Franks , and flees to Gaul where she and her husband raise an army and depose her wicked sisters who have been misusing their father . Cordelia is finally crowned Queen of Britain . However her reign only lasts five years . The story is famously retold in Shakespeare 's King Lear , but given a tragic ending . Asian versions ( edit ) Ye Xian ( edit ) The story of Ye Xian reflected the admiration for small feet in ancient China . Foot binding later became a common practice to prevent feet from growing . A version of the story , Ye Xian , appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Duan Chengshi around 860 . In this version , the protagonist is Ye Xian , a hardworking and lovely girl , who befriends a fish , which is the reincarnation of her deceased mother . Her stepmother and sister kill the fish , but Ye Xian saves the bones , which are magic , and they help her dress appropriately for the New Year Festival . Her stepfamily recognizes her at the festival , causing her to flee and accidentally lose her slipper . Afterwards , the king finds her slipper and falls in love with her ( eventually rescuing her from her cruel stepmother ) . Variants of the story are also found in many ethnic groups in China . One Thousand and one Nights ( edit ) Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights , also known as the Arabian Nights , including `` The Second Shaykh 's Story '' , `` The Eldest Lady 's Tale '' and `` Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers '' , all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders . In some of these , the siblings are female , while in others , they are male . One of the tales , `` Judar and His Brethren '' , departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead , with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers . Tam and Cam ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Story of Tam and Cam , whose plot is similar to Cinderella , has some significant differences . Like in Chinese version , The heroine Tấm also has a fish which is killed by the stepmother and the half - sister , and its bones also give her clothes . Nonetheless , the later part of the story , after Tấm marries the king , there is a long `` battle '' with her stepmother and half - sister . Literary versions ( edit ) The first written European version of the story was published in Napoli ( Naples ) , Italy , by Giambattista Basile , in his Pentamerone ( 1634 ) . The story itself was based in the Kingdom of Naples , at that time the most important political and cultural center of Southern Italy and among the most influential capitals in Europe , and written in the Neapolitan dialect . It was later retold , along with other Basile tales , by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé ( 1697 ) , and by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 ) . The name `` Cenerentola '' comes from the Italian word `` cenere '' -- tchenere ( ash -- cinder ) . It has to do with the fact that servants and scullions were usually soiled with ash at that time , because of their cleaning work and also because they had to live in cold basements so they usually tried to get warm by sitting close to the fireplace . Cenerentola , by Basile ( edit ) Giambattista Basile , an Italian soldier and government official , assembled a set of oral folk tales into a written collection titled Lo cunto de li cunti ( The Story of Stories ) , or Pentamerone . It included the tale of Cenerentola , which features a wicked stepmother and evil stepsisters , magical transformations , a missing slipper , and a hunt by a monarch for the owner of the slipper . It was published posthumously in 1634 . Plot : A prince has a daughter , Zezolla ( tonnie ) ( the Cinderella figure ) , who is tended by a beloved governess . The governess , with Zezolla 's help , persuades the prince to marry her . The governess then brings forward six daughters of her own , who abuse Zezolla ( tonnie ) , and send her into the kitchen to work as a servant . The prince goes to the island of Sinia , meets a fairy who gives presents to his daughter , and brings back for her : a golden spade , a golden bucket , a silken napkin , and a date seedling . The girl cultivates the tree , and when the king hosts a ball , Zezolla appears dressed richly by a fairy living in the date tree . The king falls in love with her , but Zezolla runs away before he can find out who she is . Twice Zezolla escapes the king and his servants . The third time , the king 's servant captures one of her slippers . The king invites all of the maidens in the land to a ball with a shoe - test , identifies Zezolla ( tonnie ) after the shoe jumps from his hand to her foot , and eventually marries her . Cendrillon , by Perrault ( edit ) Oliver Herford illustrated Cinderella with the Fairy Godmother , inspired by Perrault 's version . Charles Robinson illustrated Cinderella in the kitchen ( 1900 ) , from `` Tales of Passed Times '' with stories by Charles Perrault . Writing blank entitled Cinderella or The little glass slipper , educational folder . One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written in French by Charles Perrault in 1697 , under the name Cendrillon . The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story , including the pumpkin , the fairy - godmother and the introduction of `` glass '' slippers . Plot : A wealthy widower marries a proud and haughty woman as his second wife . She has two daughters , who are equally vain and selfish . The gentleman has a beautiful young daughter , a girl of unparalleled kindness and sweet temper . The man 's daughter is forced into servitude , where she is made to work day and night doing menial chores . After the girl 's chores are done for the day , she curls up near the fireplace in an effort to stay warm . She often arises covered in cinders , giving rise to the mocking nickname `` Cinderella '' by her stepsisters . Cinderella bears the abuse patiently and does not tell her father , who would have scolded her . One day , the Prince invites all the young ladies in the land to a royal ball , planning to choose a wife . The two stepsisters gleefully plan their wardrobes for the ball , and taunt Cinderella by telling her that maids are not invited to the ball . As the sisters depart to the ball , Cinderella cries in despair . Her Fairy Godmother magically appears and immediately begins to transform Cinderella from house servant to the young lady she was by birth , all in the effort to get Cinderella to the ball . She turns a pumpkin into a golden carriage , mice into horses , a rat into a coachman , and lizards into footmen . She then turns Cinderella 's rags into a beautiful jeweled gown , complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers . The Godmother tells her to enjoy the ball , but warns her that she must return before midnight , when the spells will be broken . At the ball , the entire court is entranced by Cinderella , especially the Prince . At this first ball , Cinderella remembers to leave before midnight . Back home , Cinderella graciously thanks her Godmother . She then greets the stepsisters , who had not recognized her earlier , and talk of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball . Another ball is held the next evening , and Cinderella again attends with her Godmother 's help . The Prince has become even more infatuated , and Cinderella in turn becomes so enchanted by him she loses track of time and leaves only at the final stroke of midnight , losing one of her glass slippers on the steps of the palace in her haste . The Prince chases her , but outside the palace , the guards see only a simple country girl leave . The Prince pockets the slipper and vows to find and marry the girl to whom it belongs . Meanwhile , Cinderella keeps the other slipper , which does not disappear when the spell is broken . The Prince tries the slipper on all the women in the kingdom . When the Prince arrives at Cinderella 's home , the stepsisters try in vain to win him over . Cinderella asks if she may try , but the stepsisters taunt her . Naturally , the slipper fits perfectly , and Cinderella produces the other slipper for good measure . Cinderella 's stepfamily pleads for forgiveness , and Cinderella agrees . Cinderella married the Prince as her stepsisters are married to two handsome gentlemen of the royal court . The first moral of the story is that beauty is a treasure , but graciousness is priceless . Without it , nothing is possible ; with it , one can do anything . However , the second moral of the story mitigates the first one and reveals the criticism that Perrault is aiming at : That `` without doubt it is a great advantage to have intelligence , courage , good breeding , and common sense . These , and similar talents come only from heaven , and it is good to have them . However , even these may fail to bring you success , without the blessing of a godfather or a godmother . '' Aschenputtel , by the Brothers Grimm ( edit ) Alexander Zick illustrated Cinderella with the doves , inspired by the Grimms ' version . Another well - known version was recorded by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century . The tale is called `` Aschenputtel '' ( `` Cinderella '' in English translations ) . This version is much more intense than that of Perrault and Disney , in that Cinderella 's father did not die and the stepsisters mutilate their feet to fit in the golden slipper . There is no fairy godmother , but rather help comes from a wishing tree that the heroine planted on her mother 's grave . The stepsisters suffer a terrible punishment for their cruelty . Plot : A plague infests a village , and a wealthy gentleman 's wife lies on her deathbed . She calls for her only daughter , and tells her to remain good and kind , as God would protect her . She then dies and is buried . The child visits her mother 's grave every day to grieve and a year goes by . The gentleman marries another woman with two older daughters from a previous marriage . They have beautiful faces and fair skin , but their hearts are cruel and wicked . The stepsisters steal the girl 's fine clothes and jewels and force her to wear rags . They banish her into the kitchen , and give her the nickname `` Aschenputtel '' ( `` Ashfool '' ) . She is forced to do all kinds of hard work from dawn to dusk . The cruel sisters will do nothing but mock her and make her chores harder by creating messes . However , despite all of it , the girl remains good and kind , and will always go to her mother 's grave to cry and pray to God that she will see her circumstances improve . One day the gentleman visits a fair , promising his stepdaughters gifts of luxury . The eldest asks for beautiful dresses , while the younger for pearls and diamonds . His own daughter merely begs for the first twig to knock his hat off on the way . The gentleman goes on his way , and acquires presents for his stepdaughters . While passing a forest he gets a hazel twig , and gives it to his daughter . She plants the twig over her mother 's grave , waters it with her tears and over the years , it grows into a glowing hazel tree . The girl prays under it three times a day , and a white bird will always comes to her . She will tell her wishes to the bird , and every time the bird will throw down to her what she has wished for . The king decides to ordain a festival that will last for three days and invites all the beautiful maidens in the land to attend so that the prince can select one of them for his bride . The two sisters are also invited , but when Aschenputtel begs them to allow her to go with them into the celebration , the stepmother refuses because she has no decent dress nor shoes to wear . When the girl insists , the woman throws a dish of lentils into the ashes for her to pick up , guaranteeing her permission to attend the festival , if she can clean up the lentils in two hours . When the girl accomplishes the task in less than an hour with the help of a flock of white doves that came when she sings a certain chant , the stepmother only redoubles the task and throws down even a greater quantity of lentils . When Aschenputtel is able to accomplish it in a greater speed , not wanting to spoil her daughters ' chances , the stepmother hastens away with her husband and daughters to the celebration and leaves the crying stepdaughter behind . The girl retreats to the graveyard and asks to be clothed in silver and gold . The white bird drops a gold and silver gown and silk shoes . She goes to the feast . The prince dances with her all the time , and when sunset comes she asks to leave . The prince escorts her home , but she eludes him and jumps inside the pigeon coop . The father has come home ahead of time and the prince asks him to chop the pigeon coop down , but Aschenputtel has already escaped . The next day , the girl appears in grander apparel . The prince falls in love with her and dances with her for the whole day , and when sunset comes , the prince tries to accompany her home again . However , she climbs a pear tree to escape him . The Prince calls her father who chops down the tree , wondering if it could be Aschenputtel , but Aschenputtel has disappeared . The third day , she appears dressed in the grandest with slippers of gold . Now the prince is determined to keep her , and has the entire stairway smeared with pitch . Aschenputtel loses track of time , and when she runs away one of her golden slippers sticks on that pitch . The prince proclaims that he will marry the maiden whose foot fits the golden slipper . The next morning , the prince goes to Aschenputtel 's house and tries the slipper on the eldest stepsister . The sister was advised by her mother to cut off her toes in order to fit the slipper . While riding with the stepsister , the two doves from Heaven tell the Prince that blood drips from her foot . Appalled by her treachery , he goes back again and tries the slipper on the other stepsister . She cuts off part of her heel in order to get her foot in the slipper , and again the prince is fooled . While riding with her to the king 's castle , the doves alert him again about the blood on her foot . He comes back to inquire about another girl . The gentleman tells him that they keep a kitchen - maid in the house -- omitting to mention that she is his own daughter -- and the prince asks him to let her try on the slipper . Aschenputtel appears after washing herself , and when she puts on the slipper , the prince recognizes her as the stranger with whom he has danced at the ball . In the end , during Aschenputtel 's wedding , as she walks down the aisle with her stepsisters as her bridesmaids , ( they had hoped to worm their way into her favour ) , the doves fly down and strike the two stepsisters ' eyes , one in the left and the other in the right . When the wedding comes to an end , and Aschenputtel and her prince march out of the church , the doves fly again , striking the remaining eyes of the two evil sisters blind , a punishment they had to endure for the rest of their lives . Aschenputtel 's relationship with her father in this version is ambiguous ; Perrault 's version states that the absent father is dominated by his second wife , explaining why he does not prevent the abuse of his daughter . However , the father in this tale plays an active role in several scenes , and it is not explained why he tolerates the mistreatment of his child . He also describes Aschenputtel as his `` first wife 's child '' and not his own . Plot variations and alternative tellings ( edit ) Cinderella by Edward Burne - Jones , 1863 , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Villains : In some versions , her father plays an active role in the humiliation of his daughter ; in others , he is secondary to his new wife , Cinderella 's stepmother ; in some versions , especially the popular Disney film , Cinderella 's father has died and Cinderella 's mother has died also . Although many variants of Cinderella feature the wicked stepmother , the defining trait of type 510A is a female persecutor : in Fair , Brown and Trembling and Finette Cendron , the stepmother does not appear at all , and it is the older sisters who confine her to the kitchen . In other fairy tales featuring the ball , she was driven from home by the persecutions of her father , usually because he wished to marry her . Of this type ( 510B ) are Cap O ' Rushes , Catskin , All - Kinds - of - Fur , and Allerleirauh , and she slaves in the kitchen because she found a job there . In Katie Woodencloak , the stepmother drives her from home , and she likewise finds such a job . In La Cenerentola , Gioachino Rossini inverted the sex roles : Cenerentola is oppressed by her stepfather . ( This makes the opera Aarne - Thompson type 510B . ) He also made the economic basis for such hostility unusually clear , in that Don Magnifico wishes to make his own daughters ' dowries larger , to attract a grander match , which is impossible if he must provide a third dowry . Folklorists often interpret the hostility between the stepmother and stepdaughter as just such a competition for resources , but seldom does the tale make it clear . Ball , Ballgown , and Curfew : The number of balls varies , sometimes one , sometimes two , and sometimes three . The fairy godmother is Perrault 's own addition to the tale . The person who aided Cinderella ( Aschenputtel ) in the Grimms 's version is her dead mother . Aschenputtel requests her aid by praying at her grave , on which a tree is growing . Helpful doves roosting in the tree shake down the clothing she needs for the ball . This motif is found in other variants of the tale as well , such as The Cinder Maid , collected by Joseph Jacobs , and the Finnish The Wonderful Birch . Playwright James Lapine incorporated this motif into the Cinderella plotline of the musical Into the Woods . Giambattista Basile 's Cenerentola combined them ; the Cinderella figure , Zezolla , asks her father to commend her to the Dove of Fairies and ask her to send her something , and she receives a tree that will provide her clothing . Other variants have her helped by talking animals , as in Katie Woodencloak , Rushen Coatie , Bawang Putih Bawang Merah , The Story of Tam and Cam , or The Sharp Grey Sheep -- these animals often having some connection with her dead mother ; in The Golden Slipper , a fish aids her after she puts it in water . In `` The Anklet '' , it 's a magical alabaster pot the girl purchased with her own money that brings her the gowns and the anklets she wears to the ball . Gioachino Rossini , having agreed to do an opera based on Cinderella if he could omit all magical elements , wrote La Cenerentola , in which she was aided by Alidoro , a philosopher and formerly the Prince 's tutor . The midnight curfew is also absent in many versions ; Cinderella leaves the ball to get home before her stepmother and stepsisters , or she is simply tired . In the Grimms ' version , Aschenputtel slips away when she is tired , hiding on her father 's estate in a tree , and then the pigeon coop , to elude her pursuers ; her father tries to catch her by chopping them down , but she escapes . Furthermore , the gathering need not be a ball ; several variants on Cinderella , such as Katie Woodencloak and The Golden Slipper have her attend church . In the three - ball version , Cinderella keeps a close watch on the time the first two nights and is able to leave without difficulty . However , on the third ( or only ) night , she loses track of the time and must flee the castle before her disguise vanishes . In her haste , she loses a glass slipper which the prince finds -- or else the prince has carefully had her exit tarred , so as to catch her , and the slipper is caught in it . The identifying item : The glass slipper is unique to Charles Perrault 's version and its derivatives ; in other versions of the tale it may be made of other materials ( in the version recorded by the Brothers Grimm , German : Aschenbroedel and Aschenputtel , for instance , it is gold ) and in still other tellings , it is not a slipper but an anklet , a ring , or a bracelet that gives the prince the key to Cinderella 's identity . In Rossini 's opera `` La Cenerentola '' ( `` Cinderella '' ) , the slipper is replaced by twin bracelets to prove her identity . In the Finnish variant The Wonderful Birch the prince uses tar to gain something every ball , and so has a ring , a circlet , and a pair of slippers . Interpreters unaware of the value attached to glass in 17th century France and perhaps troubled by sartorial impracticalities , have suggested that Perrault 's `` glass slipper '' ( pantoufle de verre ) had been a `` squirrel fur slipper '' ( pantoufle de vair ) in some unidentified earlier version of the tale , and that Perrault or one of his sources confused the words ; however , most scholars believe the glass slipper was a deliberate piece of poetic invention on Perrault 's part . The 1950 Disney adaptation takes advantage of the slipper being made of glass to add a twist whereby the slipper is shattered just before Cinderella has the chance to try it on , leaving her with only the matching slipper with which to prove her identity . Another interpretation of verre / vair ( glass / fur ) suggested a sexual element -- the Prince was ' trying on ' the ' fur slipper ' ( vagina ) of the maidens in the kingdom , as a ' Droit du seigneur ' right of sexual possession of his subjects . The disguised Cinderella 's ' fur slipper ' was of unique appeal to the Prince who sought her thereafter through sexual congress ( a variety of sources including Joan Gould ) . The translation of the story into cultures with different standards of beauty has left the significance of Cinderella 's shoe size unclear , and resulted in the implausibility of Cinderella 's feet being of a unique size for no particular reason . Humorous retellings of the story sometimes use the twist of having the shoes turn out to also fit somebody completely unsuitable , such as an amorous old crone . In Terry Pratchett 's Witches Abroad , the witches accuse another witch of manipulating the events because it was a common shoe size , and she could only ensure that the right woman put it on if she already knew where she was and went straight to her . In `` When the Clock Strikes '' ( from Red As Blood ) , Tanith Lee had the sorcerous shoe alter shape whenever a woman tried to put it on , so it would not fit . Cinderella tries on the slipper The Revelation : Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters ( in some versions just the stepsisters and , in some other versions , a stepfather and stepsisters ) conspire to win the prince 's hand for one of them . In the German telling , the first stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off a toe , but the doves in the hazel tree alert the prince to the blood dripping from the slipper , and he returns the false bride to her mother . The second stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off her heel , but the same doves give her away . In many variants of the tale , the prince is told that Cinderella can not possibly be the one , as she is too dirty and ragged . Often , this is said by the stepmother or stepsisters . In the Grimms ' version , both the stepmother and the father urge it . The prince nevertheless insists on her trying . Cinderella arrives and proves her identity by fitting into the slipper or other item ( in some cases she has kept the other ) . The Conclusion : In the German version of the story , the evil stepsisters are punished for their deception by having their eyes pecked out by birds . In other versions , they are forgiven , and made ladies - in - waiting with marriages to lesser lords . In The Thousand Nights and A Night , in a tale called `` The Anklet '' , the stepsisters make a comeback by using twelve magical hairpins to turn the bride into a dove on her wedding night . In The Wonderful Birch , the stepmother , a witch , manages to substitute her daughter for the true bride after she has given birth . Such tales continue the fairy tale into what is in effect a second episode . In an episode of Jim Henson 's The Storyteller , writer Anthony Minghella merged the old folk tale Donkeyskin ( also written by Perrault ) with Cinderella to tell the tale of Sapsorrow , a girl both cursed and blessed by destiny . Many popular new works based on the story feature one step - sister who is not as cruel to Cinderella as the other . Examples are the film Ever After , Cinderella 3 and the Broadway revival . Folkloristics ( edit ) Cinderella or Cendrillon in French . Detail from Gustave Doré 's illustration for Cendrillon Folklorists have long studied variants on this tale across cultures . In 1893 , Marian Roalfe Cox , commissioned by the Folklore Society of Britain , produced Cinderella : Three Hundred and Forty - Five Variants of Cinderella , Catskin and , Cap o'Rushes , Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes . Further morphology studies have continued on this seminal work . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A , `` the persecuted heroine '' . Others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep ; The Golden Slipper ; The Story of Tam and Cam ; Rushen Coatie ; The Wonderful Birch ; Fair , Brown and Trembling ; and Katie Woodencloak . Adaptations ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2017 ) Massenet 's opera Cendrillon Pantomime at the Adelphi The story of Cinderella has formed the basis of many notable works : Opera and ballet ( edit ) Cendrillon ( 1749 ) by Jean - Louis Laruette Cendrillon ( 1810 ) by Nicolas Isouard , libretto by Charles - Guillaume Étienne La Cenerentola ( 1817 ) by Gioachino Rossini Cinderella ( 1893 ) by Baron Boris Vietinghoff - Scheel Cendrillon ( 1894 -- 5 ) by Jules Massenet , libretto by Henri Caïn Cendrillon ( 1904 ) by Pauline García - Viardot La Cenicienta ( 1966 ) by Jorge Peña Hen Aschenbrödel ( 1901 ) by Johann Strauss II , adapted and completed by Josef Bayer Soluschka or Cinderella ( 1945 ) by Sergei Prokofiev Theatre ( edit ) Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre , London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905 . Phyllis Dare , aged 14 or 15 , starred in the latter . In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene takes place in a forest with a hunt in progress ; here Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his `` right - hand man '' Dandini , whose name and character come from Gioachino Rossini 's opera ( La Cenerentola ) . Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini . Her father , Baron Hardup , is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters , the Ugly sisters , and has a servant , Cinderella 's friend Buttons . ( Throughout the pantomime , the Baron is continually harassed by the Broker 's Men ( often named after current politicians ) for outstanding rent . ) The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach ( from a pumpkin ) , footmen ( from mice ) , a coach driver ( from a frog ) , and a beautiful dress ( from rags ) for Cinderella to go to the ball . However , she must return by midnight , as it is then that the spell ceases . Cinderella by Rodgers and Hammerstein was produced for television three times and staged live . A version ran in 1958 at the London Coliseum with a cast including Tommy Steele , Yana , Jimmy Edwards , Kenneth Williams and Betty Marsden . This version was augmented with several other Rodgers and Hammerstein 's songs plus a song written by Tommy Steele , `` You and Me '' . In 2013 , the musical debuted its first Broadway production with a new book by Douglas Carter Beane . Mr. Cinders , a musical which opened at the Adelphi Theatre , London in 1929 . Filmed in 1934 Into the Woods , music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine , a musical in which Cinderella is one of many fairy - tale characters who take part in the plot . This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers ' version of `` Cinderella '' , including the enchanted birds , mother 's grave , three balls , and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters . It opened on Broadway in 1988 . Cindy , a 1964 Off - Broadway musical composed by Johnny Brandon Cinderella ; book by Jim Eiler ; Music by Jim Eiler and Jeanne Bargy ; Lyrics by Jim Eiler Cinderella ; book by Norman Robbins ; lyrics by Amy Powers and Dan Levy ; music by Dan Levy ; opened Off Broadway December 19 , 1991 at Playhouse 91 Bonnie Lythgoe Productions presented the musical pantomime at the State Theatre in Sydney , Australia from 1 to 17 July 2016 . It was described as `` the ultimate winter feel good panto to charm audiences of all ages . This magical rags to riches story will feature sumptuous glittering sets , gorgeous fairytale costumes , fantastic song and dance numbers , infectious and riotous comedy magic and bags of audience participation . Fun and laughter is guaranteed for the whole family ! '' by the official website . Cinderella by Shadow theatre Delight The first time was shown on the stage in 2016 in the city of Chernihiv Ukraine Films and television ( edit ) Play media Cinderella ( 1911 ) Over the decades , hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story . Cinderella ( 1899 ) , the first film version , produced in France by Georges Méliès , as `` Cendrillon '' . Cinderella ( 1914 ) , a silent film starring Mary Pickford Aschenputtel ( 1922 ) , a silhouette shadow play short by Lotte Reiniger . The short silent film uses exaggerated figures and has no background , which creates a stark look . The film shows Aschenputtel 's step - sisters graphically hacking their feet off in order to fit into the glass slipper . Cinderella ( 1922 ) , an animated Laugh - O - Gram produced by Walt Disney , first released on December 6 , 1922 . This film was about seven and half minutes long . Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) , a modern tale starring Colleen Moore , based on a comic strip by William M. Conselman and Charles Plumb , inspired by Charles Perrault 's version . Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) , a Van Beuren animated short film featuring a feline version of the Cinderella character . Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) , Fleischer Studios ' first color cartoon and only appearance of Betty Boop in color during the Fleischer era . Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) , a Merrie Melodies animated short film featuring Egghead , the character who would eventually evolve into Elmer Fudd , as Prince Charming . Mamele ( 1938 ) a Molly Picon vehicle made by the prewar Warsaw Yiddish film industry taking place in contemporary Lodz . Cinderella ( 1947 ) , a Soviet film based on the screenplay by Evgeny Schwartz , with Yanina Zhejmo in the leading role . Shot black - and - white , it went through colorization in 2009 . Cinderella ( 1950 ) , a Walt Disney animated feature released on February 15 , 1950 , now considered one of Disney 's classics as well as the most well known film adaptation . Cinderella ( 1957 ) , a musical adaptation by Rodgers and Hammerstein , starring Julie Andrews as Cinderella , featuring Jon Cypher , Kaye Ballard , Alice Ghostley , and Edie Adams ( originally broadcast in color , but only black - and - white kinescopes survive ) . Three Wishes for Cinderella ( Tři oříšky pro Popelku ) ( 1973 ) , a Czechoslovakian / East German fairy tale film starring Libuše Šafránková as Cinderella and Pavel Trávníček as Prince . A cult film in several European countries . Cindy ( 1978 ) , This version of the Cinderella tale with an all - black cast has Cinderella , who wants to marry a dashing army officer , finding out that her father , who she thought had an important job at a big hotel , is actually the men 's room attendant . Her wicked stepmother finds out , too , and complications ensue . Starred Charlayne Woodard . Aschenputtel ( 1989 ) , a television adaptation based on the Grimm Brothers ' version . If The Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) , a modern Cinderella in Paris . Cinderella Monogatari ( The Story of Cinderella ) ( 1996 ) , anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Production . Cinderella ( 1997 ) , Rodgers and Hammerstein musical starring Brandy Norwood as Cinderella , Whitney Houston as the Fairy Godmother , Bernadette Peters as Cinderella 's evil stepmother , Jason Alexander as Lionel the valet and Whoopi Goldberg as the Queen . Remake of the 1957 and 1965 TV films . Ever After ( 1998 ) , starring Drew Barrymore , a post-feminist , historical fiction take on the Cinderella story . Cinderella , a British modernization featuring Marcella Plunkett as Cinderella , Kathleen Turner as the stepmother and Jane Birkin as the fairy godmother . Once Upon a Time ( 2011 ) , features Cinderella as a recurring character , played by Jessy Schram who made a deal with Rumplestiltskin who killed her fairy godmother right in front of her . In 2016 , more of the story is shown in which Ashley , Cinderella 's real - world counterpart , discovers her stepsister wanted to marry the footman rather than the prince . A different Cinderella in season 7 , played by Dania Ramirez , went to the ball to kill the prince , not meet him . Rags ( film ) ( 2012 ) , a musical gender switched inversion of the Cinderella story that stars Keke Palmer and Max Schneider . Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , a live - action fairy - tale - themed adaptation of the above - mentioned homonymous musical play , in which Anna Kendrick 's Cinderella is a central character . Cinderella ( 2015 ) , a live - action film starring Lily James as Cinderella , Cate Blanchett as Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother , Richard Madden as Kit , the Prince Charming and Helena Bonham Carter as the Fairy Godmother . It is essentially a live - action remake of the 1950 animated film . Cinderella adaptations on TV and in cinema are not just limited to female protagonists . The Sesame Street special `` Cinderelmo '' and the Magic Adventures of Mumfie episode `` Scarecrowella '' both feature a male protagonist playing the Cinderella role . Translations ( edit ) Language Name Romanisation Afrikaans Aspoestertjie Albanian Hirushja Arabic سندريلا Sinderella Armenian Մոխրոտիկ Mokhrotik Azerbaijani Zoluşka Basque Mari Errauskin Belarusian Папялушка Papyalushka Bulgarian Пепеляшка Pepelyashka Argentina La Cenicienta Catalan Ventafocs Burmese စင္ဒရဲလား Chinese 灰 姑娘 Huīgūniang Croatian Pepeljuga Czech Popelka Danish Askepot Dutch Assepoester Estonian Tuhkatriinu Filipino Cinderella Finnish Tuhkimo French Cendrillon Georgian კონკია Konkia German Aschenputtel ( or Aschenbrödel ) Greek Σταχτοπούτα Stachtopoúta Hebrew סינדרלה \ לכלוכית Sinderelaa / Lichluchit Hindi सिंडिरेल्ला Sindirēllā Hungarian Hamupipőke Icelandic Öskubuska Indonesian Cinderella / Upik Abu Irish Luaithríona Italian Cenerentola Japanese シンデレラ Shinderera Kannada ಸಿಂಡರೆಲ್ಲಾ Siṇḍarellā Korean 신데렐라 Sinderella Lao ຊັງດຣີຢົງ or ຊັງດີຢົງ Sangdriyong Latvian Pelnrušķīte Lithuanian Pelenė Macedonian Пепелашка Pepelashka Malay Bawang merah Mongolian Үнсгэлжин Unsgeljin Norwegian ( bokmål ) Askepott ( originally the name of Askeladden ) Norwegian ( nynorsk ) Oskepott ( originally the name of Oskeladden ) Persian سیندرلا Sinderela Polish Kopciuszek Portuguese Cinderela Romanian Cenușăreasa Russian Золушка Zolushka Serbian Пепeљуга Pepeljuga Slovak Popoluška Slovenian Pepelka Soqotri Meḥazelo Spanish Cenicienta Swedish Askungen Tamil சின்டெரெல்லா Ciṉṭerellā Thai ซิ น เด อ เร ล ล่า Cinderella Turkish Külkedisi Ukrainian Попелюшка Popelyushka Vietnamese Lọ Lem West Frisian Jiskepûster See also ( edit ) Folklore portal Children 's literature portal Italy portal France portal Eteriani Cinderella complex Cinderella effect Marriage plot Ye Xian References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Zipes , Jack ( 2001 ) . The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 444 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97636 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dundes , Alan . Cinderella , a Casebook . Madison , Wis : University of Wisconsin Press , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Lancelyn Green : Tales of Ancient Egypt , Penguin UK , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 133822 - 4 , chapter The Land of Egypt ^ Jump up to : Bottigheimer , Ruth . ( 2008 ) . `` Before Contes du temps passe ( 1697 ) : Charles Perrault 's Griselidis , Souhaits and Peau '' . The Romantic Review , Volume 99 , Number 3 . pp. 175 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Graham ( 2000 ) . Fairytale in the Ancient World . New York City , New York and London , England : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23702 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hansen , William ( 2017 ) . The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales , Legends & Myths . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 9780691170152 . Jump up ^ Strabo : `` The Geography '' , book 17 , 33 Jump up ^ Aelian : `` Various History '' , book 13 , chapter 33 Jump up ^ Herodot , `` The Histories '' , book 2 , chapters 134 - 135 Jump up ^ See Yan Ma , Shirley ( 2009 ) . `` Yexian : The Chinese Cinderella '' . Footbinding : A Jungian Engagement with Chinese Culture and Psychology . New York City , New York and London , England : Routledge . pp. 75 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48506 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Beauchamp , Fay . `` Asian Origins of Cinderella : The Zhuang Storyteller of Guangxi '' ( PDF ) . Oral Tradition. 25 ( 2 ) : 447 -- 496 . Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) . The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 4 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A Cinderella Tale from Vietnam : the Story of Tam and Cam '' . www.furorteutonicus.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Basile , Giambattista ( 1911 ) . Stories from Pentamerone , London : Macmillan & Co. , translated by John Edward Taylor . Chapter 6 . See also `` Il Pentamerone : Cenerentola '' Jump up ^ A modern edition of the original French text by Perrault is found in Charles Perrault , Contes , ed . Marc Soriano ( Paris : Flammarion , 1989 ) , pp. 274 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perrault : Cinderella ; or , The Little Glass Slipper '' . Pitt.edu. 2003 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Aschenputtel , included in Household Stories by the Brothers Grimm , translated by Lucy Crane , at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Donkeyskin '' Jump up ^ Marina Warner , From the Beast to the Blonde : On Fairy Tales And Their Tellers , p 213 - 4 ISBN 0 - 374 - 15901 - 7 Jump up ^ Jane Yolen , p 23 , Touch Magic ISBN 0 - 87483 - 591 - 7 Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Annotated Brothers Grimm , p 116 W.W. Norton & company , London , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05848 - 4 Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 28 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Annotated Brothers Grimm , p 126 - 8 W.W. Norton & company , London , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05848 - 4 Jump up ^ Mardrus , Joseph - Charles ; Powys Mathers ( June 1987 ) . The book of the Thousand Nights and One Night . 4 . London and New York : Routledge . pp. 191 -- 194 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04543 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` If The Shoe Fits : Folklorists ' criteria for # 510 '' Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Cinderella '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( TYA Collection ) '' . mtishows.com. 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Off Broadway Musicals 1910 - 2007 , by Dan Dietz Jump up ^ `` Cinderella in Australia '' . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3D shadow show Cinderella '' . Jump up ^ `` Aschenputtel '' . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Three wishes for Cinderella ( 1973 ) '' . Imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Aschenputtel '' . Imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Imdb.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinderella . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cinderella Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cinderella . Project Gutenberg compilation , including original Cendrillon Photos and illustrations from early Cinderella stage versions , including one with Ellaline Terriss and one with Phyllis Dare Parallel German - English text of brothers Grimm 's version in ParallelBook format Charles Perrault Works Histoires ou contes du temps passé ( 1697 ) Griselidis ( 1695 ) The Ridiculous Wishes ( 1695 ) Donkeyskin ( 1695 ) Cinderella ( 1697 ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1697 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1697 ) Puss in Boots ( 1697 ) Bluebeard ( 1697 ) Diamonds and Toads ( 1697 ) Riquet with the Tuft ( 1697 ) Hop - o ' - My - Thumb ( 1697 ) Related Marie - Jeanne L'Héritier Brothers Grimm The Brothers Grimm Key articles Jacob Grimm Wilhelm Grimm Grimms ' Fairy Tales Deutsche Sagen Deutsche Mythologie Notable tales `` The Frog Prince '' `` Cat and Mouse in Partnership '' `` Mary 's Child '' `` The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was '' `` The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids '' `` Trusty John '' `` The Wonderful Musician '' `` The Twelve Brothers '' `` Brother and Sister '' `` Rapunzel '' `` The Three Little Men in the Wood '' `` The Three Spinners '' `` Hansel and Gretel '' The White Snake `` The Fisherman and His Wife '' `` The Brave Little Tailor '' `` Cinderella '' `` The Riddle '' `` Little Red Riding Hood '' `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' `` Snow White '' Rumpelstiltskin `` Sleeping Beauty '' Other Grimm 's law Göttingen Seven Grim Tales The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics The Brothers Grimm Grimm Tales The Sisters Grimm Fairy tale American McGee 's Grimm German Fairy Tale Route Grimm Once Upon a Time Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Cinderella the Cat ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Games Cinders Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella&oldid=809482070 '' Categories : Cinderella Grimms ' Fairy Tales Picture books by Arthur Rackham Works by Charles Perrault Fairies and sprites in popular culture Fictional princesses Fictional orphans Female characters in fairy tales European fairy tales European folklore characters Love stories Romance characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2017 Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Basque - language text Articles containing Belarusian - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Catalan - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Estonian - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Lao - language text Articles containing Latvian - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing Malaysian - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Articles containing Norwegian Bokmål - language text Articles containing Norwegian Nynorsk - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text Articles containing Slovene - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing West Frisian - language text Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 11 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where did the original cinderella story come from
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"Cinderella (Italian: Cenerentola, French: Cendrillon, German: Aschenputtel), or The Little Glass Slipper, is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world.[1][2] The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances, that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune. The story of Rhodopis, recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC, about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt, is usually considered as the earliest known variant of the \"Cinderella\" story.[1][2][3] The first literary European version of the story was published in Italy by Giambattista Basile in his Pentamerone in 1634; the most popular version was published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697,[4] and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales in 1812."
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"story of Rhodopis, recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo"
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Hemihypertrophy
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Hemihypertrophy - Wikipedia Hemihypertrophy Hemihypertrophy , now more commonly referred to as hemihyperplasia in the medical literature , is a condition in which one side of the body or a part of one side of the body is larger than the other to an extent considered greater than the normal variation . As it is difficult to establish a set clinical criteria for diagnosis of hemihyperplasia , the dictum is often used that the clinician should be able to see the asymmetry `` from the end of the bed '' . Hemihyperplasia is seen in several congenital syndromes including Beckwith - Wiedemann syndrome and Russell - Silver syndrome . Hemihyperplasia is a congenital overgrowth disorder and the asymmetry can range from mild to severe . It is important to establish a diagnosis because hemihyperplasia is associated with an increased risk for embryonal tumors , mainly Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma . Due to the heightened tumor risk , there is a tumor screening protocol that is recommended for all children with isolated hemihyperplasia and Beckwith - Wiedemann Syndrome . Some of the other syndromes associated with hemihyperplasia may also follow this tumor surveillance protocol . The recommended tumor surveillance protocol is : Any child with suspected isolated hemihyperplasia should be referred to a clinical geneticist for evaluation . Abdominal ultrasound every 3 months until 7 years Serum alpha fetoprotein measurement every 3 months until 4 years Daily caretaker abdominal examination at the discretion of the provider / parent In some cases , children with hemihyperplasia may have different leg lengths . There are two main surgical options for the treatment of uneven leg lengths - shortening and lengthening . Epiphysiodesis , which involves removing part of the growth plate of the longer leg , allowing the shorter leg to `` catch up '' , may be performed on patients still able to grow . Bone resection is performed on patients who have no growth left and involves removing part of the bone . Leg lengthening procedures are more painful , involving the insertion of pins to be turned , moving parts of the bone apart ( Ilizarov 's Method ) . This process is reserved mainly for patients with a discrepancy greater than 4 cm , although some leg lengthening procedures are now done cosmetically . Non-surgical options include attachment of a lift to the shoe , allowing the patient to walk normally . Children with hemihypertrophy may also develop scoliosis , a curvature of the spine . Hemifacial hyperplasia is believed to be a minor form of hemihypertrophy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ACMG Practice Guidelines , Diagnostic criteria and tumor screening for individuals with Isolated Hemihyperplasia , Carol L. Clericuzio , MD , and Rick A. Martin , MD , acmg.net Jump up ^ Silver , H.K. ; Kiyasu , W ; George , J ; Deamer , W.C. ( 1953 ) . `` Syndrome of congenital hemihypertrophy , shortness of stature , and elevated urinary gonadotropins '' . Pediatrics. 12 ( 4 ) : 368 -- 76 . PMID 13099907 . Jump up ^ Clericuzio CL ( 2009 ) . `` Diagnostic criteria and tumor screening for individuals with isolated hemihyperplasia '' . Genetics in Medicine . 11 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 2 . doi : 10.1097 / GIM. 0b013e31819436cf . PMC 3111026 . PMID 19367194 . Jump up ^ Ibid Jump up ^ Urban PP , Bruening R , Roland B ( September 2009 ) . `` Congenital isolated hemifacial hyperplasia '' . J. Neurol. 256 ( 9 ) : 1566 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s00415 - 009 - 5148 - 9 . PMID 19424770 . External links ( edit ) Hemihypertrophy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms ( 1 ) entry in the Children 's Hospital of Boston website This article incorporates public domain material from the U.S. National Cancer Institute document `` Dictionary of Cancer Terms '' . This oncology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemihypertrophy&oldid=822612159 '' Categories : Growth disorders Oncology stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what causes one side of your body to be larger than the other
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Two-stroke oil
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Two - stroke oil - Wikipedia Two - stroke oil Jump to : navigation , search An example of two - stroke oil bottle with measurement cap . Oil is dyed blue to make it easier to recognize it in the gasoline . Because it 's not diluted , it appears black in this bottle . Two - stroke oil ( also referred to as two - cycle oil , 2 - cycle oil , 2T oil , 2 - stroke oil or petroil ) is a special type of motor oil intended for use in crankcase compression two - stroke engines . Unlike a four - stroke engine , whose crankcase is closed except for its ventilation system , a two - stroke engine uses the crankcase as part of the induction tract , and therefore , oil must be mixed with gasoline to be distributed throughout the engine for lubrication . The resultant mix is referred to as petroil . This oil is ultimately burned along with the fuel as a total - loss oiling system . This results in increased exhaust emissions , sometimes with excess smoke and / or a distinctive odor . The oil - base stock can be petroleum , castor oil , semi-synthetic or synthetic oil and is mixed ( or metered by injection ) with petrol / gasoline at a fuel - to - oil ratio ranging from 16 : 1 to as low as 100 : 1 . To avoid the high emissions and oily deposits on spark plugs , modern two - strokes , especially for small engines such as garden equipment and chainsaws , may now demand a synthetic oil and can suffer from oiling problems otherwise . Engine original equipment manufacturers ( OEMs ) introduced pre-injection systems ( sometimes known as `` auto - lube '' ) to engines to operate from a 32 : 1 to 100 : 1 ratio . Oils must meet or exceed the following typical specifications : TC - W3TM , NMMA , ( API ) TC , JASO FC , ISO - L - EGC . Comparing regular lubricating oil with two - stroke oil , the relevant difference is that two - stroke oil must have a much lower ash content . This is required to minimize deposits that tend to form if ash is present in the oil which is burned in the engine 's combustion chamber . Additionally a non-2T - specific oil can turn to gum in a matter of days if mixed with gasoline and not immediately consumed . Another important factor is that 4 - stroke engines have a different requirement for ' stickiness ' than 2 - strokes do . Since the 1980s different types of two - stroke oil have been developed for specialized uses such as outboard motor two - strokes , premix two - stroke oil , as well as the more standard auto lube ( motorcycle ) two - stroke oil . As a rule of thumb , most containers of oil commercially offered will have somewhere on the label printed that it is compatible with ' Autolube ' or injector pumps . Those bottles tend to have the consistency of liquid dish soap if shaken . A more viscous oil can not reliably be passed through an injection system , although a premix machine can be run on either type . `` Racing '' oil or castor - based does offer excellent lubricity - at the expense of premature coking . For the average moped / scooter / trail rider it will not garner an appreciable increase in performance and will require very frequent teardowns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Additive ingredients 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Additive ingredients ( edit ) Additives for two - stroke oils fall into several general categories : Detergent / Dispersants , Antiwear agents , Biodegradability components and antioxidants ( Zinc compounds ) . Some of the higher quality include a fuel stabilizer as well . See also ( edit ) API - TC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nunney , Malcom J. ( 2007 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8037 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smith , Philip H. ( 1965 ) . The High - Speed Two - Stroke Petrol Engine . London : Foulis . pp. 236 -- 237 . ISBN 085429 - 049 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.sea-doo.net/techarticles/oil/oil.htm External links ( edit ) How Two - stroke Engines Work This article about an automotive part or component is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-stroke_oil&oldid=735650304 '' Categories : Automotive part stubs Motor oils Engine lubrication systems Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2016 , at 05 : 05 . About Wikipedia
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can you use motor oil in a 2-stroke
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United States Constitution
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United states Constitution - Wikipedia United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search United States Constitution Page one of the original copy of the Constitution Created September 17 , 1787 Ratified June 21 , 1788 Date effective March 4 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Location National Archives , Washington , D.C. Author ( s ) Philadelphia Convention Signatories 39 of the 55 delegates Purpose To replace the Articles of Confederation ( 1777 ) This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive , consisting of the President ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts . Articles Four , Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 , it has been amended 27 times to meet the changing needs of a nation now profoundly different from the eighteenth - century world in which its creators lived . In general , the first ten amendments , known collectively as the Bill of Rights , offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government . The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections . Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures . Amendments to the United States Constitution , unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide , are appended to the document . All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment . According to the United States Senate : `` The Constitution 's first three words -- We the People -- affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens . For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights , of liberty and equality , and of the federal and state governments . '' The first permanent constitution of its kind , adopted by the people 's representatives for an expansive nation , it is interpreted , supplemented , and implemented by a large body of constitutional law , and has influenced the constitutions of other nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First government 1.2 Articles of Confederation 2 History 2.1 1787 Drafting 2.2 1788 Ratification 3 Influences 4 Original frame 4.1 Preamble 4.2 Article One 4.3 Article Two 4.4 Article Three 4.5 Article Four 4.6 Article Five 4.7 Article Six 4.8 Article Seven 4.9 Closing endorsement 5 Ratified amendments 5.1 Safeguards of liberty ( Amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) 5.2 Safeguards of justice ( Amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) 5.3 Unenumerated rights and reserved powers ( Amendments 9 and 10 ) 5.4 Governmental authority ( Amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) 5.5 Safeguards of civil rights ( Amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) 5.6 Government processes and procedures ( Amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) 6 Unratified amendments 6.1 Still pending 6.2 No longer pending 7 Judicial review 7.1 Scope and theory 7.2 Establishment 7.2. 1 Self - restraint 7.2. 2 Separation of powers 7.3 Subsequent Courts 8 Civic religion 9 Worldwide influence 10 Criticisms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Works cited 14 Further reading 15 External links 15.1 U.S. government sources 15.2 Non-governmental sources Background See also : History of the United States Constitution First government From September 5 , 1774 to March 1 , 1781 , the Continental Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States . Delegates to the First ( 1774 ) and then the Second ( 1775 -- 1781 ) Continental Congress were chosen largely through the action of committees of correspondence in various colonies rather than through the colonial or later state legislatures . In no formal sense was it a gathering representative of existing colonial governments ; it represented the dissatisfied elements of the people , such persons as were sufficiently interested to act , despite the strenuous opposition of the loyalists and the obstruction or disfavor of colonial governors . The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a central governing body . Endowed by the people collectively , the Continental Congress alone possessed those attributes of external sovereignty which entitled it to be called a state in the international sense , while the separate states , exercising a limited or internal sovereignty , may rightly be considered a creation of the Continental Congress , which preceded them and brought them into being . Articles of Confederation Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States . It was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late - 1777 , and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781 . Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Although , in a way , the Congressional powers in Article 9 made the `` league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' , the chief problem was , in the words of George Washington , `` no money '' . The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless . ( A popular phrase of the times called a useless object or person ... not worth a Continental , referring to the Continental dollar . ) Congress could borrow money , but could n't pay it back . No state paid all their U.S. taxes ; some paid nothing . Some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens , but no more . No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments . By 1786 , the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due . Internationally , the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ' ability to defend its sovereignty . Most of the troops in the 625 - man United States Army were deployed facing -- but not threatening -- British forts on American soil . They had not been paid ; some were deserting and others threatening mutiny . Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce ; U.S. officials protested , but to no effect . Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce ; the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom . If any military crisis required action , the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response . Domestically , the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the diverse sentiments and interests of the various states . Although the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was signed between Great Britain and the U.S. , and named each of the American states , various individual states proceeded blithely to violate it . New York and South Carolina repeatedly prosecuted Loyalists for wartime activity and redistributed their lands . Individual state legislatures independently laid embargoes , negotiated directly with foreign authorities , raised armies , and made war , all violating the letter and the spirit of the Articles . In September 1786 , during an inter -- state convention to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected , James Madison angrily questioned whether the Articles of Confederation was a binding compact or even a viable government . Connecticut paid nothing and `` positively refused '' to pay U.S. assessments for two years . A rumor had it that a `` seditious party '' of New York legislators had opened a conversation with the Viceroy of Canada . To the south , the British were said to be openly funding Creek Indian raids on white settlers in Georgia and adjacent territory . Savannah ( then - capital of Georgia ) had been fortified , and the state of Georgia was under martial law . Additionally , during Shays ' Rebellion ( August 1786 -- June 1787 ) in Massachusetts , Congress could provide no money to support an endangered constituent state . General Benjamin Lincoln was obliged to raise funds from Boston merchants to pay for a volunteer army . Congress was paralyzed . It could do nothing significant without nine states , and some legislation required all thirteen . When a state produced only one member in attendance , its vote was not counted . If a state 's delegation were evenly divided , its vote could not be counted towards the nine - count requirement . The Articles Congress had `` virtually ceased trying to govern '' . The vision of a `` respectable nation '' among nations seemed to be fading in the eyes of revolutionaries such as George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , and Rufus King . Their dream of a republic , a nation without hereditary rulers , with power derived from the people in frequent elections , was in doubt . On February 21 , 1787 , the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government . Unlike earlier attempts , the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations , but for the `` sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation '' . The convention was not limited to commerce ; rather , it was intended to `` render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . '' The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states . History 1787 drafting Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Signing the Constitution , September 17 , 1787 On the appointed day , May 14 , 1787 , only the Virginia and Pennsylvania delegations were present , and so the convention 's opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum . A quorum of seven states met and deliberations began on May 25 . Eventually twelve states were represented ; 74 delegates were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . The delegates were generally convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the weaker Congress established by the Articles of Confederation . Their depth of knowledge and experience in self - government was remarkable . As Thomas Jefferson in Paris wrote to John Adams in London , `` It really is an assembly of demigods . '' Delegates used two streams of intellectual tradition , and any one delegate could be found using both or a mixture depending on the subject under discussion : foreign affairs , the economy , national government , or federal relationships among the states . Two plans for structuring the federal government arose at the convention 's outset : The Virginia Plan ( also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan ) proposed that the legislative department of the national government be composed of a Bicameral Congress , with both chambers elected with apportionment according to population . Generally favoring the most highly populated states , it used the philosophy of John Locke to rely on consent of the governed , Montesquieu for divided government , and Edward Coke to emphasize civil liberties . The New Jersey Plan proposed that the legislative department be a unicameral body with one vote per state . Generally favoring the less - populous states , it used the philosophy of English Whigs such as Edmund Burke to rely on received procedure and William Blackstone to emphasize sovereignty of the legislature . This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and , as they entered the United States of America freely and individually , remained so . On May 31 , the Convention devolved into a `` Committee of the Whole '' to consider the Virginia Plan . On June 13 , the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee . The New Jersey plan was put forward in response to the Virginia Plan . A `` Committee of Eleven '' ( one delegate from each state represented ) met from July 2 to 16 to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the federal legislature . All agreed to a republican form of government grounded in representing the people in the states . For the legislature , two issues were to be decided : how the votes were to be allocated among the states in the Congress , and how the representatives should be elected . In its report , now known as the Connecticut Compromise ( or `` Great Compromise '' ) , the committee proposed proportional representation for seats in the House of Representatives based on population ( with the people voting for representatives ) , and equal representation for each State in the Senate ( with each state 's legislators generally choosing their respective senators ) , and that all money bills would originate in the House . The Great Compromise ended the stalemate between `` patriots '' and `` nationalists '' , leading to numerous other compromises in a spirit of accommodation . There were sectional interests to be balanced by the Three - Fifths Compromise ; reconciliation on Presidential term , powers , and method of selection ; and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary . On July 24 , a `` Committee of Detail '' -- John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Edmund Randolph ( Virginia ) , Nathaniel Gorham ( Massachusetts ) , Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , and James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) -- was elected to draft a detailed constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The Convention recessed from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this `` Committee of Detail '' . Overall , the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , adding some elements . A twenty - three article ( plus preamble ) constitution was presented . From August 6 to September 10 , the report of the committee of detail was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . Toward the close of these discussions , on September 8 , a `` Committee of Style and Arrangement '' -- Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) -- was appointed to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble and a closing endorsement , of which Morris was the primary author . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several of the delegates were disappointed in the result , a makeshift series of unfortunate compromises . Some delegates left before the ceremony , and three others refused to sign . Of the thirty - nine signers , Benjamin Franklin summed up , addressing the Convention : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . The advocates of the Constitution were anxious to obtain unanimous support of all twelve states represented in the Convention . Their accepted formula for the closing endorsement was `` Done in Convention , by the unanimous consent of the States present . '' At the end of the convention , the proposal was agreed to by eleven state delegations and the lone remaining delegate from New York , Alexander Hamilton . 1788 ratification Transmitted to the United States in Congress Assembled then sitting in New York City , the new Constitution was forwarded to the states by Congress recommending the ratification process outlined in the Constitution . Each state legislature was to call elections for a `` Federal Convention '' to ratify the new Constitution . They expanded the franchise beyond the Constitutional requirement to more nearly embrace `` the people '' . Eleven ratified in 1787 or 1788 , and all thirteen had done so by 1790 . The Congress of the Confederation certified eleven states to begin the new government , and called the states to hold elections to begin operation . It then dissolved itself on March 4 , 1789 , the day the first session of the Congress of the United States began . George Washington was inaugurated as President two months later . Territorial extent of the United States , 1790 It was within the power of the old Congress of the Confederation to expedite or block the ratification of the new Constitution . The document that the Philadelphia Convention presented was technically only a revision of the Articles of Confederation . But the last article of the new instrument provided that when ratified by conventions in nine states ( or two - thirds at the time ) , it should go into effect among the States so acting . Then followed an arduous process of ratification of the Constitution by specially constituted conventions . The need for only nine states ' approval was a controversial decision at the time , since the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of all the states . Three members of the Convention -- Madison , Gorham , and King -- were also Members of Congress . They proceeded at once to New York , where Congress was in session , to placate the expected opposition . Aware of their vanishing authority , Congress , on September 28 , after some debate , resolved unanimously to submit the Constitution to the States for action , `` in conformity to the resolves of the Convention '' , but with no recommendation either for or against its adoption . Two parties soon developed , one in opposition , the Anti-Federalists , and one in support , the Federalists , of the Constitution ; and the Constitution was debated , criticized , and expounded upon clause by clause . Hamilton , Madison , and Jay , under the name of Publius , wrote a series of commentaries , now known as The Federalist Papers , in support of ratification in the state of New York , at that time a hotbed of anti-Federalism . These commentaries on the Constitution , written during the struggle for ratification , have been frequently cited by the Supreme Court as an authoritative contemporary interpretation of the meaning of its provisions . The dispute over additional powers for the central government was close , and in some states ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the state convention itself . The Continental Congress -- which still functioned at irregular intervals -- passed a resolution on September 13 , 1788 , to put the new Constitution into operation with eleven states . North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified by May 1790 . Influences Further information : History of the United States Constitution This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : not encyclopedic Please help improve this section if you can . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Enlightenment and Rule of law John Locke Two Treatises of Government life , liberty and property Several ideas in the Constitution were new . These were associated with the combination of consolidated government along with federal relationships with constituent states . The Due Process Clause of the Constitution was partly based on common law and on Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a ruler . Among the most prominent political theorists of the late eighteenth century were William Blackstone , John Locke , and Montesquieu . Both the influence of Edward Coke and William Blackstone were evident at the Convention . In his Institutes of the Lawes of England , Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta protections and rights to apply not just to nobles , but to all British subjects . In writing the Virginia Charter of 1606 , he enabled the King in Parliament to give those to be born in the colonies all rights and liberties as though they were born in England . William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England were the most influential books on law in the new republic . British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution ( 1688 ) was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes . Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government . Government 's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights . These basic rights were life , liberty and property . Montesquieu 's influence on the framers is evident in Madison 's Federalist No. 47 and Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . Jefferson , Adams , and Mason were known to read Montesquieu . Supreme Court Justices , the ultimate interpreters of the Constitution , have cited to Montesquieu throughout the Court 's history . ( See , e.g. , Green v. Biddle , 21 U.S. 1 , 1 , 36 ( 1823 ) . United States v. Wood , 39 U.S. 430 , 438 ( 1840 ) . Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 , 116 ( 1926 ) . Nixon v. Administrator of General Services , 433 U.S. 425 , 442 ( 1977 ) . Bank Markazi v. Peterson , 136 U.S. 1310 , 1330 ( 2016 ). ) Montesquieu emphasized the need for balanced forces pushing against each other to prevent tyranny ( reflecting the influence of Polybius 's 2nd century BC treatise on the checks and balances of the Roman Republic ) . In his The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argues that the separation of state powers should be by its service to the people 's liberty : legislative , executive and judicial . A substantial body of thought had been developed from the literature of republicanism in the United States , including work by John Adams and applied to the creation of state constitutions . The constitution was a federal one , and was influenced by the study of other federations , both ancient and extant . The United States Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 , as supporters of the Constitution had promised critics during the debates of 1788 . The English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights . Both require jury trials , contain a right to keep and bear arms , prohibit excessive bail and forbid `` cruel and unusual punishments '' . Many liberties protected by state constitutions and the Virginia Declaration of Rights were incorporated into the Bill of Rights . Original frame Neither the Convention which drafted the Constitution , nor the Congress which sent it to the thirteen states for ratification in the autumn of 1787 , gave it a lead caption . To fill this void , the document was most often titled `` A frame of Government '' when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public . This Frame of Government consisted of a preamble , seven articles and a signed closing endorsement . Preamble `` We the People '' in an original edition The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It neither assigns powers to the federal government , nor does it place specific limitations on government action . Rather , it sets out the origin , scope and purpose of the Constitution . Its origin and authority is in `` We , the people of the United States '' . This echoes the Declaration of Independence . `` One people '' dissolved their connection with another , and assumed among the powers of the earth , a sovereign nation - state . The scope of the Constitution is twofold . First , `` to form a more perfect Union '' than had previously existed in the `` perpetual Union '' of the Articles of Confederation . Second , to `` secure the blessings of liberty '' , which were to be enjoyed by not only the first generation , but for all who came after , `` our posterity '' . Article one Article One describes the Congress , the legislative branch of the federal government . Section 1 , reads , `` All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body . Representatives must be at least 25 years old , be a citizen of the United States for seven years , and live in the state they represent . Senators must be at least 30 years old , be a citizen for nine years , and live in the state they represent . Article I , Section 8 enumerates the powers delegated to the legislature . Financially , Congress has the power to tax , borrow , pay debt and provide for the common defense and the general welfare ; to regulate commerce , bankruptcies , and coin money . To regulate internal affairs , it has the power to regulate and govern military forces and militias , suppress insurrections and repel invasions . It is to provide for naturalization , standards of weights and measures , post offices and roads , and patents ; to directly govern the federal district and cessions of land by the states for forts and arsenals . Internationally , Congress has the power to define and punish piracies and offenses against the Law of Nations , to declare war and make rules of war . The final Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress without the Articles ' requirement for express delegation for each and every power . Article I , Section 9 lists eight specific limits on congressional power . The Supreme Court has sometimes broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly allowed by the enumerated powers nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress . In McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court read the Necessary and Proper Clause to permit the federal government to take action that would `` enable ( it ) to perform the high duties assigned to it ( by the Constitution ) in the manner most beneficial to the people '' , even if that action is not itself within the enumerated powers . Chief Justice Marshall clarified : `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are Constitutional . '' Article two Article Two describes the office of the President of the United States . The President is head of the executive branch of the federal government , as well as the nation 's head of state and head of government . Article Two describes the office , qualifications and duties of the President of the United States and the Vice President . It is modified by the 12th Amendment which tacitly acknowledges political parties , and the 25th Amendment relating to office succession . The president is to receive only one compensation from the federal government . The inaugural oath is specified to preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces and state militias when they are mobilized . He or she makes treaties with the advice and consent of a two - thirds quorum of the Senate . To administer the federal government , the president commissions all the offices of the federal government as Congress directs ; he or she may require the opinions of its principal officers and make `` recess appointments '' for vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate . The president is to see that the laws are faithfully executed , though he or she may grant reprieves and pardons except regarding Congressional impeachment of himself or other federal officers . The president reports to Congress on the State of the Union , and by the Recommendation Clause , recommends `` necessary and expedient '' national measures . The president may convene and adjourn Congress under special circumstances . Section 4 provides for removal of the president and other federal officers . The president is removed on impeachment for , and conviction of , treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . Article three Article Three describes the court system ( the judicial branch ) , including the Supreme Court . There shall be one court called the Supreme Court . The article describes the kinds of cases the court takes as original jurisdiction . Congress can create lower courts and an appeals process . Congress enacts law defining crimes and providing for punishment . Article Three also protects the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases , and defines the crime of treason . Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts , and with it , the authority to interpret and apply the law to a particular case . Also included is the power to punish , sentence , and direct future action to resolve conflicts . The Constitution outlines the U.S. judicial system . In the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress began to fill in details . Currently , Title 28 of the U.S. Code describes judicial powers and administration . As of the First Congress , the Supreme Court justices rode circuit to sit as panels to hear appeals from the district courts . In 1891 , Congress enacted a new system . District courts would have original jurisdiction . Intermediate appellate courts ( circuit courts ) with exclusive jurisdiction heard regional appeals before consideration by the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court holds discretionary jurisdiction , meaning that it does not have to hear every case that is brought to it . To enforce judicial decisions , the Constitution grants federal courts both criminal contempt and civil contempt powers . The court 's summary punishment for contempt immediately overrides all other punishments applicable to the subject party . Other implied powers include injunctive relief and the habeas corpus remedy . The Court may imprison for contumacy , bad - faith litigation , and failure to obey a writ of mandamus . Judicial power includes that granted by Acts of Congress for rules of law and punishment . Judicial power also extends to areas not covered by statute . Generally , federal courts can not interrupt state court proceedings . Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have some interest genuinely at stake in the case . Also required is of broad enough concern in the Court 's jurisdiction that a lower court , either federal or state , does not geographically cover all the existing cases before law . Courts following these guidelines exercise judicial restraint . Those making an exception are said to be judicial activist . Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ambassadors , ministers and consuls , for all cases respecting foreign nation - states , and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party . Cases arising under the laws of the United States and its treaties come under the jurisdiction of federal courts . Cases under international maritime law and conflicting land grants of different states come under federal courts . Cases between U.S. citizens in different states , and cases between U.S. citizens and foreign states and their citizens , come under federal jurisdiction . The trials will be in the state where the crime was committed . No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes judicial review , but the Framers did contemplate the idea . The Constitution is the supreme law of the land . Precedent has since established that the courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch . Two conflicting federal laws are under `` pendent '' jurisdiction if one presents a strict constitutional issue . Federal court jurisdiction is rare when a state legislature enacts something as under federal jurisdiction . To establish a federal system of national law , considerable effort goes into developing a spirit of comity between federal government and states . By the doctrine of ' Res judicata ' , federal courts give `` full faith and credit '' to State Courts . The Supreme Court will decide Constitutional issues of state law only on a case by case basis , and only by strict Constitutional necessity , independent of state legislators motives , their policy outcomes or its national wisdom . Section 3 bars Congress from changing or modifying Federal law on treason by simple majority statute . Treason is also defined in this section . It 's not enough merely to think a treasonous thought , there must be an overt act of making war or materially helping those at war with the United States . Accusations must be corroborated by at least two witnesses . Congress is a political body and political disagreements routinely encountered should never be considered as treason . This allows for nonviolent resistance to the government because opposition is not a life or death proposition . However , Congress does provide for other less subversive crimes and punishments such as conspiracy . Article four Article Four outlines the relations among the states and between each state and the federal government . In addition , it provides for such matters as admitting new states and border changes between the states . For instance , it requires states to give `` full faith and credit '' to the public acts , records , and court proceedings of the other states . Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts may be admitted . The `` privileges and immunities '' clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens , e.g. , having tougher penalties for residents of Ohio convicted of crimes within Michigan . It also establishes extradition between the states , as well as laying down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel amongst the states . Today , this provision is sometimes taken for granted , but in the days of the Articles of Confederation , crossing state lines was often arduous and costly . The Territorial Clause gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States . Finally , the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a republican form of government , and to protect them from invasion and violence . Article five Article Five outlines the process for amending the Constitution . Eight state constitutions in effect in 1787 included an amendment mechanism . Amendment making power rested with the legislature in three of the states and in the other five it was given to specially elected conventions . The Articles of Confederation provided that amendments were to be proposed by Congress and ratified by the unanimous vote of all thirteen state legislatures . This proved to be a major flaw in the Articles , as it created an insurmountable obstacle to constitutional reform . The amendment process crafted during the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention was , according to The Federalist No. 43 , designed to establish a balance between pliancy and rigidity : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . There are two steps in the amendment process . Proposals to amend the Constitution must be properly adopted and ratified before they change the Constitution . First , there are two procedures for adopting the language of a proposed amendment , either by ( a ) Congress , by two - thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives , or ( b ) national convention ( which shall take place whenever two - thirds of the state legislatures collectively call for one ) . Second , there are two procedures for ratifying the proposed amendment , which requires three - fourths of the states ' ( presently 38 of 50 ) approval : ( a ) consent of the state legislatures , or ( b ) consent of state ratifying conventions . The ratification method is chosen by Congress for each amendment . State ratifying conventions were used only once , for the Twenty - first Amendment . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist submits the proposed amendment to the states for their consideration by sending a letter of notification to each Governor . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Ratification documents are examined by the Office of the Federal Register for facial legal sufficiency and an authenticating signature . Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended . Article One , Section 9 , Clauses 1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 , plus the fourth clause from that same section , which reiterates the Constitutional rule that direct taxes must be apportioned according state populations . These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On January 1 , 1808 , the first day it was permitted to do so , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the country . On February 3 , 1913 , with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . The third textually entrenched provision is Article One , Section 3 , Clauses 1 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate . The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process is less absolute -- `` no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' -- but permanent . Article six Article Six establishes the Constitution , and all federal laws and treaties of the United States made according to it , to be the supreme law of the land , and that `` the judges in every state shall be bound thereby , any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding . '' It validates national debt created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators , officers , and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution . This means that the states ' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in case of a conflict , state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state . Article Six also states `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Article seven Article Seven describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government . Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist , delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for ratification of the Constitution by popularly elected ratifying conventions in each state . The convention method also made it possible that judges , ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures , could be elected to a convention . Suspecting that Rhode Island , at least , might not ratify , delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states ( two - thirds rounded up ) ratified . Once ratified by this minimum number of states , it was anticipated that the proposed Constitution would become this Constitution between the nine or more that signed . It would not cover the four or fewer states that might not have signed . Closing endorsement Closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention endorsed the constitution created during the convention . In addition to signatures , this closing endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , and the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed to make it operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The document is dated : `` the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord '' 1787 , and `` of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth . '' This two-fold epoch dating serves to place the Constitution in the context of the religious traditions of Western civilization and , at the same time , links it to the regime principles proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence . This dual reference can also be found in the Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance . The closing endorsement serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , and when and where . Ratified amendments United States Bill of Rights Currently housed in the National Archives . See also : List of amendments to the United States Constitution The Constitution has twenty - seven amendments . Structurally , the Constitution 's original text and all prior amendments remain untouched . The precedent for this practice was set in 1789 , when Congress considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments . Among these , Amendments 1 -- 10 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights , and Amendments 13 -- 15 are known as the Reconstruction Amendments . Excluding the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which was pending before the states for 7004740030000000000 ♠ 202 years , 225 days , the longest pending amendment that was successfully ratified was the Twenty - second Amendment , which took 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment was ratified in the shortest time , 100 days . The average ratification time for the first twenty - six amendments was 1 year , 252 days , for all twenty - seven , 9 years , 48 days . A proposed amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three - fourths of the States ( currently 38 of the 50 States ) . There is no further step . The text requires no additional action by Congress or anyone else after ratification by the required number of states . Thus , when the Office of the Federal Register verifies that it has received the required number of authenticated ratification documents , it drafts a formal proclamation for the Archivist to certify that the amendment is valid and has become part of the nation 's frame of government . This certification is published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large and serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Safeguards of liberty ( amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) The First Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits Congress from obstructing the exercise of certain individual freedoms : freedom of religion , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , freedom of assembly , and right to petition . Its Free Exercise Clause guarantees a person 's right to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wants , and to freely exercise that belief , and its Establishment Clause prevents the federal government from creating an official national church or favoring one set of religious beliefs over another . The amendment guarantees an individual 's right to express and to be exposed to a wide range of opinions and views . It was intended to ensure a free exchange of ideas , even unpopular ones . It also guarantees an individual 's right to physically gather or associate with others in groups for economic , political or religious purposes . Additionally , it guarantees an individual 's right to petition the government for a redress of grievances . The Second Amendment ( 1791 ) protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Although the Supreme Court has ruled that this right applies to individuals , not merely to collective militias , it has also held that the government may regulate or place some limits on the manufacture , ownership and sale of firearms or other weapons . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the widespread efforts of the British to confiscate the colonists ' firearms at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War . Patrick Henry had rhetorically asked , shall we be stronger , `` when we are totally disarmed , and when a British Guard shall be stationed in every house ? '' The Third Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits the federal government from forcing individuals to provide lodging to soldiers in their homes during peacetime without their consent . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War , which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use . Safeguards of Justice ( amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) The Fourth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials . A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual 's home or car . A seizure occurs when the government takes control of an individual or something in his or her possession . Items that are seized often are used as evidence when the individual is charged with a crime . It also imposes certain limitations on police investigating a crime and prevents the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial . The Fifth Amendment ( 1791 ) establishes the requirement that a trial for a major crime may commence only after an indictment has been handed down by a grand jury ; protects individuals from double jeopardy , being tried and put in danger of being punished more than once for the same criminal act ; prohibits punishment without due process of law , thus protecting individuals from being imprisoned without fair procedures ; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled to reveal to the police , prosecutor , judge , or jury any information that might incriminate or be used against him or her in a court of law . Additionally , the Fifth Amendment also prohibits government from taking private property for public use without `` just compensation '' , the basis of eminent domain in the United States . The Sixth Amendment ( 1791 ) provides several protections and rights to an individual accused of a crime . The accused has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a local and impartial jury . Likewise , a person has the right to a public trial . This right protects defendants from secret proceedings that might encourage abuse of the justice system , and serves to keep the public informed . This amendment also guarantees a right to legal counsel if accused of a crime , guarantees that the accused may require witnesses to attend the trial and testify in the presence of the accused , and guarantees the accused a right to know the charges against them . In 1966 , the Supreme Court ruled that , with the Fifth Amendment , this amendment requires what has become known as the Miranda warning . The Seventh Amendment ( 1791 ) extends the right to a jury trial to federal civil cases , and inhibits courts from overturning a jury 's findings of fact . Although the Seventh Amendment itself says that it is limited to `` suits at common law '' , meaning cases that triggered the right to a jury under English law , the amendment has been found to apply in lawsuits that are similar to the old common law cases . For example , the right to a jury trial applies to cases brought under federal statutes that prohibit race or gender discrimination in housing or employment . Importantly , this amendment guarantees the right to a jury trial only in federal court , not in state court . The Eighth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people from having bail or fines set at an amount so high that it would be impossible for all but the richest defendants to pay and also protects people from being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment . Although this phrase originally was intended to outlaw certain gruesome methods of punishment , it has been broadened over the years to protect against punishments that are grossly disproportionate to or too harsh for the particular crime . This provision has also been used to challenge prison conditions such as extremely unsanitary cells , overcrowding , insufficient medical care and deliberate failure by officials to protect inmates from one another . Unenumerated Rights and reserved powers ( amendments 9 and 10 ) The Ninth Amendment ( 1791 ) declares that individuals have other fundamental rights , in addition to those stated in the Constitution . During the Constitutional ratification debates Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added . The Federalists opposed it on grounds that a list would necessarily be incomplete but would be taken as explicit and exhaustive , thus enlarging the power of the federal government by implication . The Anti-Federalists persisted , and several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections , so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise . Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified , they are referred to as `` unenumerated '' . The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel , the right to vote , the right to privacy , and the right to make important decisions about one 's health care or body . The Tenth Amendment ( 1791 ) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states . The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution . These powers include the power to declare war , to collect taxes , to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments . Any power not listed is , says the Tenth Amendment , left to the states or the people . While there is no specific list of what these `` reserved powers '' may be , the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations , commerce within a state 's own borders , and local law enforcement activities , are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people . Governmental authority ( amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) The Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) specifically prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country , thus extending to the states sovereign immunity protection from certain types of legal liability . Article Three , Section 2 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia . The Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income . Specifically , the apportionment constraints delineated in Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 have been removed by this amendment , which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision , in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , that declared an unapportioned federal income tax on rents , dividends , and interest unconstitutional . This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since . The Eighteenth Amendment ( 1919 ) prohibited the making , transporting , and selling of alcoholic beverages nationwide . It also authorized Congress to enact legislation enforcing this prohibition . Adopted at the urging of a national temperance movement , proponents believed that the use of alcohol was reckless and destructive and that prohibition would reduce crime and corruption , solve social problems , decrease the need for welfare and prisons , and improve the health of all Americans . During prohibition , it is estimated that alcohol consumption and alcohol related deaths declined dramatically . But prohibition had other , more negative consequences . The amendment drove the lucrative alcohol business underground , giving rise to a large and pervasive black market . In addition , prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law and strengthened organized crime . Prohibition came to an end in 1933 , when this amendment was repealed . The Twenty - first Amendment ( 1933 ) repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and returned the regulation of alcohol to the states . Each state sets its own rules for the sale and importation of alcohol , including the drinking age . Because a federal law provides federal funds to states that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors under the age of twenty - one , all fifty states have set their drinking age there . Rules about how alcohol is sold vary greatly from state to state . Safeguards of Civil Rights ( amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) The Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime , and authorized Congress to enforce abolition . Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their post Civil War status was unclear , as was the status of other millions . Congress intended the Thirteenth Amendment to be a proclamation of freedom for all slaves throughout the nation and to take the question of emancipation away from politics . This amendment rendered inoperative or moot several of the original parts of the constitution . The Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) granted United States citizenship to former slaves and to all persons `` subject to U.S. jurisdiction '' . It also contained three new limits on state power : a state shall not violate a citizen 's privileges or immunities ; shall not deprive any person of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; and must guarantee all persons equal protection of the laws . These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution . This amendment , according to the Supreme Court 's Doctrine of Incorporation , makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well . The mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 has been superseded by that of this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford . The Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) prohibits the use of race , color , or previous condition of servitude in determining which citizens may vote . The last of three post Civil War Reconstruction Amendments , it sought to abolish one of the key vestiges of slavery and to advance the civil rights and liberties of former slaves . The Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) prohibits the government from denying women the right to vote on the same terms as men . Prior to the amendment 's adoption , only a few states permitted women to vote and to hold office . The Twenty - third Amendment ( 1961 ) extends the right to vote in presidential elections to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District electors in the Electoral College , as if it were a state . When first established as the nation 's capital in 1800 , the District of Columbia 's five thousand residents had neither a local government , nor the right to vote in federal elections . By 1960 the population of the District had grown to over 760,000 people . However , while its residents had all the responsibilities of citizenship , such as paying federal taxes , and could be drafted to serve in the military , citizens in thirteen states with lower populations had more voting rights than District residents . The Twenty - fourth Amendment ( 1964 ) prohibits a poll tax for voting . Although passage of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments helped remove many of the discriminatory laws left over from slavery , they did not eliminate all forms of discrimination . Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements , poll taxes were used to keep low - income ( primarily African American ) citizens from participating in elections . The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures , opening democratic participation to all , regardless of one 's ability to pay . The Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) prohibits the government from denying the right of United States citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . The drive to lower the voting age was driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War . It gained strength following the Supreme Court 's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell , which held that Congress may set requirements for voting in federal elections , but not for state or local elections . The measure , which overturns the Mitchell decision , is another in a line of constitutional changes that expanded the right to vote to more citizens . Government processes and procedures ( amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) The Twelfth Amendment ( 1804 ) modifies the way the Electoral College chooses the President and Vice President . It stipulates that each elector must cast a distinct vote for President and Vice President , instead of two votes for President . It also suggests that the President and Vice President should not be from the same state . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 is superseded by this amendment , which also extends the eligibility requirements to become President to the Vice President . The Seventeenth Amendment ( 1913 ) modifies the way senators are elected . It stipulates that senators are to be elected by direct popular vote . The amendment supersedes Article 1 , Section 2 , Clauses 1 and 2 , under which the two senators from each state were elected by the state legislature . It also allows state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held . The Twentieth Amendment ( 1933 ) changes the date on which a new President , Vice President and Congress take office , thus shortening the time between Election Day and the beginning of Presidential , Vice Presidential and Congressional terms . Originally , the Constitution provided that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December unless otherwise provided by law . This meant that , when a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' Congress convening in the interim . By moving the beginning of the president 's new term from March 4 to January 20 ( and in the case of Congress , to January 3 ) , proponents hoped to put an end to lame duck sessions , while allowing for a speedier transition for the new administration and legislators . The Twenty - second Amendment ( 1951 ) limits an elected president to two terms in office , a total of eight years . However , under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years . Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve , the nation 's first president , George Washington , declined to run for a third term , suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president . This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth . The Twenty - fifth Amendment ( 1967 ) clarifies what happens upon the death , removal , or resignation of the President or Vice President and how the Presidency is temporarily filled if the President becomes disabled and can not fulfill the responsibilities of the office . It supersedes the ambiguous succession rule established in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 . A concrete plan of succession has been needed on multiple occasions since 1789 . However , for nearly 20 % of U.S. history , there has been no vice president in office who can assume the presidency . The Twenty - seventh Amendment ( 1992 ) prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session . Rather , any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress . Its proponents believed that Federal legislators would be more likely to be cautious about increasing congressional pay if they have no personal stake in the vote . Article One , section 6 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which remained pending for over two centuries as it contained no time limit for ratification . Unratified amendments Collectively , members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two - year term of Congress . Most however , never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed , and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to actually go through the constitutional ratification process . Six amendments approved by Congress and proposed to the states for consideration have not been ratified by the required number of states to become part of the Constitution . Four of these are technically still pending , as Congress did not set a time limit ( see also Coleman v. Miller ) for their ratification . The other two are no longer pending , as both had a time limit attached and in both cases the time period set for their ratification expired . Still pending The Congressional Apportionment Amendment ( proposed 1789 ) would , if ratified , establish a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate apportionment of representatives among the states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census . At the time it was sent to the states for ratification , an affirmative vote by ten states would have made this amendment operational . In 1791 and 1792 , when Vermont and Kentucky joined the Union , the number climbed to twelve . Thus , the amendment remained one state shy of the number needed for it to become part of the Constitution . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - seven would be required . The Apportionment Act of 1792 apportioned the House of Representatives at 33,000 persons per representative in consequence of the 1790 census . Reapportionment has since been effected by statute . The Titles of Nobility Amendment ( proposed 1810 ) would , if ratified , strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country . When submitted to the states , ratification by thirteen states was required for it to become part of the Constitution ; eleven had done so by early 1812 . However , with the addition of Louisiana into the Union that year ( April 30 , 1812 ) , the ratification threshold rose to fourteen . Thus , when New Hampshire ratified it in December 1812 , the amendment again came within two states of being ratified . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - six would be required . The Corwin Amendment ( proposed 1861 ) would , if ratified , shield `` domestic institutions '' of the states ( which in 1861 included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . This proposal was one of several measures considered by Congress in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to entice border slave states to stay . Five states ratified the amendment in the early 1860s , but none have since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional 33 states would be required . The subject of this proposal was subsequently addressed by the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery . The Child Labor Amendment ( proposed 1924 ) would , if ratified , specifically authorize Congress to limit , regulate and prohibit labor of persons less than eighteen years of age . The amendment was proposed in response to Supreme Court rulings in Hammer v. Dagenhart ( 1918 ) and Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. ( 1922 ) that found federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 unconstitutional . When submitted to the states , ratification by 36 states was required for it to become part of the Constitution , as there were forty - eight states . Twenty - eight had ratified the amendment by early 1937 , but none have done so since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional ten would be required . A federal statute approved June 25 , 1938 , regulated the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age in interstate commerce . The Supreme Court , by unanimous vote in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , found this law constitutional , effectively overturning Hammer v. Dagenhart . As a result of this development , the movement pushing for the amendment concluded . No longer pending The Equal Rights Amendment ( proposed 1972 ) would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights ( discrimination ) by the federal or state governments on account of sex . A seven - year ratification time limit was initially placed on the amendment , but as the deadline approached , Congress granted a three - year extension . Thirty - five states ratified the proposed amendment prior to the original deadline , three short of the number required for it to be implemented ( five of them later voted to rescind their ratification ) . No further states ratified the amendment , thus it failed to be adopted . The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment ( proposed 1978 ) would have granted the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress as if it were a state , repealed the 23rd Amendment , granted the District unconditional Electoral College voting rights , and allowed its participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended . A seven - year ratification time limit was placed on the amendment . Sixteen states ratified the amendment ( twenty - two short of the number required for it to be implemented ) prior to the deadline , thus it failed to be adopted . Judicial review See also : Judicial review in the United States , Judicial review , and Appeal § Appellate review The way the Constitution is understood is influenced by court decisions , especially those of the Supreme Court . These decisions are referred to as precedents . Judicial review is the power of the Court to examine federal legislation , federal executive , and all state branches of government , to decide their constitutionality , and to strike them down if found unconstitutional . Judicial review includes the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the Constitution as it applies to particular cases . Over the years , Court decisions on issues ranging from governmental regulation of radio and television to the rights of the accused in criminal cases have changed the way many constitutional clauses are interpreted , without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution . Legislation passed to implement the Constitution , or to adapt those implementations to changing conditions , broadens and , in subtle ways , changes the meanings given to the words of the Constitution . Up to a point , the rules and regulations of the many federal executive agencies have a similar effect . If an action of Congress or the agencies is challenged , however , it is the court system that ultimately decides whether these actions are permissible under the Constitution . The Supreme Court has indicated that once the Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the Courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Scope and theory Courts established by the Constitution can regulate government under the Constitution , the supreme law of the land . First , they have jurisdiction over actions by an officer of government and state law . Second , federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to the Constitution . Until the twentieth century , the Supreme Court of the United States may have been the only high tribunal in the world to use a court for constitutional interpretation of fundamental law , others generally depending on their national legislature . Early Court roots in the founding John Jay , 1789 -- 1795 New York co-author The Federalist Papers John Marshall , 1801 -- 1835 Fauquier County delegate Virginia Ratification Convention The basic theory of American Judicial review is summarized by constitutional legal scholars and historians as follows : the written Constitution is fundamental law . It can change only by extraordinary legislative process of national proposal , then state ratification . The powers of all departments are limited to enumerated grants found in the Constitution . Courts are expected ( a ) to enforce provisions of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land , and ( b ) to refuse to enforce anything in conflict with it . In Convention . As to judicial review and the Congress , the first proposals by Madison ( Va ) and Wilson ( Pa ) called for a supreme court veto over national legislation . In this it resembled the system in New York , where the Constitution of 1777 called for a `` Council of Revision '' by the Governor and Justices of the state supreme court . The Council would review and in a way , veto any passed legislation violating the spirit of the Constitution before it went into effect . The nationalist 's proposal in Convention was defeated three times , and replaced by a presidential veto with Congressional over-ride . Judicial review relies on the jurisdictional authority in Article III , and the Supremacy Clause . The justification for judicial review is to be explicitly found in the open ratifications held in the states and reported in their newspapers . John Marshall in Virginia , James Wilson in Pennsylvania and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut all argued for Supreme Court judicial review of acts of state legislature . In Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton advocated the doctrine of a written document held as a superior enactment of the people . `` A limited constitution can be preserved in practice no other way '' than through courts which can declare void any legislation contrary to the Constitution . The preservation of the people 's authority over legislatures rests `` particularly with judges '' . The Supreme Court was initially made up of jurists who had been intimately connected with the framing of the Constitution and the establishment of its government as law . John Jay ( New York ) , a co-author of The Federalist Papers , served as Chief Justice for the first six years . The second Chief Justice for a term of four years , was Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , a delegate in the Constitutional Convention , as was John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Washington 's recess appointment as Chief Justice who served in 1795 . John Marshall ( Virginia ) , the fourth Chief Justice , had served in the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788 . His service on the Court would extend 34 years over some of the most important rulings to help establish the nation the Constitution had begun . In the first years of the Supreme Court , members of the Constitutional Convention who would serve included James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) for ten years , John Blair , Jr . ( Virginia ) for five , and John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) for one year as Justice , then Chief Justice in 1795 . Establishment When John Marshall followed Oliver Ellsworth as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801 , the federal judiciary had been established by the Judiciary Act , but there were few cases , and less prestige . `` The fate of judicial review was in the hands of the Supreme Court itself . '' Review of state legislation and appeals from state supreme courts was understood . But the Court 's life , jurisdiction over state legislation was limited . The Marshall Court 's landmark Barron v. Baltimore held that the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government , and not the states . In the landmark Marbury v. Madison case , the Supreme Court asserted its authority of judicial review over Acts of Congress . Its findings were that Marbury and the others had a right to their commissions as judges in the District of Columbia . The law afforded Marbury a remedy at court . Then Marshall , writing the opinion for the majority , announced his discovered conflict between Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Article III . In this case , both the Constitution and the statutory law applied to the particulars at the same time . `` The very essence of judicial duty '' according to Marshall was to determine which of the two conflicting rules should govern . The Constitution enumerates powers of the judiciary to extend to cases arising `` under the Constitution '' . Further , justices take a Constitutional oath to uphold it as `` Supreme law of the land '' . Therefore , since the United States government as created by the Constitution is a limited government , the Federal courts were required to choose the Constitution over Congressional law if there were deemed to be a conflict between them . `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice ... '' `` Marshall The Supreme Court did not declare another Act of Congress unconstitutional until the disastrous Dred Scott decision in 1857 , held after the voided Missouri Compromise statute , had already been repealed . In the eighty years following the Civil War to World War II , the Court voided Congressional statutes in 77 cases , on average almost one a year . Something of a crisis arose when , in 1935 and 1936 , the Supreme Court handed down twelve decisions voiding Acts of Congress relating to the New Deal . President Franklin D. Roosevelt then responded with his abortive `` court packing plan '' . Other proposals have suggested a Court super-majority to overturn Congressional legislation , or a Constitutional Amendment to require that the Justices retire at a specified age by law . To date , the Supreme Court 's power of judicial review has persisted . Self - restraint The power of judicial review could not have been preserved long in a democracy unless it had been `` wielded with a reasonable measure of judicial restraint , and with some attention , as Mr. Dooley said , to the election returns . '' Indeed , the Supreme Court has developed a system of doctrine and practice that self - limits its power of judicial review . The Court controls almost all of its business by choosing what cases to consider , writs of certiorari . In this way , it can avoid opinions on embarrassing or difficult cases . The Supreme Court limits itself by defining for itself what is a `` justiciable question . '' First , the Court is fairly consistent in refusing to make any `` advisory opinions '' in advance of actual cases . Second , `` friendly suits '' between those of the same legal interest are not considered . Third , the Court requires a `` personal interest '' , not one generally held , and a legally protected right must be immediately threatened by government action . Cases are not taken up if the litigant has no standing to sue . Simply having the money to sue and being injured by government action are not enough . These three procedural ways of dismissing cases have led critics to charge that the Supreme Court delays decisions by unduly insisting on technicalities in their `` standards of litigability '' . Under the Court 's practice , there are cases left unconsidered which are in the public interest , with genuine controversy , and resulting from good faith action . `` The Supreme Court is not only a court of law but a court of justice . '' Separation of powers The Supreme Court balances several pressures to maintain its roles in national government . It seeks to be a co-equal branch of government , but its decrees must be enforceable . The Court seeks to minimize situations where it asserts itself superior to either President or Congress , but federal officers must be held accountable . The Supreme Court assumes power to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional but it self - limits its passing on constitutional questions . But the Court 's guidance on basic problems of life and governance in a democracy is most effective when American political life reinforce its rulings . Justice Brandeis summarized four general guidelines that the Supreme Court uses to avoid constitutional decisions relating to Congress : The Court will not anticipate a question of constitutional law nor decide open questions unless a case decision requires it . If it does , a rule of constitutional law is formulated only as the precise facts in the case require . The Court will choose statutes or general law for the basis of its decision if it can without constitutional grounds . If it does , the Court will choose a constitutional construction of an Act of Congress , even if its constitutionality is seriously in doubt . Likewise with the Executive Department , Edwin Corwin observed that the Court does sometimes rebuff presidential pretensions , but it more often tries to rationalize them . Against Congress , an Act is merely `` disallowed '' . In the executive case , exercising judicial review produces `` some change in the external world '' beyond the ordinary judicial sphere . The `` political question '' doctrine especially applies to questions which present a difficult enforcement issue . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes addressed the Court 's limitation when political process allowed future policy change , but a judicial ruling would `` attribute finality '' . Political questions lack `` satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination '' . John Marshall recognized that the president holds `` important political powers '' which as Executive privilege allows great discretion . This doctrine was applied in Court rulings on President Grant 's duty to enforce the law during Reconstruction . It extends to the sphere of foreign affairs . Justice Robert Jackson explained , Foreign affairs are inherently political , `` wholly confided by our Constitution to the political departments of the government ... ( and ) not subject to judicial intrusion or inquiry . '' Critics of the Court object in two principal ways to self - restraint in judicial review , deferring as it does as a matter of doctrine to Acts of Congress and Presidential actions . Its inaction is said to allow `` a flood of legislative appropriations '' which permanently create an imbalance between the states and federal government . Supreme Court deference to Congress and the executive compromises American protection of civil rights , political minority groups and aliens . Further information : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Subsequent courts Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Courts under the leadership of subsequent Chief Justices have also used judicial review to interpret the Constitution among individuals , states and federal branches . Notable contributions were made by the Chase Court , the Taft Court , the Warren Court , and the Rehnquist Court . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court Salmon P. Chase was a Lincoln appointee , serving as Chief Justice from 1864 to 1873 . His career encompassed service as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Ohio . He coined the slogan , `` Free soil , free Labor , free men . '' One of Lincoln 's `` team of rivals '' , he was appointed Secretary of Treasury during the Civil War , issuing `` greenbacks '' . To appease radical Republicans , Lincoln appointed him to replace Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Dred Scott case fame . In one of his first official acts , Chase admitted John Rock , the first African - American to practice before the Supreme Court . The `` Chase Court '' is famous for Texas v. White , which asserted a permanent Union of indestructible states . Veazie Bank v. Fenno upheld the Civil War tax on state banknotes . Hepburn v. Griswold found parts of the Legal Tender Acts unconstitutional , though it was reversed under a late Supreme Court majority . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court Scope of judicial review expanded Salmon P. Chase Union , Reconstruction William Howard Taft commerce , incorporation Earl Warren due process , civil rights William Rehnquist federalism , privacy William Howard Taft was a Harding appointment to Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930 . A Progressive Republican from Ohio , he was a one - term President . As Chief Justice , he advocated the Judiciary Act of 1925 that brought the Federal District Courts under the administrative jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Taft successfully sought the expansion of Court jurisdiction over non - states such as District of Columbia and Territories of Arizona , New Mexico , Alaska and Hawaii . In 1925 , the Taft Court issued a ruling overturning a Marshall Court ruling on the Bill of Rights . In Gitlow v. New York , the Court established the doctrine of `` incorporation which applied the Bill of Rights to the states . Important cases included the Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen that upheld Congressional regulation of commerce . Olmstead v. United States allowed exclusion of evidence obtained without a warrant based on application of the 14th Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches . Wisconsin v. Illinois ruled the equitable power of the United States can impose positive action on a state to prevent its inaction from damaging another state . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court Earl Warren was an Eisenhower nominee , Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 . Warren 's Republican career in the law reached from County Prosecutor , California state attorney general , and three consecutive terms as Governor . His programs stressed progressive efficiency , expanding state education , re-integrating returning veterans , infrastructure and highway construction . In 1954 , the Warren Court overturned a landmark Fuller Court ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment interpreting racial segregation as permissible in government and commerce providing `` separate but equal '' services . Warren built a coalition of Justices after 1962 that developed the idea of natural rights as guaranteed in the Constitution . Brown v. Board of Education banned segregation in public schools . Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims established Court ordered `` one - man - one - vote '' . Bill of Rights Amendments were incorporated into the states . Due process was expanded in Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona . First Amendment rights were addressed in Griswold v. Connecticut concerning privacy , and Engel v. Vitale relative to free speech . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court William Rehnquist was a Reagan appointment to Chief Justice , serving from 1986 to 2005 . While he would concur with overthrowing a state supreme court 's decision , as in Bush v. Gore , he built a coalition of Justices after 1994 that developed the idea of federalism as provided for in the Tenth Amendment . In the hands of the Supreme Court , the Constitution and its Amendments were to restrain Congress , as in City of Boerne v. Flores . Nevertheless , the Rehnquist Court was noted in the contemporary `` culture wars '' for overturning state laws relating to privacy prohibiting late - term abortions in Stenberg v. Carhart , prohibiting sodomy in Lawrence v. Texas , or ruling so as to protect free speech in Texas v. Johnson or affirmative action in Grutter v. Bollinger . Civic religion Main article : American civil religion There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the documents of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , as being a cornerstone of a type of civil religion . This is suggested by the prominent display of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , in massive , bronze - framed , bulletproof , moisture - controlled glass containers vacuum - sealed in a rotunda by day and in multi-ton bomb - proof vaults by night at the National Archives Building . The idea of displaying the documents struck one academic critic looking from the point of view of the 1776 or 1789 America as `` idolatrous , and also curiously at odds with the values of the Revolution '' . By 1816 , Jefferson wrote that `` ( s ) ome men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence and deem them like the Ark of the Covenant , too sacred to be touched '' . But he saw imperfections and imagined that there could potentially be others , believing as he did that `` institutions must advance also '' . Some commentators depict the multi-ethnic , multi-sectarian United States as held together by a political orthodoxy , in contrast with a nation state of people having more `` natural '' ties . Worldwide influence José Rizal Sun Yat - sen Main article : United States Constitution and worldwide influence The United States Constitution has been a notable model for governance around the world . Its international influence is found in similarities of phrasing and borrowed passages in other constitutions , as well as in the principles of the rule of law , separation of powers and recognition of individual rights . The American experience of fundamental law with amendments and judicial review has motivated constitutionalists at times when they were considering the possibilities for their nation 's future . It informed Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War , his contemporary and ally Benito Juárez of Mexico , and the second generation of 19th - century constitutional nationalists , José Rizal of the Philippines and Sun Yat - sen of China . Since the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the United States Constitution may be waning as other countries have revised their constitutions with new influences . Criticisms Further information : History of the United States Constitution § Criticism of the Constitution The United States Constitution has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1787 . The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Until the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the Civil War , the Constitution did not abolish slavery , nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves . These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex ; it took another amendment -- the Nineteenth , ratified in 1920 -- for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex . See also Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States by Joseph Story ( three volumes ) Congressional power of enforcement Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitutionalism in the United States History of democracy List of national constitutions ( world countries ) List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of sources of law in the United States National Constitution Center Pocket Constitution State constitution ( United States ) Second Constitutional Convention of the United States The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation Related documents Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1639 ) Massachusetts Body of Liberties ( 1641 ) Bill of Rights 1689 -- English Bill of Rights United States Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ( 1779 ) Notes Jump up ^ Historically , the first written constitution of an independent polity which was adopted by representatives elected by the people was the 1755 Corsican Constitution , despite being short - lived , drafted by Pasquale Paoli , whose work was an inspiration for many American patriots , including the Hearts of Oak , originally named `` The Corsicans '' , and the Sons of Liberty . Earlier written constitutions of independent states exist but were not adopted by bodies elected by the people , such as the Swedish Constitution of 1772 , adopted by the king , the Constitution of San Marino of 1600 which is the oldest surviving constitution in the world , or the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk , the first establishing separation of powers . Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 established six Supreme Court justices . The number was periodically increased , reaching ten in 1863 , allowing Lincoln additional appointments . After the Civil War , vacancies reduced the number to seven . Congress finally fixed the number at nine . Jump up ^ The four concepts which determine `` justiciability '' , the formula for a federal court taking and deciding a case , are the doctrines of ( a ) standing , ( b ) real and substantial interests , ( c ) adversity , and ( d ) avoidance of political questions . Jump up ^ Judicial Review is explained in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . It also has roots in Natural Law expressions in the Declaration of Independence . The Supreme Court first ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison , the second was Dred Scott . Jump up ^ For instance , ' collateral estoppel ' directs that when a litigant wins in a state court , they can not sue in federal court to get a more favorable outcome . Jump up ^ Recently numerous habeas corpus reforms have tried to preserve a working `` relationship of comity '' and simultaneously streamline the process for state and lower courts to apply Supreme Court interpretations . Jump up ^ Contrary to this source when viewed , the Constitution provides that punishments , including forfeiture of income and property , must apply to the person convicted . `` No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture '' on the convicted traitor 's children or heirs . This avoids the perpetuation of civil war into the generations by Parliamentary majorities as in the Wars of the Roses . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 - 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush - That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court found 658 cases of invalid state statutes from 1790 to 1941 before the advent of civil rights cases in the last half of the twentieth century Jump up ^ In this , John Marshall leaned on the argument of Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 . Jump up ^ Although it may be that the true meaning of the Constitution to the people of the United States in 1788 can only be divined by a study of the state ratification conventions , the Supreme Court has used The Federalist Papers as a supplemental guide to the Constitution since their co-author , John Jay , was the first Chief Justice . Jump up ^ The entire quote reads , `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice , and there is little point in quibbling with it . Of course , the President also takes an oath to support the Constitution . '' Jump up ^ The presidential reference is to Andrew Jackson 's disagreement with Marshall 's Court over Worcester v. Georgia , finding Georgia could not impose its laws in Cherokee Territory . Jackson replied , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' , and the Trail of Tears proceeded . Jackson would not politically interpose the U.S. Army between Georgia and the Cherokee people as Eisenhower would do between Arkansas and the integrating students . Jump up ^ `` Advisory opinions '' are not the same as `` declaratory judgments . '' ( a ) These address rights and legal relationships in cases of `` actual controversy '' , and ( b ) the holding has the force and effect of a final judgment . ( c ) There is no coercive order , as the parties are assumed to follow the judgment , but a `` declaratory judgment '' is the basis of any subsequent ruling in case law . Jump up ^ Louis Brandeis concurring opinion , Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority , 1936 . Jump up ^ The Chase Court , 1864 -- 1873 , in 1865 were the Hon . Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice , U.S. ; Hon . Nathan Clifford , Maine ; Stephen J. Field , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Hon . Samuel F. Miller , U.S. Supreme Court ; Hon . Noah H. Swayne , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Judge Morrison R. Waite Jump up ^ The Taft Court , 1921 -- 1930 , in 1925 were James Clark McReynolds , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , William Howard Taft ( Chief Justice ) , Willis Van Devanter , Louis Brandeis . Edward Sanford , George Sutherland , Pierce Butler , Harlan Fiske Stone Jump up ^ The Warren Court , 1953 -- 1969 , in 1963 were Felix Frankfurter ; Hugo Black ; Earl Warren ( Chief Justice ) ; Stanley Reed ; WIlliam O. Douglas . Tom Clark ; Robert H. Jackson ; Harold Burton ; Sherman Minton Jump up ^ The Rehnquist Court , 1986 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Secession was indeed unconstitutional ... military resistance to secession was not only constitutional but also morally justified . `` the primary purpose of the Constitution was ... to create ' a more perfect union ' ... the Constitution was an exercise in nation building . Jump up ^ Juarez regarded the United States as a model of republican democracy and consistently supported Abraham Lincoln . Jump up ^ The institutions of the two countries which have most influenced constitutional development are Spain and the United States `` . One of the reforms , `` sine quibus non '' , to use the words of Rizal and Mabini , always insisted upon by the Filipinos , was Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortez , the promulgation in the Islands of the Spanish Constitution , and the complete assimilation equal to that of any in the Spanish provinces on the continent . Jump up ^ In the modern history of China , there were many revolutionaries who tried to seek the truth from the West in order to overthrow the feudal system of the Qing dynasty . Dr. Sun Yat - sen , for example , was much influenced by American democracy , especially the U.S. Constitution . References Footnotes Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 35 Jump up ^ United States Senate ( 1992 ) . `` Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 25 n. 2 . ISBN 9780160632686 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution Day '' . Senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald . `` Bill of Rights '' . Annenberg Classroom - Glossary . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` Introduction to the Bill of Rights '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Founding Documents '' . October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Differences between Parchment , Vellum and Paper '' . August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pasquale Paoli - Corsican statesman '' . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Bob . `` Paoli : Hero of the Sons of Liberty '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( December 28 , 1976 ) . Presidential Address ( Speech ) . American Historical Association . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88188 - 3 ; noting that `` Madison , along with other Americans clearly understood '' the Articles of Confederation `` to be the first federal Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1972 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 12 - 13 , 19 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 - 130 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 356 - 367 , 359 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 14 , 30 , 66 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress , 21 Feb. 1787 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press ; The Articles Congress thus echoed a previous resolution of a conference at Annapolis ; see `` Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government : 1786 '' . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan , Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates July 16 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress of September 28 , 1787 , Submitting the Constitution to the Several States '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of the Congress , of September 13 , 1788 , Fixing Date for Election of a President , and the Organization of the Government Under the Constitution , in the City of New York '' -- via Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2011 ) . `` Separation of Powers as Ordinary Interpretation '' . Harvard Law Review . 124 ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 2039 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , William Seal ( 1928 ) . `` The Separation of Powers in the Eighteenth Century '' . American Political Science Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Aaron ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. Circuit Reviewed : The Baron Montesquieu '' . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Foreword by Denys P. Myers . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. i ( of foreword ) . Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Adler & Gorman 1975 , p. 26 , 80 , 136 . ^ Jump up to : 17 . U.S. at 421 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor 2010 . Jump up ^ FindLaw for legal professionals Archived January 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , with links to United States Government Printing office official Web site , Cornell Law School , Emory Law School , and U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1893 , ( 1998 , 2000 Supplement ) . Viewed November 28 , 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Amendments '' . Constitution Day Observance Events . Clayton State University . Jump up ^ Lutz , Donald ( 1994 ) . `` Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment '' . The American Political Science Review . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` The Six Stages of Ratification of the Constitution : Stage I -- Now For the Bad News '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment I '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher v. Haas , 11 - 10644 - DPW ( D. Mass . March 30 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pierce , John ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Permanent Resident Aliens Have Second Amendment Rights Too '' . Monachus Lex . Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes. 2009 - 12 - 06 . ISBN 9780735589452 . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . ISBN 9781136269691 . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment II '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee & Walk , Thomas G. ( 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8th ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moncure 1990 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment III '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment V '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IX '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment X '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 1 : Eleventh Amendment , State Immunity '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Twentieth Amendment '' . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Questions '' . C - SPAN . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 609 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Stephen M. ( 1998 ) . American Constitutionalism : From Theory to Politics . Princeton University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 9780691002408 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 137 - 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 140 - 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 141 - 142 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 148 - 149 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 150 - 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Gordon S. , ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Dusting off the Declaration '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Billias 2009 , xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stacy 2003 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Malcolm 1920 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Qing Yu 1988 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . Journalist 's Resource . Harvard Kennedy School of Government Shorenstein Center on Media , Politics and Public Policy . April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law , David S. ; Versteeg , Mila ( 2012 ) . `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . New York University Law Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 762 -- 858 . SSRN 1923556 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` The Reconstruction Amendments : Official Documents as Social History '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : The 19th Amendment '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Works cited Adler , Mortimer & Gorman , William ( 1975 ) . The American Testament : for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 34060 - 5 . Billias , George ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9107 - 3 . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Farber , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Lincoln 's Constitution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 23793 - 0 . Levinson , Sanford ( 1987 ) . `` Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion ; Or , Would You Sign the Constitution ? '' . William & Mary Law Review . 29 ( 113 ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . Malcolm , George A. ( 1920 ) . `` Constitutional History of the Philippines '' . American Bar Association Journal . 6 . Moncure , Thomas M. , Jr. ( 1990 ) . `` Who is the Militia : The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms '' ( PDF ) . Lincoln Law Review . 19 : 1 -- 25 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . O'Connor , Tom ( 2010 ) . `` Constitutional Structure '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Pritchett , C. Herman ( 1959 ) . The American Constitution . New York : McGraw - Hill . Qing Yu , Li ( 1988 ) . `` Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution '' . In Starr , Joseph Barton . The United States Constitution : Its Birth , Growth , and Influence in Asia . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 201 - 3 . Stacy , Lee , ed. ( 2003 ) . Mexico and the United States . vol. 2 . London : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7402 - 9 . Wood , Gordon ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 - 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Further reading Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 . The Library of America . Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 . The Library of America . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X . Bryce , James , viscount ( 1891 ) . The American Commonwealth . vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Macmillan and Co. pp. ( 350 ) -- 397 , ( 636 ) -- 645 , 669 -- 682 , et passim . Casey , Gregory ( Spring 1974 ) . `` The Supreme Court and Myth : An Empirical Investigation '' . Law & Society Review . 8 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 420 . doi : 10.2307 / 3053081 . JSTOR 3053081 . Elliot , Jonathan . The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 1 , Constitution , Declaration of Independence , Articles of Confederation , Journal of Federal Convention , Vol. 2 , State Conventions Massachusetts , Connecticut. , New Hampshire , New York , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Vol. 3 , Virginia , Vol. 4 , North . and South . Carolina , Resolutions , Tariffs , Banks , Debt , Vol. 5 Debates in Congress , Madison 's Notes , Misc . Letters . Ford , Paul Leicester , ed. ( 1888 ) . Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During its Discussion by the People , 1787 - 1788 . Brooklyn , NY ; Pamphlets written between 1787 - 88 by Elbridge Gerry , Noah Webster , John Jay , Melancthon Smith , Pelatiah Werster , Tench Coxe , James Wilson , John Dickinson , Alexander Contee Hanson , Edmund Randolph , Richard Henry Lee , George Mason , and David Ramsay . The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren . Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . Cambridge University Press . Garvey , John H. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Modern Constitutional Theory : A Reader ( 5th ed . ) . Hall , Kermit ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . Kaminski , John P. ; Saladino , Gaspare J. ; Leffler , Richard ; Schoenleber , Charles H. & Hogan , Margaret A. ( eds . ) . Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , 1976 - . Published volumes 1 - 10 , 13 - 23 , forthcoming volumes 11 - 12 , 24 - 29 . Most recent volume : The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , Vol. 23 , Ratification by the States : New York , No. 5 . Madison : The State Historical Society of Wisconsin , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87020 - 439 - 5 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh , PA : Evisum . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Kurland , Philip B. & Lerner , Ralph ( eds . ) . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund . ISBN 0 - 86597 - 279 - 6 ; The work consists of `` extracts from the leading works of political theory , history , law , and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced '' . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth L. & West , John G. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . New York : Macmillan . Mason , Alpheus Thomas & Stephenson , Donald Grier , eds. ( 2004 ) . American Constitutional Law : Introductory Essays and Selected Cases ( 14th ed . ) . McDonald , Forrest ( 1985 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 4 . Robertson , David Brian ( 2013 ) . The Original Compromise : What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking . New York : Oxford University Press . Tribe , Laurence H. ( 1999 ) . American Constitutional Law . Yale Law School . `` The Avalon Project : Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . 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how many states had to ratify the constitution for the new government to go into effect
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"Article Seven describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government. Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist, delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for ratification of the Constitution by popularly elected ratifying conventions in each state. The convention method also made it possible that judges, ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures, could be elected to a convention. Suspecting that Rhode Island, at least, might not ratify, delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states (two-thirds rounded up) ratified.[53] Once ratified by this minimum number of states, it was anticipated that the proposed Constitution would become this Constitution between the nine or more that signed. It would not cover the four or fewer states that might not have signed.[54]"
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"nine"
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Bella Swan
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Bella Swan - wikipedia Bella Swan Isabella Marie Swan Twilight character Bella Swan as portrayed by Kristen Stewart in New Moon . First appearance Twilight Last appearance Breaking Dawn Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Created by Stephenie Meyer Portrayed by Kristen Stewart Catherine Grimme ( as a child ) Information Nickname ( s ) Bella Bells Bell Vampire girl ( by Emily Young & Embry Call ) Arizona ( in films ) Species Human ( Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , Breaking Dawn ) Vampire ( Breaking Dawn ) Gender Female Occupation Student ( through Twilight to Eclipse ) Employee at Newton 's Olympic Outfitters ( New Moon and Eclipse ) Family Charlie Swan ( father ) Renée Dwyer ( mother ) Phil Dwyer ( stepfather ) Carlisle Cullen ( adoptive father - in - law ) Esme Cullen ( adoptive mother - in - law ) Emmett Cullen and Jasper Hale ( adoptive brothers - in - law ) Alice Cullen and Rosalie Hale ( adoptive sisters - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Edward Cullen ( husband ) Children Renesmee Cullen ( daughter ) Nationality American Isabella Marie `` Bella '' Swan ( later Bella Cullen ) is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series , written by Stephenie Meyer . The Twilight series , consisting of the novels Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn , is primarily narrated from Bella 's point of view , but partway through Breaking Dawn it is written from the point of view of Jacob Black . In the film series , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . In Twilight , Bella moves to her father 's home in Forks , Washington , meets the mysterious Cullen family , and falls in love with Edward Cullen . However , she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires . Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself , but Edward refuses to `` turn '' her . In the second novel , New Moon , Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world . Jacob Black , a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form , comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella . She comes to care deeply for Jacob , though less than she loves Edward . At the end of Eclipse , Bella becomes engaged to Edward , and they marry in Breaking Dawn . On their honeymoon , she becomes pregnant by Edward and , due to the peculiar nature of her baby , Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter , Renesmee Cullen . Edward turns Bella into a vampire to save her life . Contents 1 Concept and creation 2 Appearances 2.1 Twilight 2.2 New Moon 2.3 Eclipse 2.4 Breaking Dawn 3 Characterization 3.1 Physical appearance 3.2 Personality 3.3 Film portrayal 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an `` average girl '' and a `` fantastically beautiful , sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods . '' In this dream , the pair `` were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood , and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her . '' Meyer 's original characters were unnamed ; she took to calling the characters , who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella , ' he ' and ' she ' for the purpose of convenience as she , `` did n't want to lose the dream . '' The name ' Isabella ' was decided upon , Meyer explains , because `` after spending so much time with ( the character ) , I loved her like a daughter ... Inspired by that love , I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter , ... Isabella . '' Bella 's positive reception at her new school in Forks , particularly her popularity with male characters , was modelled after Meyer 's real life move from high school to college . Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre , a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight series . Appearances ( edit ) Twilight ( edit ) Bella , who first appears in Twilight , is a 17 - year - old girl , who moves out from her mother 's home in Phoenix , Arizona , to live with her father , Charlie Swan , a police chief , in her birthplace of Forks , Washington . There , she is enrolled at Forks High School , where she becomes intrigued by a student , Edward Cullen and his family . When Edward saves her life , he exhibits super-human qualities . Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are Cold Ones . Edward eventually admits he 's a vampire , though his family have what they call a `` vegetarian '' diet - only hunting animals . Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him , perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him , because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever met . Bella 's love and confidence in Edward 's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded , and while playing baseball with the Cullen family , she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire , James . Edward is able to save Bella from James ' predations , though Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself . New Moon ( edit ) New Moon begins on Bella 's eighteenth birthday . She dreams of looking much older than Edward Cullen , her boyfriend . During a birthday celebration at the Cullen residence , Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present . Edward 's brother , Jasper , instinctively thirsting for her blood , attacks Bella before Edward and Emmett restrain him . In a misguided attempt to protect Bella , Edward moves away with his family . Edward 's departure results in Bella being depressed and isolated for months . To appease her worried father , Bella attends a movie with her school friend , Jessica . While there , she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous - looking men outside a bar , and discovers she can hear Edward 's voice when her adrenaline runs high . Desperate to hear his voice again , Bella continually seeks out danger by convincing Jacob to repair two old motorcycles and teach her how to ride . Their friendship increases , and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella , though she does not reciprocate them . When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack her , Bella is saved by a pack of wolves . Later , Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shape shifters who phase into wolf form to protect humans from vampires . Bella also discovers that the vampire , Victoria , has returned to Forks , seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate , James ' death . To hear Edward 's voice , Bella attempts cliff jumping and nearly drowns , but she is saved by Jacob . Edward , after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide , travels to Volterra , Italy , to request the Volturi to destroy him . Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is still alive , and the funeral she envisioned was really Harry Clearwater 's funeral after his death from a heart attack . Alice and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans , an act that would result in his execution . The trio are taken to the Volturi . Because Bella knows about vampires , the Volturi would either killer her or have her become a vampire herself . Alice shows Aro a vision of Bella and Edward as vampires , and they 're free to leave . Upon returning home , Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her , and he only left Forks , because he thought it would protect her . Edward promises to never leave Bella 's side ever again . Bella , intent on becoming a vampire , decides that Edward 's family should vote on her fate . Only Rosalie and Edward say no , but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will marry him . Eclipse ( edit ) Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward 's relationship . Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire , because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures , who have no place in heaven . Bella , whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents ' early divorce , agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love to her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire . Edward initially refuses , saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her . He also reminds Bella that he 's from another era , where relationships had fewer complications , and agrees to make love to her after marrying her . The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria , who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first novel , Twilight . Victoria , seeking to avenge her lover , James ' death , hunts Bella while building a new vampire army . To combat this threat , a reluctant truce is struck between the Cullen family , and the shape shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black , who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella . Bella considers Jacob only as a friend , but despite her engagement to Edward , she shares a kiss with him , and realizes that she loves him , too , but loves Edward more . Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life , and knows she has to tell her father . Breaking Dawn ( edit ) Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home . They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme , a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle . They make love , but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple : Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella , but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again . Although he vows not to do so again while she is still human , he eventually gives in . Two weeks later , Bella becomes very sick , and realizes that she is pregnant . Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle , who is a doctor . He confirms that she 's pregnant , and Bella 's health deteriorates from the baby 's accelerated growth . Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life . Bella refuses , and asks Rosalie to act as her bodyguard , as she feels a bond with her unborn child , and insists on giving birth . Soon , Edward comes to love the baby as well , after he hears its thoughts , and learns that the baby loves Bella in return , and does n't mean to hurt her . Bella undergoes a cesarean section , and nearly dies , but Edward successfully delivers their daughter , Renesmee . He then uses a special needle to inject his venom into Bella 's heart , and bites her neck , arms , and legs . During Bella 's transformation , Jacob imprints -- an involuntary process in which a shape - shifter finds his soulmate -- on their baby , Renesmee Cullen . After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child ( a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world ) , Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullen family as punishment for the alleged transgression . The Cullen family find witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee . Bella learns she 's a shield and learns to shield people from other 's mental thoughts and senses . Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child , and poses no threat to their existence . Once the Volturi leave , Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever . Characterization ( edit ) Physical appearance ( edit ) Bella is describes as being petite , with a height of roughly 5'4 `` , and a very translucent , pale complexion . She has thick , long , brown hair with a wide forehead , and a widows peak . Her eyes are described as being `` chocolate brown '' and widely spaced . She has a small , thin nose , prominent cheekbones , lips a bit too full for her slim jawline , and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched . Her fingernails described as stubby from being bitten down . The scent of her O negative blood is incredibly attractive to vampires , described by Bree Tanner to be the `` sweetest scent she 'd ever smelled '' , though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen . As for distinguishing features , Bella has a small crescent - shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James , a tracker vampire , in Twilight . The scar is described as being pale , always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body , and it shines like a vampire 's skin when exposed to the sunlight . After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward , she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin , straight waist - length hair , and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood . Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation . Bella wears plain shirts , jeans , and sneakers for everywhere she goes , as she lacks care in her appearance . Personality ( edit ) Bella is described as being clumsy , having a weak constitution , being nonathletic and hating anything physical . Bella is also described as a reclusive loner , shy , quiet , insecure , and very sensitive . She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family , her father Charlie and mother Renée , and her friend Jacob Black . She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety . Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible , Bella had developed into a very mature person , especially for her age . She mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school . When it comes to fashion , Bella is not traditionally feminine . She hates dressing up , saying that makeup `` is a pain '' and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical , elegant clothes ; however , Alice does not care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous . She is not materialistic and does not like spending money on luxurious items , telling Edward in New Moon `` not to spend a dime on ( her ) birthday , '' and that fast cars are unnecessary , saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance . She hates being singled out , and does not like her birthday being celebrated . She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents ' early experience , but learns to overcome them later . She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her , which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts . She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with herself , because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever . She is also said to possess poor acting skills . Ironically , she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks . She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position , habit of biting her lip , which she shares with Kristen Stewart . Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety . As a human , Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood , which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight , though it changes after she became a vampire . Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn , to have a good mood climate , and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire . Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor , especially when she gets mad ; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger . She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave , able to block painful thoughts and memories ( hence her special vampire ability ) , and tends to come face - to - face with life - threatening danger head - on , even though she can get scared later . She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else , but several ' selfish ' tendencies emerge ( as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse ) . Meyer has stated that Bella 's `` tragic flaw '' in Eclipse is her lack of self - knowledge . This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black , despite the fact that she later realizes that she is , indeed , in love with him . Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself . According to Eclipse , Jacob and Edward saying that she 's a terrible liar , are evidence to this . Besides , she also admits this throughout the whole saga , though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob . In contrary to her fearful demeanor , Bella , according to Edward in Midnight Sun , has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire . Instead of running away , as she should have , she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity . This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around , but that she has no sense of self - preservation . Bella is n't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence . She hates anything cold and wet , even snow , which is why she initially hated to live in Forks . However , after meeting Edward , she found the town much more comfortable , even calling it `` home '' . As a vampire , she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans , but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones . Bella inherited her mother 's high perceptiveness to some degree , as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader , the first human to do so . However , she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her . After being turned into a vampire , she describes having a much clearer view of the world . She is also very self - controlled , being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip . Bella 's private mind that was able to repel some vampires ' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire ; her skill strengthened , allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires ' mental gifts . By the end of Breaking Dawn , she is able to cast the shield away from herself . She is also described by Edward as `` very graceful '' , even for a vampire , in comparison to her earlier clumsiness . Film portrayal ( edit ) In the film adaptations , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . Meyer stated that she was `` very excited '' to see Stewart play the part and that she was `` thrilled to have a Bella who has practice ( in a vast array of film genres ) '' , since , according to Meyer , Twilight has moments that fit into many genres . Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books . Despite that exception , Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality , both reserved and inexpressive . Though Stewart has a completely different side to her , just like Bella . Reception ( edit ) Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics . Publishers Weekly states that , after her transformation into a vampire , `` it 's almost impossible to identify with her '' in Breaking Dawn . Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella 's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as `` less satisfying . '' During Twilight , Kirkus Reviews stated that `` Bella 's appeal is based on magic rather than character '' , but that her and Edward 's `` portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot '' . In the review of New Moon , Kirkus Reviews said that Bella 's personality was `` flat and obsessive '' . Laura Miller of salon.com said , in regards to Edward and Bella , `` neither of them has much personality to speak of . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Reese , in her review of Breaking Dawn noted , in regard to Bella , `` You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own , but these are fairy tales , and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold , Bella has a certain saccharine appeal '' , and that during Bella 's pregnancy `` she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying , especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant . '' Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that `` Edward 's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities '' , continuing to write that `` the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters ( or sons ) . '' Gina Dalfonzo , in an article posted on the National Review website , calls Bella `` self - deprecating '' before her transformation into a vampire , and afterwards she is `` insufferably vain '' . Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth `` by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters . '' Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Story Behind Twilight '' . Stepheniemeyer.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bella 's Move to Another High School '' . Stepheniemeyer.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Karen Valby ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Stephenie Meyer : 12 of My ' Twilight ' Inspirations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Blood drinkers , '' he replied in a chilling voice . `` Your people call them vampires . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . One night , a herd of deer passed his hiding place . He was so wild with thirst , that he attacked without thought . His strength returned and he realized there was an alternative to being the vile monster he feared . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Exactly `` , he ( Edward ) snapped . `` And I wo n't end it ( life ) for you ( Bella ) . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2006 ) New Moon . 563pp . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2007 ) Eclipse . 629pp . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2008 ) Breaking Dawn . 756pp . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Stewart chosen '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Excitement Towards Stewart 's role '' . Stephenie Meyer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Dawn : Stephenie Meyer , Author '' . Publisher 's Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune Breaking Dawn review '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight at Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New Moon at Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight series at salon.com '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly Breaking Dawn review '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2008 - 08 - 08 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hand , Elizabeth ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Washington Post Review '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Review '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Firestone , Amanda ( 2012 ) . `` Apples to Oranges '' . Of bread , blood , and the Hunger Games : critical essays on the Suzanne Collins trilogy . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. , Publishers . p. 209 . ISBN 9780786470198 . External links ( edit ) Twilight portal Novels portal Stephenie Meyer - Official Website Bella Swan on Facebook The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel 's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Swan&oldid=862092215 '' Categories : Female characters in film Female characters in literature Characters in fantasy literature Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional vampires Fictional psychics Vampires in written fiction Twilight series characters Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in literature Romance film characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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Apollo Creed
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Apollo Creed - wikipedia Apollo Creed hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Apollo Creed Rocky character Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed First appearance Rocky Last appearance Creed ( flashback ) Portrayed by Carl Weathers Information Nickname ( s ) The Dancing Destroyer The King of Sting The Count of Monte Fisto The Prince of Punch The Master of Disaster The One and Only Gender Male Occupation Professional boxer Spouse ( s ) Mary Anne Creed Children Adonis Creed Unnamed daughter Unnamed son Nationality American Apollo Creed Statistics Nationality American August 17 , 1942 Los Angeles County , California , U.S. August 31 , 1985 ( aged 43 ) Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Stance Orthodox Boxing record Total fights 50 Wins 48 Wins by KO 47 Losses Draws 0 Apollo Creed was a fictional character from the Rocky films . He was played by Carl Weathers . He is a tough but agile boxer , who is , as the series begins , the undisputed heavyweight world champion . The character was inspired by the real - life champion Muhammad Ali , having what one author remarked as the same `` brash , vocal , ( and ) theatrical '' personality . Sylvester Stallone debates this , stating , `` ( Jack ) Johnson served as the inspiration for the character of Apollo Creed in the Rocky movies . '' The character is loosely based on a combination of Muhammad Ali , Sugar Ray Leonard , Joe Louis , and Jack Johnson . Protagonist Rocky Balboa , Creed 's rival in Rocky and Rocky II , faces underdog odds ( five - to - one in Rocky II ) and views Creed with respect , pointedly refusing the prodding of a reporter to `` trash talk '' against Creed by laconically remarking , `` He 's great . '' In Rocky , Creed essentially cleans out his division of serious challengers and magnanimously decides to fight journeyman Balboa for the fan spectacle . In the film and its sequel , Balboa and Creed find themselves basically evenly matched in the ring , ending up friends by the third movie . Creed had multiple nicknames , including most prominently `` The Master of Disaster '' . Others include `` The King of Sting '' , `` The Dancing Destroyer '' , `` The Prince of Punch '' , and `` The Count of Monte Fisto '' . A 2013 poll of former heavyweight champions and boxing writers , including former WBA heavyweight star James `` Bonecrusher '' Smith , ranked Creed as the second - best boxer in the Rocky series . Contents 1 Role in the series 1.1 Rocky 1.2 Rocky II 1.3 Rocky III 1.4 Rocky IV 1.5 Rocky V 1.6 Rocky Balboa 1.7 Creed 2 Fighting style 3 References Role in the series ( edit ) Rocky ( edit ) Apollo Creed first appeared in the 1976 Oscar - winning film Rocky as the charismatic , intelligent , and undefeated 33 - year - old World Heavyweight Champion . A planned Bicentennial fight against number - one contender Mac Lee Green was scheduled for January 1 , 1976 , which Creed gladly hypes whenever someone places a microphone in front of him . However , Green hurts his left hand in training , and when none of the other top - ranked contenders , such as Joe Czak and Buddy Shaw , step up to face the champion , Creed responds with a promotion that will generate huge publicity . He will offer an unknown local fighter an opportunity to battle for the title in a match in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Upon reviewing the local boxers in Philadelphia , Creed is drawn to a club fighter named Rocky Balboa because Balboa is Italian and has a catchy nickname , `` The Italian Stallion '' . Creed also explains his choice by saying : `` Who discovered America ? An Italian , right ? What better way to celebrate its 200th birthday than to get it on with one of his descendants ? '' Creed brushes off the idea of the left - handed Balboa giving him a fight , pledging to knock him out in three rounds . In spite of his trainer 's concern when he sees Balboa in a television interview , training by punching sides of beef in a meat - packing plant , Creed puts more effort into giving everyone a good show rather than training for the bout . When the match takes place , Creed dresses up like both George Washington and Uncle Sam in the pre-fight festivities ( with his matching trademark `` stars and stripes '' boxing shorts ) and is in a jovial mood until Balboa knocks him down in the first round with a single uppercut , the first time Creed has been knocked down in his career . He then endures a gruelling 15 - round fight with Balboa , who gets to his feet after Creed takes him down with an uppercut in the 14th round in what appears to be the end of the match . This was the first time anyone had ever taken the champion the full 15 rounds . Both fighters are beaten , bloodied , and bruised by the end of the bout -- Balboa with severe eye damage and Creed with internal bleeding . Creed gains a controversial split decision victory , and neither fighter wants a rematch , at least at that moment . Rocky II ( edit ) In the second film , Creed immediately demands a rematch in the hospital ER after the fight . In fact , he challenges Rocky to finish the fight right there . Creed 's desire for a rematch with Balboa intensifies when it becomes clear that the prevailing public opinion is that Creed had been paid to intentionally carry Rocky for the 15 - round distance instead of knocking him out early in the fight . Eager to change minds and ignoring the pleas of his staff , Creed challenges Balboa to a second fight on Thanksgiving Day , 1976 . He uses various humiliation tactics to coax Balboa out of retirement . Rocky had married his girlfriend Adrian after getting out of the hospital from the first fight . Creed insists at the press conference that he would `` drop him like a bad habit '' and tells Rocky when he leaves , `` Come November , you 're mine ! '' In a press interview during training , he also insists that Rocky `` can not last five minutes in the ring with a superior athlete like me ! '' Creed plows through sparring partners and trains harder than ever before , with the intention of punishing Balboa for the embarrassment eleven months earlier . Mickey trains Rocky to become faster by chasing and catching a chicken . Unlike their first fight , Creed dominates Balboa throughout the second fight , thwarting Rocky 's strategy of fighting right - handed . Despite this , he is unable to make good on his promise of an early knockout victory , as Rocky absorbs his punches . By the final round , Creed is well ahead on points ; however , he also endures a substantial beating in later rounds , when it becomes apparent he can not knock Balboa out , and Balboa begins landing his own punches on the tiring Creed . Not wanting a repeat of the first fight ( and ignoring the pleas of his trainers ) , he vows to knock Balboa out rather than taking the safer route by winning on points . At the beginning of the 15th round , he tells Rocky , `` You 're going down '' , to which Rocky replies , `` No way '' . After going toe - to - toe for much of the final round , Creed is knocked down by a left from Balboa , with Balboa falling down in exhaustion as well . Rocky gets up by the count of 9 , but Creed is unable to pull himself up and is counted out , losing the match and the championship by knockout , his first professional loss . Apollo retires from boxing soon after . Even though he has lost , he gains his respect from the crowd back since it feels that he fought and lost in a fair fight . The fight also results in Creed finally acknowledging Balboa 's ability as a fighter , rather than seeing him as a fluke . Rocky iii ( edit ) In the third film , a 39 - year - old Apollo Creed appears at the first fight between James `` Clubber '' Lang , 23 , and Rocky Balboa , 34 , as a guest moderator . This is a match at which Lang defeats Rocky by KO in the second round . Before the match , the former champion Creed steps into the ring to greet the fighters . When he steps up to Lang , the latter slaps away Creed 's hand and mockingly insists that he `` do n't want no has - been in my corner '' . He further says , `` You want to jump , Creed ? Jump . '' When Creed walks away , stunned at this rude display from the belligerent challenger , Lang laughs at him and calls him a `` chicken . '' This prompts Creed to tell Balboa to `` give everybody a present and drop this chump . '' Following the match , in which Lang wins by a brutal second - round knockout , Balboa 's beloved manager Mickey dies in the locker room . Determined in part to put the disrespectful brute in his place , Creed finds an apprehensive and bereaved Balboa at Mickey 's gym . Despite hesitating at first , Balboa agrees to let Creed train him for a rematch against Lang , who laughs off the prospect of `` one has - been teaching another '' during a television interview . The pair subsequently travels to the `` Tough Gym '' in Los Angeles , California , where Creed used to train , in preparation for a rematch with Lang . Creed encourages Rocky not to ignore the naysayers that say he is too old but instead refocus himself . During this talk , he states , `` Now when we fought ... you had that eye of the tiger '' . This quote is referred to throughout the movie , including the film 's theme song , `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor . Creed mentions that Rocky will owe him `` a big favor '' once he wins , which he does not specify at first . Rocky 's training is geared toward making him quicker and more agile to counter the larger , stronger brawler . Creed teaches Rocky his ( Creed 's ) own fighting style . Rocky has trouble concentrating during his training , suffering from guilt over Mickey 's demise and self - doubt . Adrian helps Rocky recognize this as a simple fear of losing again and convinces him that he ca n't let fear control his life and that he has to fight again , not to prove a point but to live without fear . Rocky agrees and begins to put his fear aside . Creed helps Rocky rediscover the fire inside , which he had lost in the time leading up to the Lang fight , that had won him the title . Creed calls this fire the `` eye of the tiger '' . Before the match begins , Creed expresses his confidence that Rocky will win . He gives Rocky his signature `` colors '' ( Creed 's stars and stripes boxing trunks ) to wear during the fight ( and tells him to wash them afterwards ) . Re-energized with Creed shadow - boxing in his corner , Rocky regains his title with a three - round knockout of Lang . After his victory , Creed reveals his favor -- a third fight with Rocky ( not as a bloody fight between bitter rivals , but as a sparring match between friends ) . Rocky happily accepts the challenge . The film ends showing each boxer hitting the other at the same time , symbolizing the equality of their greatness . The result was not revealed until the 2015 film Creed , in which Rocky tells Apollo 's son that Apollo won this fight . Rocky IV ( edit ) In 1985 , Apollo ( 43 years old ) , comes out of a five - year retirement to fight mammoth Soviet Olympic boxer Ivan Drago , who has come to the United States on behalf of the Soviet Union to enter the world of professional boxing . Not wanting the Soviets to appear superior to American fighters , the patriotic Apollo challenges Drago to an exhibition match and calls out Drago at the press conference that sets up their exhibition bout at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , Nevada on August 31 , 1985 . Highlighted by a pre-match rendition of `` Living in America '' by James Brown , Apollo enters the arena from a descending scaffold overhead , dancing to the music in his old red , white , and blue Uncle Sam outfit . With Rocky , Duke , and Paulie in his corner , Apollo is overly confident that he can dispense of Drago with ease . However , Apollo is not ready for the extreme size and strength of the Russian . After taunting the Russian and landing a number of ineffectual punches , Creed is pummeled badly in the first round . Rocky wants to stop the fight but Apollo refuses . Apollo adamantly tells Rocky not to stop the fight `` no matter what ... no matter what ! '' By the start of the second round , Drago pummels Creed with ease . Rocky again tries to stop the fight by throwing in the towel . Apollo tells Rocky not to stop the fight , giving Drago a chance to deliver a fatal blow ( as Rocky drops the towel causing the fight to stop ) to Apollo , who dies in Rocky 's arms in the middle of the ring . Drago wins by technical knockout . An enraged Rocky then sets out to avenge Apollo 's death by beating Drago in the Soviet Union , with the Soviet premier and the Politburo looking on . He succeeds as the film ends with Rocky winning the fight by knockout in the last round . Rocky V ( edit ) With his character 's death , Carl Weathers departed the franchise after Rocky IV . In Rocky V , the fifth installment of the series , after Rocky Balboa defeated Ivan Drago , Apollo 's trainer Duke congratulated Rocky by showing that he made everyone proud , especially for Apollo by holding up his red , white , and blue trunks . Apollo was thereafter only mentioned briefly in past tenses , including a flashback scene between Mickey and Rocky before Balboa 's first fight with Creed where Mickey states , `` Apollo wo n't know what hit him . '' Rocky 's pupil Tommy Gunn also claimed to have been a fan of Rocky since his first fight with Apollo . Tommy was eventually allowed to wear Creed 's trunks . There was a poster of Apollo and Rocky during the events of Rocky II in Rocky Jr 's bedroom before the Balboas went bankrupt . During Tommy 's fight with Union Cane , Rocky commented that it was like his own first fight with Apollo . Later , during Rocky 's street fight with Tommy , he began to hallucinate and saw images of Apollo 's death at the hands of Drago , believing that he was about to suffer the same fate . However , a vision of Mickey telling him to get up gave Rocky the strength to win the street fight . Rocky Balboa ( edit ) In the sixth installment of the Rocky franchise , Rocky is seen paying tribute to Apollo by telling customers at his restaurant stories about his friendship and fights with him . In a deleted scene when Rocky wakes up , Rocky sees Paulie sleeping and Rocky sees a photo of his first fight with Apollo but his face is censored and Rocky 's face is covered by a scrap of paper with Paulie 's head . During the commentary before the Rocky vs Mason Dixon fight , a montage of Rocky 's opponents is shown which excludes his two fights against Apollo . Creed ( edit ) In the seventh installment , it has been revealed that Creed had an affair sometime before his death , and from that , Adonis Johnson Creed was born . After his biological mother 's death in the late ' 90s , Apollo 's widow , Mary Anne ( Phylicia Rashad ) , adopts him . At a young age , not only does he possess the boxing skills of his father , but also his fiery temper . Years later , presumed to be a well - educated young man , Adonis ( Michael B. Jordan ) leaves his job to pursue a full - time career in boxing . He first seeks tutelage from Duke 's son , `` Lil ' Duke '' ( Wood Harris ) , who runs the Delphi Boxing Academy . Duke refuses to work with Adonis to ensure his safety . Adonis , to his mother 's dismay , moves to Philadelphia to seek out Rocky . While meeting up at Adrian 's , Rocky is surprised when Adonis mentions a third fight between him and Apollo that happened behind closed doors , presenting himself to be Apollo 's son . Rocky compliments his father 's boxing ability and reveals that Apollo won their third match . When the word got out that Adonis is Apollo 's illegitimate son , the media heavily publicized the story of his infidelity , which catches the eye of the trainer for the reigning light - heavyweight champion , `` Pretty '' Ricky Conlan ( Tony Bellew ) . Both parties would want the fight to happen , however , on the condition that Adonis would assume his actual name instead of his mother 's last name , Johnson , to which he agrees , similar to Apollo 's desire to select Rocky due to his nickname : `` The Italian Stallion '' . Leading up to the fight , Rocky has been diagnosed with cancer , which greatly impacts Adonis ' behavior , including being incarcerated for the night after a brawl at a club . While Rocky visits him in jail , Adonis angrily blames him for his father 's death , while Rocky tries to calm him down and understand Apollo , who is n't there to defend himself . After getting his mind straight , Adonis makes a pact with Rocky that they would both fight their respective battles together . In Liverpool , Adonis receives a gift from Mary Anne ; boxing trunks that heavily resembles his father 's trunks , who he passed to Rocky , who he passed to Tommy `` The Machine '' Gunn . The fight presents many parallels to Rocky and Apollo 's original fight , with Adonis assuming his trainer 's role . Conlan presents an unrelenting attack on Adonis , in which he knocks him down . After a less than stellar introductory round , Adonis finally manages a right hook strong enough to cut Conlan by surprise . In the eleventh round , after an intense flurry , Conlan manages a strong shot that seemingly knocked Adonis unconscious , however Adonis sees visions of his relationship with his girlfriend and Rocky 's ailing composure , but finally wakes up after seeing a vision of his father in his prime , which baffles Conlan and the audience . Before the final round , Rocky is adamant on stopping the fight to save Adonis from the long term effects of his injuries , a decision he contemplated 30 years after Apollo 's death . However , Adonis wants to continue to fight to prove that he is not `` a mistake '' . After the revelation , Rocky tells Adonis that , though he 's never had the chance to thank Apollo for stepping in when Mickey died , it does not match what he 's done for him and that he loves him . In the closing seconds of the fight , Adonis finally unleashes a style that is comparable to his father 's and Rocky 's , and manages to knock down Conlan for the first time in his career . A split decision determines Conlan the winner of the fight , and gives Adonis the ultimate respect , telling him that he 's `` the future of this division '' . During the post-fight interview , HBO Boxing analyst Max Kellerman asks Adonis what he would like to say to his father , to which Adonis tearfully says that he loves him and he knows he did n't leave him on purpose , in which he concludes the interview saying he 's `` proud to be a Creed '' . Fighting style ( edit ) See also : Muhammad Ali in media and popular culture In the film series , Creed is known as one of the world 's best fighters , possessing a combination of great speed and strength . His powerful jab and emphasis on agility complement his flashy personality and outfit . In terms of weaknesses , his only major drawback appears to be his deep sense of pride and strong self - confidence , which allows Rocky to get an edge over him in the ring by surprising Creed . Like Ali , Apollo was an outside fighter , relying on his speed and power to get through fights . His jab - cross-hook combination were his mainstay , and , also like Ali , Creed 's defense was heavily contingent upon his speed . Apollo used Ali 's `` float like a butterfly , sting like a bee '' philosophy , being able to slip and evade blows and frustrate his opponents . A notable difference was that though Creed had Ali 's unorthodox hand positioning , he ducked , bobbed and weaved in the classic style , as opposed to Ali who preferred to move backwards , in contradiction to boxing 's basic tenets , but with success . Perhaps the reason for this was that only Ali could be that unorthodox and look convincing ; where most boxing instructors would tell their pupils that a punch can not be landed when the puncher is retreating backwards , Ali did that too with regularity . Also unlike Ali , Apollo was not very political and had very little to say on social issues . In Rocky I , a reporter asked him if it mattered to him that he was fighting a white man on the most celebrated day in the U.S. 's history , to which Apollo replied , `` About as much as it matters to him that he 's fighting a black man on the most celebrated day in our country 's history . '' Like Ali , Creed was susceptible to taking a lot of damage during fights because of the level at which he held his hands , a fact which ultimately proved to be his undoing . Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Trump pardons late black boxing champion Jack Johnson '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Matthew Frye ( 2009 ) . Roots Too : White Ethnic Revival in Post-Civil Rights America . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674039063 . ^ Jump up to : William J. Palmer . The Films of the Eighties : A Social History . p. 220 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Western Fictions , Black Realities : Meanings of Blackness and Modernities . p. 277 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ All - Stars and Movie Stars : Sports in Film and History . p. 211 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Seán Crosson ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) . Sport and Film . p. 1937 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Definitive Ranking of Rocky Fighters '' . Ruthlessreviews.com . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Black , Rich , and Famous : The Rise of the NBA , the Hip Hop Invasion ... p. 60 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Larry Powell ; Tom Garrett . The Films of John G. Avildsen : Rocky , The Karate Kid and Other Underdogs . p. 75 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Susanne Hamscha . The Fiction of America : Performance and the Cultural Imaginary in Literature ... p. 59 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Randy Roberts ; James S. Olson . Winning is the Only Thing : Sports in America Since 1945 . p. 180 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chris Jordan . Movies and the Reagan Presidency : Success and Ethics . p. 94 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Bondanella ( 2005 - 12 - 29 ) . Hollywood Italians : Dagos , Palookas , Romeos , Wise Guys , and Sopranos . p. 125 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Preceded by None Rocky Balboa 's main opponent Succeeded by James `` Clubber '' Lang hide Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) CREED : Rise to Glory ( 2018 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Chuck Wepner Chuck 2016 film Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_Creed&oldid=853304983 '' Categories : Fictional African - American people Fictional boxers Fictional characters introduced in 1976 Fictional characters from Los Angeles Rocky characters Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who won third fight between rocky and apollo
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"In the seventh installment, it has been revealed that Creed had an affair sometime before his death, and from that, Adonis Johnson Creed was born. After his biological mother's death in the late '90s, Apollo's widow, Mary Anne (Phylicia Rashad), adopts him. At a young age, not only does he possess the boxing skills of his father, but also his fiery temper. Years later, presumed to be a well-educated young man, Adonis (Michael B. Jordan) leaves his job to pursue a full-time career in boxing. He first seeks tutelage from Duke's son, \"Lil' Duke\" (Wood Harris), who runs the Delphi Boxing Academy. Duke refuses to work with Adonis to ensure his safety. Adonis, to his mother's dismay, moves to Philadelphia to seek out Rocky. While meeting up at Adrian's, Rocky is surprised when Adonis mentions a third fight between him and Apollo that happened behind closed doors, presenting himself to be Apollo's son. Rocky compliments his father's boxing ability and reveals that Apollo won their third match.\n"
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"Apollo"
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Pinellas County, Florida
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Pinellas county , Florida - Wikipedia Pinellas county , Florida Pinellas County , Florida County County of Pinellas Fort De Soto Park Logo Location in the U.S. state of Florida Florida 's location in the U.S. Founded January 1 , 1912 Named for Spanish Punta Piñal ( `` Point of Pines '' ) Seat Clearwater Largest city St. Petersburg Area Total 608 sq mi ( 1,575 km ) Land 274 sq mi ( 710 km ) Water 334 sq mi ( 865 km ) , 55.0 % Population ( est . ) ( 2017 ) 970,637 Density 3,542 / sq mi ( 1,368 / km ) Congressional districts 12th , 13th Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 Website www.pinellascounty.org Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 916,542 . The county is part of the Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Clearwater is the county seat , and St. Petersburg is the largest city . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-European settlement 1.2 Spanish and British Florida 1.3 Settlement of West Hillsborough 1.4 Birth of Pinellas County 1.5 Land boom and prohibition 1.6 Great Depression and World War II 1.7 Recent history 2 Geography 2.1 Physical geography 2.1. 1 Barrier islands and passes 2.2 National protected area 2.3 State protected areas 2.4 County parks and preserves 2.5 Pinellas County parks gallery 2.6 Other protected areas 2.7 Adjacent counties 3 Ecosystems 3.1 Plant life 3.2 Animal life 3.3 Invasive species 4 Climate 5 Demographics 5.1 2010 Census 5.2 2000 Census 5.3 Languages 6 Government and politics 6.1 Voter Registration 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities 7.3 Libraries 8 Economy 8.1 Historical economic strengths 8.2 Economy today 9 Culture 9.1 Museums 9.2 Performing arts venues 9.3 Other points of interest 10 Sports and recreation 10.1 Sports teams 10.2 Recreational areas 11 Media 12 Transportation 12.1 Major highways 12.2 Airports 12.3 Railroads 12.4 Mass transit 13 Emergency management 13.1 Fire departments 13.2 Emergency Medical Services 13.3 Law enforcement agencies 13.4 Hospitals 14 Communities 14.1 Cities 14.2 Towns 14.3 Census - designated places 14.4 Other unincorporated communities 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links History ( edit ) View from the top of the Tocobaga mound at Philippe Park Marker at site of 1528 Narvaez landing , Jungle Prada , St. Petersburg The McMullen - Coachman Log Cabin , built in 1852 , is located at Heritage Village in Largo , Florida , and is the oldest standing structure in Pinellas County The Belleview Biltmore hotel built by Henry Plant Battery and guns at Fort De Soto The original span of the Gandy Bridge The Renaissance Vinoy Hotel Pre-european settlement ( edit ) Prior to European exploration and settlement the Pinellas peninsula , like all of Tampa Bay , was inhabited by the Tocobaga Indians , who built a town and large temple mound overlooking the bay in what is now Safety Harbor . The modern site is protected and can be visited as part of the County 's Philippe Park . Spanish and British Florida ( edit ) During the early 16th century Spanish explorers discovered and slowly began exploring Florida , including Tampa Bay . In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez landed in Pinellas , and 10 years later Hernando de Soto is thought to have explored the Tampa Bay Area . By the early 18th century the Tocobaga had been virtually annihilated , having fallen victim to European diseases from which they had no immunity , as well as European conflicts . Later Spanish explorers named the area Punta Piñal ( Spanish for `` Point of Pines '' or `` Piney Point '' ) . After trading hands multiple times between the British and the Spanish , Spain finally ceded Florida to the United States in 1821 , and in 1823 the U.S. Army established Fort Brooke ( later Tampa ) . Settlement of West Hillsborough ( edit ) In 1834 much of west central Florida , including the Pinellas peninsula ( then known simply as West Hillsborough ) , was organized as Hillsborough County . The very next year Odet Philippe became the first permanent , non-native resident of the peninsula when he established a homestead near the site of the Tocobaga village in Safety Harbor . It was Philippe who first introduced both citrus culture and cigar - making to Florida . Around the same time , the United States Army began construction of Fort Harrison , named after William Henry Harrison , as a rest post for soldiers from nearby Fort Brooke during the Second Seminole War . The new fort was located on a bluff overlooking Clear Water Harbor , which later became part of an early 20th - century residential development ( now historic district ) called Harbor Oaks . University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1977 after Alfred C. Wyllie discovered an underground ammunition bunker while digging a swimming pool on his estate . Clearwater would later become the first organized community on the peninsula as well as the site of its first post office . The Armed Occupation Act , passed in 1842 , encouraged further settlement of Pinellas , like all of Florida , by offering 160 acres ( 0.65 km2 ) to anyone who would bear arms and cultivate the land . Pioneer families like the Booths , the Coachmans , the Marstons , and the McMullens established homesteads in the area in the years following , planting more citrus groves and raising cattle . During the American Civil War , many residents fought for the Confederate States of America . Brothers James and Daniel McMullen were members of the Confederate Cow Cavalry , driving Florida cattle to Georgia and the Carolinas to help sustain the war effort . John W. Marston served in the 9th Florida Regiment as a part of the Appomattox Campaign . Many other residents served in other capacities . Otherwise the peninsula had virtually no significance during the war , and the war largely passed the area by . Tarpon Springs became West Hillsborough 's first incorporated city in 1887 , and in 1888 the Orange Belt Railway was extended into the southern portion of the peninsula . Railroad owner Peter Demens named the town that grew near the railroad 's terminus St. Petersburg in honor of his hometown . The town would incorporate in 1892 . Other major towns in the county incorporated during this time were Clearwater ( 1891 ) , Dunedin ( 1899 ) , and Largo ( 1905 ) . Construction of Fort De Soto , on Mullet Key facing the mouth of Tampa Bay , was begun in 1898 during the Spanish -- American War to protect Tampa Bay from potential invading forces . The fort , a subpost of Fort Dade on adjacent Egmont Key ( which lies in the mouth of Tampa Bay ) , was equipped with artillery and mortar batteries . Birth of Pinellas county ( edit ) Even into the early years of the 20th century , West Hillsborough had no paved roads , and transportation posed a major challenge . A trip to the county seat , across the bay in Tampa , was generally an overnight affair and the automobiles that existed on the peninsula at that time would frequently become bogged down in the muck after rainstorms . Angry at what was perceived as neglect by the county government , residents of Pinellas began a push to secede from Hillsborough . They succeeded , and on January 1 , 1912 Pinellas County came into being . The peninsula , along with a small part of the mainland were incorporated into the new county . Land boom and prohibition ( edit ) Aviation history was made in St. Petersburg on January 1 , 1914 when Tony Jannus made the world 's first scheduled commercial airline flight with the St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat Line from St. Petersburg to Tampa . The popular open - air St. Petersburg concert venue Jannus Live ( formerly known as `` Jannus Landing '' ) memorializes the flight . The early 1920s saw the beginning of a land boom in much of Florida , including Pinellas . During this period municipalities issued a large number of bonds to keep pace with the needed infrastructure , such as roads and bridges . The travel time to Tampa was cut in half -- from 43 to 19 miles ( 69 to 31 km ) -- by the opening of the Gandy Bridge in 1924 , along the same route Jannus ' airline used . It was the longest automobile toll bridge in the world at the time . Prohibition was unpopular in the area and the peninsula 's countless inlets and islands became havens for rumrunners bringing in liquor from Cuba . Others distilled moonshine in the County 's still plentiful woods . Great Depression and World war II ( edit ) As was the case in much of Florida , the Great Depression came early to Pinellas with the collapse of the real estate boom in 1926 . Local economies came into severe difficulties , and by 1930 , St. Petersburg defaulted on its bonds . Only after World War II would significant growth return to the area . During the war , the area 's tourist industry collapsed , but thousands of recruits came to the area when the U.S. military decided to use the area for training . Area hotels became barracks . The Vinoy Park Hotel was used as an Army training school . The area 's women and girls participated in the war effort as well . Hundreds of girls from the area 's most prominent families formed a group called the Bomb - a-Dears , holding dances , socializing with recruits , and selling war bonds . After the war many of these same soldiers remembered their war time experience in Pinellas well , and returned as tourists or residents . Recent history ( edit ) With the end of the Second World War , Pinellas would enter another period of rapid growth and development . In 1954 the original span of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge was opened , replacing earlier ferry service . By 1957 Clearwater was America 's fastest growing city . The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council was founded by the late mayor of St. Petersburg , Herman Goldner , who sought without success during the 1960s to consolidate various municipalities and unincorporated areas in south Pinellas County . Each year the council presents its Herman Goldner Award for Regional Leadership . Tragedy struck on May 9 , 1980 , when the southbound span of the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge was struck by the freighter MV Summit Venture during a storm , sending over 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) of the bridge plummeting into Tampa Bay . The collision caused ten cars and a Greyhound bus to fall 150 feet ( 46 m ) into the water , killing 35 people . The new bridge opened in 1987 and has since been listed as # 3 of the `` Top 10 Bridges '' in the World by the Travel Channel . The county operates a 21 - acre ( 8.5 ha ) living history museum called Heritage Village containing more than 28 historic structures , some dating back to the 19th century , where visitors can experience what life was once like in Pinellas . Pinellas County celebrated 100 years of existence on January 1 , 2012 . Geography ( edit ) According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 608 square miles ( 1,570 km ) , of which 274 square miles ( 710 km ) is land and 334 square miles ( 870 km ) ( 55.0 % ) is water . It is the second - smallest county in Florida by land area , larger than only Union County . Pinellas forms a peninsula bounded on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and on the south and east by Tampa Bay . It is 38 miles ( 61 km ) long and 15 miles ( 24 km ) wide at its broadest point , with 587 miles ( 945 km ) of coastline . Physical geography ( edit ) Honeymoon Island State Park near Dunedin , one of the county 's barrier islands The Anclote Key Light Gizella Kopsick Palm Arboretum in St. Petersburg Elevation in the county ranges from mean sea level to its highest natural point of 110 feet ( 34 m ) near the intersection of SR 580 and Countryside Blvd. in Clearwater . Due to its small size and high population , by the early 21st century Pinellas County has been mostly built out , with very little developable land left available . The county has maintained a fairly large system of parks and preserves that provide residents and visitors retreat from the city and a glimpse of the peninsula 's original state . Geologically , Pinellas is underlain by a series of limestone formations , the Hawthorne limestone and the Tampa limestone . The limestone is porous and stores a large quantity of water . The Hawthorne formation forms a prominent ridge down the spine of the county , from east of Dunedin , south to the Walsingham area and east towards St. Petersburg . The 35 miles of beaches and dunes which make up the county 's 11 barrier islands provide habitat for coastal species , serve as critical storm protection for the inland communities , and form the basis of the area 's thriving tourism industry . The islands are dynamic , with wave action building some islands further up , eroding others , and forming entirely new islands over time . Though hurricanes are infrequent on this part of Florida 's coast , they have had a major impact on the islands , with the Hurricane of 1848 forming John 's Pass between Madeira Beach and Treasure Island , a hurricane in 1921 creating Hurricane Pass and cleaving Hog Island into Honeymoon and Caladesi Islands , and 1985 's Hurricane Elena sealing Dunedin Pass to join Caladesi with Clearwater Beach . Between the barrier islands and the peninsula are several bodies of water , through which traverses a section of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . From north to south they are : St. Joseph Sound between the islands and Dunedin , Clearwater Harbor between Clearwater and Clearwater Beach , and Boca Ciega Bay in the southern third of the county . Connecting Clearwater Harbor to Boca Ciega Bay is a thin , approximately 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) stretch of water known as The Narrows , which runs next to the town of Indian Shores . Extending from northeastern Boca Ciega Bay , Long Bayou separates Seminole from St. Petersburg near Bay Pines . Long Bayou once extended significantly farther up the peninsula until the northern portion was sealed off to create Lake Seminole . Extending further still from Long Bayou , the Cross Bayou Canal traverses the peninsula , crossing Pinellas Park in a northeasterly direction before emptying into Tampa Bay on the northwest side of St. Petersburg - Clearwater International Airport . Barrier islands and passes ( edit ) Anclote Key - offshore of Tarpon Springs and the northernmost point in the county Howard Park - a man - made pocket beach created in the 1960s Three Rooker Bar - the most geologically recent of Pinellas ' barrier islands Honeymoon Island Hurricane Pass Caladesi Island Dunedin Pass - shoaled and closed in the 1980s , linking Caladesi Island and Clearwater Beach Clearwater Beach Clearwater Pass Sand Key - the longest of Pinellas ' barrier islands John 's Pass Treasure Island Blind Pass Long Key ( St. Pete Beach ) Pass - a-Grille Channel Shell Key Tierra Verde - on the bay side of Shell Key , links the mainland to Fort De Soto . Created by a dredge - and - fill project that merged several smaller Keys , including Cabbage and Pine Keys Bunces Pass Mullet Key - home to Fort De Soto and the southernmost point in the county National protected area ( edit ) Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge State protected areas ( edit ) Honeymoon Island State Park Caladesi Island State Park Anclote Key Preserve State Park County parks and preserves ( edit ) A.L. Anderson Park , Tarpon Springs Boca Ciega Millenium Park , Seminole John Chesnut Sr. Park , Palm Harbor Eagle Lake Park , Largo Fort De Soto Park , Tierra Verde Fred Howard Park , Tarpon Springs Lake Seminole Park , Seminole Philippe Park , Safety Harbor Ridgecrest Park , Largo Sand Key Park , Clearwater Sawgrass Lake Park , St. Petersburg John S. Taylor Park , Largo Wall Springs Park , Palm Harbor Walsingham Park , Largo War Veterans Memorial Park , St. Petersburg Brooker Creek Preserve Mobbly Bayou Preserve Shell Key Preserve Weedon Island Preserve Walter Fuller Park , St. Petersburg Pinellas County parks gallery ( edit ) Anderson Park Panorama Brooker Creek Nature Preserve walkway View of Lake Tarpon from John Chestnut Park Wall Springs View of St Joseph Sound from the old observation tower Other protected areas ( edit ) Boyd Hill Nature Preserve - A 245 - acre park on the shores of Lake Maggiore in south St. Petersburg , operated by the city and featuring a nature center , bird - of - prey aviary , and over three miles of trails through a variety of ecosystems . Adjacent counties ( edit ) Pasco County -- north Hillsborough County -- east and south Hillsborough County extends along the shipping channel into the Gulf of Mexico and actually separates Pinellas County from Manatee County . Ecosystems ( edit ) Cabbage palms , the state tree of Florida The brown pelican is commonly seen along the Gulf coast Plant life ( edit ) Several natural communities exist within the county , including areas of freshwater wetlands ( dominated by bald cypresses and ferns ) , coastal mangrove swamps , sporadic hardwood hammocks ( dominated by laurel oaks and live oaks , cabbage palms , and southern magnolias ) , low - lying , poorly drained pine flatwoods ( dominated by longleaf pines and saw palmettos ) , and well - drained , upland sandhills ( dominated by longleaf pines and turkey oaks ) and sand pine scrub ( dominated by sand pines , saw palmettos , and various oaks ) . Offshore ecosystems include the Tampa Bay estuary and numerous gulf seagrass beds . The county also maintains several artificial reefs Animal life ( edit ) Numerous bird species can be sighted in Pinellas , either as permanent residents or during the winter migration , including wading birds like great blue herons , egrets , white ibises and roseate spoonbills , aquatic birds like brown pelicans , white pelicans , and cormorants , numerous species of shorebirds , and very - common birds like seagulls and passerines like the blue jay , mockingbird , and crow . Ospreys are a commonly seen bird - of - prey , with other birds of prey like turkey vultures , red tailed hawks , great horned owls , screech owls , barn owls , and bald eagles , among others , seen as well . Gopher tortoises are found in many areas , the burrows they dig making them a keystone species . Coyotes , though often associated with the American West , are native - to and can be found in Pinellas . White - tailed deer , wild turkeys , bobcats , otters , and alligators can be found in the county as well . Sea turtles nest on the shores or Pinellas ' barrier islands and have been threatened by development . Offshore , dolphins , sharks , and manatees are numerous as well , while closer inshore stingrays are a common sight , leading those in - the - know to do the `` stingray shuffle '' ( shuffling up the sand to scare nearby stingrays off ) when entering gulf waters . Species of fish commonly caught in the waters surrounding the county include spotted seatrout , red drum or redfish , snook , pompano , sheepshead , Spanish mackerel , grouper , mullet , flounder , kingfish , and tarpon . Invasive species ( edit ) Like much of Florida , Pinellas County is home to several invasive species that propagate easily outside their ( and their natural predators ' ) native range . Examples of commonly seen invasives include Brazilian pepper , water hyacinth , Australian pine , melaleuca and air potato . These species are considered serious pests , and varying methods have been tried to eradicate them . Examples of invasive animals include the wild boar , which poses significant health and agricultural problems in Florida and can sometimes be found in Pinellas , and the monk parakeet , small flocks of which can sometimes be seen in flight or building nests on electrical poles or telecommunications towers . Pinellas gained some national attention as the home of the Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay , a non-native , feral rhesus macaque that had been on the loose for approximately three years in the south of the county . No one was sure where the monkey came from , and a Facebook page set up for the monkey had over 84,000 likes ( as of October 2012 ) . The monkey was the subject of a sketch on the March 11 , 2010 episode of the Colbert Report . As of February 2012 , the monkey had apparently taken up semi-permanent residence behind a family 's home at an undisclosed location in St. Petersburg , according to the Tampa Bay Times . Efforts to capture the monkey were reignited after it reportedly bit a woman living near where it had taken up residence , and the monkey was captured in late October 2012 and eventually was sent to live at Dade City 's Wild Things , a 22 - acre ( 8.9 ha ) zoo north of Tampa . Climate ( edit ) Cumulonimbus clouds like this one are a frequent sight during the rainy season Main article : Climate of the Tampa Bay area Pinellas , like the rest of the Tampa Bay area , has a humid subtropical climate , resulting in warm , humid summers with frequent thunderstorms , and drier winters . Pinellas County 's geographic position - lying on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico introduces large amounts of humidity into the atmosphere and serves to moderate temperatures . The geography of the peninsula also causes some variance in the county 's average temperatures . St. Petersburg , further south on the peninsula , tends to have warmer daily average lows ( by about 3 degrees ) than areas such as Dunedin and Palm Harbor further north , though daily highs are very close . The north of the county also has fewer overall days of rain , but higher total annual precipitation when measured in inches , the county 's south being prone to shorter , more frequent thunderstorms especially in the late summer . Freezing temperatures occur only every 2 -- 3 years , with freezing precipitation occurring extremely rarely . Springs are usually short , mild , and dry , with occasional late - season cold fronts . Summertime weather is very consistent , with highs in the low 90s ° F ( around 32 ° C ) , lows in the mid-70s ° F ( around 24 ° C ) , accompanied by high humidity and an almost daily chance of afternoon thundershowers . The area experiences significant rainfall during its summer months ( approximately May through October ) , with nearly two - thirds of annual precipitation falling between the months of June and September . The area is occasionally affected by tropical storms and hurricanes , but has not suffered a direct hit since 1921 . Fall , like spring , is usually mild and dry , with the hurricane season extending through November and sometimes affecting the area . Many portions of south Pinellas , especially near the bay and gulf , have tropical microclimates . Tropical trees such as coconut palms and royal palms and fruit trees like mangoes grow very well in these microclimates . hide Climate data for St. Petersburg , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 89.2 ( 31.8 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 89.9 ( 32.2 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 83 ( 28 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 54 ( 12 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 70 ( 21 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.76 ( 70.1 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 1.92 ( 48.8 ) 2.80 ( 71.1 ) 6.09 ( 154.7 ) 6.72 ( 170.7 ) 8.26 ( 209.8 ) 7.59 ( 192.8 ) 2.64 ( 67.1 ) 2.04 ( 51.8 ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 49.58 ( 1,259.3 ) Average rainy days 6.3 6.1 6.1 4.2 5 10.3 13.5 14.2 12 5.9 5 5.5 94.1 Source : NOAA hide Climate data for Dunedin , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69 ( 21 ) 72 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 77 ( 25 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80.75 ( 27.08 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 50 ( 10 ) 53 ( 12 ) 57 ( 14 ) 62 ( 17 ) 68 ( 20 ) 73 ( 23 ) 75 ( 24 ) 75 ( 24 ) 72 ( 22 ) 66 ( 19 ) 59 ( 15 ) 53 ( 12 ) 63.58 ( 17.54 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 3.81 ( 96.8 ) 2.37 ( 60.2 ) 2.02 ( 51.3 ) 6.69 ( 169.9 ) 8.09 ( 205.5 ) 8.32 ( 211.3 ) 6.99 ( 177.5 ) 3.31 ( 84.1 ) 2.15 ( 54.6 ) 2.95 ( 74.9 ) 52.74 ( 1,339.6 ) Average rainy days 4.3 3.9 4.5 3.4 3.6 9.6 11 11.6 8.3 4.1 3.2 3.6 71.1 Source : Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1920 28,265 -- 1930 62,149 119.9 % 1940 91,852 47.8 % 1950 159,249 73.4 % 1960 374,665 135.3 % 1970 522,329 39.4 % 1980 728,531 39.5 % 851,659 16.9 % 2000 921,482 8.2 % 916,542 − 0.5 % Est. 2017 970,637 5.9 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 - 1960 1900 - 1990 1990 - 2000 2010 - 2015 2010 Census ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Ethnic / Race Demographics : White ( non-Hispanic ) ( 82.1 % when including White Hispanics ) : 76.9 % ( 17.7 % German , 15.5 % Irish , 12.6 % English , 8.9 % Italian , 4.3 % Polish , 4.0 % French , 2.6 % Scottish , 1.9 % Scotch - Irish , 1.7 % Dutch , 1.4 % Swedish , 1.4 % Greek , 1.1 % Russian , 1.0 % French Canadian , 0.9 % Norwegian , 0.8 % Welsh , 0.8 % Hungarian , 0.5 % Czech , 0.5 % Portuguese , 0.5 % Ukrainian ) Black or African - American ( non-Hispanic ) ( 10.3 % when including Black Hispanics ) : 10.0 % ( 0.6 % Subsaharan African , 0.5 % West Indian / Afro - Caribbean American ( 0.2 % Jamaican , 0.1 % Haitian , 0.1 % Trinidadian and Tobagonian , 0.1 % Other or Unspecified West Indian ) ) Hispanic or Latino of any race : 8.0 % ( 2.4 % Puerto Rican , 2.4 % Mexican , 0.9 % Cuban ) Asian : 3.0 % ( 0.8 % Vietnamese , 0.7 % Other Asian , 0.6 % Indian , 0.5 % Filipino , 0.3 % Chinese , 0.1 % Korean , 0.1 % Japanese ) Two or more races : 2.2 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Other Races : 2.0 % ( 0.6 % Arab ) In 2010 , 6.5 % of the population considered themselves to be of only `` American '' ancestry ( regardless of race or ethnicity . ) There were 415,876 households out of which 19.89 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 40.33 % were married couples living together , 11.86 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 43.67 % were non-families. 35.42 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.14 % ( 4.53 % male and 10.61 % female ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79 . The age distribution is 17.8 % under the age of 18 , 7.3 % from 18 to 24 , 23.0 % from 25 to 44 , 30.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 21.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 46.3 years . For every 100 females there were 92.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.8 males . The median income for a household in the county was $45,258 , and the median income for a family was $58,335 . Males had a median income of $41,537 versus $35,003 for females . The per capita income for the county was $28,742 . About 8.1 % of families and 12.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.7 % of those under age 18 and 9.0 % of those aged 65 or over . In 2010 , 11.2 % of the county 's population was foreign born , with 50.3 % being naturalized American citizens . Of foreign - born residents , 33.6 % were born in Europe , 32.1 % were born in Latin America , 20.9 % born in Asia , 9.8 % in North America , 3.0 % born in Africa , and 0.6 % were born in Oceania . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of 2000 , there were 921,482 people , 414,968 households , and 243,171 families residing in the county . The population density was 1,271 / km2 ( 3,292 / sq mi ) , making it the most densely populated county in Florida . There were 481,573 housing units at an average density of 1,720 per square mile ( 664 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the county was 85.85 % White ( 82.8 % were Non-Hispanic White , ) 8.96 % Black or African American , 0.30 % Native American , 2.06 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 1.14 % from other races , and 1.64 % from two or more races. 4.64 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 414,968 households out of which 22.10 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.80 % were married couples living together , 10.50 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.40 % were non-families. 34.10 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.50 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.77 . In the county , the population was spread out with 19.30 % under the age of 18 , 6.40 % from 18 to 24 , 27.30 % from 25 to 44 , 24.50 % from 45 to 64 , and 22.50 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 43 years . For every 100 females there were 91.00 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 87.80 males . In 2000 , 87.8 % of persons age 25 or above were high school graduates , slightly above Florida 's average of 84.9 % for Florida . 26.7 % of persons age 25 or above held a Bachelor 's degree or higher , also slightly higher than Florida 's rate of 25.6 % . The median income for a household in the county was $37,111 , and the median income for a family was $46,925 . Males had a median income of $32,264 versus $26,281 for females . The per capita income for the county was $23,497 . About 6.70 % of families and 10.00 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.90 % of those under age 18 and 8.20 % of those age 65 or over . In 2000 , as Florida 's 6th and the nation 's 53rd most populous county , Pinellas has a population greater than that of the individual states of Wyoming , Montana , Delaware , South Dakota , Alaska , North Dakota , and Vermont , as well as the District of Columbia . With a population density ( as of the 2000 Census ) of 3292 persons / mi2 , Pinellas county is by far the most densely populated county in the state , more than double that of Broward County , the next most densely populated . Languages ( edit ) As of 2010 , 87.17 % of all residents spoke English as their first language , while 5.56 % spoke Spanish , 0.78 % Vietnamese , 0.70 % French , 0.65 % Greek , 0.56 % German , and 0.52 % of the population spoke Serbo - Croatian as their mother language . In total , 12.83 % of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language . Government and politics ( edit ) The Board of County Commissioners governs all unincorporated areas of the county under the state 's constitution , with the power to adopt ordinances , approve the county budget , set millages , and provide services . The county 's municipalities , while governing their own affairs , may call upon the county for specialized services . The county administrator , appointed by and reporting to the Board , oversees most of the day - to - day operations of the county . As of 2013 , The members of the Board of County Commissioners are as follows : Janet Long - At - Large District # 1 ( 2012 -- present ) Pat Gerard - At - Large District # 2 ( 2014 -- present ) Charlie Justice - At - Large District # 3 ( 2012 -- present ) Dave Eggers , Single - Member District # 4 ( 2014 -- present ) Karen Seel , Single - Member District # 5 ( 1999 -- present ) John Morroni - Single - Member District # 6 ( 2000 -- present ) Ken Welch - Single - Member District # 7 ( 2000 -- present ) Mark Woodard - County Administrator ( 2014 -- present ) The county 's government website won a `` Sunny Award '' in 2010 for its proactive disclosure of government data from Sunshine Review . The Old Pinellas County Courthouse in Clearwater In national politics , Pinellas County , as part of the I - 4 Corridor stretching from Tampa Bay to Orlando , was one of the first areas of Florida to turn Republican . However , for the last quarter - century , it has been a powerful swing county in one of the nation 's most critical swing states . It is closely divided between predominantly liberal St. Petersburg and its predominantly suburban and conservative north and beaches . In the 2012 Presidential Election , Barack Obama won Pinellas with 52 % of the vote ( 239,104 votes ) to Mitt Romney 's 46.5 % ( 213,258 votes ) , slightly narrower than Obama 's 2008 election results in Pinellas of 53 % ( 248,299 votes ) to John McCain 's 45 % ( 210,066 votes ) . In 2004 Pinellas swung the other way , with George W. Bush winning a narrow plurality of 49.56 % ( 225,686 votes ) and John Kerry following closely behind with 49.51 % ( 225,460 votes ) . Presidential elections results Pinellas County vote by party in presidential elections Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 48.08 % 239,201 46.98 % 233,701 4.94 % 24,583 2012 46.45 % 213,258 52.08 % 239,104 1.47 % 6,750 2008 45.16 % 210,066 53.38 % 248,299 1.46 % 6,787 49.56 % 225,686 49.51 % 225,460 0.92 % 4,211 2000 46.38 % 184,849 50.35 % 200,657 3.27 % 13,020 40.44 % 152,155 49.10 % 184,748 10.46 % 39,369 37.63 % 159,121 37.96 % 160,528 24.41 % 103,202 57.76 % 211,049 41.72 % 152,420 0.52 % 1,901 1984 65.16 % 240,612 34.82 % 128,574 0.02 % 63 1980 53.83 % 185,728 40.12 % 138,428 6.04 % 20,847 1976 50.75 % 150,003 48.00 % 141,879 1.25 % 3,687 1972 69.83 % 179,541 30.02 % 77,197 0.15 % 378 1968 51.71 % 109,235 32.29 % 68,209 16.01 % 33,814 1964 44.98 % 80,414 55.02 % 98,381 1960 63.68 % 101,779 36.32 % 58,054 1956 72.55 % 74,314 27.45 % 28,113 1952 71.35 % 55,691 28.65 % 22,365 1948 55.92 % 24,900 35.32 % 15,724 8.76 % 3,900 1944 42.28 % 14,340 57.72 % 19,574 1940 41.30 % 13,327 58.70 % 18,941 1936 40.40 % 8,183 59.60 % 12,072 1932 42.07 % 7,024 57.93 % 9,670 1928 74.52 % 10,545 24.30 % 3,439 1.18 % 167 1924 47.53 % 2,872 43.57 % 2,633 8.91 % 538 1920 43.46 % 2,529 48.94 % 2,848 7.60 % 442 1916 22.86 % 555 61.90 % 1,503 15.24 % 370 1912 6.14 % 87 60.16 % 853 33.71 % 478 In the 2012 U.S. Senate election , Pinellas voters helped re-elect U.S. Senator Bill Nelson over challenger Connie Mack IV with 59 % of the vote , greater than his statewide average of 55 % . In the 2010 Senate Election , Pinellas was one of only four Florida counties won by outgoing Republican Governor Charlie Crist , a St. Petersburg native , who won 42 % of Pinellas voters running as an Independent in a three - way race with Republican nominee ( and eventual winner ) Marco Rubio and former Democratic U.S. Representative Kendrick Meek , who won 37 % and 16.8 % of the Pinellas vote , respectively . Statewide , Rubio won almost 49 % of the vote to Crist 's 29.7 % and Meek 's 20 % in a highly polarized election that would witness Crist depart from the Republican Party and eventually become a Democrat . Portions of Pinellas fall into Florida 's 12th and 13th congressional districts , served by Republican Gus Bilirakis and Democrat Crist . A court - ordered remap merged most of the 14th 's share of Pinellas into the 13th , enabling Crist to defeat Republican incumbent David Jolly in the 2016 election , breaking a 62 - year GOP hold on what is now the 13th . In state politics , portions of Pinellas are represented in the Florida Senate by Democratic State Senator Arthenia Joyner ( District 19 ) and Republican State Senators Jack Latvala ( District 20 ) and Jeff Brandes ( District 22 ) . In the Florida House parts of the county are represented by Republicans James Grant ( District 64 ) , Chris Sprowls ( District 65 ) , Larry Ahern ( District 66 ) , Chris Latvala ( District 67 ) , and Kathleen Peters ( District 69 ) and Democrats Dwight Dudley ( District 68 ) and Darryl Rouson ( District 70 ) . Voter Registration ( edit ) Party Number of Voters % Republican 230,556 35.9 Democratic 229,840 35.7 Other 182,824 28.4 Total 643,220 100 % Education ( edit ) Stetson University College of Law in Gulfport Primary and secondary education ( edit ) The county is served by the Pinellas County School District . The current superintendent is Dr. Michael Grego . The district , the nation 's 24th largest , comprises 143 schools , including 72 elementary schools , 17 middle schools , 2 K - 8 schools , 17 high schools , and 35 additional facilities including ESE , adult ed , career / technical , and charters . A new middle school is in the works at East Lake High School . The district also operates the K - 12 Pinellas Virtual School . Among the many notable magnet programs in the district are three International Baccalaureate ( IB ) programs , at St. Petersburg High School , Palm Harbor University High School , and Largo High School , the Center for Advanced Technologies ( CAT ) at Lakewood High School , the Pinellas County Center for the Arts ( PCCA ) at Gibbs High School , three middle school Centers for Gifted Studies , at Thurgood Marshall Fundamental , Morgan Fitzgerald , and Dunedin Highland Middle Schools , and Florida 's only Fundamental High School , at Osceola High School . Two of the district 's high schools are also ranked in Newsweek 's 2012 list of America 's Best High Schools . Pinellas County Schools also offers many courses for academically advanced and gifted individuals . The county is also home to many private schools , including Admiral Farragut Academy , Canterbury School , Calvary Christian , Clearwater Central Catholic , Keswick Christian School , Shorecrest Preparatory School , and St. Petersburg Catholic High School , among others . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Pinellas County is home several institutions of higher learning , including Eckerd College , the University of South Florida St. Petersburg , the multi-campus St. Petersburg College , the Stetson University College of Law in Gulfport , and the main campus of Schiller International University in Largo , after previously being located in Dunedin . Libraries ( edit ) The Pinellas Public Library Cooperative ( PPLC ) serves county residents by coordinating activities , funding and information and facilitating borrowing across 15 its constituent systems within the county . Individual libraries are primarily funded and operated by their municipalities . PPLC provides digital resources , coordinated marketing , courier service between libraries , and a shared online publicly accessible catalog . Economy ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Sunset on Clearwater Beach Historical ECONOMIC strengths ( edit ) Agriculture was the single most important industry in Pinellas until the early 20th century , with much of the best land devoted to citrus production . Cattle ranching was another major industry . In 1885 the American Medical Society declared the Pinellas peninsula the `` healthiest spot on earth '' , which helped spur the growth of the tourist industry . Economy today ( edit ) Anchored by the urban markets of Clearwater and St. Petersburg , Pinellas has the second largest base of manufacturing employment in Florida . Pinellas has diverse , yet symbiotic , industry clusters , including aviation / aerospace , defense / national security , medical technologies , business and financial services , and information technology . Fortune 500 technology manufacturers Jabil Circuit and Tech Data are headquartered in Pinellas . Other large companies include HSN , Nielsen , and Valpak . Service industries such as healthcare , business services and education account for more than 200,000 jobs in the county , generating almost $19 billion in revenue . Other major sectors include retail , with close to 100,000 employees in jobs such as food service , bars , and retail sales generating $12 billion for the local economy in 2010 , and industries related to finance , insurance and real estate with approximately 44,000 workers generating $8.5 billion in sales . Culture ( edit ) The Salvador Dalí Museum Museums ( edit ) Museum of Fine Arts near the Pier in downtown St. Petersburg Salvador Dalí Museum in downtown St. Petersburg Florida Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg Morean Arts Center in downtown St. Petersburg Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum in downtown St. Petersburg Leepa - Rattner Museum of Art on the Tarpon Springs Campus of St. Petersburg College Great Explorations Children 's Museum in St. Petersburg Performing Arts venues ( edit ) Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater Mahaffey Theater in St. Petersburg Palladium Theater in St. Petersburg Jannus Landing in St. Petersburg Palladium at St. Petersburg College in St. Petersburg freeFall Theatre in St. Petersburg American Stage in St. Petersburg The Florida Orchestra splits its performances between Ruth Eckerd Hall , the Mahaffey Theater , and the Straz Center for the Performing Arts in Tampa . Clearwater Jazz Holiday held every October in Coachman Park in downtown Clearwater ; in its 32nd year . Other points of interest ( edit ) See also : National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County , Florida and List of ghost towns in Florida Long established communities , particularly Old Northeast in St. Petersburg , Pass - a-Grille in St. Pete Beach , Harbor Oaks in Clearwater , and old Tarpon Springs contain notable historic architecture . The area has embraced farmer 's markets , with St. Petersburg 's Saturday Morning Market drawing large crowds , and other markets located weekly in several other parts of the county also seeing a growth in popularity . Downtowns in St. Petersburg and Dunedin , and many of the beaches , especially Clearwater Beach , all attract a vibrant nightlife . In addition to the above - mentioned Heritage Village in Largo , a number of small local history museums operate within the county : the St. Petersburg Museum of History on the downtown St. Petersburg waterfront , the Gulf Beaches Historical Museum in Pass - a-Grille , the Dunedin History Museum in Dunedin , the Palm Harbor Museum in Palm Harbor , and the Historic Depot Museum in Tarpon Springs all provide visitors a glimpse of the area 's history . Two botanical gardens are located within the county : The Florida Botanical Gardens , a part of the Pinewood Cultural Park in Largo , and Sunken Gardens , a former tourist attraction located in and now run by the City of St. Petersburg . Indian Shores is home to the Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary , currently the largest non-profit wild bird hospital in the United States and considered one of the top avian rehabilitation centers in the world . A variety of species can be found at the sanctuary , which is open 365 days a year and is free to the public . On Clearwater Beach is the Clearwater Marine Aquarium , a non-profit dedicated to the rescue , rehabilitation and release of injured marine animals and public education . CMA 's best - known permanent resident , is Winter , a bottlenose dolphin who was rescued in December 2005 after having her tail caught in a crab trap . Her injuries sadly caused the loss of her tail ; CMA successfully fitted Winter with a prosthetic tail which brought worldwide attention to the facility . Winter was the subject of the 2011 film Dolphin Tale , shot partially on location at CMA . On the south end of Anclote Key , off of Tarpon Springs , is the Anclote Key Light , a lighthouse built in 1887 . The light is Pinellas County 's only functioning lighthouse , and one of only two in the Tampa Bay Area . The light was deactivated in 1984 , but by 2003 had been restored and as of 2013 continues to be in use . The island forms Anclote Key Preserve State Park and is accessible only by private boat . Dunedin is home to the Dunedin Brewery , Florida 's oldest microbrewery . Sports and recreation ( edit ) Tropicana Field , home of the Tampa Bay Rays Sports teams ( edit ) The Tampa Bay Area is home to three major professional sports teams and a number of minor - league and college teams . Regardless of the specific city where they play their games , all of the professional teams claim `` Tampa Bay '' in their name to signify that they represent the entire area . Professionally , baseball 's Tampa Bay Rays play at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , while football 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers and hockey 's Tampa Bay Lightning both play in nearby Tampa . Two MLB teams come to Pinellas for spring training : the Philadelphia Phillies play at Bright House Field in Clearwater while the Toronto Blue Jays play at Florida auto exchange stadium in Dunedin . Minor League teams in the area include the Clearwater Threshers ( formerly the Clearwater Phillies ) who play at Bright House Field and the Dunedin Blue Jays who play Dunedin Stadium . The North American Soccer League 's Tampa Bay Rowdies play at Progress Energy Park in St. Petersburg The Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg is held every spring on the downtown St. Petersburg waterfront . The PGA Tour plays its Valspar Championship annually in March on the Copperhead Course at the Innisbrook Golf Resort in Palm Harbor . Recreational areas ( edit ) Skyway Fishing Pier State Park - Remnants of the approaches to the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge and the longest fishing pier in the world . Fred Marquis Pinellas Trail - 37 - mile running and cycling trail over a former railroad bed connecting Tarpon Springs to St. Petersburg . Other popular fishing locations include Pier 60 on Clearwater Beach and the Gulf and Bay Piers at Fort De Soto Park , as well as countless spots along the bridges and passes of the area , among many others . Pinellas County 's coastal geography , with a long system of barrier islands on the Gulf and small - to - large mangrove islands dotting the waters on all sides , provides for an extensive series of blueways that are enjoyed by kayakers of all ability levels . The county also maintains a series of artificial reefs in the Gulf which are popular spots for fishing and scuba diving The county 's two largest freshwater lakes , Lake Tarpon ( accessible through Chestnut and Anderson parks ) and Lake Seminole ( accessible through Lake Seminole Park ) , are popular for water skiing , jet - skiing , and sailing , as well as for fishing and kayaking . Both the North Beach of Fort De Soto Park ( 2005 ) and Caladesi Island ( 2008 ) have been named by Dr. Beach as America 's Top Beach . Media ( edit ) See also : Media in the Tampa Bay Area Pinellas County , as a part of the Tampa Bay Area ( the nation 's 14th largest television market ) , is served by fourteen local broadcast television stations , as well as a variety of cable - only local stations . More than 70 FM and AM stations compete for listenership in what is the nation 's 19th largest radio market . Major daily newspapers serving Pinellas are the Tampa Bay Times , known as the St. Petersburg Times from 1884 -- 2011 and first in circulation and readership , and The Tampa Tribune . The Times also distributes a free daily ( Monday - Friday ) tabloid called tbt * in the most heavily populated areas of the county . Creative Loafing Tampa is the main alternative weekly . iLovetheBurg.com is an award - winning and popular online source of information for downtown St. Petersburg . Transportation ( edit ) The Sunshine Skyway Bridge Brick - covered section of Park St. in the Jungle Prada neighborhood of St. Petersburg Major highways ( edit ) I - 175 / SR 594 I - 275 / SR 93 I - 375 US 19 US 19 Alt . / SR 595 US 92 SR 60 SR 580 SR 586 SR 590 SR 679 SR 682 SR 686 SR 687 SR 688 SR 689 SR 693 SR 694 SR 699 Airports ( edit ) Replica of the airplane flown by Tony Jannus at St. Petersburg -- Clearwater International Airport St. Petersburg -- Clearwater International Airport Albert Whitted Airport Clearwater Executive Airpark Tampa International Airport is located across the bay in nearby Tampa . Railroads ( edit ) Amtrak continues to have a presence in Pinellas County through a bus station in Pinellas Park The CSX railroad company operates the Clearwater Subdivision in Pinellas County , made up of segments of branch lines of the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Seaboard Air Line Railroad . Beginning in Tampa , the line has daily freight rail traffic through Oldsmar , Safety Harbor , Clearwater , Largo , Pinellas Park , and into St. Petersburg . Regularly - scheduled passenger rail services in Pinellas County ended on February 1 , 1984 when Amtrak discontinued its rail operations in the county , and the last passenger rail service in the county of any kind , a series of special excursion runs between Tarpon Springs and Dunedin , occurred on March 8 , 1987 . CSX owned the last remaining trackage in downtown St. Petersburg until March 2008 when it , along with the remaining trackage south of Central Avenue and east of 34th Street South , began to be dismantled . That right - of - way , as well as the right - of - way of several other former CSX railroad lines in the county beginning in the 1990s , was converted into a section of the Pinellas Trail . As of 2012 , proposals are currently being developed by community leaders for a light rail system which would connect the regional core cities of Clearwater , St. Petersburg , and Tampa . The proposal , which has won the backing of the Clearwater and St. Petersburg City Councils would rely on a 1 % sales tax and would have to go before voters for approval . Mass Transit ( edit ) The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority ( PSTA ) operates 205 buses and trolleys servicing 37 routes across the county , with major stops at all commercial centers . Along the Gulf Beaches , PTSA operates the Suncoast Beach Trolley . PTSA also offers two express routes to downtown Tampa via the Howard Frankland and Gandy Bridges , connecting with Tampa 's HartLine , and connects with Pasco 's PCPT in Tarpon Springs to continue service in that county . The system 's two main bus terminals are located in downtown Clearwater and downtown St. Petersburg . During fiscal year 2005 - 06 , PSTA transported 11,400,484 passengers . Emergency management ( edit ) The original building of Mound Park Hospital in St. Petersburg , around which Bayfront Medical Center was built Fire departments ( edit ) Clearwater Fire Rescue Dunedin Fire Rescue East Lake Fire Rescue Gulfport Fire Rescue Largo Fire Rescue Lealman Fire District Maderia Beach Fire Rescue Oldsmar Fire Rescue Palm Harbor Fire Rescue Pinellas Park Fire Rescue Pinellas Suncoast Fire District Safety Harbor Fire Rescue Seminole Fire Rescue St. Pete Beach Fire Rescue St. Petersburg Fire Rescue South Pasadena Fire Rescue Tarpon Springs Fire Rescue Treasure Island Fire Rescue Emergency Medical Services ( edit ) Sunstar Paramedics Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Belleair Police Department Clearwater Police Department Gulfport Police Department Indian Shores Police Department Kenneth City Police Department Largo Police Department Pinellas County Sheriff 's Office Pinellas Park Police Department St. Petersburg Police Department Tarpon Springs Police Department Treasure Island Police Department Hospitals ( edit ) All Children 's Hospital - St. Petersburg Bay Pines VA Medical Center - Located between St. Petersburg and Seminole in Bay Pines Bayfront Medical Center - St. Petersburg . Pinellas County 's trauma center which operates Bayflite Edward White Hospital - St. Petersburg ( closed November 24 , 2014 ) HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital - Largo Florida Hospital North Pinellas - Tarpon Springs Largo Medical Center - Largo Mease Countryside Hospital - Safety Harbor Mease Dunedin Hospital - Dunedin Morton Plant Hospital - Clearwater Northside Hospital and Tampa Bay Heart Institute - St. Petersburg Palms of Pasadena Hospital - South Pasadena St. Anthonys Hospital - St. Petersburg St. Petersburg General Hospital - St. Petersburg Communities ( edit ) Location of municipalities in Pinellas County as indicated by list at left St. Petersburg skyline from the Pier Clearwater pass from Clearwater Beach Cities ( edit ) Belleair Beach ( 2 ) Belleair Bluffs ( 3 ) Clearwater ( 5 ) Dunedin ( 6 ) Gulfport ( 7 ) Indian Rocks Beach ( 8 ) Largo ( 11 ) Madeira Beach ( 12 ) Oldsmar ( 14 ) Pinellas Park ( 15 ) Safety Harbor ( 18 ) Seminole ( 19 ) South Pasadena ( 20 ) St. Pete Beach ( 21 ) St. Petersburg ( 22 ) Tarpon Springs ( 23 ) Treasure Island ( 24 ) Towns ( edit ) Belleair ( 1 ) Belleair Shore ( 4 ) Indian Shores ( 9 ) Kenneth City ( 10 ) North Redington Beach ( 13 ) Redington Beach ( 16 ) Redington Shores ( 17 ) Census - designated places ( edit ) Bardmoor Bay Pines Bear Creek East Lake Feather Sound Greenbriar Harbor Bluffs Lealman Palm Harbor Ridgecrest South Highpoint Tierra Verde West Lealman Other unincorporated communities ( edit ) Baskin Crystal Beach Curlew Gandy Highpoint Innisbrook Oakhurst Ozona St. George Seminole Park Wall Springs Walsingham In popular culture ( edit ) Movies filmed or set in Pinellas County include : Gifted -- ( 2017 ) - set in Pinellas County , with scenes in the Pinellas County Courthouse , but filmed in Chatham County , Georgia Sunlight Jr. -- ( 2013 ) Spring Breakers -- ( 2013 ) Magic Mike -- ( 2012 ) Dolphin Tale ( 2011 ) -- Filmed and set at the Clearwater Marine Aquarium Immortal Island ( 2011 ) A Fonder Heart ( 2011 ) -- Scenes filmed in Clearwater Misconceptions ( 2008 ) -- scenes filmed at Eckerd College Grace is Gone ( 2007 ) -- scenes filmed at Fort De Soto Love Comes Lately ( 2007 ) -- scenes filmed at Pass A Grille and St. Pete Beach Loren Cass ( 2006 ) -- scenes filmed throughout St. Petersburg The Punisher ( 2004 ) -- Scenes filmed at Honeymoon Island State Park , Fort De Soto and the Sunshine Skyway Bridge American Outlaws ( 2001 ) -- scenes filmed at Fort De Soto Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) -- single scene filmed at the Derby Lane Greyhound Track in St. Petersburg Great Expectations ( 1998 ) -- Scenes filmed at Fort DeSoto Park in St. Petersburg Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) -- scenes filmed at the Soreno Hotel ( now gone ) in St. Petersburg Cocoon ( 1985 ) -- filmed and set in St. Petersburg Summer Rental ( 1985 ) -- Filmed in St. Pete Beach Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) -- scenes filmed at the historic Don Cesar hotel on St. Pete Beach Porky 's ( 1982 ) -- based on actual occurrences at Boca Ciega High School in Gulfport the early 1960s HealtH ( 1980 ) -- filmed entirely at the historic Don Cesar hotel on St. Pete Beach See also ( edit ) Florida portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County , Florida Timeline of Pinellas County , Florida history List of tallest buildings in St. Petersburg References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.pinellascounty.org/mpo/MobilityPlan/CompPlanMPamdsSU.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . census.gov . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando passes St. Pete : City Beautiful is now Florida 's fourth largest city '' . ^ Jump up to : `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McMullen - Coachman Log Cabin '' . Heritage Village . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Odet Philippe Marker '' . hmdb.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida , Park and Conservation Resources - Philippe Park '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ODET PHILIPPE - FLORIDA PIONEE - Genealogy.com '' . genealogy.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7Brothers '' . fl-genweb.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ussforthenry.com/USSFHpdf/Pinellas_Whitehurst.PDF Jump up ^ `` Twelve - inch mortars '' . fortdesoto.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County turns 100 years old '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/PDF/HEObook.pdf Jump up ^ `` Southpinellas : For Coquina Key , cycle of rum , boom and bust '' . sptimes.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` During World War II , St. Pete had its Bomb - a-Dears '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Meacham , `` Mayor packed ideas , pipe tobacco in rich public life , '' September 15 , 2010 `` . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Skyway Disaster '' . sptimes.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tampabay : Horrific accident created an unforgettable scene '' . sptimes.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Top 10 Bridges '' . Travel Channel . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fact About Pinellas '' . Pinellas County government . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Pinellas County is 38 miles long , and 15 miles at it 's ( sic ) broadest point , for a total of 280 square miles . 587 miles of coastline . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida - About Pinellas - Facts '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/Plan/comp_plan/04natural/ch-1.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/Plan/comp_plan/05coastal/ch-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County Florida - Parks & Preserves '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boyd Hill Nature Preserve - St. Petersburg , Florida '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay finds a home , family in the woods '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCDC : U.S. Climate Normals '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.weather.com/outlook/homeandgarden/home/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USFL0119 Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinellas County : SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinellas County Demographic Characteristics '' . ocala.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Dade County , Florida FIRST ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe : Total population - 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 -- 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinellas County : Age Groups and Sex : 2010 - 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida : SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS - 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics Pinellas County , FL '' . MuniNetGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US12&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-2 ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Orange County , Florida '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida , Board of County Commissioners '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida , Administration '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Newspapers , County receives A+ for Web site , June 22 , 2010 '' . Jump up ^ David Leip . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Leip. `` 2010 Senatorial General Election Results - Florida '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Crist signs papers to become a Democrat '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Month End Voter Statistics '' . www.votepinellas.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Beast '' . Jump up ^ `` Home . '' Schiller International University . Retrieved on August 28 , 2011 `` Main Campus 8560 Ulmerton Road Largo , Florida 33771 '' Jump up ^ Helfand , Lorri . `` Largo makes Schiller a priority . '' Clearwater Times ( Edition of St. Petersburg Times ) . Thursday February 23 , 2006 . Page 1 . Retrieved from Google News ( 83 of 108 ) on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PPLC : About '' . Jump up ^ webcoast.com Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County Blueways Paddling Guide '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/utilities/reef/default.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Beach : America 's Foremost Beach Expert '' . drbeach.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf Jump up ^ `` Audio '' . arbitron.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luisi 2010 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Trail enters downtown -- A Pinellas Trail extension will reach the waterfront '' . St. Petersburg Times . March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transit Leaders Talk Rail in Pinellas '' . Clearwater , FL Patch . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PSTA '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida - Safety & Emergency Services - Fire Administration '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . sunstarems.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.siliconbay.org/download/document/20080514_153534_19517.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Luisi , Vincent ( 2010 ) , Railroading in Pinellas County ( 1st ed . ) , Arcadia Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 8550 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinellas County , Florida . Official web site with info for businesses , residents , and visitors Southwest Florida Water Management District USF Map Database Maps of early Pinellas County University of Floria Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension in Pinellas County Pinellas Watershed Excursion educational interactive guide Coordinates : 27 ° 54 ′ N 82 ° 44 ′ W / 27.90 ° N 82.74 ° W / 27.90 ; - 82.74 Places adjacent to Pinellas County , Florida Pasco County Gulf of Mexico Pinellas County , Florida Hillsborough County Manatee County Municipalities and communities of Pinellas County , Florida , United States County seat : Clearwater Cities Belleair Beach Belleair Bluffs Clearwater Dunedin Gulfport Indian Rocks Beach Largo Madeira Beach Oldsmar Pinellas Park Safety Harbor St. Pete Beach St. Petersburg Seminole South Pasadena Tarpon Springs Treasure Island Towns Belleair Belleair Shore Indian Shores Kenneth City North Redington Beach Redington Beach Redington Shores CDPs Bardmoor Bay Pines Bear Creek East Lake Feather Sound Greenbriar Harbor Bluffs Lealman Palm Harbor Ridgecrest South Highpoint Tierra Verde West Lealman Unincorporated communities Anona Crystal Beach Gandy Highpoint Innisbrook Ozona Tampa Bay Area Topics Tampa Bay Climate History Media Sports Tampa International Airport Hillsborough County Public Schools Pinellas County Schools University of South Florida Central cities Tampa St. Petersburg Clearwater Smaller communities Pinellas Park Temple Terrace Brandon Zephyrhills Plant City Largo Dunedin Tarpon Springs Lutz Sun City Center Counties in MSA Hernando Hillsborough Pasco Pinellas See also : Florida State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Congressional Delegations Districts Education Environment Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Caves Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Keys Lake Okeechobee Reef Sinkholes State forests State parks Swamps Major hurricanes 1910 Cuba hurricane 1926 Nassau hurricane 1926 Miami hurricane 1928 Okeechobee hurricane 1929 Bahamas hurricane 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane 1935 Labor Day hurricane Donna ( 1960 ) Cleo ( 1964 ) Dora ( 1964 ) Betsy ( 1965 ) Eloise ( 1975 ) Kate ( 1985 ) Andrew ( 1992 ) Ivan ( 1994 ) Opal ( 1995 ) Georges ( 1998 ) Charley ( 2004 ) Frances ( 2004 ) Dennis ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Society African - American Cuban - American culture Miami Tampa Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Floridians Haitian - American culture Delray Beach Miami Indigenous peoples Everglades Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas_County,_Florida&oldid=856790093 '' Categories : Florida counties 1912 establishments in Florida Charter counties in Florida Counties in the Tampa Bay Area Pinellas County , Florida Populated places established in 1912 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bân - 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what is the largest city in pinellas county
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"Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida.[3] As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,542.[4] The county is part of the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.[3] Clearwater is the county seat,[5] and St. Petersburg is the largest city.[3]\n"
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"St. Petersburg"
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Barometer question
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Barometer question - wikipedia Barometer question Jump to : navigation , search For European `` barometer surveys '' and questions , see Eurobarometer . A storm glass or Goethe 's device , an early practical type of barometer . Calandra 's essay does not name the type of the device , although the answers provided by the student suggest the use of a portable aneroid barometer . The barometer question is an example of an incorrectly designed examination question demonstrating functional fixedness that causes a moral dilemma for the examiner . In its classic form , popularized by American test designer professor Alexander Calandra ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , the question asked the student to `` show how it is possible to determine the height of a tall building with the aid of a barometer . '' The examiner was confident that there was one , and only one , correct answer , which is through calculating the difference in pressure at the top and bottom of the building . Contrary to the examiner 's expectations , the student responded with a series of completely different answers . These answers were also correct , yet none of them proved the student 's competence in the specific academic field being tested . The barometer question achieved the status of an urban legend ; according to an internet meme , the question was asked at the University of Copenhagen and the student was Niels Bohr . The Kaplan , Inc . ACT preparation textbook describes it as an `` MIT legend '' , and an early form is found in a 1958 American humor book . However , Calandra presented the incident as a real - life , first - person experience that occurred during the Sputnik crisis . Calandra 's essay , Angels on a Pin , was published in 1959 in Pride , a magazine of American College Public Relations Association . It was reprinted in Current Science in 1964 , in Saturday Review in 1968 and included in the 1969 edition of Calandra 's The Teaching of Elementary Science and Mathematics . In the same 1969 Calandra 's essay became a subject of an academic discussion . It was frequently reprinted since 1970 , making its way into books on subjects ranging from teaching , writing skills , workplace counseling and investment in real estate to chemical industry , computer programming and integrated circuit design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calandra 's account 2 Internet meme 3 Interpretations 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 See also Calandra 's account ( edit ) A colleague of Calandra asked the barometer question to a student , expecting the correct answer : `` the height of the building can be estimated in proportion to the difference between the barometer readings at the bottom and at the top of the building '' . The student provided a different , and also correct answer : `` Take the barometer to the top of the building . Attach a long rope to it , lower the barometer to the street , then bring it up , measuring the length of the rope . The length of the rope is the height of the building . '' The examiner and Calandra , who was called to advise on the case , faced a moral dilemma . According to the format of the exam , a correct answer deserved a full credit . But issuing a full credit would have violated academic standards by rewarding a student who had not demonstrated competence in the academic field that had been tested ( physics ) . Neither of two available options ( pass or fail ) was morally acceptable . Calandra asked the student the same question , and received a wealth of different answers including dropping the barometer from the top of the building and timing its fall with a stopwatch ; trading the barometer to the building 's superintendent in return for the information wanted ; creating two small pendulums and measuring the variation of g from the ground to the top of the building ; creating a pendulum as high as the building and measuring its period ; and comparing the length of the shadows of the building and the barometer . The student ultimately admitted that he knew the expected `` correct '' answer but was fed up with the professor 's `` teaching him how to think ... rather than teaching him the structure of the subject . '' Internet meme ( edit ) According to Snopes.com , more recent ( 1999 and 1988 ) versions identify the problem as a question in `` a physics degree exam at the University of Copenhagen '' and the student as Niels Bohr , and includes the following answers : Tying a piece of string to the barometer , lowering the barometer from the roof to the ground , and measuring the length of the string and barometer . Dropping the barometer off the roof , measuring the time it takes to hit the ground , and calculating the building 's height assuming constant acceleration under gravity . When the sun is shining , standing the barometer up , measuring the height of the barometer and the lengths of the shadows of both barometer and building , and finding the building 's height using similar triangles . Tying a piece of string to the barometer , and swinging it like a pendulum both on the ground and on the roof , and from the known pendulum length and swing period , calculate the gravitational field for the two cases . Use Newton 's law of gravitation to calculate the radial altitude of both the ground and the roof . The difference will be the height of the building . Tying a piece of string to the barometer , which is as long as the height of the building , and swinging it like a pendulum , and from the swing period , calculate the pendulum length . Marking off the number of barometer lengths vertically along the emergency staircase , and multiplying this with the length of the barometer . Trading the barometer for the correct information with the building 's janitor or superintendent . Measuring the pressure difference between ground and roof and calculating the height difference ( the expected answer ) . Interpretations ( edit ) Professor of physics Mark Silverman used what he called `` The Barometer - Story formula '' precisely for explaining the subject of pressure and recommended it to physics teachers . Silverman called Calandra 's story `` a delightful essay that I habitually read to my class whenever we study fluids ... the essay is short , hilarious and satisfying ( at least to me and my class ) . '' Financial advisor Robert G. Allen presented Calandra 's essay to illustrate the process and role of creativity in finance . `` Creativity is born when you have a problem to solve . And as you can see from this story ( Angels on a Pin ) there are many ways of solving a problem . Creativity is the art of looking for solutions that are out of the ordinary , different , unorthodox . '' O'Meara used the barometer question to illustrate the art of steering students ' activities to a desired outcome : `` if the question is not aligned ( with the desired learning outcome ) then the problem becomes an exercise of problem solving for its own value . '' The teacher can steer the students either through careful design of the questions ( this rules out barometer questions ) , or through guiding the students to the desired choices . In case of the original barometer question , the examiner may explicitly say that the problem has more than one solution , insist on applying the laws of physics , or give them the `` ending point '' of the solution : `` How did I discover that the building was 410 feet in height with only a barometer ? '' Herson used the Calandra account as an illustration of the difference between academic tests and assessment in education . Tests , even the ones designed for reliability and validity , are useful , but they are not sufficient in real - world education . Sanders interpreted Calandra 's story as a conflict between perfection and optimal solutions : `` We struggle to determine a ' best ' answer , when a simple call to a Building Superintendent ( the resource man ) would quickly provide adequate information . '' Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.unz.org/Pub/SaturdayRev-1968dec21-00060?View=PDF Jump up ^ http://naturelovesmath-en.blogspot.in/2011/06/niels-bohr-barometer-question-myth.html Jump up ^ Kaplan , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Reader 's Digest Treasury of Wit & Humor , p. 303 ^ Jump up to : Calandra , Alexander , Angels on a Pin . Reproduced in Barnes et al. , pp. 228 - 229 . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Pride , volumes 3 - 4 ( 1959 ) . American College Public Relations Association . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Attribution and date ( Current Science ( Teacher 's Edition ) , 44 ( January 6 -- 10 , 1964 ) , pp. 1 - 2 . ) as in : Van Cleve Morris et al. ( 1969 ) . Modern movements in educational philosophy . Houghton Mifflin . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Attribution and date ( Saturday Review , Dec. 21 , 1968 ) as in Weimer , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Attribution and year of publication ( `` Published in the AIChE Journal vol. 15 no . 2 , 1969 , p. 13 . `` ) as in Sanders , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Discussed by Calandra et al. in : Van Cleve Morris et al. ( 1969 ) . Modern movements in educational philosophy . Houghton Mifflin . Jump up ^ Reproduced in entirety in : Muse Milton ( 1970 ) . Selected readings for the introduction to the teaching profession . McCutchan Pub . Corp . ISBN 0 - 8211 - 1218 - X , pp. 100 - 103 . Jump up ^ Reproduced in entirety in Barnes et al. , pp. 228 - 229 ; paraphrased in Herson , pp. 21 - 22 etc . Jump up ^ Reproduced in entirety in : Skwire , David ( 1994 ) . Writing with a thesis : a rhetoric and reader . Harcourt Brace College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 03 - 079101 - 4 . pp. 40 - 42 . Jump up ^ Reproduced in entirety , in German , in : Otto F. Kernberg ( 2005 ) . WIR : Psychotherapeuten über sich und ihren `` unmöglichen '' Beruf . Schattauer Verlag . ISBN 3 - 7945 - 2466 - 7 . pp. 318 - 319 . Jump up ^ Reproduced in part in : Allen , pp. 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paraphrased in : Sanders , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Paraphrased in Peter van der Linden ( 1994 ) . Expert C programming : deep C secrets . Prentice Hall PTR . ISBN 0 - 13 - 177429 - 8 . p. 344 . Jump up ^ Reproduced in entirety in : Jim Williams ( 1992 ) . Analog Circuit Design : Art , Science and Personalities . Newnes . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 9640 - 0 . pp. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ A classic in - depth discussion of the subject was presented in 1823 by Rev. Baden Powell in Measurement of Heights by the Barometer , published in volume 22 , numbers I through V , of the Annals of Philosophy . For a modern presentation of the same subject , see Silverman , pp. 40 - 48 . The particular formula sought by Calandra 's examiner is marked with index 2.12 on page 41 . ^ Jump up to : Calandra , Alexander , Angels on a Pin . Reproduced in Barnes et al. , pp. 228 - 229 . p. 228 . Jump up ^ snopes.com : The Barometer Problem Jump up ^ Silverman , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Allen , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : O'Meara , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Herson , pp. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sanders , p. 197 . References ( edit ) Robert G. Allen ( 2004 ) . Nothing Down for the 2000s : Dynamic New Wealth Strategies in Real Estate . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6155 - 0 . Louis B. Barnes , Carl Roland Christensen , Abby J. Hansen ( 1994 ) . Teaching and the case method : text , cases , and readings . Harvard Business Press . ISBN 0 - 87584 - 403 - 0 . Walter Grarzer ( 2004 ) . Eurekas and euphorias : the Oxford book of scientific anecdotes . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860940 - X . Kaplan ACT Premier Program 2009 . Kaplan , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4195 - 5237 - 6 . Naomi L. Herson ( 1986 ) , Evaluation for Excellence in Education , in : Evaluation for excellence in education : presentations given at a workshop / seminar . Canadian Education Association . ISBN 0 - 920315 - 16 - X . Jodi O'Meara ( 2010 ) . Beyond Differentiated Instruction . Corwin Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 8203 - 0 . Roy E. Sanders ( 2005 ) . Chemical process safety : learning from case histories . Gulf Professional Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7749 - X . Mark P. Silverman ( 2002 ) . A universe of atoms , an atom in the universe . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95437 - 6 . The cited chapter reproduces an earlier publication : Mark P. Silverman ( 1998 ) . Flying High , Thinking Low ? What Every Aeronaut Needs To Know . The Physics Teacher. 1998 , vol. 36 . pp. 288 -- 293 . The solution sought by Calandra 's examiner is indexed with ( 4 ) in the very end of p. 289 . Maryellen Weimer ( 2002 ) . Learner - centered teaching : five key changes to practice . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 5646 - 5 . See also ( edit ) Manhole cover question Microsoft interview Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barometer_question&oldid=792633129 '' Categories : Professional ethics Urban legends Tests Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Latviešu Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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PAW Patrol
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PAW Patrol - Wikipedia PAW Patrol PAW Patrol Created by Keith Chapman Developed by Scott Kraft Directed by Jamie Whitney ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Charles E. Bastien ( 2016 -- present ) Voices of Jaxon Mercey Drew Davis Devan Cohen Justin Kelley Samuel Faraci Carter Thorne Kallan Holley Ron Pardo Theme music composer Michael Smidi Smith Scott Krippayne Opening theme `` PAW Patrol '' performed by Scott Simons Ending theme `` PAW Patrol '' ( instrumental ) Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennifer Dodge ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Laura Clunie ( season 3 -- present ) Ronnen Harary Keith Chapman Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan ( season 5 -- present ) Scott Kraft Producer ( s ) Patricia Burns Running time 22 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Guru Studio Spin Master Entertainment TVOntario Nickelodeon Release Original network TVOntario ( Canada ) Nickelodeon ( U.S. ) Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) SDTV ( 480i ) Audio format Surround Original release August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website PAW Patrol is a Canadian CGI -- animated television series created by Keith Chapman . It is produced by Spin Master Entertainment in association with TVOntario and Nickelodeon , with animation provided by Guru Studio . In Canada , the series is primarily broadcast on TVOntario , which first ran previews of the show in August 2013 . The series first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 12 , 2013 . The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol . They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay . Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real - life profession , such as a firefighter and a police officer . They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary . They are also equipped with backpacks called `` pup packs '' that contain tools that relate to the pups ' jobs . Spin Master has developed the show into a media franchise and released an ongoing line of toys based on it . PAW Patrol toy sales have generated millions of dollars in revenue for the corporation and increased Spin Master 's presence in the preschool toy market . The show , and its associated products , have received a variety of awards and nominations from associations such as the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 PAW Patrol members 3.1. 1 Original members 3.1. 2 Later members 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 DVD releases 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Cultural impact 6.4 Accolades 7 Related media 7.1 Film 7.2 Merchandise 7.3 Live events 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes . Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives , often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground . Ryder , a ten - year - old boy , is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself . His most frequent caller is an accident - prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot , who knows much about Adventure Bay 's wildlife . Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags . The team members report to their base , the Lookout , and enter its elevator . Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises . When they reach the top floor , they arrange themselves in a line . Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened . He chooses several members of the team , normally two first responders , to help solve whatever problem has emerged . They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission . When they have finished , Ryder says his catchphrase : `` Whenever you 're in trouble , just yelp for help ! '' , and congratulates the pups . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of PAW Patrol episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 26 August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 26 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 26 February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 5 26 February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA Characters ( edit ) PAW Patrol members ( edit ) The illustrated designs of the entire PAW Patrol team as of Tracker 's introduction . Original members ( edit ) Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol . He is a ten - year - old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use . His vehicle is an ATV . He is the only character to be featured in every mission , and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode . He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013 -- 2015 , by Elijha Hammill from 2015 -- 2016 , and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward . Marshall is a Dalmatian . He serves as a firedog and medic . His vehicle is a fire engine , which transforms into an ambulance . He is known for being exceptionally clumsy . A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol 's elevator . His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often `` I 'm good . '' He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013 -- 2014 and by Drew Davis from 2014 onward . Rubble is an English bulldog . He serves as a construction dog . His vehicle is a bulldozer . He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating . He is voiced by Devan Cohen . Chase is a German Shepherd . He serves as a police and spy dog . His vehicle is a cruiser . He is the most mature of the dogs , and will always announce `` Ready for action , Ryder , sir ! '' when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission . He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013 -- 2014 , by Max Calinescu from 2014 -- 2018 , and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward . Rocky is a grey - and - white mongrel of an unspecified breed . He serves as a recycling dog . His vehicle is a recycling truck , which can also transform into a salvage tugboat . A running gag in the series is Rocky 's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe . He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013 -- 2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward . Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever . He serves as an aquatic rescue pup . His vehicle is a hovercraft , which can also convert into a submarine . He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013 -- 2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward . Skye is a cockapoo . She serves as an aviator . Her vehicle is a helicopter , and she has wings built into her backpack . She is voiced by Kallan Holley . Later members ( edit ) Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol 's most frequent caller , who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup - themed special episodes . He is a smart marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay . His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder . In the second season , an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle . He is the team 's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . Along with Everest , Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three . Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice . Her vehicle is a snowmobile . Like Tracker , she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay 's ski resort , but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed . She is voiced by Berkley Silverman . Everest , along with Cap'n Turbot , was added to the opening theme in season three . Tracker is a brown - and - white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup . His vehicle is a Jeep , and he is bilingual , speaking fluently in Spanish and English . Like Everest , he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker , a boy named Carlos . He is voiced by David Lopez . As of season five , he and Robo - Dog have not been added to the opening theme . Robo - Dog is a robotic dog introduced in `` Pups Save Ryder 's Robot . '' He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol 's multi-member vehicles . Unlike the other pups , Robo - Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks . His vehicle ( the PAW Patroller ) was added to the opening theme in season three , but Robo - Dog himself does not appear . Recurring ( edit ) Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay . She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta , which she keeps in her purse . She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom . She is voiced by Deann Degruijter . Chickaletta is the mayor 's pet chicken . She is not quick - witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway . She is introduced in `` Pup Pup and Away '' when she jumps into Mayor Goodway 's purse during a hot air balloon race . Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot 's cousin and sidekick , who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse . He is very self - centered and loves to show off , but also cares deeply about animals . Francois works as a zoologist , artist , and nature photographer . He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words . He is voiced by Peter Cugno . Wally is Cap'n Turbot 's pet walrus , who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island . He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child . Although he can not talk , Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers . Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom . He is Mayor Goodway 's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay . He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger 's group of kittens who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups . Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup 's outfits and abilities . Katie is a girl Ryder 's age . She runs Adventure Bay 's pet clinic and owns a cat named Cali . She is voiced by Katherine Forrester . Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay . He is voiced by Blair Williams . Alex Porter is Mr. Porter 's young grandson . He is voiced by Christian Distefano . Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay . They own a barn and have several animals , such as a pair of pigs and a cow . Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013 -- 2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward . Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo . Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay . He becomes Everest 's caretaker after she is introduced . He is voiced by Scott McCord . Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker 's caretaker . He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli . Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' . Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg . She acts as an antagonist in `` Mission PAW '' - themed episodes in the fourth season . She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion . She is voiced by Anya Cooke . Production ( edit ) According to Spin Master , the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010 . Later the same year , the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy , and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman . Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs . Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further ; after the concept was in place , they began designing merchandise . Chapman 's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team . Scott Kraft , the show 's first writer , and Jamie Whitney , the show 's first director , decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012 . The name of the series ' protagonist , Ryder , was changed multiple times during production ; he was originally called Raffi , Roddy , and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder . Early models of the PAW Patrol pups According to a 2017 Spin Master interview , `` everything pup - related was debated endlessly : names , sizes , ages , breeds . '' The pups ' designs underwent major changes after Chapman 's pitch ; they were originally very realistic , with unique fur and textures based on their breeds , but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish . The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot , mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose , was based on the design of Chapman 's Bob the Builder character . Ryder 's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary . In January 2012 , Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters . The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon , and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada . The series became Spin Master 's first solely - owned intellectual property ( IP ) once it was released in August 2013 . Since it began production , the show 's animation has been provided by Guru Studio . In a 2016 interview with Maclean 's Magazine , Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio 's animators were originally suspicious of the show 's `` toyetic '' concept . The series ' rock - inspired original score was composed by the Ontario - based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post . The opening theme song , and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons . With each season of the show , new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes . In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star , Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise 's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie - in merchandise . In August of the same year , Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show 's content `` fresh '' and `` relevant '' . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries . In Canada , the series is primarily shown on TVOntario during the TVOKids block . Knowledge Network , Télé - Québec and City Saskatchewan also air reruns of the show in different Canadian provinces . In the United States , the series is aired on Nickelodeon 's Nick Jr. block with reruns on the Nick Jr. channel . As required for Canadian programs aired on federally - funded networks , PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1 . Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub. and it aired on MBC3 in the Middle East . A British English dub , which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes , is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr . UK . Anione , JEI TV , and KBS have all broadcast the Korean - dubbed version . The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland 's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015 . The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2 . The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese - dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016 . it will air on MiniMini+ in Poland , e-Junior in the United Arab Emirates , and Clan TVE in Spain . DVD releases ( edit ) Title Region 1 Region 2 PAW Patrol May 13 , 2014 March 30 , 2015 Winter Rescues October 7 , 2014 October 19 , 2015 Marshall and Chase On the Case ! March 3 , 2015 July 27 , 2015 Pups and the Pirate Treasure N / A March 4 , 2016 Meet Everest ! September 1 , 2015 July 18 , 2016 Brave Heroes , Big Rescues March 1 , 2016 February 13 , 2017 All Wings on Deck N / A October 24 , 2016 Sports Day ! Game On ! August 2 , 2016 May 22 , 2017 Pups Save Christmas November 1 , 2016 October 31 , 2016 Pups Save the Bunnies Easter Egg Hunt March 7 , 2017 March 13 , 2017 Air Pups N / A July 17 , 2017 The Great Pirate Rescue ! September 5 , 2017 N / A The Great Snow Rescue October 24 , 2017 Sea Patrol March 6 , 2018 Summer Rescues May 1 , 2018 Video game ( edit ) In June 2018 , Nickelodeon and Outright Games announced a game based on the series , titled PAW Patrol : On a Roll . It will be released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four - star rating , stating that `` perhaps the show 's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem - solving '' . Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show , calling it `` packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... ca n't help but snicker at '' . Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series , but felt that some of the characters `` seem rather arbitrary , like Rocky the Recycling Pup '' . The About Group 's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its `` formulaic '' nature but affirming that the `` show is not without funny moments '' . A research study , commissioned by Sky in March 2016 , reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program . Criticism has been directed toward the show 's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only two females . Cat Conway of Dan Abrams ' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked , `` the police pup , firefighting pup , builder pup , sea - rescue pup , and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male , because of course you could n't have a female police dog , could you ? '' Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health `` found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable '' while watching the program . Today 's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag `` # IncludeTheGirls '' . Ratings ( edit ) PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon . Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon 's 2014 ratings growth . It ranked as the highest - rated , preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013 and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season . The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016 , but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month . Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a `` creative resurgence '' that increased the Nick Jr. channel 's viewership in 2016 . At Nickelodeon 's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers , Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network ( the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines ) . In March 2015 , two back - to - back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings ( among total viewers ) in Australia . In May 2015 , it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool - aged children . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has received recognition from public figures and celebrities . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his children are fans of the show ; Trudeau mentioned the characters by name in a 2017 speech . After performing at the Super Bowl LII halftime show , Justin Timberlake filmed a segment for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in which he named Chase as his favourite PAW Patrol character and held a Chase plush toy . During his opening monologue for the 90th Academy Awards , host Jimmy Kimmel joked that a young nominee was missing PAW Patrol to attend the ceremony . Accolades ( edit ) In 2014 , the series ' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the season two episode `` Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' was nominated for Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards . As of 2018 , PAW Patrol has received seven Canadian Screen Award nominations with six wins . Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2014 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo Scott Krippayne Smidi Smith Nominated Parents ' Choice Foundation `` Fun Stuff '' Award Spin Master Won Environmental Media Awards Environmental Media Award in Children 's Television Spin Master Won 2015 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated Preschool Toy of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated 2016 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2016 Spin Master Nominated 43rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children Spin Master Nominated 4th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Nominated Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won Licensing.biz People Awards Licensee Team of the Year Spin Master Won Australian Toy Association Preschool License of the Year Spin Master Won Canadian Cinema Editors Awards Best Editing in Animation Tom Berger Nominated SOCAN Awards International TV Series Music Award Voodoo Highway Music & Post Won 2017 5th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won 2018 6th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Charles E. Bastien Won Best Sound in an Animated Program or Series Spin Master Won Related Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In November 2017 , Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is `` currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months . '' Animation tests were conducted in 2017 to measure how the characters `` would translate onto the big screen '' and the company is currently in the process of developing a film script . Merchandise ( edit ) On May 18 , 2014 , Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys `` R '' Us locations across Canada . The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year . Dion Vlachos , a representative from Nickelodeon , was in charge of the U.S. product launch . PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master 's most profitable brands . Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. ( or 25 per cent ) of Spin Master 's gross product sales for 2015 . Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the `` continuing strength '' of PAW Patrol toys , in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses , made up 40.5 per cent of the firm 's second quarter revenue . Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company 's presence in the preschool market . Throughout 2016 , Spin Master 's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category . PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this . The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom . The group also reported that it was the best - selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015 . Dave Brandon , the chief executive officer of Toys `` R '' Us , listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season 's `` hottest '' items . Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season . Live events ( edit ) In April 2016 , a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live : Race to the Rescue was announced . The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race . It toured Canada , the United States , Mexico , Australia and the Philippines . A sequel show , titled PAW Patrol Live : The Great Pirate Adventure , was announced in June 2017 . It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern , and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor . The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group , which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years . Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom . They joined an `` Etch A Sketch Day '' celebration at Spin Master 's office in Toronto on July 26 , 2016 . The characters , along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program , were included as part of the Nick Jr . Play Date Tour in autumn 2015 . Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham , Suffolk , and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016 . Multiple meet - and - greet events attracted far more attendees than expected , with some reaching over 5,000 visitors . They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13 , 2016 . They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon - themed area of the Thurrock 's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London , England . Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show 's characters have attracted the attention of the show 's distributor . In February 2016 , several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups . Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead . There was some consumer backlash as a result , but the events were not held . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Damon van der Linde ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol has Spin Master on a roll as earnings exceed analyst expectations '' . Financial Post . Sun Media . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Picks Up Second Season of PAW Patrol , TV 's Number - One Preschool Series '' ( PDF ) . Nickelodeon Press . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews 4 Animated Series as Part of Growing Preschool Slate ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol '' . Screener / Zap2it . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Mgmt Roadshow Presentation 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood helps make Southern California center of toy universe '' . Daily Breeze . Digital First Media . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's Paw Patrol 's secret ? How it captivated children and conquered the world '' -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Top Entertainment Brands Take Part in Licensing Expo '' . PR Newswire. April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Bows First Preschool IP '' . License ! Global . August 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Plans ' PAW Patrol ' Tour '' . License ! Global . July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Jaime ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` What 's not to love about PAW Patrol -- if you 're a kid ? '' . Maclean 's . Rogers Media . ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Carey . `` PAW Patrol - TV Show Review for Parents '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Verity ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol drives Toronto toy firm 's profits '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . Jump up ^ `` Page 32 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2016 Second Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Announces Acquisition of Swimways Corporation and Establishment of Outdoor Business Segment '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol - TVOKids.com '' . tvokids.com . Jump up ^ `` Rentrée des classes 2016 : quels dessins animés regarder avant de partir à l'école '' . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Dassault Group . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrulha Pata Microsite '' . Canal Panda ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pups Save the Penguins - Channel 5 '' . Channel 5 . Viacom International Media Networks Europe . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 퍼피 구조대 Puppy Patrol '' . Spin Master ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hvolpasveitin á RÚV '' . RÚV ( in Icelandic ) . Government of Iceland . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ryhmä Hau Maanantaisin , Yle TV2 - Yle Areena 14 '' . Yle TV2 ( in Finnish ) . Yle . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` APOS News Round - Up '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Winter Rescues : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Marshall & Chase on the Case : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zahn , James ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Meet Everest comes to DVD this Fall '' . The Rock Father . Jump up ^ Bentley , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legend , ' ' Room ' & ' Creed ' top new DVD releases on March 1 '' . The Fresno Bee . The McClatchy Company . Jump up ^ `` '' PAW Patrol : Sports Day ! '' Available on DVD August 2 ! `` . BSC Kids . July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Pups Save Christmas : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol : Pups Save the Bunnies : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B01NAJ4KKZ . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Pirate Rescue ! '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Snow Rescue '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Sea Patrol '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Summer Rescues '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , Ashley . `` Nickelodeon and Outright Games Announce PAW Patrol : On a Roll '' . TrueAchievements.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` PAW Patrol TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Jump up ^ Miller , Randy ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Brave Heroes , Big Rescues '' . DVD Talk . Jump up ^ Pegler , Pattie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : Jake and the Neverland Pirates , PAW Patrol '' . Stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo voted the nation 's all time favourite kids TV show '' . Sky plc. 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Conway , Cat ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Quit Pushing Your Gendered Crap on My Son '' . The Mary Sue . Dan Abrams . Jump up ^ King , Brandy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Media Moment : What I Learned from ( Paw ) - Patrolling My Kids ' TV Show '' . Center on Media and Child Health . Jump up ^ Waverman , Emma ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` It 's ridiculous that in 2015 we need # IncludeTheGirls ! '' . Today 's Parent. Rogers Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Viacom Quarterly Profit Rises 16 % , Lifted by Cable Fees and Lower Costs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' PAW Patrol ' Renewed for Season Two by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kidscreen : Smart TV , building momentum '' ( PDF ) . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Scores 52 Straight Weeks at Number One and Wins the Month of July with Kids 2 - 11 , Kids 2 - 5 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Shaw , Lucas ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dauman 's Done the Easy Part . Now He Has to Find Viacom Some Hits '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon to Revive ' Legends of the Hidden Temple ' as TV Movie '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Knox , David . `` Tuesday 17 March 2015 Ratings '' . TV Tonight . ^ Jump up to : Yvernault , Véronique ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Licences : Gare à la Pat'Patrouille ! '' . Libre Service Actualités ( in French ) . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Corp. on Instagram '' . Spin Master . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songversation '' . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Episode 816 . February 4 , 2018 . NBC . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deb , Sopan ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : Jimmy Kimmel 's Opening Monologue , Transcribed '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2014 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . The LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` '' PAW Patrol : Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' - 43rd Annual Annie Awards `` . AnnieAwards.org . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominations : ' Young and the Restless ' Leads with 26 Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Catanzarite , Gina . `` PAW Patrol - Spring 2014 Television '' . Parents ' Choice Foundation . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Environmental Media Awards -- The Complete List of Winners '' . E ! News . ^ Jump up to : `` TIA Names Toy of the Year Nominees '' . License ! Global . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callan , Patrick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Toy of the Year finalists revealed '' . Kidscreen . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced '' . ETCanada.com . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Winning Week for PAW Patrol : Program Director Takes Home Prize at Canadian Screen Awards '' . PR Newswire . March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master opens Australian office '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Canadian Cinema Editors reveals 2016 award nominees '' . Playback . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Wins the International TV Series Music Award at 2016 SOCAN Awards Ceremony '' . CCS Rights Management . June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TVO 's creative content lauded with eight 2017 Canadian Screen Awards '' . TVOntario . March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners announced : 2018 Canadian Screen Awards honouring excellence in creative fiction storytelling '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edited transcript of TOY.TO earnings conference call '' . Yahoo ! News . Thomson Reuters . November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` PAW Patrol toy line hits Toys ' R ' Us '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Griffin , Rachel ; Brown , Heather ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Spin Master to Launch Its Highly Anticipated PAW Patrol Toy Line at Toys `` R '' Us `` . Spin Master ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Ups Dion Vlachos to EVP Retail '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Reports Strong Q2 2016 Financial Results '' . KFMB - TV . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jade ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master sees ' huge momentum ' for PAW Patrol toy line '' . Licensing.biz . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Muller , Lutz ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master - An Interesting Performance '' . Seeking Alpha . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The top Christmas toys for 2015 : will you pick PAW Patrol or Pie Face ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bergeron , Tom ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jersey 's own toy story : New CEO Dave Brandon talks shopping , shipping and how he aims to change Toys R Us '' . NJ Biz . Jump up ^ Miller , Ted ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Toys R Us declares hottest 15 toys of the holiday season '' . WBAY - TV . Media General . Jump up ^ Packham , Amy ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top Argos Toys for Christmas 2016 : Predictions of Bestselling Toys Released '' . The Huffington Post . Verizon Communications . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's PAW Patrol Is On a Roll with First - Ever Live Tour '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . Berkshire Hathaway . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live ! Australia '' . Nick Jr . Australia . Nickelodeon . December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live in Manila '' . Life Like Touring . June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` All Paws on Deck ! PAW Patrol to Set Sail on 17 - City Tour with New Pirate - Themed Show '' . People . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tara ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master attempts a Guinness World Records title in celebration of Etch A Sketch Day '' . CNW Group . Cision . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jr . Play Date Tour comes to Westfield Trumbull '' . Trumbull Times . October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol is coming to Bridgwater '' . Bridgwater Mercury . July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000 people visit White Post Farm to meet PAW Patrol 's Chase and Marshall '' . Nottingham Post . Local World . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds queue to see PAW Patrol stars '' . itv.com . ITV plc. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Linda ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol stars set to rock Glenarm Castle on night of music and display '' . Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Branded FEC Coming to UK 's intu Lakeside Shopping Centre '' . Blooloop . May 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Emily ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Greene King : Kids ' meeting with PAW Patrol characters ' cancelled due to Nickelodeon legal threat '' . Morning Advertiser . William Reed Business Media . Jump up ^ Parry , Josh ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Parents angry after Nickelodeon ' force pub to cancel unofficial PAW Patrol event ' '' . Liverpool Echo . Trinity Mirror . External links ( edit ) Official website PAW Patrol at TVOKids.com PAW Patrol at NickJr.com PAW Patrol on IMDb PAW Patrol at TV.com Nickelodeon original programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) Double Dare ( since 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2018 ) Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 -- 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 -- 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1985 -- 86 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Get the Picture ( 1991 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick Arcade ( 1992 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Nickelodeon All - Star Challenge ( 1994 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 96 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 98 ) Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2009 ; 2012 -- 13 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) You 're On ! ( 1998 -- 99 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Animorphs ( 1998 -- 99 ) The Brothers Flub ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Maisy ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 14 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 02 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 03 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Max & Ruby ( 2002 -- 16 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) Nickelodeon Robot Wars ( 2002 ) Scaredy Camp ( 2002 -- 03 ) All Grown Up ! ( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 05 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 07 ) LazyTown ( 2004 -- 08 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 08 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 10 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 11 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) My Dad the Rock Star ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Wonder Pets ( 2006 -- 16 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 10 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 15 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 09 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 11 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Team Umizoomi 2010 -- 15 ) Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 13 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Samurai / Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 17 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Mia and Me ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 15 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 -- 17 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce / Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Thundermans ( 2013 -- 18 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 17 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( 2014 -- 18 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge / Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( 2015 -- 16 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 17 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Harvey Beaks ( 2015 -- 17 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( 2015 -- 18 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) School of Rock ( 2016 -- 18 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( 2017 -- 18 ) Upcoming Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Cousins For Life ( 2018 ) Rainbow Rangers ( 2018 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( 2018 ) Blue 's Clues ( 2018 ) The Swashbuckling Adventures of Capitán Calavera ( 2019 ) Fashion Ally ( 2019 ) Pony ( 2019 ) Power Rangers Beast Morphers ( 2019 ) Wonder Park ( 2020 ) Rugrats ( 2020 ) Los Casagrandes ( TBA ) Man of the House ( TBA ) Meet the Voxels ( TBA ) International Renford Rejects ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Genie in the House ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Summer in Transylvania ( 2010 ) Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Related Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nickelodeon Movies Nick at Nite SNICK Nick in the Afternoon TEENick Nicktoons U-Pick Live Nickelodeon Splat ! Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PAW_Patrol&oldid=856762937 '' Categories : Television shows about dogs 2013 Canadian television series debuts Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian computer - animated television series English - language television programs Fictional dogs 2010s Canadian animated television series Nick Jr. shows TVOntario shows Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series Canadian preschool education television series Toy brands Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what's the chicken called in paw patrol
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[
"Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay. She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta, which she keeps in her purse. She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom. She is voiced by Deann Degruijter.\nChickaletta is the mayor's pet chicken. She is not quick-witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway. She is introduced in \"Pup Pup and Away\" when she jumps into Mayor Goodway's purse during a hot air balloon race.\nFrancois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot's cousin and sidekick, who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse. He is very self-centered and loves to show off, but also cares deeply about animals. Francois works as a zoologist, artist, and nature photographer. He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words. He is voiced by Peter Cugno.\nWally is Cap'n Turbot's pet walrus, who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island. He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child. Although he cannot talk, Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers.\nMayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom. He is Mayor Goodway's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay. He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew. He is voiced by Ron Pardo.\nThe Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger's group of kittens who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups. Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup's outfits and abilities.\nKatie is a girl Ryder's age. She runs Adventure Bay's pet clinic and owns a cat named Cali. She is voiced by Katherine Forrester.\nMr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay. He is voiced by Blair Williams.\nAlex Porter is Mr. Porter's young grandson. He is voiced by Christian Distefano.\nFarmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay. They own a barn and have several animals, such as a pair of pigs and a cow. Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013–2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward. Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo.\nJake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay. He becomes Everest's caretaker after she is introduced. He is voiced by Scott McCord.\nCarlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker's caretaker. He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli.\nDanny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode \"Pups Save Daring Danny X\".\nSweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg. She acts as an antagonist in \"Mission PAW\"-themed episodes in the fourth season. She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion. She is voiced by Anya Cooke."
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"Chickaletta"
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In-N-Out Burger
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In - N - Out Burger - Wikipedia In - N - Out Burger This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Headbomb ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 17 , 20 August 2017 ( clean up , replaced : magazine = Maxim ( magazine ) → magazine = Maxim using AWB ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 16 : 17 , 20 August 2017 by Headbomb ( talk contribs ) ( clean up , replaced : magazine = Maxim ( magazine ) → magazine = Maxim using AWB ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search In - N - Out Burgers , Inc . In - N - Out headquarters at University Tower in Irvine Type Private Industry Fast food restaurant Founded October 22 , 1948 ; 68 years ago ( 1948 - 10 - 22 ) Baldwin Park , California , U.S. Founders Harry Snyder Esther Snyder Headquarters Irvine , California Number of locations 326 Area served California Arizona Nevada Utah Texas Oregon Key people Lynsi Snyder , President Mark Taylor , COO Roger Kotch , CFO Revenue US $575 million ( 2014 estimate ) Website in-n-out.com In - N - Out Burger is an American regional chain of fast food restaurants with locations primarily in the American Southwest and Pacific coast . It was founded in Baldwin Park , California in 1948 by Harry Snyder and his wife Esther Snyder . The chain is currently headquartered in Irvine , California and has slowly expanded outside Southern California into the rest of California , as well as into Arizona , Nevada , Utah , Texas , and Oregon . The current owner is Lynsi Snyder , the Snyders ' only grandchild . As the chain has expanded , it has opened several distribution centers in addition to its original Baldwin Park location . The new facilities , located in Lathrop , California ; Phoenix , Arizona ; Draper , Utah ; and Dallas , Texas will provide for potential future expansion into other parts of the country . In - N - Out Burger has resisted franchising its operations or going public ; one reason is the prospect of quality or customer consistency being compromised by excessively rapid business growth . The company 's business practices have been noted for employee - centered personnel policies . For example , In - N - Out is one of the few fast food chains in the United States to pay its employees more than state and federally mandated minimum wage guidelines -- starting at US $11.00 per hour in California , as of May 2017 . The In - N - Out restaurant chain has developed a highly loyal customer base , and has been rated as one of the top fast food restaurants in several customer satisfaction surveys . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First generation 1.2 Second generation 1.3 The 21st century 2 Legal issues 2.1 Rich Boyd lawsuit ( 2006 ) 2.2 Chadder 's infringement lawsuit ( 2007 ) 2.3 DoorDash lawsuit ( 2015 ) 3 Food safety 4 Products 5 Store design and layout 6 Advertising 7 Culture 7.1 Popularity 7.2 Art 7.3 Bible verses 8 The In - N - Out Burgers Foundation 9 Original restaurant 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) In - N - Out 's first location was opened in the Los Angeles suburb of Baldwin Park , California in 1948 by the Snyders at the southwest corner of what is now the intersection of Interstate 10 and Francisquito Avenue . The restaurant was the first drive - thru hamburger stand in California , allowing drivers to place orders via a two - way speaker system . This was a new and unique idea , since in post-World War II California , carhops were used to take orders and serve food . A second In - N - Out was opened west of the intersection of Grand Avenue and Arrow Highway in Covina , California , three years later . The company remained a relatively small southern California chain until the 1970s . The Snyders managed their first restaurants closely to ensure quality was maintained . The chain had 18 restaurants when Harry Snyder died in 1976 , at the age of 63 . Second generation ( edit ) In 1976 , 24 - year - old Rich Snyder became the company president after his father 's death . Along with his brother Guy , Rich had reportedly begun working in his father 's In - N - Outs `` from the ground floor '' at an early age . Over the next 20 years , the chain experienced a period of rapid growth under Rich 's leadership , expanding to 93 restaurants . The first location outside of the Los Angeles metropolitan area was opened in San Diego County in 1990 , the 61st location in the chain . In 1992 , In - N - Out opened its first non-Southern California restaurant in Las Vegas , Nevada . Its first Northern California location was opened the following year in Modesto . Expansion then spread to Northern California , including the San Francisco Bay Area , while additional Las Vegas - area restaurants were added . However , after opening the 83rd In - N - Out restaurant in Fresno , California , on December 15 , 1993 , Rich Snyder and four other passengers died in a plane crash on approach to John Wayne Airport in Orange County , California . The charter aircraft they were on had been following a Boeing 757 in for landing , became caught in its wake turbulence , and crashed . The ensuing crash investigation led to the Federal Aviation Administration requirement for an adequate distance between heavy aircraft and following light aircraft to allow wake turbulence to diminish . Upon Rich Snyder 's death in 1993 , Guy Snyder assumed the presidency and continued the company 's aggressive expansion until he died from an overdose of painkillers in 1999 . He was president for six years , expanding In - N - Out from 83 to 140 locations . His mother Esther subsequently took over the presidency . The 21st century ( edit ) In - N - Out Burger sign in Norwalk , California . The company opened locations in Arizona in 2000 and added new restaurants in Reno , Sparks , and Carson City , Nevada in late 2004 . In - N - Out became a huge success in these new locations . In 2007 , it opened its first restaurant in Tucson , Arizona . The store opening broke company records for the most burgers sold in one day and the most sold in one week . In 2008 , In - N - Out expanded into a fourth state and opened a location in Washington , Utah , a suburb of St. George . By late 2009 , the chain expanded into northern Utah with three new locations situated in Draper , American Fork , and Orem . More locations opened in the spring of 2010 in West Valley City , West Jordan , Centerville , and Riverton . In - N - Out Burger in Frisco , Texas , one of the first locations to open in Texas . In May 2010 , In - N - Out announced plans to expand into Texas , specifically within the Dallas -- Fort Worth area with the first two locations opening in Frisco and Allen on May 11 , 2011 . The chain opened its first location in Austin in December 2013 . There are 21 restaurant locations in the Dallas -- Fort Worth area , and four in the Austin area . These new locations in Texas required the company to build a new patty production facility and distribution center in the state , according to company vice president Carl Van Fleet . In March 2014 , the company confirmed its first location in San Antonio . The fall of 2014 saw the restaurant open its 22nd Texas location in Killeen . On November 20 , 2014 , In - N - Out opened its first location in San Antonio followed by its first location in Waco in November 2015 . In January 2017 , In - N - Out announced plans to expand into Houston with multiple sites planned in the area . In - N - Out in Medford , Oregon , the first in the state . The company opened its first location in Oregon on September 9 , 2015 ( the same day as Harry Snyder 's birthday ) in Medford . It is supplied from the Lathrop , California distribution center that was completed in 2006 . President Lynsi Snyder stated during the opening that they will continue to expand . While the company grew , it struggled to maintain its family roots . Esther Snyder died in 2006 at the age of 86 and passed the presidency to Mark Taylor , former vice president of operations . Taylor became the company 's fifth president and first non-family member to hold the position , although he does have ties to the family . The company 's current heiress is Lynsi Snyder , daughter of Guy and only grandchild of Esther and Harry Snyder . Snyder , who was 23 years old and known as Lynsi Martinez at her grandmother 's death , owns the company through a trust . She gained control of 50 % of the company in 2012 when she turned 30 , and nearly full control at 35 in May 2017 . After participating in various roles in the company , Snyder assumed the presidency in 2010 , becoming the company 's sixth president . However , most major decisions are made by a seven - member executive team . Snyder does not intend to franchise nor sell , and plans to pass on ownership of the company to her children . Counties with at least one In - N - Out location . Since 1992 , In - N - Out has expanded beyond California to Arizona , Nevada , Texas , Utah , and most recently Oregon . Legal issues ( edit ) Rich Boyd lawsuit ( 2006 ) ( edit ) In 2006 , a lawsuit exposed a possible family feud over the chain 's corporate leadership . Richard Boyd , one of In - N - Out 's vice presidents and co-trustee of two - thirds of the company stock , accused Lynsi Martinez and allied corporate executives of trying to force out Esther Snyder and attempting to fire Boyd unreasonably . Pre-empting the suit , Martinez , Snyder and Taylor appeared in a December video message to employees , telling them not to believe everything they hear . The company then responded with a lawsuit of its own , alleging Boyd had construction work done on his personal property and charged it to the company , as well as favoring contractors with uncompetitive bids . Boyd was then suspended from his role as co-trustee and Northern Trust Bank of California took his place ( as co-trustee ) until a hearing set for May 10 , 2006 . However , in April , the judge dismissed two of In - N - Out 's claims against Boyd . A trial date of October 17 , 2006 , was set but never occurred , and a settlement was reached out of court . Ultimately , Boyd was permanently removed from his role as an employee and co-trustee . Chadder 's infringement lawsuit ( 2007 ) ( edit ) In June 2007 , the company filed a lawsuit against an American Fork , Utah , restaurant named Chadder 's for trademark infringement , claiming that the `` look and feel '' of the restaurant too closely resembled that of In - N - Out , and that the restaurant violated trademarked menu items , such as `` Animal Style '' , `` Protein Style '' , `` Double - Double '' , and so forth . The company was tipped off by Utah customers contacting the customer service department asking if In - N - Out opened a location in Utah under a different name or if they had any affiliation with the restaurant in any way . Several customers stated they ordered trademarked items such as Animal and Protein styles . On 7 June 2007 , In - N - Out 's general counsel visited the Chadders restaurant in American Fork and `` viewed the premises and operations and ordered a meal that was not listed on its menu . He requested an ' Animal style Double - Double with Animal fries , ' and his order was filled . '' Utah District court Judge Ted Stewart issued a temporary restraining order against the look - alike . Chadder 's opened another location near the Salt Lake City area and one in Provo . In 2009 , In - N - Out opened a restaurant in American Fork less than a mile from the Chadder 's restaurant . Per their website , Chadder 's started selling a `` Stubby Double '' instead of `` Double Double '' . The Chadder 's restaurants in Utah have gone out of business since In - N - Out restaurants have opened in Utah . DoorDash lawsuit ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On November 6 , 2015 , In - N - Out filed a lawsuit against food delivery startup , DoorDash , claiming trademark infringement and unfair competition . The complaint states : `` Defendant 's use of Plaintiff 's famous trademarks implies that Defendant not only delivers In - N - Out products to its customers , but that the quality and services offered by Defendant is the same as if consumers had made purchases directly from Plaintiff . Upon information and belief , the quality of services offered by Defendant does not at all comport with the standards that consumers expect from Plaintiff 's goods and services . Further , Plaintiff has no control over the time it takes Defendant to deliver Plaintiff 's goods to consumers , or over the temperature at which the goods are kept during delivery , nor over the food handling and safety practices of Defendant 's delivery drivers . While Plaintiff adheres to the Food Code , on information and belief , Defendant does not adhere to such regulations , including with regard to compliance with required food safety and handling practices . '' Food safety ( edit ) On May 9 , 2017 , the In - N - Out Burger in Livermore , California , temporarily closed its doors after nine members of a college softball team reported getting sick after eating at that particular restaurant . The Alameda County Department of Environmental Health is investigating the incident and suspects norovirus was the cause of the illnesses , but will not be able to confirm the cause until laboratory tests are completed . The location had been cited for a `` high risk '' health code violation in December , 2016 , with minor citations for the same problem in April , 2017 . In - N - Out representatives said they had no indications of any issues at the location but have cleaned and disinfected it along with reviewing procedures with employees . On May 12 , 2017 , the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health reported that they now believe that the members of the college softball team may have already been infected with the virus prior to entering the Livermore restaurant . As a precaution , the DEH are continuing their laboratory tests on In - N - Out employees to conclusively rule them out as a possible source of the infection . Products ( edit ) Main article : In - N - Out Burger products Cheeseburgers and hamburger The In - N - Out menu consists of three burger varieties : hamburger , cheeseburger , and `` Double - Double '' ( two hamburger patties and two slices of cheese ) . French fries and fountain drinks are available , as well as three flavors of milkshakes . The hamburgers come with lettuce , tomato , with or without onions ( the customer is asked upon ordering , and may have them fresh or grilled ) , and a sauce , which is called `` spread '' ( a Thousand Island dressing variant ) . There are , however , additional named items not on the menu , but available at every In - N - Out . These variations reside on the chain 's `` secret menu , '' though the menu is accessible on the company 's web site . These variations include 3x3 ( which has three patties and three slices of cheese ) , 4x4 ( four patties and four slices of cheese ) , Neapolitan shakes , grilled cheese sandwich ( consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except the meat , plus two slices of melted cheese ) , Protein style ( wrap with lettuce ; consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except buns ) , and Animal Style . Both Protein and Animal Style are house specialties that the company has trademarked because of their association with the chain . Animal Style fries come with two slices of melted cheese , spread , and grilled onions on top . Animal style burgers are cooked in a thin layer of mustard , and in addition to the lettuce and tomato it also includes pickles , grilled onions , and extra spread . Whole or sliced chili peppers are also available by request . Until 2004 In - N - Out accommodated burger orders of any size by adding patties and slices of cheese at an additional cost . A particularly famous incident involving a 100x100 ( 100 patties , 100 slices of cheese ) occurred in 2004 . Once word got out of the massive sandwich , In - N - Out management disallowed anything larger than a 4x4 . One can also order what is called a `` Flying Dutchman '' which consists of two meat patties and two slices of cheese by itself ( no bun , condiments , or vegetables ) . Store design and layout ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In - N - Out restaurant in Pinole , California near Interstate 80 with one drive - thru lane and an indoor dining area . Note the crossed palm trees in the back . The signature colors for In - N - Out are white , red , and yellow . The white is used for the buildings ' exterior walls and the employees ' basic uniform . Red is used for the buildings ' roofs and the employees ' aprons and hats . Yellow is used for the decorative band on the roof and iconic zig - zag in the logo . However , variations in the color scheme do occur . The first In - N - Outs ' had a common design , placing the kitchen `` stand '' between two lanes of cars . The `` front '' lane is nearest the street , and the `` back '' lane away from the street . A metal awning provides shade for several tables for customers desiring to park and eat , but there is no indoor dining . A walk - up window faces the parking area . These restaurants store food and supplies in a separate building , and it is not uncommon for a driver to be asked to wait a moment while employees carry supplies to the kitchen across the rear lane . This simpler design is a popular image on In - N - Out ads and artwork , which often shows classic cars such as 1965 Mustangs and 1968 Firebirds visiting the original restaurants . The original Covina restaurant , located on Arrow Highway west of Grand Avenue , was forced to close in the early 1990s due to re-engineering and development of the area . A modern design , drive - up / dining room restaurant was built a few hundred feet away . The new building is much larger ( approximately half the size of the entire lot upon which the earlier restaurant sat ) , and is often filled to capacity . The famous In - N - Out Burger at the corner of Gayley and Le Conte in Westwood , Los Angeles near the UCLA campus , designed by Kanner Architects Like many chain restaurants , newer In - N - Out restaurants are based on a set of templates or `` cookie - cutter '' blueprints , which are chosen based on available space and expected traffic levels . While external appearance of its buildings may vary to meet local zoning and architectural requirements , the interior floor plan and decor in most recently constructed In - N - Out restaurants are identical . However , some restaurants are designed to stand out , such as the restaurants at Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco and Westwood , Los Angeles . Example of In - N - Out 's crossed palm trees Today 's typical location has an interior layout that includes a customer service counter with registers in front of a kitchen and food preparation area . There are separate storage areas for paper goods ( napkins , bags , etc . ) and `` dry '' food goods ( potatoes , buns , etc . ) , as well as a walk - in refrigerator for perishable goods ( lettuce , cheese , spread etc . ) , and a dedicated meat refrigerator for burger patties . The customer area includes an indoor dining room with a combination of booths , tables , and bar - style seating . Outside seating is usually available as well , with tables and benches . Most newer restaurants contain a one - lane drive - through . There are other design elements common among today 's In - N - Out locations . Matching In - N - Out 's California - inspired palm tree theme , palm trees are sometimes planted to form an `` X '' in front of the restaurants . This is an allusion to founder Harry Snyder 's favorite movie , Stanley Kramer 's It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World , in which the characters look for a hidden treasure and find it under `` the big W '' made by four palm trees , with the middle two forming an `` X '' . Advertising ( edit ) A typical interior with the company 's motto , `` Quality you can taste '' In - N - Out Burger sign in Los Angeles . Like other fast food chains , In - N - Out uses roadside billboards that attract customers to the nearest location . Billboard ads typically display an image of the trademarked Double - Double burger . The chain uses short radio commercials , often limited to the jingle , `` In - N - Out , In - N - Out . That 's what a hamburger 's all about . '' Television commercials , which are less common , feature the hamburger 's visual appeal . In - N - Out seldom uses celebrities in ads , although John Cleese and John Goodman have voiced radio spots . In the past , the Snyders ' also sponsored Christmas music programming with voice - overs expressing the meaning of the holiday . Such commercials offended Robert J. Elisberg of the Huffington Post . In addition to conventional , paid advertising , In - N - Out benefits from positive word of mouth spread by enthusiastic fans . For many years , it has given customers free bumper stickers which simply say `` In - N - Out Burger '' . The company helps devoted customers advertise its brand by selling souvenir clothing with the In - N - Out logo . Celebrity fans and free endorsements in mass media also promote the business . When Heisman Trophy winner and Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith raved about In - N - Out cheeseburgers during a press conference before the 2007 BCS National Championship Game , a senior executive said , `` It does not get much better than that for us . We 're kind of a small company , and we do not have any celebrity endorsers . But I think we just got the best one we could have . '' Huell Howser was allowed , in what is believed to be a first , to film with his television cameras inside a store for a California 's Gold Special . The show also included a behind - the - scenes tour of the In - N - Out Headquarters . Culture ( edit ) Popularity ( edit ) The In - N - Out Burger sign at Fisherman 's Wharf in San Francisco In - N - Out offers mobile catering in some Southern California markets . Mobile POS systems are used during peak hours in order to help curb long drive thru lines . The burger chain has achieved widespread popularity which has led to celebration by some when brought to new locations , and the opening of a new restaurant often becomes an event . When one opened in Scottsdale , Arizona , there was a four - hour wait for food , and news helicopters whirled above the parking lot . The chain 's image has also made it popular in more non-traditional ways . For example , In - N - Out is still considered acceptable in some areas with a strong opposition to corporate food restaurants , such as McDonald 's . Local business leaders in San Francisco 's Fisherman 's Wharf district said they opposed every other fast food chain except In - N - Out , because they wanted to maintain the flavor of family - owned , decades - old businesses in the area , with one saying locals would ordinarily `` be up in arms about a fast - food operation coming to Fisherman 's Wharf , '' but `` this is different . '' California native and Colorado Rockies player Jason Giambi would often visit In - N - Out Burger when on the West Coast with his former team , the New York Yankees . He said he tried to open an In - N - Out Burger restaurant in New York , but was unsuccessful . The chain also has fans in a number of renowned chefs including Gordon Ramsay , Thomas Keller , Julia Child , Anthony Bourdain , and Mario Batali . Famous London chef / restaurateur Ramsay ate In - N - Out for the first time when taping Hell 's Kitchen in Los Angeles , and it soon became one of his favorite spots for take - out . Ramsay was quoted , saying about the experience : `` In - N - Out burgers were extraordinary . I was so bad , I sat in the restaurant , had my double cheeseburger then minutes later I drove back round and got the same thing again to take away . '' Thomas Keller , a fan of In - N - out , celebrated with In - N - Out burgers at the anniversary party of his restaurant , The French Laundry . Keller also plans on opening his own burger restaurant inspired by his Los Angeles experience of In - N - Out . Julia Child , one of the first celebrities to champion the chain , admitted to knowing every location of the restaurant between Santa Barbara and San Francisco . Child also had the burgers delivered to her during a hospital stay . Anthony Bourdain reportedly said that In - N - Out was his favorite fast food meal ; later naming the restaurant as `` the best restaurant in Los Angeles . '' In - N - Out was one of the very few restaurant chains given a positive mention in the book Fast Food Nation . The book commended the chain for using natural and fresh ingredients and for looking after the interests of employees regarding pay and benefits . An In - N - Out food truck catered Vanity Fair 's 2012 Academy Awards after party . Art ( edit ) Richard Bunkall painting commissioned by Haenel family of In - N - Out Burger . Jack Schmidt was the first person commissioned to paint the original In - N - Out located in Baldwin Park , CA for In - N - Out Burger Inc . His paintings were later reproduced on advertisements , shirts , and other consumer products . His paintings capture the car culture , beautiful weather , and the easy - speed of In - N - Out Burger The art pieces illustrate the beautiful climate that is associated with Southern California . Beautiful sunsets , sunny blue skies , and towering palm trees are always present . Bible verses ( edit ) Bible reference on the bottom of an In - N - Out drink cup Bible reference on wrapper of an In - N - Out Double - Double In - N - Out prints bible citations in small print on areas of packaging . This practice began in the 1980s during Rich Snyder 's presidency , a reflection of the Christian beliefs held by the Snyder family . On the Season 5 premiere episode of Secret Lives of the Super Rich , Lynsi Snyder , the then - 33 year old heir to the In - N - Out chain , revealed that she had two Biblical - related tattoos . One of Matthew 6 : 10 in Aramaic : `` Thy kingdom come , thy will be done . '' The other of Hebrew characters to represent the word `` hated , '' which reportedly refer to John 15 : 18 : `` If the world hates you , know that it hated me before . '' The in - N - Out burgers Foundation ( edit ) The In - N - Out Burgers Foundation , was established as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization in March 1995 , and classified as a `` Human Services : Fund Raising & Fund Distribution '' organization under the NTEE system . Based in Irvine , California , the foundation `` supports organizations that provide residential treatment , emergency shelter , foster care , and early intervention for children in need . '' Its grant - making activities are restricted to eligible nonprofit groups that are located or provide services in areas where In - N - Out has a presence . Consequently , grant proposals are only accepted from applicants in a limited number of counties in Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah , Texas . In 2010 , the most recent year for which financial reporting is publicly available ( and before the opening of the company 's Texas locations ) , the foundation contributed $1,545,250 to 231 grantees in Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah . Grant - making is funded through donor contributions and In - N - Out - sponsored fundraisers ; typical grants are between $2,000 and $20,000 . Original restaurant ( edit ) The first In - N - Out restaurant that opened in 1948 was demolished when the Interstate 10 ( then U.S. 60 / 70 / 99 , the Ramona Freeway ) San Bernardino Freeway was built from downtown Los Angeles to the San Gabriel Valley . The freeway runs over the original location . A new restaurant was completed in 1954 near the original Baldwin Park , California location , but was closed in November 2004 and demolished on April 16 , 2011 despite discussions about using it as an In - N - Out museum chronicling the origins and history of the company . In - N - Out built a replacement restaurant on the other side of the freeway next to the original In - N - Out University ( opened in 1984 ) . A new In - N - Out University was built on the property . The University building houses the training department , which was moved from Irvine , California . In addition , the company restaurant was moved from In - N - Out 's Baldwin Park headquarters to the new lot , which holds the restaurant and university , less than a thousand feet away . In 2014 , a replica of the 1948 In - N - Out was built in Baldwin Park . See also ( edit ) Food portal Companies portal Burger Wars Fast food List of hamburger restaurants List of restaurant chains in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out Burgers , Inc . '' . PrivCo . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Lubove , Seth ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Youngest American Woman Billionaire Found With In - N - Out '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Northern California , Southern California , Arizona , Nevada , Utah & Texas Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Distribution Center '' . City Search . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out Burgers plans more Utah locations '' . Enterprise Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson - Jacobs , Karen ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger plans up to 8 restaurants for DFW , major distribution center for Texas hub '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schermerhorn , John R. ( October 11 , 2011 ) . Exploring Management . John Wiley & Sons . p. C - 36 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ ( url = http://www.in-n-out.com/employment/restaurant.aspx ^ Jump up to : Pomfre , John ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` In Calif. , Internal Lawsuits Served Up at Burger Chain '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bronstad , Amanda ( December 5 , 2005 ) . `` In - n - Out burned by exec 's lawsuit '' . Los Angeles Business Journal . AllBusiness.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Strasburg , Jenny ( March 3 , 2001 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger Beefs Up the Wharf Chain 's followers now have S.F. site '' . The San Francisco Gate . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger vs. McDonald 's : Guess Who Won ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Zagat Surveys Nation 's Fast Food '' . Zagat.com . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pellegrini , Frank ( August 31 , 2000 ) . `` Restaurant Review : The In - N - Out Burger '' . Time . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of In and Out Burger '' . FundingUniverse . Jump up ^ `` Marketplace : What sets burger chain In - N - Out apart '' . Marketplace ( radio program ) . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Esther Snyder , In - N - Out Burger Founder , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Perman , Stacy ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger '' . ISBN 9780061872136 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . In - N - Out . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arner , Mark ( September 7 , 1990 ) . `` Burger chain draws crowds at Vista outlet '' . San Diego Union Tribune . pp. B -- 16 : 1B -- 19 : 3 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Lane , Libby ( October 28 , 1993 ) . `` In - N - Out Comes North - Restaurant Sells Burgers , Shakes , Memories '' . Modesto Bee . pp. C -- 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Carson City In - N - Out Burger Construction Photos '' . Around Carson . October 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Pangburn , Joe ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger 's all - stars set record with Tucson opening '' . Inside Tucson Business . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jacob ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` Famous IN - N - OUT coming to Draper '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Garnett , Ricky ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` In - N - Out coming to American Fork '' . Secret Menus . Jump up ^ `` 2 In - N - Out Burger locations open in Utah '' . KSL - TV . November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rigert , Michael ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` In - N - Out fans come out en masse for Orem opening '' . Provo Daily Herald . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Jennifer W. ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Two new In - N - Out Burgers opening up '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ Kavner , Lucas ( 12 July 2012 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger Expands To North Texas , People Line Up ( UPDATE ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Virginia B. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger Comes to Our ' Hood : 65 - year - old California burger chain opens in Austin Thursday Dec. 12 '' . Austin Chronicle . Jump up ^ Brion , Raphael ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` In - N - Out 's New Dallas Distribution Center Means it Could Expand to Thirteen States '' . Eater . Jump up ^ Sterling , Colin ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger Heads To Dallas , Texas '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morton , Neal ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` In - N - Out confirms first S.A. site '' . My San Antonio . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Natalie ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Californians line up for In - N - Out opening in Killeen '' . Killian Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Morton , Neal ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` San Antonio 's first In - N - Out Burger opening Thursday '' . San Antonio Express - News . Jump up ^ Griffin , Taylor ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` New eats in Waco coming this fall '' . Baylor Lariat . Jump up ^ Adams , Madison ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Waco : In - N - Out Burger Opens Then Closes , But Just Temporarily '' . KWTX - TV . Jump up ^ http://patch.com/texas/midtownhouston/whataburger-beware-n-out-burger-reportedly-close-land-deals-houston Jump up ^ http://abc13.com/food/in-n-out-burger-to-bring-animal-style-to-houston/1730583/ Jump up ^ Bakall , Samantha ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Waiting in line at In - N - Out 's first Oregon restaurant in Medford '' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ Winkelman , Cheryl ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger builds Lathrop warehouse '' . Oakland Tribune -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Lubove , Seth ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Lynsi Torres , In - N - Out Burger 's Elusive Billionaire '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Clough , Richard ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Drag - racing heiress keeps In - N - Out on course '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out Road Trip Location Guide '' ( PDF ) . In - N - Out . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luna , Nancy ( April 6 , 2006 ) . `` In - N - Out ordered to alter some claims in lawsuit '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out , former VP reach secretive settlement '' . TMC News . August 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Van Leer , Twila ( June 30 , 2007 ) . `` In - N - Out wins one over Chadders '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Amanda ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger sues American Fork Restaurant '' . KSL - TV . Jump up ^ In - N - Out Burgers v. Chadders Restaurant et al. ( Utah District Court June 29 , 2007 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out coming to American Fork '' . Daily Herald ( Utah ) . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out Burger Suing American Fork Burger Joint '' . Fox News . June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Laura ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Chadder 's Sued For Not Opening '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ In - N - Out Burgers vs. DoorDash ( United States District Court , Central District of California ) . Text Jump up ^ Sernoffsky , Evan ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Livermore In - N - Out Burger temporarily closes after diners sickened '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Chris ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Livermore In - N - Out Burger voluntarily closes after customers reportedly got sick '' . KGO - TV . Jump up ^ Cestone , Vince ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : Livermore In - N - Out Burger temporarily closed after group of customers complain of flu - like symptoms '' . KRON - TV . Jump up ^ Cestone , Vince ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Health Officials : Group of customers did not get sickened at Livermore In - N - Out , restaurant reopens '' . KRON - TV . Jump up ^ `` Not So Secret Menu '' . In - N - Out Burger . Jump up ^ `` A 100x100 at In - N - Out '' . Super Sized Meals . January 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Neal ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Welcome to Burger Heaven '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marcotte , John ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` In - N - Out 's Secret Menu '' . Badmouth . ^ Jump up to : Savio , Kelly ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` The Ins and Outs of In - N - Out '' . Gilroy Dispatch . Jump up ^ Elisberg , Robert J. ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's Only Hamburger That 's Good for You '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Perman , Stacy ( 2010 ) . In - N - Out Burger : A Behind - the - Counter Look at the Fast - Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules . Harper Collins . pp. 149 -- 50 . ISBN 9780061872143 . Jump up ^ Pellegrini , Frank ( August 21 , 2000 ) . `` Restaurant Review : The In - N - Out Burger '' . Time . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Briggs , David ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` Smith Stays In , Buckeyes Worth Big Bucks '' . The Lantern . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howser , Huell ( 2009 ) . `` California 's Gold # 146 - IN - N - OUT BURGER '' . California 's Gold . Episode 146 . PBS . KCET . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNichol , Tom ( August 14 , 2002 ) . `` The Secret Behind A Burger Cult '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Jason Giambi , Oakland Athletics on verge of one - year deal '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Jill ( April 20 , 2008 ) . `` Gordon Ramsay admits secret passion for fast food burgers '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . ^ Jump up to : Luna , Nancy ( March 2011 ) . `` Attack of the Double Double '' . D Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Joshua David ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Thomas Keller : His fantasy burger restaurant '' . Eater . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Russ ( August 7 , 2002 ) . `` A day in the life at 90 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Marcy ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Anthony Bourdain : Unofficial Spokesperson for In - N - Out Burger '' . The Braiser . Abrams Media Network . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ DeJesus , Erin ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Watch Anthony Bourdain Extoll the Virtues of In - N - Out Burger '' . Eater . Vox Media . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . HarperCollins . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Marshall ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Mixing It Up at Oscar After - Parties '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Perman , Stacy ( 2009 ) . In - n - out Burger : A Behind - the - Counter Look at the Fast - Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules . New York : Collins Business . ISBN 9780061872143 . Jump up ^ `` Child Abuse Foundation : History '' . In - N - Out Burger . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` In - N - Out Burgers Foundation '' . National Center for Charitable Statistics . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Child Abuse Foundation : Eligibility '' . In - N - Out Burger . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Child Abuse Foundation : About The Grants '' . In - N - Out Burger . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Luna , Nancy ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger : 2 Texas restaurants to open next week '' . OC Register . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Form 990 '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 -- via Foundation Center . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob & Kim , Victoria ( 2011 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Historic In - N - Out Burger stand is Down - N - Out '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Luna , Nancy ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` SoCal institution In - N - Out opens replica 1948 burger stand '' . OC Register . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Hawn , Carleen ( August 7 , 2006 ) . `` In - N - Out Burger is giving McDonald 's a run for its money '' . fastcompany.com . Perman , Stacy ( 2009 ) . In - N - Out Burger : A Behind - the - Counter Look at the Fast - Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules . New York : HarperBusiness . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 134671 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to In - N - Out Burger . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America . Official website The In - N - Out Burger Opening Day Phenomenon ! ( hide ) Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . 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Death Star
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Death Star - wikipedia Death Star Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Death Star ( disambiguation ) . Death Star First appearance Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker ( novel , 1976 ) Affiliation Galactic Empire The original and second Death Stars . Death Star is the name of a number of fictional mobile space stations and galactic superweapons featured in the Star Wars space opera franchise . The first Death Star was stated to be more than 100 km to 160 km in diameter , depending on source . It was crewed by an estimated 1.7 million military personnel and 400,000 droids . Its superweapon delivered enough energies on a scale equivalent to all the energy released by the Sun in an entire week . The second Death Star was significantly larger , between 200 km to 400 km in diameter depending on source , and technologically more advanced than its predecessor . Both versions of these dwarf planet - sized fortresses were designed for massive power projection capabilities , capable of destroying multiple naval fleets or entire planets with one blast from their superlasers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and design 1.1 Special effects 2 Depiction 2.1 Death Star - class 2.1. 1 DS - 1 Platform - ( Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope ) 2.1. 2 DS - 2 Platform - ( Star Wars : Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi ) 2.2 Similar super weapons of mass destruction 2.2. 1 Malachor Sith Temple - ( Star Wars Rebels ) 2.2. 2 Starkiller Base - ( Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) 2.3 Death Stars in Star Wars Legends 2.3. 1 DS - X Prototype Battle Station 2.3. 2 Death Star III - ( Star Tours : The Adventures Continue ) 3 Cultural influence 3.1 Science 3.2 Merchandise 3.3 White House petition 3.4 Petition in other countries 4 References 5 External links Origin and design ( edit ) Although details , such as the superlaser 's location , shifted between different concept models during production of Star Wars , the notion of the Death Star being a large , spherical space station over 100 kilometers in diameter was consistent in all of them . George Lucas gave the original task of designing a `` Death Star '' to concept artist and spaceship modeler Colin Cantwell , who had collaborated with Stanley Kubrick on the 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey . In a 2016 interview , Cantwell related that `` I did n't originally plan for the Death Star to have a trench , but when I was working with the mold , I noticed the two halves had shrunk at the point where they met across the middle . '' As it `` would have taken a week of work just to fill and sand and refill this depression , '' Cantwell suggested a trench to Lucas to save the labor . Lucas liked the idea , and the Death Star model was created by John Stears . The buzzing sound counting down to the Death Star firing its superlaser comes from the Flash Gordon serials . Portraying an incomplete yet powerful space station posed a problem for Industrial Light & Magic 's modelmakers for Return of the Jedi . Only the front side of the 137 - centimeter model was completed , and the image was flipped horizontally for the final film . Both Death Stars were depicted by a combination of complete and sectional models and matte paintings . Special effects ( edit ) The explosion special effect . The Death Star explosions featured in the special edition of A New Hope and in Return of the Jedi are rendered with a Praxis effect , wherein a flat ring of matter erupts from the explosion . The grid plan animations shown during the Rebel briefing for the attack on the Death Star late in A New Hope were an actual computer graphics simulation from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory made by Larry Cuba and Gary Imhoff as part of a CalArts project , and had been included during filming . Depiction ( edit ) Emperor Palpatine ( left ) and Darth Vader ( right ) watch the original Death Star 's construction in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . These are depictions of the Death Star and other similar weapons of mass destruction within the Star Wars canon . Death Star - class ( edit ) DS - 1 platform - ( Star Wars : Episode IV -- a New Hope ) ( edit ) The original Death Star 's completed form appears in Star Wars , known officially as the DS - 1 Orbital Battle Station , or Project Stardust in Rogue One . Commanded by Governor Tarkin , it is the Galactic Empire 's `` ultimate weapon '' , a huge spherical space station over 100 kilometers in diameter capable of destroying a planet with one shot of its superlaser . The film opens with Princess Leia transporting the station 's schematics to the Rebel Alliance to aid them in destroying the Death Star . Tarkin orders the Death Star to destroy Leia 's home world of Alderaan in an attempt to press her into giving him the location of the secret Rebel base ; she gives them the false location of Dantooine , but Tarkin has Alderaan destroyed anyway , as a demonstration of the Death Star 's firepower and the Empire 's resolve . Later , Luke Skywalker , Han Solo , Chewbacca , Obi - Wan Kenobi , C - 3PO , and R2 - D2 are pulled aboard the station by a tractor beam , where they discover and manage to rescue Princess Leia . As they make their escape , Obi - Wan dies fighting Darth Vader , enabling the others to flee the station . Later , Luke returns as part of a fighter force to attack its only weak point : a ray - shielded particle exhaust vent leading straight from the surface directly into its reactor core . Luke was able to successfully launch his fighter 's torpedoes into the vent , impacting the core and triggering a catastrophic explosion , which completely destroyed the station before it could use its superlaser weapon to annihilate its intended target , the rebel base on Yavin IV . The Clone Wars Legacy story reel from the unfinished Crystal Crisis on Utapau episodes revealed that the reason General Grievous was on Utapau in Revenge of the Sith was to acquire enormous kyber crystals , which were required to power the Death Star 's superlaser . The first Death Star 's schematics are visible in the scenes on Geonosis in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones showcasing the early development of the Death Star prototype , the Death Star plans were designed by Geonosians led by Archduke Poggle the Lesser , a member of the Confederacy of Independent Systems , and is shown early in construction at the end of Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . The Death Star plans are a central plot - point in the 2016 film Rogue One and the original 1977 film Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope . A hologram from the original Death Star is briefly visible in a scene at the Resistance base in Star Wars : Episode VII - The Force Awakens and used as a means of comparison with one from the First Order 's own superweapon , Starkiller Base . In the animated series Star Wars Rebels , the two - part episode `` Ghost of Geonosis '' hinted that the Geonosians were nearly wiped out to extinction out of the Empire 's need for secrecy . Saw Gerrera , having been sent to Geonosis to investigate , deduced the Empire possesses a superweapon and resolved to discover the Death Star as depicted in the final season two - parter `` In the Name of the Rebellion . '' Though it was a dead end , finding only scientists being abducted by the Empire , Saw learned the weapon is powered by kyber crystals taken from the Jedha system . The anthology film Rogue One focuses on a band of Rebels stealing the plans for the first Death Star prior to the events of A New Hope . The Death Star project was overseen by Orson Krennic , the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military . Under Krennic 's supervision , the project was beset by constant delays , and he forcibly recruited weapons designer Galen Erso ( the father of Jyn Erso , the movie 's main protagonist ) to complete the design ; nevertheless , it was another fifteen years before the Death Star was operational . The Death Star 's primary laser was powered by kyber crystals mined from the desert moon of Jedha , and is first used to destroy Jedha City both as a response to a violent insurgency on the planet , and as a display of the Death Star 's operational status to restore the Empire 's confidence in the project . Grand Moff Tarkin assumes control over the Death Star while Krennic investigates security breaches in the design project . It is subsequently revealed that Galen discreetly sabotaged the design by building a vulnerability into the reactor . This is the same vulnerability that Luke Skywalker takes advantage of during the events of A New Hope . After the Death Star plans are stolen from the Scarif vault , Tarkin fires the Death Star laser on the base killing Krennic , as well as Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor . The canonical population of the first Death Star was 1.7 million military personnel , 400,000 maintenance droids , and 250,000 civilians / independent contractors . The 2014 book Star Wars : Tarkin detailed the life of Grand Moff Tarkin , and prominently featured the first Death Star . The theme of the construction of the Death Star is continued in the 2016 book , Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel , which tells the story of the development of the Death Star 's superweapon by the scientist , Galen Erso and Krennic 's deception of him . It also reveals how Poggle worked with Krennic on the Project but then turned on him . In the film Rogue One , it is revealed that the Death Star 's superlaser is powered by multiple reactors , allowing it to vary its destructive power depending on the target . Skeptical of the station 's power , Tarkin ordered that it first be tested on Jedha City using a single reactor . Subsequently , a second single - reactor test would destroy their installation on Scarif , along with the Rebel strike force who had successfully stolen the station 's plans . The destruction of the planet Alderaan would be the first time the Death Star was tested with all reactors employed . DS - 2 platform - ( Star Wars : Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi ) ( edit ) Return of the Jedi features a second Death Star still under construction in orbit around the second moon of Endor . Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader send the Rebels false information that the station 's weapons systems are not operational in order to lure them into a trap . When the station 's protective shield is disabled by a ground assault team on the forest moon of the planet Endor ( led by Han Solo ) with the help of the native Ewoks , rebel fighters flew into the unfinished station targeting its reactor core chamber and damaged the reactor core itself , which eventually explodes and destroys the station . It was destroyed by Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian ( with Nien Nunb as his Millennium Falcon co-pilot ) , the former destroying a power regulator and the latter destroying the main reactor . The Death Star II is featured in the cover of the book Star Wars : Aftermath ( 2015 ) , which also features many flashbacks to the destruction of the Death Star II , as well as the events directly after its destruction . One of the main characters in the story personally escaped the explosion of the Death Star . The destruction of the second Death Star was also shown in holograms in the book . The 2015 comic book Star Wars : Shattered Empire also explores the days following the destruction of the Death Star II from the perspective of Poe Dameron 's parents , who were pilots during the event . The video game Star Wars : Uprising also takes place during the aftermath of the second Death Star 's destruction , and features a hologram of its description on multiple occasions in and out of cutscenes . Similar super weapons of mass destruction ( edit ) Malachor Sith temple - ( Star Wars Rebels ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Rebels The Star Wars Rebels episode Twilight of the Apprentice features a forbidden planet called Malachor , home of an ancient Sith Temple . This temple contained a Battle Station capable of destroying planets , and could only be activated by placing a special Sith Holocron in an obelisk at the summit of the pyramid inside the temple . Thousands of years prior , a battle was waged on Malachor that resulted in the deaths of its inhabitants . Somewhere between the events of his last appearance in The Clone Wars and this episode , Darth Maul had become stranded on Malachor . When Ahsoka Tano , Kanan and Ezra arrived , Ezra was separated from them . He was discovered by a character who later revealed himself to be Maul . Together , they solved a series of test chambers that required cooperation between two Force wielders , and retrieved a Sith Holocron . With the help of Kanan and Ahsoka , they fought three Inquisitors , all of whom were killed by Maul . Maul then betrayed his allies , blinding Kanan , and proceeded to activate the Battle Station . Once Maul was defeated by a sightless Kanan , Darth Vader arrived with the intention of retrieving the holocron , but was challenged by Ahsoka Tano , his former Padawan . While the station was preparing to fire , Kanan and Ezra retrieved the holocron themselves and escaped , preventing this weapon of mass destruction from being used . Even though the temple was destabilized , Ahsoka and Vader kept fighting to the death within the rapidly - crumbling building , until it eventually exploded , wounding Darth Vader and almost killing Ahsoka . Starkiller base - ( Star Wars : the Force Awakens ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens features Starkiller Base , a planet turned into a battle station built by the First Order . Significantly larger than either the first or second Death Star , and unlike either of those cost - prohibitive space stations , this battle station cut - costs by terraforming an existing planet and draws its fire power directly from a sun , but it requires time to draw enough energy . Once fired , it has the power to destroy up to five planets within the same star system simultaneously , making it a far deadlier superweapon than the Death Star . General Hux gave an intense speech while the Starkiller Base demonstrated its lethality by obliterating the five planets of the Hosnian Prime system ( the location of the Republic government , which rotates every few years ) , the cataclysm witnessed by Han Solo , Chewbacca , Rey and Finn from Maz Kanata 's castle . After Rey was captured by Kylo Ren , he interrogated her within the base . Han , Chewbacca and Finn approached the base at light - speed because the base 's shield kept out anything going under the speed of light . They found Rey and successfully lowered the protective shields , enabling an X-wing assault led by Poe Dameron and Nien Numb to destroy the planet - turned - base , with Poe firing the crucial , destructive shots . The name Starkiller Base paid homage to the early drafts of the original Star Wars film , referring to Luke Skywalker 's original name as Luke Starkiller . Death Stars in Star Wars Legends ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Legends Both Death Stars appear throughout the non-canonical Star Wars Legends ( formerly known as the Expanded Universe ) . The first Death Star 's construction is the subject of Michael Reaves and Steve Perry 's novel Death Star . In LucasArts 's Star Wars : Battlefront II , the player participates in a mission to secure crystals used in the Death Star 's superlaser . The first Death Star under construction acts as the final stage in the video game , The Force Unleashed . Kevin J. Anderson 's Jedi Academy trilogy introduces the Maw Cluster of black holes that protect a laboratory where the Death Star prototype was built ( consisting of the super structure , power core , and superlaser ) . National Public Radio 's A New Hope adaptation portrays Leia ( Ann Sachs ) and Bail Organa 's ( Stephen Elliott ) discovery of the Death Star 's existence and Leia 's mission to steal the space station 's schematics . The first level of LucasArts ' Dark Forces gives the player a supporting role in Leia 's mission , while a mission in Battlefront II tasks the player with acting as a stormtrooper or Darth Vader in an attempt to recover the plans and capture Leia . Steve Perry 's novel Shadows of the Empire describes a mission that leads to the Rebels learning of the second Death Star 's existence , and that mission is playable in LucasArts ' X-Wing Alliance combat flight simulator . Numerous LucasArts titles recreate the movies ' attacks on the Death Stars , and the Death Star itself is a controllable weapon for the Empire in the Rebellion and Empire at War strategy game . A Death Star variation appears in Kevin J. Anderson 's novel Darksaber ( 1995 ) , and a prototype version of the Death Star can be found in his novel Jedi Search ( 1994 ) . The first Death Star is depicted in various sources of having a crew of 265,675 , as well as 52,276 gunners , 607,360 troops , 30,984 stormtroopers , 42,782 ship support staff , and 180,216 pilots and support crew . Its hangars contain assault shuttles , blastboats , Strike cruisers , land vehicles , support ships , and 7,293 TIE fighters . It is also protected by 10,000 turbolaser batteries , 2,600 ion cannons , and at least 768 tractor beam projectors . Various sources state the first Death Star has a diameter of between 140 and 160 kilometers . There is a broader range of figures for the second Death Star 's diameter , ranging from 160 to 900 kilometers . DS - X prototype battle station ( edit ) In the Legends novels Death Star , Dark Empire II , Jedi Search and Champions of the Force , an experimental Death Star prototype , DS - X ( a durasteel frame surrounding a reactor core , superlaser , engines and a control room ) was conceived by Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin as a test bed for the first Death Star . It was constructed by Bevel Lemelisk and his engineers at the Empire 's secret Maw Installation . The prototype measured 120 kilometers in diameter . Its superlaser was only powerful enough to destroy a planet 's core , rendering it an uninhabitable `` dead planet '' . The targeting system on the prototype was never calibrated and the superlaser was inefficient , leaving the weapon 's batteries drained . The prototype had no interior except a slave - linked control room , hyperdrive engines and other components ; the station operated with skeleton - crew of 75 personnel . George Lucas himself confirmed that the plans featured in Attack of the Clones and the under - construction facility in Revenge of the Sith was indeed the original Death Star . The Star Wars : The New Essential Chronology retconned the DS - X prototype into being built alongside the main Death Star . Death Star III - ( Star Tours : the Adventures Continue ) ( edit ) In the Disney attraction Star Tours : The Adventures Continue , guests can travel inside an incomplete Death Star during one of the randomized ride sequences . In the original Star Tours , a Death Star III is seen and destroyed during the ride sequence by the New Republic . Leland Chee originally created the third Death Star to explain why a Death Star is present on the Star Tours ride when both of the stations in the movies were destroyed . The station being built near the Forest Moon of Endor like the second Death Star before it is similar to an original concept for Return of the Jedi , where two Death Stars would have been built near Had Abbadon ( then the Imperial capital world ) . The Habitation spheres , based on the Imperials ' suspicious claims that they were designed strictly for peaceful purposes , were suggested by some fans to have been the origin for the Death Star III . This was later revealed to be the case in Part 2 of the StarWars.com Blog series The Imperial Warlords : Despoilers of an Empire . In the Star Wars Legends game Tiny Death Star , a random HoloNet entry states that one of the residents of the Death Star is simply staying there until he can afford to stay at the third Death Star . Cultural influence ( edit ) The Death Star placed ninth in a 2008 20th Century Fox poll of the most popular movie weapons . It is also referred to outside of the Star Wars context . KTCK ( SportsRadio 1310 The Ticket ) in Dallas were the first to use the term `` Death Star '' to describe the new mammoth Cowboys Stadium , now AT&T Stadium , in Arlington , Texas . The term has since spread to local media and is generally accepted as a proper nickname for the stadium . The Death Star strategy was the name Enron gave to one of their fraudulent business practices for manipulating California 's energy market . AT&T Corporation 's logo introduced in 1982 is informally referred to as the `` Death Star '' . Ars Technica referred to `` the AT&T Death Star '' in an article criticizing a company data policy . Competitor T - Mobile mocked AT&T 's `` Death Star '' logo and `` Empire - like reputation '' in a press release . Science ( edit ) See also : Physics and Star Wars The Saturnian moon Mimas , photographed by the Cassini probe in 2005 . The large crater in the upper right ( Herschel ) gives it a resemblance to the Death Star . In 1981 , following the Voyager spacecraft 's flight past Saturn , scientists noticed a resemblance between one of the planet 's moons , Mimas , and the Death Star . Additionally , a few astronomers sometimes use the term `` Death Star '' to describe Nemesis , a hypothetical star postulated in 1984 to be responsible for gravitationally forcing comets and asteroids from the Oort cloud toward Earth . Merchandise ( edit ) Kenner and AMT created a playset and a model , respectively , of the first Death Star . In 2005 and 2008 , Lego released models of Death Star II and Death Star I , respectively . In 1979 , Palitoy created a heavy card version of the Death Star as a playset for the vintage range of action figures in the UK , Australia and Canada . Both Death Stars are part of different Micro Machines three - packs . The Death Stars and locations in them are cards in Decipher , Inc. 's and Wizards of the Coast 's Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game , respectively . Hasbro released a Death Star model that transforms into a Darth Vader mech . Estes Industries released a flying model rocket version . A Death Star trinket box was also released by Royal Selangor in 2015 , in conjunction with the upcoming December screening of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In 2016 , Plox released the official levitating Death Star Speaker in anticipation of the upcoming screening of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . White House petition ( edit ) In 2012 -- 13 , a proposal on the White House 's website urging the United States government to build a real Death Star as an economic stimulus and job creation measure gained more than 30,000 signatures , enough to qualify for an official response . The official ( tongue - in - cheek ) response was released in January 2013 : the cost of building a real Death Star has been estimated at $850 quadrillion by the Lehigh University , or about 13,000 times the amount of mineable resources on Earth , while the International Business Times cited a Centives economics blog calculation that , at current rates of steel production , the Death Star would not be ready for more than 833,000 years . The White House response also stated `` the Administration does not support blowing up planets , '' and questioned funding a weapon `` with a fundamental flaw that can be exploited by a one - man starship '' as reasons for denying the petition . Petition in other countries ( edit ) The Luxemburgish magician Christian Lavey ( born as Christian Kies ) submitted a petition for the construction of a Death Star to the Luxemburgish parliament . However , on an interview with a local radio station Lavey admitted that this petition was just a joke and some kind of protest against the space plans of the government . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Complete Locations ^ Jump up to : Beecroft , Simon ( 2010 ) . Star Wars : Death Star Battles . London , UK : Dorling Kindersley . Jump up ^ Brandon , John ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Death Star Physics : How Much Energy Does It Take to Blow Up a Planet ? '' . PopularMechanics.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Star ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( September 29 , 2016 ) , Star Wars Death Star 's famed feature was a complete accident , CNET , retrieved January 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Alyssa ( September 27 , 2016 ) , ' Star Wars ' star ships designer reveals inspiration behind Death Star , X-Wing , and TIE fighter , SFGate , retrieved January 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` John Stears , 64 , Dies ; Film - Effects Wizard '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ John Stears ; Special Effects Genius Behind 007 and R2 - D2 `` '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) . The Sounds of Star Wars . Chronicle Books . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 7546 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Star II ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Star Plans ARE in the Main Computer - StarWars.com '' . 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ This space station is also called `` Ultimate Weapon '' by the original owner , the Separatist Confederacy . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Story Reel : A Death on Utapau - Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star '' . MovieWeb.com. 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malachor '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malachor Sith temple '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sith holocron '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Twilight of the Apprentice '' Review `` . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Adventures Of Luke Starkiller ' : Peter Mayhew releases pages from his 1976 Star Wars script '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Original Star Wars Script Found , Solves Long - Running Mystery '' . Time . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Star ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Slavicsek , Bill ( 1991 - 06 - 01 ) . Death Star Technical Companion . West End Games . Jump up ^ Mack , Eric ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` Finally , a cost estimate for building a real Death Star '' . CNET . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David ( 1998 - 10 - 05 ) . Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V & VI : The Ultimate Guide to Star Wars Vehicles and Spacecraft . DK Children . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3480 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Death Star II ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Inside the Worlds of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V , & VI : The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations . DK Children . 2004 - 08 - 16 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 0307 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Convenient Daily Departures : The History of Star Tours - StarWars.com '' . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sophie Borland ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The New Death Star Stadium -- Texas Stadium '' . theunticket.com . Jump up ^ Kranhold , Kathryn ; Bryan Lee ; Mitchel Benson ( 2002 - 05 - 07 ) . `` New Documents Show Enron Traders Manipulated California Energy Costs '' . Free Preview . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bell System Memorial - Bell Logo History '' . beatriceco.com . Porticus.org . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . sterling silver American Bell logo ( which we recognize as the post-divestiture AT&T `` death star '' logo ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Nate ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) . `` AT&T , have you no shame ? '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Publications . p. 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Morran , Chris ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` T - Mobile Claims `` AT&T Dismantles Death Star '' In Mocking Press Release `` . The Consumerist . Consumer Reports . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Kelly ( 2005 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Saturn 's moon is Death Star 's twin '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Saturn 's diminutive moon , Mimas , poses as the Death Star -- the planet - destroying space station from the movie Star Wars -- in an image recently captured by NASA 's Cassini spacecraft . Jump up ^ Britt , Robert Roy ( 2001 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Nemesis : Does the Sun Have a ' Companion ' ? '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Any one of them could be the Death Star , as Nemesis has come to be called by some . Jump up ^ `` Death Star Space Station '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery . Steve Sansweet . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Death Star '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery . Steve Sansweet . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Death Star '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Star Wars Death Star Landing Bay Diorama Made from Over 30,000 Bricks '' . 2011 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` # X : T - 16 Skyhopper , Lars Family Landspeeder , Death Star II ( 1996 ) '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` # XIV : Landing Craft , Death Star , Speeder Swoop ( 1998 ) '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Customizable Card Game Complete Card List '' ( PDF ) . Decipher , Inc. 2001 - 08 - 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars TRANSFORMERS Darth Vader Death Star '' . Hasbro . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ESTES INDUSTRIES INC . Model Rockets and Engines '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Selangor - Pewter - Products - Trinket Box , Death Star '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Accessories , Ninjabox Australia Latest Tech Gadgets & . `` Official Star Wars Levitating Death Star Bluetooth Speaker by Plox '' . Ninjabox Australia Latest Tech Gadgets & Accessories . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Shawcross , Paul ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` This Is n't the Petition Response You 're Looking For '' . Wired . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roxanne Palmer ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` White House Rejects Death Star Petition : Doomsday Devices US Could Build Instead '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` It 's a trap ! Petition to build Death Star will spark White House response '' . Jump up ^ `` US shoots down Death Star superlaser petition '' . BBC News . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Times - Community - Petition for Luxembourg to join dark side , build Death Star '' . luxtimes.lu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Star Wars portal Speculative fiction portal Death Star in the StarWars.com Databank Death Star on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki NASA Engineer Says It Would Be Easier To Build A Death Star On Asteroid Fictional universe of Star Wars Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Other Jedi Sith Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Battle droid Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Rogue Squadron Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Aerospace crafts Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_Star&oldid=826670665 '' Categories : Fictional space stations Megastructures Star Wars spacecraft Star Wars weapons Weapons of mass destruction in fiction Fictional castles and fortresses Star Wars locations Fictional energy weapons Fictional doomsday devices Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who built the death star in star wars
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[
"\nDeath Star\n\nFirst appearance\nStar Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (novel, 1976)\n\n\nAffiliation\nGalactic Empire\n\n"
] |
[
"Galactic Empire"
] |
6110934658802530136
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Lake Athabasca
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Lake Athabasca - wikipedia Lake Athabasca Jump to : navigation , search Lake Athabasca Ice breakup on Lake Athabasca ( June 9 , 2002 ) Lake Athabasca ( August 24 , 2002 ) Location Division No. 18 , Saskatchewan / Wood Buffalo , Alberta Coordinates 59 ° 16 ′ N 109 ° 27 ′ W / 59.267 ° N 109.450 ° W / 59.267 ; - 109.450 Coordinates : 59 ° 16 ′ N 109 ° 27 ′ W / 59.267 ° N 109.450 ° W / 59.267 ; - 109.450 Primary inflows Peace River , which backs up through Rivière des Rochers during flooding , Athabasca River , William River , MacFarlane River , Colin River , Fond du Lac River , Primary outflows Rivière des Rochers that meets with the Peace to form the Slave Catchment area 274,540 km ( 106,000 sq mi ) Basin countries Canada Max. length 283 km ( 176 mi ) Max . width 50 km ( 31 mi ) Surface area 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) Max . depth 124 m ( 407 ft ) Shore length ~ 1,900 km ( 1,200 mi ) Surface elevation 213 m ( 699 ft ) Settlements Fort Chipewyan , Uranium City , Camsell Portage , Fond du Lac References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Athabasca ( / ˌæθəˈbæskə / ; French : lac Athabasca ; from Woods Cree : aðapaskāw , `` ( where ) there are plants one after another '' ) is located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan and the northeast corner of Alberta between 58 ° and 60 ° N. The lake is 26 % in Alberta and 74 % in Saskatchewan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography and natural history 2.1 Tributaries 3 Development and environment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Athabasca Country The name in the Dene language originally referred only to the large delta formed by the confluence of the Athabasca River at the southwest corner of the lake . Prior to 1789 , Sir Alexander Mackenzie explored the lake . In 1791 , Philip Turnor , cartographer for the Hudson 's Bay Company , wrote in his journal , `` low swampy ground on the South side with a few willows growing upon it , from which the Lake in general takes its name Athapison in the Southern Cree tongue which signifies open country such as lakes with willows and grass growing about them '' . Peter Fidler originally recorded the name for the river in 1790 as the Great Arabuska . By 1801 , the name had gained a closer spelling to the current name -- Athapaskow Lake . By 1820 , George Simpson referred to both the lake and the river as `` Athabasca '' . Geography and Natural history ( edit ) Lake Athabasca , Canada Mackenzie River drainage basin showing Lake Athabasca 's position south of Great Slave Lake The lake covers 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) , is 283 km ( 176 mi ) long , has a maximum width of 50 km ( 31 mi ) , and a maximum depth of 124 m ( 407 ft ) , and holds 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) of water , making it the largest and deepest lake in both Alberta and Saskatchewan , and the eighth largest in Canada . Water flows northward from the lake via the Slave River and Mackenzie River systems , eventually reaching the Arctic Ocean . Fort Chipewyan , one of the oldest European settlements in Alberta , is located on the western shore of the lake , where the Rivière des Rochers drains the lake and flows toward Slave River , beginning its northward journey along the eastern boundary of Wood Buffalo National Park . The eastern section of the lake narrows to a width of about 1 km (. 6 miles ) near the community of Fond du Lac located on the northern shore then continues to its most easterly point at the mouth of the Fond du Lac River . Fidler Point on the north shore of Lake Athabasca is named for Peter Fidler , a surveyor and map maker for the Hudson 's Bay Company . Along with other lakes such as the Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake , Lake Athabasca is a remnant of the vast Glacial Lake McConnell . Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries of Lake Athabasca include ( going clockwise ) ; Fond du Lac River , Otherside River , Helmer Creek , MacFarlane River , Archibald River , William River , Ennuyeuse Creek , Dumville Creek , Debussac Creek , Jackfish Creek , Claussen Creek , Old Fort River , Crown Creek , Athabasca River , Colin River , Oldman River , Bulyea River , Grease River and Robillard River . Development and environment ( edit ) Uranium and gold mining along the northern shore resulted in the birth of Uranium City , Saskatchewan , which was home to the mine workers and their families . While the last mine closed in the 1980s , the effects of mining operations have heavily contaminated the northern shores . The large oil sands mining nearby is suspected to have added to the current pollution levels in the lake . On October 31 , 2013 , one of Obed Mountain coal mine 's pits failed , and from between 600 million to a billion liters of slurry poured into the Plante and Apetowun Creeks . The plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River , travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan , over 500 km ( 310 mi ) away . The Lake Athabasca Sand Dunes , the largest active sand dunes in the world north of 58 ° , are adjacent to the southern shore . The dunes were designated a `` Provincial Wilderness Park '' in 1992 . Lake Athabasca contains 23 species of fish , with a world record lake trout of 46.3 kg ( 102 lb ) having been caught from its depths in 1961 by means of a gillnet . Other fish species include walleye , yellow perch , northern pike , lake trout , goldeye , lake whitefish , cisco , Arctic grayling , burbot , white sucker and longnose sucker . See also ( edit ) Peace -- Athabasca Delta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca , Canada ( Note : Lake Athabasca during ice - break - up ) '' . June 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Burn Scars in Saskatchewan , Canada ( Note : Dark to light rust coloured areas are burn scars from forest fires ) '' . August 24 , 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Atlas of Canada ( 2004 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Lakes of Canada '' . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American Place Names of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3576 - X . OCLC 53019644 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Athabasca '' . Atlas of Alberta Lakes . Edmonton : University of Alberta Press . 1990 . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 214 - 8 . Jump up ^ Place Names - Faria Creek - Friock Creek Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Geographical Names ( Lake Athabasca ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of Canada Toporama '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Southren ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Deep In Canadian Lakes , Signs Of Tar Sands Pollution '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 01 . Canadian researchers have used the mud at the bottom of lakes like a time machine to show that tar sands oil production in Alberta , Canada , is polluting remote regional lakes as far as 50 miles from the operations . ^ Jump up to : Wohlberg , Meagan ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Two Years Later , Charges Laid in Massive Alberta Coal Mine Spill '' . Vice News . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Trout '' . Perspective Visuals , Inc . March 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species of Saskatchewan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Lake Athabasca and associated Sand Dunes International Lake Environment Committee , June 21 , 2001 Fish Species of Saskatchewan Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan ( Lake Athabasca ) Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park List of lakes of Canada ( by province or territory ) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Portal WikiProject Hydrography of Alberta Rivers Athabasca Battle Beaver Bow Brazeau Clearwater Crowsnest Elbow Hay Little Bow Milk North Saskatchewan Oldman Peace Pembina Red Deer Slave Smoky South Saskatchewan Waterfalls Athabasca Bow Bridal Veil Crescent Crypt Elbow Lundbreck Panther Sunwapta Lakes Athabasca Beaverhill Bistcho Claire Cold La Biche Lesser Slave Pigeon Ste . Anne Sylvan Utikuma Wabamun Reservoirs Abraham Barrier Brazeau Chestermere Kananaskis McGregor Minnewanka Glenmore Milk River Ridge Sikome Gleniffer Glaciers Athabasca Bow Columbia Icefield Crowfoot Hector Peyto Saskatchewan Vulture Wapta Waputik Icefield Other Hay - Zama Wetlands Peace -- Athabasca Delta Whooping Crane Summer Range ( wetlands ) VIAF : 235155086 GND : 4283934 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Athabasca&oldid=796058223 '' Categories : Lakes of Saskatchewan Lakes of Alberta Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts Borders of Alberta Borders of Saskatchewan Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo Lake Athabasca Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Woods Cree - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is lake athabasca located on a map
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[
"Lake Athabasca (/ˌæθəˈbæskə/; French: lac Athabasca; from Woods Cree: aðapaskāw, \"[where] there are plants one after another\")[4] is located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan and the northeast corner of Alberta between 58° and 60° N. The lake is 26% in Alberta and 74% in Saskatchewan.",
"Lake Athabasca (/ˌæθəˈbæskə/; French: lac Athabasca; from Woods Cree: aðapaskāw, \"[where] there are plants one after another\")[4] is located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan and the northeast corner of Alberta between 58° and 60° N. The lake is 26% in Alberta and 74% in Saskatchewan."
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[
"northwest corner of Saskatchewan",
"northeast corner of Alberta"
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8179157068452552816
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Bracero program
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Bracero program - Wikipedia Bracero program The first braceros arriving in California from Mexico in 1917 The Bracero Program ( from the Spanish term bracero , meaning `` manual laborer '' or `` one who works using his arms '' ) was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements , initiated on August 4 , 1942 , when the United States signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement with Mexico . The agreement guaranteed decent living conditions ( sanitation , adequate shelter and food ) and a minimum wage of 30 cents an hour ; it also allowed the importation of contract laborers from Guam as a temporary measure during the early phases of World War II . The agreement was extended with the Migrant Labor Agreement of 1951 , enacted as an amendment to the Agricultural Act of 1949 ( Public Law 78 ) by Congress , which set the official parameters for the bracero program until its termination in 1964 . Contents 1 Introduction 2 1951 negotiations to termination 2.1 Notable strikes 2.2 Strike of 1943 2.3 Reasons for discontent amongst braceros 2.4 Reasons for bracero strikes in the Northwest 3 Significance and effects 4 In popular culture 5 Exhibitions and collections 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Introduction ( edit ) Mexican workers await legal employment in the United States , 1954 Braceros arriving in 1942 The bracero program operated as a joint program under the State Department , the Department of Labor , and the Immigration and Naturalization Services ( INS ) in the Department of Justice . Under this pact , the laborers were promised decent living conditions in labor camps , such as adequate shelter , food and sanitation , as well as a minimum wage pay of 30 cents an hour . The agreement also stated that braceros would not be subject to discrimination such as exclusion from `` white '' areas . This program was intended to fill the labor shortage in agriculture . The program lasted 22 years and offered employment contracts to 5 million braceros in 24 U.S. states -- becoming the largest foreign worker program in U.S. history . From 1942 to 1947 , only a relatively small number of braceros were admitted , accounting for less than 10 percent of U.S hired workers . Yet both U.S and Mexican employers became heavily dependent on braceros for willing workers ; bribery was a common way to get a contract during this time . Consequently , several years of short - term agreement led to an increase in undocumented immigration and a growing preference for operating outside of the parameters set by the program . Moreover , Truman 's Commission on Migratory Labor in 1951 disclosed that the presence of Mexican workers depressed the income of American farmers , even as the U.S Department of State urged a new bracero program to counter the popularity of communism in Mexico . Furthermore , it was seen as a way for Mexico to be involved in the Allied armed forces . The first braceros were admitted on September 27 , 1942 , for the sugar - beet harvest season . From 1948 to 1964 , the U.S. imported on average 200,000 braceros per year . 1951 negotiations to termination ( edit ) American growers longed for a system that would admit Mexican workers and guarantee them an opportunity to grow and harvest their crops , and place them on the American market . Thus , during negotiations in 1948 over a new bracero program , Mexico sought to have the United States impose sanctions on American employers of undocumented workers . President Truman signed Public Law 78 ( which did not include employer sanctions ) in July 1951 . Soon after it was signed , United States negotiators met with Mexican officials to prepare a new bilateral agreement . This agreement made it so that the U.S. government were the guarantors of the contract , not U.S. employers . The braceros could not be used as replacement workers for U.S. workers on strike ; however , the braceros were not allowed to go on strike or renegotiate wages . The agreement set forth that all negotiations would be between the two governments . A year later , Congress approved a bill that made the harboring of an illegal immigrant a felony . However the Texas Proviso stated that employing unauthorized workers would not constitute as `` harboring or concealing '' them . This also led to the establishment of the H - 2A visa program , which enabled laborers to enter the U.S. for temporary work . There were a number of hearings about the United States -- Mexico migration , which overheard complaints about Public Law 78 and how it did not adequately provide them with a reliable supply of workers . Simultaneously , unions complained that the braceros ' presence was harmful to U.S. workers . The outcome of this meeting was that the United States ultimately got to decide how the workers would enter the country by way of reception centers set up in various Mexican states and at the United States border . At these reception centers , potential braceros had to pass a series of examinations . The first step in this process required that the workers pass a local level selection before moving onto a regional migratory station where the laborers had to pass a number of physical examinations ; lastly , at the U.S. reception centers , workers were inspected by health departments , sprayed with DDT and then were sent to contractors that were looking for workers . To address the overwhelming amount of undocumented migrants in the United States , the Immigration and Naturalization Service launched Operation Wetback in June 1954 , as a way to repatriate illegal laborers back to Mexico . The illegal workers who came over to the states at the initial start of the program were not the only ones affected by this operation , there were also massive groups of workers who felt the need to extend their stay in the U.S. well after their labor contracts were terminated . In the first year , over a million Mexicans , were sent back to Mexico ; 3.8 million were repatriated when the operation was finished . The criticisms of unions and churches made their way to the U.S. Department of Labor , as they lamented that the braceros were negatively affecting the U.S. farmworkers in the 1950s . The Department of Labor acted upon these criticisms and began closing numerous bracero camps in 1957 -- 1958 , they also imposed new minimum wage standards and in 1959 they demanded that American workers recruited through the Employment Service be entitled to the same wages and benefits as the braceros . The Department of Labor continued to try to get more pro-worker regulations passed , however the only one that was written into law was the one guaranteeing U.S. workers the same benefits as the braceros , which was signed in 1961 by President Kennedy as an extension of Public Law 78 . After signing , Kennedy said , `` I am aware ... of the serious impact in Mexico if many thousands of workers employed in this country were summarily deprived of this much - needed employment . '' Thereupon , bracero employment plummeted ; going from 437,000 workers in 1959 to 186,000 in 1963 . During a 1963 debate over extension , the House of Representatives rejected an extension of the program . However , the Senate approved an extension that required U.S. workers to receive the same non-wage benefits as braceros . The House responded with a final one - year extension of the program without the non-wage benefits , and the bracero program saw its demise in 1964 . Year Number of braceros Applicable U.S. Law 1942 4,203 ( wartime ) 1943 ( 44,600 ) ( wartime ) 1944 62,170 ( wartime ) 1945 ( 44,600 ) ( wartime ) 1946 ( 44,600 ) Public Law 45 1947 ( 30,000 ) PL 45 , PL 40 1948 ( 30,000 ) Public Law 893 1948 -- 50 ( 79,000 / yr ) Period of administrative agreements 1951 192,000 AA / Public Law 78 1952 197,100 Public Law 78 1953 201,380 Public Law 78 1954 309,033 Public Law 78 1955 398,650 Public Law 78 1956 445,197 Public Law 78 1957 436,049 Public Law 78 1958 432,491 Public Law 78 1959 437,000 Public Law 78 1960 319,412 Public Law 78 1961 296,464 Public Law 78 1962 198,322 Public Law 78 1963 186,000 Public Law 78 1964 179,298 Public Law 78 The workers who participated in the bracero program have generated significant local and international struggles challenging the U.S. government and Mexican government to identify and return 10 percent mandatory deductions taken from their pay , from 1942 to 1948 , for savings accounts that they were legally guaranteed to receive upon their return to Mexico at the conclusion of their contracts . Many field working braceros never received their savings , but most railroad working braceros did . Lawsuits presented in federal courts in California , in the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , highlighted the substandard conditions and documented the ultimate destiny of the savings accounts deductions , but the suit was thrown out because the Mexican banks in question never operated in the United States . Today , it is stipulated that ex-braceros can receive up to $3,500.00 as compensation for the 10 % only by supplying check stubs or contracts proving they were part of the program during 1942 to 1948 . It is estimated that , with interest accumulated , $500 million is owed to ex-braceros , who continue to fight to receive the money owed to them . Notable strikes ( edit ) January -- February ( exact dates are n't noted ) 1943 : In Burlington , Washington , braceros strike because farmers were paying higher wages to Anglos than to the braceros doing similar work 1943 : In Medford , Oregon , one of the first notable strikes was by a group of braceros that staged a work stoppage to protest their pay based on per box versus per hour . The growers agreed to pay them 75 cents an hour versus the 8 or 10 cents per box . May 1944 : Braceros in Preston , Idaho , struck over wages July and September 1944 : Braceros near Rupert and Wilder , Idaho , strike over wages October 1944 : Braceros in Sugar City and Lincoln , Idaho refused to harvest beets after earning higher wages picking potatoes May -- June 1945 : Bracero asparagus cutters in Walla Walla , Washington , struck for twelve days complaining they grossed only between $4.16 and $8.33 in that time period June 1945 : Braceros from Caldwell - Boise sugar beet farms struck when hourly wages were 20 cents less than the established rate set by the County Extension Service . They won a wage increase . June 1945 : In Twin Falls , Idaho , 285 braceros went on strike against the Amalgamated Sugar Company for two days which resulted in them effectively receiving a 50 cent raise which put them 20 cents over the prevailing wage of the contracted labor June 1945 : Three weeks later braceros at Emmett struck for higher wages July 1945 : In Idaho Falls , 170 braceros organized a sit - down strike that lasted nine days after fifty cherry pickers refused to work at the prevailing rate October 1945 : In Klamath Falls , Oregon , braceros and transient workers from California refuse to pick potatoes due to insufficient wages A majority of Oregon 's Mexican labor camps were affected by labor unrest and stoppages in 1945 November 1946 : In Wenatchee , Washington , 100 braceros refuse to be shipped to Idaho to harvest beets and demand a train back to Mexico . The number of strikes in the Pacific Northwest is much longer than this list . Two strikes , in particular , should be highlighted for their character and scope : the Japanese - Mexican strike of 1943 in Dayton , Washington and the June 1946 strike of 1000 plus braceros that refused to harvest lettuce and peas in Idaho . Strike of 1943 ( edit ) The 1943 strike in Dayton , Washington , is unique in the unity it showed between Mexican braceros and Japanese - American workers . The wartime labor shortage not only led to tens of thousands of Mexican braceros being used on Northwest farms , it also saw the U.S. government allow some ten thousand Japanese Americans , who were placed against their will in internment camps during World War II , to leave the camps in order to work on farms in the Northwest . The strike at Blue Mountain Cannery erupted in late July . After `` a white female came forward stating that she had been assaulted and described her assailant as ' looking Mexican ' ... the prosecutor 's and sheriff 's office imposed a mandatory ' restriction order ' on both the Mexican and Japanese camps . '' No investigation took place nor were any Japanese or Mexican workers asked their opinions on what happened . The Walla Walla Union - Bulletin reported the restriction order read : Males of Japanese and or Mexican extraction or parentage are restricted to that area of Main Street of Dayton , lying between Front Street and the easterly end of Main Street . The aforesaid males of Japanese and or Mexican extraction are expressly forbidden to enter at any time any portion of the residential district of said city under penalty of law . The workers ' response came in the form of a strike against this perceived injustice . Some 170 Mexicans and 230 Japanese struck . After multiple meetings including some combination of government officials , Cannery officials , the county sheriff , the Mayor of Dayton and representatives of the workers , the restriction order was voided . Those in power actually showed little concern over the alleged assault . Their real concern was ensuring the workers got back into the fields . Threats of sending in army soldiers to force them back to work were made . Two days later the strike ended . Many of the Japanese and Mexican workers had threatened to return to their original homes , but most stayed there to help harvest an excellent pea crop . Reasons for discontent amongst braceros ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First , like braceros in other parts of the U.S. , those in the Northwest came to the U.S. looking for employment with the goal of improving their lives . Yet , the power dynamic all braceros encountered offered little space or control by them over their living environment or working conditions . As Gamboa points out , farmers controlled the pay ( and kept it very low ) , hours of work and even transportation to and from work . Transportation and living expenses from the place of origin to destination , and return , as well as expenses incurred in the fulfillment of any requirements of a migratory nature , should have been met by the employer . Mexican workers will be furnished without cost to them with hygienic lodgings and the medical and sanitary services enjoyed without cost to them will be identical with those furnished to the other agricultural workers in regions where they may lend their services . These were the words of agreements that all bracero employers had to come to and sad enough , they could n't stick with what they agreed on . Braceros had no say on any committees , agencies or boards that existed ostensibly to help establish fair working conditions for them . The lack of quality food angered braceros all over the U.S. . According to the War Food Administrator , `` Securing able cooks who were Mexicans or who had had experience in Mexican cooking was a problem that was never completely solved . '' John Willard Carrigan , who was an authority on this subject after visiting multiple camps in California and Colorado in 1943 and 1944 , commented , `` Food preparation has not been adapted to the workers ' habits sufficiently to eliminate vigorous criticisms . The men seem to agree on the following points : 1 . ) the quantity of food is sufficient , 2 . ) evening meals are plentiful , 3 . ) breakfast often is served earlier than warranted , 4 . ) bag lunches are universally disliked ... In some camps , efforts have been made to vary the diet more in accord with Mexican taste . The cold sandwich lunch with a piece of fruit , however , persists almost everywhere as the principal cause of discontent . '' Not only was the pay extremely low , but braceros often were n't paid on a timely basis . A letter from Howard A. Preston describes payroll issues that many braceros faced , `` The difficulty lay chiefly in the customary method of computing earnings on a piecework basis after a job was completed . This meant that full payment was delayed for long after the end of regular pay periods . It was also charged that time actually worked was not entered on the daily time slips and that payment was sometimes less than 30 cents per hour . April 9 , 1943 , the Mexican Labor Agreement is sanctioned by Congress through Public Law 45 which led to the agreement of a guaranteed a minimum wage of 30 cents per hour and `` humane treatment '' for workers involved in the program . `` Reasons for Bracero strikes in the Northwest ( edit ) One key difference between the Northwest and braceros in the Southwest or other parts of the United States involved the lack of Mexican government labor inspectors . According to Galarza , `` In 1943 , ten Mexican labor inspectors were assigned to ensure contract compliance throughout the United States ; most were assigned to the Southwest and two were responsible for the northwestern area . '' The lack of inspectors made the policing of pay and working conditions in the Northwest extremely difficult . The farmers set up powerful collective bodies like the Associated Farmers Incorporated of Washington with a united goal of keeping pay down and any union agitators or communists out of the fields . The Associated Farmers used various types of law enforcement officials to keep `` order '' including privatized law enforcement officers , the state highway patrol , and even the National Guard . Another difference is the proximity , or not , to the Mexican border . In the Southwest , employers could easily threaten braceros with deportation knowing the ease with which new braceros could replace them . However , in the Northwest due to the much farther distance and cost associated with travel made threats of deportation harder to follow through with . Braceros in the Northwest could not easily skip out on their contracts due to the lack of a prominent Mexican - American community which would allow for them to blend in and not have to return to Mexico as so many of their counterparts in the Southwest chose to do and also the lack of proximity to the border . Knowing this difficulty , the Mexican consulate in Salt Lake City , and later the one in Portland , Oregon , encouraged workers to protest their conditions and advocated on their behalf much more than the Mexican consulates did for braceros in the Southwest . Combine all these reasons together and it created a climate where braceros in the Northwest felt they had no other choice , but to strike in order for their voices to be heard . Braceros met the challenges of discrimination and exploitation by finding various ways in which they could resist and attempt to improve their living conditions and wages in the Pacific Northwest work camps . Over two dozen strikes were held in the first two years of the program . One common method used to increase their wages was by `` loading sacks '' which consisted of braceros loading their harvest bags with rock in order to make their harvest heavier and therefore be paid more for the sack . Also , braceros learned that timing was everything . Strikes were more successful when combined with work stoppages , cold weather , and a pressing harvest period . The notable strikes throughout the Northwest proved that employers would rather negotiate with braceros than to deport them , employers had little time to waste as their crops needed to be harvested and the difficulty and expense associated with the bracero program forced them to negotiate with braceros for fair wages and better living conditions . Braceros were also discriminated and segregated in the labor camps . Some growers went to the extent of building three labor camps , one for whites , one for blacks , and the one for Mexicans . The living conditions were horrible , unsanitary , and poor . One example of this is in 1943 Grants Pass , Oregon , 500 braceros were food poisoned which was one of the most severe cases of food poisoning reported in the Northwest . This detrition of the quality and quantity of food persisted into 1945 until the Mexican government intervened . Lack of food , poor living conditions , discrimination , and exploitation led braceros to become active in strikes and to successfully negotiate their terms . Significance and effects ( edit ) The Catholic Church in Mexico was opposed to the Bracero program , objecting to the separation of husbands and wives and the resulting disruption of family life ; to the supposed exposure of migrants to vices such as prostitution , alcohol , and gambling in the United States ; and to migrants ' exposure to Protestant missionary activity while in America . Starting in 1953 , Catholic priests were assigned to some bracero communities , and the Catholic Church engaged in other efforts specifically targeted at braceros . Labor unions that tried to organize agricultural workers after World War II targeted the bracero program as a key impediment to improving the wages of domestic farm workers . These unions included the National Farm Laborers Union ( NFLU ) , later called the National Agricultural Workers Union ( NAWU ) , headed by Ernesto Galarza , and the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee ( AWOC ) , AFL - CIO . During his tenure with the Community Service Organization , César Chávez received a grant from the AWOC to organize in Oxnard , California , which culminated in a protest of domestic U.S. agricultural workers of the U.S. Department of Labor 's administration of the program . In January 1961 , in an effort to publicize the effects of bracero labor on labor standards , the AWOC led a strike of lettuce workers at 18 farms in the Imperial Valley , an agricultural region on the California - Mexico border and a major destination for braceros . The end of the bracero program in 1964 was followed by the rise to prominence of the United Farm Workers and the subsequent transformation of American migrant labor under the leadership of César Chávez and Gilbert Padilla . Dolores Huerta was also a leader and early organizer of the United Farm Workers . According to Manuel Garcia y Griego , a political scientist and author of The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States 1942 -- 1964 , the Contract - Labor Program `` left an important legacy for the economies , migration patterns , and politics of the United States and Mexico '' . Griego 's article discusses the bargaining position of both countries , arguing that the Mexican government lost all real bargaining - power after 1950 . A 2018 study published in the American Economic Review found that the Bracero program did not have any adverse impact on the labor market outcomes of American - born farm workers . In popular culture ( edit ) Woody Guthrie 's poem `` Deportee ( Plane Wreck at Los Gatos ) '' , set to music by Martin Hoffman , commemorates the deaths of 28 braceros being repatriated to Mexico in January 1948 . The song has been recorded by dozens of folk artists . Protest singer Phil Ochs 's song `` Bracero '' focuses on the exploitation of the Mexican workers in the program A minor character in the 1948 Mexican film Nosotros Los Pobres wants to become a bracero The 1949 film Border Incident looks at the issue Famed satirist Tom Lehrer wrote a song about Senator George Murphy in response to an infamous racist gaffe referring to Mexican labor which included the line `` After all , even in Egypt , the Pharaohs / had to import Hebrew Braceros '' Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) On October 2009 , the Smithsonian National Museum of American History opened a bilingual exhibition titled , `` Bittersweet Harvest : The Bracero Program , 1942 -- 1964 . '' Through photographs and audio excerpts from oral histories , this exhibition examined the experiences of bracero workers and their families while providing insight into the history of Mexican Americans and historical context to today 's debates on guest worker programs . The exhibition included a collection of photographs taken by photojournalist Leonard Nadel in 1956 , as well as documents , objects , and an audio station featuring oral histories collected by the Bracero Oral History Project . The exhibition closed on January 3 , 2010 . The exhibition was converted to a traveling exhibition in February 2010 and traveled to Arizona , California , Idaho , Michigan , Nevada , and Texas under the auspices of Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service . See also ( edit ) Hispanic and Latino Americans portal Bracero Selection Process Maquiladora Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koestler , Fred L. `` Bracero Program '' . tshaonline.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SmallerLarger Bracero Program Begins , April 4 , 1942 '' . Student Resources in Context . Gale , Cengage Learning . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calavita , Kitty ( 2010 ) . Inside the State : The Bracero Program , Immigration , and the I.N. S. New York : Quid Pro , LLC . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 9827504 - 8 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ngai , Mae ( 2004 ) . Impossible Subjects : Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12429 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bracero Program -- Rural Migration News Migration Dialogue '' . migration.ucdavis.edu . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H - 2A Temporary Agricultural Workers '' . USCIS . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scruggs , Otey M. ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Texas and the Bracero Program , 1942 -- 1947 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 32 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 64 . doi : 10.2307 / 4492180 . JSTOR 4492180 . Jump up ^ average for ' 43 , 45 -- 46 calculated from total of 220,000 braceros contracted ' 42 - 47 , cited in Navarro , Armando , Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ average for ' 47 -- 48 calculated from total of 74,600 braceros contracted ' 47 -- 49 , cited in Navarro , Armando , Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ average calculated from total of 401,845 braceros under the period of negotiated administrative agreements , cited in Navarro , Armando , Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Data 1951 -- 67 cited in Gutiérrez , David Gregory , Between two worlds ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ `` Braceros : History , Compensation -- Rural Migration News Migration Dialogue '' . migration.ucdavis.edu . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Braceros : History , Compensation -- Rural Migration News Migration Dialogue '' . migration.ucdavis.edu . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northwest Farm News , February 3 , 1944 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Gonzales - Berry , Erlinda ( 2012 ) . Mexicanos in Oregon : Their Stories , Their Lives . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Narrative , June 1944 , Preston , Idaho , Box 52 , File : Idaho , GCRG224 , NA . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Narrative , July 1944 , Rupert , Idaho , Box 52 , File : Idaho ; Narrative , Oct. 1944 , Lincoln , Idaho ; all in GCRG224 , NA . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Narrative , Oct. 1944 , Sugar City , Idaho , Box 52 , File : Idaho ; Narrative , Oct. 1944 , Lincoln , Idaho ; all in GCRG224 , NA . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Visitation Reports , Walter E. Zuger , Walla Walla County , June 12 , 1945 , EFLR , WSUA . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Idaho Daily Statesman , June 8 , 1945 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Jimenez Sifuentez , Mario ( 2016 ) . Of Forests and Fields : Mexican Labor in the Pacific Northwest . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Idaho Daily Statesman , June 29 , 1945 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Idaho Daily Statesman , July 11 , 14 , 1945 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Daily Statesman , October 5 , 1945 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of State Supervisor of Emergency Farm Labor Program 1945 , Extension Service , p. 56 , OSU . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Maureen E. Wenatchee 's Dark Past . Wenatchee , Wash : The Wenatchee World , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jerry Garcia and Gilberto Garcia , Memory , Community , and Activism : Mexican Migration and Labor in the Pacific Northwest , Chapter 3 : Japanese and Mexican Labor in the Pacific Northwest , 1900 -- 1945 , pp. 85 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trials : Japanese Americans in World War II ( New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 ) , p. 74 . Cited in Garcia and Garcia , Memory , Community , and Activism : Mexican Migration and Labor in the Pacific Northwest , p. 104 . Jump up ^ College of Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating , Specialist Record of County Visit , Columbia County , Walter E. Zuger , Assistant State Farm Labor Supervisor , July 21 -- 22 , 1943 . Cited in Garcia and Garcia , Memory , Community , and Activism : Mexican Migration and Labor in the Pacific Northwest , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` Cannery Shut Down By Work Halt . '' Walla Walla Union - Bulletin , July 22 , 1943 . Cited in Garcia and Garcia , Memory , Community , and Activism : Mexican Migration and Labor in the Pacific Northwest , p. 113 . Jump up ^ College of Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating , Specialist Record of County Visit , Columbia County , Walter E. Zuger , Assistant State Farm Labor Supervisor , July 21 -- 22 , 1943 . Cited in Garcia and Garcia , Memory , Community , and Activism : Mexican Migration and Labor in the Pacific Northwest , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Letter , War Food Administrator to Secretary of State , June 15 , 1943 . Cited in `` A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program 1943 -- 1947 '' , Wayne Rasmussen , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Memorandum transmitted to Brig. Gen. Philip G. Burton by John Willard Carigan , September 23 , 1944 . Cited in `` A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program 1943 -- 1947 '' , Wayne Rasmussen , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Letter , Howard A. Preston to Chief of Operations , Chicago , Illinois , Sept. 24 , 1945 . Cited in `` A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program 1943 -- 1947 '' , Wayne Rasmussen , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Ernesto Galarza , `` Personal and Confidential Memorandum '' . pp. 8 -- 9 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Northwest Farm News , January 13 , 1938 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Idaho Falls Post Register , September 12 , 1938 ; Yakima Daily Republic , August 25 , 1933 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mario Jimenez Sifuentez . Of Forests and Fields : Mexican Labor in the Pacific Northwest . ( New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press , 2016 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Ernesto Galarza , Merchants of Labor : The Mexican Bracero Story , 1964 . Cited in Gamboa , `` Mexican Labor and World War II '' , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Mario Jimenez Sifuentez . Of Forests and Fields : Mexican Labor in the Pacific Northwest . ( New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press , 2016 ) p. 25 . Jump up ^ Erasmo Gamboa . Mexican Labor & World War II : Braceros in the Pacific Northwest , 1942 -- 1947 . ( Seattle : University of Washington , 1990 ) p. 85 . Jump up ^ Mario Jimenez Sifuentez . Of Forests and Fields . pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Robert Bauman . `` Jim Crow in the Tri-Cities , 1943 -- 1950 . '' The Pacific Northwest Quarterly , Vol. 96 , No. 3 ( 2005 ) p. 126 . Jump up ^ Erasmo Gamboa . `` Mexican Migration into Washington State : A History , 1940 -- 1950 . '' The Pacific Northwest Quarterly , Vol. 72 , No. 3 ( 1981 ) : p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Richard B. Craig , The Bracero Program : Interest Groups and Foreign Policy ( University of Texas Press , 1971 ) . ^ Jump up to : David Fitzgerald , Uncovering the Emigration Policies of the Catholic Church in Mexico , Migration Police Institute ( May 21 , 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferris , Susan and Sandoval , Ricardo ( 1997 ) . The Fight in the Fields : Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , January 23 , 1961 `` Lettuce Farm Strike Part of Deliberate Union Plan '' Jump up ^ Manuel García y Griego , `` The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States , 1942 -- 1964 '' , in David G. Gutiérrez , ed . Between Two Worlds : Mexican Immigrants in the United States ( Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources , 1996 ) , pp. 45 -- 85 Jump up ^ Clemens , Michael A. ; Lewis , Ethan G. ; Postel , Hannah M. ( June 2018 ) . `` Immigration Restrictions as Active Labor Market Policy : Evidence from the Mexican Bracero Exclusion '' . American Economic Review . 108 ( 6 ) : 1468 -- 1487 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20170765 . ISSN 0002 - 8282 . We find that bracero exclusion failed to raise wages or substantially raise employment for domestic workers in the sector . Jump up ^ `` Bittersweet Harvest : The Bracero Program 1942 -- 1964 / Cosecha Amarga Cosecha Dulce : El Programa Bracero 1942 -- 1964 '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barbara Driscoll De Alvarado , The Tracks North : The Railroad Bracero Program of World War II . Austin , TX : CMAS Books / Center for Mexican American Studies , the University of Texas at Austin , 1999 . Deborah Cohen , Braceros : Migrant Citizens and Transnational Subjects in the Postwar United States and Mexico Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 2011 . Fred L. Koestler , `` Bracero Program , '' in Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association , February 22 , 2010 . Don Mitchell , They Saved the Crops : Labor , Landscape , and the Struggle Over Industrial Farming in Bracero - Era California . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 2012 . Ana Elizabeth Rosas , Abrazando el Espíritu : Bracero Families Confront the US - Mexico Border . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 2014 . Otey M. Scruggs , `` Texas and the Bracero Program , 1942 -- 1947 , '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1963 ) 32 # 3 pp. 251 -- 264 in JSTOR Michael Snodgrass , `` The Bracero Program , 1942 -- 1964 , '' in Beyond the Border : The History of Mexican - U.S. Migration , Mark Overmyer - Velásquez , ed. , New York : Oxford University Press , 2011 , pp. 79 -- 102 . Michael Snodgrass , `` Patronage and Progress : The bracero program from the Perspective of Mexico , '' in Workers Across the Americas : The Transnational Turn in Labor History , Leon Fink , ed. , New York : Oxford University Press , 2011 , pp. 245 -- 266 . External links ( edit ) The Bracero Project Los Braceros : Strong Arms to Aid the USA -- Public Television Program Bracero History Archive Braceros in Oregon Photograph Collection Bittersweet Harvest : The Bracero Program 1942 -- 1964 An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery Central American Minors US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Trump administration family separation policy Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Office of Refugee Resettlement Supreme Court cases United States v. 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Western Bloc
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Western Bloc - wikipedia Western Bloc This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 86.143. 224.211 ( talk ) at 18 : 37 , 18 August 2017 ( → Also Associated ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 18 : 37 , 18 August 2017 by 86.143. 224.211 ( talk ) ( → Also Associated ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with Western world . Political situation in Europe during the Cold War The Western Bloc or Capitalist Bloc during the Cold War refers to the countries allied with the NATO against the Soviet Union and its allies . The latter were referred to as the Eastern Bloc . The governments and press of the Western Bloc were more inclined to refer to themselves as the Free World or the Western world . During the Cold War the non-Communist countries in Europe were called `` Western Europe '' , but within the framework of the modern times it is a purely geographical term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Western Bloc associations 1.1 NATO 1.2 ANZUS 1.3 SEATO 1.4 EU 1.5 Also Associated 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources Western Bloc associations ( edit ) NATO ( edit ) Belgium Canada Denmark France West Germany ( from 1955 ) Greece ( from 1952 ) Iceland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain ( from 1982 ) Turkey ( from 1952 ) United Kingdom United States ANZUS ( edit ) Australia New Zealand United States SEATO ( edit ) Australia France ( until 1965 ) New Zealand Pakistan ( until 1972 ) Philippines Thailand United Kingdom United States EU ( edit ) United Kingdom Belgium France West Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Denmark Ireland Greece Portugal Spain Also Associated ( edit ) Imperial State of Iran ( until 1979 ) See also ( edit ) Allied powers Axis powers Eastern Bloc First World Second World Third World Operation Condor Western betrayal Western world References ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) Matloff , Maurice . Makers of Modern Strategy . Ed . Peter Paret . Princeton : Princeton UP , 1971 . 702 . Kissinger , Henry . Diplomacy . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1994 . 447,454 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what military alliance did the western bloc of nations
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The Real Housewives of Orange County
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The Real Housewives of Orange County - wikipedia The Real Housewives of Orange County California - based reality television series in the United States For the current season , see The Real Housewives of Orange County ( season 13 ) . The Real Housewives of Orange County Genre Reality television Starring Kimberly Bryant Jo De La Rosa Vicki Gunvalson Jeana Keough Lauri Peterson Tammy Knickerbocker Tamra Judge Quinn Fry Gretchen Rossi Lynne Curtin Alexis Bellino Peggy Tanous Heather Dubrow Lydia McLaughlin Shannon Beador Lizzie Rovsek Meghan King Edmonds Kelly Dodd Peggy Sulahian Emily Simpson Gina Kirschenheiter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 217 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Douglas Ross Greg Stewart Alex Baskin Bill Langworthy Bill Fritz Scott Dunlop Andy Cohen Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Evolution Media Release Original network Bravo Picture format SDTV ( 480i ) HDTV ( 1080i ) Original release March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by The Real Housewives of New York City Related shows Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Tamra 's OC Wedding External links Website The Real Housewives of Orange County ( abbreviated RHOC ) is an American reality television series that premiered on March 21 , 2006 on Bravo . It is currently in its thirteenth season and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Orange County , California . The series originally focused on Kimberly Bryant , Jo De La Rosa , Vicki Gunvalson , Jeana Keough and Lauri Waring . The cast currently consists of Gunvalson , Tamra Judge , Shannon Beador , Kelly Dodd , Gina Kirschenheiter and Emily Simpson . Of the original housewives , Bryant and De La Rosa left after the first and second seasons , respectively , Peterson stopped filming during production of the fourth season and Keough left after the sixth season commenced . The remaining housewives joined in later seasons : Barney ( now Judge ) in the third , Beador in the ninth , Dodd in the eleventh and both Kirschenheiter and Simpson in the thirteenth . Other housewives include Tammy Knickerbocker ( season 2 -- 3 ) , Quinn Fry ( season 3 ) , Gretchen Rossi ( season 4 -- 8 ) , Lynne Curtin ( season 4 -- 5 ) , Alexis Bellino ( season 5 -- 8 ) , Peggy Tanous ( season 6 ) , Heather Dubrow ( season 7 -- 11 ) , Lydia McLaughlin ( seasons 8 and 12 ) , Lizzie Rovsek ( season 9 ) , Meghan King Edmonds ( seasons 10 -- 12 ) and Peggy Sulahian ( season 12 ) . The show 's success has allowed for the development of The Real Housewives franchise and similar spin - off series based in New York City , Atlanta , New Jersey , Washington , D.C. , Beverly Hills , Miami , Potomac and Dallas . The show has also resulted in the conceptions of the spin - offs Date My Ex : Jo & Slade and Tamra 's OC Wedding . Contents 1 Overview and casting 1.1 Season 1 - 3 1.2 Season 4 - 8 1.3 Season 9 - present 1.4 Timeline of housewives 2 Episodes 3 Spin - offs 4 References 5 External links Overview and casting ( edit ) Vicki Gunvalson appeared in all seasons as a main cast member . Season 1 - 3 ( edit ) In April 2005 , The Real Housewives was ordered by American television network Bravo . It was renamed as The Real Housewives of Orange County in January 2006 . Producer Scott Dunlop , said that it was originally planned to be set in a single gated community in Coto de Caza , California . The show was inspired by scripted soap operas Desperate Housewives and Peyton Place , and would document the lives of upper - class women who `` lead glamorous lives in a Southern California gated community where the average home has a $1.6 million price tag and residents include CEOs and retired professional athletes . '' The first season premiered on March 21 , 2006 , and starred Kimberly Bryant , Jo De La Rosa , Vicki Gunvalson , Jeana Keough and Lauri Waring . Bryant left after the first season . Tammy Knickerbocker joined the cast for the second season which premiered on January 16 , 2007 . Bryant appeared as a guest . After the second season , De La Rosa exited the series as a regular cast member . The third season premiered on November 6 , 2007 which featured Tamra Judge ( then Barney ) as the latest housewife . While Quinn Fry joined the cast in the sixth episode . Bryant and De La Rosa returned as guests . Knickerbocker and Fry left the main cast after the third season . Season 4 - 8 ( edit ) Gretchen Rossi was introduced in the fourth season premiere on November 25 , 2008 . Peterson made her final appearance as a main cast member in the third episode . While Lynne Curtin joined the cast in the fourth episode . Bryant and De La Rosa made their final guest appearance during the season finale . While Knickerbocker returned as a guest . Keough 's final season as a full - time cast member , season five premiered on November 5 , 2009 . After Keough left the show as a full - time cast member , Alexis Bellino was added to the main cast . Fry , Knickerbocker and Peterson returned as a guest . Curtin left after the fifth season . The sixth season which premiered on March 6 , 2011 introduced Peggy Tanous as the newest housewife and friend of the housewives Fernanda Rocha . Keough returned in a friend of the housewives status , while Curtin , Fry and Knickerbocker appeared as guests . Heather Dubrow joined the cast in the seventh season which premiered on February 7 , 2012 . Keough and Tanous appeared as a guest , while Sarah Winchester was featured as a friend of the housewives . On April 1 , 2013 , the eighth season premiered and the cast was joined by Lydia McLaughlin . Peterson also appeared as a friend of the housewives in the eighth season . Bellino , McLaughlin , Rossi and Peterson departed after the season . Season 9 - present ( edit ) The ninth season premiered on April 14 , 2014 and introduced Shannon Beador and Lizzie Rovsek as the new housewives . While Danielle Gregorio joined as friend of the housewives . The tenth season which premiered on June 8 , 2015 , saw Rovsek as a friend of the housewives , and Meghan King Edmonds joining the cast . Curtin , Keough and Knickerbocker made guest appearances in the season . The eleventh season premiered on June 20 , 2016 . It featured Kelly Dodd joining the cast and Keough making a guest appearance . The season served as Dubrow 's final season . McLaughlin returned for the show 's twelfth season which premiered on July 10 , 2017 . Peggy Sulahian joined as the latest housewife . While Keough , Rossi and Rovsek made guest appearances . After the season concluded , King Edmonds , McLaughlin and Sulahian left the show . Gina Kirschenheiter and Emily Simpson joined the cast for the thirteenth season , which premiered on July 16 , 2018 . Timeline of housewives ( edit ) Housewives Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kimberly Bryant Main Guest Jo De La Rosa Main Guest Vicki Gunvalson Main Jeana Keough Main Friend Guest Guest Lauri Peterson Main Guest Friend Tammy Knickerbocker Main Guest Guest Tamra Judge Main Quinn Fry Main Guest Gretchen Rossi Main Guest Lynne Curtin Main Guest Guest Alexis Bellino Main Peggy Tanous Main Guest Heather Dubrow Main Lydia McLaughlin Main Main Shannon Beador Main Lizzie Rovsek Main Friend Guest Meghan King Edmonds Guest Main Kelly Dodd Main Peggy Sulahian Main Emily Simpson Guest Main Gina Kirschenheiter Main Friends of the housewives Fernanda Rocha Guest Friend Sarah Winchester Guest Friend Danielle Gregorio Friend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Real Housewives of Orange County episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) 10 January 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) March 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 20 ) 12 November 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) 15 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) June 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) 5 17 November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 6 16 March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 7 23 February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 8 22 April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 9 21 April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) 10 24 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 11 21 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 12 21 July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 13 TBA July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA Spin - offs ( edit ) Date My Ex : Jo & Slade became the first spin - off from The Real Housewives of Orange County ; the dating game show documented De La Rosa as she began dating after moving to Los Angeles , where potential suitors were regularly surveyed by Smiley . It premiered on June 30 , 2008 and ended on September 8 , 2008 after broadcasting nine episodes during its first and only season . After becoming engaged to Judge in February 2013 , Barney was commissioned to star in the three - part spin - off special Tamra 's OC Wedding . It highlighted the preparations for their nuptials and was broadcast from September 2 , 2013 until September 16 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bravo Launches Most Aggressive Slate of Original Programming for 2005 - 06 Season '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bravo 's ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' to premiere March 21 '' . Reality TV World . January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eades , Mark ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Producer gets real about the real housewives '' . Orange County Register . Freedom Communications . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa . `` Jo De La Rosa : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Orange County : Season 3 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Laudadio , Marisa . `` Tammy Knickerbocker : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You Just Do n't Get It '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It Ends in Coto de Caza '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa . `` Jeana Keough : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rocchio , Christopher . `` ' The Real Housewives of O.C. ' to debut Nov. 5 , Jeana Keough leaving '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa . `` Lynne Curtin : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Real Housewives ' Turns 100 : All The Ladies Who Were On ' Orange County ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Gregorio -- Bio '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` The Real Housewives of Orange County Season 10 , Now With Sharks , Death Threats , Mock Funerals and Breakdowns '' . E Online . E News . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lizzie Rovsek '' . Bravo . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ep 5 : Game Changer '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Real Housewives of Orange County Season 10 Will Have a Birth , Death and Everything in Between '' . E ! News . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' Season 11 Trailer Reveals Fights , a Newcomer and a Dune Buggy Accident : Watch ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` One of the Real Housewives of Orange County Confirms She Wo n't Return '' . Bravo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Laura ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` A Real Housewives of Orange County Alum Is Returning for Season 12 '' . Bravo . United States : NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bravo 's 100th Housewife Makes Her Debut in Real Housewives of Orange County Season 12 Trailer '' . People . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Meghan King Edmonds Leaving The Real Housewives of Orange County '' . E ! Online . United States : NBCUniversal . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hearon , Sarah ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Lydia McLaughlin Is Leaving the Real Housewives of Orange County '' . Us Weekly . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One of The Real Housewives of Orange County Says She Wo n't Be Returning : `` Moving on Seemed Like the Right Thing to Do '' `` . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your First Look at # RHOC Season 13 ! '' . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- Date My Ex : Jo & Slade on Bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Zayda ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Real Housewives of OC ' star Tamra Barney marries Eddie Judge with castmates in attendance '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- Tamra 's OC Wedding on Bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Real Housewives of Orange County . Official website The Real Housewives of Orange County on IMDb The Real Housewives of Orange County at TV Guide Bravo original programming Current Below Deck ( since 2013 ) Below Deck Mediterranean ( since 2016 ) Do n't Be Tardy ( since 2012 ) Flipping Out ( since 2007 ) Going Off the Menu ( since 2016 ) Inside the Actors Studio ( since 1994 ) Married to Medicine ( since 2013 ) Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles ( since 2006 ) Million Dollar Listing New York ( since 2012 ) A Night with My Ex ( since 2017 ) Real Estate Wars ( since 2017 ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ( since 2010 ) The Real Housewives of Dallas ( since 2016 ) The Real Housewives of New Jersey ( since 2009 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Orange County ( since 2006 ) The Real Housewives of Potomac ( since 2016 ) Shahs of Sunset ( since 2012 ) Southern Charm ( since 2014 ) Southern Charm New Orleans ( since 2018 ) Southern Charm Savannah ( since 2017 ) Summer House ( since 2017 ) Top Chef ( since 2006 ) Vanderpump Rules ( since 2013 ) Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen ( since 2009 ) Xscape : Still Kickin ' It ( since 2017 ) Your Husband Is Cheating on Us ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments ( 2006 ) The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) The Awful Truth ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Battle of the Network Reality Stars ( 2005 ) Being Bobby Brown ( 2005 ) Better Halves ( 2007 ) Blow Out ( 2004 -- 06 ) Boy Meets Boy ( 2003 ) Bravo A-List Awards ( 2008 -- 09 ) Breaking News ( 2002 ) Celebrity Poker Showdown ( 2003 -- 06 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Date My Ex : Jo & Slade ( 2008 ) The Fashion Show : Ultimate Collection ( 2009 -- 11 ) First Class All the Way ( 2008 ) Gay Weddings ( 2002 ) Hey Paula ( 2007 ) The It Factor ( 2002 -- 03 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2005 -- 10 ) Launch My Line ( 2009 -- 10 ) Make Me a Supermodel ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manhunt ( 2004 ) Miami Social ( 2009 ) The Millionaire Matchmaker ( 2008 -- 15 ) NYC Prep ( 2009 ) Outrageous and Contagious : Viral Videos ( 2006 ) Page to Screen ( 2002 -- 05 ) Party / Party ( 2005 -- 06 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Girl ( 2005 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 -- 07 ) The Rachel Zoe Project ( 2008 -- 13 ) Significant Others ( 2004 ) Shear Genius ( 2007 -- 10 ) Showbiz Moms & Dads ( 2004 ) Showdog Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Sports Kids Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Step It Up and Dance ( 2008 ) Tabatha Takes Over ( 2008 -- 13 ) Tabloid Wars ( 2006 ) Things I Hate About You ( 2004 ) Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style ( 2007 -- 08 ) Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 13 ) Top Design ( 2008 ) Welcome to the Parker ( 2007 ) Work Out ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 100 Days of Summer ( 2014 ) 9 By Design ( 2010 ) Après Ski ( 2015 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Best New Restaurant ( 2015 ) Bethenny Ever After ( 2010 -- 12 ) Blood , Sweat & Heels ( 2014 -- 15 ) Boys to Manzo ( 2011 ) Chef Roblé & Co. ( 2011 -- 13 ) Courtney Loves Dallas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Cyrus vs. Cyrus : Design and Conquer ( 2017 ) Double Exposure ( 2010 ) Dukes of Melrose ( 2013 ) Eat , Drink , Love ( 2013 ) Euros of Hollywood ( 2014 ) Extreme Guide to Parenting ( 2014 ) Fashion Hunters ( 2011 ) Fashion Queens ( 2013 -- 15 ) First Family of Hip Hop ( 2017 ) Gallery Girls ( 2012 ) Game of Crowns ( 2014 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( 2014 -- 18 ) Havana Elsa ( 2012 ) I Dream of NeNe : The Wedding ( 2013 ) Imposters ( 2017 -- 18 ) Interior Therapy with Jeff Lewis ( 2012 -- 13 ) Invite Only Cabo ( 2017 ) It 's a Brad , Brad World ( 2012 -- 13 ) Jersey Belle ( 2014 ) The Kandi Factory ( 2013 ) Kandi 's Ski Trip ( 2015 ) Kandi 's Wedding ( 2014 ) Kathy ( 2012 -- 13 ) Kell on Earth ( 2010 ) LA Shrinks ( 2013 ) Ladies of London ( 2014 -- 17 ) Life After Top Chef ( 2012 ) LOLwork ( 2012 ) Love Broker ( 2012 ) Mad Fashion ( 2011 ) Manzo 'd with Children ( 2014 -- 16 ) Married to Medicine : Houston ( 2016 ) Million Dollar Decorators ( 2011 -- 13 ) Million Dollar Listing Miami ( 2014 ) Million Dollar Listing San Francisco ( 2015 ) The Millionaire Matchmaker ( 2008 -- 15 ) Miss Advised ( 2012 ) Most Eligible Dallas ( 2011 ) Mother Funders ( 2015 ) My Fab 40th ( 2015 ) The New Atlanta ( 2013 ) Newlyweds : The First Year ( 2013 -- 16 ) Odd Mom Out ( 2015 - 17 ) Online Dating Rituals of the American Male ( 2014 ) The People 's Couch ( 2013 -- 16 ) Platinum Hit ( 2011 ) Pregnant in Heels ( 2011 -- 12 ) Princesses : Long Island ( 2013 ) Property Envy ( 2013 ) The Real Housewives of Miami ( 2011 -- 13 ) The Real Housewives of D.C. ( 2010 ) Recipe for Deception ( 2016 ) Rocco 's Dinner Party ( 2011 ) Secrets and Wives ( 2015 ) The Singles Project ( 2014 ) Start - Ups : Silicon Valley ( 2012 ) Tamra 's OC Wedding ( 2013 ) Teresa Checks In ( 2015 ) Then and Now with Andy Cohen ( 2015 ) There Goes the Motherhood ( 2016 ) Thicker Than Water ( 2013 -- 16 ) Thintervention with Jackie Warner ( 2010 ) Timber Creek Lodge ( 2016 -- 17 ) Toned Up ( 2014 ) Top Chef Duels ( 2014 ) Top Chef : Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 11 ) Tour Group ( 2016 ) Untying the Knot ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vanderpump Rules After Show ( 2015 -- 16 ) Work of Art : The Next Great Artist ( 2010 -- 11 ) Work Out New York ( 2015 -- 16 ) Yours , Mine or Ours ( 2016 ) Upcoming Dirty John ( TBA ) Project Runway ( 2004 -- 08 , TBA ) The Fifth Beatle ( TBA ) The Real Housewives franchise United States installments Orange County Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 New York City Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atlanta Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 New Jersey Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Beverly Hills Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Miami Episodes Season 1 Potomac Episodes Season 1 Dallas Episodes Season 1 Others D.C. International installments Vancouver Episodes Season 1 Melbourne Episodes Season 1 Cheshire Episodes Season 1 Others Athens Les Vraies Housewives Auckland Sydney Toronto Hungary Bangkok Johannesburg Related programming Bethenny Ever After Episodes Season 1 Do n't Be Tardy Episodes Season 1 5 Vanderpump Rules Episodes Season 1 Manzo 'd with Children Episodes Season 1 Others Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Boys to Manzo Havana Elsa The Kandi Factory Tamra 's OC Wedding I Dream of NeNe : The Wedding Kandi 's Wedding Kandi 's Ski Trip Teresa Checks In Vanderpump Rules After Show Other Cast members `` Tardy for the Party '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_Housewives_of_Orange_County&oldid=856863890 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2006 American television series debuts Bravo ( U.S. ) television series English - language television programs Television shows set in Orange County , California The Real Housewives of Orange County Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use mdy dates from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 01 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does the real housewifes of orange county start
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"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired18March 21, 2006 (2006-03-21)May 9, 2006 (2006-05-09)210January 16, 2007 (2007-01-16)March 20, 2007 (2007-03-20)312November 6, 2007 (2007-11-06)January 29, 2008 (2008-01-29)415November 25, 2008 (2008-11-25)June 11, 2009 (2009-06-11)517November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)March 11, 2010 (2010-03-11)616March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06)June 20, 2011 (2011-06-20)723February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)July 24, 2012 (2012-07-24)822April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01)September 1, 2013 (2013-09-01)921April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)September 8, 2014 (2014-09-08)1024June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)1121June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)1221July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)13TBAJuly 16, 2018 (2018-07-16)TBA"
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"July 16, 2018"
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James and the Giant Peach
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James and the giant peach - wikipedia James and the giant peach Jump to : navigation , search For the 1996 film adaptation , see James and the Giant Peach ( film ) . For the musical adaptation , see James and the Giant Peach ( musical ) . James and the Giant Peach . First edition ( US ) Author Roald Dahl Illustrator Nancy Ekholm Burkert ( first US edition ) Michael Simeon ( first UK edition ) Emma Chichester Clark ( 1990 UK edition ) Quentin Blake ( 1995 edition ) Lane Smith ( 1996 US edition ) Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's novel Publisher Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . Publication date 1961 Media type Hardcover Pages 160 OCLC 50568125 Dewey Decimal ( Fic ) 21 LC Class PZ8. D137 Jam 2002 James and the Giant Peach is a popular children 's novel written in 1961 by British author Roald Dahl . The original first edition published by Alfred Knopf featured illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert . There have been reillustrated versions of it over the years , done by Michael Simeon for the first British edition , Emma Chichester Clark , Lane Smith and Quentin Blake . It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1996 . The plot centres on a young English orphan boy who enters a gigantic , magical peach , and has a wild and surreal cross-world adventure with seven magically - altered garden bugs he meets . They set off on a journey to escape from James ' two mean and cruel aunts . Roald Dahl was originally going to write about a giant cherry , but changed it to James and the Giant Peach because a peach is `` prettier , bigger and squishier than a cherry . '' Because of the story 's occasional macabre and potentially frightening content , it has become a regular target of the censors . The actors Jeremy Irons , Andrew Sachs , and Julian Rhind - Tutt provide the English language audiobook recordings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Characters 3 References in the book to other Roald Dahl works 4 Film adaptations 5 Musical adaptation 6 Editions 7 References Summary ( edit ) Four - year - old James Henry Trotter lives with his loving parents in a beautiful cottage by the sea in the south of England , until his parents are killed by an escaped rhinoceros during a shopping trip in London . As a result , James is forced to live with his two cruel aunts , Spiker and Sponge , in a run - down house on a high , desolate hill near the White Cliffs of Dover . For four years , James is treated as a drudge , forced to do hard labor , beaten for hardly any reason , improperly fed , and forced to sleep on bare floorboards in the attic . One summer afternoon , after a particularly upsetting altercation with his aunts , James stumbles across a mysterious stranger , who gives him magic green `` crocodile tongues '' which , when drunk with water , will bring him happiness and great adventures . On the way to the house , James spills the crocodile tongues onto a barren peach tree , which then produces a single peach that quickly grows to nearly the size of a house . The next day , the aunts sell tickets to neighbors and tourists to see the giant peach while James watches from the window of his room in which he is locked up , to prevent him from getting in the way of his aunts ' business . When night comes , the aunts release James and send him to collect rubbish discarded by the crowd . James goes to take a closer look at the giant peach , but he discovers a tunnel , which leads to a secret room inside the peach 's seed , inhabited by a rag - tag band of human - sized , talking invertebrates ( an old green grasshopper , centipede , earthworm , spider , ladybug , silkworm , and a glowworm ) , also transformed by the magic of the crocodile tongues given him earlier . These bugs then become James ' companions in his adventure , and the companionship is prompted by a common hatred of the aunts . Upon James ' arrival , the Centipede bites through the stem of the peach , whereupon it rolls down the hill early next morning , crushing and killing Spiker and Sponge on the way . Everyone inside the peach feels it rolling over the aunts and bursts out cheering . It rolls through villages , houses , and a famous chocolate factory before falling off the cliffs of Dover into the sea . James and the bugs emerge to find themselves floating in the sea but manage to sustain themselves on the delicious flesh of the peach . Hours later , near the Azores , the peach is surrounded by sharks . Using the Earthworm as bait , James and the others of the peach lure five hundred seagulls to the peach from the nearby islands , which they tie to the broken stem as a source of flight . Now airborne , the peach crosses the Atlantic Ocean . At one incident , the Centipede entertains the others with ribald dirges to Sponge and Spiker , but in his excitement , he falls into the ocean and is rescued by James . That night , thousands of feet in the air , the giant peach floats through mountain - like , moonlit clouds , where the bugs and James discover the ghostly `` Cloud - Men '' , who control the weather . As the Cloud - Men form hailstones to throw down to the world below , the Centipede insults them , and an army of Cloud - Men pelt the giant peach with hail . They escape and then encounter a rainbow which they smash through . One Cloud - Man pours a tin of `` rainbow paint '' onto the Centipede , briefly turning him into a statue before he is freed by a Cloud - Man who pours water on him . One Cloud - Man almost boards the peach by climbing down the silken strings tied to the stem , which the Centipede severs to release him . Thereafter , James and the bugs approach New York City ; whereupon the military , police , fire department , and rescue services are all called , and people flee to air raid shelters and subway stations , believing the city is about to be destroyed . A huge passenger jet flies past the giant peach and severs the silken strings connecting the seagulls to the peach , which is then impaled upon the tip of the Empire State Building . The people on the 86th floor at first believe the inhabitants of the giant peach to be monsters or extraterrestrials ; but when James appears and explains his story , the people hail James and his friends as heroes . The remains of the giant peach are brought down to the streets , where it is consumed by the town 's children , and its seed is established as a mansion in Central Park , where James lives , while his friends establish careers in the human world . In conclusion , James is said to have written the preceding story . Characters ( edit ) James Henry Trotter -- The protagonist of the book , who wants nothing more than to have friends and be happy . Though something of a dreamer , James is clever , kind - hearted , innocent , and ever - resourceful throughout his adventure in the giant peach , and his intuitive plans save his friends ' lives on each occasion . The Old Man -- A friendly yet mysterious individual , who initiates James ' adventure . In the 1980 re-printing of the book , with illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert , he can be seen in the final illustration , amongst the New York City crowd . Aunt Spiker -- A dominating , cruel , malicious , and thoroughly repulsive woman ; possibly the older of James ' aunts . Spiker is described as tall and thin -- almost emaciated -- with steel glasses , and her speech produces spit whenever she gets angry or excited . James never hears her or her sister Sponge laugh , and they never call him by his name , but always refer to him as insults such as `` you nasty little beast '' or `` you miserable creature '' . She seems to be the smartest of the aunts . She is destroyed by the giant peach in its escape . It is unknown if she and her sister Sponge are the sisters of James 's mother or father , or ( since the illustrations depict them as elderly ) his great - aunts . Aunt Sponge -- Spiker 's sister : a greedy , selfish , and morbidly obese woman , and equally as cruel and repulsive as Spiker , but seems to be less smart , and destroyed concurrently . The Centipede -- A male centipede , depicted as a boisterous rascal with a good heart , and perhaps James ' closest friend in the peach . He is generally optimistic and even brave , but outspoken and rash . His sources of pride are his `` 100 legs '' , even though he has only 42 , and his ancestral status of garden pest . He often asks for help with putting on his many boots , or taking them off , or shining them . In the last chapter of the book , it is revealed that he becomes Vice-President - in - Charge - of - Sales of a high - class firm of boot and shoe manufacturers . The Earthworm -- A male earthworm who often quarrels with the Centipede , and is frequently the most pessimistic of the protagonists , though on amicable terms with nearly all . In New York City , he becomes the mascot of a skin - cream company . The Old Green Grasshopper -- A male grasshopper , who ( as the eldest ) assumes an almost paternal role to James and the others . He is an accomplished musician ; wherefore , he ultimately becomes a member of the New York Symphony Orchestra where his playing is greatly admired . The Ladybird -- A kind , motherly female ladybird who takes care of James . In the last chapter of the book , it is revealed that the Ladybird `` married the head of the New York City Fire Department and lived happily ever after '' . Miss Spider -- A good - natured female spider who takes care of James . Generally friendly and decent in manner , but described by Dahl as having `` a large , black and murderous - looking head , which to a stranger was probably the most terrifying of all '' . She has particular resentment toward Sponge , who caused the deaths of Miss Spider 's father and grandmother . On the journey , Miss Spider makes hammocks for the others to sleep ; and in the final chapter , becomes a tightrope manufacturer . The Glowworm -- A female glowworm , who quietly hangs from the ceiling at the center of the giant peach and provides lighting for the interior . After the adventure , she illuminates the Statue of Liberty 's torch . The Silkworm -- A female Silkworm , who assists Miss Spider in the production of thread , both before and after the adventure . She is never seen to speak and is also the only one of James ' travelling companions not to appear in the film adaptation . References in the book to other Roald Dahl works ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James and the Giant Peach possibly references Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in the beginning and end of the novel ( although its copyright date is three years earlier ) . When the peach rolls off the tree , it rolls through a `` famous chocolate factory '' : a reference to Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . Towards the end of the book , people in New York City identify the protagonists , incorrectly , as Whangdoodles , Snozzwangers , Hornswogglers , or Vermicious Knids . All of those animals ( except the last ) are mentioned by Willy Wonka as predators of the Oompa - Loompas ; and Vermicious Knids feature in the sequel book , Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , when they try to link up with the Space Hotel U.S.A. It also references `` the BFG '' in the end of the novel : on the last page , James writes a recount of his adventure ( the illustration shows him smiling with a book in his hands ) . This is also how the BFG ended . In both cases , the recounted stories are purported to be the books themselves . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main article : James and the Giant Peach ( film ) Though Roald Dahl declined numerous offers during his lifetime to have a film version of James and the Giant Peach produced , his widow , Liccy Dahl , approved an offer to have a film adaptation produced in conjunction with Disney in the mid-1990s . It was directed by Henry Selick and produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton , both of whom previously produced The Nightmare Before Christmas . The movie consists of live action and stop - motion to reduce production finances . It was narrated by Pete Postlethwaite ( who also played the wizard ) . The film was released on 12 April 1996 . There are numerous changes in both the plot of the film and the plot of the book , though the film was generally well received . Liccy Dahl said that , `` I think Roald would have been delighted with what they did with James . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a positive review , praising the animated part , but calling the live - action segments `` crude . '' The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score ( by Randy Newman ) . It won Best Animated Feature Film at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival . In August 2016 , Sam Mendes was revealed to be in negotiations with Disney to direct another live action adaptation of the novel . In May 2017 , however , Mendes was no longer attached to the project due to him entering talks with Disney about directing a live - action film adaptation of Pinocchio . Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : James and the Giant Peach ( musical ) The book was made into a musical with music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and book by Timothy Allen McDonald that premiered at Goodspeed Musicals in 2010 and is currently frequently produced in regional and youth theatre . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 054272 - 1 ( audio CD read by Jeremy Irons , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 037156 - 7 ( paperback , 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55734 - 441 - 8 ( paperback , 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 034269 - 9 ( paperback , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 15113 - 4 ( Bantam Skylark paperback , 1980 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 81282 - 4 ( hardcover , 1961 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 91282 - 0 ( library binding , 1961 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roald Dahl Fact Sheet : Puffin play ground Puffin Books Jump up ^ Clarie Heald ( 11 June 2005 ) `` Chocolate doors thrown open to Dahl '' . BBC News Jump up ^ The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Why is China banning Winnie the Pooh and other foreign picture books ? '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` James and the Giant Peach Audiobook '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2015 ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Chloe ; Darren Horne . `` Roald Dahl : From Page to Screen '' . close-upfilm.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Evans , Noah Wolfgram . `` Layers : A Look at Henry Selick '' . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James And The Giant Peach '' . bcdb.com , 23 March 2011 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 19 April 1996 ) . `` PITS A WONDERFUL LIFE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mendes in Talks to Direct Disney 's Live - Action ' James and the Giant Peach ' '' . Variety . 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mendes in Early Talks to Direct ' Pinocchio ' Live - Action Movie '' . Variety . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Mendes will no longer direct the `` James and the Giant Peach '' remake for Disney , which he was attached to less than a year ago . ( hide ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_and_the_Giant_Peach&oldid=806784260 '' Categories : 1961 British novels Children 's books by Roald Dahl British novels adapted into films Alfred A. Knopf books Novels about orphans British children 's novels Novels by Roald Dahl Insects in fiction Novels set in England 1961 children 's books Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 03 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what killed james parents in james and the giant peach
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"Four-year-old James Henry Trotter lives with his loving parents in a beautiful cottage by the sea in the south of England, until his parents are killed by an escaped rhinoceros during a shopping trip in London."
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"escaped rhinoceros"
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Are You the One?
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Are You the One ? - Wikipedia Are You the One ? This article is about an American reality TV series . For other uses , see Are You the One ? ( disambiguation ) . Are You the One ? Genre Reality Presented by Ryan Devlin ( 1 -- 5 ) Terrence J ( 6 - ) Opening theme `` Smooth Hand '' by Heavy Young Heathens Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 63 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) Lighthearted Entertainment Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network MTV Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Are You the One ? , sometimes abbreviated as AYTO ? , is an American reality television series on MTV , in which young singles try to find love . A group of men and women are secretly paired into male - female couples by producers , via a matchmaking algorithm . Then , while living together , the contestants try to identify all of these `` perfect matches . '' If they succeed , the entire group shares a prize of up to $1 million . Over the course of each season , the contestants have the opportunity to pair up in different combinations to compete against each other to win dates , as well as the opportunity to learn in the `` truth booth '' if a given couple is a correct match . At the end of each episode , the contestants pair up in a `` matching ceremony '' and learn how many perfect matches they have , but not which matches are correct . From season 3 onward , the prize was reduced any time that the house failed to identify any matches other than those already confirmed via the truth booth . On March 22 , 2017 , spin - off Are You The One : Second Chances premiered. 10 perfect matches from previous seasons returned to compete in tasks designed to test the strength of their bonds . Each week , teams could add to their potential winnings , but individual contestants had the opportunity to take their team 's winnings from their partner and remove their team from the game . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 -- Kauai , Hawaii 2.1 Progress 2.2 Truth Booths 2.3 MTV.com Clue 2.4 Baby Special and Reunion 2.5 The Challenge 3 Season 2 -- San Juan , Puerto Rico 3.1 Cast 3.2 Progress 3.3 Truth Booths 3.4 After Filming 3.5 The Challenge 4 Season 3 -- Kona , Hawaii 4.1 Cast 4.2 Progress 4.3 Truth Booths 4.4 After Filming 4.5 The Challenge 5 Season 4 -- Maui , Hawaii 5.1 Cast 5.2 Progress 5.3 Truth Booths 5.4 After Filming 5.5 The Challenge 6 Season 5 -- Cabarete , Dominican Republic 6.1 Cast 6.2 Progress 6.3 Truth Booths 6.4 After Filming 6.5 The Challenge 7 Season 6 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 7.1 Cast 7.2 Progress 7.3 Truth Booths 7.4 After Filming 8 Season 7 -- Kona , Hawaii II 8.1 Cast 8.2 Progress 8.3 Truth Booths 8.4 After Filming 9 Spinoffs 9.1 Second Chances 9.2 Cast 9.3 Elimination progress 9.4 Bank Accounts 10 Notes 11 Episodes 12 International versions 13 References 14 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Originally aired Number of cast members All Perfect Matches Found ? Total Money Won Season premiere Season finale January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 20 Y $1,000,000 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 21 Y $1,000,000 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 20 Y $750,000 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 20 Y $750,000 5 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 22 $0 6 September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 22 Y $1,000,000 7 August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 2018 ( 2018 ) 22 N / A Season 1 -- kauai , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Hawaii Season one premiered on January 21 , 2014 . Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Adam Kuhn 23 Sterling , Virginia Andrean `` Dre '' McCoy 23 Atlanta , Georgia Chris `` Scali '' Scali 24 Brooklyn , New York Chris Tolleson 23 Virginia Beach Dillan Ostrom 23 Finley , North Dakota Ethan Diamond 23 Denver , Colorado Joey Dillon 23 Atlanta , Georgia John `` JJ '' Jacobs 25 Washington , DC Ryan Malaty 24 Greeley , Colorado Wesley `` Wes '' Buckles 25 Phoenix , Arizona Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Amber Lee 22 Austin , Texas Ashleigh Feaster 23 Akron , Ohio Brittany Baldassari 24 Boston , Massachusetts Coleysia Chestnut 23 Selma , Alabama Jacinda `` Jacy '' Rodriguez 24 Carolina , Puerto Rico Jessica Perez 23 Miami , Florida Kayla Lusby 22 Greenfield , Tennessee Paige Brendel 22 Phoenix , Arizona Shanley McIntee 24 Indianapolis , Indiana Simone Kelly 23 Atlanta , Georgia Progress ( edit ) Guys Episode 5 6 / 7 8 9 10 Adam Brittany Shanley Brittany Amber Shanley Ashleigh Shanley Shanley Shanley Chris S . Ashleigh Simone Paige Paige Simone Brittany Jacy Ashleigh Jacy Chris T . Jessica Paige Simone Ashleigh Paige Paige Paige Paige Paige Dillan Coleysia Jessica Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Dre Jacy Ashleigh Ashleigh Simone Brittany Shanley Simone Simone Simone Ethan Shanley Amber Amber Kayla Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber John Simone Jacy Jessica Shanley Jacy Jacy Brittany Jacy Ashleigh Joey Paige Brittany Shanley Jacy Jessica Simone Jessica Brittany Brittany Ryan Amber Kayla Kayla Brittany Ashleigh Jessica Ashleigh Jessica Jessica Wes Kayla Coleysia Jacy Jessica Kayla Kayla Kayla Kayla Kayla Correct Matches 5 5 7 8 10 Girls Episode 5 6 / 7 8 9 10 Amber Ryan Ethan Ethan Adam Ethan Ethan Ethan Ethan Ethan Ashleigh Chris S . Dre Dre Chris T . Ryan Adam Ryan Chris S . John Brittany Adam Joey Adam Ryan Dre Chris S . John Joey Joey Coleysia Dillan Wes Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Jacy Dre John Wes Joey John John Chris S . John Chris S . Jessica Chris T . Dillan John Wes Joey Ryan Joey Ryan Ryan Kayla Wes Ryan Ryan Ethan Wes Wes Wes Wes Wes Paige Joey Chris T . Chris S . Chris S . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Shanley Ethan Adam Joey John Adam Dre Adam Adam Adam Simone John Chris S . Chris T . Dre Chris S . Joey Dre Dre Dre Correct Matches 5 5 7 8 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match In Week 5 , Ryan Awarded the house 2 Truth Booths , which gave the house their first perfect match in Dillan and Coleysia . Chris T. and Paige were a confirmed match in episode 6 , but due to his relationship with Shanley , the episode ended with a `` to be continued ... '' instead of a Match - up Ceremony . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Chris T. & Shanley Not A Match Ethan & Jessica Not A Match John & Simone Not A Match Dillan & Jessica Not A Match Dre & Ashleigh 5 Not A Match Dillan & Coleysia 5 Perfect Match Chris T. & Paige 6 / 7 Perfect Match Ryan & Kayla 8 Not A Match Wes & Kayla 9 Perfect Match John & Jacy 10 Not A Match Week 9 : Wes and Kayla did n't win the challenge . But Ryan Devlin mixed things up saying that the members not going on the dates would be the ones up for the truth booth . Week 10 : Dre was the ultimate winner of the massage challenge , therefore he was given the power to either send himself with a woman of his choosing or he could choose 2 others from the previous ceremony to send to the truth booth . He ultimately chose John and Jacy who were not a match . MTV.com Clue ( edit ) Clue Perfect Match Ethan & Amber Brittany & Joey Baby Special and Reunion ( edit ) Baby Special and Reunion aired on September 29 , 2014 . During this reunion , the gender of Ethan and Amber 's baby was revealed to be a girl . Both parents - to - be got emotional when they found out they were having a girl . There were also conflicts between Scali and Jacy , Shanley and Chris T , and Ryan and Adam . The end of the episode resulted in most conflicts being resolved . Jacy stated that she would be moving to New York ( where Scali is currently based ) and they would take their relationship from there . Brittany told the camera that she would be taking Ryan home to meet her parents . Shanley McIntee appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . The challenge ( edit ) Cast Member The Challenges Challenges Won Total Money Earned Adam Kuhn Battle of the Exes II None $0 Brittany Baldassari Battle of the Exes II None $0 John `` JJ '' Jacobs Battle of the Exes II None $0 Simone Kelly Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 2 -- san juan , Puerto Rico ( edit ) Filmed in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Season two premiered on October 6 , 2014 . It was set in Puerto Rico . This time , one guy has two matches which means that there will be eleven girls , but only ten boys . Christina is revealed as the first girl of the threeway couple . It is a race between Christina and another girl to find her perfect match and be confirmed as such in the Truth - Booth . The first couple of the threeway - couple to do so will end up in the honeymoon - suite . The other girl will have to leave empty - handed . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Age Hometown Alex Phillips 23 Los Angeles , California Anthony Bartolotte 22 Chicago , Illinois Brandon Tindel 25 Las Vegas , Nevada Curtis Hadzicki 24 Cardiff , California Dario Medrano 21 Salem , Massachusetts Garland Brown 22 St. Louis , Missouri John Moustis 22 Chicago , Illinois Layton Jones 25 Greenville , Mississippi Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark 22 Berrien Springs , Michigan Tyler `` Pratt '' Pratt 23 Orlando , Florida Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alexandria Kim 23 Carlsbad , California Ashley Hall 21 San Marcos , Texas Briana LaCuesta 21 San Diego , California Christina LeBlanc 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Ellie Puckett 23 Hamlet , North Carolina Jasmine Pendleton 22 San Diego , California Jenni Knapmiller 22 Burnsville , Minnesota Jessica Andreatta 22 Westchester , New York Paris Eike 23 Denver , Colorado Shelby Yardley 21 Derby , Kansas Tyler Abron 21 Boston , Massachusetts Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alex Ellie Christina Jasmine Tyler Christina Jessica Jasmine Jasmine Jasmine Jasmine Anthony Jessica Alexandria Jenni Jenni Ashley Ellie Briana Jessica Alexandria Alexandria Brandon Christina Tyler Shelby Ellie Jasmine Ashley Tyler Tyler Briana Briana Curtis Briana Briana Briana Briana Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Dario Ashley Shelby Ashley Shelby Alexandria Briana Ashley Ashley Tyler Ashley Garland Alexandria Jasmine Alexandria Jasmine Tyler Tyler Jessica Alexandria Jessica Jessica John Jasmine Ashley Christina Christina Jenni Alexandria Jenni Jenni Jenni Jenni Layton Jenni Jessica Ellie Jessica Briana Jenni Ellie Ellie Ashley Christina & Tyler Nathan Shelby Jenni Jessica Alexandria Jessica Jasmine Christina Briana Ellie Ellie Pratt Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Correct Matches 6 5 8 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alexandria Garland Anthony Garland Nathan Dario John N / A Garland Anthony Anthony Ashley Dario John Dario N / A Anthony Brandon Dario Dario Layton Dario Briana Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Layton Dario Anthony Nathan Brandon Brandon Christina Brandon Alex John John Alex N / A Nathan N / A N / A Layton Ellie Alex N / A Layton Brandon N / A Anthony Layton Layton Nathan Nathan Jasmine John Garland Alex Garland Brandon Nathan Alex Alex Alex Alex Jenni Layton Nathan Anthony Anthony John Layton John John John John Jessica Anthony Layton Nathan Layton Nathan Alex Garland Anthony Garland Garland Paris Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Shelby Nathan Dario Brandon Dario Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Tyler N / A Brandon N / A Alex Garland Garland Brandon Brandon Dario Layton Correct Matches 6 5 8 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match N / A This girl was not chosen in the match - up ceremony Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Eleventh Girl Brandon & Jessica Not A Match N / A Brandon & Christina Not A Match N / A Brandon & Alexandria Not A Match N / A Pratt & Paris Perfect Match Not A Match Curtis & Shelby 5 Perfect Match Not A Match John & Jasmine 6 Not A Match N / A John & Jenni 7 Perfect Match Not A Match Nathan & Christina 8 Not A Match N / A Alex & Jasmine 9 Perfect Match Not A Match Dario & Ashley 10 Perfect Match Not A Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Alex Jasmine Not Together Anthony Ellie Friends Anthony Jenni Friends Brandon Briana Friends Brandon Christina Not Together Curtis Briana Not Together Curtis Shelby Not Together Curtis Jenni Together Dario Ashley Friends Dario Shelby Not Together Garland Tyler Not Together John Christina Friends John Jenni Not Together Layton Jessica Not Together Layton Tyler Not Together Nathan Briana Roommates Nathan Ellie Friends Pratt Paris Not Together Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark & Ellie Puckett returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 9th place . The challenge ( edit ) Cast Member The Challenges Challenges Won Total Money Earned Anthony Bartolotte Invasion of the Champions None $0 Brandon Tindel Rivals III None $0 Briana LaCuesta Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Christina LeBlanc Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III None $0 Dario Medrano Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark Rivals III None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 3 -- kona , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Kona , Hawaii . Season three premiered on September 21 , 2015 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Alec Gonzalez 22 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Austin Sheets 22 Addison , Texas Chuck Mowery 26 Maui , Hawaii Connor Smith 25 Tinley Park , Illinois Devin Walker - Molaghan 26 Northampton , Massachusetts Hunter Barfield 22 Perry , Florida Mike Crescenzo 24 Stony Brook , New York Nelson Thomas 26 San Marcos , Texas Tyler Johnson 25 Indianapolis , Indiana Zak Longo 26 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Amanda Garcia 22 Westminster , Colorado Britni Thornton 24 Augusta , Georgia Chelsey Perkins 23 Orlando , Florida Hannah Rathbun 22 Syracuse , New York Kayla Brackett 22 Sandy Hook , Connecticut Kiki Cooper 24 Ashburn , Virginia Cheyenne Floyd 22 Los Angeles , California Melanie Velez 23 Franklin Square , New York Rashida Beach 23 Columbia , South Carolina Stacey Gurnevich 24 Staten Island , New York Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alec Stacey Chelsey Stacey Amanda Stacey Stacey Rashida Stacey Stacey Amanda Austin Kiki Kiki Amanda Stacey Hannah Cheyenne Kayla Kiki Cheyenne Britni Chuck Hannah Hannah Kiki Kiki Kiki Amanda Melanie Amanda Rashida Melanie Connor Chelsey Kayla Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Devin Melanie Melanie Rashida Hannah Cheyenne Rashida Britni Rashida Britni Rashida Hunter Britni Stacey Britni Rashida Melanie Britni Amanda Britni Kayla Hannah Mike Amanda Amanda Kayla Kayla Britni Melanie Stacey Melanie Kiki Kiki Nelson Cheyenne Cheyenne Melanie Britni Rashida Kiki Kiki Kayla Amanda Stacey Tyler Rashida Rashida Cheyenne Melanie Amanda Hannah Cheyenne Cheyenne Melanie Cheyenne Zak Kayla Britni Hannah Cheyenne Kayla Kayla Hannah Hannah Hannah Kayla Correct Matches 0 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Amanda Mike Mike Austin Alec Tyler Chuck Hunter Chuck Nelson Alec Britni Hunter Zak Hunter Nelson Mike Hunter Devin Hunter Devin Austin Chelsey Connor Alec Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Cheyenne Nelson Nelson Tyler Zak Devin Austin Tyler Tyler Austin Tyler Hannah Chuck Chuck Zak Devin Austin Tyler Zak Zak Zak Hunter Kayla Zak Connor Mike Mike Zak Zak Austin Nelson Hunter Zak Kiki Austin Austin Chuck Chuck Chuck Nelson Nelson Austin Mike Mike Melanie Devin Devin Nelson Tyler Hunter Mike Chuck Mike Tyler Chuck Rashida Tyler Tyler Devin Hunter Nelson Devin Alec Devin Chuck Devin Stacey Alec Hunter Alec Austin Alec Alec Mike Alec Alec Nelson Correct Matches 0 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 2 , the whole cast lost $250,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $750,000 , instead of $1,000,000 . In Episode 9 , Mike was removed from the competition due to an altercation that turned violent with Amanda . Kiki was left without a match that week and was automatically paired with Mike . In the end it turned out that Mike and Kiki were perfect matches . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Hunter & Kiki Not A Match Devin & Kiki Not A Match Zak & Kiki Not A Match Chuck & Britni Not A Match Connor & Chelsey 5 Perfect Match Chuck & Kiki 6 Not A Match Alec & Melanie 7 Not A Match Nelson & Kiki 8 Not A Match Hunter & Britni 9 Not A Match Zak & Kayla 10 Perfect Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Alec Amanda Not Together Alec Stacey Not Together Austin Britni Not Together Chuck Britni Not Together Chuck Melanie Not Together Connor Chelsey Friends Connor Kayla Friends Devin Kiki Friends Devin Rashida Friends Hunter Hannah Not Together Hunter Stacey Friends Mike Amanda Friends Mike Kayla Friends Mike Kiki Not Together Nelson Cheyenne Friends Nelson Stacey Not Together Tyler Cheyenne Friends Tyler Rashida Not Together Zak Hannah Together Zak Kayla Not Together Mike Crescenzo was later a cast member of the 32nd season of Real World , Real World Seattle : Bad Blood . Devin Walker - Molaghan & Rashida Beach returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 1st place earning themselves $170,000 . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member The Challenges Challenge Spin - offs Challenges Won Total Money Earned Amanda Garcia Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning , Season 33 TBD -- None $0 Britni Thornton XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas , Final Reckoning -- None $0 Cheyenne Floyd Rivals III -- None $12,500 Chuck Mowery Final Reckoning -- None $0 Devin Walker - Molaghan Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas , Final Reckoning Champs vs. Stars 3 None $12,500 + $950 for charity Hunter Barfield Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning , Season 33 TBD -- None $0 Nelson Thomas Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas , Final Reckoning -- None $36,250 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 4 -- Maui , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Maui , Hawaii . Season four premiered on June 13 , 2016 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Asaf Goren 25 Tel Aviv , Israel Cam Bruckman 22 Fort Collins , Colorado Cameron Kolbo 25 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Giovanni Rivera 23 Bridgeport , Connecticut John Humphrey 23 Norfolk , Nebraska Morgan St. Pierre 24 Manhattan , New York Prosper Muna 24 Albany , New York Sam Handler 22 Barrington , Illinois Stephen McHugh 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Tyler Norman 26 San Diego , California Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alyssa Ortiz 22 Elgin , Illinois Camille Satterwhite 23 Wheatley Heights , New York Emma Sweigard 22 Parker , Colorado Francesca Duncan 22 Manhattan , New York Julia Rose 22 New Orleans , Louisiana Kaylen Zahara 22 Compton , California Mikala Thomas 22 Ocean City , New Jersey Nicole Brown 22 Denver , Colorado Tori Deal 23 Astoria , New York Victoria Wyatt 22 Chino Hills , California Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 / 10 Asaf Francesca Camille Camille Camille Camille Camille Francesca Camille Tori Kaylen Cam Victoria Julia Nicole Emma Emma Victoria Nicole Tori Nicole Julia Cameron Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Giovanni Kaylen Kaylen Kaylen Kaylen Francesca Francesca Emma Nicole Francesca Francesca John Emma Nicole Victoria Victoria Tori Emma Kaylen Kaylen Victoria Victoria Morgan Julia Alyssa Francesca Tori Julia Tori Tori Victoria Julia Tori Prosper Camille Emma Emma Nicole Victoria Kaylen Victoria Francesca Emma Emma Sam Alyssa Francesca Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Stephen Nicole Tori Tori Julia Nicole Julia Julia Julia Kaylen Nicole Tyler Tori Victoria Julia Francesca Kaylen Nicole Camille Emma Camille Camille Correct Matches 6 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 / 10 Alyssa Sam Morgan Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Camille Prosper Asaf Asaf Asaf Asaf Asaf Tyler Asaf Tyler Tyler Emma John Prosper Prosper Cam Cam John Giovanni Tyler Prosper Prosper Francesca Asaf Sam Morgan Tyler Giovanni Giovanni Asaf Prosper Giovanni Giovanni Julia Morgan Cam Tyler Stephen Morgan Stephen Stephen Stephen Morgan Cam Kaylen Giovanni Giovanni Giovanni Giovanni Tyler Prosper John John Stephen Asaf Mikala Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Nicole Stephen John Cam Prosper Stephen Tyler Cam Giovanni Cam Stephen Tori Tyler Stephen Stephen Morgan John Morgan Morgan Cam Asaf Morgan Victoria Cam Tyler John John Prosper Cam Prosper Morgan John John Correct Matches 6 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 8 , the whole cast lost $250,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $750,000 , instead of $1,000,000 . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Prosper & Tori Not A Match John & Julia Not A Match Cameron & Mikala Perfect Match Asaf & Tori Not A Match Giovanni & Kaylen 5 Not A Match Sam & Alyssa 6 Perfect Match Cam & Victoria 7 Not A Match Giovanni & Julia 8 Not A Match Prosper & Emma 9 / 10 Perfect Match Cam & Julia 9 / 10 Perfect Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Cam Carolina ( season 5 ) Together Asaf Francesca Friends Asaf Kaylen Not Together Cam Julia Not Together Cam Victoria Not Together Cameron Mikala Not Together Joe ( Season 6 ) Mikala Together Giovanni Francesca Friends Giovanni Kaylen Not Together John Victoria Not Together Morgan Tori Friends Prosper Emma Not Together Sam Alyssa Not Together Stephen Julia Together Stephen Nicole Not Together Tyler Camille Friends Asaf Goren & Kaylen Zahara , Cameron Kolbo & Mikala Thomas , Giovanni Rivera & Francesca Duncan and Morgan St. Pierre & Tori Deal returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances . Rivera and Duncan finished in 8th place after Duncan stole all of the money from Rivera . Goren and Zahara finished in 6th place . Kolbo & Thomas finished in 4th place . St. Pierre and Deal finished in 2nd place earning themselves $25,000 . Cameron Kolbo appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . The challenge ( edit ) Cast Member The Challenges Challenge Spin - offs Challenges Won Total Money Earned Tori Deal XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning Champs vs. Stars 2 , Champs vs. Stars 3 None $15,000 + $950 for charity Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Note : Tori made an appearance on Vendettas for an elimination . Season 5 -- cabarete , dominican republic ( edit ) Filmed in Cabarete , Dominican Republic . Season five premiered on January 11 , 2017 . This season featured 2 big changes . When a couple gets sent into the truth booth to see if they are a perfect match , the rest of the house can either vote to see if they are a perfect match , or earn $150,000 , and not see the result of the couple . This only will pertain to certain weeks . Also , if the house blacks out at a match - up ceremony , their money will decrease by 50 % each time instead of $250,000 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Andre Siemers 22 Burnsville , Minnesota Derrick Henry 23 Charleston , South Carolina Edward `` Eddie '' Williams 21 Bridgeton , New Jersey Hayden Weaver 23 Anderson , Indiana Jaylan Adlam 23 Atlanta , Georgia Joey Amoia 23 Buffalo , New York Michael Halpern 24 Tamarac , Florida Mike Cerasani 25 Staten Island , New York Osvaldo Romero 22 Chicago , Illinois Ozzy Morales 24 San José , Costa Rica Tyler O'Brien 22 Boca Raton , Florida Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alicia Wright 23 Howell , New Jersey Carolina Duarte 21 Sammamish , Washington Casandra Martinez 22 Seabrook , Texas Gianna Hammer 21 Doylestown , Ohio Hannah Fugazzi 22 Brentwood , California Kam Williams 21 Pennsauken , New Jersey Kari Kowalski 22 New York , New York Kathryn Palmer 22 Tallahassee , Florida Shannon Duffy 22 Valencia , California Taylor Selfridge 22 Yacolt , Washington Tyranny Todd 22 Augusta , Georgia Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Andre Alicia Hannah Kari Casandra Taylor Taylor Casandra Gianna Kathryn Kathryn Derrick Kathryn Alicia Hannah Gianna Tyranny Tyranny Kari Shannon Casandra Shannon ( Casandra ) Edward Kam Shannon Kam Alicia Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Hayden Shannon Taylor Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Jaylan Casandra Kam Casandra Tyranny Casandra Hannah Tyranny Tyranny Tyranny Tyranny Joey Carolina Carolina Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Casandra Hannah Hannah ( Shannon ) Michael Hannah Gianna Taylor Kari Kari Kari Hannah Kathryn Kari Kari Mike Kari Casandra Alicia Kam Alicia Alicia Gianna Kari Alicia Alicia Osvaldo Tyranny Kari Tyranny Taylor Gianna Gianna Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Ozzy Gianna Kathryn Gianna Hannah Hannah Casandra Alicia Alicia Gianna Gianna Tyler Taylor Tyranny Shannon Shannon Shannon Shannon Shannon Hannah Shannon Casandra ( Hannah ) Correct Matches 0 5 9 8 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alicia Andre Derrick Mike Edward Mike Mike Ozzy Ozzy Mike Mike Carolina Joey Joey Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Casandra Jaylan Mike Jaylan Andre Jaylan Ozzy Andre Joey Derrick Tyler ( Derrick ) Gianna Ozzy Michael Ozzy Derrick Osvaldo Osvaldo Mike Andre Ozzy Ozzy Hannah Michael Andre Derrick Ozzy Ozzy Jaylan Michael Tyler Joey Joey ( Tyler ) Kam Edward Jaylan Edward Mike Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Kari Mike Osvaldo Andre Michael Michael Michael Derrick Mike Michael Michael Kathryn Derrick Ozzy Joey Joey Joey Joey Joey Michael Andre Andre Shannon Hayden Edward Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Derrick Tyler Derrick ( Joey ) Taylor Tyler Hayden Michael Osvaldo Andre Andre Osvaldo Osvaldo Osvaldo Osvaldo Tyranny Osvaldo Tyler Osvaldo Jaylan Derrick Derrick Jaylan Jaylan Jaylan Jaylan Correct Matches ' ' 0 5 9 8 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Name Confirmed Not A Match for the whole season . Correct Matching is in parentheses . Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 2 , the whole cast lost $500,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $500,000 instead of $1,000,000 . In Episode 9 , the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a perfect match , which increased the total money at stake to $650,000 In Episode 10 , the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a perfect match , which increased the total money at stake to $800,000 In Episode 10 , the cast did not find all their perfect matches , winning no money at the end . After the reunion , final Perfect Matches were revealed as the following : Guy Girl Andre Kathryn Derrick Casandra Edward Kam Hayden Carolina Jaylan Tyranny Joey Shannon Michael Kari Mike Alicia Osvaldo Taylor Ozzy Gianna Tyler Hannah Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Hayden & Gianna Not A Match Andre & Alicia Not A Match Ozzy & Carolina Not A Match Osvaldo & Tyranny Not A Match Edward & Kam 5 Perfect Match Ozzy & Hannah 6 Not A Match Andre & Taylor 7 Not A Match Hayden & Carolina 8 Perfect Match Derrick & Tyranny 9 Truth Booth Trade Joey & Casandra 10 Truth Booth Trade Note : In Episode 9 , the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a match . The result of their match is unavailable . Note : In Episode 10 , the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a match . The result of their match is unavailable . Note : Look at the revealed perfect matches this will give you the results of the Derrick / Tyranny and Joey / Casandra Truth Booths . After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Cam ( season 4 ) Carolina Together Andre Kathryn Not together Andre Taylor Not together Derrick Casandra Friends Edward Alicia Not together Edward Kam Not together Hayden Carolina Not Together Hayden Gianna Have one child together Jaylan Tyranny Friends Joey Shannon Friends Michael Kari Friends Mike Casandra Not Together Mike Alicia Not Together Osvaldo Taylor Friends Osvaldo Tyranny Friends Ozzy Gianna Friends Ozzy Hannah Not Together Ozzy Carolina Friends Tyler Hannah Friends Tyler Shannon Not Together Derrick Henry & Casandra Martinez , Hayden Weaver & Carolina Duarte and Mike Cerasani & Alicia Wright returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances . Henry and Martinez finished in 10th place . Weaver and Duarte finished in 7th place after Weaver stole all of the money from Duarte . Cerasani and Wright finished in 5th Place . Alicia Wright , Andre Siemens , Derrick Henry and Taylor Selfridge appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member The Challenges Challenge Spin - offs Challenges Won Total Money Earned Alicia Wright Vendettas -- None $0 Derrick Henry XXX : Dirty 30 , Final Reckoning -- None $0 Edward Williams Vendettas -- None $0 Kam Williams Vendettas , Final Reckoning , Season 33 TBD Champs vs. Stars 3 None $0 + $400 for charity Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 6 -- new Orleans , Louisiana ( edit ) Filmed in New Orleans , Louisiana . The new host is Terrence J . Season six premiered on September 20 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Anthony Martin 22 Inglewood , California Clinton Moxam 22 Palm Bay , Florida David `` Shad '' Shadpour 24 San Diego , California Dimitri Valentin 26 Playa del Rey , California Ethan Cohen 27 Sonoma , California Joe Torgerson 23 Portland , Oregon Kareem Fathalla 23 Avenel , New Jersey Keith Klebacher 24 Manchester , New Jersey Malcolm Drummer 25 West Palm Beach , Florida Michael Johnson 21 Knoxville , Tennessee Tyler Colon 21 Los Angeles , California Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alexis Eddy 21 Mannington , West Virginia Alivia Hunter 21 Charleston , South Carolina Audrey Diaz 23 Middletown , New York Diandra Delgado 21 Teaneck , New Jersey Geles Rodriguez 23 Los Fresnos , Texas Jada Allen 21 Union City , New Jersey Keyana Land 23 Boyertown , Pennsylvania Nicole Spiller 21 Medway , Massachusetts Nurys Mateo 22 Portland , Maine Uche Nwosu 23 Grand Rapids , Michigan Zoe Pugh 22 Scranton , Pennsylvania Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Anthony Geles Diandra Jada Keyana Nicole Keyana Keyana Alivia Uche Alexis Clinton Uche Uche Uche Uche Jada Geles Geles Geles Geles Geles Dimitri Diandra Nicole Nurys Alexis Uche Diandra Diandra Diandra Audrey Nurys Ethan Jada Jada Alexis Nicole Geles Jada Zoe Alexis Nurys Zoe Joe Zoe Audrey Zoe Zoe Zoe Alexis Uche Jada Zoe Uche Kareem Alivia Alivia Alivia Diandra Alivia Nurys Nurys Nurys Diandra Diandra Keith Alexis Alexis Diandra Nurys Alexis Zoe Jada Audrey Jada Jada Malcolm Nurys Nurys Geles Alivia Diandra Alivia Alexis Uche Alexis Alivia Michael Keyana Keyana Audrey Geles Nurys Uche Audrey Keyana Keyana Keyana Shad Audrey Geles Keyana Audrey Audrey Audrey Alivia Zoe Alivia Audrey Tyler Nicole Zoe Nicole Jada Keyana Nicole Nicole Nicole Nicole Nicole Correct Matches 5 5 11 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alexis Keith Keith Ethan Dimitri Keith Joe Malcolm Ethan Malcolm Anthony Alivia Kareem Kareem Kareem Malcolm Kareem Malcolm Shad Anthony Shad Malcolm Audrey Shad Joe Michael Shad Shad Shad Michael Keith Dimitri Shad Diandra Dimitri Anthony Keith Kareem Malcolm Dimitri Dimitri Dimitri Kareem Kareem Geles Anthony Shad Malcolm Michael Ethan Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Jada Ethan Ethan Anthony Tyler Clinton Ethan Keith Joe Keith Keith Keyana Michael Michael Shad Anthony Tyler Anthony Anthony Michael Michael Michael Nicole Tyler Dimitri Tyler Ethan Anthony Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Nurys Malcolm Malcolm Dimitri Keith Michael Kareem Kareem Kareem Ethan Dimitri Uche Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Dimitri Michael Joe Malcolm Anthony Joe Zoe Joe Tyler Joe Joe Joe Keith Ethan Shad Joe Ethan Correct Matches 5 5 11 Notes Name = Confirmed perfect match Name = Unconfirmed perfect match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Week Result Ethan & Keyana No Match Anthony & Geles No Match Malcolm & Nurys No Match Dimitri & Nicole No Match Clinton & Uche 5 No Match Keith & Alexis 6 No Match Keith & Alivia 7 No Match Michael & Audrey 8 No Match Tyler & Nicole 9 Perfect Match Dimitri & Jada 10 No Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Anthony Alexis Friends Anthony Geles Not Together Clinton Geles Not Together Clinton Uche Together Dimitri Nicole Not Together Dimitri Nurys Friends Ethan Zoe Friends Joe Uche Friends Joe Mikala ( Season 4 ) Together Kareem Alivia Together Kareem Diandra Friends Keith Alexis Not Together Keith Jada Friends Malcolm Alivia Friends Malcolm Diandra Not Together Malcolm Nurys Not Together Michael Audrey Not Together Michael Keyana Friends Shad Audrey Friends Tyler Nicole Friends At the reunion , it was confirmed that Keith was dating Carolina from season 5 and Anthony was dating Shannon from season 5 . Nurys is casually dating Nelson from season 3 . Joe Torgerson appeared on the U.S. version of the MTV dating show Ex on the Beach . Season 7 -- kona , Hawaii ii ( edit ) Season seven will premiere on August 15 , 2018 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Andrew Couture 24 Reading , Massachusetts Brett Ferri 26 Manhattan , New York Cam Viney 24 Washington , D.C. Daniel Vilk 22 Brooklyn , New York Kwasi Opoku 24 Woodbridge , New Jersey Lewis Belt 23 Oakland , California Moe Elkhalil 22 Houston , Texas Shamoy Persad 23 St. Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Tevin Grant 22 Scottsdale , Arizona Tomas Buenos 22 Miami , Florida Zak Jones 21 Dallas , Texas Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Asia Woodley 22 Corona , California Bria Hamilton 22 Vacaville , California Cali Trepp 24 Chicago , Illinois Jasmine Rodriguez 21 Williamstown , New Jersey Kayla Umagat 22 Seattle , Washington Kenya Scott 23 Queens , New York Lauren Roush 23 Mason , West Virginia Maria Elizondo 21 West New York , New Jersey Morgan Fletcher 21 Silver Spring , Maryland Nutsa Sikharulidze 21 Toms River , New Jersey Samantha McKinnon 22 Chicago , Illinois Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Andrew Lauren Morgan Lauren Nutsa Samantha Lauren Lauren Samantha Cali Brett Cali Asia Cali Kayla Nutsa Nutsa Nutsa Nutsa Bria Cam Kayla Kayla Kayla Asia Kayla Kayla Cali Lauren Morgan Daniel Nutsa Nutsa Samantha Lauren Bria Samantha Samantha Asia Lauren Kwasi Asia Lauren Jasmine Bria Jasmine Asia Asia Jasmine Nutsa Lewis Samantha Jasmine Asia Kenya Lauren Bria Bria Bria Asia Moe Jasmine Bria Nutsa Samantha Asia Jasmine Jasmine Kayla Kayla Shamoy Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Tevin Kenya Kenya Kenya Jasmine Kenya Kenya Kenya Kenya Kenya Kenya Tomas Morgan Cali Bria Cali Cali Cali Kayla Morgan Jasmine Zak Bria Samantha Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Cali Samantha Correct Matches Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Asia Kwasi Brett Lewis Cam Moe Kwasi Kwasi Daniel Lewis Bria Zak Moe Tomas Kwasi Daniel Lewis Lewis Lewis Brett Cali Brett Tomas Brett Tomas Tomas Tomas Cam Zak Andrew Jasmine Moe Lewis Kwasi Tevin Kwasi Moe Moe Kwasi Tomas Kayla Cam Cam Cam Brett Cam Cam Tomas Moe Moe Kenya Tevin Tevin Tevin Lewis Tevin Tevin Tevin Tevin Tevin Tevin Lauren Andrew Kwasi Andrew Daniel Lewis Andrew Andrew Cam Daniel Maria Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Shamoy Morgan Tomas Andrew Zak Zak Zak Zak Zak Tomas Cam Nutsa Daniel Daniel Moe Andrew Brett Brett Brett Brett Kwasi Samantha Lewis Zak Daniel Moe Andrew Daniel Daniel Andrew Zak Correct Matches Perfect matches Notes Name = Confirmed perfect match Name = Unconfirmed perfect match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Week Result Tomas & Maria No Match Andrew & Asia No Match Shamoy & Maria Perfect Match Brett & Kenya No Match Zak & Bria 5 No Match Brett & Cali 6 No Match Zak & Nutsa 7 No Match Tevin and Kenya 8 Perfect Match Cam & Samantha 9 No Match Brett & Nutsa 10 After Filming ( edit ) Spinoffs ( edit ) Second Chances ( edit ) Filmed in Melbourne , Australia . Hosted by Karamo Brown . Premiered March 22 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Male Contestant Female Contestant Original Season Finish Devin Walker - Molaghan Rashida Beach AYTO ? 3 Winners Morgan St. Pierre Tori Deal AYTO ? 4 Runners - Up Adam Kuhn Shanley McIntee AYTO ? 1 3rd Place Cameron Kolbo Mikala Thomas AYTO ? 4 4th Place Mike Cerasani Alicia Wright AYTO ? 5 5th Place Asaf Goren Kaylen Zahara AYTO ? 4 6th Place Hayden Weaver Carolina Duarte AYTO ? 5 7th Place Giovanni `` Gio '' Rivera Francesca Duncan AYTO ? 4 8th Place Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark Ellie Puckett AYTO ? 2 9th Place Derrick Henry Casandra Martinez AYTO ? 5 10th Place Elimination progress ( edit ) Teams Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Devin & Rashida 1st 6th 4th N / A 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st Morgan & Tori 6th 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 4th 3rd 4th 2nd 2nd Adam & Shanley 3rd 4th 2nd N / A 4th 3rd 4th 1st 3rd 3rd Cameron & Mikala 7th 5th 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mike & Alicia 9th 1st 6th 2nd 5th 5th 5th Asaf & Kaylen 2nd 8th 8th 7th 6th Hayden & Carolina 8th 2nd 5th N / A Giovanni & Francesca 5th 7th 7th Nate & Ellie 4th 9th Derrick & Casandra 10th Competition The team won the final challenge . The team received 2nd place in the final challenge . The team received 3rd place in the final challenge . The team won the mission and was safe from elimination . The team was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' their money , therefore remaining in the game . The team received last place and was eliminated . The team did not receive last place but one team member stole the money and their team was eliminated . The team received last place but remained in the game due to another contestant , who got voted into The Choice , stole all of the money . The team was voted into The Choice and was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Their choice was not revealed if they Shared or Stole the money . The team received last place but was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Bank accounts ( edit ) Males Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Devin $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $70,000 $90,000 $100,000 $120,000 $170,000 Morgan $20,000 $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $75,000 $75,000 $80,000 $40,000 $50,000 $25,000 Adam $25,000 $25,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $60,000 $0 Cameron $20,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $55,000 $65,000 $65,000 $0 Mike $20,000 $40,000 $40,000 $50,000 $50,000 $25,000 $0 Asaf $30,000 $30,000 $15,000 $7,500 $0 Hayden $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 Giovanni $20,000 $20,000 $0 Nate $20,000 $0 Derrick $0 Females Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rashida $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $70,000 $90,000 $100,000 $120,000 $170,000 Tori $20,000 $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $75,000 $75,000 $80,000 $40,000 $50,000 $25,000 Shanley $25,000 $25,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $60,000 $0 Mikala $20,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $55,000 $65,000 $65,000 $0 Alicia $20,000 $40,000 $40,000 $50,000 $50,000 $25,000 $0 Kaylen $30,000 $30,000 $15,000 $7,500 $0 Carolina $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $0 Francesca $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Ellie $20,000 $0 Casandra $0 Competition The team won the final challenge and shared the money . The team received 2nd place in the final challenge . The team received 3rd place in the final challenge . The team won the mission and was safe from elimination . The team was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' their money , therefore remaining in the game . The team received last place and was eliminated . The team received last place but remained in the game due to another contestant , who got voted into The Choice , stealing the money from their partner , and remained in the game . The contestant was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Steal ' the money , but their teammate decided to ' Share ' the money and they were eliminated with all of the money . The contestant was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' the money , but their teammate decided to ' Steal ' the money and they were eliminated with no money . The contestant was voted into The Choice and was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Their choice was not revealed if they Shared or Stole the money . The contestant received last place but was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In Episode 4 , only the top 3 teams and the last place team were revealed . Therefore , the 3 teams whose placement was n't revealed did n't have a change in money . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Are You the One ? episodes International versions ( edit ) Country Local title Host ( s ) Channel Broadcast Jackpot Brazil Are You the One ? Brasil Felipe Titto ( 1 - 3 ) Caio Castro ( 4 ) MTV February 1 , 2015 R $500,000 Denmark Det perfekte match Oliver Bjerrehuus Kanal 4 February 5 , 2015 Mexico Are You the One ? El Match Perfecto Roberto Carlo ( 1 ) Vadhir Derbez ( 2 ) MTV September 20 , 2016 US $200,000 France 10 couples parfaits Elsa Fayer NT1 July 3 , 2017 € 200,000 Sweden Are You the One ? Sverige Martin Björk TV3 February 26 , 2018 1,000,000 kr References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? '' . MTV . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are you the one : Second chances is coming to MTV . '' . MTV . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana . `` ARE YOU THE ONE : ALL - STAR CHALLENGE IS COMING TO MTV '' . MTV . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Dating Series ' Are You The Juan ? ' to Premiere Tuesday , January 21 on MTV `` . Tvbythenumbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Guys and Girls '' MTV . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? First Perfect Match Clue '' . MTV . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? Second Perfect Match Clue '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are You The One Has Produced A Baby - And A Reunion Special '' . MTV . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are You The One Has Produced A Baby - And A Reunion Special '' . MTV . Retrieved July11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filman `` reality show '' de MTV en Puerto Rico `` . Jump up ^ `` Are You The One ? '' . Are You The One ? . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Meet the ( Ridiculously Good - Looking ) Season 5 Cast of Are You The One ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` MTV 's Are You the One ? season 6 cast and new host revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Which ' Are You the One ? ' Couples Are Still Together ? '' . Us Weekly . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Are You the One ? Is Back ! Meet the Season 7 Cast '' . People . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Are You the One ? on IMDb MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( since 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One ? 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Lavin Diem Brown Pedro Pedro and Me Real World Presents : Return to Duty List of Real World cast members List of The Challenge contestants Are You the One ? The Real World : Stockholm The Real World : Visby Big Brother ( U.S. ) Ex on the Beach Geordie Shore Ex on the Beach ( U.S. ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_the_One%3F&oldid=866438966 '' Categories : Are You the One ? 2014 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American dating and relationship reality television series English - language television programs MTV television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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truth booth are you the one season 6
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Zymogen
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Zymogen - wikipedia Zymogen A zymogen ( / ˈzaɪmədʒən , - moʊ - / ) , also called a proenzyme ( / ˌproʊˈɛnzaɪm / ) , is an inactive precursor of an enzyme . A zymogen requires a biochemical change ( such as a hydrolysis reaction revealing the active site , or changing the configuration to reveal the active site ) for it to become an active enzyme . The biochemical change usually occurs in Golgi bodies , where a specific part of the precursor enzyme is cleaved in order to activate it . The inactivating piece which is cleaved off can be a peptide unit , or can be independently folding domains comprising more than 100 residues . Although they limit the enzyme 's ability , these n - terminal extensions of the enzyme or a `` prosegment '' often aid in the stabilizing and folding of the enzyme they inhibit . The pancreas secretes zymogens partly to prevent the enzymes from digesting proteins in the cells in which they are synthesised . Enzymes like pepsin are created in the form of pepsinogen , an inactive zymogen . Pepsinogen is activated when chief cells release it into the gastric acid , whose hydrochloric acid partially activates it . Another partially activated pepsinogen completes the activation by removing the peptide , turning the pepsinogen into pepsin . Accidental activation of zymogens can happen when the secretion duct in the pancreas is blocked by a gallstone resulting in acute pancreatitis . Fungi also secrete digestive enzymes into the environment as zymogens . The external environment has a different pH than inside the fungal cell and this changes the zymogen 's structure into an active enzyme . Another way that enzymes can exist in inactive forms and later be converted to active forms is by activating only when a cofactor , called a coenzyme , is bound . In this system , the inactive form ( the apoenzyme ) becomes the active form ( the holoenzyme ) when the coenzyme binds . Examples ( edit ) Examples of zymogens : Angiotensinogen Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Pepsinogen Most proteins in the coagulation system ( examples , prothrombin , or plasminogen ) Some of the proteins of the complement system Procaspases Pacifastin Proelastase Prolipase Procarboxypolypeptidases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zymogen '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` zymogen '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Proenzyme '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` proenzyme '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Look up zymogen in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Zymogens - Washington.edu Molecular mechanisms for the conversion of zymogens to active proteolytic enzymes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zymogen&oldid=854515535 '' Categories : Enzymes Precursor proteins Zymogens Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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why are digestive enzymes present in inactive form
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Society of Jesus
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Society of Jesus - wikipedia Society of Jesus Jump to : navigation , search `` Jesuit '' redirects here . For the punk band , see Jesuit ( band ) . This article is about the Society of Jesus , also known as Jesuits . For philosophy concerning the teachings of Jesus , see Jesuism . Society of Jesus Abbreviation S.J. , Jesuits Motto Ad maiorem Dei gloriam For the Greater Glory of God Formation 27 September 1540 Founder Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Peter Faber Founded at Paris , France officialized in Rome Type Catholic religious order Location 4 Borgo Santo Spirito , Rome Coordinates 41 ° 54 ′ 4.9 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 38.2 '' E / 41.901361 ° N 12.460611 ° E / 41.901361 ; 12.460611 Coordinates : 41 ° 54 ′ 4.9 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 38.2 '' E / 41.901361 ° N 12.460611 ° E / 41.901361 ; 12.460611 Members 16,378 Superior General Arturo Sosa Website www.sjweb.info Remarks Church of the Gesù is the Mother Church of the Jesuits , next to which Ignatius had his office Part of a series on the Society of Jesus Christogram of the Jesuits History Regimini militantis Suppression Hierarchy Superior General Arturo Sosa Spirituality Spiritual Exercises Ad majorem Dei gloriam Magis Works List of Jesuit educational institutions List of Jesuit development centres Notable Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Peter Faber Aloysius Gonzaga John Berchmans Robert Bellarmine Peter Canisius Edmund Campion Pope Francis Jesuit saints Jesuit theologians Jesuit philosophers Catholicism portal The Society of Jesus ( S.J. -- from Latin : Societas Iesu ) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth - century Spain . The members are called Jesuits . The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents . Jesuits work in education ( founding schools , colleges , universities , and seminaries ) , intellectual research , and cultural pursuits . Jesuits also give retreats , minister in hospitals and parishes , sponsor direct social ministries , and promote ecumenical dialogue . Ignatius of Loyola , a Basque nobleman from the Pyrenees area of northern Spain , founded the society after discerning his spiritual vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the Battle of Pamplona . He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ . In 1534 , Ignatius and six other young men , including Francis Xavier and Peter Faber , gathered and professed vows of poverty , chastity , and later obedience , including a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment . Ignatius 's plan of the order 's organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the `` Formula of the Institute '' . Ignatius was a nobleman who had a military background , and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world , where they might be required to live in extreme conditions . Accordingly , the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for `` whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine . '' Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as `` God 's soldiers '' , `` God 's marines '' , or `` the Company '' , which evolved from references to Ignatius ' history as a soldier and the society 's commitment to accepting orders anywhere and to endure any conditions . The society participated in the Counter-Reformation and , later , in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council . The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada , a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary , and it is led by a Superior General . The headquarters of the society , its General Curia , is in Rome . The historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù , the Jesuit mother church . In 2013 , Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit to be elected Pope , taking the name Pope Francis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistics 2 Formula of the Institute 3 History 3.1 Foundation 3.2 Early works 3.3 Expansion 3.3. 1 Activity in China 3.3. 2 Activity in Canada 3.3. 3 Activity in the United States 3.3. 4 Jesuits in Mexico 3.3. 5 Jesuits in northern Spanish America 3.3. 6 Jesuits in Paraguay 3.3. 7 Jesuits in colonial Brazil 3.4 Suppression and restoration 3.5 Early 20th century 3.6 Post -- Vatican II 4 Ignatian spirituality 5 Formation 6 Government of the society 7 Habit and dress 8 Controversies 8.1 Power - seeking 8.2 Political intrigue 8.3 Casuistic justification 8.4 Anti-Semitism 8.5 Theological debates 9 Child sexual abuse 10 Nazi persecution 10.1 Rescue efforts during the Holocaust 11 In science 12 Notable members 13 Institutions 13.1 Educational institutions 13.2 Social and development institutions 14 Publications 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18.1 Footnotes 18.2 Bibliography 19 Further reading 19.1 Surveys 19.2 Specialized studies 19.3 Primary sources 19.4 In German 20 External links 20.1 Catholic Church documents 20.2 Jesuit documents 20.3 Other links Statistics ( edit ) Jesuits in the world -- January 2013 Region Jesuits Percentage Africa 1,509 9 % South Latin America 1,221 7 % North Latin America 1,226 7 % South Asia 4,016 23 % Asia - Pacific 1,639 9 % Central and East Europe 1,641 10 % South Europe 2,027 12 % West Europe 1,541 9 % North America 2,467 14 % The Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church ( although they are surpassed by the Franciscan family of orders of Friars Minor , Capuchins , and Conventuals ) . The Jesuits have experienced a decline in numbers in recent decades . As of 2016 the society had 16,378 members , 11,785 priests and 4,593 brothers and scholastics . This represents a 41.5 % decline since 1977 , when the society had a total membership of 28,038 , of which 20,205 were priests . This decline is most pronounced in Europe and the Americas , with relatively modest membership gains occurring in Asia and Africa . There seems to be no `` Pope Francis effect '' in counteracting the free fall of vocations among the Jesuits . The society is divided into 83 provinces along with six independent regions and ten dependent regions . On 1 January 2007 , members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and the US . Their average age was 57.3 years : 63.4 years for priests , 29.9 years for scholastics , and 65.5 years for brothers . The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa . The society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work , human rights , social justice and , most notably , higher education . It operates colleges and universities in various countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines and India . In the United States the Jesuits have historical ties to 28 colleges and universities and 61 high schools . The degree to which the Jesuits are involved in the administration of each institution varies . As of 2016 , 12 of the 28 Jesuit universities in the US had non-Jesuit lay presidents . According to a 2014 article in The Atlantic , `` the number of Jesuit priests who are active in everyday operations at the schools is n't nearly as high as it once was '' . Worldwide it runs 322 secondary schools and 172 colleges and universities . A typical conception of the mission of a Jesuit school will often contain such concepts as proposing Christ as the model of human life , the pursuit of excellence in teaching and learning , lifelong spiritual and intellectual growth , and training men and women for others . Formula of the Institute ( edit ) Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius receiving papal bull Ignatius laid out his original vision for the new order in the `` Formula of the Institute of the Society of Jesus '' , which is `` the fundamental charter of the order , of which all subsequent official documents were elaborations and to which they had to conform . '' He ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550 . The formula expressed the nature , spirituality , community life , and apostolate of the new religious order . Its famous opening statement echoed Ignatius ' military background : Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God beneath the banner of the Cross in our Society , which we desire to be designated by the Name of Jesus , and to serve the Lord alone and the Church , his spouse , under the Roman Pontiff , the Vicar of Christ on earth , should , after a solemn vow of perpetual chastity , poverty and obedience , keep what follows in mind . He is a member of a Society founded chiefly for this purpose : to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine , by means of public preaching , lectures and any other ministration whatsoever of the Word of God , and further by means of retreats , the education of children and unlettered persons in Christianity , and the spiritual consolation of Christ 's faithful through hearing confessions and administering the other sacraments . Moreover , he should show himself ready to reconcile the estranged , compassionately assist and serve those who are in prisons or hospitals , and indeed , to perform any other works of charity , according to what will seem expedient for the glory of God and the common good . A fresco depicting Ignatius of Loyola receiving the papal bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae from Pope Paul III was created after 1743 by Johann Christoph Handke in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in Olomouc . History ( edit ) Foundation ( edit ) Church of Saint - Pierre de Montmartre , Paris On 15 August 1534 , Ignatius of Loyola ( born Íñigo López de Loyola ) , a Spaniard from the Basque city of Loyola , and six others mostly of Castilian origin , all students at the University of Paris , met in Montmartre outside Paris , in a crypt beneath the church of Saint Denis , now Saint Pierre de Montmartre , to pronounce the religious vows of poverty , chastity , and obedience . Ignatius ' six companions were : Francisco Xavier from Navarre ( modern Spain ) , Alfonso Salmeron , Diego Laínez , Nicolás Bobadilla from Castile ( modern Spain ) , Peter Faber from Savoy , and Simão Rodrigues from Portugal . The meeting has been commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis , Montmartre . They called themselves the Compañía de Jesús , and also Amigos en El Señor or `` Friends in the Lord '' , because they felt `` they were placed together by Christ . '' The name `` company '' had echoes of the military ( reflecting perhaps Ignatius ' background as Captain in the Spanish army ) as well as of discipleship ( the `` companions '' of Jesus ) . The Spanish `` company '' would be translated into Latin as societas like in socius , a partner or comrade . From this came `` Society of Jesus '' ( SJ ) by which they would be known more widely . Religious orders established in the medieval era were named after particular men : Francis of Assisi ( Franciscans ) , Domingo de Guzmán , later canonized as St Dominic ( Dominicans ) ; and Augustine of Hippo ( Augustinians ) . Ignatius of Loyola and his followers appropriated the name of Jesus for their new order , provoking resentment by other religious who considered it presumptuous . The resentment was recorded by Jesuit José de Acosta of a conversation with the Archbishop of Santo Domingo . In the words of one historian : `` The use of the name Jesus gave great offense . Both on the Continent and in England , it was denounced as blasphemous ; petitions were sent to kings and to civil and ecclesiastical tribunals to have it changed ; and even Pope Sixtus V had signed a Brief to do away with it . '' But nothing came of all the opposition ; there were already congregations named after the Trinity and as `` God 's daughters '' . In 1537 , the seven travelled to Italy to seek papal approval for their order . Pope Paul III gave them a commendation , and permitted them to be ordained priests . These initial steps led to the official founding in 1540 . They were ordained in Venice by the bishop of Arbe ( 24 June ) . They devoted themselves to preaching and charitable work in Italy . The Italian War of 1535 - 1538 renewed between Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , Venice , the Pope , and the Ottoman Empire , had rendered any journey to Jerusalem impossible . Again in 1540 , they presented the project to Paul III . After months of dispute , a congregation of cardinals reported favourably upon the Constitution presented , and Paul III confirmed the order through the bull Regimini militantis ecclesiae ( `` To the Government of the Church Militant '' ) , on 27 September 1540 . This is the founding document of the Society of Jesus as an official Catholic religious order . Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General . Paul III 's bull had limited the number of its members to sixty . This limitation was removed through the bull Exposcit debitum of Julius III in 1550 . Jesuits at Akbar 's court in India , c. 1605 In fulfilling the mission of the `` Formula of the Institute of the Society '' , the first Jesuits concentrated on a few key activities . First , they founded schools throughout Europe . Jesuit teachers were trained in both classical studies and theology , and their schools reflected this . Second , they sent out missionaries across the globe to evangelize those peoples who had not yet heard the Gospel , founding missions in widely diverse regions such as modern - day Paraguay , Japan , Ontario , and Ethiopia . One of the original seven arrived in India already in 1541 . Finally , though not initially formed for the purpose , they aimed to stop Protestantism from spreading and to preserve communion with Rome and the successor of Saint Peter . The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the movement toward Protestantism in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and southern Germany . Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions , adopted in 1553 , which created a centralised organization and stressed acceptance of any mission to which the Pope might call them . His main principle became the unofficial Jesuit motto : Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam ( `` For the greater glory of God '' ) . This phrase is designed to reflect the idea that any work that is not evil can be meritorious for the spiritual life if it is performed with this intention , even things normally considered of little importance . The Society of Jesus is classified among institutes as a mendicant order of clerks regular , that is , a body of priests organized for apostolic work , following a religious rule , and relying on alms , or donations , for support . The term `` Jesuit '' ( of 15th - century origin , meaning one who used too frequently or appropriated the name of Jesus ) was first applied to the society in reproach ( 1544 -- 52 ) . The term was never used by Ignatius of Loyola , but over time , members and friends of the society adopted the name with a positive meaning . Early works ( edit ) Ratio Studiorum , 1598 The Jesuits were founded just before the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) and ensuing Counter-Reformation that would introduce reforms within the Catholic Church , and so counter the Protestant Reformation throughout Catholic Europe . Ignatius and the early Jesuits did recognize , though , that the hierarchical church was in dire need of reform . Some of their greatest struggles were against corruption , venality , and spiritual lassitude within the Catholic Church . Ignatius insisted on a high level of academic preparation for the clergy in contrast to the relatively poor education of much of the clergy of his time . And the Jesuit vow against `` ambitioning prelacies '' can be seen as an effort to counteract another problem evidenced in the preceding century . St. Ignatius and the Jesuits who followed him believed that the reform of the church had to begin with the conversion of an individual 's heart . One of the main tools the Jesuits have used to bring about this conversion is the Ignatian retreat , called the Spiritual Exercises . During a four - week period of silence , individuals undergo a series of directed meditations on the purpose of life and contemplations on the life of Christ . They meet regularly with a spiritual director who guides their choice of exercises and helps them to develop a more discerning love for Christ . The retreat follows a `` Purgative - Illuminative - Unitive '' pattern in the tradition of the spirituality of John Cassian and the Desert Fathers . Ignatius ' innovation was to make this style of contemplative mysticism available to all people in active life . Further , he used it as a means of rebuilding the spiritual life of the church . The Exercises became both the basis for the training of Jesuits and one of the essential ministries of the order : giving the exercises to others in what became known as `` retreats '' . The Jesuits ' contributions to the late Renaissance were significant in their roles both as a missionary order and as the first religious order to operate colleges and universities as a principal and distinct ministry . By the time of Ignatius ' death in 1556 , the Jesuits were already operating a network of 74 colleges on three continents . A precursor to liberal education , the Jesuit plan of studies incorporated the Classical teachings of Renaissance humanism into the Scholastic structure of Catholic thought . In addition to the teachings of faith , the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum ( 1599 ) would standardize the study of Latin , Greek , classical literature , poetry , and philosophy as well as non-European languages , sciences , and the arts . Furthermore , Jesuit schools encouraged the study of vernacular literature and rhetoric , and thereby became important centres for the training of lawyers and public officials . The Jesuit schools played an important part in winning back to Catholicism a number of European countries which had for a time been predominantly Protestant , notably Poland and Lithuania . Today , Jesuit colleges and universities are located in over one hundred nations around the world . Under the notion that God can be encountered through created things and especially art , they encouraged the use of ceremony and decoration in Catholic ritual and devotion . Perhaps as a result of this appreciation for art , coupled with their spiritual practice of `` finding God in all things '' , many early Jesuits distinguished themselves in the visual and performing arts as well as in music . The theater was a form of expression especially prominent in Jesuit schools . Jesuit priests often acted as confessors to kings during the Early Modern Period . They were an important force in the Counter-Reformation and in the Catholic missions , in part because their relatively loose structure ( without the requirements of living and celebration of the Liturgy of Hours in common ) allowed them to be flexible and meet diverse needs arising at the time . Expansion ( edit ) See also : Jesuit Reductions Jesuit missionary , painting from 1779 Bell made in Portugal for Nanbanji Church run by Jesuits in Japan , 1576 - 1587 Early missions in Japan resulted in the government granting the Jesuits the feudal fiefdom of Nagasaki in 1580 . However , this was removed in 1587 due to fears over their growing influence . Francis Xavier , one of the original companions of Loyola , arrived in Goa , in Portuguese India , in 1541 to consider evangelical service in the Indies . In a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal , he requested an Inquisition to be installed in Goa ( see Goa Inquisition ) . He died in China after a decade of evangelism in Southern India . The Portuguese Jesuit , António de Andrade founded a mission in Western Tibet in 1624 . Two Jesuit missionaries , Johann Grueber and Albert Dorville , reached Lhasa in Tibet in 1661 . The Italian Jesuit Ippolito Desideri established a new Jesuit mission in Lhasa and Central Tibet ( 1716 -- 21 ) and gained an exceptional mastery of Tibetan language and culture , writing a long and very detailed account of the country and its religion as well as treatises in Tibetan that attempted to refute key Buddhist ideas and establish the truth of Roman Catholic Christianity . Jesuit missions in America became controversial in Europe , especially in Spain and Portugal where they were seen as interfering with the proper colonial enterprises of the royal governments . The Jesuits were often the only force standing between the Native Americans and slavery . Together throughout South America but especially in present - day Brazil and Paraguay , they formed Christian Native American city - states , called `` reduction s '' . These were societies set up according to an idealized theocratic model . The efforts of Jesuits like Antonio Ruiz de Montoya to protect the natives from enslavement by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers would contribute to the call for the society 's suppression . Jesuit priests such as Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta founded several towns in Brazil in the 16th century , including São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , and were very influential in the pacification , religious conversion , and education of Indian nations . Jesuit scholars working in foreign missions were very important in studying their languages and strove to produce Latinized grammars and dictionaries . This included : Japanese ( see Nippo jisho also known as Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam , Vocabulary of the Japanese Language , a Japanese -- Portuguese dictionary written 1603 ) ; Vietnamese ( French Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes formalized the Vietnamese alphabet in use today with his 1651 Vietnamese -- Portuguese -- Latin dictionary Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum ) ; Tupi ( the main language of Brazil ) ; and the pioneering study of Sanskrit in the West by Jean François Pons in the 1740s . Under Portuguese royal patronage , Jesuits thrived in Goa and until 1759 successfully expanded their activities to education and healthcare . In 1594 they founded the first Roman - style academic institution in the East , St. Paul Jesuit College in Macau , China . Founded by Alessandro Valignano , it had a great influence on the learning of Eastern languages ( Chinese and Japanese ) and culture by missionary Jesuits , becoming home to the first western sinologists such as Matteo Ricci . Jesuit efforts in Goa were interrupted by the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portuguese territories in 1759 by the powerful Marquis of Pombal , Secretary of State in Portugal . Jesuit missionaries were active among indigenous peoples in New France in North America , many of them compiling dictionaries or glossaries of the First Nations and Native American languages they had learned . For instance , before his death in 1708 , Jacques Gravier , vicar general of the Illinois Mission in the Mississippi River valley , compiled a Kaskaskia Illinois -- French dictionary , considered the most extensive among works of the missionaries . Extensive documentation was left in the form of The Jesuit Relations , published annually from 1632 until 1673 . Activity in China ( edit ) Main article : Jesuit China missions Matteo Ricci ( left ) and Xu Guangqi in the 1607 Chinese publication of Euclid 's Elements Confucius , Philosopher of the Chinese , or , Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin , published by Philippe Couplet , Prospero Intorcetta , Christian Herdtrich , and François de Rougemont at Paris in 1687 A map of the 200 - odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China c. 1687 . The Jesuits first entered China through the Portuguese settlement on Macau , where they settled on Green Island and founded St. Paul 's College . The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy , then undergoing its own revolution , to China . The scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when scientific innovation had declined in China : ( The Jesuits ) made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences . They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China . They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe . Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture . For over a century , Jesuits like Michele Ruggieri , Matteo Ricci , Philippe Couplet , and François Noël refined translations and disseminated Chinese knowledge , culture , history , and philosophy to Europe . Their Latin works popularized the name `` Confucius '' and had considerable influence the Deists and other Enlightenment thinkers , some of whom were intrigued by the Jesuits ' attempts to reconcile Confucian morality with Catholicism . Upon the arrival of the Franciscans and other monastic orders , Jesuit accommodation of Chinese culture and rituals led to the long - running Chinese Rites controversy . Despite the personal testimony of the Kangxi Emperor and many Jesuit converts that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucius was a nonreligious token of respect , Pope Clement XI 's papal decree Cum Deus Optimus ... ruled that such behavior constituted impermissible forms of idolatry and superstition in 1704 ; his legate Tournon and the Bishop of Fujian , tasked with presenting this finding to the Kangxi Emperor , displayed such extreme ignorance that the emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci 's Chinese catechism . Tournon 's summary and automatic excommunication for any violators of Clement 's decree -- upheld by the 1715 bull Ex Illa Die ... -- led to the swift collapse of all the missions in China ; the last Jesuits were finally expelled after 1721 . Activity in Canada ( edit ) See also : Jesuit missions in North America Bressani map of 1657 depicts the martyrdom of Saint Jean de Brébeuf During the French colonisation of New France in the 17th century , Jesuits played an active role in North America . When Samuel de Champlain established the foundations of the French colony at Québec , he was aware of native tribes who possessed their own languages , customs , and traditions . These natives that inhabited modern day Ontario , Québec , and the areas around Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay were the Montagnais , the Algonquins , and the Huron . Champlain believed that these had souls to be saved , so in 1614 he initially obtained the Recollects , a reform branch of the Franciscans in France , to convert the native inhabitants . In 1624 the French Recollects realized the magnitude of their task and sent a delegate to France to invite the Society of Jesus to help with this mission . The invitation was accepted , and Jesuits Jean de Brébeuf , Ennemond Masse , and Charles Lalemant arrived in Quebec in 1625 . Lalemant is considered to have been the first author of one of the Jesuit Relations of New France , which chronicled their evangelization during the seventeenth century . The Jesuits became involved in the Huron mission in 1626 and lived among the Huron peoples . Brébeuf learned the native language and created the first Huron language dictionary . Outside conflict forced the Jesuits to leave New France in 1629 when Quebec was captured by the Kirke brothers under the English flag . But in 1632 Quebec was returned to the French under the Treaty of Saint Germain - en - Laye and the Jesuits returned to Huron territory , modern Huronia . In 1639 , Jesuit Jerome Lalemant decided that the missionaries among the Hurons needed a local residence and established Sainte - Marie , which expanded into a living replica of European society . It became the Jesuit headquarters and an important part of Canadian history . Throughout most of the 1640s the Jesuits had great success , establishing five chapels in Huronia and baptising over one thousand Huron natives . However , as the Jesuits began to expand westward they encountered more Iroquois natives , rivals of the Hurons . The Iroquois grew jealous of the Hurons ' wealth and fur trade system , began to attack Huron villages in 1648 . They killed missionaries and burned villages , and the Hurons scattered . Both Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant were tortured and killed in the Iroquois raids ; they have been canonized as martyrs in the Catholic Church . With the knowledge of the invading Iroquois , the Jesuit Paul Ragueneau burned down Sainte - Marie instead of allowing the Iroquois the satisfaction of destroying it . By late June 1649 , the French and some Christian Hurons built Sainte - Marie II on Christian Island ( Isle de Saint - Joseph ) . However , facing starvation , lack of supplies , and constant threats of Iroquois attack , the small Sainte - Marie II was abandoned in June 1650 ; the remaining Hurons and Jesuits departed for Quebec and Ottawa . After a series of epidemics , beginning in 1634 , some Huron began to mistrust the Jesuits and accused them of being sorcerers casting spells from their books . As a result of the Iroquois raids and outbreak of disease , many missionaries , traders , and soldiers died . Today , the Huron tribe , also known as the Wyandot , have a First Nations reserve in Quebec , Canada , and three major settlements in the United States . After the collapse of the Huron nation , the Jesuits were to undertake the task of converting the Iroquois , something they had attempted in 1642 with little success . In 1653 the Iroquois nation had a fallout with the Dutch . They then signed a peace treaty with the French and a mission was established . The Iroquois took the treaty lightly and soon turned on the French again . In 1658 , the Jesuits were having very little success and were under constant threat of being tortured or killed , but continued their effort until 1687 when they abandoned their permanent posts in the Iroquois homeland . By 1700 , Jesuits turned to maintaining Quebec , Montreal , and Ottawa without establishing new posts . During the Seven Years ' War , Quebec fell to the English in 1759 and New France was under British control . The English barred the immigration of more Jesuits to New France . By 1763 , there were only twenty - one Jesuits stationed in New France . By 1773 only eleven Jesuits remained . During the same year the English crown laid claim to New France and declared that the Society of Jesus in New France was dissolved . The dissolution of the Order left in place substantial estates and investments , amounting to an income of approximately £ 5,000 a year , and the Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec , later succeeded by the Legislative Assembly of Quebec , assumed the task of allocating the funds to suitable recipients , chiefly schools . The Jesuit mission in Quebec was re-established in 1842 . There were a number of Jesuit colleges founded in the decades following ; one of these colleges evolved into present - day Laval University . Activity in the United States ( edit ) Jacques Marquette , pioneer missionary to upper Mississippi Etching from Peter De Smet drawing of a village in Kansas In 1647 the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed a law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic priests from entering territory under Puritan jurisdiction . Anti-Catholic sentiment had appeared in New England with the first Pilgrim and Puritan settlers . Any suspected Jesuit who could not clear himself was to be banished from the colony ; a second offence carried a death penalty . There were about two dozen Jesuits in 1760 , and they kept a low profile . Former Jesuit John Carroll ( 1735 -- 1815 ) became the first Catholic archbishop in the young republic . He founded Georgetown University in 1789 , and it remains a pre-eminent Jesuit school . The Jesuit Père Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to explore and chart the northern portion of the Mississippi River , as far as the Illinois River . Peter De Smet was a Jesuit active in missionary work among the Plains Indians in the mid-19th century . His extensive travels as a missionary were said to total 180,000 miles . He was known as the `` Friend of Sitting Bull '' because he persuaded the Sioux war chief to participate in negotiations with the United States government for the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie . Jesuits in Mexico ( edit ) Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchoó in the 18th century , the first permanent Jesuit mission in Baja California , established by Juan María de Salvatierra in 1697 Main altar of the Jesuit colegio in Tepozotlan , now the Museo Nacional del Virreinato Mexican - born Jesuit Francisco Clavijero ( 1731 - 1787 ) wrote an important history of Mexico . The Jesuits in New Spain distinguished themselves in several ways . They had high standards for acceptance to the order and many years of training . They attracted the patronage of elite families whose sons they educated in rigorous newly founded Jesuit colegios ( `` colleges '' ) , including Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo , Colegio de San Ildefonso , and the Colegio de San Francisco Javier , Tepozotlan . Those same elite families hoped that a son with a vocation to the priesthood would be accepted as a Jesuit . Jesuits were also zealous in evangelization of the indigenous , particularly on the northern frontiers . To support their colegios and members of the Society of Jesus , the Jesuits acquired landed estates that were run with the best - practices for generating income in that era . A number of these haciendas were donated by wealthy elites . The donation of a hacienda to the Jesuits was the spark igniting a conflict between seventeenth - century bishop of Puebla Don Juan de Palafox and the Jesuit colegio in that city . Since the Jesuits resisted paying the tithe on their estates , this donation effectively took revenue out of the church hierarchy 's pockets by removing it from the tithe rolls . Many of Jesuit haciendas were huge , with Palafox asserting that just two colleges owned 300,000 head of sheep , whose wool was transformed locally in Puebla to cloth ; six sugar plantations worth a million pesos and generating an income of 100,000 pesos . The immense Jesuit hacienda of Santa Lucía produced pulque , the fermented juice of the agave cactus whose main consumers were the lower classes and Indians in Spanish cities . Although most haciendas had a free work force of permanent or seasonal labourers , the Jesuit haciendas in Mexico had a significant number of black slaves . The Jesuits operated their properties as an integrated unit with the larger Jesuit order ; thus revenues from haciendas funded their colegios . Jesuits did significantly expand missions to the indigenous in the northern frontier area and a number were martyred , but the crown supported those missions . Mendicant orders that had real estate were less economically integrated , so that some individual houses were wealthy while others struggled economically . The Franciscans , who were founded as an order embracing poverty , did not accumulate real estate , unlike the Augustinians and Dominicans in Mexico . The Jesuits engaged in conflict with the episcopal hierarchy over the question of payment of tithes , the ten percent tax on agriculture levied on landed estates for support of the church hierarchy from bishops and cathedral chapters to parish priests . Since the Jesuits were the largest religious order holding real estate , surpassing the Dominicans and Augustinians who had accumulated significant property , this was no small matter . They argued that they were exempt , due to special pontifical privileges . In the mid-seventeenth century , bishop of Puebla , Don Juan de Palafox took on the Jesuits over this matter and was so soundly defeated that he was recalled to Spain , where he became the bishop of the minor diocese of Osma . As elsewhere in the Spanish empire , the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767 . Their haciendas were sold off and their colegios and missions in Baja California were taken over by other orders . Exiled Mexican - born Jesuit Francisco Javier Clavijero wrote an important history of Mexico while in Italy , a basis for creole patriotism . Andrés Cavo also wrote an important text on Mexican history that Carlos María de Bustamante published in the early nineteenth - century . An earlier Jesuit who wrote about the history of Mexico was Diego Luis de Motezuma ( 1619 -- 99 ) , a descendant of the Aztec monarchs of Tenochtitlan . Motezuma 's Corona mexicana , o Historia de los nueve Motezumas was completed in 1696 . He `` aimed to show that Mexican emperors were a legitimate dynasty in the 17th - century in the European sense . '' The Jesuits were allowed to return to Mexico in 1840 when General Antonio López de Santa Anna was once more president of Mexico . Their re-introduction to Mexico was `` to assist in the education of the poorer classes and much of their property was restored to them . '' Jesuits in northern Spanish America ( edit ) Acosta 's Historia natural y moral de las Indias ( 1590 ) text on the Americas Peter Claver ministering to African slaves at Cartagena Jesuit church , Cuzco , Peru The Jesuits arrived in the Viceroyalty of Peru by 1571 ; it was a key area of Spanish empire , with not only dense indigenous populations but also huge deposits of silver at Potosí . A major figure in the first wave of Jesuits was José de Acosta ( 1540 -- 1600 ) , whose book Historia natural y moral de las Indias ( 1590 ) introduced Europeans to Spain 's American empire via fluid prose and keen observation and explanation , based on fifteen years in Peru and a bit of time in New Spain ( Mexico ) . Viceroy of Peru Don Francisco de Toledo urged the Jesuits to evangelize the indigenous peoples of Peru , wanting to put them in charge of parishes , but Acosta adhered to the Jesuit position that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of bishops and to catechize in Indian parishes would bring them into conflict with the bishops . For that reason , the Jesuits in Peru focused on education of elite men rather than the indigenous populations . To minister to newly arrived African slaves , Alonso de Sandoval ( fr ) ( 1576 -- 1651 ) worked at the port of Cartagena de Indias . Sandoval wrote about this ministry in De instauranda Aethiopum salute ( 1627 ) , describing how he and his assistant Pedro Claver , later canonized , met slave transport ships in the harbour , went below decks where 300 - 600 slaves were chained , and gave physical aid with water , while introducing the Africans to Christianity . In his treatise , he did not condemn slavery or the ill - treatment of slaves , but sought to instruct fellow Jesuits to this ministry and describe how he catechized the slaves . Rafael Ferrer was the first Jesuit of Quito to explore and found missions in the upper Amazon regions of South America from 1602 to 1610 , which belonged to the Audiencia ( high court ) of Quito that was a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until it was transferred to the newly created Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717 . In 1602 , Ferrer began to explore the Aguarico , Napo , and Marañon rivers ( Sucumbios region , in what is today Ecuador and Peru ) , and between 1604 and 1605 set up missions among the Cofane natives . He was martyred by an apostate native in 1610 . In 1639 , the Audiencia of Quito organized an expedition to renew its exploration of the Amazon river and the Quito Jesuit ( Jesuita Quiteño ) Cristóbal de Acuña was a part of this expedition . The expedition disembarked from the Napo river 16 February 1639 and arrived in what is today Pará Brazil on the banks of the Amazon river on 12 December 1639 . In 1641 , Acuña published in Madrid a memoir of his expedition to the Amazon river entitled Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas , which for academics became a fundamental reference on the Amazon region . Samuel Fritz 's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco In 1637 , the Jesuits Gaspar Cugia and Lucas de la Cueva from Quito began establishing missions in Maynas territories , on the banks of the Marañón River , around the Pongo de Manseriche region , close to the Spanish settlement of Borja . Between 1637 and 1652 there were 14 missions established along the Marañón River and its southern tributaries , the Huallaga and the Ucayali rivers . Jesuit Lucas de la Cueva and Raimundo de Santacruz opened up two new routes of communication with Quito , through the Pastaza and Napo rivers . Between 1637 and 1715 , Samuel Fritz founded 38 missions along the length of the Amazon river , between the Napo and Negro rivers , that were called the Omagua Missions . These missions were continually attacked by the Brazilian Bandeirantes beginning in the year 1705 . In 1768 , the only Omagua mission that was left was San Joaquin de Omaguas , since it had been moved to a new location on the Napo river away from the Bandeirantes . In the immense territory of Maynas , the Jesuits of Quito made contact with a number of indigenous tribes which spoke 40 different languages , and founded a total of 173 Jesuit missions encompassing 150,000 inhabitants . Because of the constant epidemics ( smallpox and measles ) and warfare with other tribes and the Bandeirantes , the total number of Jesuit Missions were reduced to 40 by 1744 . At the time when the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish America in 1767 , the Jesuits of Quito registered 36 missions run by 25 Jesuits of Quito in the Audiencia of Quito -- 6 in the Napo and Aguarico Missions and 19 in the Pastaza and Iquitos Missions , with the population at 20,000 inhabitants . Jesuits in Paraguay ( edit ) This section contains close paraphrasing of a non-free copyrighted source , Paraguay : A Country Study . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ruins of La Santisima Trinidad de Parana mission in Paraguay , founded by Jesuits in 1706 The first Jesuits arrived in 1588 , and in 1610 Philip III proclaimed that only the `` sword of the word '' should be used to subdue Paraguayan Indians , mostly Guarani . The church granted Jesuits extensive powers to phase out the encomienda system of forced labor , angering settlers dependent on a continuing supply of Indian labor and concubines . The first Jesuit mission in the Paraguay area ( which encompassed the border regions of Paraguay , Argentina , and Brazil ) was founded in 1609 . By 1732 , the Jesuits had gathered into 30 missions or reductions a total of 141,382 Guarani . Due to disease , European politics , and internal discord , the population in the missions declined afterwards . At their apogee , the Jesuits dreamed of a Jesuit empire that would stretch from the Paraguay - Paraná confluence to the coast and back to the Paraná headwaters . In the early years the new Jesuit reductions were threatened by the slave - raiding bandeirantes . The bandeirantes captured Indians and sold them as slaves to planters in Brazil . Having depleted the Indian population near Sâo Paulo , they discovered the richly populated reductions . The Spanish authorities chose not to defend the settlements , and the Jesuits and their thousands of neophytes thus had little means to protect themselves . Thousands of Guarani were captured by the bandeirantes before , organized and armed by the Jesuits , a Guarani army defeated the slave raiders at the battle of Mbororé . Subsequently , the viceroy of Peru conceded the right of bearing arms to the Guarani . Thereafter , well - trained and highly motivated Indian units were able to defend themselves from slavers and other threats . The victory at Mbororé set the stage for the golden age of the Jesuits in Paraguay . Life in the reductions offered the Guaraní higher living standards , protection from settlers , and physical security . These reductions , which became quite wealthy , exported goods , and supplied Indian armies to the Spanish on many occasion . The reductions , where the Jesuits created orchestras , musical ensembles , and actors ' troupes , and in which virtually all the profits derived from Indian labor were distributed to the labourers , earned praise from some of the leaders of the French enlightenment , who were not predisposed to favour Jesuits . `` By means of religion , '' d'Alembert wrote , `` the Jesuits established a monarchical authority in Paraguay , founded solely on their powers of persuasion and on their lenient methods of government . Masters of the country , they rendered happy the people under their sway ; they succeeded in subduing them without ever having recourse to force . '' And Jesuit - educated Voltaire called the Jesuit government `` a triumph of humanity . '' Because of their success , the Paraguayan Jesuits gained many enemies , and the Reductions fell prey to changing times . During the 1720s and 1730s , Paraguayan settlers rebelled against Jesuit privileges in the Revolt of the Comuneros and against the government that protected them . Although this revolt failed , it was one of the earliest and most serious risings against Spanish authority in the New World and caused the crown to question its continued support for the Jesuits . The Jesuit - inspired War of the Seven Reductions ( 1750 -- 61 ) increased sentiment in Madrid for suppressing this `` empire within an empire . '' The Spanish king Charles III ( 1759 -- 88 ) expelled the Jesuits in 1767 from Spain and its territories . Within a few decades of the expulsion , most of what the Jesuits had accomplished was lost . The missions were mismanaged and abandoned by the Guaraní . Today , these ruins of a 160 - year experiment have become a tourist attraction . Jesuits in Colonial Brazil ( edit ) Manuel da Nóbrega on a commemorative Portuguese stamp of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of São Paulo , Brazil Jesuit in 18th century , Brazil Tomé de Sousa , first Governor General of Brazil , brought the first group of Jesuits to the colony . The Jesuits were officially supported by the King , who instructed Tomé de Sousa to give them all the support needed to Christianize the indigenous peoples . The first Jesuits , guided by Manuel da Nóbrega , Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro , Leonardo Nunes , and later José de Anchieta , established the first Jesuit missions in Salvador and in São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga , the settlement that gave rise to the city of São Paulo . Nóbrega and Anchieta were instrumental in the defeat of the French colonists of France Antarctique by managing to pacify the Tamoio natives , who had previously fought the Portuguese . The Jesuits took part in the foundation of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1565 . The success of the Jesuits in converting the indigenous peoples is linked to their efforts to understand the native cultures , especially their languages . The first grammar of the Tupi language was compiled by José de Anchieta and printed in Coimbra in 1595 . The Jesuits often gathered the aborigines in communities ( the Jesuit Reductions ) where the natives worked for the community and were evangelised . The Jesuits had frequent disputes with other colonists who wanted to enslave the natives . The action of the Jesuits saved many natives from being enslaved by Europeans , but also disturbed their ancestral way of life and inadvertently helped spread infectious diseases against which the aborigines had no natural defenses . Slave labor and trade were essential for the economy of Brazil and other American colonies , and the Jesuits usually did not object to the enslavement of African peoples , but rather critiqued the conditions of slavery . Suppression and Restoration ( edit ) Main article : Suppression of the Jesuits The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal , France , the Two Sicilies , Parma , and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was troubling to the society 's defender , Pope Clement XIII . On 21 July 1773 Pope Clement XIV issued the papal brief Dominus ac Redemptor , decreeing : Having further considered that the said Company of Jesus can no longer produce those abundant fruits , ... in the present case , we are determining upon the fate of a society classed among the mendicant orders , both by its institute and by its privileges ; after a mature deliberation , we do , out of our certain knowledge , and the fulness of our apostolical power , suppress and abolish the said company : we deprive it of all activity whatever ... And to this end a member of the regular clergy , recommendable for his prudence and sound morals , shall be chosen to preside over and govern the said houses ; so that the name of the Company shall be , and is , for ever extinguished and suppressed . The suppression was carried out in all countries except Prussia and Russia , where Catherine the Great had forbidden its promulgation . Because millions of Catholics ( including many Jesuits ) lived in the Polish provinces recently annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia , the society was able to maintain its existence and carry on its work all through the period of suppression . Subsequently , Pope Pius VI would grant formal permission for the continuation of the society in Russia and Poland , with Stanislaus Czerniewicz elected superior of the society in 1782 . Pope Pius VII had resolved during his captivity in France to restore the Jesuits universally , and after his return to Rome he did so with little delay . On 7 August 1814 , by the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum , he reversed the suppression of the society , and therewith another Polish Jesuit , Thaddeus Brzozowski , who had been elected to Superior in Russia in 1805 , acquired universal jurisdiction . The period following the Restoration of the Jesuits in 1814 was marked by tremendous growth , as evidenced by the large number of Jesuit colleges and universities established in the 19th century . In the United States , 22 of the society 's 28 universities were founded or taken over by the Jesuits during this time . It has been suggested that the experience of suppression served to heighten orthodoxy among the Jesuits upon restoration . While this claim is debatable , Jesuits were generally supportive of papal authority within the church , and some members were associated with the Ultramontanist movement and the declaration of Papal Infallibility in 1870 . In Switzerland , following the defeat of the Sonderbund Catholic defense alliance , the constitution was modified and Jesuits were banished in 1848 . The ban was lifted on 20 May 1973 , when 54.9 % of voters accepted a referendum modifying the Constitution . Early 20th century ( edit ) In the Constitution of Norway from 1814 , a relic from the earlier anti-Catholic laws of Denmark - Norway , Paragraph 2 originally read : `` The Evangelical - Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State . Those inhabitants , who confess thereto , are bound to raise their children to the same . Jesuits and monastic orders are not permitted . Jews are still prohibited from entry to the Realm . '' Jews were first allowed into the Realm in 1851 after the famous Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland had campaigned for it . Monastic orders were permitted in 1897 , but the ban on Jesuits was only lifted in 1956 . Republican Spain in the 1930s passed laws banning the Jesuits on grounds that they were obedient to a power different from the state . Pope Pius XI wrote about this : `` It was an expression of a soul deeply hostile to God and the Catholic religion , to have disbanded the Religious Orders that had taken a vow of obedience to an authority different from the legitimate authority of the State . In this way it was sought to do away with the Society of Jesus -- which can well glory in being one of the soundest auxiliaries of the Chair of Saint Peter -- with the hope , perhaps , of then being able with less difficulty to overthrow in the near future , the Christian faith and morale in the heart of the Spanish nation , which gave to the Church of God the grand and glorious figure of Ignatius Loyola . '' Post -- Vatican II ( edit ) The 20th century witnessed both growth and decline . Following a trend within the Catholic priesthood at large , Jesuit numbers peaked in the 1950s and have declined steadily since . Meanwhile , the number of Jesuit institutions has grown considerably , due in large part to a post -- Vatican II focus on the establishment of Jesuit secondary schools in inner - city areas and an increase in voluntary lay groups inspired in part by the Spiritual Exercises . Among the notable Jesuits of the 20th century , John Courtney Murray was called one of the `` architects of the Second Vatican Council '' and drafted what eventually became the Council 's endorsement of religious freedom , Dignitatis Humanae Personae . In Latin America , the Jesuits had significant influence in the development of liberation theology , a movement that was controversial in the Catholic community after the negative assessment of it by Pope John Paul II in 1984 . Under Superior General Pedro Arrupe , social justice and the preferential option for the poor emerged as dominant themes of the work of the Jesuits . When Arrupe was paralyzed by a stroke in 1981 , Pope John Paul II , not entirely pleased with the progressive turn of the Jesuits , took the unusual step of appointing the venerable and aged Paolo Dezza for an interim to oversee `` the authentic renewal of the Church '' , instead of the progressive American priest Vincent O'Keefe whom Arrupe had preferred . In 1983 John Paul gave leave for the Jesuits to appoint a successor to Arrupe . On 16 November 1989 , six Jesuit priests ( Ignacio Ellacuria , Segundo Montes , Ignacio Martin - Baro , Joaquin López y López , Juan Ramon Moreno , and Amado López ) , Elba Ramos their housekeeper , and Celia Marisela Ramos her daughter , were murdered by the Salvadoran military on the campus of the University of Central America in San Salvador , El Salvador , because they had been labeled as subversives by the government . The assassinations galvanized the society 's peace and justice movements , including annual protests at the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation at Fort Benning , Georgia , United States , where several of the assassins had been trained under US government sponsorship . On 21 February 2001 , the Jesus priest Avery Dulles , an internationally known author , lecturer , and theologian , was created a Cardinal of the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II . The son of former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , Avery Dulles was long known for his carefully reasoned argumentation and fidelity to the teaching office of the church . An author of 22 books and over 700 theological articles , Dulles died on 12 December 2008 at Fordham University , where he had taught for twenty years as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society . He was , at his passing , one of ten Jesuit cardinals in the Catholic Church . In 2002 , Boston College president and Jesuit priest William P. Leahy initiated the Church in the 21st Century program as a means of moving the church `` from crisis to renewal '' . The initiative has provided the society with a platform for examining issues brought about by the worldwide Catholic sex abuse cases , including the priesthood , celibacy , sexuality , women 's roles , and the role of the laity . Visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the Jesuit - run Pontifical Gregorian University In April 2005 , Thomas J. Reese , editor of the American Jesuit weekly magazine America , resigned at the request of the society . The move was widely published in the media as the result of pressure from the Vatican , following years of criticism by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on articles touching subjects such as HIV / AIDS , religious pluralism , homosexuality , and the right of life for the unborn . Following his resignation , Reese spent a year - long sabbatical at Santa Clara University before being named a fellow at the Woodstock Theological Center in Washington , D.C. , and later Senior Analyst for the National Catholic Reporter . President Barack Obama appointed him to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom in 2014 and again in 2016 . On 2 February 2006 , Peter Hans Kolvenbach informed members of the Society of Jesus that , with the consent of Pope Benedict XVI , he intended to step down as Superior General in 2008 , the year he would turn 80 . On 22 April 2006 , Feast of Our Lady , Mother of the Society of Jesus , Pope Benedict XVI greeted thousands of Jesuits on pilgrimage to Rome , and took the opportunity to thank God `` for having granted to your Company the gift of men of extraordinary sanctity and of exceptional apostolic zeal such as St Ignatius of Loyola , St Francis Xavier , and Bl Peter Faber . '' He said `` St Ignatius of Loyola was above all a man of God , who gave the first place of his life to God , to his greater glory and his greater service . He was a man of profound prayer , which found its center and its culmination in the daily Eucharistic Celebration . '' In May 2006 , Benedict XVI also wrote a letter to Superior General Peter Hans Kolvenbach on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Pope Pius XII 's encyclical Haurietis aquas , on devotion to the Sacred Heart , because the Jesuits have always been `` extremely active in the promotion of this essential devotion . '' In his 3 November 2006 visit to the Pontifical Gregorian University , Benedict XVI cited the university as `` one of the greatest services that the Society of Jesus carries out for the universal Church '' . The 35th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus convened on 5 January 2008 , and elected Adolfo Nicolás as the new Superior General on 19 January 2008 . In a letter to the Fathers of the Congregation , Benedict XVI wrote : As my Predecessors have said to you on various occasions , the Church needs you , relies on you and continues to turn to you with trust , particularly to reach those physical and spiritual places which others do not reach or have difficulty in reaching . Paul VI 's words remain engraved on your hearts : `` Wherever in the Church , even in the most difficult and extreme fields , at the crossroads of ideologies , in the social trenches , there has been and there is confrontation between the burning exigencies of man and the perennial message of the Gospel , here also there have been , and there are , Jesuits '' ( Address to the 32nd General Congregation of the Jesuits , 3 December 1974 ; ORE , 12 December , n . 2 , p. 4 . ) Pope Francis , the first Jesuit pope In 2013 , Jesuit Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio became Pope Francis . Before he became Pope , he was appointed bishop when he was in `` virtual estrangement from the Jesuits '' since he was `` seen as an enemy of liberation theology ... and viewed by others as still far too orthodox '' , trying to protect Jesuits but not approving of their participation in violent groups . Once elected , there was an immediate reconciliation , and Pope Francis has been bringing the Jesuit simplicity , love for the poor , and service of the flock into the papacy . On 2 October 2016 , General Congregation 36 convened in Rome , convoked by Superior General Adolfo Nicolás , who had announced his intention to resign at age 80 . On October 14 , the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Arturo Sosa , a Venezuelan , as its thirty - first Superior General . Ignatian spirituality ( edit ) Main article : Ignatian spirituality The spirituality practiced by the Jesuits , called Ignatian spirituality , ultimately based on the Catholic faith and the gospels , is drawn from the Constitutions , The Letters , and Autobiography , and most specially from St. Ignatius ' Spiritual Exercises , whose purpose is `` to conquer oneself and to regulate one 's life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment . '' The Exercises culminate in a contemplation whereby one develops a facility to `` find God in all things . '' Formation ( edit ) Main article : Jesuit formation The formation ( training ) of Jesuits seeks to prepare men spiritually , academically , and practically for the ministries they will be called to offer the church and world . Saint Ignatius was strongly influenced by the Renaissance , and he wanted Jesuits to be able to offer whatever ministries were most needed at any given moment and , especially , to be ready to respond to missions ( assignments ) from the pope . Formation for priesthood normally takes between eight and fourteen years , depending on the man 's background and previous education , and final vows are taken several years after that , making Jesuit formation among the longest of any of the religious orders . Government of the Society ( edit ) The society is headed by a Superior General with the formal title Praepositus Generalis , Latin for `` provost - general '' , more commonly called Father General or General . He is elected by the General Congregation for life or until he resigns ; he is confirmed by the Pope and has absolute authority in running the society . The current Superior General of the Jesuits is the Venezuelan Arturo Sosa who was elected on 14 October 2016 . The Father General is assisted by `` assistants '' , four of whom are `` assistants for provident care '' and serve as general advisors and a sort of inner council , and several other regional assistants , each of whom heads an `` assistancy '' , which is either a geographic area ( for instance the North American Assistancy ) or an area of ministry ( for instance higher education ) . The assistants normally reside with Father General in Rome and along with others form an advisory council to the General . A vicar general and secretary of the society run day - to - day administration . The General is also required to have an admonitor , a confidential advisor whose task is to warn the General honestly and confidentially when he might be acting imprudently or contrary to the church 's magisterium . The central staff of the General is known as the Curia . The society is divided into geographic provinces , each of which is headed by a Provincial Superior , generally called Father Provincial , chosen by the General . He has authority over all Jesuits and ministries in his area , and is assisted by a socius who acts as a sort of secretary and chief of staff . With the approval of the General , the provincial appoints a novice master and a master of tertians to oversee formation , and rectors of local communities of Jesuits . For better cooperation and apostolic efficacy in each continent , the Jesuit provinces are grouped into six Jesuit Conferences worldwide . Each Jesuit community within a province is normally headed by a rector who is assisted by a `` minister '' , from the Latin for `` servant '' , a priest who helps oversee the community 's day - to - day needs . The General Congregation is a meeting of all of the assistants , provincials , and additional representatives who are elected by the professed Jesuits of each province . It meets irregularly and rarely , normally to elect a new superior general and / or to take up some major policy issues for the Order . The General meets more regularly with smaller councils composed of just the provincials . Habit and dress ( edit ) Jesuits do not have an official habit . The society 's Constitutions gives the following instructions : `` The clothing too should have three characteristics : first , it should be proper ; second , conformed to the usage of the country of residence ; and third , not contradictory to the poverty we profess . '' ( Const. 577 ) Historically , a `` Jesuit - style cassock '' became `` standard issue '' : it was wrapped around the body and was tied with a cincture , rather than the customary buttoned front . A tuftless biretta ( only diocesan clergy wore tufts ) and a ferraiolo ( cape ) completed the look . As such , though it was the common priestly dress of Ignatius ' day , Jesuit garb appeared distinctive , and became identifiable over time . During the missionary periods of North America , the various native peoples referred to Jesuits as `` Blackrobes '' because of their black cassocks . Today , most Jesuits in the United States wear the clerical collar and black clothing of ordinary priests , although some still wear the black cassock . Jesuits in tropical countries may use a white cassock when ministering outdoors . Controversies ( edit ) Power - seeking ( edit ) The Monita Secreta ( Secret Instructions of the Jesuits ) , published in 1612 and in 1614 in Kraków , is alleged to have been written by Claudio Acquaviva , the fifth general of the society , but was probably written by former Jesuit Jerome Zahorowski . It purports to describe the methods to be adopted by Jesuits for the acquisition of greater power and influence for the society and for the Roman Catholic Church . The Catholic Encyclopedia states the book is a forgery , fabricated to ascribe a sinister reputation to the Society of Jesus . Political Intrigue ( edit ) The Jesuits were temporarily banished from France in 1594 after a man named Jean Châtel tried to assassinate the king of France , Henri IV . Under questioning , Châtel revealed that he had been educated by the Jesuits of the Collège de Clermont . The Jesuits were accused of inspiring Châtel 's attack . Two of his former teachers were exiled and a third was hanged . The Collège de Clermont was closed , and the building was confiscated . The Jesuits were banned from France , although this ban was quickly lifted . In England , Henry Garnet , one of the leading English Jesuits , was hanged for misprision of treason because of his knowledge of the Gunpowder Plot ( 1605 ) . The Plot was the attempted assassination of King James I of England and VI of Scotland , his family , and most of the Protestant aristocracy in a single attack , by exploding the Houses of Parliament . Another Jesuit , Oswald Tesimond , managed to escape arrest for his involvement in this plot . Casuistic justification ( edit ) Jesuits have been accused of using casuistry to obtain justifications for unjustifiable actions ( cf . formulary controversy and Lettres Provinciales , by Blaise Pascal ) . Hence , the Concise Oxford Dictionary of the English language lists `` equivocating '' as a secondary denotation of the word `` Jesuit '' . Modern critics of the Society of Jesus include Avro Manhattan , Alberto Rivera , and Malachi Martin , the latter being the author of The Jesuits : The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church ( 1987 ) . Anti-Semitism ( edit ) Although in the first 30 years of the existence of the Society of Jesus there were many Jesuits who were conversos ( Catholic - convert Jews ) , an anti-converso faction led to the Decree de genere ( 1593 ) which proclaimed that either Jewish or Muslim ancestry , no matter how distant , was an insurmountable impediment for admission to the Society of Jesus . This new rule was contrary to the original wishes of Ignatius who `` said that he would take it as a special grace from our Lord to come from Jewish lineage . '' The 16th - century Decree de genere remained in exclusive force until it was repealed in 1946 . Theological debates ( edit ) Within the Roman Catholic Church , there has existed a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the Holy See due to questioning of official church teaching and papal directives , such as those on abortion , birth control , women deacons , homosexuality , and liberation theology . Usually , this theological free thinking is academically oriented , being prevalent at the university level . From this standpoint , the function of this debate is less to challenge the magisterium than to publicize the results of historical research or to illustrate the church 's ability to compromise in a pluralist society based on shared values that do not always align with religious teachings . This has not prevented Popes from appointing Jesuits to powerful positions in the church . John Paul II and Benedict XVI together appointed ten Jesuit Cardinals to notable jobs . Under Benedict , Archbishop Luis Ladaria Ferrer was Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Federico Lombardi was Vatican Press Secretary . Child sexual abuse ( edit ) The Society of Jesus has been implicated in the Catholic Church sexual abuse cases , please see Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus for more information . Nazi persecution ( edit ) Main article : Jesuits and Nazi Germany The Catholic Church faced persecution in Nazi Germany . Hitler was anticlerical and had particular disdain for the Jesuits . According to John Pollard , the Jesuit 's `` ethos represented the most intransigent opposition to the philosophy of Nazism '' , and so the Nazis considered them as one of their most dangerous enemies . A Jesuit college in the city of Innsbruck served as a center for anti-Nazi resistance and was closed down by the Nazis in 1938 . Jesuits were a target for Gestapo persecution , and many Jesuit priests were deported to concentration camps . Jesuits made up the largest contingent of clergy imprisoned in the Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp . Lapomarda lists some 30 Jesuits as having died at Dachau . Of the total of 152 Jesuits murdered by the Nazis across Europe , 43 died in the concentration camps and an additional 27 died from captivity or its results . The Superior General of Jesuits at the outbreak of war was Wlodzimierz Ledochowski , a Pole . The Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland was particularly severe . Vincent Lapomarda wrote that Ledochowski helped `` stiffen the general attitude of the Jesuits against the Nazis '' and that he permitted Vatican Radio to carry on its campaign against the Nazis in Poland . Vatican Radio was run by the Jesuit Filippo Soccorsi and spoke out against Nazi oppression , particularly with regard to Poland and to Vichy - French anti-Semitism . Jesuit Alfred Delp , member of the Kreisau Circle that operated within Nazi Germany ; he was executed in February 1945 . Several Jesuits were prominent in the small German Resistance . Among the central membership of the Kreisau Circle of the Resistance were the Jesuit priests Augustin Rösch , Alfred Delp , and Lothar König . The Bavarian Jesuit Provincial , Augustin Rosch , ended the war on death row for his role in the July Plot to overthrow Hitler . Another non-military German Resistance group , dubbed the `` Frau Solf Tea Party '' by the Gestapo , included the Jesuit priest Friedrich Erxleben . The German Jesuit Robert Leiber acted as intermediary between Pius XII and the German Resistance . Among the Jesuit victims of the Nazis , Germany 's Rupert Mayer has been beatified . Mayer was a Bavarian Jesuit who clashed with the Nazis as early as 1923 . Continuing his critique following Hitler 's rise to power , Mayer was imprisoned in 1939 and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp . As his health declined , the Nazis feared the creation of a martyr and sent him to the Abbey of Ettal in 1940 . There he continued to give sermons and lectures against the evils of the Nazi régime , until his death in 1945 . Rescue efforts during the Holocaust ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust . In his history of the heroes of the Holocaust , the Jewish historian Martin Gilbert notes that in every country under German occupation , priests played a major part in rescuing Jews , and that the Jesuits were one of the Catholic Orders that hid Jewish children in monasteries and schools to protect them from the Nazis . Fourteen Jesuit priests have been formally recognized by Yad Vashem , the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes ' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem , for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust of World War II : Roger Braun ( 1910 -- 1981 ) of France ; Pierre Chaillet ( 1900 -- 1972 ) of France ; Jean - Baptist De Coster ( 1896 -- 1968 ) of Belgium ; Jean Fleury ( 1905 -- 1982 ) of France ; Emile Gessler ( 1891 -- 1958 ) of Belgium ; Jean - Baptiste Janssens ( 1889 -- 1964 ) of Belgium ; Alphonse Lambrette ( 1884 -- 1970 ) of Belgium ; Emile Planckaert ( 1906 -- 2006 ) of France ; Jacob Raile ( 1894 -- 1949 ) of Hungary ; Henri Revol ( 1904 -- 1992 ) of France ; Adam Sztark ( 1907 -- 1942 ) of Poland ; Henri Van Oostayen ( 1906 -- 1945 ) of Belgium ; Ioannes Marangas ( 1901 -- 1989 ) of Greece ; and Raffaele de Chantuz Cubbe ( 1904 -- 1983 ) of Italy . For more information on them see 100 Heroic Jesuits of the Second World War ( 2015 ) by Vincent A. Lapomarda . Several other Jesuits are known to have rescued or given refuge to Jews during that period . A plaque commemorating the 152 Jesuit priests who gave of their lives during the Holocaust was installed in April 2007 at the Jesuits ' Rockhurst University in Kansas City , Missouri , United States . In science ( edit ) Main article : List of Jesuit scientists Jesuit scholars in China . Top : Matteo Ricci , Adam Schall and Ferdinand Verbiest ( 1623 -- 88 ) ; Bottom : Paul Siu ( Xu Guangqi ) , Colao or Prime Minister of State , and his granddaughter Candide Hiu . Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries , the teaching of science in Jesuit schools , as laid down in the Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum Societatis Iesu ( The Official Plan of studies for the Society of Jesus ) of 1599 , was almost entirely based on the works of Aristotle. * Translation of the Ratio Studiorum by Allan P. Farrell , S.J. , available in PDF or HTML The Jesuits , nevertheless , have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science . For example , the Jesuits have dedicated significant study to earthquakes , and seismology has been described as `` the Jesuit science '' . The Jesuits have been described as `` the single most important contributor to experimental physics in the seventeenth century . '' According to Jonathan Wright in his book God 's Soldiers , by the eighteenth century the Jesuits had `` contributed to the development of pendulum clocks , pantographs , barometers , reflecting telescopes and microscopes -- to scientific fields as various as magnetism , optics and electricity . They observed , in some cases before anyone else , the colored bands on Jupiter 's surface , the Andromeda nebula , and Saturn 's rings . They theorized about the circulation of the blood ( independently of Harvey ) , the theoretical possibility of flight , the way the moon affected the tides , and the wave - like nature of light . '' The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy . One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts , the Jesuits were `` regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy , calendar - making , mathematics , hydraulics , and geography . '' The Society of Jesus introduced , according to Thomas Woods , `` a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe , including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible . '' Another expert quoted by Woods said the scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when science was at a very low level in China . Notable members ( edit ) Main article : List of Jesuits See also : List of Jesuit theologians , Category : Jesuit philosophers , and List of Jesuit scientists North American Martyrs Notable Jesuits include missionaries , educators , scientists , artists , philosophers , and Pope Francis . Among many distinguished early Jesuits was St. Francis Xavier , a missionary to Asia who converted more people to Catholicism than anyone before , and St. Robert Bellarmine , a doctor of the Church . José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , founders of the city of São Paulo , Brazil , were Jesuit priests . Another famous Jesuit was St. Jean de Brebeuf , a French missionary who was martyred during the 17th century in what was once New France ( now Ontario ) in Canada . In Spanish America , José de Acosta wrote a major work on early Peru and New Spain with important material on indigenous peoples . In South America , Saint Peter Claver was notable for his mission to African slaves , building on the work of Alonso de Sandoval ( fr ) . Francisco Javier Clavijero was expelled from New Spain during the Suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767 and wrote an important history of Mexico during his exile in Italy . Eusebio Kino is renowned in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico ( an area then called the Pimeria Alta ) . He founded numerous missions and served as the peace - bringer between the tribes and the government of New Spain . Antonio Ruiz de Montoya was an important missionary in the Jesuit reduction s of Paraguay . Baltasar Gracián was a 17th - century Spanish Jesuit and baroque prose writer and philosopher . He was born in Belmonte , near Calatayud ( Aragon ) . His writings , particularly El Criticón ( 1651 - 7 ) and Oráculo Manual y Arte de Prudencia ( `` The Art of Prudence '' , 1647 ) were lauded by Schopenhauer and Nietzsche . In Scotland , John Ogilvie ( saint ) , a Jesuit , is the nation 's only native saint . There are notable Jesuits in the modern era , the most prominent being Pope Francis . Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio of Argentina was elected Pope Francis on 13 March 2013 and is the first Jesuit to be elected pope . Gerard Manley Hopkins was one of the first English poets to use sprung verse . Anthony de Mello was a Jesuit priest and psychotherapist who became widely known for his books which introduced Westerners to the East Indian traditions of spirituality . The Feast of All Jesuit Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on November 5 . Institutions ( edit ) Educational institutions ( edit ) See also : List of Jesuit educational institutions Although the work of the Jesuits today embraces a wide variety of apostolates , ministries , and civil occupations , they are probably most well known for their educational work . Since the inception of the order , Jesuits have been teachers . Besides serving on the faculty of Catholic and secular schools , the Jesuits are the Catholic religious order with the second highest number of schools which they run : 168 tertiary institutions in 40 countries and 324 secondary schools in 55 countries . ( The Brothers of the Christian Schools have over 560 Lasallian educational institutions . ) They also run elementary schools at which they are less likely to teach . Many of the schools are named after St. Francis Xavier and other prominent Jesuits . Jesuit educational institutions aim to promote the values of Eloquentia Perfecta . This is a Jesuit tradition that focuses on cultivating a person as a whole , as one learns to speak and write for the common good . ( show ) Jesuit universities gallery Fordham University , USA University of Ingolstadt , Germany St. Xavier 's College , Mumbai , India St. Xavier 's College , Kolkata , India Sophia University , Tokyo , Japan University of Deusto , Bilbao , Spain Comillas Pontifical University , Spain Georgetown University , USA Boston College , USA Loyola College , Chennai Pontifical Gregorian U. , Rome St. Joseph University , Beirut University of Pacific , Peru Sogang University , Seoul Université de Namur , Belgium UBISINOS , Brazil St. Mary 's U. , Halifax Regis College , U. of Toronto Loyola College Montreal Pontifical Xaverian U. , Bogota Pontifical Catholic U. , Ecuador Social and development institutions ( edit ) See also : List of Jesuit development centres Since the Second Vatican Council and their own General Congregations which followed it , Jesuits have become increasingly involved in works directed primarily toward social and economic development for the poor and marginalized . Included in this would be research , training , advocacy , and action for human development , as well as direct services . Most Jesuit schools have an office that fosters social awareness and social service in the classroom and through extracurricular programs , usually detailed on their websites . The Jesuits also run over 500 notable or stand - alone social or economic development centres in 56 countries around the world . Since the Second Vatican Council , Jesuits have founded many schools with the special purpose of serving the poor or marginalized , as among the Dalits in India and the Cristo Rey Network in the United States . Publications ( edit ) The Sanctuary of Loyola in Azpeitia , Basque Country , Spain , the main Jesuit shrine in the birthplace of Saint Ignatius of Loyola Jesuits are also known for their involvement in publications . La Civiltà Cattolica , a periodical produced in Rome by the Jesuits , has often been used as a semi-official platform for popes and Vatican officials to float ideas for discussion or hint at future statements or positions . In the United States , America magazine has long had a prominent place in Catholic intellectual circles . Most Jesuit colleges and universities have their own presses which produce a variety of books , book series , textbooks , and academic publications . Ignatius Press , founded by a Jesuit , is an independent publisher of Catholic books , most of which are of the popular academic or lay - intellectual variety . In Australia , the Jesuits produce a number of magazines , including Eureka Street , Madonna , Australian Catholics , and Province Express . In Sweden the Catholic cultural magazine Signum , edited by the Newman Institute , covers a broad spectrum of issues concerning faith , culture , research , and society . The printed version of Signum is published eight times per year . In addition , there is an up - to - date website ( www.signum.se ) containing an article archive dating from 1975 to the present . In popular culture ( edit ) The character Father Mulcahy is a Jesuit priest in the novel , movie , and TV show M * A * S * H franchise . The character Damien Karras is a Jesuit priest from the book and movie The Exorcist . The 1986 British drama film The Mission revolves around the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in 18th century South America . Antonio Banderas plays a Jesuit priest in The Body ( 2001 film ) . Édgar Ramírez plays a Jesuit priest in Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 film ) . The Martin Scorsese film Silence is based on two Jesuit priests who travel to Japan to spread Christianity . The main protagonist in James Blish 's 1958 novel A Case of Conscience is a Jesuit priest . Aramis is made Superior General of the Jesuits in A. Dumas ' The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1850 ) . Mary Doria Russell 's 1996 novel The Sparrow follows a Jesuit space mission to make contact with a newfound planet ; the majority of the characters are Jesuits . Angelo Cardinal Mennoni is the head of the Society of Jesus in A.J. Quinnell 's 1987 novel The Name of the Father . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Apostleship of Prayer Bollandist Canadian Indian residential school system Jesuit conspiracy theories Jesuit Ivy Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos Jesuits and Nazi Germany List of Jesuit buildings List of saints of the Society of Jesus Misiones Province Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu Roman Catholicism in China Roman Catholicism in Japan Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanish : `` todo el que quiera militar para Dios '' . Jump up ^ Jesuit scholar John Padberg states that the restriction on Jewish / Muslim converts was limited only to the degree of parentage . Fourteen years later this was extended back to the fifth degree . Over time the restriction relating to Muslim ancestry was dropped . In 1923 , the 27th Jesuit General Congregation specified that `` The impediment of origin extends to all who are descended from the Jewish race , unless it is clear that their father , grandfather , and great grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church . '' In 1946 , the 29th General Congregation dropped the requirement but still called for `` cautions to be exercised before admitting a candidate about whom there is some doubt as to the character of his hereditary background . '' Robert Aleksander Maryks interprets the 1593 `` Decree de genere '' as preventing , despite Ignatius ' desires , any Jewish or Muslim conversos and , by extension , any person with Jewish or Muslim ancestry , no matter how distant , from admission to the Society of Jesus . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cheney , David M. ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Society of Jesus ( Institute of Consecrated Life ) '' . Catholic - Hierarchy . Kansas City . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Spiteri , Stephen C. ( 2016 ) . Baroque Routes . University of Malta . p. 16 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) See Fórmula del Instituto on Google Books . Jump up ^ O'Malley 2006 , p. xxxv . Jump up ^ `` Poverty And Chastity For Every Occasion '' . National Public Radio . Washington , D.C. 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Jesuits : ' God 's marines ' '' . The Week . New York . 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Our Jesuits '' . Ignatius House Retreat Center . Atlanta , Georgia . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News on the elections of the new Superior General '' . Sjweb.info . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` africa.reuters.com , Spaniard becomes Jesuits ' new `` black pope '' `` . Africa.reuters.com. 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Curia Generalizia of the Society of Jesus '' . Sjweb.info . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curia Generalis , Society of Jesus ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` From the Curia - THE SOCIETY OF JESUS IN NUMBERS '' . Digital News Service SJ . The Jesuit Portal -- Society of Jesus Homepage. 17 ( 10 ) . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . The new statistics of the Society of Jesus as of January 1st , 2013 have been published . ( ... ) As of 1 January 2013 , the total number of Jesuits was 17,287 ( ... ) -- a net loss of 337 members from 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ See perspective circle graph ( 3D pie chart ) on Google Images . Jump up ^ Lapitan , Giselle ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` The changing face of the Jesuits '' . Province Express . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Mark M. ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Nineteen Sixty - four : By the Numbers : Jesuit Demography '' . nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com . CARA ( Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate ) . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Raper , Mark ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Changing to best serve the universal mission '' . Jesuit Asia Pacific Conference . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Patrick ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` American Jesuits Are in a Free Fall , and the Crisis is Getting Worse '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Puca , Pasquale ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Development of the Society of Jesus '' . L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English . The Cathedral Foundation : 12 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201609/do-we-need-priests-run-catholic-colleges-30773 Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/12/the-new-brand-of-jesuit-universities/384103/ Jump up ^ `` St. Aloysius College mission statement '' . Staloysius.nsw.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine on `` Men for Others '' `` . America Magazine . 2009 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Text of the Formula of the Institute as approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 , Boston College , Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies . Jump up ^ O'Malley 1993 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Servetus Research Website that includes graphical documents in the University of Paris of : Ignations of Loyola , Francis Xavier , Alfonso Salmerón , Nicholas Bobadilla , Peter Faber and Simao Rodrigues , as well as Michael de Villanueva ( `` Servetus '' ) Jump up ^ Campbell 1921 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Coyle 1908 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 '' . www.reformation.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Brading 1991 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell 1921 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Höpfl 2004 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1921 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ ( in Latin ) Jesuitas ( 1583 ) . `` SEXTA PARS - CAP. 1 '' . Constitutiones Societatis Iesu : cum earum declarationibus . Jump up ^ Ignatius of Loyola ( 1970 ) . The constitutions of the society of Jesus . Translated by Ganss , George E. Institute of Jesuit Sources . p. 249 . Carried and directed by Divine Providence through the agency of the superior as if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to any place and to be treated in any manner desired . Jump up ^ Painter 1903 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Pollen 1912 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1921 , p. 857 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez 1985 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` The American Catholic quarterly review '' . archive.org . p. 244 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Adelaar 2004 . Jump up ^ Udías 2003 . Jump up ^ Parker 1978 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hobson 2004 , pp. 194 -- 195 ; Parker 1978 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Rule , Paul ( 2003 ) , `` François Noël , SJ , and the Chinese Rites Controversy '' , The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era , Leuven Chinese Studies , Vol . XIV , Leuven : Leuven University Press , pp. 152 . Jump up ^ Ricci , Matteo ( 1603 ) , 《 天主 實 義 》 ( Tiānzhŭ Shíyì , The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven ) . ( in Chinese ) ^ Jump up to : Charbonnier , Jean - Pierre ( 2007 ) , Couve de Murville , Maurice Noël Léon , ed. , Christians in China : AD 600 to 2000 , San Francisco : Ignatius Press , pp. 256 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Von Collani , Claudia ( 2009 ) , `` Biography of Charles Maigrot MEP '' , Stochastikon Encyclopedia , Würzburg : Stochastikon . Jump up ^ Seah , Audrey ( 2017 ) , `` The 1670 Chinese Missal : A Struggle for Indigenization amidst the Chinese Rites Controversy '' , China 's Christianity : From Missionary to Indigenous Church , Studies in Christian Mission , Leiden : Koninklijke Brill , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Ott , Michael ( 1913 ) , `` Charles - Thomas Maillard de Tournon '' , Catholic Encyclopedia , Vol . XV , New York : Encyclopedia Press . Jump up ^ Mungello 1994 . Jump up ^ Devine 1925 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Devine 1925 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Paquin 1932 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Devine 1925 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Delaney & Nicholls 1989 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Delaney & Nicholls 1989 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1950 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Delaney & Nicholls 1989 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy 1950 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` First Nations Culture Areas Index '' . the Canadian Museum of Civilization . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1950 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1950 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1950 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ The Provincial Statutes of Canada : anno undecimo et duodecimo Victoriae Reginae ( Montreal : Stewart Derbishire and George Desbarats , 1848 ) , ( pp. 1483 , 1484 ) Jump up ^ Jesuits at thecanadianencyclopedia.ca Jump up ^ Perrin 1970 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` America 's dark and not - very - distant history of hating Catholics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney 2003 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Curran 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Brading 1991 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Konrad 1980 . Jump up ^ Cline 1997 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Van Handel 1991 . Jump up ^ Carlos María de Bustamante , Los tres siglos de México durante el gobierno español , hasta la entrada del ejército trigarante . Obra escrita en Roma por el P. Andrés Cavo , de la Compañía de Jesús ; publicada con notas y suplemento. 4 vols . Mexico 1836 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Warren 1973 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Diego Luis de Motezuma , Corona mexicana , o historia de los Motezumas , por el Padre Diego Luis de Motezuma de la Compañía de Jesús . Madrid 1914 . Jump up ^ Mecham 1966 , pp. 358 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Brading 1991 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Sandoval 2008 . Jump up ^ Brading 1991 , pp. 167 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Ganson , Barbara ( 2003 ) , The Guarani under Spanish Rule , Stanford : Stanford University Press , pp 3 , 52 - 53 . ^ Jump up to : Sacks 1990 , pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ganson , pp 44 - 51 Jump up ^ Durant & Durant 1961 , pp. 249 -- 250 . 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ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Müller et al. 2000 . Jump up ^ Krickl , Tony ( 3 February 2007 ) . `` CGU Student Josh Harris to Spend Two Months in Federal Prison for Protesting '' . Claremont Courier . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lehigh , Scot ( 19 June 2002 ) . `` BC is leading the way on church reform '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rev. Thomas J. Reese , S.J. , Chair '' . United States Commission on International Religious Freedom . 2014 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Benedict XVI ( 22 April 2006 ) . `` Address of his Holiness Benedict XVI to the Fathers and Brothers of the Society of Jesus '' . Retrieved 23 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Benedict XVI ( 15 May 2006 ) . `` Letter to the Superior General of the Society of Jesus on the 50th anniversary of the Encyclical Haurietis Aquas '' . Retrieved 23 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Benedict XVI ( 3 November 2006 ) . `` Address of his Holiness Benedict XVI -- Visit of the Holy Father to the Pontifical Gregorian University '' . Retrieved 23 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` To the Fathers of the General Congregation of the Society of Jesus ( February 21 , 2008 ) BENEDICT XVI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` To understand Pope Francis , look to the Jesuits '' . National Catholic Reporter. 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis and the Dirty War '' . The New Yorker . 2013 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican , Argentine church to open `` dirty war '' archives `` . Crux. 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` General Congregation 36 '' . jesuits.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ enquiries@thetablet.co.uk , The Tablet - w : . `` Dominican Master urges Jesuits to adopt ' audacity and humility ' in electing Superior General '' . www.thetablet.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The first session in the aula and Father Nicolás ' resignation - General Congregation 36 '' . General Congregation 36 . 2016 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jesuits elect first Latin - American general '' . Crux. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Father General 's House '' . www.sjweb.info . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` USA Assistancy '' . www.sjweb.info . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Society of Jesus in the United States : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jesuit.org. 2008 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gerard 1911 . Jump up ^ Voltaire ( 1769 ) , `` XXXI '' , Histoire du Parlement de Paris , Châtel fut écartelé , le jésuite Guignard fut pendu ; et ce qui est bien étrange , Jouvency , dans son Histoire des Jésuites , le regarde comme un martyr et le compare à Jésus - Christ . Le régent de Châtel , nommé Guéret , et un autre jésuite , nommé Hay , ne furent condamnés qu'à un bannissement perpétuel . Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 448 . Jump up ^ Nelson 1981 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ see Malachi Martin ( 1987 ) The Jesuits : The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church , Simon & Schuster , Linden Press , New York , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 54505 - 1 Jump up ^ Rosa , De La ; Coello , Alexandre ( 1932 ) . `` El Estatuto de Limpieza de Sangre de la Compañía de Jesús ( 1593 ) y su influencia en el Perú Colonial '' . Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu . Institutum Societatis Iesu : 45 -- 93 . ISSN 0037 - 8887 . Jump up ^ Reites 1981 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Padberg 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Maryks 2010 , p. xxviii . Jump up ^ Kavanaugh , John F. ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` Abortion Absolutists '' . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Dennis ( 30 May 2005 ) . `` No to Abortion : Posture , Not Policy '' . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rigali , Norbert J. ( 23 September 2000 ) . `` Words and Contraception '' . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Richard A. ( 17 July 1993 ) . `` ' Humanae Vitae ' 25 Years Later '' . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Dulles , Avery ( 28 September 1968 ) . `` Karl Rahner on ' Humanae Vitae ' '' . America . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Reese , Thomas J. ( 31 March 2009 ) . `` Pope , Condoms and AIDS '' . On Faith . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Zagano , Phyllis ( 17 February 2003 ) . `` Catholic Women Deacons '' . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , James ( 21 November 2008 ) . `` Jesuit General : Liberation Theology `` Courageous '' `` . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , James ( 29 August 2010 ) . `` Glenn Beck and Liberation Theology '' . America . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Worthen , Molly ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` The Power of Political Communion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Thavis , John ( 8 September 2006 ) . `` ' Sala Stampa ' style change : From toreador to low - key mathematician '' . Catholic News Service . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pollard 2006 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Pollard 2006 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Pollard 2006 , p. 356 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Lapomarda 2005 , pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Lapomarda 2005 , appx . A . Jump up ^ Lapomarda 2005 , p. 33 , appx . A . Jump up ^ Lapomarda 2005 , pp. 266 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Anton Gill ; An Honourable Defeat ; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler ; Heinemann ; London ; 1994 ; p. 264 . Jump up ^ Lapomarda 2005 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Peter Hoffmann ; The History of the German Resistance 1933 -- 1945 ; 3rd Edn ( First English Edn ) ; McDonald & Jane 's ; London ; 1977 ; p. 33 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1025 -- 1026 . Jump up ^ Peter Hoffmann ; The History of the German Resistance 1933 -- 1945 ; 3rd Edn ( First English Edn ) ; McDonald & Jane 's ; London ; 1977 ; p. 160 Jump up ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiff Praises a Bavarian Foe of Nazism '' . Zenit News Agency . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Library : The Gentile Holocaust '' . Catholic Culture . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert ; The Righteous - The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust ; Doubleday ; 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 385 - 60100 - X ; p. 299 Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert ; The Righteous : the Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust ; Holt Paperback ; New York ; 2004 ; Preface Jump up ^ Braun Roger ( 1910 -- 1981 ) ; Yad Vashem Jump up ^ Chaillet Pierre ( 1900 -- 1972 ) ; Yad Vashem Jump up ^ De Coster , Father Jean - Baptiste ; Yad Vashem Jump up ^ Fleury Jean ( 1905 -- 1982 ) ; Yad Vashem Jump up ^ `` Hiatt Holocaust Collection '' . Holycross.edu . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hough 2007 , p. 68 . 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The First America : Spanish Monarchs , Creole Patriots , and the Liberal State , 1492 -- 1867 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39130 - 6 . Campbell , Thomas J. ( 1921 ) . The Jesuits , 1534 -- 1921 : A History of the Society of Jesus from Its Foundation to the Present Time . New York : The Encyclopedia Press . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Carpenter , Roger M. ( 2004 ) . The Renewed , The Destroyed , and the Remade : The Three Thought Worlds of the Iroquois and the Huron , 1609 -- 1650 . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87013 - 728 - 0 . Cline , Sarah L. ( 1997 ) . `` Church and State : Habsburg New Spain '' . In Werner , Michael S. Encyclopedia of Mexico : History , Society & Culture . 1 . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 31 - 2 . Coyle , Henry ( 1908 ) . Our church , her Children and Institutions . 2 . Boston : Angel Guardian Press . Curran , Robert Emmett ( 1993 ) . The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University . Washington : Georgetown University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87840 - 485 - 8 . Delaney , Paul J. ; Nicholls , Andrew D. ( 1989 ) . After The Fire : Sainte - Marie Among the Hurons Since 1649 . Elmvale , Ontario : East Georgian Bay Company . Devine , E.J. ( 1925 ) . The Jesuit Martyrs of Canada . Toronto : The Canadian Messenger . Durant , Will ; Durant , Ariel ( 1961 ) . The Age of Reason Begins : A History of European Civilization in the Period of Shakespeare , Bacon , Montaigne , Rembrandt , Galileo , and Descartes , 1558 -- 1648 . The Story of Civilization. 7 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 01320 - 2 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 12433 - 1 . Fraser , Antonia ( 2005 ) ( 1996 ) . The Gunpowder Plot : Terror and Faith in 1605 . London : Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1401 - 7 . Gerard , John ( 1911 ) . `` Monita Secreta '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Gonzalez , Justo L. ( 1985 ) . The Story of Christianity : The Early Church to the Present Day . Hobson , John M. ( 2004 ) . The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . Höpfl , Harro ( 2004 ) . Jesuit Political Thought : The Society of Jesus and the State , c. 1540 -- 1630 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83779 - 8 . Hough , Susan Elizabeth ( 2007 ) . Richter 's Scale : Measure of an Earthquake , Measure of a Man . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12807 - 8 . Ivereigh , Austen ( 2014 ) . The Great Reformer : Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62779 - 157 - 1 . Kennedy , J.H. ( 1950 ) . Jesuit and Savage in New France . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . Konrad , Herman W. ( 1980 ) . A Jesuit Hacienda in Colonial Mexico : Santa Lucía , 1576 -- 1767 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1050 - 3 . Lapomarda , Vincent A. ( 2005 ) . The Jesuits and the Third Reich ( 2nd ed . ) . Lewiston , New York : Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 6265 - 6 . Mahoney , Kathleen A. ( 2003 ) . Catholic Higher Education in Protestant America : The Jesuits and Harvard in the Age of the University . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7340 - 9 . Maryks , Robert Aleksander ( 2010 ) . The Jesuit Order As a Synagogue of Jews : Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity - of - Blood Laws in the Early Society of Jesus . Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions. 146 . Leiden , Netherlands : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17981 - 3 . Mecham , J. Lloyd ( 1966 ) . Church and State in Latin America : A History of Politico - Ecclesiastical Relations ( 2nd ed . ) . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . Müller , Andreas ; Tausch , Arno ; Zulehner , Paul M. ; Wickens , Henry , eds. ( 2000 ) . Global Capitalism , Liberation Theology , and the Social Sciences : An Analysis of the Contradictions of Modernity at the Turn of the Millennium . Hauppauge , New York : Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 679 - 1 . Mungello , David E. , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Chinese Rites Controversy : Its History and Meaning . Monumenta Serica Monograph Series . 33 . Nettetal , Germany : Steyler Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8050 - 0348 - 3 . Nelson , Robert J. ( 1981 ) . Pascal : Adversary and Advocate . Cambridge , Massachusetts . O'Malley , John W. ( 1993 ) . The First Jesuits . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 06 - 7430 - 313 - 3 . -- -- -- ( 2006 ) . `` Introduction '' . In O'Malley , John W. ; Bailey , Gauvin Alexander ; Harris , Steven J. ; Kennedy , T. Frank . The Jesuits II : Cultures , Sciences , and the Arts , 1540 -- 1773 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3861 - 6 . Padberg , John W. ( 1994 ) . For Matters of Greater Moment : The First Thirty Jesuit General Congregations . St. Louis , Missouri : Institute of Jesuit Sources . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880810 - 06 - 4 . Painter , F.V.N. ( 1903 ) . A History of Education . International Education Series . 2 . New York : D. Appleton and Company . Paquin , Julien ( 1932 ) . The Tragedy of Old Huron . Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario : The Martyrs ' Shrine . Parker , John ( 1978 ) . Windows into China : The Jesuits and their Books , 1580 -- 1730 . Maury A. Bromsen Lecture in Humanistic Bibliography. 5 . Boston : Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89073 - 050 - 8 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Perrin , Pat ( 1970 ) . Crime and Punishment : The Colonial Period to the New Frontier . Discovery Enterprises . Pollard , John ( 2006 ) . `` Jesuits , The '' . In Blamires , Cyprian P. World Fascism : A Historical Encyclopedia . 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 356 -- 357 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 940 - 9 . Pollen , John Hungerford ( 1912 ) . `` Society of Jesus '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 14 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Reites , James W. ( 1981 ) . `` St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews '' . Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits . St. Louis , Missouri : American Assistancy Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality. 13 ( 4 ) . ISSN 2328 - 5575 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Sacks , Richard S. ( 1990 ) . `` Historical Setting '' . In Hanratty , Dennis M. ; Meditz , Sandra . Paraguay : A Country Study ( PDF ) . Area Handbook Series ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 1 -- 49 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Sandoval , Alonso de ( 2008 ) . Von Germeten , Nicole , ed . Treatise on Slavery : Selections from De Instauranda Aethiopum Salute . Translated by von Germeten , Nicole . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 929 - 9 . Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . London : Secker & Warburg . Udías , Agustín ( 2003 ) . Searching the Heavens and the Earth : The History of Jesuit Observatories . Astrophysics and Space Science Library . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1189 - 4 . Warren , J. Benedict ( 1973 ) . `` An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America , 1503 -- 1818 '' . In Cline , Howard F. Handbook of Middle American Indians . Volume 13 : Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources , Part Two . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press ( published 2015 ) . pp. 42 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4773 - 0683 - 3 . Van Handel , Robert Michael ( 1991 ) . The Jesuit and Franciscan Missions in Baja California ( MA thesis ) . University of California , Santa Barbara . Woods , Thomas E. ( 2005 ) . How The Catholic Church Built Western Civilization . Washington : Regnery Publishing ( published 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 328 - 1 . Wright , Jonathan ( 2004 ) . God 's Soldiers : Adventure , Politics , Intrigue , and Power : A History of the Jesuits . New York : Doubleday Religious Publishing Group ( published 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50080 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Bangert , William V. A History of the Society of Jesus ( 2nd ed. 1958 ) 552 pp . Barthel , Manfred . Jesuits : History & Legend of the Society of Jesus ( 1984 ) 347 pp . Chapple , Christopher . Jesuit Tradition in Education & Missions : A 450 - Year Perspective ( 1993 ) , 290 pp . Mitchell , David . Jesuits : A History ( 1981 ) 320 pp . O'Malley , John W . The Jesuits : A History from Ignatius to the Present ( 2014 ) , 138 pp Wright , Jonathan . God 's Soldiers : Adventure , Politics , Intrigue & Power : A History of the Jesuits ( 2004 ) 368 pp Specialized Studies ( edit ) Alden , Dauril . Making of an Enterprise : The Society of Jesus in Portugal , Its Empire & Beyond , 1540 -- 1750 ( 1996 ) 707pp Brockey , Liam Matthew . Journey to the East : The Jesuit Mission to China , 1579 -- 1724 ( 2007 ) 496 pp . Brodrick James ( 1940 ) . The Origin of the Jesuits . Originally Published Longmans Green . , Special Edition Published 1997 by Loyola University Press , US - ISBN 0829409300 Brodrick , James . Saint Francis Xavier ( 1506 -- 1552 ) ( 1952 ) . Brodrick , James . Saint Ignatius Loyola : The Pilgrim Years 1491 -- 1538 , Published November 1 , 1998 by Ignatius Press Bygott , Ursula M.L. With Pen & Tongue : The Jesuits in Australia , 1865 -- 1939 ( 1980 ) 423 pp . Dalmases , Cándido de . Ignatius of Loyola , Founder of the Jesuits : His Life & Work ( 1985 ) 362 pp . Caraman , Philip . Ignatius Loyola : A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits ( 1990 ) , 222 pp . Cushner , Nicholas P. Soldiers of God : The Jesuits in Colonial America , 1565 - 1767 ( 2002 ) 402 pp . Edwards , Francis . Jesuits in England from 1580 to the Present Day ( 1985 ) 333 pp . Edwards , Francis . Robert Persons : The Biography of an Elizabethan Jesuit , 1546 -- 1610 ( 1995 ) 411 pp . Healy , Róisin . Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany ( 2003 ) 263 pp . Höpfl , Harro . Jesuit Political Thought : The Society of Jesus & the State , c. 1540 - 1640 ( 2004 ) 406 pp . Hsia , Ronnie Po - chia . `` Jesuit Foreign Missions . A Historiographical Essay . '' Journal of Jesuit Studies ( 2014 ) 1 # 1 pp : 47 -- 65 . Kaiser , Robert Blair . Inside the Jesuits : How Pope Francis is Changing the Church and the World ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 ) Klaiber , Jeffrey . The Jesuits in Latin America : 1549 - 2000 : : 450 Years of Inculturation , Defense of Human Rights , and Prophetic Witness . St Louis , MO : Institute of Jesuit Sources 2009 . Lapomarda , Vincent A. , The Catholic Bishops of Europe and the Nazi Persecutions of Catholics and Jews , The Edwin Mellen Press ( 2012 ) McCoog , Thomas M. , ed . Mercurian Project : Forming Jesuit Culture : 1573 -- 1580 ( 2004 ) 992 pp. ; 30 advanced essays by scholars Martin , A. Lynn . Jesuit Mind . The Mentality of an Elite in Early Modern France ( 1988 ) 256 pp . O'Malley , John . `` The Society of Jesus . '' in R. Po - chia Hsia , ed. , A Companion to the Reformation World ( 2004 ) pp. 223 -- 36 . O'Malley , John W. ed . Saints or Devils Incarnate ? Studies in Jesuit History ( 2013 ) 312 pp Parkman , Francis ( 1867 ) . The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century ( PDF ) . p. 637 . Pomplun , Trent . `` Jesuit on the Roof of the World : Ippolito Desideri 's Mission to Tibet . '' Oxford University Press ( 2010 ) . Roberts , Ian D. Harvest of Hope : Jesuit Collegiate Education in England , 1794 -- 1914 ( 1996 ) 253 pp . Ronan , Charles E. and Bonnie B.C. Oh , eds . East Meets West : The Jesuits in China , 1582 -- 1773 ( 1988 ) , 332 pp . Ross , Andrew C. Vision Betrayed : The Jesuits in Japan & China , 1542 -- 1742 ( 1994 ) 216 pp . Santich , Jan Joseph . Missio Moscovitica : The Role of the Jesuits in the Westernization of Russia , 1582 -- 1689 ( 1995 ) 255 pp . Wright , Jonathan . `` From Immolation to Restoration : The Jesuits , 1773 -- 1814 . '' Theological Studies ( 2014 ) 75 # 4 pp. 729 -- 745 . Primary Sources ( edit ) Desideri , Ippolito . `` Mission to Tibet : The Extraordinary Eighteenth - Century Account of Father Ippolito Desideri . '' Translated by Michael J. Sweet . Edited by Leonard Zwilling . Boston : Wisdom Publications , 2010 . Donnelly , John Patrick , ed . Jesuit Writings of the Early Modern Period : 1540 -- 1640 ( 2006 ) In German ( edit ) Klaus Schatz . Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten : Bd. 1 : 1814 -- 1872 Münster : Aschendorff Verlag , 2013 . XXX , 274 S. ISBN 978 - 3 - 402 - 12964 - 7 . online review Schatz . Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten : Bd. 2 : 1872 -- 1917 Schatz . Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten : Bd. 3 : 1917 -- 1945 Schatz . Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten : Bd. 4 : 1945 -- 1983 Schatz . Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten : Bd. 5 : Quellen , Glossar , Biogramme , Gesamtregister External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Society of Jesus . Catholic Church documents ( edit ) Benedict XVI 's Address to the Members of the Society of Jesus , 22 April 2006 Benedict XVI 's Visit to the Pontifical Gregorian University , 3 November 2006 Jesuit documents ( edit ) The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599 The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan , 1591 -- 1610 Letter of the Jesuit Social Justice Secretariat to the leaders of the G8 , July 2005 The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola Other links ( edit ) The BBC Radio 4 In Our Time programme on 18 January 2007 was devoted to the early history and educational role of the Jesuits ; the programme 's website offers a free podcast and ' listen again ' service In Our Time website `` The Jesuit Curia in Rome '' . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . `` Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu - Jesuit Archive in Rome '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . `` Society of Jesus '' section of Wikisource 's Roman Catholicism portal . 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Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution
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Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search Industrial Revolution was the period encompassing the vast social and economic changes that resulted from the development of steam - powered machinery and mass - production methods . It began in about 1760 in Great Britain and extending through some of the first half of the nineteenth century . The lives of large sections of the population of Great Britain underwent massive changes during the industrial revolution . Work became more regimented and disciplined and began to take place outside the home . A movement of the population to the cities from the countryside produced dramatic changes in lifestyle . The Industrial belt of Britain stretched from the Scottish lowlands to the valleys of southern Wales . The establishment of major factory centers helped develop networks of canals , roads , and railroads . Some of these major factory centers are Derbyshire , Lancashire , Cheshire , Staffordshire , Nottinghamshire , and Yorkshire . This is where the proletariat class was born . The Industrial Revolution helped create opportunities for employment for all members of the family . However , any improvement to the quality of life for the laboring class had come from a hard and bitter experience from factory labor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Impacts on society 1.1 Children 1.2 Change of society 1.3 Change of family structure 2 Life affected from working conditions 2.1 Reforms for change 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Impacts on society ( edit ) Children ( edit ) It is generally agreed that the impact of the industrial revolution was negative for children . In the industrial districts , children tended to enter the workforce at younger ages . Many of the new factory owners preferred to employ children as they viewed them more docile tractable than adults . Although most families channeled their children 's earnings into providing a better diet for them , the physical toll of working in the factories was very great and led to detrimental outcomes for children . Children were preferred workers in textile mills because they worked for lower wages . Child laborers tended to be orphans , children of widows , or from the poorest families . Children were needed for low pay , and nimble fingers . Child labor was not an invention of the industrial revolution , they were first exploited by their parents on the farm . Now for the first time in history children were an important factor of an economic system , but at a terrible price . Children were required to work under machines all day , in tight areas to clean and oil . Young children were worked to near exhaustion , to where they would fall asleep over machines . If they were caught sleeping or showed up to work late , they were beaten and tortured by their masters . Cruelty and torture was enacted on children by master - manufacturers to maintain high output or to keep them awake . The children 's bodies become crooked and deformed from the work in the mills and factories . Their bodies and bones became so weak that they could n't hold themselves up , and their backs permanently hunched. in the mines did not have it any better . They would start working at the age of 4 or 5 , both boys and girls . A large proportion of children working in the mines were under 13 and a larger proportion from ages of 13 - 18 . Mines were not built for stability , rather , they were small and low and children were needed to crawl through them . The conditions in the mines were not remotely safe , children would often have limbs crippled , and bodies distorted or be killed . Children could get lost within the mines for days at a time . The air in the mines was injuring to breathe and often cause painful and fatal diseases . Change of society ( edit ) The impact of the industrial revolution on adults is more complex and has been the subject of extensive debate amongst historians for the past one hundred years . Optimists have argued that industrialisation brought higher wages and better living standards to most people . Pessimists have argued that these gains have been over-exaggerated . They argue that wages did not rise significantly during this period , and furthermore , that whatever economic gains were actually made - these must be offset against the worsening health and housing of the new urban sectors . Since the 1990s , many contributions to the standard of living debate has tilted towards the pessimist interpretation . Most of the work has been within the economic history framework . There have been attempts to measure variables such as real wages , mortality , and heights . More recently the historian Emma Griffin has marked a departure from this approach by using a large number of working - class autobiographies to consider how working people themselves conceived of these changes . She has argued that some working men did see improvements in their lives at this time , through higher wages and a greater degree of autonomy and self - determination . Change of family structure ( edit ) The traditional marriage of the laboring class during the Georgian society , women would marry men of the same social status . Example , a shoemaker 's daughter would marry a shoemaker 's son . And marriage outside this norm was not common . Marriage during the Industrial Revolution shifted from this tradition to a more sociable union between wife and husband in the laboring class . Women and men tended to marry someone from the same job , geographical location or from the same social group . But throughout the Industrial Revolution miners were the exception of this new trend . A coal miner 's daughter would marry a coal miner 's son . The traditional work sphere was dictated by the father , and he controlled the pace of work for his family . However , factories and mills undermined the old patriarchal authority . Factories put husbands , wives and child under the same conditions and authority of the manufacturer masters . The norm for women in the latter half of the Industrial Revolution , who worked in the factories or mills tended not to have children or already had children that were grown up . However , Mothers who worked in the factories and mills would often use narcotics to put their small infants to sleep . This was a common trend , because mothers would work 14 to 16 hours a day , leaving their infant with a babysitter for most of the day . Narcotics such as Godfrey , including ingredients of opium , treacle , water and spices . Mothers would , use Godfrey / opium on their small infants as much as three times a day , one before work , one after in the afternoon tea time , and last one when they get home off work . Infant mortality rate in some areas were as high 16.7 % and Godfrey / opium did contribute to the cause of mortality . Life affected from working conditions ( edit ) Safety was very poor in early industrial factories and mines and there was no injury compensation for the workers as well . The injuries from machinery could cause whole fingers to be cut off , mild burns , severe arm and leg injuries , amputation of limbs and death . However , diseases and cancer were the most common health issues that had long - term effects to the workers . Cotton mills , coal mines , iron - works , and brick factories all had bad air , which caused chest diseases , coughs , blood - spitting , hard breathing , pains in chest , and sleepless nights for the workers . Housing for the workers was overcrowded and unclean , making it suitable for the hazards of typhoid , cholera , and smallpox . Workers during these times did not have sick days , and forced themselves to work to provide money to support the family . Traditionally women and girls were always in charge of cleaning the house , but since the women were spending just as much time working as the men , they had no time to clean the house . The housing was tiny , dirty , and sickly for the working laboring class during the Industrial Revolution , and the workers had no personal time to clean or change their own atmosphere even if they wished to . Reforms for change ( edit ) Main article : Factory Acts The first factory act Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 tried to help the condition for workers . The act tried to make factory owners more responsible for the housing and clothing for the workers , but with little success . This act was never put into practice , because magistrates fail to stop or forced mill masters . The 1819 Cotton Mills and Factories Act forbade the employment of children in cotton mills of children under the age of 9 . Limited the hours of work for children 9 - 16 to 12 hours . This act is a major step towards a better life for children . They were less likely to fall sleep during work , therefore less injuries and beating to occur to them in the work place . Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819 Set the minimum working age to 9 Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day Michael Sadler was one of the pioneers in addressing the living and working conditions of the industrial workers . In 1832 , he led a parliamentary investigation of the conditions of the textile workers . The Ashley Commission was another investigation committee that studied the plight of the mine workers . What came out of the investigation was that with increased productivity the number of working hours of the wage workers also doubled in many cases . The efforts of Michael Sadler and the Ashley Commission resulted in the passage of the 1833 act which limited the number of work hours for women and children and money babies . This bill made children from ages 9 to 18 not to work more than 48 hours a week , and spend two hours at school during work hours . The Act also created the factory inspector and provided for routine inspections of factories . This guaranteed that factories will follow laws of the reforms . According to a cotton manufacturer , `` We have never worked more than seventy - one hours a week before Sir John Hobhouse 's Act was passed . We then came down to sixty - nine ; and since Lord Althorp 's Act was passed , in 1833 , we have reduced the time of adults to sixty - seven and a half hours a week , and that of children under thirteen years of age to forty - eight hours in the week , though to do this latter has , I must admit , subjected us to much inconvenience , but the elder hands to more , inasmuch as the relief given to the child is in some measure imposed on the adult . '' Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833 Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on child labor regulations and enforce the law Set the maximum working in a week to 48 hours Made children to spend time in school First report for women and children in mines were in 1842 Mines and Collieries Act 1842 this act made children under the age 10 could not work in mines and also no women or girls could work in the mines as well . Second report for children commission 1843 reinforced this act to the public . Mines and Collieries Act 1842 Set a minimum age for children to work in mines at 10 Made it that no woman or girl could work in the mines The Factories Act 1844 made women and young adults work 12 - hour days and children from the ages 9 to 13 were to work 9 hour days . As well as making mill masters and owners more account for injuries to workers . The Factories Act 1847 or also known was the ten - hour bill , made it law that women and young people work 10 hours , and maximum of 63 hours a week . The last two major Factory acts of the Industrial Revolution were introduced in 1850 , and 1856 . These acts made it that factories could no longer dictate work hours for women and children . They were to work from 6am to 6pm in the summer , and 7am to 7pm in the winter . These acts took a lot of power and authority away from the manufactures , and allowed women and children to have more personal time for the family and for themselves . Factories Act 1844 Limited working hour to 12 per day for women and children Set maximum working hours for children of 9 - 13 for 9 per day Mill owners are more account for protection for workers Ten Hours Bill 1847 Limited working hours to 10 per day for women and children Set a maximum hours in a week to 63 for women and children Factories Act 1856 Factory masters could not dictate work hours Prevention of Cruelty to , and Protection of , Children Act 1889 founded to stop the abuse of children in the work and family sphere of life . The Elementary Education Act 1870 allowed all children within the United Kingdom to have access to education . Education was not made compulsory immediately ( not until 1880 ) since many factory owners feared the removal of children as a source of cheap labor . However , with the simple mathematics and English they were acquiring , factory owners now had workers who could read and make measurements . A great contribution to the factory . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maxine Berg , What Work did women 's work make to the industrial revolution , History Workshop Journal 1992 Jump up ^ `` Factory Labour and Physical Deformation '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ E.P. Thompson , The Making of the English Working Class ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Griffin , Emma . `` Liberty 's Dawn . A People 's History of the Industrial Revolution '' . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opium and Infant Mortality England '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth - Century England '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . References ( edit ) Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World Princeton University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12135 - 2 . Mokyr , Joel . ( 1990 ) . The Lever of Riches - Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506113 - 6 . Stearns , Peter N. ( 1993 ) . The Industrial Revolution in World History . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 8596 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Industrial Britain . The Industrial Revolution : An Introduction . The Growth of Victorian Railways . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Great_Britain_during_the_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=805025973 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution History of Great Britain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 16 : 06 . About Wikipedia
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what was it like to live during the industrial revolution
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Utricle (ear)
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Utricle ( ear ) - wikipedia Utricle ( ear ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Utricle . Utricle Posterior Canal Superior Canal Utricle Horizontal Canal Vestibule Cochlea Saccule Components of the inner ear including the utricle Details Part of Inner ear of vertebrates System Balance Identifiers Latin utriculus TA A15. 3.03. 063 FMA 61113 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The utricle , along with the saccule , is one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear . The utricle and the saccule are parts of the balancing apparatus ( membranous labyrinth ) located within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth ( small oval chamber ) . These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation . The utricle detects linear accelerations and head - tilts in the horizontal plane . The word utricle comes from Latin uter , meaning ' leather bag ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Microanatomy 2 Function 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) Inner ear , showing utricle near centre The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form , compressed transversely , and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule , lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it . The macula of utricle is a thickening in the wall of the utricle where the epithelium contains vestibular hair cells that allows a person to perceive changes in longitudinal acceleration as well as effects of gravity . The gelatinous layer and the statoconia together are referred to as the otolithic membrane , where the tips of the stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded . When the head is tilted such that gravity pulls on the statoconia the gelatinous layer is pulled in the same direction also causing the sensory hairs to bend . Within the utricle is a small 2 by 3 mm patch of hair cells called the macula of utricle . The macula of utricle , which lies horizontally on the floor of the utricle , contains the hair cells . These hair cells are mechanoreceptors which consist of 40 to 70 stereocilia and only one true cilium called a kinocilium . The kinocilium is the only sensory aspect of the hair cell and is what causes hair cell polarization . The tips of these stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in a gelatinous otolithic membrane . This membrane is weighted with calcium carbonate - protein granules called otoliths . The otolithic membrane adds weight to the tops of the hair cells and increases their inertia . The addition in weight and inertia is vital to the utricle 's ability to detect linear acceleration , as described below , and to determine the orientation of the head . Microanatomy ( edit ) The macula consists of three layers . The bottom layer is made of sensory hair cells which are embedded in the bottom of a gelatinous layer . Each hair cells consists of 40 to 70 steriocilia and a kinocilium , which lies in the middle of the steriocilia and is the most important receptor . On top of this layer lie calcium carbonate crystals called statoconia or otoconia . The otoliths are relatively heavy , providing weight to the membrane as well as inertia . This allows for a greater sense of gravity and motion . Labyrinthine activity responsible for the nystagmus induced by off - vertical axis rotation arises in the otolith organs and couples to the oculomotor system through the velocity storage mechanism . That portion which is lodged in the recess forms a pouch or cul - de-sac , the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened and form the macula acustica utriculi , which receives the utricular filaments of the acoustic nerve . The cavity of the utricle communicates behind with the semicircular ducts by five orifices . The ductus utriculosaccularis comes off of the anterior wall of the utricle and opens into the ductus endolymphaticus . Function ( edit ) See also : Balance ( ability ) Illustration of otolith organs showing detail of utricle , otoconia , endolymph , cupula , macula , hair cell filaments , and saccular nerve The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head , thanks to their apical stereocilia set - up . These are covered by otoliths which , due to gravity , pull on the stereocilia and tilt them . Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not , the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory ( depolarising ) or inhibitory ( hyperpolarisation ) , respectively . Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears . The brain interprets head orientation by comparing these inputs to each other and to other input from the eyes and stretch receptors in the neck , thereby detecting whether only the head is tilted or the entire body is tipping . The inertia of the otolithic membranes is especially important in detecting linear acceleration . Suppose you are sitting in a car at a stoplight and then begin to move . The otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi briefly lags behind the rest of the tissues , bends the stereocilia backward , and stimulates the cells . When you stop at the next light , the macula stops but the otolithic membrane keeps going for a moment , bending the stereocilia forward . The hair cells convert this pattern of stimulation to nerve signals , and the brain is thus advised of changes in your linear velocity . This signal to the vestibular nerve ( which takes it to the brainstem ) does not adapt with time . The effect of this is that , for example , an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Utricle ( ear ) . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1051 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Moores , Kieth L. `` Essential Clinical Anatomy '' Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; Second Edition ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Johnsson , LG ; Hawkins JE , Jr ( Sep 22 , 1967 ) . `` Otolithic membranes of the saccule and utricle in man '' . Science . 157 ( 3795 ) : 1454 -- 6 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 157.3795. 1454 . PMID 5341324 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2010 ) . Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function ( 5th ed . ) . Dubuque : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0073525693 . Jump up ^ Cohen , B ; Suzuki , JI ; Raphan , T ( Oct 3 , 1983 ) . `` Role of the otolith organs in generation of horizontal nystagmus : effects of selective labyrinthine lesions '' . Brain Research . 276 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 8993 ( 83 ) 90558 - 9 . PMID 6626994 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology : the Unity of Form and Function . Dubuque : McGraw - Hill , 2010 . Print . External links ( edit ) Diagram at ipfw.edu ( hide ) Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utricle_(ear)&oldid=826347843 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Ear Vestibular system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Euskara Italiano Polski Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 16 : 57 . 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where do you find the saccule and the utricle
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American Ninja Warrior
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American Ninja Warrior - wikipedia American Ninja Warrior For the current season , see American Ninja Warrior ( season 10 ) . American Ninja Warrior Genre Sports entertainment Sports competition Based on Sasuke Directed by Patrick McManus ( 2014 -- ) Presented by Blair Herter Alison Haislip Matt Iseman Jimmy Smith Jonny Moseley Angela Sun Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Jenn Brown Kristine Leahy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 141 Production Executive producer ( s ) Craig Piligian ( 2009 ) Arthur Smith ( 2010 -- ) Kent Weed ( 2010 -- ) Holly Wofford ( 2012 -- 13 ) Viki Cacciatore ( 2012 -- 13 ) Brian Richardson ( 2014 -- ) Anthony Storm ( 2014 -- ) Camera setup Multiple - camera Running time 36 -- 128 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Films & Television ( 2009 ) A. Smith & Co . Productions ( 2010 -- ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network G4 ( 2009 -- 13 ) NBC ( 2012 -- ) Esquire Network ( 2014 -- 16 ) USA Network ( 2017 -- ) NBCSN ( 2017 -- ) Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) Audio format 5.1 Surround Original release December 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by American Ninja Challenge ( 2006 -- 08 ) Related shows Sasuke Ultimate Beastmaster External links Website Production website American Ninja Warrior ( sometimes abbreviated as ANW ) is an American sports entertainment competition that is a spin - off of the Japanese television series Sasuke . It features hundreds of competitors attempting to complete a series of obstacle courses of increasing difficulty in various cities across the United States , in hopes of advancing to the national finals on the Las Vegas Strip , in hopes of becoming an `` American Ninja Warrior '' . To date only two competitors , rock - climbers Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten , have finished the course and achieved `` Total Victory '' . Caldiero is the only competitor to win the cash prize . The series premiered on December 12 , 2009 on the now - defunct cable channel G4 and now airs on NBC with encore episodes airing on USA Network and NBCSN . Contents 1 Series overview 1.1 Hosts and co-hosts 2 Format 2.1 Contestant eligibility 2.2 City qualifying and finals 2.2. 1 City timeline 2.3 Finals 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2009 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2010 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2012 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2013 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2018 ) 4 ANW specials 4.1 USA vs. The World 4.2 All - Stars 4.2. 1 2016 4.2. 2 2017 4.2. 3 2018 4.3 Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day 4.3. 1 2017 4.3. 2 2018 5 ANW competitors in other competitions 6 Spin - offs 6.1 Ninja vs. Ninja 6.2 American Ninja Warrior Junior 7 Reception 7.1 Awards and nominations 7.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8 International broadcasts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) American Ninja Warrior succeeded G4 's American Ninja Challenge as the qualifying route for Americans to enter Sasuke . Beginning with the fourth season in 2012 , regional finalists and wild card competitors competed on a nearly identical Mount Midoriyama course in Las Vegas , Nevada , rather than traveling to Japan to compete on Sasuke . Season Duration Winner 's prize Finals venue Last Ninja ( s ) Standing Host Co-host Sideline reporter Premiere Finale December 12 , 2009 December 19 , 2009 N / A Sasuke 23 Levi Meeuwenberg Blair Herter Alison Haislip N / A December 8 , 2010 December 23 , 2010 $250,000 Sasuke 26 David Campbell Matt Iseman Jimmy Smith Alison Haislip July 31 , 2011 August 21 , 2011 $500,000 Sasuke 27 May 20 , 2012 July 23 , 2012 $500,000 Mount Midoriyama ( Las Vegas Strip ) Brent Steffensen Jonny Moseley Angela Sun 5 July 1 , 2013 September 16 , 2013 Brian Arnold Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Jenn Brown 6 May 26 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 Joe Moravsky 7 May 25 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 $1,000,000 Geoff Britten Kristine Leahy Isaac Caldiero 8 June 1 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 Drew Drechsel 9 June 12 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 Joe Moravsky 10 May 30 , 2018 September 10 , 2018 TBD Notes Jump up ^ The prize was an endorsement deal with K - Swiss worth $500,000 . Hosts and co-hosts ( edit ) The broadcast position for Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila , seen here in season eight . American Ninja Warrior was originally hosted by G4 's American television personality Blair Herter , and actress and former television correspondent Alison Haislip . In the second season , American actor , comedian , and television host Matt Iseman joined the show , replacing Herter . Additionally , Jimmy Smith was brought in as a co-host , while Haislip was the sideline reporter . The panel remained the same throughout season three . For season four , skier Jonny Moseley was brought in as the new co-host , replacing Smith . American journalist , sportscaster , and documentary filmmaker Angela Sun replaced Haislip . For season five , two newcomers were added . Sports analyst and former NFL football player Akbar Gbaja - Biamila replaced Moseley , while ESPN sportscaster and model Jenn Brown replaced Sun as sideline reporter . The season five panel remained the same through the sixth season . For season seven , CBS Sports reporter Kristine Leahy joined the show as the new sideline reporter , replacing Brown . The roster has stayed the same as of season ten , consisting of Iseman , Gbaja - Biamila , and Leahy . Format ( edit ) Potential contestants go through a series of steps before possibly becoming an `` American Ninja Warrior '' . Over 3,500 athletes have attempted to conquer Mount Midoriyama and become one since the series began in 2009 . Contestant eligibility ( edit ) The final obstacle of all city courses , the Warped Wall , seen here in Indianapolis when the course was curved around Monument Circle . There are some requirements contestants must meet before participating at a regional qualifier . Contestants must be legal residents of the United States and be in decent physical shape . There is no upper age limit , though participants must be at least 19 years old ( 21 years old during the first nine seasons ) . Contestants must fill out a 20 - page questionnaire and make a video about themselves . The required length of the video has differed over the years . Submission video length requirements have varied from 2 to 8 minutes , depending on the season . 1,000 people applied to compete in season one , 5,000 people in season six , 50,000 in season seven , 70,000 in season eight , and 77,000 in season nine . Producers then select 100 contestants from the thousands of applicants to participate in each regional qualifier . They also select 20 to 30 `` walk - ons '' who may wait weeks camping outside to get a chance on the course . City qualifying and finals ( edit ) Season nine Cleveland city course filming view from Terminal Tower , looking out to Public Square . In each city qualifier course , the competitors that the producers have selected compete on an obstacle course consisting of six obstacles . Descriptions of each obstacle in each course are provided by the sideline reporter at the beginning of an episode . At the beginning of each run , a buzzer sounds off , allowing a competitor to begin the course . A timer begins simultaneously . The first obstacle on any city qualifying course is the quintuple steps or floating steps , in which competitors must run across . This is followed by four different obstacles that test a competitors balance , upper - body strength and grip . These five obstacles are built above water . If a competitor falls into the water or touches it , their run ends immediately and the timer records their time . Until season nine , the sixth and final obstacle was the 14'6 '' warped wall , in which competitors are given three chances to reach the top . In season ten , the 18 - foot `` Mega Wall '' was introduced adjacent to the warped wall . Competitors have only one attempt to reach the top of the Mega Wall , and if successful , will win $10,000 . However , if unsuccessful , the competitor will only get one attempt at the warped wall . Competitors are given the choice of which to climb . At the top of both walls , there is a buzzer a competitor presses which stops the timer and records their time , ending their run on the course . The top 30 competitors who go the farthest the fastest advance to the city finals course . Since season nine , the top five women also advance to the city finals , regardless if they finished in the top 30 . City finals courses are the follow - up to each city qualifying course . They contain four new obstacles , in addition to the six obstacles featured in the city qualifying course . These four obstacles are all placed after the original six obstacles . As of season ten , two of the original six obstacles are replaced with new obstacles for the city finals course . The top 15 competitors who go the farthest the fastest from each city finals course move on to compete on the National Finals course . As of season nine , the top two women in each city finals course also move on to compete on the National Finals course , even if they do not finish in the top 15 . Small prizes ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 are awarded to first , second , and third finishers who complete the city finals course . Qualifying and finals courses are filmed back - to - back , usually over two nights . Obstacles are designed and produced in the five months prior to an episode taping , with 3 -- 4 new ones per city . In season eight , 18 obstacles were debuted . Los Angeles Miami Dallas Denver Baltimore St. Louis Kansas City Houston Orlando Pittsburgh San Pedro Atlanta Indianapolis Oklahoma City Philadelphia San Antonio Daytona Beach Cleveland Minneapolis Location of city qualifying and finals courses from seasons 1 -- 10 . City timeline ( edit ) City Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Dallas , TX Denver , CO Baltimore , MD St. Louis , MO Kansas City , MO Houston , TX Orlando , FL Pittsburgh , PA San Pedro , CA Atlanta , GA Indianapolis , IN Oklahoma City , OK Philadelphia , PA San Antonio , TX Daytona Beach , FL Cleveland , OH Minneapolis , MN Finals ( edit ) The National Finals takes place at `` Mount Midoriyama '' , the final course for American Ninja Warrior . Located on the Las Vegas Strip , it consists of four stages , each containing various obstacles of increasing difficulty . Competitors must complete all of the 23 obstacles . Should they complete the first three stages , competitors will advance to Stage 4 , where competitors attempt to climb the 75 - foot rope climb , known as Mount Midoriyama , in 30 seconds or less . Should a competitor achieve Total Victory , he or she receives a money prize of $500,000 from season four to season six , and $1,000,000 from season seven . Beginning in season eight , if multiple competitors complete stage 4 , the competitors split the prize money , although in prior years the fastest competitor would receive the full amount . Stage 1 consists of obstacles that test the competitors ' agility and speed . The first stage is timed , and only the competitors who successfully complete it within the time limit of 2 : 30 will advance to Stage 2 . Stage 2 consists of obstacles that test the competitors ' strength and speed . Competitors must complete challenges that strain their upper - body strength ( such as the Salmon Ladder ) without running out of time . Just as in the first stage , only the competitors who successfully finish within the time limit of 4 : 00 move on to Stage 3 . Stage 3 consists of obstacles that test the competitors ' upper body and grip strength . It is the only stage in Mt . Midoriyama that has no time limit . Like Stages 1 and 2 , only the competitors who successfully complete Stage 3 move on . Stage 4 of Mt . Midoriyama is a 75 - foot rope climb . Competitors must complete the rope climb and hit the buzzer in under 30 seconds . Season synopses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The first season of American Ninja Warrior was held in Los Angeles , where hundreds of competitors came to challenge themselves against the course and qualify for a shot at making it to Japan to compete in Sasuke 23 later in the year . The special premiered on December 12 , 2009 , on G4 TV and was hosted by G4 's Blair Herter and Alison Haislip . Notable competitors this season included freerunners Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco , mixed martial artist Jason `` Mayhem '' Miller , and Hollywood stuntman Rich King . Along with competitors on every season , Lorin Ball , Brian Kretsch , Ryan Stratis , and David Campbell . Out of the ten Americans who qualified to compete at Mount Midori in Japan , only Rich King , Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco successfully completed Stage 1 . The majority of the American Ninja Warrior competitors ran out of time or failed the obstacles . Levi Meeuwenberg was the only American competitor to complete Stage 2 . The sole American competitor on Stage 3 fell on the `` Shin - Cliffhanger '' and his run came to an end . Season 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 2 ) The second season premiered on December 8 , 2010 , on G4 , and concluded on December 23 , 2010 after 10 episodes . The city qualifiers were held near the beach in Venice , California , where 300 competitors took on the qualifiers course . 30 competitors advanced to the city finals course . The top 15 competitors in the city finals course then moved on to participate in `` Ninja Warrior Boot Camp '' in Simi Valley , where they competed in a series of team challenges for five days . The 10 finalists then moved on to compete in the season finale as part of Sasuke 26 in Japan . Five competitors completed Stage 1 , while four competitors completed Stage 2 . No competitor made it beyond Stage 3 . David Campbell was the Last Ninja Standing , having gone the farthest the fastest among the American competitors in Sasuke 26 . Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 3 ) The third season began airing on July 31 , 2011 , on G4 and concluded with the finale airing on August 22 , 2011 , as a two - hour primetime special on NBC . Tryouts took place in May 2011 at Venice Beach , California . After the tryouts , the top 15 competitors competed in Ninja Warrior Boot Camp with the top 10 moving on to Japan for the finals of the competition as a part of Sasuke 27 and a chance at becoming the first American to conquer the course and win a $500,000 endorsement deal with K - Swiss . No competitors made it beyond Stage 3 . Season 4 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Competitor auditions being filmed at the entrance of the Northwest Regional in Venice Beach , California during season 4 . Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 4 ) The fourth season of American Ninja Warrior began airing on May 20 , 2012 , on both G4 and NBC . There were six regional competitions held in three locations : Venice Beach ( Southwest and Northwest ) , Dallas ( Midwest and Midsouth ) , and Miami ( Northeast and Southeast ) , that determined the 100 competitors to participate in the qualifying rounds . The winner of the ANW season four competition would receive $500,000 and the coveted `` American Ninja Warrior '' title . The season finale , held in Las Vegas , was the first time that Mount Midori was held on U.S. soil . Submission videos for American Ninja Warrior season 4 had been collected since January 25 , 2012 . The entire format was changed as well -- regional qualifiers in different parts of the country were aired , and the Mt . Midori course was recreated just off the Las Vegas Strip for the national finals . The regional qualifiers would narrow down its selections down to 30 contestants who finished its qualifying course in the fastest time as well as the contestants who finished the furthest the fastest . Qualifying obstacles would include common Stage 1 obstacles such as the Quintuple steps and the Warped wall , but its contents would change from city to city . The 30 contestants were then cut in half in the regional finals where the course would extend to include common Stage 2 and Stage 3 obstacles such as the Salmon Ladder , Cliffhanger and Body Prop . The 100 contestants who qualified ( including wild cards ) earned tickets to Las Vegas to challenge Mt . Midori . Brent Steffensen was the first American to defeat the Ultimate Cliffhanger on Stage 3 , and he made it the farthest that season , falling on the Hang Climb . He was the only competitor to reach Stage 3 in this competition . Season 5 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 5 ) The fifth season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on June 30 , 2013 , on G4 with subsequent shows airing on NBC and G4 . Notably , the sideboard advertising along the course listed Esquire Network as the broadcaster as the fifth season was to premiere after G4 's transition to Esquire on April 22 , 2013 . The network switch was eventually delayed to September 23 , 2013 , and Esquire took over Style Network 's channel space instead . Because of this , additional reruns of the season aired on Saturday nights on NBC through the summer to maintain ratings momentum due to G4 's lame duck status , with ANW being their only new program since they wound down all their original programming in January 2013 . The success of the NBC re-airings led to the series being considered for NBC 's main summer schedule for the next season . Regional competitions were held in Venice Beach , Baltimore , Miami , and Denver . Tryouts for the season began in February 2013 and ended with the last of the regional rounds taking place the following May . The finale was once again held in Las Vegas . No one defeated Stage 3 , but Brian Arnold fell on the last obstacle , the Flying Bar , making him the farthest - going American on the Mount Midori course since Kane Kosugi reached the final stage on Sasuke 8 . Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 6 ) The sixth season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on May 26 , 2014 , on NBC with subsequent shows airing on Monday nights at 9 : 00 pm EST and Tuesday nights at 8 : 00 pm EST on Esquire Network . Regional competitions were held at Venice Beach , Dallas , St. Louis , Miami , and Denver . The season finale was again held in Las Vegas , the permanent home of the U.S. version of Mount Midori . Notable competitors this season included The Biggest Loser personal trainer Kim Lyons , U.S. Olympic gymnasts Jonathan Horton and Terin Humphrey , among others . Female competitor Kacy Catanzaro became the first female to make it up the `` Warped Wall '' in the Dallas Qualifiers . Later in the Dallas Finals , she became the first woman to complete that finals course , in 8 minutes , 59 seconds . Again , no competitor achieved `` total victory '' . Kacy 's run has over ten million views . Joe Moravsky , the `` Weatherman '' , made it farther than anyone on season six , falling on the Hang Climb , where Brent Steffensen failed two years ago . Season 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Many competitors train extensively before a season begins . Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 7 ) The seventh season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on NBC on May 25 , 2015 . This season 's grand prize was increased from $500,000 to $1,000,000 . Qualifying and finals courses were held in Venice Beach , Kansas City , Houston , Orlando , Pittsburgh , as well as a special military - only course in San Pedro . Stage 1 had a total of 38 finishers including Brent Steffensen and Dustin McKinney . In Stage 2 , 30 of the 38 competitors failed . Only eight were remaining in Stage 3 including Drew Dreschel , Abel Gonzalez , Isaac Caldiero , Ian Dory , Jeremiah Morgan , Kevin Bull , Joe Moravsky and Geoff Britten . Only two competitors finished the course : Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten . It was the first time that any American had finished Stage 3 . The season concluded with a victory : Geoff Britten was the first to complete Stage 4 with a second remaining ; however , Isaac Caldiero achieved the Stage 4 rope climb in a faster time and was awarded the grand prize of $1,000,000 and the title of `` American Ninja Warrior '' . Geoff Britten was the first Ninja to complete all six courses in a single season . Season 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The Fly Wheels , the third obstacle during the Indianapolis City Qualifiers and City Finals in season 8 . Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 8 ) Season eight of American Ninja Warrior began on June 1 , 2016 , on NBC , with encore episodes airing the following day on Esquire Network . Regional competitions were held in Los Angeles , Atlanta , Indianapolis , Oklahoma City , and Philadelphia , with 28 new obstacles . Over 40 percent more women registered for season eight compared to the previous season . Additionally , prize money for possible Stage 4 winners would now be split equally among competitors who complete the rope climb in under 30 seconds . In Philadelphia 's city finals , no competitors completed the finals course , a first in American Ninja Warrior history . In Stage 1 of the National Finals , many veterans of the show such as Geoff Britten and Brent Steffensen were eliminated early , while Jessie Graff became the first woman to complete Stage 1 , placing fifth . Tyler Yamauchi became the shortest person ever to complete the Jumping Spider obstacle at 5'1 `` . Only 17 competitors successfully completed Stage 1 , the lowest in ANW history . On Stage 2 , all athletes were eliminated except Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil . During Stage 3 , both Drechsel and Gil could not complete the course . Gil fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger , while Drechsel went the farthest , but fell on the Hang Climb . Contrary to season seven 's multiple winners , no season eight competitor made it past Stage 3 . Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 9 ) Season nine of American Ninja Warrior began on June 12 , 2017 , on NBC ; Esquire Network ended operations fifteen days later on June 27 , thus encore episodes shifted over to NBCSN on non-event nights with this season . The premiere was preceded by a special episode , `` Celebrity Ninja Warrior '' on May 25 , 2017 , the U.S. Red Nose Day , which was followed by a `` USA vs. the World '' special on June 4 . New for season nine , the top five women in each city qualifying course qualified for the city finals course , and the top two women in each city finals qualified for national finals , regardless of their placement overall . Also this season , fans were given the opportunity to design their own obstacles through ANW Obstacle Design Challenge and seven fan - submitted obstacles have been featured on the show . In the national finals , a record 41 competitors successfully completed Stage 1 , including Allyssa Beird , the second woman to complete Stage 1 . On Stage 2 , all athletes were eliminated except Joe Moravsky , Sean Bryan and Najee Richardson . During Stage 3 , none of the three could complete the course . Richardson and Bryan fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger , while Moravsky went the farthest , but failed Time Bomb . As in season eight , no competitor was able to complete Stage 3 . Season 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 10 ) Season ten of American Ninja Warrior began airing on May 30 , 2018 , with new changes including a $10,000 bonus for clearing the new 18 - foot Mega Wall and $100,000 prize money for the `` Last Ninja Standing '' . ANW specials ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) USA vs. the World ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior : USA vs. The World Special Air date Champions Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Hosts Sideline reporter USA vs. Japan January 13 , 2014 Team USA Team Japan N / A N / A Matt Iseman Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Jenn Brown USA vs. The World September 15 , 2014 Team Europe Team USA Team Japan N / A January 31 , 2016 Team USA Team Europe Team Japan N / A Kristine Leahy June 4 , 2017 Team USA Team Europe Team Latin America N / A March 11 , 2018 Team Europe Team USA Team Latin America Team Asia NBC has aired a series of 5 specials in which ANW fan favorites compete in a team against teams of competitors from regions across the world , including Japan , Europe , Latin America , and most recently , Asia . The competitors race on the same course used in the ANW finals . The first special was entitled USA vs. Japan , while the rest have been named USA vs. The World . The inaugural competition was aired on January 13 , 2014 , and was won by Team USA . The second special aired on September 15 , 2014 , and was won by Team Europe . The third special aired on January 31 , 2016 , and was won by Team USA . The fourth international competition was aired on June 4 , 2017 , and was again won by Team USA . The most recent special aired on March 11 , 2018 , and was won by Team Europe . All of the specials have been hosted by Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila . The first two included sideline reporter Jenn Brown . Since the 2016 special , Kristine Leahy has sideline reported . All - stars ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) On May 29 , 2016 , prior to the premiere of season eight , NBC aired a two - hour all - star special in which hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila chose their own all - star teams composed of three veterans , one rookie , and one woman . Teams competed on stages two , three , and four of the regular season finals course , Mt . Midoriyama , as well as competitions on a supersized course by testing their skills in competitions on the giant pegboard , 40 - foot Salmon Ladder , Flying Shelf Grab , and Jump Hang , concluding with a race to the top of the `` Mega '' Warped Wall . The all - star winners were Team Akbar who won the team competition , beating Team Matt 5 - 3 . Additionally , competitor Joe Moravsky completed Stage 2 in a record time of 1 : 08 : 52 . 2017 ( edit ) On February 20 , 2017 , NBC aired a second two - hour all - star special . Like the previous year 's competition , ANW hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila chose their own all - star teams , this year composed of one veteran , one breakout star , and one woman . Team Matt featured Chris Wilczewski , Najee Richardson , and Jesse `` Flex '' Lebreck . Team Akbar featured Grant McCartney , Neil `` Crazy '' Craver , and Meagan Martin . Also , sideline interviewer Kristine Leahy got to pick her own team , which consisted of Jessie Graff , Flip Rodriguez , and Nicholas Coolridge . Teams competed as a relay race to finish sections of stages one , two , and three of the regular season finals course , Mt . Midoriyama . Next , was the skills competition on a supersized course where individual contestants tested their skills in competition on the 75 - feet tall Endless Invisible Ladder , the 4 - story high Super Salmon Ladder , Supersonic Shelf Grab , Striding Steps , and the Mega Wall , which is now 20 feet high . The all - star winners were Team Kristine , who won the team relay race competition , beating Team Matt and last year 's champions Team Akbar . Their highlight of the night was completing Stage 3 in a record time of 5 : 30 : 62 , making this the POM Wonderful Run of the Night . 2018 ( edit ) On May 17 , 2018 , NBC aired a third two - hour all - star special . Like the last two seasons ' competition , ANW hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila , along with Kristine Leahy , chose their own all - star teams , composed of two male veterans , and one female veteran . The reigning champs , Team Kristine ( gray / pink ) featured : Jessie Graff , Flip Rodriguez , and J.J. Woods . Team Matt ( blue ) featured : Jamie Rahn , Lance Pekus , and Jesse LaBreck . However , Team Akbar featured first - time all - stars : Allyssa Beird , Jon Alexis Jr. , and Tyler Yamauchi . For the first half of the special , the athletes competed individuality , earning `` skills medals '' . First was the `` Skills Competition '' , which consisted of who can make it up the Super Salmon Ladder , 4 stories high and 35 rungs in the fastest time . Winner : Sean Bryan ( 19.39 ) . And a test of how far the all - star ninjas can fly on the Wicked Wingnuts obstacle . Winner : Drew Drechsel ( 20 feet ) . They tested their upper body strength by racing head - to - head on the Thunderbolt . Winner : Jamie Rahn . Then , it was a speed and balance challenge on the Striding Steps . Winner : Jake Murray ( 28.76 ) This year , ANW debuted a new obstacle , the Mega Spider Climb , where the eight women all - stars raced side - by - side 80 feet up to the top of the Stage 4 tower . Winner : Jessie Graff , who won the tournament - style Stage 4 competition in a time of 24 : 03 , making this the POM Wonderful Run of the Night . The second half showcased the team competition : Stage 1 featured a relay race through the obstacles course . First racer goes through Snake Run , Propeller Bar and Double Dipper . Next racer tackles the Jumping Spider , Parkour Run and the Warped Wall . And the anchor runs through the Domino Pipes , and the Flying Squirrel . The other two teams compete on Stage 2 for the other spot in the finals . Team Kristine won Stage 1 and got a bye into Stage 3 . Stage 2 featured the Giant Ring Swing , Criss Cross Salmon Ladder , Wave Runner , Swing Surfer , Wingnut Alley and the Wall Flip . Team Matt won and moved onto Stage 3 , which featured Floating Boards , Key Lock Hang , the Nail Clipper , Ultimate Cliffhanger , the Body Prop , Peg Cloud , the Time Bomb and the Floating Bar . The all - star winners were once again Team Kristine , who won the team relay race competition with a time of 6 : 12.06 , beating Team Matt by only 5 seconds ( 6 : 17.96 ) . Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day ( edit ) Celebrity Ninja Warrior features celebrities competing on the American Ninja Warrior course while being coached by ANW favorites . 2017 ( edit ) NBC announced a special entitled Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day which aired on May 25 , 2017 . The course featured modified obstacles : Floating Steps , Cannonball Drop , Fly Wheels , Block Run , Battering Ram , and the Warped Wall . After completing the course , Stephen Amell also completed the Salmon Ladder ( which he performed in a scene on Arrow ) and unsuccessfully attempted a new obstacle , the Swinging Pegboard ; Amell 's run was named the M&M 's `` Run of the Night . '' For every obstacle the celebrities completed , M&M 's and The Rockefeller Foundation pledged to donate $5,000 to Red Nose Day . Celebrities Coaches Stephen Amell Kacy Catanzaro Derek Hough Daniel Gil Erika Christensen David Flip Rodriguez Natalie Morales Grant McCartney Nikki Glaser Jessie Graff Jeff Dye Meagan Martin Mena Suvari Natalie Duran Nick Swisher Drew Dreschel Ashton Eaton Kevin Bull 2018 ( edit ) In March 2018 , NBC announced a second Celebrity Ninja Warrior special will aired during a three - hour U.S. Red Nose Day special on May 24 , 2018 . On April 2 , 2018 , the celebrities competing were announced . Like last year ' competition , ANW hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila , who ran the course this year , were the hosts , along with special correspondent , actress Zooey Deschanel and sideline reporter Kristine Leahy . The course featured six modified obstacles : Floating Steps , Grab Bag , Spinning Bridge , Flying Shelf Grab , Doorknob Drop , and the 14 1 / 2 - foot Warped Wall . Each obstacle a celebrity completed raised $5,000 for Red Nose Day ; earning up to $30,000 for finishing the whole course . A total of $185,000 was raised , courtesy of Comcast . Celebrities Coaches Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Kevin Bull Ne - Yo Drew Dreschel Colton Dunn Natalie Duran Derek Hough Meagan Martin Nikki Bella Grant McCartney Scott Evans Flip Rodriguez Nastia Liukin Barclay Stockett Gregg Sulkin Maggie Thorne ANW competitors in other competitions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following the inception of American Ninja Warrior , ANW competitors have also continued to enter other obstacle course competitions around the world , including Sasuke : Drew Dreschel won the Sasuke ASEAN Open Cup in 2014 in Kuala Lumpur and has advanced to Stage 3 at Sasuke six straight times ( Sasuke 30 - 35 ) . Brent Steffensen advanced to Stage 3 at Sasuke 32 , going out on the Ultra Crazy Cliffhanger . Kacy Catanzaro also competed in Sasuke 32 and replicated her ANW feat of being the first woman up the Warped Wall but timed out on the Lumberjack Climb , the last obstacle of Stage 1 . Jessie Graff competed in Sasuke 34 alongside Dreschel and became only the second woman to complete Stage 1 ( the first being Super Sentai stuntwoman Chie Nishimura ( neé Tanabe ) back in Sasuke 2 in 1998 ) . She then became the first woman to complete Stage 2 and advanced all the way to the Ultra Crazy Cliffhanger in Stage 3 . David Campbell competed in Sasuke Vietnam 2 , the Vietnamese version of the show , in 2016 . He completed the Vietnamese Mount Midoriyama at that edition of Sasuke Vietnam , unofficially becoming the third American to achieve `` Total Victory '' after Britten and Caldiero . It has been confirmed that Campbell will compete in Sasuke Vietnam 4 once again in 2018 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Ninja vs. Ninja ( edit ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja On October 9 , 2015 , Esquire Network announced a spin - off of American Ninja Warrior which would feature 24 three - person teams ( two men and one woman ) of popular ANW alumni , initially titled Team Ninja Warrior . The teams compete head - to - head against each other , running the course simultaneously , thus creating a new live duel dynamic ( including crossing points where the two competitors can affect the other 's progress . ) The two teams with the fastest times advance to the finale where one team will be crowned the winners and receive a cash prize . Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila host alongside actor and journalist , Alex Curry . The series is Esquire Network 's most - watched program in the channel 's history . On May 31 , 2016 , Esquire Network ordered a sixteen - episode second season that also included a five - episode special college edition that had college - aged competitors go head - to - head against rival schools . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Team Ninja Warrior will be moving to sibling cable channel USA Network as Esquire Network winds down its linear channel operations and relaunches as an online only service . The show 's second season premiered proper on April 18. . Ahead of its third season , the show was also re-titled American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja . American Ninja Warrior Junior ( edit ) American Ninja Warrior Junior Genre Sports entertainment Sports competition Presented by Matt Iseman Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Laurie Hernandez Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Arthur Smith Kent Weed Matt Cahoon Camera setup Multiple - camera Production company ( s ) A. Smith & Co . Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Universal Kids Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) External links Website Production website On May 2 , 2018 , the second spin - off of American Ninja Warrior , entitled American Ninja Warrior Junior , was announced . Set to premiere on Universal Kids on October 13 , 2018 , Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila will reprise their roles from ANW as hosts , with Olympic 2016 gold medalist Laurie Hernandez joining as co-host , guiding competitors in head - to - head challenges . The series will feature 200 kids age 9 -- 14 competing along a course of miniature , kid - friendly ANW obstacles such as the warped wall . Similar to ANW , males and females will run along the same course . However , they will be divided into three age groups : 9 -- 10 , 11 -- 12 and 13 -- 14 , with each category coached by fan - favorite athletes : Drew Dreschel , Kevin Bull , Natalie Duran , Meagan Martin , Najee Richardson , and Barclay Stockett . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result ref 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show American Ninja Warrior Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition TV Show American Ninja Warrior Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Reality - Competition Program American Ninja Warrior Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show American Ninja Warrior Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Reality - Competition Program American Ninja Warrior Nominated 2018 Primetime Emmy Awards American Ninja Warrior Pending U.S. nielsen Ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Episodes Premiered Ended Network TV season Season averages ( Live + SD ) Most - watched episode ( millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( millions ) Date Finale viewers ( millions ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating Saturday 6 : 00 pm 8 December 12 , 2009 N / A December 19 , 2009 N / A G4 2009 -- 10 N / A N / A N / A Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 10 December 8 , 2010 N / A December 23 , 2010 N / A 2010 -- 11 N / A N / A N / A Sunday 9 : 00 pm 10 July 31 , 2011 0.38 August 21 , 2011 0.25 2011 0.30 0.1 0.38 Monday 9 : 00 pm 9 May 20 , 2012 6.20 July 23 , 2012 4.87 NBC G4 2012 5.11 1.9 6.78 5 Monday 8 : 00 pm 12 July 1 , 2013 5.04 September 16 , 2013 4.04 2013 5.15 1.6 5.81 6 Monday 9 : 00 pm 14 May 26 , 2014 4.65 September 8 , 2014 5.21 NBC Esquire 2014 5.33 1.8 5.83 7 Monday 8 : 00 pm 15 May 25 , 2015 5.87 September 14 , 2015 6.17 2015 6.54 1.9 7.32 8 13 June 1 , 2016 6.35 September 12 , 2016 5.88 2016 6.28 1.8 7.01 9 15 June 12 , 2017 5.36 September 18 , 2017 5.96 NBC USA 2017 5.86 1.4 6.47 10 Monday 9 : 00 pm 15 May 30 , 2018 5.35 September 10 , 2018 TBD 2018 TBD TBD TBD Notes Jump up ^ The finale broadcast was aired on NBC the next day as a special , with 4.10 million viewers . The viewership number represents the G4 broadcast only . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Australia and New Zealand , the show is broadcast on SBS2 ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , 9Go ! ( 2018 ) , TV3 and Four . On April 25 , 2016 , it was announced Canadian broadcaster CTV picked up American Ninja Warrior for its 2016 summer broadcast schedule . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the show is broadcast on Challenge . In Israel , the show is broadcast on Yes Action . In 2016 Croatian RTL started broadcasting the show . The show is also shown in Finland on Sub-TV . In the Netherlands the show was first broadcast in 2017 on SBS 6 , where their own Ninja Warrior NL has been broadcast . See also ( edit ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge Ultimate Beastmaster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Nikki ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Director Patrick McManus on creating the pieces of the American Ninja Warrior puzzle '' . American NInja Warrior Nation . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior ( a Titles & Air Dates Guide ) '' . Epguides.com. 2015 - 06 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` G4 Announces New Competition Series `` American Ninja Warrior , '' Taking America 's Top 10 Competitors to Japan to Take on the World Famous Sasuke Obstacle Course `` . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Announces Three New and Returning Series Premieres for Summer 2012 Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior 4 Seasons 2013 '' . amazon.com . Amazon . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior 4 Seasons 2013 '' . amazon.com . Amazon . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` G4 Announces Season Two of `` American Ninja Warrior '' `` . The Futon Critic . July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Nikki ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` The evolution of American Ninja Warrior : Seasons 1 - 4 '' . American Ninja Warrior Nation . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hosting Resume '' . jonnymoseley.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' returning with new hosts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' Taps New Co-Host for Season 7 . ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' America Ninja Warrior '' Selects Host Cities for Upcoming Summer Season `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Conversation : ' American Ninja Warrior ' Geoff Britten on winning the game show '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior 8 '' . Anwcasting.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alex Garofalo ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' Tryouts 2015 : How To Get Cast On Season 7 '' . Ibtimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Kelly . `` 9 Fierce Facts About ' American Ninja Warrior ' '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chapin , Adele ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Why Does Everyone Want to Become an American Ninja Warrior ? '' . racked.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' If It Were Easy , It Would n't Be Interesting , ' Say ' Ninja Warrior ' Producers '' . NPR . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nikki ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` American Ninja Warrior producers and hosts discuss the show 's exponential growth '' . American Ninja Warrior Nation . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' Season 8 's Biggest Obstacle : Compensation For The Athletes '' . IBTimes . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nikki ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` The fine points of American Ninja Warrior course evolution '' . American Ninja Warrior Nation . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` American Ninja Warrior '' Makes History with First Winner `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When is the Premiere Date of American Ninja Warrior Season 8 ? '' . waitwith.us . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( 2011 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' storms Japan 's Mount Midoriyama '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( 2011 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' storms Japan 's Mount Midori '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 2011 ) . `` A ' Ninja Warrior ' Upgrade Into Network Prime Time '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` G4 and NBC Partner to Broadcast New Season of ' American Ninja Warrior ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ishimoto , Moye ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` American Ninja Warrior Tryouts Begin -- Calling All Aspiring Ninjas For Season 5 ! '' . G4 Media . The Feed . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finals for ' American Ninja Warrior ' Denver auditions slated for Monday night '' . Gannett Company . KUSA ( TV ) . May 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior Official Site - Esquire Network '' . esquire.com . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Katie ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Night 2 of ' American Ninja Warrior ' Vegas finals made Jessie Graff 's run shine even brighter '' . espn.com/espnw . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' AMERICAN NINJA WARRIOR '' ( X ) `` ALL STARS '' ORIGINAL `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` American Ninja Warrior 2016 Results : Recap from May 29 Episode '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' : New celebrity edition will feature Derek Hough , Stephen Amell and more '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hardwick Returns to Host NBC 's Highly Anticipated Fourth Annual `` Red Nose Day Special '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough , NE - YO , Nikki Bella and More Take on Obstacle Course on `` Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day '' to Raise Money For Charity `` . The Futon Critic. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nikki ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` American Ninja Warrior David Campbell scores total victory in Sasuke Vietnam '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Esquire Network orders New High - Octane Competition Series `` Team Ninja Warrior '' `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' American Ninja Warrior ' Spinoff to Premiere in January & More '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cast & Crew '' . tv.esquire.com . Esquire Network . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Esquire Network Announces Second Season of Hit Series `` Team Ninja Warrior '' `` . TheFuton Critic . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Team Ninja Warrior ' Moving To USA As Sibling Esquire Shuts Down Linear Service - Deadline Hollywood ( published March 6 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Kids runs with American Ninja Warrior Junior '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior Junior ' Sets Premiere Date , Adds Olympian Laurie Hernandez as Co-Host ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2015 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NOMINEES & WINNERS '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy ® Awards Nominations Announcement July 14 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . emmys.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy ® Awards Nominations Announcement July 14 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . emmys.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 70th Emmy Awards Nominations Announcements July 12 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` True Blood '' Still on Top for HBO `` . The Futon Critic . August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : Season Highs for `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians , '' `` True Blood '' `` . The Futon Critic . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Weekly Ratings - `` America 's Got Talent '' and `` American Ninja Warrior '' Lead Network 's Primetime Week of May 21 - 27 `` . The Futon Critic . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Summer 2012 Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpotVault - American Ninja Warrior ( NBC ) - Summer 2013 Ratings '' . Spotted Ratings . July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Summer 2014 Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Season Eight Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals end with a bang : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Season Nine Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ready , Set , Leap ! AMERICAN NINJA WARRIOR Joins CTV 's 2016 Summer Schedule '' . OttawaCitizen.com . Postmedia Network Inc . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Ninja Warrior . Official website American Ninja Warrior Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hosts Current Matt Iseman Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Kristine Leahy Former Jenn Brown Jonny Moseley Angela Sun Alison Haislip Blair Herter Contestants Geoff Britten Isaac Caldiero David Campbell Kacy Catanzaro Brandon Denson Evan Dollard Zach Gowen Jessie Graff Jonathan Horton Joe Moravsky April Steiner Bennett Related American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja American Ninja Warrior : USA vs. The World American Ninja Challenge Category WikiCommons Ninja Warrior Versions Japan Sasuke ( men ) Competitions ( men ) Kunoichi ( women ) USA American Ninja Challenge American Ninja Warrior 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ninja vs. Ninja UK Ninja Warrior UK Indonesia Sasuke Ninja Warrior Indonesia Australia Australian Ninja Warrior Events Warped wall ( soritatsu kabe ) International competition American Ninja Warrior : USA vs. The World Category NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. 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Arrow (TV series)
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Arrow ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Arrow ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the television series Arrows ( TV series ) or The Arrow . For other uses of `` Arrow '' , see Arrow ( disambiguation ) . Arrow Season one title card Genre Superhero fiction Drama Action Crime Mystery Based on Characters from DC Comics Developed by Greg Berlanti Marc Guggenheim Andrew Kreisberg Starring Stephen Amell Katie Cassidy Colin Donnell David Ramsey Willa Holland Susanna Thompson Paul Blackthorne Emily Bett Rickards Colton Haynes Manu Bennett John Barrowman Echo Kellum Josh Segarra Rick Gonzalez Juliana Harkavy Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 137 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Nutter ( pilot ) Sarah Schechter Wendy Mericle Andrew Kreisberg Marc Guggenheim Greg Berlanti Beth Schwartz Producer ( s ) J.P. Finn Wendy Mericle Todd Pittson Ben Sokolowski Keto Shimizu Glen Winter James Bamford Jon Wallace Jennifer Lence Carl Ogawa Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Glen Winter Gordon Verheul Gregory Middleton C. Kim Miles Corey Robson Editor ( s ) Kristin Windell Andi Armaganian Paul Karasik Jessie Murray Thomas Wallerstein Carol Slutz Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Arrowverse External links Official website Production website Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by writer / producers Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , and Andrew Kreisberg . It is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow , a costumed crime - fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp . It premiered in the United States on The CW on October 10 , 2012 , with international broadcasting taking place in late 2012 . Primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , the series follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , five years after being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow . The series takes a new look at the Green Arrow character , as well as other characters from the DC Comics universe . Although Oliver Queen / Green Arrow had been featured in the television series Smallville from 2006 to 2011 , on the CW , the producers decided to start clean and find a new actor to portray the character . Arrow focuses on the humanity of Oliver Queen , and how he was changed by time spent shipwrecked on an island . Most episodes in the first five seasons have flashback scenes to the five years in which Oliver was missing . Arrow has received generally positive reviews from critics . The series averaged about 3.68 million viewers over the course of the first season and received several awards and multiple nominations . To promote it , a preview comic book was released before the television series began , while webisodes featuring a product tie - in with Bose were developed for the second season . The first five seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray in regions 1 , 2 and 4 ; a series of soundtracks was also released . In October 2014 , a spin - off series entitled The Flash premiered . In August 2015 , an animated spin - off , Vixen , was released , while a second live - action spin - off , Legends of Tomorrow , premiered in January 2016 , featuring several characters from Arrow and The Flash . All four shows are set in a shared universe collectively known as the Arrowverse . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a sixth season , which debuted on October 12 , 2017 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a seventh season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Costume design 3.3 Music 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Other media 6.1 Digital comics 6.2 Blood Rush 6.3 Video games 6.4 Novels 7 Home release 8 Crossover with Constantine 9 Arrowverse 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Arrow episodes This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBA TBA The series follows Oliver Queen , billionaire playboy of Starling City , who is discovered on the mysterious island of Lian Yu five years after he and his father were shipwrecked . Upon his return to Starling City , he is reunited with his mother , Moira Queen , his sister , Thea Queen , and his friends , Tommy Merlyn and Laurel Lance . In the first season , Oliver rekindles relationships and spends nights as a hooded vigilante hunting wealthy criminals listed in his father 's notebook . He uncovers Malcolm Merlyn 's plot to destroy `` The Glades '' , a poorer , crime - ridden section of the city . John Diggle and Felicity Smoak assist Oliver 's crusade . Oliver also reconnects with old flame Dinah Laurel Lance , who blames him for her sister 's death . The season features flashbacks to Oliver 's first year on the island , and how it changed him , while trying to stop a mercenary force targeting the Chinese economy . In season two , Oliver has vowed to stop killing criminals . His family and allies are attacked by Slade Wilson , a man from Oliver 's time on the island who returns to destroy his life . Oliver accepts aspiring vigilante Roy Harper as his protégé , and gains assistance from Laurel 's father , Quentin . Oliver also teams with a woman in black , who is revealed to be Laurel 's sister , Sara , who also survived the shipwreck . Flashbacks depict Oliver 's continued time on the island with Slade , Sara , and the archer Shado , along with the origins of his feud with Slade . In season three , Oliver 's company Queen Consolidated is sold to businessman , scientist and aspiring hero Ray Palmer . After Sara is found murdered , Oliver becomes embroiled in a conflict with Ra 's al Ghul . He struggles to reconnect with his sister , who knows Malcolm is her father , and Laurel sets out to follow Sara as the Black Canary . Meanwhile , Diggle struggles as a family man and Felicity becomes Vice President of Palmer Technologies ( formerly Queen Consolidated ) . In flashbacks , Oliver is forced to work for A.R.G.U.S. leader Amanda Waller in Hong Kong ; he and Tatsu Yamashiro work to stop corrupt general Matthew Shrieve from unleashing a pathogen , which Ra 's al Ghul acquires in the present . In season four , Oliver ends a short retirement and becomes the `` Green Arrow '' . His team fights the terrorist group H.I.V.E. , headed by the mystically enhanced Damien Darhk , who is attacking Star City ( formerly Starling City ) . Diggle discovers his brother Andy is alive and a H.I.V.E. soldier ; Thea works with Oliver as `` Speedy '' , but with a violent temper ; and Laurel attempts to resurrect Sara using the Lazarus Pit . Oliver 's life as a vigilante and with Felicity are complicated by his mayoral run and the discovery of his son . Laurel dies in a fight with Damien , and Oliver discovers his plan to detonate nuclear weapons and rule the Earth 's remains . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to Lian Yu to infiltrate Shadowspire for Waller , and encounters a mystical idol used by Darhk in the present - day narrative . In season five , Oliver trains young heroes Wild Dog , Mister Terrific , Artemis , and Ragman to join his war on crime following Laurel 's death and Thea 's resignation . He also recruits a new Black Canary ; former police detective Dinah Drake . Oliver tries to balance vigilantism with his new role as mayor , yet is threatened by the mysterious and deadly Prometheus , who has a connection to Oliver 's past . Oliver is also forced to contend with Prometheus ' ally Black Siren , a twisted doppelganger of Laurel Lance with a sonic scream . In flashbacks , Oliver joins the Bratva in Russia as part of a plot to assassinate Konstantin Kovar . There , he meets and is trained by Talia al Ghul , as a hooded archer , before returning to Lian Yu . In season six , after an explosive battle on Lian Yu , Oliver must balance being a vigilante , the mayor , and a father to his son William . At the same time , new enemies emerge , initially led by hacker Cayden James , who puts together a team with drug dealer Ricardo Diaz , metahuman vigilante Vincent Sobel , Russian mobster Anatoli Knyazev , and Black Siren . As James loses control of his cabal , Ricardo Diaz comes to the fore , announcing to Green Arrow his scheme to take over Star City 's criminal underworld and control the city 's political infrastructure , all while Oliver must contend with his former teammates forming a rival team . Cast and characters ( edit ) This section consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the section to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : List of Arrow characters and List of Arrowverse cast members Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Arrow / Green Arrow , a billionaire playboy turned hooded vigilante - hero who is initially known as the `` Hood '' , `` Vigilante '' , and simply `` Arrow '' . He is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . He survives on an isolated island for five years after the sinking of his father 's yacht . Oliver returns to his home city with a mission -- to right the wrongs of his father and save the city from the crime that has grown in his absence . Amell was one of the first actors to audition for the role , and Kreisberg felt that he `` hit the target from the outset '' and `` everyone else just paled in comparison '' . The actor , who was already in shape from Rent - a-Goalie , did physical fitness training at Tempest Freerunning Academy in Reseda , California . Amell received archery training as well , which included watching a video on how archery has been displayed inaccurately or poorly in television and film before learning the basics of shooting a bow . For Amell , the appeal of portraying Queen was that he saw multiple roles tied to the same character : `` There 's Queen the casual playboy ; Queen the wounded hero ; Queen the brooding Hamlet ; Queen the lover ; Queen the man of action , and so on ''. Amell also portrays Oliver 's Earth - X doppelganger , Dark Arrow in the sixth season . Katie Cassidy as Laurel Lance / Black Canary / Black Siren , based on the DC Comics character of the same name , an attorney turned vigilante and former girlfriend of Oliver Queen . Like Oliver , Laurel fights for the people of Starling City . In the first season , she works for a non-profit legal office that helps people in need . In the second season , she became assistant district attorney , but in the second half of the third season , she became a vigilante taking her late sister 's place as Black Canary . Cassidy said she was drawn to the show by Berlanti , Nutter , Kreisberg , and Guggenheim , whom she called smart , creative , and edgy . Cassidy sees her character as a `` caregiver '' to her family , which led her to become an attorney . She said , `` I think that she 's very , very driven , and she has a huge heart ( ... ) she 's sensitive . She has really strong morals and values , and she expects everybody to live up to them the way that she does '' . She dies near the end of the fourth season , leaving Oliver to blame himself . Oliver reveals her identity to the people of Star City to honor her memory . Cassidy makes subsequent guest appearances in flashbacks , a dream sequence , and as Black Siren , her doppelganger from the parallel world of Earth - 2 , first introduced on The Flash . Cassidy was promoted back to series regular for the sixth season and appears as the Earth - 2 version of the character . Colin Donnell as Tommy Merlyn , Oliver 's best friend , who eventually learns of Oliver 's secret life as a vigilante . Like Oliver , Tommy has romantic feelings for Laurel . His father is Malcolm Merlyn . Tommy dies saving Laurel at the end of the first season 's finale , leaving Oliver and Laurel to cope with his loss . Donnell reprises his role as Tommy Merlyn as hallucination during the second season and in flashbacks in the third season . He also portrayed Tommy 's Earth - X doppelganger , Prometheus in the sixth season . David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan , Oliver 's partner , confidant , and bodyguard , who becomes a vigilante superhero with armor and hi - tech gear . Diggle is ex-military , and works to have Oliver channel his abilities into helping others in the city , and not just taking down the wealthy , corrupt businessmen that worked with Oliver 's father . Named after comic book writer Andy Diggle , and created specifically for the show , Diggle was designed to be Oliver 's `` equal in many respects '' . Guggenheim further explained that Diggle 's mutual abilities are a means of setting him up early in the series as a confidant for Oliver 's vigilante persona.In the fourth season , Diggle becomes Spartan , after the events of the third season finale . In the sixth season , Diggle temporarily becomes Green Arrow after Oliver retires from vigilantism , before donning the Spartan mantle again . He later leaves Team Arrow after he loses faith in Oliver 's leadership skills and joins A.R.G.U.S. Willa Holland as Thea Queen / Speedy , Oliver 's younger sister ; based on a DC Comics character with similar traits . Thea develops a drug habit early in season one , but gets clean after criminal charges are brought against her for driving while under the influence . In season two , she learns that Malcolm Merlyn is her biological father , and begins training with him at the start of season three . In the third season , Thea learns Oliver 's secret and eventually joins his team . In the fourth season , Thea uses Oliver 's nickname for her , Speedy , as her hero identity , which is based on the DC Comics character Mia Dearden . In season 5 , Thea becomes Oliver 's chief of staff as in the Star City mayor 's office . After appearing in only a few episodes in the fifth and sixth seasons , Holland exited the series as a regular . Guggenheim stated that the door is always open for Holland to reprise her role as Thea . Susanna Thompson as Moira Queen , Oliver and Thea 's mother . Moira is revealed to also be part of the secret organization her late husband was involved with , which is making plans to bring down the city as a means of rebuilding it in the image of the organization 's leader . She is murdered at the end of season two . Thompson reprises her role as Moira Queen , making two guest appearances , one as a hallucination in the main crossover event , `` Invasion ! '' , and in a flashback of the fifth season 's finale . Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance , Laurel and Sara 's father , and Starling City police detective . The character is based on the DC Comics character , Larry Lance , who was also a detective , and husband to Dinah Drake Lance and father to Dinah Laurel Lance . Lance blames Oliver for the presumed death of his daughter , Sara , as she was with him on his family yacht when it sank . In season one , Lance is also out to capture the vigilante , who he sees as a menace to the city for the vigilante 's willingness to break the law and kill in the pursuit of stopping crime . In season 2 , Lance is demoted to beat cop and is now more accepting of the vigilante 's actions to the point of teaming up with him when needed . In season 3 , Lance is promoted to police captain but can no longer be active in the field due to his heart condition . In season 5 , Lance is dismissed from the police but later becomes Star City 's deputy mayor . Blackthorne will not return as series regular for the seventh season . Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak , the IT technician at Queen Consolidated who has become part of Oliver 's vigilante team assisting them with her expertise in computer science and hacker skills . Like Diggle , Felicity also serves as Oliver 's friend and confidante . Rickards was promoted to a series regular for season two , after being a recurring character throughout season one . The character is later given the codename ' Overwatch ' and begins a romantic relationship with Oliver . They first become engaged early in season 4 , but break off their engagement mid-season . They later reconcile early in season 6 , and are later married by John Diggle , alongside Barry and Iris . Colton Haynes as Roy Harper / Arsenal , a character based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Initially a petty thief , Roy was befriended by Thea , and subsequently dated her for a period of time . Roy is fascinated by the hooded vigilante , and eventually becomes his protégé . Haynes was moved to series regular status at the beginning of season two , following his recurring appearance in the first season . Haynes left the series at the end of season three after his contract ended , and later appears as a guest star in the fourth and sixth seasons . He later attributed his departure from the series to his mental and physical health at that time . Haynes is set to return as a regular for the show 's seventh season . Manu Bennett as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke , a mercenary and international terrorist . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Slade is an ASIS agent who teamed up with Oliver during his time on the island . In season two , Slade arrives in Starling City to kill Oliver and his family to avenge events that occurred on the island . Bennett was initially cast as a recurring character for season one , before receiving series regular status during season two . Slade returns at the end of season five to help Oliver free his friends from Adrian Chase . He again returns in the early episodes of season six . John Barrowman as Malcolm Merlyn / Dark Archer , a wealthy businessman who is the father of Tommy Merlyn and Thea Queen . He serves as Oliver Queen 's nemesis . Fueled by his sorrow and anger at the murder of his wife , Rebecca during a mugging in the crime - infested area of Starling City called `` the Glades '' , Malcolm left his then eight - year - old son Tommy , and departed Starling City to `` forge his pain and anger into something more '' . For two years , he was trained in Nanda Parbat by Al - Owal of the League of Assassins . Merlyn took the name `` The Magician '' ( Arabic : الساحر Al Sa - Her ) . He was the first person to receive permission from Ra 's al Ghul to leave the organization , on the condition that he obey the League 's codes . Upon returning to Starling City , Malcolm forms an organization called the Tempest and plots to completely destroy the Glades . Events eventually lead to Merlyn leading the League of Assassins and taking on the mantel of `` Ra 's al Ghul '' . Malcolm sabotaged Oliver 's family yacht , and is thus responsible for Robert Queen 's death and indirectly the creation of Oliver 's and Sara Lance 's vigilante alter egos . Malcolm is apparently killed by Oliver in the first - season finale , but his plan to destroy the Glades still succeeds . He is based on the DC Comics character Merlyn . After being a recurring guest star for the first two seasons , Barrowman became a series regular in season three . He later returns at the end of season five to help Oliver free Thea and the rest of Team Arrow from Adrian Chase , and sacrifices himself to help Thea and her friends escape . Echo Kellum as Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Holt is a technological savant , inventor and medal - winning Olympic decathlete , who works with Felicity at Palmer Technologies . He helps her rescue Ray Palmer from Damien Darhk . Kellum was upgraded to series regular in the fifth season . Josh Segarra as Adrian Chase / Prometheus , based on the DC Comics characters Adrian Chase and Prometheus . Chase is the new Star City district attorney who helps Oliver Queen as mayor clean up the streets through the legal system . As Prometheus , he is a ruthless hooded archer who kills , and has a grudge against the Green Arrow and is aware of his identity . It is later revealed that Chase 's given name is Simon Morrison . He commits suicide at the end of season five to kill Oliver 's friends on Lian Yu . Segarra makes a guest appearance in the sixth season as a hallucination of Oliver Rick Gonzalez as Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog : A dishonorably discharged marine who has an estranged daughter . His ex-wife is deceased . He left Team Arrow after being kicked off by Oliver . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary : She was an undercover detective in Central City and was there the night of the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator malfunction and gained sonic screaming as a result . She later joins Oliver 's team . Dinah leaves Team Arrow after some trust issues with Oliver . Based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2012 , The CW was preparing a new series centered around the character Green Arrow , developed by Andrew Kreisberg , Greg Berlanti and Marc Guggenheim . A week later , the series , now known as Arrow , was ordered to pilot , which was directed by David Nutter , who also directed the pilot for Smallville , a series following Clark Kent on his journey to become Superman . At the end of the month , Stephen Amell was cast in the titular role of Oliver Queen . When developing the series , producer Marc Guggenheim expressed that the creative team wanted to `` chart ( their ) own course , ( their ) own destiny '' , and avoid any direct connections to Smallville , which featured its own Green Arrow / Oliver Queen ( Justin Hartley ) , opting to cast a new actor in the role of Oliver Queen . Unlike Smallville , the series does not initially feature super-powered heroes and villains . Instead , the team took inspiration from Smallville , as one of the main themes of Arrow was to `` look at the humanity '' of Oliver Queen , as Smallville had done with Clark Kent . The decision not to include superpowers was , in part , based on the executives ' desire to take a realistic look at the characters in this universe . Production on the pilot began in March 2012 in Vancouver , which would continue to act as the primary filming location for the series . The series ' skyline shots use a combination of footage from Frankfurt , Germany , Center City , Philadelphia , Baltimore , Maryland , Back Bay , Boston , and Tokyo , Japan . The series was given a full season pick up on October 22 , 2012 . `` I think the idea is to -- not all the time , and not with a set regularity -- but I think it is critical to explore how he went from the person that he was when he left the island -- which is extremely different : he 's spoiled , he 's entitled , he 's a bit of a jerk -- and he comes off it something very , very different . So we 're going to explore how he gets there . '' -- Stephen Amell on the use of flashback storytelling . Arrow features two storylines : one in the present , and the other , shown in flashback , during Oliver 's time on the island five years before his rescue . These flashbacks are used to illustrate how Oliver transformed into the man that returns to Starling City . Filming for the island flashbacks takes place in Vancouver 's Whytecliff Park area , near beachfront homes . Much planning is required to keep the buildings out of camera frame . Guggenheim said , `` Stephen ( Amell ) has to wear a wig , and his look has to be changed ... there 's a lot . It 's actually incredibly ambitious to do these flashbacks every week , every single episode . Because like Andrew ( Kreisberg ) said , it 's almost like it 's its own show . '' Regarding the flashbacks after the fifth season , Guggenheim and Mericle stated that the series would explore flashbacks from other character 's perspectives , such as Curtis Holt , along with the possibility of flashfowards . Guggenheim said , `` We still want to make ( flashbacks ) part of our storytelling , because we do like them . We like when those non-island flashbacks sort of illuminate what 's going on in the present day . That 'll always be a part of the show and a part of the show 's storytelling structure . It just wo n't be telling a serialized story . '' The series develops relationship triangles : some love triangles , others designed to catch characters in `` philosophical debates '' . Kreisberg provides one such example : `` Every week , Oliver will be facing a bad guy , but the truth is , his real nemesis is Detective Lance , who 's trying to bring him into justice. ( ... ) His daughter is going to be caught in the middle , because she loves and respects her father , and she 's always believed in what he believed , but at the same time , she 's going to see this dark urban legend out there that 's actually doing a lot of good ; the kind of good that she wants to be doing in her role as a legal aid attorney . '' Learning from previous experiences working in television , the producers worked early on identifying the major story arcs for the series , specifically the first season , including `` mapping out '' how to accomplish them . Taking inspiration from Christopher Nolan 's Batman film series , the creative team decided to `` put it all out there '' and `` not hold back '' from episode to episode . The team strives to include various DC Comics characters and aspects of the DC universe . Guggenheim cited Big Belly Burger , a restaurant franchise introduced in the Superman comics , which appears in Arrow 's third episode and onward . Kreisberg said , `` There are so many characters in the DC Universe who have n't gotten their due in TV and film . We 're so excited to reach into ( the DC comics ) roster and take some of these lesser - known characters that are beloved by fans , and do our spin on the characters . '' Ahead of the 100th episode , Guggenheim talked about the commitment to quality the series strived for , stating , `` We never skimped on the writing , the production or in the post-process going , ' This is going to be one of those stinkers , we might as well cut our losses and move on . ' We worked as hard as we possibly can on the scripts . If episodes have come in bad , we reshoot ... Even in season 5 , we have no problems with doing reshoots , or pickups , or anything we need to do to make each episode as successful as it can possibly be . '' He also noted his biggest regret in the series was `` I wish we had allowed the Oliver - Felicity storyline in season 4 to unfold at a more natural pace . We had set these tentpoles at the beginning of the season , and we were a bit too rigorous on how we hit them . That was a case where the planning overtook the storytelling . We did n't do things as naturally and as elegantly as we should have . '' Costume design ( edit ) The Arrow costume , worn by Stephen Amell , during the first season . The realistic approach to the series included the costume design for Oliver 's vigilante persona , created by Colleen Atwood . According to Amell , it was important for the suit to be functional , and the best way that he knew for that was if he could put the costume on by himself : `` If I can put it on by myself , I think that people will buy it . And that was our idea . That 's our world . '' In the second half of season two , Oliver replaces his `` paint '' mask with a domino mask , similar to one worn by the character in the comics . The change is addressed on - screen , with Kreisberg saying , `` He does n't just put on a mask . It 's actually a big plot point in an episode , and there really is a story behind , not only the need for the mask but also who provides him with it . '' On adding the mask now , Kreisberg stated that , `` Conceptually , it was something we wanted to do because Oliver himself is evolving as the Arrow -- from vigilante to hero , sort of from Arrow to Green Arrow -- and we wanted to see that progression in his costume as well . As Oliver is embracing being a hero , being a hero means stepping out of the dark and being more of a symbol , so he has to take steps to conceal his identity more . '' He added that it will `` allow the Arrow to interact with people who do n't know his identity in a much more organic way than having him constantly keep his head down . '' Costume designer Maya Mani put together roughly 50 mask options for the producers . Kreisberg said , `` What 's so wonderful about the design that Maya came up with is that it really is very simple , and it feels as if it 's been part of his costume since the beginning ... once we finally had this mask and put it on Stephen ( Amell ) , even Stephen was like , ' This is the right one . ' '' In the episode `` Three Ghosts '' , Oliver receives the mask from Barry Allen , who is able to create a mask that will help conceal his identity , while still being functional and allowing Oliver to see clearly . Music ( edit ) To compose the score for Arrow , executive producer Greg Berlanti invited Blake Neely , with whom he had first worked on Everwood . Neely created a score that combined electronic and orchestral cues , varying between action themes and romantic ones . Berlanti told Neely the series would be dark , and the music should be as well . After reading the pilot script , Neely went away to start composing on his own . According to Neely , `` Of course , Oliver has his main theme but also sub-themes for the many layers of his character . He and Laurel have a love theme . Mom had a theme for the Undertaking . The bad guys all have themes , which makes it sad for me when one of them dies . So I try not to become attached to bad guy themes . Diggle has a theme . Even the Island itself has a theme . '' A soundtrack for season one was released on September 17 , 2013 by WaterTower Music . Two versions of a soundtrack for season two were released on September 16 , 2014 by WaterTower Music and La La Land Records ; the compact disc release includes two exclusive tracks not available on the digital release . On December 18 , 2014 , WaterTower Music and La La Records released a selection of music from The Flash / Arrow crossover episodes , as well as two bonus tracks from their respective 2014 midseason finales . The Season 3 soundtrack was released in December 2015 , consisting of 2 discs for the first time ( previous albums consisted on one CD ) . Broadcast ( edit ) Arrow premiered on The CW network from October 10 , 2012 , during the 2012 -- 13 television season . In Canada , the show is broadcast simultaneously on the same day as the United States . The show premiered outside North America throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland , on October 22 , 2012 . In Australia , the series premiered on May 1 , 2013 , on the Nine Network , before moving to Foxtel for the fourth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season one received favorable reviews , with a Metacritic score of 73 out of 100 , based on reviews from 25 critics , making it the highest rated CW show in five years . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes calculated an approval rating of 86 % , based on 35 reviews , for the first season . The site 's consensus reads : `` The CW nails the target with Arrow , a comic book - inspired series that benefits from cinematic action sequences , strong plotting , and intriguing characters . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times called the series an interesting setup with a quality look , describing Amell as `` a poster boy ( no doubt literally ) for the Katniss Everdeen set . '' Brian Lowry at Variety described the series as a `` handsome but stiff surrogate for Batman that could benefit from sharper execution . '' In reviewing the final episode of season one , Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave the season as a whole a rating of B+ , noting that the show `` has n't quite figured everything out yet , but it 's had some standout episodes . '' Season two received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike , for the action sequences , storytelling , performances of the cast , drama , and the portrayal of Slade Wilson . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating based on 11 reviews , with the cite 's consensus reading : `` The second season of Arrow boasts more fantastic action , as well as a widening cast of intriguing , richly written characters . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the first half of season two a rating of B+ , saying , `` Arrow possesses an intelligence that shines through its TV - budget production values , which are n't too shabby . The writing is adult and witty , the action is exciting , and Amell holds the center with well - cultivated ease . '' The A.V. Club 's Carrie Raisler gave the first half of season two a rating of A - . She said , `` Arrow ( has ) officially established itself as one of the most satisfying shows on television . The most satisfying thing of all is that it did so by respecting its characters ... ( Arrow respects ) the character 's comic - book roots in its overarching plotlines , all while using the network - appropriate soap - opera stories to do the heavy character lifting . '' Despite a strong critical start for the season three premiere , the second half of season three has met with criticism , particularly for its preoccupation with romance , leading to accusations of the show `` devolving into a CW fever dream '' and `` turning Star City into Dawson 's Creek '' and becoming a ' soap opera ' . After the conclusion of Oliver Queen and Felicity Smoak 's longterm romance , the flashback sequences were characterized sporadic and `` superfluous '' , with Ra 's al Ghul described as a `` shallow '' and `` underutilized '' villain `` absent of clear antagonism '' , although Matt Nable was generally praised for his portrayal of the character . Furthermore , while parallels to Batman had always existed in the show , the use of such a major character from Batman 's rogues gallery and the essential application of the `` Daughter of the Demon '' and several other Batman and Ra 's al Ghul storylines applied to Oliver Queen came under particular fire from viewers , who accused the show of `` ripping off '' Batman . The season finale was described as `` dull '' , `` lacking scope '' , and `` underwhelming '' by IGN 's Jesse Schedeen in light of the `` high standard '' the show had previously established for its finales . He cemented the mixed reception of season three as being `` haphazardly paced '' and `` struggling to develop a clear sense of direction '' . The third season holds a score of 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews , with the cite 's consensus concluding : `` Arrow stays on target with new characters and a steady supply of exciting action . '' The fourth season received mixed reviews . The season earned a strong critical start , with praise given to the action scenes and Neal McDonough 's performance as Damien Darhk . However , the second half of the season received increasingly negative reviews for its mundane flashbacks , lack of narrative focus , and formulaic season finale . Ryan Fleming , of Deadbeatspanel.com noted that Arrow was `` honoring the comics , but it is n't beholden to them . Characters ... have been introduced , but they are n't exact replicas of their comic counterparts . Instead , the characters tend to be loosely connected . '' Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter noted the presence of the character Thea `` Speedy '' Queen as one of the larger departures from the comics in the series , as well as the character 's early willingness to kill . Comic Book Resources 's Kevin Melrose has also noted the series tendency to have loose connections to the source material . Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 100 % rating based on 13 reviews , with a critic consensus reading : `` Season four of Arrow flourishes with a refreshing new tone , a thrilling new villain , and a gripping story arc . '' The fifth season has received critical acclaim from fans and critics alike , giving praise for the performances of Stephen Amell and Josh Segarra , action sequences , storytelling , and the season finale . IGN gave Season 5 a score of 8.7 out of 10 , stating that the it `` managed to overcome them and recapture a lot of what made the show so memorable in its first two seasons . '' Rotten Tomatoes reported a score of 93 % based on 14 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 23 October 10 , 2012 4.14 May 15 , 2013 2.77 2012 -- 13 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 2.74 May 14 , 2014 2.37 2013 -- 14 128 3.28 TBD 23 October 8 , 2014 2.83 May 13 , 2015 2.83 2014 -- 15 135 3.52 1.3 23 October 7 , 2015 2.67 May 25 , 2016 2.19 2015 -- 16 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 1.87 May 24 , 2017 1.72 2016 -- 17 147 2.21 0.8 6 Thursday 9 : 00 pm 23 October 12 , 2017 1.52 May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Jump up ^ The eighth episode of the season aired on Monday as part of the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' crossover event . Arrow 's premiere episode drew 4.14 million viewers , making it The CW 's most - watched telecast of any show on any night in three years , and The CW 's most - watched series premiere since The Vampire Diaries in 2009 . In its second episode , Arrow became the only new network drama in the 2012 -- 13 season to hold its ratings in both adults 18 -- 34 and adults 18 -- 49 from its premiere to its second week . In Australia , the premiere received 1.32 million viewers , making it the third most - watched broadcast on the network that night . The UK broadcast was the highest - rated telecast of the week on Sky 1 , with 1.85 million viewers . In Canada , the first episode got 1.32 million viewers , making it the fourth most - watched airing of the night and the twenty - third of the week . Arrow : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Outcome 2012 Satellite Awards Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre Arrow Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Hero Stephen Amell / Arrow Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Arrow Nominated Leo Awards Best Dramatic Series Joseph Patrick Finn , Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , Andrew Kreisberg , Melissa Kellner Berman , Drew Greenberg , Jennifer Lence , Wendy Mericle , Carl Ogawa Nominated Cinematography Glen Winter ( `` Pilot '' ) Won Gordon Verheul ( `` Lone Gunman '' ) Nominated Best Visual Effects Jean - Luc Dinsdale , Pauline Burns , Andrew Orloff , Dave Gauthier ( `` Burned '' ) Won Best Production Design Richard Hudolin ( `` Pilot '' ) Won Best Casting Coreen Mayrs , Heike Brandstatter ( `` An Innocent Man '' ) Nominated Best Stunt Coordination J.J. Makaro ( `` Pilot '' ) Won J.J. Makaro ( `` Vertigo '' ) Nominated NewNowNext Awards Best New Indulgence Arrow Nominated Cause You 're Hot Stephen Amell Nominated Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Series on Television Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Arrow Nominated Choice TV Breakout Show Arrow Nominated Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Breakout Star Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Katie Cassidy Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematography Awards Cinematographer Awards for TV Drama Cinematography Glen Winter csc , Arrow ( `` Pilot '' ) Won Broadcast Music , Inc . BMI Television Music Awards Blake Neely Won 2014 IGN Awards Best TV Hero Stephen Amell / Arrow 2nd Place People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor Stephen Amell Nominated Satellite Awards Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre Arrow Nominated Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Series on Television Arrow Nominated Leo Awards Program Greg Berlanti , Joseph P. Finn , Marc Guggenheim , Andrew Kreisberg , Wendy Mericle Nominated Cinematography Gordon Verheul ( `` Sacrifice '' ) Nominated Make - Up Danielle Fowler ( `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' ) Nominated Stunt Coordination J.J. Makaro ( `` The Scientist '' ) Nominated Lead Performance -- Male Stephen Amell ( `` Crucible '' ) Nominated Lead Performance -- Female Emily Bett Rickards ( `` Three Ghosts '' ) Nominated Constellation Awards Best Male Performance in a 2013 Science Fiction Television Episode Stephen Amell ( `` The Odyssey '' ) Nominated Best Science Fiction Television Series of 2013 Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Arrow Nominated Choice TV Female Breakout Star Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Stephen Amell Nominated 2015 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaption Television Series Arrow Nominated Leo Awards Cinematography C. Kim Miles ( `` Blind Spot '' ) Nominated Costume Design Maya Mani ( `` Suicide Squad '' ) Nominated Lead Performance -- Female Emily Bett Rickards ( `` Left Behind '' ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Arrow Nominated Choice TV Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV Liplock Stephen Amell & Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV Villain Matt Nable Nominated PRISM Awards Performance in a Drama Multi-Episode Storyline Katie Cassidy Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy Arrow Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Arrow Nominated Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV : Liplock Stephen Amell & Emily Bett Rickards Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy Arrow Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Arrow Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Hero Stephen Amell Nominated Leo Awards Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series Shamus Whiting - Hewlett Nominated Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series Curtis Braconnier , Eli Zagoudakis Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor : Action Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Actress : Action Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV Show : Action Arrow Nominated Choice TV Villain Josh Segarra Nominated 2018 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Arrow Pending Other media ( edit ) Arrow has generated other media and spinoffs , including digital comic books and Internet - based mini-episodes with characters from the series . Digital Comics ( edit ) To promote the series , DC Comics produced a 10 - page preview comic for the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con , written by Kreisberg , illustrated by Omar Francia , and featuring a cover by artist Mike Grell . The comic was regarded by the production crew as sharing the same canon as the series , with Kreisberg commenting , `` ( For ) anyone who grabs a copy : Hold onto it and as the series progresses , you 'll appreciate it more and more . '' It was later released free online . On October 10 , 2012 , DC Comics debuted a weekly digital comic tie - in written by Kreisberg and Guggenheim and drawn by various artists , including Mike Grell , which remained in continuity with the television series . The series lasted for 36 chapters , running until June 2013 . These were collected , together with the initial preview comic , into Arrow : Volume 1 , released in October 2013 . Titan Magazines published the comics in a physical format in the UK . The first issue was published on October 17 , 2013 and contained the first four chapters of the series , with the complete series lasting 6 issues . A follow up to the original digital title , Arrow : Season 2.5 , is written by Guggenheim and Keto Shimizu , one of the show 's executive story editors and writers , with art by Joe Bennett and Jack Jadson . Arrow 2.5 is intended to tell one continuous story across two arcs , that fits within the television narrative . Guggenheim stated , `` We 've tried to put in all the elements that people like about the show ... We 're going to see what 's happened to Detective Lance after he collapsed in the season ( two ) finale . A good chunk of the burning questions left over will get answered in the tie - in comic . Particularly towards the latter half of the series , we 're going to start introducing characters ( in the comic ) who you 'll see in Season 3 ... before they show up on TV . '' On the comic 's relationship to season three of the show , Guggenheim said , `` Season three is designed to stand on its own feet without requiring anyone to do any outside reading . But what the comic book will give is a deeper appreciation for some of the moments ( in the show ) and a more complete narrative experience . If you want to go deeper into the story , that 's what Season 2.5 is for . '' Shimizu added that the comic also allows the writers to `` accomplish things on the page that are nearly impossible to do with our production schedule and our budget '' , including bigger action sequences , as well as visits to locations such as Kahndaq that can not be recreated on the show . Additionally , the series has one to two pages each issue dedicated to the Suicide Squad , leading up to their own issue later in the run . The character Caleb Green , who has ties to Robert Queen , was created specifically for the comic . Guggenheim said `` The goal is to end Season 2.5 basically five minutes before Season 3 begins . '' The comic launched digitally biweekly on September 1 , 2014 , with its first physical release featuring a collection of the digital releases releasing on October 8 . The series featured 24 digital issues , which constituted 12 physical issues . A third series , Arrow : The Dark Archer , is written by Barrowman with his sister Carole , and with an art team led by Daniel Sampere . The comic , initially set between season three and four of the show before flashing back , explores a younger Malcolm Merlyn and his past , with Corto Maltese and Nanda Parbat featured . Barrowman , who initially pitched the series to DC Comics as another with the ability to tell Merlyn 's backstory , said he `` had a backstory in my head for Malcolm from the beginning and a lot of it has made its way into our comic and onto the screen . I think it 's always been my job to help the audience relate to Malcolm in some way despite his questionable morals and evil ways . '' Executive producers Guggenheim and Kreisberg helped the Barrowmans ensure the story would fit within the continuity of the series . The 12 - chapter series was released digitally once every two weeks starting January 13 , 2016 , before the entire story was collected in a single print edition in September 2016 . Blood Rush ( edit ) On November 6 , 2013 , a six - episode series of shorts , titled Blood Rush , premiered alongside the broadcast of the show , as well as online . The series , which was presented by Bose , and features product placement for Bose products , was shot on location in Vancouver , similarly to the main show . The miniseries features Emily Bett Rickards , Colton Haynes and Paul Blackthorne reprising their roles of Felicity Smoak , Roy Harper and Quentin Lance , respectively . The episodes set during the course of the second season of the television series , show Roy coming to Queen Consolidated to have a meeting with Oliver . As he is out , Felicity tells Roy to go wait in the lobby . As Roy leaves , Officer Lance calls Felicity , telling her that the blood sample the Starling City police found on the vigilante , which Felicity destroyed , has resurfaced . Felicity then calls Roy , using Oliver 's voice encoder , asking him to break into the lab to retrieve the sample . Felicity guides Roy through the lab , where he is able to recover the sample . As Roy is leaving , doctors enter the room , seemingly trapping him . He notifies Felicity , who then hacks into the building 's PA system , and issues an evacuation notice , giving Roy a chance to escape . Roy gets out of the room before it enters into lock down , and is able to avoid two guards with the help of Felicity and exit the lab . Roy returns to Queen Consolidated , and Felicity offers to mail the acquired sample for Roy as he goes in to meet with Oliver . Video Games ( edit ) A Green Arrow skin based on Oliver Queen 's appearance in Arrow appears in the 2013 video game Injustice : Gods Among Us as downloadable content . The playable skin was given as a bonus reward to the first 5,000 voters of Injustice 's promotional Battle Arena competition , but was later released as a free download . Stephen Amell lends his voice and likeness to the skin . Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham features an Arrow downloadable content pack that adds multiple playable characters , including Arrow , John Diggle , Felicity Smoak , Huntress , Slade Wilson , Roy Harper , Canary , and Malcolm Merlyn as well as vehicles and an exclusive level set during Oliver 's time in Lian Yu . Amell reprised his role in addition to voicing the traditional Green Arrow in the game , while Cynthia Addai - Robinson reprised her role as Amanda Waller . Novels ( edit ) On February 23 , 2016 , Titan Books released Arrow : Vengeance , a tie - in novelization written by Oscar Balderrama and Lauren Certo , which is set before and during the second season , detailing the origins of Slade Wilson , Sebastian Blood , and Isabel Rochev , and how they eventually meet and collaborate with each other to battle Oliver 's alter - ego as seen in the television series . On November 29 , 2016 , Titan Books released The Flash : The Haunting of Barry Allen , a tie - in novelization written by Susan and Clay Griffith , set during the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow , which features characters from both shows ; the story continued in Arrow : A Generation of Vipers , released on March 28 , 2017 , again written by the Griffiths . In August 2017 , it was confirmed that Arrow executive producer Marc Guggenheim would co-author a fourth novel , alongside James R. Tuck , entitled Arrow : Fatal Legacies , which was released in January 2018 . The novel focuses on events between the fifth - season finale and sixth - season premiere . Home release ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 Each season release contains additional features , which include : making - of featurettes , episode commentaries , deleted scenes , gag reels , Comic - Con panels , and highlights from the Paley Fest . Season four also includes The Flash crossover episode `` Legends of Today '' . Season five includes the `` Invasion ! '' crossover with The Flash and DC 's Legends of Tomorrow . September 16 , 2014 September 15 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 Crossover with Constantine ( edit ) Further information : Constantine ( TV series ) In August 2015 , it was confirmed that Matt Ryan would appear on Arrow in the fourth - season episode `` Haunted '' , per a `` one - time - only - deal '' that would involve his character being `` brought in to deal with the fallout of the resurrection of Sara Lance ( Caity Lotz ) via Ra 's al Ghul 's Lazarus Pit . '' Due to Arrow and Constantine sharing the same studio , the producers of Arrow were also able to acquire Ryan 's original outfits . John Badham , who was a director on Constantine , directed the crossover episode . On filming the episode , Guggenheim stated it felt like the production team was `` doing a Constantine / Arrow crossover , and it 's so exciting ... we 're just really glad we got the chance to extend Matt Ryan 's run as Constantine by at least one more hour of television . I think you 'll see he fits very neatly into our universe . It never feels forced , it feels right . '' Arrowverse ( edit ) Main article : Arrowverse In July 2013 , it was announced that Berlanti and Kreisberg , along with Nutter and Geoff Johns , would be creating a television series , The Flash , based on the character of the same name , with an origin story for Barry Allen . The character , played by actor Grant Gustin , was set to appear in three episodes of season two of Arrow , with the final one acting as a backdoor pilot for the new series . However , it was announced in November 2013 that the backdoor pilot would not be happening , with a traditional pilot being made instead . In January 2015 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz announced the intention to do a Flash / Arrow crossover every season , and The CW announced that an animated web - series , Vixen , featuring the DC heroine of the same name and set in the universe of Arrow and The Flash , would be debuting on CW Seed in late 2015 . The character later made a live - action appearance on Arrow in the fourth - season episode `` Taken '' . The next month , it was reported that a spin - off series , which is described as a superhero team - up show , was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015 -- 16 midseason release . Berlanti and Kreisberg would executive produce alongside Guggenheim and Sarah Schechter . The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash , with the potential for other Arrow / Flash characters to cross over to the new series as well . In May 2015 , The CW officially picked up the series , titled DC 's Legends of Tomorrow . During the 100th episode of Arrow season 5 , some returning characters from previous seasons make an appearance in `` Invasion ! '' , a crossover episode of Supergirl , The Flash , Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow , where Thea , Diggle , Sara , Ray and Oliver are abducted by the Dominators and were put in dream stasis to gather intel while they are shown what would their lives be like if Oliver never got on the boat . The next season , Arrow crossed over with the three shows again during the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' event on November 27 and 28 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strachan , Alex ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Amell brings Arrow to small screen '' . canada.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Announces Fall Premier Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . 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Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vogt , Tiffany ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow Spoilers and Scoop Straight from the Source ( feat . Video with Katie Cassidy ) '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://o.canada.com/entertainment/television/stephen-amell-brings-arrow-to-small-screen Retrieved April 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow exec on Black Canary debut : ' It has to be earned ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Katie Cassidy Set As Female Lead In CW Pilot Arrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` GreenArrowTV Interview With Katie Cassidy , `` Laurel Lance '' `` . GreenArrowTV.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow 's Canary : Interview With Katie Cassidy , `` Laurel Lance '' `` . GreenArrowTV.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow : Katie Cassidy to Return as Series Regular for Season 6 , Playing ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Almalvez , Laurence ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Team on Green Lantern Rumors and Season 4 Surprises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' boss on that shocking cast departure '' . EW.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` PILOT CASTINGS : Susanna Thompson Joins Arrow , Nashville & County Add Actors '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Moira Queen Returning For 100th Episode '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` The River 's Paul Blackthorne Joins Arrow , Jamey Sheridan Set To Play Arrow 's Dad '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' Star Paul Blackthorne to Exit After Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow reveals Felicity 's codename '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Shiri Appleby Poised To Recur On NBC 's Chicago Fire & More TV Castings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Emily Bett Rickards Promoted For ' Arrow ' Season 2 '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow reveals Felicity 's codename '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Teen Wolf Vet Colton Haynes Joins Arrow as ... Who ? ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Promotes Colton Haynes to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow twist : Scoop on the big exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colton Haynes gets honest about life after Arrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' : Colton Haynes Officially Returning as Season 7 Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow casts Spartacus actor '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow 's Manu Bennett Upped to Series Regular for Season 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jesse Schedeen ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow 's John Barrowman to Write Dark Archer Comic '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Jason Evans . `` Arrow : The Dark Archer Strikes '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow : John Barrowman Promoted to Series Regular for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow casts Mr. Terrific for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 5 : Echo Kellum promoted to Series Regular as Curtis Holt '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Josh Segarra Cast As Star City 's Newest Vigilante In Season 5 Regular Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow unveils Prometheus ' identity -- what 's next ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , Justin ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Green Arrow ' TV series near pilot order at The CW ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Green Arrow TV Pilot Ordered by CW '' . IGN . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Natalie ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Amell Is Green Arrow : Lands Title Role In CW Drama Pilot ' Arrow ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldman ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow Star Stephen Amell Talks About Playing TV 's New Oliver Queen '' . IGN . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` The CW Back to Canada With a Slew of Drama Pilots '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howard , Brian Clark ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` From Great Gatsby 's West Egg to Springfield , the 10 Best Fictional Towns '' . National Geographic . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` The CW 's ' Arrow ' Gets Full - Season Pickup '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Craig ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` GreenArrowTV Interview : Talking With Arrow Executive Producers Kreisberg & Guggenheim '' . GreenArrowTV.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow : Season 6 Will Have Multiple Character Flashbacks , Potentially Flashforwards '' . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Craig Byrne ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Andrew Kreisberg Talks Arrow '' . GreenArrowTV.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow boss previews Matrix-esque 100th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` CW Fires Off First ' Arrow ' With Pic From Comic - Inspired Pilot ( Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' gives Oliver Queen 's alter - ego a mask -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` WaterTower Music -- Arrow : Season 2 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) '' . WaterTower Music . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash vs. Arrow : Music Selections from the Epic 2 - Night Event '' . WaterTower Music . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack ( Score ) -- Arrow : Season 3 '' . Amazon.com Music . Jump up ^ `` Sky announces 2012 season premier this Autumn '' . SkyOne . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` CW 2012 -- 13 Primetime Schedule : ' Supernatural ' To Wednesday , ' Nikita ' To 9pm , ' Beauty & the Beast ' Follows ' Vampire Diaries ' & Lots More Changes '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CTV '' . Bell Media . Jump up ^ `` Summer Glau joins the cast of ' Arrow ' '' . RTÉ News . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 1st Season ' : Date , Cost , Packaging , More ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Arrow . Bumped : The Following '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turner , Adam ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Foxtel snaps up Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD as more free - to - air TV locked away '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Results : The Season 's Best & Worst New Shows '' . Metacritic . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 1 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Review : The CW 's ' Arrow ' right on target with a riveting superhero '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Erik Kain . `` For ' Arrow ' To Survive , ' Olicity ' Must Die '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Where ' Arrow ' Season 3 Went Wrong '' . ScreenCrush . Jump up ^ KcKalin , Vamien ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' TV Series : Is It Just A Huge Batman Rip - Off ? Yeah It Is '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ Jesse Schedeen ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 3 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , By Jesse . `` Arrow : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Ryan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` 66 TV Shows Based on Comics in the Works '' . Deadbeatspanel.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` How Does The CW 's ' Arrow ' Compare to the DC Series ? A Comic Book Expert Weighs In '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow Is ' Sophisticated and Edgy , ' and a Little Like the Bourne Series '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 4 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Alasdair . `` Arrow is great once more , with a little help from his friends '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 5 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes. `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday 1 May 2013 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 '' . BARB . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Note : The ratings must be searched for . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Programs ( October 8 -- 14 , 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Winners '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 IGN Best TV Hero '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 People 's Choice Awards : Winners and Nominees '' . Peope 's Choice . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards Past Winners 2013 '' . LeoAwards.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards 2013 Nominees '' . LeoAwards.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Logo NewNowNext Awards : And The Nominees Are ... '' Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Saturn Award Nominations '' . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TC News '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Society of Cinematography Awards Nominees 2013 '' . Canadian Society of Cinematographers . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( May 16 , 2013 ) , `` Cliff Martinez and Top Composers Honored at the 2013 BMI Film & TV Awards , '' BMI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Best TV Hero , '' IGN . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The 40th People 's Choice Awards '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Winners '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Saturn Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Winners '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nominations '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations '' . Constellation Awards . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST WAVE OF ' TEEN CHOICE 2014 ' NOMINEES ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Wave of Nominations for ' Teen Choice 2014 ' Announced '' . TVbythenumbers . July 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Saturn Awards : Captain America : Winter Soldier , Walking Dead lead nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominees '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . Teen Choice Awards . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PRISM Awards '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners and highlights '' . CBS News . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . PEOPLE.com. April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Danny ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow Targets San Diego '' . TV Guide . Page 10 Jump up ^ `` Arrow ( 2012 -- 2013 ) # 1 : Special Edition '' . DC Web Store . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahadeo , Kevin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` DC Comics Celebrates Arrow Day '' . DC Comics . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Vol. 1 '' . DC Web Store . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow ( 2012 -- 2013 ) # 36 '' . DC Web Store . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow Issue # 1 '' . Titan Magazines . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sands , Rich ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : DC Entertainment Launches New Arrow and The Flash Digital Comics '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacMillian , Graeme ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow : Season 2.5 ' Reveals Hidden Story Between TV Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Joseph ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Showrunner Marc Guggenheim On The Arrow : Season 2 . Digital Comic '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` GUGGENHEIM PROMISES NEW SAGA , RETURNING VILLAINS IN `` ARROW SEASON 2.5 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sands , Rich ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Past of Arrow 's Malcolm Merlyn Revealed in New DC Comics Series '' . TV Insider . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Dark Archer ( 2016 ) # 2 '' . readdc.com . DC Comics . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Digital Release Date January 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Bose and ' Arrow : ' Sound Company Helps the CW Launch Superhero Spinoff ' Blood Rush ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1 . Episode One . November 6 , 2013 . CW.com . Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1 . Episode Two . November 13 , 2013 . CW.com . Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1 . Episode Three . November 20 , 2013 . CW.com . Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1 . Episode Four . November 27 , 2013 . CW.com . Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1 . Episode Five . December 4 , 2013 . CW.com . Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1 . Episode Six . December 11 , 2013 . CW.com . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Amell Adds `` Arrow '' To `` Injustice '' Roster `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( October 11 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow DLC Pack ( With Stephen Amell ) , Conan O'Brien , And Many More Confirmed '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boccher , Mike ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lego Batman 3 Beyond Gotham Interview With TT Games ' Arthur Parsons '' . 1080 players . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balderrama , Oscar ; Certo , Lauren ( February 23 , 2016 ) . Arrow : Vengeance . Titan Books . pp. 1 -- 448 . ISBN 9781783294848 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Clay ; Griffith , Susan ( November 29 , 2016 ) . Flash : The Haunting of Barry Allen . Titan Books . pp. 1 -- 416 . ISBN 9781785651410 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- A Generation of Vipers '' . Titans Books . Titans Books . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim To Write Novel Connecting Arrow Seasons 5 and 6 '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Dvd / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Warner Shot Over an Announcement for ' The Complete 2nd Season ' Blu - ray Disc and DVD versions will leap into stores this September '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 2 ( Blu - Ray + Ultraviolet ) Australian Release Date '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Complete Third Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Complete Third Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Includes Digital Download ) ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 4 on Blu - ray from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 Action , Blu - ray '' . Sanity . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Ryan to Reprise ' Constantine ' Role on The CW 's ' Arrow ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holbrook , Damian ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Constantine 's Matt Ryan Conjures Up Magical Return on Arrow '' . TV Insider . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Constantine 's `` Arrow '' Appearance Tied to White Canary 's Return `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim on The Infinite Adventures of Jonas Quantum , Constantine on Arrow '' . SuperheroHype ! . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` CW Eyes ' Flash ' Series With ' Arrow 's Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg & David Nutter '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Flash ' Writers Preview the CW 's Newest Superhero '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` CW 's ' The Flash ' To Do Stand - Alone Pilot Instead Of ' Arrow ' Backdoor Pilot Episode '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Renews Supernatural and 7 More -- But Where 's Beauty and the Beast ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics ' Vixen Coming To CW Seed '' . KSiteTV . January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow / Flash Superhero Team - Up Spinoff In Works At CW ; Brandon Routh , Victor Garber , Wentworth Miller , Caity Lotz Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Joins Arrow / Flash Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ' , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' & ' Cordon ' Ordered to Series by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim Reveals the Title Of Arrow 's 100th Episode '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow , The Flash , Supergirl , Legends to unite for ' Crisis on Earth - X ' crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 22 , 2017 . 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how many seasons of arrow are there going to be
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The Rhino Brothers Present the World's Worst Records
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The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records - Wikipedia The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1983 . It features mostly novelty songs , parodies and cover versions of popular songs , performed very poorly ( though in many cases , intentionally so , either as a novelty or as a joke ) . None of the songs were ever top 40 hits ( though at least two hit the Billboard Hot 100 ) , and just two of the featured bands ( The Turtles and The Troggs ) contributed significantly to popular music outside their lone featured song , though Ogden Edsl and Barnes and Barnes also had other contributions to the novelty music field . A few of the artists on the original album are outsider musicians . The original album included an airsickness bag and a warning that the album `` may cause internal discomfort ; '' Dr. Demento wrote the liner notes for the album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 Volume 1 1.2 Volume 2 2 See also 3 External links Track listing ( edit ) Volume 1 ( edit ) `` The Crusher '' ( The Novas ) ( see also : The Crusher ( wrestler ) ) `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' ( Edith Massey and The Eggs ) `` I Want My Baby Back '' ( Jimmy Cross ) `` I Like '' ( Heathen Dan ) `` Kazooed on Klassics '' ( The Temple City Kazoo Orchestra ) `` Fluffy '' ( Gloria Balsam ) `` Paralyzed '' ( Legendary Stardust Cowboy ) `` I Wanna Be Your Dog '' ( The Seven Stooges ) `` Boogie Woogie Amputee '' ( Barnes and Barnes ) `` Kinko the Clown '' ( Ogden Edsl ) `` Umbassa and the Dragon '' ( The Turtles ) `` Ugly '' ( Johnny Meeskite ) `` Surfin ' Tragedy '' ( The Breakers ) `` Young at Heart '' ( Wild Man Fischer ) Volume 2 ( edit ) A follow - up album was released in 1985 , under the title The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records , Vol. 2 . This volume featured some more recognizable names from the novelty music field ; it also included at least one top - 40 hit ( `` Nag '' by The Halos ) and was more focused on the comedic than the outright - bad tone of its predecessor . `` Downtown '' ( Mrs. Miller ) `` K'nish Doctor '' ( Mickey Katz ) `` Party in My Pants '' ( Barnes and Barnes ) `` Foreign Novelty Smash '' ( The Credibility Gap ) `` Nag '' ( The Halos ) `` Who Hid the Halibut on the Poop Deck '' ( Yogi Yorgesson ) `` Goodbye Sam '' ( Shad O'Shea ) `` Just a Big Ego '' ( Bob Rivers and Zip ) `` Candy Rapper '' ( Sticky Fingers ) `` Hands '' ( Debbie Dawn ) `` Baseball Card Lover '' ( Rockin ' Richie Ray ) `` Fudd on the Hill '' ( Little Roger and the Goosebumps ) `` Split Level Head '' ( Napoleon XIV ) `` Teenage Enema Nurses in Bondage '' ( Killer Pussy ) `` The Troggs Tapes '' ( The Troggs ) See also ( edit ) Golden Throats List of music considered the worst External links ( edit ) WFMU 's 365 Days - Rhino ! `` The Rhino Brothers Present the World 's Worst Records '' on Amazon.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rhino_Brothers_Present_the_World%27s_Worst_Records&oldid=800915822 '' Categories : 1983 compilation albums 1985 compilation albums Comedy compilation albums Rhino Records compilation albums Lists of worsts 1980s comedy albums Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the rhino brothers present the world's worst records
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Rising Star India (season 2)
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Rising Star India ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia Rising Star India ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Indian series . For international franchise broadcast in a number of countries , see Rising Star ( TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rising Star 2 Genre Reality Talent show Created by Keshet Media Group Based on HaKokhav HaBa Developed by Screenz Cross Media LTD Presented by Ravi Dubey Judges Diljit Dosanjh Monali Thakur Shankar Mahadevan Theme music composer Sylas McGriff Opening theme Jai Hindustan Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 Production Producer ( s ) Vipul D. Shah Location ( s ) Film City , Mumbai , India Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 60 - 150 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optimystix Entertainment Distributor Viacom 18 Release Original network Colors TV Picture format 576i 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 20 January ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) -- 15 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) Chronology Preceded by Rising Star 1 External links Rising Star Rising Star is the second Indian version of the international franchise series Rising Star , a reality television singing competition. This is first time when Rising Star does not come with any present sponsor . This season earlier had an age limit of 4 - 13 years but when singers more than 13 years of age came for audition , the channel decided to change the age limit to 4 years and above . It is based on the Israeli singing competition HaKokhav HaBa ( meaning The Next Star ) made by Keshet Broadcasting Ltd . The program format lets the viewers vote for contestants live via the television channel 's mobile app . The show premiered on 20 January 2018 on Colors TV . This is the first reality television show in India which involves Live Audience Voting through Voot App . Popular playback singer and music director Shankar Mahadevan , playback singer and actor Monali Thakur and actor - singer Diljit Dosanjh return as the experts in the show . The show is hosted by TV Actor Ravi Dubey . The winner of Rising Star Season 2 is Hemant Brijwasi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 The Auditions 1.2 The Duels 2 Series details 2.1 The Live Auditions 2.2 Duels Ki Takkar 2.2. 1 Episode 7 : 10 February 2018 2.2. 2 Episode 8 : 11 February 2018 2.2. 3 Episode 9 : 17 February 2018 2.2. 4 Episode 10 : 18 February 2018 2.3 India 's Favourite 16 + Duets Challenge 2.4 Tribute to Sridevi 2.4. 1 Episode 12 : 3 March 2018 2.4. 2 Episode 13 : 4 March 2018 2.5 Hero No. 1 ( Ep14 ) & Salaam - E-Ishq ( Ep15 ) 2.5. 1 Episode 14 : 10 March 2018 2.5. 2 Episode 15 : 11 March 2018 2.6 Guru Sishya ( Ep16 ) & Bachpan Ke Suhane Din ( Ep17 ) 2.6. 1 Episode 16 : 17 March 2018 2.6. 2 Episode 17 : 18 March 2018 2.7 Rekha Special 2.7. 1 Episode 18 : 24 March 2018 2.7. 2 Episode 19 : 25 March 2018 2.8 Top 8 2.8. 1 Episode 20 : 31 March 2018 2.8. 2 Episode 21 : 1 April 2018 2.9 Ticket To Finale 2.9. 1 Episode 22 : 7 April 2018 2.9. 2 Episode 23 : 8 April 2018 2.9. 3 Face - off for the Ticket to Finale 2.10 Finale Week 2.10. 1 Episode 24 : 14 April 2018 2.11 Grand Finale 2.11. 1 Episode 25 : 15 April 2018 2.11. 2 Face - off 3 References Format ( edit ) In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges , Rising Star features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges . During each performance , the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app . While the viewers at home are considered the `` judges '' , the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5 % of the total voting power . The auditions ( edit ) The first round where the acts are individually called to perform . As a reportage of the announced performer is shown , viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act . Following a countdown of three seconds , the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called `` The Wall '' . With start of performance , the voting kicks in . Registered voters have the option of voting just `` Yes '' or `` No '' . Non-votes are also considered `` No '' votes . If an expert votes `` Yes '' , another 5 % is added to the tally of the contestant . The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour . Faces of panelists voting `` Yes '' is also be shown in larger frames . Once the contestant reaches 80 % of `` Yes '' votes , the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition . The Duels ( edit ) Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel . The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant . The second contestant sings with the wall down . If the second contestant betters the first contestant 's vote total , the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated ; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall , the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through . Series details ( edit ) The Live auditions ( edit ) The Live auditions began on 20 January 2018 and went on till 4 February 2018 . Episode Date Contestant Age ( in years ) From Song Votes Expert 's Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Jan 20 Rohanpreet Singh 23 Patiala Dil Diyan Gallan 95 % Advanced Mamta Raut 31 Ranchi Baghban 86 % Advanced Aman Biswal 12 Bhubaneshwar Om Namah Shivay + Albela Sajan 89 % Advanced Debanjali Chaterjee 29 Kolkata Har Kisi Ko 90 % Advanced Sriprasanna Pendyalaya 21 Visakhapatnam Sun Saathiya 94 % Advanced Friendship Band 24 - 27 Lucknow Mehbooba Mehbooba + ... 80 % Advanced Jan 21 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan 24 Boko , Assam Khamoshiyan 93 % Advanced Soham & Chaitanya 10 & 12 Alandi , Pune Dagabaaz Re 94 % Advanced Iswari Behera 21 Sambhalpur , Odisha Dua 77 % Eliminated Srushti & Varsha Barlemwar 23 & 48 Nagpur Saiyaan Dil Mein Aana Re 66 % Eliminated Ridham Kalyan 18 Amritsar Aaj Ibaadat 83 % Advanced Rajnigandha Shekhawat 43 Jaipur , Rajasthan Badrinath Ki Dulhania + Holiya Me Ude Re Gulal 74 % Eliminated Ashwin Prabhu 22 Bengaluru Tumse Milke Dil Ka Hai Jo Haal 89 % Advanced Afreen Group 18 - 24 Jalandar Naina Thag Lenge + Kajra Re 94 % Advanced Jan 27 Nigam Brothers 22 & 31 Lucknow Dil Se Re + Maa Tujhe Salaam 91 % Advanced Prakruthi Reddy 8 Bangalore , Karnataka Nagada Sang Dhol 67 % Eliminated Alankar Mahtolia 23 New Delhi Chunar 86 % Advanced Manganiyar Fusion 21 - 27 Jaisalmer , Rajasthan Saree Ke Fall Sa 90 % Advanced Raenit Singh 23 New Delhi Moh Moh Ke Dhaage 94 % Advanced Raman Kapoor 27 Gurugram , Haryana Rang De Basanti 80 % Advanced Mohd Rehan Quraishi 28 Lucknow Aas Paas Khuda 73 % Eliminated Jan 28 Sindhu Wadekar 60 Maharashtra Hansta Hua Noorani Chehra 95 % Advanced Akhtar Brothers 21 & 23 Punjab Sultan 93 % Advanced Shashank Sekhar 28 Bhubaneswar Teri Meri Kahaani 94 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh 12 Kerala Jiya Jale 93 % Advanced Jyoti Sharma 18 Guwahati Parda Parda 66 % Eliminated The Harmony Chorus 10 - 16 Bengaluru Kal Ho Naa Ho + Choti Si Aasha + Taare Zameen Par 93 % Advanced Sakshi Ratti 21 Ludhiana , Punjab Kamli 66 % Eliminated Sagar Mhatre 20 Navi Mumbai , Maharashtra Dil Ki Tapish 94 % Advanced Feb 3 Zaid Ali 10 Muzaffarnagar , Uttar Pradesh Mere Rashke Qamar 91 % Advanced Vishal Srivastava 34 New Delhi Ab Tere Bin 63 % Eliminated Arya Nandini 17 Ambikapur , Chhattisgarh Ghoomar 91 % Advanced Jaya Piyush 40 Mumbai Hothon Mein Aisi Baat 92 % Advanced Anmol Jaswal 19 Jammu Sapnon Se Bhare Naina 76 % Eliminated Mehrnangori Rustam 23 Tajikistan Khatooba 74 % Eliminated Kumar Sahil 25 Kangra , Himachal Pradesh Ramta Jogi 78 % Eliminated Feb 4 Chetan Brijvasi 11 Mathura Haanikaarak Bapu 93 % Advanced Ajay Brijvasi 14 Mathura Dil Haara 94 % Advanced Hosiyaar Brijvasi 16 Mathura O saiyaan 94 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi 20 Mathura Tashan Mein 94 % Advanced Akhil Pillai 27 Alpeyi , Kerala Bulleya 69 % Eliminated Supriya Joshi 34 Mumbai Gulaabo 88 % Advanced Archit Patidia 21 Ahmedabad , Gujarat Maduban Me Radhika Nache 94 % Advanced Duels Ki Takkar ( edit ) The top 31 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named ' Duels Ki Takkar ' which began on 10 February 2018 . The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals . Episode 7 : 10 February 2018 ( edit ) Guests : Manish Paul and Iulia Vântur Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Saawariya 63 % Advanced Ashwin Prabhu Ae Dil Hai Mushkil 50 % Eliminated Vishnumaya Ramesh Kehna Ki Kya 93 % Advanced Soham & Chaitanya Khaike Paan Banaraswala 89 % Eliminated Debanjali Chaterjee Jiya Re 68 % Eliminated Mamta Raut Saiyyan 85 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Aaj Din Chadheya 92 % Advanced Raenit Singh Janam Janam 90 % Eliminated Episode 8 : 11 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Sukhwinder Singh Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Chand Sifarish + Aaj Phir 90 % Advanced Ajay Brijvasi Lagan Lagi 88 % Eliminated Hosiyaar Brijvasi Darmiyaan 70 % Advanced Raman Kapoor Main Jahan Rahoon 48 % Eliminated Supriya Joshi Maahi Ve 60 % Eliminated Hemant Brijvasi Upar Khuda 94 % Advanced Zaid Ali Saiyyan 88 % Advanced Chetan Brijvasi Jee Karda 87 % Eliminated Episode 9 : 17 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Gurdas Mann Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Chaiyya Chaiyya 92 % Advanced Nigam Brothers Khalbali + Pathaka Guddi + Nadan 83 % Eliminated Arya Nandini Barso Re 56 % Eliminated Alankar Mahtolia Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin 66 % Advanced Ridham Kalyan Ainvayi Ainvayi 90 % Advanced Sagar Mhatre Laaga Chunari Mein Daag 75 % Advanced Archit Patidia Bhor Bhaye 52 % Eliminated Episode 10 : 18 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Sonakshi Sinha & Raftaar Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh rowspan = `` 2 '' % Advanced Manganiyar Fusion Sawar Loon + Tere Mast Mast ... 88.49 % Eliminated Sriprasanna Pendyalaya Ni Main Samajhh Gayi 72 % Eliminated Shashank Sekhar Muskurane 89 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Rangeela re 90 % Advanced Friendship Band Yamma Yamma + Shaan Se 49 % ... Eliminated Sindhu Wadekar O Mungada Mungada 77 % Eliminated Aman Biswal Bol Do Na Zara 87 % Advanced India 's favourite 16 + duets challenge ( edit ) The Top 16 contestants compete in this round . Eight teams of two perform in duets . The first team perform with the wall up and set the target percentage . The next teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score . The duo with the least score move to the Red Sofa ( unsafe zone ) . The team with the lowest score gets eliminated . Episode 11 : 24 February 2018 Guest : Richa Sharma Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Billo Rani + Humka Peeni Hain 89 % Advanced Mamta Raut Rohanpreet Singh Samjhawan 90 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Jaya Piyush Manwa Lage 88 % Advanced Shashank Sekhar Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Jai Ho + Roobaroo 86 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus 5 Zaid Ali Arziyan 92 % Advanced Hosiyaar Brijvasi 6 Akhtar Brothers Mast Kalandar 94 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi 7 Alankar Mahtolia Dhan The Nan 54 % Eliminated Ridham Kalyan 8 Sagar Mhatre Tere Naina 88 % Advanced Aman Biswal Tribute to sridevi ( edit ) The Top 14 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 12 : 3 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Alka Yagnik Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh The Harmony Chorus English Vinglish + Na Jaane + Navrai Majhi 87 % Advanced Mamta Raut Morni Baaga Ma Bole 84 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Aye Zindagi Gale Laga Le 90 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Mere Haathon Mein 65 % Advanced 5 Hosiyaar Brijvasi Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki 53 % Eliminated 6 Aman Biswal Surmayee Ankhyion Mein 91 % Advanced 7 Akhtar Brothers Mujhe Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye 90 % Advanced Episode 13 : 4 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Kavita Krishnamurthy Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Naino Mein + Main Teri Dushman 85 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Hawa Hawai 93 % Advanced Shashank Shekhar Neele Neele Ambar Par 88 % Advanced Zaid Ali Tu Mujhe Kabool 90 % Advanced 5 Sagar Mhatre Kabhi Main Kahoon Kabhi Tu 51 % Eliminated 6 Hemant Brijvasi Meri Zindagi Ek Pyaas 93 % Advanced 7 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Kate Nahin Kat Te 78 % Advanced Hero No 1 ( ep14 ) & salaam - e-ishq ( ep15 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 14 : 10 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Govinda Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Shashank Shekhar Main Toh Raste Se Ha Raha Tha 85 % Advanced Mamta Raut Prem Jaal 88 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Sona Kitna Sona Hai 88 % Advanced Afreen Group UP Wala Thumka + Suno Sasur Ji 87 % Advanced 5 Hemant Brijvasi Kaha Raja Bhoj Kaha Gangu Teli 93 % Advanced 6 Aman Biswal Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye 83 % Eliminated Episode 15 : 11 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Rohanpreet Singh Channa Mereya 92 % Advanced Jaya Piyush O Mere Sona Re Sona Re 84 % Advanced Akhtar Brothers Mera Yaar 90 % Advanced Zaid Ali Main Nikla Gaddi Leke 94 % Advanced 5 The Harmony Chorus Mere Mehboob + Maahi Ve + Mehndi 83 % Advanced 6 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan I Love You 54 % Eliminated Guru sishya ( ep16 ) & bachpan ke suhane din ( ep17 ) ( edit ) Wild Card Twist : Some of the eliminated contestants were brought back for another chance . Raenit Singh , Aman Biswal & Chetan Brijvasi . The Top 12 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 16 : 17 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Rani Mukerji WILD CARD Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Chetan Brijvasi Baawre 83 % Won Re-entry Raenit Singh Kurbaan Hua 84 % Won Re-entry Aman Biswal Bijuria 79 % Could n't make a come - back Top 12 Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Mamta Raut Aga Bai 86.96 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus O Humdum Sonio Re + Dhakka Laga Mukka 86.86 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Chupske Se 91 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Hum Tum 75 % Eliminated 5 Akhtar Brothers Jiya Lage Na 91 % Advanced Episode 17 : 18 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Shaan & Manish Paul Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Zaid Ali Piya Haji Ali 93 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Layi Vi Na Gayi 90 % Advanced Shashank Shekhar Hamari Adhuri Kahani 65 % Eliminated Chetan Brijvasi Dus Bahane 83 % Advanced 5 Raenit Singh Jab Se Tere Naina 74 % Advanced 6 Afreen Group Tharki Chokro 88 % Advanced 7 Hemant Brijvasi Slow Motion Angreza 94 % Advanced Rekha special ( edit ) The Top 10 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 18 : 24 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Rekha Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Dil Cheez Kya Hai 91 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Rafta Rafta 88.95 % Advanced Zaid Ali Agar Tum Na Hote 88.78 % Advanced Mamta Raut Ho Pardesia 75 % Eliminated 5 The Harmony Chorus Kaisi Paheli Zindagani 83 % Advanced Episode 19 : 25 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Season One Contestants Order Contestant Season 1 Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Diljot Qawwali Group ( 8th Place ) Aaya Tere Dar Par Deewana 90 % Advanced Chetan Brijvasi Bannet Dosanjh ( Winner ) Dard - e-Disco & Swag Se Swagat 88 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi Maithili Thakur ( Runner - up ) Mere Dholna 93 % Advanced Raenit Singh Ameya Date ( 6th Place ) Zaalima 83 % Eliminated 5 Afreen Group Afsana Khan ( 7th Place ) Ghagra & Kajra Mohabbat Wala 86 % Advanced Top 8 ( edit ) The Top 8 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 20 : 31 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Udit Narayan Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Rohanpreet Singh Pehla Nasha 90 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus Gun Gun Guna + Ghanan Ghanan 75 % Eliminated Chetan Brijvasi Tatad Tatad 83 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia 88 % Advanced 5 Akhtar Brothers Kawa Kawa 87 % Advanced 6 Zaid Ali Laal Ishq 89 % Advanced 7 Hemant Brijvasi Satrangi Re 92 % Advanced 8 Afreen Group Tu Cheej Badi Hai + Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane 80 % Advanced Episode 21 : 1 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Bhare Naina 90 % Advanced Chetan Brijwasi Malhari 58 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Bol Na Halke Halke 92 % Advanced Zaid Ali Maula Mere Lele Meri Jaan 91 % Advanced 5 Hemant Brijwasi Rut Aa Gayi Re 89 % Advanced 6 Akhtar Brothers Deva Shree Ganesha 88 % Advanced 7 Afreen Group Afreen Afreen 53 % Eliminated Ticket to Finale ( edit ) The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week . In each episode , the contestant sitting on Golden Sofa ( the contestant with the highest score ) will move on to compete for the Ticket To Finale . Episode 22 : 7 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Shah Ka Rutba 80 % Beaten by Vishnumaya Chetan Brijwasi Suno Na Sangemarmar 71 % Could n't beat the score of 80 % Vishnumaya Ramesh Mohe Rang Do Laal 86.04 % Beated by Zaid Ali Zaid Ali O Re Piya 86.50 % Beaten by Hemant 5 Rohanpreet Singh Aaoge Jab Tum 84 % Could n't beat the score of 86 % 6 Hemant Brijwasi Bheegi Bheegi 88 % Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale Episode 23 : 8 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Chetan Brijwasi Manma emotion + Aashiq surrender 75 % Beaten by Zaid Ali Zaid Ali Surili Ankhyion Wale 88.2 % Beated by Vishnumaya Ramesh Rohanpreet Singh Jeena Jeena 84 % Could n't beat the score of 88 % Vishnumaya Ramesh Satyam Shivam Sundaram 88.51 % Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale 5 Akhtar Brothers Jugni 84 % Could n't beat the score of 88 % Face - off for the Ticket to Finale ( edit ) The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face - off round . Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Sun Raha Hai Na Tu 74 % Could n't win the ticket to finale Hemant Brijwasi Piya Re 89 % Won Ticket To Finale Finale week ( edit ) Episode 24 : 14 April 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Alia Bhatt The Top 5 contestants except for Ticket to Finale winner Hemant Brijwasi were divided into two batches . Batch A - Zaid Ali , Chetan Brijwasi & Vishnumaya Ramesh and Batch B - Akhtar Brothers & Rohanpreet Singh . The contestant with the lowest score in each batch will be eliminated , making the Top 4 . Batch Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Zaid Ali Teri Deewani 88 % Advanced to Top 4 Chetan Brijwasi Afghan Jalebi 63 % Eliminated Vishnumaya Ramesh Bairi Piya 88 % Advanced to Top 4 Rohanpreet Singh Tum Hi Ho 89 % Advanced to Top 4 5 Akhtar Brothers Barson Yaaron 79 % Eliminated Grand Finale ( edit ) Episode 25 : 15 April 2018 ( edit ) The Top 4 finalists compete in the first round . The Top 3 contestants proceed to the Face - off round . Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Hai Rama 85 % Advanced to Top 3 Zaid Ali Jag Ghoomeya 80 % Third Runner - Up Rohanpreet Singh Haule Haule 83 % Advanced to Top 3 Hemant Brijwasi Saanware 88 % Advanced to Top 3 Face - off ( edit ) The Top 3 scorers of the episode participate in a face - off round . In this round , the experts have no voting power and the votes accumulated are only from the audience . Order Contestant Song Votes hide Result Hemant Brijwasi Alvida 86 % Winner Rohanpreet Singh Khuda Jaane 78.39 % Runner Up Vishnumaya Ramesh Silsila Ye Chaahat Ka 78.1 % Second Runner Up References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Rising Star ' Judges Explain Why This Singing Competition Will Be Different '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Rising Star ' Trailer : You 're the Judge of the New Singing Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rising Star ' trailer : Ludacris is tired of waiting for results '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ( hide ) Rising Star Seasons Winners Bannet Dosanjh Hemant Brijwasi Runners - up Maithili Thakur Related articles Rising Star Keshet Media Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rising_Star_India_(season_2)&oldid=839101315 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Indian reality television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 07 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the first finalist of rising star 2
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Anne of Green Gables
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Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ) . Anne of Green Gables First edition . Author Lucy Maud Montgomery Illustrator M.A. and W.A.J. Claus Country Written and set in Canada , published in the United States Language English Series Anne of Green Gables Genre Novel Set in Prince Edward Island , 1876 -- 81 Published June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co . ) Followed by Anne of Avonlea Text Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ) . Written for all ages , it has been considered a classic children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century . Set in the late 19th century , the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley , an 11 - year - old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , a middle - aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island . The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts , in school , and within the town . Since its publication , Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages . Montgomery wrote numerous sequels , and since her death , another sequel has been published , as well as an authorized prequel . The original book is taught to students around the world . The book has been adapted as films , made - for - television movies , and animated and live - action television series . Musicals and plays have also been created , with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production , which has toured in Canada , the United States , Europe , and Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 3.1 Green Gables household 3.2 Anne 's schoolmates 3.3 Avonlea 's locals 3.4 Others 4 Related works 5 Tourism and merchandising 6 Legacy and honours 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Literature 7.3 Radio productions 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Television movies 7.6 Television series 7.7 Web productions 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery . In writing the novel , Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her . She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island , Canada . Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit , which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom , as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality . '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e '' . She based other characters , such as Gilbert Blythe , in part on people she knew . She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day , while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish . Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley , a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke , Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London , Prince Edward Island ) , is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert , siblings in their fifties and sixties , after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages . Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables , which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea . Through a misunderstanding , the orphanage sends Anne instead . Anne is highly imaginative , eager to please and , at times , quite a dramatic individual . However , she is defensive about her appearance , despising her red hair and pale , thin frame . She is often quite talkative , especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams . At first , stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage , but after much observation and considering , along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne , she decides to let her stay . As a child of imagination , Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly , thriving in the close - knit farming village . Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables . The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry , the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe , who teases her about her red hair . For that , he earns her instant hatred , although he apologizes many times . As time passes , Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him . The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends . Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana , a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis , and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black , and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine . At sixteen , Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license , along with Gilbert , Ruby , Josie , Jane , and several other students , excluding Diana much to Anne 's dismay . She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English . Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia . Near the end of the book however , tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure . Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables , Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla , whose eyesight is failing . She plans to teach at the Carmody school , the nearest school available , and return to Green Gables on weekends . In an act of friendship , Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead , knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death . After this kind act , Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented , and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next . Characters ( edit ) Diana and Anne Green Gables household ( edit ) Anne Shirley : An imaginative , talkative , red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert . Anne is very sensitive and dislikes the color of her hair . She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic . Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister , she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative , unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image . Life experience with Anne , however , profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance , she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be . Although conservative and austere , she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor . Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother , he is an overly shy , albeit kind , old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength . Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends . Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl , he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities . Anne 's schoolmates ( edit ) Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit . Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet . She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables . Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition . Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend . Gilbert Blythe : A handsome , smart , witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her . Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair , he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots '' . Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten . He makes several attempts to apologize , the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration . He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt , only to regret it almost immediately . Years later , he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables , upon which the two reconcile and become good friends ( and eventually marry ) . Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends . Having several `` grown up '' sisters , Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaux with her friends . Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair . She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ) . Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school , she is plain and sensible . She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's . Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ) , Josie is vain , dishonest , and jealous of Anne 's popularity . Avonlea 's locals ( edit ) Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla , Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues . She is industrious and helpful , and does work for the church , yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending . Although she and Anne start off the wrong foot , owing to Mrs. Lynde 's blunt criticism and Anne 's short temper , they soon become quite close . Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children , although her husband , Thomas Lynde , is mentioned briefly and never speaks . Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea , Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students , because of his boring and crude ways . In Anne 's case , he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late . He is described as lacking discipline , and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly ( this was less frowned upon then as opposed to more contemporary times ) . Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher . Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students , but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods . She forms a special relationship with Anne , who views her as a mentor . Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy , where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe . Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne , with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close . She is described as pretty . Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents . Mr. Barry farms . Near the end of the book , he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla , after Matthew 's passing . Mrs. Barry has a severe personality , expecting her children to follow strict rules . After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk , Mrs. Barry rejects the girl , forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne . This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May . Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister , whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup . Others ( edit ) Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt . Initially portrayed in a negative light , she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination , and eventually invites her and Diana to tea . She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present . Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life . She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death . Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend . Related works ( edit ) Based on the popularity of her first book , Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley . They are listed chronologically below , by Anne 's age in each of the novels . Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year Anne of Green Gables 1908 11 -- 16 1876 -- 1881 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16 -- 18 1881 -- 1883 Anne of the Island 1915 18 -- 22 1883 - 1887 Anne of Windy Poplars ( Canada and USA ) Anne of Windy Willows ( UK and Australia ) 1936 22 -- 25 1887 -- 1890 5 Anne 's House of Dreams 1917 25 -- 27 1890 -- 1892 6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34 -- 40 1899 -- 1905 The following books focus on Anne 's children , or on other family friends . Anne appears in these volumes , but plays a lesser part . No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year 7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41 -- 43 1906 -- 1908 8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49 -- 53 1914 -- 1918 9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40 -- 75 1905 -- 1940 Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year -- Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 1885 -- Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 1885 The prequel , Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) , was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels . Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages . `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy '' . Merchants offer items based on the novels . The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish , Prince Edward Island . Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne , and provincial licence plates once bore her image . Balsam Hollow , the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond , the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters , both described in the book , are located in the vicinity . In addition , the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades . The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner , PEI , in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery . The novel has been very popular in Japan , where it is known as Red - haired Anne , and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952 . ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan , especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime , Anne of Green Gables . Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm . Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails , to look like Anne . In 2014 , Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike . A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu , Hokkaido , Japan . The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana . The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission , though there are no longer staff or interpreters . The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos . Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels . Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common , as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda . In the first book , Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne , who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks ! '' Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner Legacy and honours ( edit ) Buildings The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables '' . An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s , in New Farm , Queensland , Australia . Museum Bala 's Museum , located in Bala , Ontario , Canada , is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage . The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922 . That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) . The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada . Postage stamps On May 15 , 1975 , Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery , Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander . The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . In 2008 , Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house . Reading lists In 2003 , Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . In 2012 , it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) , a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion , directed by William Desmond Taylor , and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film . Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) , black & white `` talkie '' directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming , O'Day changed her screen name to `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively , is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley , now billed as `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Green Gables ( TBA ) , an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical . Literature ( edit ) Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ) , by Andi Teran , is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables . The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez , a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber . Radio productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic , adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy , and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ) , a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama , produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic . Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ) , a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio , adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ) , a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio , starring Anna Bučinská as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors , and read by Ann Murray . Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne . Stage productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables : The Musical , performed annually in the summer , at Charlottetown Festival , since 1965 , this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production , and has had a total audience of more than 2 million . Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell , with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore . The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada , the United States , and Europe . In 1969 , it had a run in London 's West End . The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka , Japan . Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991 . The Guild in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , hosts Anne and Gilbert , The Musical . Written by Nancy White , Bob Johnston , and Jeff Hochhauser , the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley . The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery , a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life , opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown , Prince Edward Island on June 20 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication . With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon , the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels . Anne figures prominently , and is shown from age 12 into her 40s . Gilbert Blythe also appears . The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and opened July 11 , 2009 . Both years , the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award . In July 2010 , a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island , with four performances at Green Gables . Theatreworks USA , a New York - based children 's theatre company , produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre . A revived production , with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer , is planned to tour grade - schools . The Peterborough Players , based in Peterborough , New Hampshire , staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009 . Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island . It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students , as well as their return to Avonlea . Television movies ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) , a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ) , a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier , starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley . Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ) , a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron , starring Kathy Willard as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) , a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) , a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) , a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne . Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) , a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) , a television miniseries based upon the novels . Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) , an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels . L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) , a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television , which began filming in Toronto in May 2015 . Casting was held in February 2015 . ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ) . It was adapted by Susan Coyne , directed by John Kent Harrison , and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne . The world premiere of the film , advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables , on February 15 , 2016 on YTV . Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20 , 2017 . Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew , aired July 1 , 2017 on YTV . Television series ( edit ) Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ) , a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne . Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ) , an animated television series , part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater , produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata . Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC , a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan , based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books , excluding Anne Shirley . Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included , and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) , a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve , created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc . Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) . Anne ( 2017 ) , an eight - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada , and released through Netflix internationally under the title , Anne with an `` E '' . Web productions ( edit ) Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts , tweets , vlogs , and other social media . It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island , with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture . Mandy Harmon portrays the main character , Anne Shirley . Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables , which conveys the story in the form of vlogs . Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley . Parodies ( edit ) As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature , Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes , including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devereux , Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ) . A Note on the Text . In Montgomery ( 2004 ) , p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) . Devereux , Cecily Margaret , ed . Anne of Green Gables . Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000 , a new record '' . The Guardian . December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mollins , Julie ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate '' . Reuters Life ! . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch '' . Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to see Anne of Green Gables-World-chinadaily.com.cn '' . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 1972 ^ Jump up to : Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( July 8 , 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed , '' . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery , New London '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island `` , USA Today , August 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19 , 2008 ) . CBC.ca , `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '' , `` The Guardian '' , April 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Museum - Park Corner , Prince Edward Island - Home Page '' . www.annemuseum.com . Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 '' . Yukazine.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yukazine , April 4 , 2004 Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables '' . Tacky Tourist Photos . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables '' . Theheroinesbookshelf.com . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries '' . State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years '' . Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` The Blue Castle '' . Bibliotech Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Depository , Book . `` The Blue Castle : Lucy Maud Montgomery : 9781618950239 '' . www.bookdepository.com . Jump up ^ L.M. Montgomery and Canadian Culture ISBN 978 - 0 - 802 - 04406 - 8 pp. 120 - 121 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables '' . Canada Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced '' . cbc.ca. 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California : A Novel . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ `` BBC Home Service Basic - 21 April 1944 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ IMDB , Toby Tarnow Biography , http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jump up ^ `` Panáček v říši mluveného slova '' . mluveny.panacek.com . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . 9 September 1971 . p. 37 -- via BBC Genome . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 FM - 26 January 1997 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 25 Hundred and Counting '' . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Andrew . `` Lucy Maud Montgomery '' . Jump up ^ `` 150surprises '' . 150surprises . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 439 Jump up ^ `` Charlottetown expands as Land of Musical Anne - The Guardian '' . www.theguardian.pe.ca . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery '' . Ninelivesoflmm.com . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TheatreworksUSA 2006 - 2007 season '' . 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org '' . PeterBoroughPlayers.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie '' . Ontario Film Commission . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT '' . L.M. Montgomery Online . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) '' . ACTpei . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV '' . CBC News . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 '' . Breakthrough Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorimer , Carole ; Miller , Joan ; Richardson , Charles ; Young , Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ) , Anne of Green Gables , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables , `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew Jump up ^ `` About '' . www.projectgreengables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bustard , Ned ( January 2009 ) . Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide . Veritas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2 . Campbell , Norman ( 1972 ) . Anne of Green Gables . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1 . Gammel , Irene ( 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Gammel , Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30 , 2010 ) . Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1 . Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( June 3 , 2008 ) . The Green Gables Collection . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5 . Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon , collection of Anne book cover artwork , games , recipes , time line and more Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox Anne of Green Gables Centenary `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '' , University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections . Anne of Green Gables at L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 '' . School Library Journal Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery Novels Anne of Green Gables series Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Emily trilogy Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) Pat of Silver Bush Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) The Story Girl The Story Girl ( 1911 ) The Golden Road ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) Short story collections Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Poetry The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) Non-fiction The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery , Vol . I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) GND : 4359421 - 9 LCCN : no2010143485 VIAF : 181345094 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=843402830 '' Categories : Anne of Green Gables 1908 Canadian novels Anne of Green Gables books New Canadian Library Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery Works about adoption Novels about orphans Canadian children 's novels Novels set in Prince Edward Island Debut novels Canadian novels adapted into films 1908 children 's books Novels set in the 1870s Novels set in the 1880s Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 51 . 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where does the story anne of green gables take place
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"Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery (published as L. M. Montgomery). Written for all ages, it has been considered a classic children's novel since the mid-twentieth century. Set in the late 19th century, the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley, an 11-year-old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, a middle-aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts, in school, and within the town."
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"Prince Edward Island"
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List of countries and territories by population density
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List of countries and territories by population density - wikipedia List of countries and territories by population density Jump to : navigation , search Population density ( people per km ) by country in 2017 This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by human population density and measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometer or number density Contents 1 Methodology 2 Main table 3 Density amongst the most populous 4 See also 5 Notes Methodology ( edit ) The list includes sovereign states and self - governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166 - 1 . The list also includes but does not rank unrecognized but de facto independent countries . The figures in the following table are based on areas including inland water bodies ( lakes , reservoirs , rivers ) . Figures used in this article are mainly based on the latest censuses and official estimates ( or projections ) . Where there is not such updated national data available , figures are based on the 2015 estimates provided by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Main table ( edit ) The names of dependent territories as well as recognized states with no or limited control over their territory are shown in italics . Area figures given here are taken from various ( usually unspecified ) sources . The European Union is a sui generis supranational union possessing `` country - like '' characteristics . The entity is composed of 28 member countries . Its population density has been estimated at 116 people per km , and it would be ranked 95th if it were included in the list . ( population : 506,913,394 on January 1 , 2014 , area : 4,324,782 km ) . See also : List of regional organizations by population . The most densely populated sovereign nation is Monaco , with a population density of 18,713 people / km . Area includes land and water . Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source 0 World ( land only , excluding Antarctica ) 134,940,000 52,100,000 7,570,058,000 56 145 September 26 , 2017 USCB 's world population clock 0 World ( land only ) 148,940,000 57,510,000 7,570,058,000 51 132 September 26 , 2017 USCB 's World population clock 0 World ( with water ) 510,072,000 196,940,000 7,570,058,000 15 39 September 26 , 2017 USCB 's World population clock Macau ( China ) 30.5 12 647,700 21,236 55,001 September 30 , 2016 Official quarterly estimate Monaco 2.02 0.78 37,550 18,589 48,145 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate Singapore 719.2 278 5,607,300 7,797 20,194 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate Hong Kong ( China ) 1,105.7 427 7,389,500 6,683 17,309 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 5 Gibraltar ( UK ) 6.8 2.6 33,140 4,874 12,624 March 7 , 2017 Official estimate 6 Bahrain 757 292 1,472,483 1,945 5,038 March 21 , 2016 Final 2010 census result 7 Vatican City 0.44 0.17 800 1,818 4,709 2012 Official estimate 8 Malta 315 122 426,149 1,353 3,504 March 21 , 2016 Preliminary 2011 census result 9 Bermuda ( UK ) 52 20 64,319 1,237 3,204 July 1 , 2017 Revised 2010 census result 10 Sint Maarten ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) 34 13 39,410 1,159 3,002 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 11 Maldives 298 115 344,023 1,154 2,989 September 20 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 12 Bangladesh 143,998 55,598 163,201,626 1,133 2,935 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 13 Jersey ( UK ) 116 45 97,857 844 2,186 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 14 Guernsey ( UK ) 78 30 62,431 800 2,072 March 31 , 2010 Official estimate 15 Palestinian Territories 6,020 2,324 4,550,368 756 1,958 2014 Official estimate 16 Saint Martin ( France ) 54 21 36,979 685 1,774 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 17 Barbados 430 166 285,719 664 1,720 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 18 Taiwan 36,197 13,976 23,556,169 651 1,686 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 19 Mauritius 2,040 788 1,262,879 619 1,603 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate 20 Lebanon 10,452 4,036 6,082,000 596 1,544 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 21 Mayotte ( France ) 374 144 212,600 568 1,471 August 21 , 2012 2012 census result 22 San Marino 61 24 33,028 541 1,401 May 31 , 2016 Monthly official estimate 23 Aruba ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) 193 75 101,484 526 1,362 September 29 , 2010 2010 census result 24 South Korea 100,210 38,691 51,446,201 513 1,329 July 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 25 Nauru 21 8 10,084 480 1,243 October 30 , 2011 2011 census result 26 Rwanda 25,314 9,774 11,809,295 467 1,210 July 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 27 Tuvalu 26 10 11,323 436 1,129 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 28 Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 21 8 8,938 426 1,103 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 29 Comoros 1,861 719 784,745 422 1,093 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate 30 Netherlands 41,526 16,033 17,157,978 413 1,070 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 31 Burundi 27,816 10,740 10,400,938 410 1,062 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 32 Haiti 27,065 10,450 10,911,819 403 1,044 March 31 , 2015 Official estimate 33 India 3,287,240 1,269,211 1,321,753,056 402 1,041 September 26 , 2017 Population clock based on 2011 census 34 Israel 22,072 8,522 8,746,620 396 1,026 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 35 Puerto Rico ( US ) 8,868 3,424 3,411,307 385 997 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 36 Belgium 30,528 11,787 11,366,665 372 963 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 37 Philippines 300,000 115,831 104,652,792 349 903 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 38 Martinique ( France ) 1,128 436 385,551 342 886 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 39 Curaçao ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) 444 171 150,563 339 878 March 26 , 2011 2011 census result 40 Japan 377,944 145,925 126,730,000 335 868 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 41 Réunion ( France ) 2,512 970 821,136 327 847 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 42 Sri Lanka 65,610 25,332 21,203,000 323 837 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 43 El Salvador 21,040 8,124 6,581,940 313 811 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 44 Marshall Islands 181 70 56,086 310 803 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 45 United States Virgin Islands ( US ) 352 136 106,405 302 782 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 46 Grenada 344 133 103,328 300 777 May 12 , 2011 2011 census result 47 Guam ( US ) 541 209 159,358 295 764 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 48 Vietnam 331,212 127,882 93,700,000 283 733 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 49 American Samoa ( US ) 197 76 55,519 282 730 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 50 United Kingdom 242,495 93,628 65,648,000 271 702 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 51 Saint Lucia 617 238 166,526 270 699 May 10 , 2010 Preliminary 2010 census result 52 Pakistan 803,940 310,403 209,035,000 260 673 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 53 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 150 100,892 259 671 July 1 , 2009 Official estimate 54 Trinidad and Tobago 5,155 1,990 1,328,019 258 668 January 9 , 2011 2011 census result 55 Jamaica 10,991 4,244 2,730,894 248 642 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 56 Guadeloupe ( France ) 1,630 629 402,119 247 640 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 57 Liechtenstein 160 62 37,815 236 611 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 58 Germany 357,168 137,903 82,800,000 232 601 December 31 , 2016 Quarterly official estimate 59 Luxembourg 2,586 998 590,667 228 591 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 60 Kuwait 17,818 6,880 4,007,000 225 583 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 61 Dominican Republic 47,875 18,485 10,528,000 220 570 July 1 , 2015 UN projection 62 Cayman Islands ( UK ) 259 100 55,456 214 554 October 10 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 63 Nigeria 923,768 356,669 191,836,000 208 539 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 64 Switzerland 41,285 15,940 8,391,973 204 528 December 31 , 2016 Population growth 2016 : provisional figures 65 Italy 301,308 116,336 60,541,591 201 521 February 28 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 66 North Korea 120,540 46,541 24,213,510 201 521 October 1 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 67 Seychelles 455 176 93,144 200 518 December 31 , 2015 Official estimate 68 British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 151 58 29,537 196 508 Official estimate 69 Antigua and Barbuda 442 171 86,295 195 505 May 27 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 70 Saint Kitts and Nevis 270 104 51,970 192 497 July 1 , 2009 Official estimate 71 São Tomé and Príncipe 1,001 386 187,356 187 484 May 13 , 2012 2012 census result 72 Nepal 147,181 56,827 26,494,504 180 466 June 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 73 Qatar 11,571 4,468 2,024,707 175 453 October 31 , 2013 Monthly official estimate 74 Gambia 10,690 4,127 1,849,000 173 448 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 75 Kosovo 10,910 4,212 1,815,606 166 430 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 76 Andorra 464 179 76,246 164 425 2012 Official estimate 77 Uganda 241,551 93,263 36,860,700 153 396 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 78 Isle of Man 572 221 84,497 148 383 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 79 Kiribati 726 280 106,461 147 381 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 80 Cyprus 5,896 2,276 862,000 146 378 December 31 , 2011 Official estimate 81 Tonga 720 278 104,270 145 376 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 82 Federated States of Micronesia 701 271 101,351 145 376 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 83 Guatemala 108,889 42,042 15,806,675 145 376 June 30 , 2014 Annual Official estimate 84 China 9,640,821 3,722,342 1,386,574,510 144 373 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 85 Tokelau ( NZ ) 10 1,411 141 365 October 18 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 86 Anguilla ( UK ) 96 37 13,452 140 363 May 11 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 87 Indonesia 1,904,569 735,358 261,890,900 138 357 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 88 Czech Republic 78,867 30,451 10,588,063 134 347 June 30 , 2017 Official quarterly estimate 89 Denmark 43,098 16,640 5,756,170 134 347 March 31 , 2017 Quarterly official estimate 90 Thailand 513,120 198,117 65,729,098 128 332 December 31 , 2015 Official estimate 91 Togo 56,600 21,853 7,143,000 126 326 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 92 France 543,965 210,026 67,032,000 123 319 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 93 Poland 312,685 120,728 38,439,000 123 319 October 31 , 2016 Official estimate 94 Cape Verde 4,033 1,557 491,875 122 316 June 16 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 95 Malawi 118,484 45,747 14,388,600 121 313 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 96 Ghana 238,533 92,098 28,308,301 119 308 October 26 , 2016 Official projection 97 Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) 457 176 53,883 118 306 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 98 United Arab Emirates 83,600 32,278 9,856,000 118 306 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 99 Azerbaijan 86,600 33,436 9,836,700 114 295 May 1 , 2017 Official estimate 100 Portugal 92,090 35,556 10,309,573 112 290 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 101 Slovakia 49,036 18,933 5,435,343 111 287 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 102 Jordan 89,342 34,495 9,978,204 112 289 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 103 Hungary 93,029 35,919 9,799,000 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 104 Moldova 33,843 13,067 3,550,900 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 105 Austria 83,879 32,386 8,783,198 105 272 April 1 , 2017 Official quarterly estimate 106 Cuba 109,884 42,426 11,239,004 102 264 December 31 , 2015 Annual official estimate 107 Turkey 783,562 302,535 79,814,871 102 264 December 31 , 2016 Annual official estimate 108 Slovenia 20,273 7,827 2,064,241 102 264 July 1 , 2016 Official quarterly estimate 109 Armenia 29,743 11,484 2,995,100 101 262 June 30 , 2016 Official estimate 110 Albania 28,703 11,082 2,886,026 101 262 January 1 , 2016 Official annual estimate 111 Syria 185,180 71,498 18,564,000 100 259 July 1 , 2016 UN estimate 112 Sierra Leone 71,740 27,699 7,075,641 99 256 December 4 , 2015 Preliminary 2015 census result 113 Malaysia 330,803 127,724 32,228,200 97 252 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 114 Dominica 739 285 71,293 96 249 May 14 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 115 Ethiopia 1,063,652 410,678 101,853,000 96 249 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 116 Costa Rica 51,100 19,730 4,890,379 96 249 June 30 , 2016 Official estimate 117 Benin 112,622 43,484 10,653,654 95 246 July 1 , 2016 Official projection 118 Northern Cyprus 3,355 1,295 313,626 93 241 2014 Official estimate 119 Egypt 1,002,450 387,048 93,598,102 93 242 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 120 Spain 505,990 195,364 46,438,422 92 238 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 121 Serbia 77,474 29,913 7,058,322 91 236 June 30 , 2016 Official estimate 122 Cambodia 181,035 69,898 15,626,444 86 223 July 1 , 2016 Official annual projection 123 Iraq 434,128 167,618 36,787,000 85 220 July 1 , 2016 Annual official projection 124 Kenya 581,834 224,647 49,699,862 85 220 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 125 Romania 238,391 92,043 19,638,000 82 212 January 1 , 2017 Official annual estimate 126 Greece 131,957 50,949 10,858,018 82 212 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 127 Macedonia 25,713 9,928 2,073,702 81 210 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 128 Myanmar 676,577 261,228 54,363,426 80 207 March 29 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 129 Honduras 112,492 43,433 8,866,351 79 205 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 130 Morocco 446,550 172,414 34,444,767 77 200 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 131 French Polynesia ( France ) 3,521 1,359 268,270 76 197 August 22 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 132 Senegal 196,722 75,955 14,799,859 75 194 2016 Official estimate 133 Croatia 56,542 21,831 4,190,669 74 192 December 31 , 2015 Annual official estimate 134 Ukraine 576,500 222,588 42,481,972 74 192 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 135 Ivory Coast 322,921 124,680 23,202,000 72 186 2012 Official estimate 136 Swaziland 17,364 6,704 1,250,000 72 186 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 137 Timor - Leste 14,919 5,760 1,066,409 71 184 July 11 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 138 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,209 19,772 3,531,159 69 179 September 30 , 2013 Official estimate 139 Uzbekistan 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 140 Lesotho 30,355 11,720 2,074,000 68 176 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 141 Brunei 5,765 2,226 393,162 68 176 June 20 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 142 Ireland 70,273 27,133 4,757,976 68 176 April 24 , 2016 Official census figures 143 Samoa 2,831 1,093 187,820 66 171 November 7 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 144 Tunisia 163,610 63,170 10,777,500 66 171 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate 145 Caribbean Netherlands ( Netherlands ) 322 124 21,133 66 171 January 1 , 2011 Official estimate 146 Norfolk Island ( Australia ) 35 14 2,302 66 171 August 9 , 2011 2011 census result 147 Burkina Faso 270,764 104,543 17,322,796 64 166 2013 Official estimate 148 Ecuador 255,595 98,686 16,595,000 65 168 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 149 Bulgaria 111,002 42,858 7,101,859 64 166 December 31 , 2016 ( 1 ) 150 Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 497 192 31,458 63 163 January 25 , 2012 2012 census result 151 Cook Islands ( NZ ) 237 92 14,974 63 163 December 1 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 152 Mexico 1,967,138 759,516 123,518,000 63 163 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 153 Tanzania 883,749 341,217 55,155,473 62 161 August 26 , 2012 2012 census result 154 Tajikistan 143,100 55,251 8,742,000 61 158 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 155 Equatorial Guinea 28,051 10,831 1,622,000 58 150 Official estimate 156 Yemen 455,000 175,676 24,527,000 54 140 2012 Official estimate 157 Guinea 245,857 94,926 12,947,000 53 137 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 158 Georgia 69,700 26,911 3,718,200 53 137 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 159 Nicaragua 121,428 46,884 6,262,703 52 135 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 160 Iran 1,648,195 636,372 80,459,320 49 126 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 161 Montserrat ( UK ) 102 39 4,922 48 124 May 12 , 2011 2011 census result 162 Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 274 106 13,135 48 124 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 163 Fiji 18,333 7,078 858,038 47 122 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate 164 Panama 74,177 28,640 3,405,813 46 119 May 16 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 165 Belarus 207,600 80,155 9,469,200 46 119 July 1 , 2014 Quarterly official estimate 166 Montenegro 13,812 5,333 620,029 45 117 April 1 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 167 Eritrea 121,100 46,757 5,482,000 45 117 July 1 , 2017 UN estimate 168 Cameroon 466,050 179,943 20,386,799 44 114 2012 Official estimate 169 Colombia 1,141,748 440,831 49,420,821 43 112 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 170 South Africa 1,220,813 471,359 52,981,991 43 111 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 171 Palau 488 188 20,901 43 111 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 172 Guinea - Bissau 36,125 13,948 1,547,777 43 111 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 173 Lithuania 65,300 25,212 2,819,753 43 111 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 174 Liberia 97,036 37,466 4,076,530 42 109 July 1 , 2016 Official projection 175 Afghanistan 645,807 249,347 25,500,100 39 101 January 1 , 2013 Official estimate 176 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) 14 5 550 39 101 August 9 , 2011 2011 census result 177 Djibouti 23,000 8,880 864,618 38 98 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 178 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,095 905,446 85,026,000 36 93 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 179 Madagascar 587,041 226,658 20,696,070 35 91 2011 Official estimate 180 Saint Helena ( UK ) 122 47 4,255 35 91 February 10 , 2008 Preliminary 2008 census result 181 Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 1,399 540 48,244 34 88 April 1 , 2013 Monthly official estimate 182 United States 9,833,517 3,796,742 325,827,904 33 86 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 183 Zimbabwe 390,757 150,872 12,973,808 33 85 August 17 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 184 Venezuela 916,445 353,841 28,946,101 32 83 October 30 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 185 Latvia 64,562 24,928 1,935,800 30 78 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 186 Mozambique 799,380 308,642 23,700,715 30 78 2012 Official estimate 187 Kyrgyzstan 199,945 77,199 5,895,100 29 75 2015 Official estimate 188 Estonia 45,339 17,505 1,315,635 29 75 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 189 Laos 236,800 91,429 6,580,800 28 73 2013 Official estimate 190 Bahamas 13,940 5,382 351,461 25 65 May 3 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 191 Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 242 93 6,081 25 65 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 192 Brazil 8,515,767 3,287,956 208,046,276 24 63 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 193 Peru 1,285,216 496,225 30,475,144 24 62 June 30 , 2013 Official estimate 194 Angola 1,246,700 481,354 28,359,634 23 60 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 195 Chile 756,096 291,930 17,373,831 23 60 August 31 , 2017 Preliminary 2017 census result 196 Sweden 450,295 173,860 10,079,461 22 58 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 197 Zambia 752,612 290,585 16,405,229 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 198 Sudan 1,839,542 710,251 40,782,742 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 199 Vanuatu 12,190 4,707 272,459 22 57 December 31 , 2016 Official mini-census result 200 Bhutan 38,394 14,824 791,604 21 53 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 201 Uruguay 176,215 68,037 3,286,314 19 49 September 30 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 202 Åland Islands ( Finland ) 1,552 599 28,502 18 47 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 203 Solomon Islands 28,370 10,954 515,870 18 47 November 23 , 2009 2009 census result 204 South Sudan 644,329 248,777 11,296,000 18 47 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 205 Algeria 2,381,741 919,595 41,697,498 18 47 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 206 New Zealand 270,467 104,428 4,819,828 18 46 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 207 Papua New Guinea 462,840 178,704 8,151,300 18 47 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 208 Paraguay 406,752 157,048 6,953,646 17 44 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 209 Finland 338,424 130,666 5,508,714 16 41 July 31 , 2017 Official monthly estimate 210 Norway 323,782 125,013 5,277,762 16 41 July 1 , 2017 Quarterly official estimate 211 Christmas Island ( Australia ) 137 53 2,072 15 39 August 9 , 2011 2011 census result 212 Somalia 637,657 246,201 9,331,000 15 39 July 1 , 2010 Official estimate 213 Niger 1,186,408 458,075 17,129,076 14 36 December 10 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 214 Argentina 2,780,400 1,073,518 40,117,096 14 36 October 27 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 215 Belize 22,965 8,867 324,528 14 36 May 12 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 216 Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 830,000 29,994,272 14 36 2013 Annual official estimate 217 New Caledonia ( France ) 18,575 7,172 258,958 14 36 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 218 Oman 309,500 119,499 4,183,841 14 36 June 9 , 2015 Weekly official estimate 219 Republic of the Congo 342,000 132,047 4,448,000 13 34 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 220 Mali 1,248,574 482,077 14,528,662 12 31 April 1 , 2009 Final 2009 census result 221 Turkmenistan 491,210 189,657 5,240,000 11 28 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 222 Ascension Island ( UK ) 88 34 880 10 26 February 10 , 2008 Preliminary 2008 census result 223 Bolivia 1,098,581 424,164 10,389,913 9 23 November 21 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 224 Chad 1,284,000 495,755 11,274,106 9 23 May 20 , 2009 Preliminary 2009 census result 225 Russia 17,098,242 6,601,668 143,975,923 8 21 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 226 Central African Republic 622,436 240,324 4,616,000 7 18 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 227 Gabon 267,667 103,347 1,672,000 6 16 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 228 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6 16 February 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate 229 Niue ( NZ ) 261 101 1,613 6 16 September 10 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 230 Guyana 214,999 83,012 784,894 10 Official estimate 231 Libya 1,770,060 683,424 6,244,174 10 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 232 Canada 9,984,670 3,855,103 36,669,707 10 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 233 Australia 7,692,024 2,969,907 24,664,444 8 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 234 Botswana 581,730 224,607 2,024,904 8 August 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 235 Mauritania 1,030,700 397,955 3,461,041 8 2013 Official estimate 236 Suriname 163,820 63,251 534,189 8 August 13 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 237 Iceland 102,775 39,682 332,529 8 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 238 French Guiana ( France ) 86,504 33,399 244,118 8 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 239 Namibia 825,118 318,580 2,113,077 8 August 28 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 240 Western Sahara 252,120 97,344 567,000 5.7 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 241 Mongolia 1,564,100 603,902 3,000,000 1.9 4.9 January 24 , 2015 Official estimate 242 Tristan da Cunha ( UK ) 207 80 266 1.3 3.4 February 10 , 2008 Preliminary 2008 census result 243 Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) 47 18 56 3.1 2013 2013 census result 244 Falkland Islands ( UK ) 12,173 4,700 2,563 0.21 0.54 April 15 , 2012 2012 census result 245 Svalbard and Jan Mayen ( Norway ) 61,399 23,706 2,655 0.04 0.10 September 1 , 2012 Official estimate 246 Greenland ( Denmark ) 2,166,000 836,297 55,984 0.03 0.08 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source Density amongst the most populous ( edit ) This list consists of the one hundred most populous countries . ( see also List of countries by population ) . Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source Bangladesh 143,998 55,598 163,201,626 1,133 2,935 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock Taiwan 36,191 13,973 23,556,169 651 1,686 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate South Korea 100,210 38,691 51,446,201 513 1,329 July 1 , 2017 Annual official projection Rwanda 25,314 9,774 11,809,295 467 1,210 July 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 5 Netherlands 41,526 16,033 17,157,978 413 1,070 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 6 Burundi 27,816 10,740 10,400,938 410 1,062 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 7 Haiti 27,065 10,450 10,911,819 403 1,044 March 31 , 2015 Official estimate 8 India 3,287,240 1,269,211 1,321,753,056 402 1,041 September 26 , 2017 India Population clock 9 Israel 22,072 8,522 8,746,620 396 1,026 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 10 Belgium 30,528 11,787 11,366,665 372 963 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 11 Philippines 300,000 115,831 104,652,792 349 903 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 12 Japan 377,944 145,925 126,730,000 335 868 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 13 Sri Lanka 65,610 25,332 21,203,000 323 837 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 14 Vietnam 331,212 127,882 93,700,000 283 733 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 15 United Kingdom 242,910 93,788 65,648,000 271 702 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 16 Pakistan 803,940 310,403 209,035,000 260 673 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 17 Germany 357,168 137,903 82,800,000 232 601 December 31 , 2016 Quarterly official estimate 18 Dominican Republic 47,875 18,485 10,528,000 220 570 July 1 , 2015 UN projection 19 Nigeria 923,768 356,669 191,836,000 208 539 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 20 Switzerland 41,285 15,940 8,391,973 203 526 September 30 , 2016 Quarterly provisional figure 21 Italy 301,308 116,336 60,541,591 201 521 February 28 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 22 North Korea 122,762 47,399 24,213,510 197 510 October 1 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 23 Nepal 147,181 56,827 26,494,504 180 466 June 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 24 Uganda 241,551 93,263 36,860,700 153 396 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 25 Guatemala 108,889 42,042 15,806,675 145 376 June 30 , 2014 Annual Official estimate 26 China 9,640,821 3,722,342 1,386,574,510 144 373 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 27 Indonesia 1,904,569 735,358 261,890,900 138 357 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 28 Czech Republic 78,867 30,451 10,588,063 134 347 June 30 , 2017 Quarterly official estimate 29 Thailand 513,120 198,117 65,729,098 128 332 December 31 , 2015 Official estimate 30 France 543,965 210,026 67,032,000 123 319 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 31 Poland 312,685 120,728 38,439,000 123 319 October 31 , 2016 Official estimate 32 Malawi 118,484 45,747 14,388,600 121 313 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 33 Ghana 238,533 92,098 28,308,301 119 308 October 26 , 2016 Official projection 34 United Arab Emirates 83,600 32,278 9,856,000 118 306 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 35 Azerbaijan 86,600 33,436 9,836,700 114 295 May 1 , 2017 Official estimate 36 Portugal 92,090 35,556 10,309,573 112 290 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 37 Hungary 93,029 35,919 9,799,000 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 38 Austria 83,879 32,386 8,783,198 105 272 April 1 , 2017 Official quarterly estimate 39 Cuba 109,886 42,427 11,239,004 102 264 December 31 , 2015 Annual official estimate 40 Turkey 783,562 302,535 79,814,871 102 264 December 31 , 2016 Annual official estimate 41 Syria 185,180 71,498 18,564,000 100 259 July 1 , 2016 UN estimate 42 Malaysia 330,803 127,724 32,228,200 97 252 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 43 Ethiopia 1,063,652 410,678 101,853,000 96 249 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 44 Benin 112,622 43,484 10,653,654 95 246 July 1 , 2016 Official projection 45 Egypt 1,002,450 387,048 93,598,102 93 242 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 46 Spain 503,783 194,512 46,438,422 92 238 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 47 Cambodia 181,035 69,898 15,626,444 86 223 July 1 , 2016 Official annual projection 48 Iraq 434,128 167,618 36,787,000 85 220 July 1 , 2016 Annual official projection 49 Kenya 581,834 224,647 49,699,862 85 220 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 50 Romania 238,391 92,043 19,638,000 82 212 January 1 , 2017 Official annual estimate 51 Greece 131,957 50,949 10,858,018 82 212 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 52 Myanmar 676,577 261,228 54,363,426 80 207 March 29 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 53 Honduras 112,088 43,277 8,866,351 79 205 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 54 Morocco 446,550 172,414 34,444,767 77 200 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 55 Ukraine 576,500 222,588 42,481,972 74 192 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 56 Ivory Coast 322,921 124,680 23,202,000 72 186 2012 Official estimate 57 Senegal 196,722 75,955 13,567,338 69 179 2013 Official estimate 58 Uzbekistan 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 59 Tunisia 163,610 63,170 10,777,500 66 171 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate 60 Bulgaria 111,002 42,858 7,153,784 64 166 December 31 , 2015 ( 2 ) 61 Burkina Faso 270,764 104,543 17,322,796 64 166 2013 Official estimate 62 Ecuador 255,595 98,686 16,595,000 65 168 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 63 Mexico 1,967,138 759,516 123,518,000 63 163 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 64 Tanzania 883,749 341,217 55,155,473 62 161 August 26 , 2012 2012 census result 65 Tajikistan 143,100 55,251 8,742,000 61 158 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 66 Yemen 455,000 175,676 24,527,000 54 140 2012 Official estimate 67 Guinea 245,857 94,926 12,947,000 53 137 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 68 Iran 1,648,195 636,372 80,459,320 49 126 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 69 Belarus 207,600 80,155 9,469,200 46 119 July 1 , 2014 Quarterly official estimate 70 Cameroon 466,050 179,943 20,386,799 44 114 2012 Official estimate 71 South Africa 1,220,813 471,359 52,981,991 43 111 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 72 Colombia 1,141,748 440,831 49,420,821 43 112 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 73 Afghanistan 645,807 249,347 25,500,100 39 101 January 1 , 2013 Official estimate 74 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,095 905,446 85,026,000 36 93 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 75 Madagascar 587,041 226,658 20,696,070 35 91 2011 Official estimate 76 Zimbabwe 390,757 150,872 12,973,808 33 85 August 17 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 77 United States 9,833,517 3,796,742 325,827,904 33 86 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 78 Venezuela 916,445 353,841 28,946,101 32 83 October 30 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 79 Mozambique 799,380 308,642 23,700,715 30 78 2012 Official estimate 80 Peru 1,285,216 496,225 30,475,144 24 62 June 30 , 2013 Official estimate 81 Brazil 8,515,767 3,287,956 208,046,276 24 63 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 82 Angola 1,246,700 481,354 28,359,634 23 60 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 83 Chile 756,096 291,930 17,373,831 23 60 August 31 , 2017 Preliminary 2017 census result 84 Sweden 450,295 173,860 10,079,461 22 58 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 85 Zambia 752,612 290,585 16,405,229 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 86 Sudan 1,839,542 710,251 40,782,742 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 87 South Sudan 644,329 248,777 11,296,000 18 47 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 88 Algeria 2,381,741 919,595 41,697,498 18 47 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 89 Papua New Guinea 462,840 178,704 8,151,300 18 47 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 90 Somalia 637,657 246,201 9,331,000 15 39 July 1 , 2010 Official estimate 91 Argentina 2,780,400 1,073,518 40,117,096 14 36 October 27 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 92 Niger 1,186,408 458,075 17,129,076 14 36 December 10 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 93 Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 830,000 29,994,272 14 36 2013 Annual official estimate 94 Mali 1,248,574 482,077 14,528,662 12 31 April 1 , 2009 Final 2009 census result 95 Bolivia 1,098,581 424,164 10,389,913 9 23 November 21 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 96 Chad 1,284,000 495,755 11,274,106 9 23 May 20 , 2009 Preliminary 2009 census result 97 Russia 17,098,242 6,601,668 143,975,923 8 21 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 98 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6 16 February 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate 99 Canada 9,984,670 3,855,103 36,669,707 10 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 100 Australia 7,692,024 2,969,907 24,664,444 8 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source See also ( edit ) Excel Tables - United Nations World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision List of countries by real population density ( based on food growing capacity ) By region : Population density of Asian countries List of African countries by population density List of North American countries by population density List of South American countries by population density List of the European Union members by density Area and population of European countries Population density of countries in Oceania Cities : List of cities by population density List of the most densely populated administrative units in the world Other List of population concern organizations Notes ( edit ) ^ `` World Population Prospects '' . ^ `` Eurostat - Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . European Commission . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . ^ Current Special Administrative Region ( SAR ) of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Former Portuguese colony . ^ Territory claimed by Spain . ^ Borders and area of Palestinian - administered territories are pending outcome of negotiations with Israel . ^ Commonwealth of the United States . ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 111 out of 193 United Nations member states . ^ Excludes Crimea ^ Administration is split between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , both of which claim the entire territory . ^ Islands claimed by Argentina . ^ Partially recognized state , claimed by the People 's Republic of China as one of its provinces . Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density&oldid=802465399 '' Categories : Human overpopulation Lists of countries by population Lists of countries by population density Lists by population density Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Romani Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 09 : 21 . 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country with highest population density per square mile
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"The most densely populated sovereign nation is Monaco, with a population density of 18,713 people/km2."
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Fifty Shades (film series)
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Fifty Shades ( film series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( film series ) For the novel series , see Fifty Shades ( novel series ) . Fifty Shades Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson ( 1 ) James Foley ( 2 -- 3 ) Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi ( 2 -- 3 ) Screenplay by Kelly Marcel ( 1 ) Niall Leonard ( 2 -- 3 ) Based on Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan ( See below ) Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey ( 1 ) John Schwartzman ( 2 -- 3 ) Edited by Anne V. Coates ( 1 ) Lisa Gunning ( 1 ) Debra Neil - Fisher ( 1 ) Richard Francis - Bruce ( 2 ) Production company Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions ( 2 -- 3 ) Perfect World Pictures ( 2 -- 3 ) Distributed by Focus Features ( 1 ) Universal Pictures Release date 1 : February 13 , 2015 2 : February 10 , 2017 3 : February 9 , 2018 Running time 370 minutes Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $150 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $1.325 billion Fifty Shades is an American film series that consists of three erotic romantic drama films , based on the Fifty Shades trilogy by English author E.L. James . It is distributed by Universal Studios and stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as the lead roles Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively . Sam Taylor - Johnson directed the first film and initially she was slated to be the director of the sequels as well , however subsequently the second and third films were directed by James Foley . The first film , Fifty Shades of Grey , was released on February 13 , 2015 , while the second , Fifty Shades Darker , was released on February 10 , 2017 . Fifty Shades Freed , the third film , was released on February 9 , 2018 . Worldwide , the series has grossed over $1.320 billion , making it the fourth highest - grossing R - rated franchise of all - time . Contents 1 Development 2 Production 2.1 Director 2.2 Screenwriter 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 3 Films 3.1 Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) 3.2 Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) 3.3 Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) 4 Cast 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical and public response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Two years after the trilogy 's first novel was released , several distribution companies had bid for the rights of the trilogy . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount and Universal , as well as Mark Wahlberg 's production company , put in bids for the film rights . The winning bid went to Universal Studios and Focus Features , at $5 million . With James gaining control over the process of the making of the film , she hand - picked Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as the producers . Production ( edit ) Film Release date Producers Director Screenwriter Fifty Shades of Grey February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) Michael De Luca Dana Brunetti E.L. James Sam Taylor - Johnson Kelly Marcel Fifty Shades Darker February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) James Foley Niall Leonard Fifty Shades Freed February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Director ( edit ) On June 19 , 2013 , Sam Taylor - Johnson was chosen to direct the first film . On February 6 , 2015 , Taylor - Johnson announced the sequels , prompting she would return to direct the sequels . It was later revealed that Taylor - Johnson would not return . On August 20 , 2015 , it was revealed by Deadline Hollywood that James Foley was the front - runner to direct the sequel and third film Fifty Shades Freed . Screenwriter ( edit ) Kelly Marcel was chosen as the screenwriter for the first film . On April 22 , 2015 , it was announced that James ' husband , Niall Leonard , would write the script for the sequel . Leonard also went on to write the script for the third film . Casting ( edit ) The casting for the lead roles was considered controversial . Many contenders considered for the film included Ryan Gosling , Garrett Hedlund , Theo James , Alexander Skarsgård , François Arnaud , Charlie Hunnam , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen as Christian Grey . Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones were all considered for the role of Anastasia Steele . On September 2 , 2013 , Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam were cast as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey respectively . As a result , the displeasure of the casting from fans caused controversy . In response , Brunetti stated , `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' On October 12 , it was announced Hunnam had quit the role of Grey and the studio was in the process of searching for a new actor . On October 23 , Jamie Dornan was cast as the replacement for Christian Grey . In October 2013 , Jennifer Ehle was cast as Carla Wilks . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . On January 28 , 2016 , Kim Basinger joined the film to play the role of Elena Lincoln in the sequels , Grey 's business partner and former lover , while Luke Grimes , Eloise Mumford and Max Martini would be returning for the sequels . On February 5 , Bella Heathcote was cast as Leila , one of Grey 's former submissives . In the same month , Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde , Ana 's boss at SIP . On February 18 , 2016 , Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson joined the film 's cast . On February 20 , Brant Daugherty signed on to play Luke Sawyer , the personal bodyguard for Anastasia in the third film . Filming ( edit ) For Fifty Shades of Grey , principal photography was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , which began on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building . The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . For Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , principal photography was to commence in June in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . This was later to be impossible , due to the script being unwritten at the moment . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9 , 2016 , to July 12 , 2016 , under the working title `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 . '' Filming on Fifty Shades Darker concluded on April 11 , 2016 . Films ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) When Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele , a literature student , goes to interview the wealthy Christian Grey , as a favor to her roommate Kate Kavanagh , she encounters a handsome , brilliant and intimidating man . The innocent and naive Ana , startled to realize she wants him , despite his enigmatic reserve and advice , finds herself desperate to get close to him . Not able to resist Ana 's beauty and independent spirit , Grey admits he wants her too , but in his own terms . Ana hesitates as she discovers the singular tastes of Grey -- despite the embellishments of success -- his multinational businesses , his vast wealth , his loving family -- Grey is consumed by the need to control everything . As they get close , Steele starts to discover Grey 's secrets and explores her own BDSM desires . Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) Following the events of the first film , Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey resume their relationship under Ana 's terms . However , their relationship is tested when Christian 's past threatens the couple . Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Believing they 've left behind the shadowy figures from the past , billionaire Christian Grey and his new wife , Anastasia , fully embrace their inextricable connection and shared life of luxury . Just as the Greys begin to step into their new roles , sinister events come to light and jeopardize their happy ending before it even begins . Cast ( edit ) Character Film Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Anastasia Steele Dakota Johnson Christian Grey Jamie Dornan Katherine Kavanagh Eloise Mumford José Rodriguez , Jr . Victor Rasuk Elliot Grey Luke Grimes Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey Marcia Gay Harden Mia Grey Rita Ora Jason Taylor Max Martini Carrick Grey Andrew Airlie Carla May Wilks Jennifer Ehle Jennifer Ehle Unrated Edition only Jennifer Ehle Bob Adams Dylan Neal Dylan Neal Unrated Edition only Dylan Neal Raymond Steele Callum Keith Rennie Callum Keith Rennie Jack Hyde Eric Johnson Jerry Roach Bruce Altman Ros Bailey Robinne Lee Elizabeth Morgan Amy Price - Francis Gail Jones Fay Masterson Elena Lincoln ( Mrs. Robinson ) Kim Basinger Kim Basinger Unrated Edition only Leila Williams Bella Heathcote Gia Matteo Arielle Kebbel Luke Sawyer Brant Daugherty Boyce Fox Tyler Hoechlin Crew ( edit ) Occupation Films Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Director Sam Taylor - Johnson James Foley Producer ( s ) Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Writer ( s ) Kelly Marcel Niall Leonard Composer Danny Elfman Director of photography Seamus McGarvey John Schwartzman Editor ( s ) Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Debra Neil - Fisher Richard Francis - Bruce Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production Companies Michael De Luca Productions Michael De Luca Productions Perfect World Pictures Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Runtime ( Unrated ) 128 minutes 131 minutes 110 minutes Release Date February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) § Reception , Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) § Reception , and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) § Reception With a comined worldwide gross over $1.3 billion , the franchise is the fourth biggest R - rated franchise ever , behind only The Matrix ( $1.6 billion over three films ) , The Hangover ( $1.4 billion over three films ) and Alien ( $1.328 billion not counting the PG - 13 Alien vs. Predator ) . Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Budget Reference Opening weekend ( North America ) North America Other territories Worldwide Fifty Shades of Grey February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) $85,171,450 $166,167,230 $404,838,898 $571,006,128 $40 million Fifty Shades Darker February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) $46,607,250 $114,434,010 $266,547,533 $380,981,543 $55 million Fifty Shades Freed February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) $38,806,000 $100,407,760 $270,217,873 $370,625,633 $55 million Total $ 7008381009000000000 ♠ 381,009,000 $ 7008941604304000000 ♠ 941,604,304 $ 7009132261330400000 ♠ 1,322,613,304 $150 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Fifty Shades of Grey 25 % ( 260 reviews ) 46 ( 46 reviews ) C+ Fifty Shades Darker 10 % ( 176 reviews ) 33 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Fifty Shades Freed 13 % ( 144 reviews ) 31 ( 43 reviews ) B+ Average 15 % 37 Accolades ( edit ) Awards Fifty Shades of Grey Award Recipients and nominees Result Ref Academy Awards Best Original Song Belly , Stephan Moccio , Jason Quenneville , and The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James Won Worst Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Won Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screen Combo Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screenplay Kelly Marcel Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Ahmad Balshe , Stephan Moccio , Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for `` Earned It '' Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated Best Pop Solo Performance Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Best R&B Performance The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Won MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Dakota Johnson Nominated Best Kiss Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Fifty Shades of Grey Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Fifty Shades Darker Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James , Marcus Viscidi Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Fifty Shades Darker Won Worst Director James Foley Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Nominated Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Kim Basinger Won Worst Screen Combo Any combination of two characters , two sex toys or two sexual positions Nominated Worst Screenplay Niall Leonard Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Romance TV Spot Universal Pictures , Trailer Park Nominated Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Jack Antonoff , Sam Dew & Taylor Swift for `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Nominated International Online Cinema Awards Best Original Song Jack Antonoff , Sam Dew & Taylor Swift for `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . IBTimes . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie : 6 Things We Know About The ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel So Far '' . International Business Times . 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson Will Not Direct ' Fifty Shades Darker ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels , ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′ , ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Publishers Weekly : British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author '' . BBC News . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Niall Leonard , Husband Of ' Fifty Shades ' Author , Writing Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back , James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys Kit ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kim Basinger to Play Christian Grey 's Former Lover in ' Fifty Shades Darker ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Bella Heathcote as Christian Grey 's Ex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Knick ' Actor Eric Johnson Joins ' Fifty Shades Darker ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson '' . Variety . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise , com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ? , Christine ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey 2 ′ begins filming in Vancouver in June '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhonda Richford ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens ? '' . Fashion & Style . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 15 / 16 : Idris Elba Starts Shooting ' The Dark Tower ' , James Cameron Rolls Cameras on ' Avatar 2 ' , ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Finishes Production '' . SsnInsider.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman ' Is Still Leggier Than ' Titanic ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 winners : Full list '' . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.razzies.com/history/2016/2016-noms-press-release.html Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' , ' Fifty Shades ' Songs Score Multiple Grammy Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Jamie Lovett @ JamieLovett ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Announced ; ' Avengers : Age of Ultron , ' ' Jurassic World , ' ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Lead Film Nominations '' . Realty Today . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Song - Categories - International Press Academy '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIE AWARD NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GTA18 Nominees ( 2017 ) '' . Golden Trailer Awards . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . 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Biomass (ecology)
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Biomass ( Ecology ) - wikipedia Biomass ( Ecology ) Jump to : navigation , search Apart from bacteria , the total global live biomass has been estimated as 560 billion tonnes C , most of which is found in forests . Shallow aquatic environments , such as wetlands , estuaries and coral reefs , can be as productive as forests , generating similar amounts of new biomass each year on a given area . Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time . Biomass can refer to species biomass , which is the mass of one or more species , or to community biomass , which is the mass of all species in the community . It can include microorganisms , plants or animals . The mass can be expressed as the average mass per unit area , or as the total mass in the community . How biomass is measured depends on why it is being measured . Sometimes , the biomass is regarded as the natural mass of organisms in situ , just as they are . For example , in a salmon fishery , the salmon biomass might be regarded as the total wet weight the salmon would have if they were taken out of the water . In other contexts , biomass can be measured in terms of the dried organic mass , so perhaps only 30 % of the actual weight might count , the rest being water . For other purposes , only biological tissues count , and teeth , bones and shells are excluded . In some applications , biomass is measured as the mass of organically bound carbon ( C ) that is present . Apart from bacteria , the total live biomass on Earth is about 560 billion tonnes C , and the total annual primary production of biomass is just over 100 billion tonnes C / yr . The total live biomass of bacteria may be as much as that of plants and animals or may be much less . The total amount of DNA base pairs on Earth , as a possible approximation of global biodiversity , is estimated at 5.0 x 10 , and weighs 50 billion tonnes . In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 x 10 tonnes of carbon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ecological pyramids 2 Terrestrial biomass 3 Ocean biomass 4 Bacterial biomass 5 Global biomass 6 Global rate of production 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Ecological pyramids ( edit ) Main article : Ecological pyramid An ecological pyramid . An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation that shows , for a given ecosystem , the relationship between biomass or biological productivity and trophic levels . A biomass pyramid shows the amount of biomass at each trophic level . A productivity pyramid shows the production or turn - over in biomass at each trophic level . An ecological pyramid provides a snapshot in time of an ecological community . The bottom of the pyramid represents the primary producers ( autotrophs ) . The primary producers take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to create energy - rich molecules such as carbohydrates . This mechanism is called primary production . The pyramid then proceeds through the various trophic levels to the apex predators at the top . When energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next , typically only ten percent is used to build new biomass . The remaining ninety percent goes to metabolic processes or is dissipated as heat . This energy loss means that productivity pyramids are never inverted , and generally limits food chains to about six levels . However , in oceans , biomass pyramids can be wholly or partially inverted , with more biomass at higher levels . Terrestrial biomass ( edit ) Terrestrial biomass generally decreases markedly at each higher trophic level ( plants , herbivores , carnivores ) . Examples of terrestrial producers are grasses , trees and shrubs . These have a much higher biomass than the animals that consume them , such as deer , zebras and insects . The level with the least biomass are the highest predators in the food chain , such as foxes and eagles . In a temperate grassland , grasses and other plants are the primary producers at the bottom of the pyramid . Then come the primary consumers , such as grasshoppers , voles and bison , followed by the secondary consumers , shrews , hawks and small cats . Finally the tertiary consumers , large cats and wolves . The biomass pyramid decreases markedly at each higher level . Ocean biomass ( edit ) The marine food chain predatory fish ↑ filter feeders ↑ predatory zooplankton ↑ zooplankton ↑ phytoplankton See also : Marine life Ocean or marine biomass , in a reversal of terrestrial biomass , can increase at higher trophic levels . In the ocean , the food chain typically starts with phytoplankton , and follows the course : Phytoplankton → zooplankton → predatory zooplankton → filter feeders → predatory fish Phytoplankton are the main primary producers at the bottom of the marine food chain . Phytoplankton use photosynthesis to convert inorganic carbon into protoplasm . They are then consumed by microscopic animals called zooplankton . Zooplankton comprise the second level in the food chain , and includes small crustaceans , such as copepods and krill , and the larva of fish , squid , lobsters and crabs . In turn , small zooplankton are consumed by both larger predatory zooplankters , such as krill , and by forage fish , which are small , schooling , filter - feeding fish . This makes up the third level in the food chain . An ocean food web showing a network of food chains The fourth trophic level consists of predatory fish , marine mammals and seabirds that consume forage fish . Examples are swordfish , seals and gannets . Apex predators , such as orcas , which can consume seals , and shortfin mako sharks , which can consume swordfish , make up the fifth trophic level . Baleen whales can consume zooplankton and krill directly , leading to a food chain with only three or four trophic levels . Marine environments can have inverted biomass pyramids . In particular , the biomass of consumers ( copepods , krill , shrimp , forage fish ) is larger than the biomass of primary producers . This happens because the ocean 's primary producers are tiny phytoplankton that grow and reproduce rapidly , so a small mass can have a fast rate of primary production . In contrast , terrestrial primary producers grow and reproduce slowly . There is an exception with cyanobacteria . Marine cyanobacteria are the smallest known photosynthetic organisms ; the smallest of all , Prochlorococcus , is just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across . Prochlorococcus is possibly the most plentiful species on Earth : a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more . Worldwide , there are estimated to be several octillion ( ~ 10 ) individuals . Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40 ° N and 40 ° S and dominates in the oligotrophic ( nutrient poor ) regions of the oceans . The bacterium accounts for an estimated 20 % of the oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere , and forms part of the base of the ocean food chain . Bacterial biomass ( edit ) There are typically 50 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water . In a much - cited study from 1998 the world bacterial biomass was calculated to be 350 to 550 billions of tonnes of carbon , equal to between 60 % and 100 % of the carbon in plants . More recent studies of seafloor microbes have cast considerable doubt on that , one study in 2012 reduced the calculated microbial biomass on the seafloor from the original 303 billions of tonnes of C to just 4.1 billions of tonnes of C , reducing the global biomass of prokaryotes to 50 to 250 billions of tonnes of C. Further , if the average per cell biomass of prokaryotes is reduced from 86 to 14 femtograms C then the global biomass of prokaryotes is reduced to 13 to 44.5 billions of tonnes of C , equal to between 2.4 % and 8.1 % of the carbon in plants . Geographic location Number of cells ( × 10 ) Billions of tonnes of carbon Ocean floor 2.9 to 50 4.1 to 303 Open ocean 1.7 to 10 Terrestrial soil 2.6 3.7 to 22 Subsurface terrestrial 2.5 to 25 3.5 to 215 Global biomass ( edit ) Estimates for the global biomass of species and higher level groups are not always consistent across the literature . Apart from bacteria , the total global biomass has been estimated at about 560 billion tonnes C. Most of this biomass is found on land , with only 5 to 10 billion tonnes C found in the oceans . On land , there is about 1,000 times more plant biomass ( phytomass ) than animal biomass ( zoomass ) . About 18 % of this plant biomass is eaten by the land animals . However , in the ocean , the animal biomass is nearly 30 times larger than the plant biomass . Most ocean plant biomass is eaten by the ocean animals . name number of species date of estimate individual count mean living mass of individual percent biomass ( dried ) total number of carbon atoms global dry biomass in million tonnes global wet ( fresh ) biomass in million tonnes Terrestrial Humans 2012 7.0 billion 50 kg ( incl children ) 30 % 4.015 x 10 105 350 2005 4.63 billion 62 kg ( excl children ) 287 Cattle 1.3 billion 400 kg 30 % 156 520 Sheep and goats 2002 1.75 billion 60 kg 30 % 31.5 105 Chickens 24 billion 2 kg 30 % 14.4 48 Ants 12,649 10 - 10 billion 3 x 10 kg ( 0.003 grams ) 30 % 10 -- 100 30 - 300 Earthworms > 7,000 1881 Darwin 1.3 x 10 billion 3 g 30 % 1,140 - 2,280 3,800 - 7,600 Termites > 2,800 445 Marine Blue whales Pre-whaling 340,000 40 % 36 4,700 40 % 0.5 Fish > 10,000 2009 800 - 2,000 Antarctic krill 1924 -- 2004 7.8 x 10 0.486 g 379 Copepods ( a zooplankton ) 13,000 10 - 10 kg 1x10 Cyanobacteria ( a picoplankton ) ? 2003 1,000 Global Prokaryotes ( bacteria ) ? 1998 4 -- 6 x 10 cells 1.76 - 2.76 x 10 350,000 - 550,000 Humans comprise about 100 million tonnes of the Earth 's dry biomass , domesticated animals about 700 million tonnes , earthworms over 1,100 million tonnes , and annual cereal crops about 2.3 billion tonnes . The most successful animal species , in terms of biomass , may well be Antarctic krill , Euphausia superba , with a fresh biomass approaching 500 million tonnes , although domestic cattle may also reach these immense figures . However , as a group , the small aquatic crustaceans called copepods may form the largest animal biomass on earth . A 2009 paper in Science estimates , for the first time , the total world fish biomass as somewhere between 0.8 and 2.0 billion tonnes . It has been estimated that about 1 % of the global biomass is due to phytoplankton , and 25 % is due to fungi . Grasses , trees and shrubs have a much higher biomass than the animals that consume them The total biomass of bacteria may equal that of plants . Copepods may form the largest biomass of any animal species group . Antarctic krill form one of the largest biomasses of any individual animal species . It has been claimed that fungi make up 25 % of the global biomass Global rate of production ( edit ) Globally , terrestrial and oceanic habitats produce a similar amount of new biomass each year ( 56.4 billion tonnes C terrestrial and 48.5 billion tonnes C oceanic ) . Net primary production is the rate at which new biomass is generated , mainly due to photosynthesis . Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations . Satellites scan the normalised difference vegetation index ( NDVI ) over terrestrial habitats , and scan sea - surface chlorophyll levels over oceans . This results in 56.4 billion tonnes C / yr ( 53.8 % ) , for terrestrial primary production , and 48.5 billion tonnes C / yr for oceanic primary production . Thus , the total photoautotrophic primary production for the Earth is about 104.9 billion tonnes C / yr . This translates to about 426 gC / m2 / yr for land production ( excluding areas with permanent ice cover ) , and 140 gC / m2 / yr for the oceans . However , there is a much more significant difference in standing stocks -- while accounting for almost half of total annual production , oceanic autotrophs account for only about 0.2 % of the total biomass . Autotrophs may have the highest global proportion of biomass , but they are closely rivaled or surpassed by microbes . Terrestrial freshwater ecosystems generate about 1.5 % of the global net primary production . Some global producers of biomass in order of productivity rates are Producer Biomass productivity ( gC / m2 / yr ) Ref Total area ( million km2 ) Ref Total production ( billion tonnes C / yr ) Swamps and Marshes 2,500 Tropical rainforests 2,000 8 16 Coral reefs 2,000 0.28 0.56 Algal beds 2,000 River estuaries 1,800 Temperate forests 1,250 19 24 Cultivated lands 650 17 11 Tundras 140 Open ocean 125 311 39 Deserts 50 0.15 See also ( edit ) Biomass ( as in bioproducts ) Natural organic matter Productivity ( ecology ) Primary nutritional groups Standing stock Lake Pohjalampi - a biomass manipulation study List of harvested aquatic animals by weight References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Groombridge B , Jenkins MD ( 2000 ) Global biodiversity : Earth 's living resources in the 21st century Page 11 . World Conservation Monitoring Centre , World Conservation Press , Cambridge Jump up ^ `` Biomass '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs , Robert E. ; Miller , Gary Leon ( 2000 ) . Ecology ( 4th ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 2829 - 0 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` biomass '' . ^ Jump up to : Field , C.B. ; Behrenfeld , M.J. ; Randerson , J.T. ; Falkowski , P. ( 1998 ) . `` Primary production of the Biosphere : Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components '' . Science . 281 ( 5374 ) : 237 -- 240 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281 ... 237F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5374. 237 . PMID 9657713 . ^ Jump up to : Whitman WB , Coleman DC , Wiebe WJ ( 1998 ) . `` Prokaryotes : the unseen majority '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 12 ) : 6578 -- 83 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.6578 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.12. 6578 . PMC 33863 . PMID 9618454 . ^ Jump up to : Kallmeyer J ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Global distribution of microbial abundance and biomass in subseafloor sediment '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 40 ) : 16213 -- 6 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1203849109 . PMC 3479597 . PMID 22927371 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Counting All the DNA on Earth '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Biosphere : Diversity of Life '' . Aspen Global Change Institute . Basalt , CO . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kettler , Gregory C. ; Martiny , Adam C. ; Huang , Katherine ; Zucker , Jeremy ; Coleman , Maureen L. ; Rodrigue , Sebastien ; Chen , Feng ; Lapidus , Alla ; et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Patterns and Implications of Gene Gain and Loss in the Evolution of Prochlorococcus '' . PLoS Genetics . 3 ( 12 ) : e231 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 0030231 . PMC 2151091 . PMID 18159947 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` Earth from Saturn '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Jump up ^ F. Partensky , W.R. Hess & D. Vaulot ( 1999 ) . `` Prochlorococcus , a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 63 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 127 . PMC 98958 . PMID 10066832 . Jump up ^ The Most Important Microbe You 've Never Heard Of Jump up ^ Lipp JS , Morono Y , Inagaki F , Hinrichs KU ( 2008 ) . `` Significant contribution of Archaea to extant biomass in marine subsurface sediments '' . Nature . 454 : 991 -- 994 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07174 . PMID 18641632 . ^ Jump up to : Hartley , Sue ( 2010 ) The 300 Million Years War : Plant Biomass v Herbivores Royal Institution Christmas Lecture . Jump up ^ Darlington , P ( 1966 ) http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Terrestrial+Fauna `` Biogeografia '' . Published in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . Jump up ^ US world population clock Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Freitas , Robert A. Jr. Nanomedicine 3.1 Human Body Chemical Composition Foresight Institute , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Walpole , S.C. ; Prieto - Merino , D. ; Edwards , P. ; Cleland , J. ; Stevens , G. ; Roberts , I. ( 2012 ) . `` The weight of nations : an estimation of adult human biomass '' ( PDF ) . BMC Public Health . 12 ( 1 ) : 439 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 12 - 439 . PMC 3408371 . PMID 22709383 . Jump up ^ Cattle Today . `` Breeds of Cattle at CATTLE TODAY '' . Cattle-today.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ World 's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Earth Policy Institute 2002 Jump up ^ http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/tsa.sppcount?the_taxon=Formicidae Jump up ^ Embery , Joan and Lucaire , Ed ( 1983 ) Collection of Amazing Animal Facts . ^ Jump up to : Blakemore R.J. ( 2017 ) Darwin 's win - win for Global Worming ? Jump up ^ Lee , K.E. ( 1985 : 33 ) Earthworms - their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use . Academic Press . Jump up ^ Sum of ( ( biomass m ^ - 2 ) * ( area m ^ 2 ) ) from table 3 in Sanderson , M.G. 1996 Biomass of termites and their emissions of methane and carbon dioxide : A global database Global Biochemical Cycles , Vol 10 : 4 543 - 557 Jump up ^ Pershing , A.J. ; Christensen , L.B. ; Record , N.R. ; Sherwood , G.D. ; Stetson , P.B. ; Humphries , Stuart ( 2010 ) . Humphries , Stuart , ed . `` The Impact of Whaling on the Ocean Carbon Cycle : Why Bigger Was Better '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12444 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 512444P . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012444 . PMC 2928761 . PMID 20865156 . ( Table 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jelmert , A. ; Oppen - Berntsen , D.O. ( 1996 ) . `` Whaling and Deep - Sea Biodiversity '' . Conservation Biology . 10 ( 2 ) : 653 -- 654 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1996. 10020653. x . Jump up ^ Wilson RW , Millero FJ , Taylor JR , Walsh PJ , Christensen V , Jennings S and Grosell M ( 2009 ) `` Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle '' Science , 323 ( 5912 ) 359 - 362 . ( This article provides a first estimate of global fish `` wet weight '' biomass ) ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , A. ; Siegel , V. ; Pakhomov , E.A. ; Jessopp , M.J. ; Loeb , V. ( 2009 ) . `` A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill '' ( PDF ) . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 56 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 740 . Bibcode : 2009DSRI ... 56 ... 727A . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2008.12. 007 . Jump up ^ Buitenhuis , E.T. ; Quéré , C. Le ; Aumont , O. ; Beaugrand , G. ; Bunker , A. ; Hirst , A. ; Ikeda , T. ; O'Brien , T. ; Piontkovski , S. ; Straile , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Biogeochemical fluxes through mesozooplankton '' . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 20 : 2003 . Bibcode : 2006GBioC ... 20.2003 B . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GB002511 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Pichel , F ; Belnap , J ; Neuer , S ; Schanz , F ( 2003 ) . `` Estimates of global cyanobacterial biomass and its distribution '' ( PDF ) . Algological Studies . 109 : 213 -- 217 . doi : 10.1127 / 1864 - 1318 / 2003 / 0109 - 0213 . Jump up ^ The world human population was 6.6 billion in January 2008 . At an average weight of 100 pounds ( 30 lbs of biomass ) , that equals 100 million tonnes . Jump up ^ FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013 : page 130 - http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e.PDF ^ Jump up to : Nicol , S. ; Endo , Y. ( 1997 ) . Fisheries Technical Paper 367 : Krill Fisheries of the World . FAO . Jump up ^ Ross , R.M. and Quetin , L.B. ( 1988 ) . Euphausia superba : a critical review of annual production . Comp . Biochem. Physiol . 90B , 499 - 505 . ^ Jump up to : Biology of Copepods Archived 1 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . at Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Jump up ^ Wilson , RW ; Millero , FJ ; Taylor , JR ; Walsh , PJ ; Christensen , V ; Jennings , S ; Grosell , M ( 2009 ) . `` Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle '' . Science . 323 ( 5912 ) : 359 -- 362 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 323 ... 359W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1157972 . PMID 19150840 . Jump up ^ Researcher gives first - ever estimate of worldwide fish biomass and impact on climate change PhysOrg.com , 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bidle1 , KD ; Falkowski , PG ( 2004 ) . `` Cell death in planktonic , photosynthetic microorganisms '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 ( 8 ) : 643 -- 655 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro956 . Jump up ^ Miller , JD ( 1992 ) . `` Fungi as contaminants in indoor air '' . Atmospheric Environment. 26 ( 12 ) : 2163 -- 2172 . Bibcode : 1992AtmEn ... 26.2163 M . doi : 10.1016 / 0960 - 1686 ( 92 ) 90404 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sorenson , WG ( 1999 ) . `` Fungal spores : Hazardous to health ? '' ( PDF ) . Environ Health Perspect. 107 ( Suppl 3 ) : 469 -- 472 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 99107s3469 . PMC 1566211 . PMID 10423389 . Jump up ^ Whitman , W.B. ; Coleman , D.C. ; Wieb , W.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Prokaryotes : The unseen majority '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 95 ( 12 ) : 6578 -- 6583 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.6578 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.12. 6578 . PMC 33863 . PMID 9618454 . Jump up ^ Groombridge , B. ; Jenkins , M. ( 2002 ) . World Atlas of Biodiversity : Earth 's Living Resources in the 21st Century . World Conservation Monitoring Centre , United Nations Environment Programme . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23668 - 8 . PMC 3408371 . Jump up ^ Alexander , David E. ( 1 May 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Environmental Science . Springer . ISBN 0 - 412 - 74050 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ricklefs , Robert E. ; Miller , Gary Leon ( 2000 ) . Ecology ( 4th ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 2829 - 0 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Mark , Corinna Ravilious , and Edmund Green . 2001 . World Atlas of Coral Reefs . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press and UNEP / WCMC . ^ Jump up to : Park , Chris C. ( 2001 ) . The environment : principles and applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 564 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21770 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Foley , JA ; Monfreda , C ; Ramankutty , N and Zaks , D ( 2007 ) Our share of the planetary pie Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 104 ( 31 ) : 12585 -- 12586 . Download Haberl , H ; Erb , KH ; Krausmann , F ; Gaube , V ; Bondeau , A ; Plutzar , C ; Gingrich , S ; Lucht , W and Fischer - Kowalski , M ( 2007 ) Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth 's terrestrial ecosystems Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 104 ( 31 ) : 12942 - 12947 . Download Purves , William K and Orians , Gordon H ( 2007 ) Life : The Science of Biology , 8th Ed . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 0877 - 2 External links ( edit ) Look up biomass in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Counting bacteria Trophic levels Biomass distributions for high trophic - level fishes in the North Atlantic , 1900 -- 2000 Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Constructal theory Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Aquatic ecosystem topics Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomass_(ecology)&oldid=810135748 '' Categories : Ecology terminology Environmental terminology Ecological metrics Ecosystems Fisheries science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Română Русский Simple English ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 15 : 05 . 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list areas of the earth that have high levels of biodiversity
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New Jersey Plan
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New Jersey Plan - wikipedia New Jersey Plan Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The New Jersey Plan ( also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan ) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15 , 1787 . The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan , which called for two houses of Congress , both elected with apportionment according to population . The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states , and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one - vote - per - state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation . The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph ( the proponents of the Virginia state Plan ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proposals 2 Consideration 3 References 4 External links Proposals ( edit ) Under the New Jersey Plan , the unicameral legislature with one vote per state was inherited from the Articles of Confederation . This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and , as they entered the United States of America freely and individually , remained so . The plan proposed the following : The Articles of Confederation should be amended . In addition to the existing powers under the Articles of Confederation , Congress gained authority to raise funds via tariffs and other measures , and to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with other nations . Cases involving these powers would still be heard by state courts unless appealed to the federal judiciary . Congress has the authority to collect taxes from states based on the number of free inhabitants and 3 / 5ths of slaves in that state . However , this power requires the consent of some proportion of the states . Congress elects a federal executive , consisting of multiple people , who can not be re-elected and can be recalled by Congress when requested by the majority of executives of the states . The federal judiciary is represented by a Supreme Tribunal , appointed by the federal executive , which has authority in federal impeachment cases and as the appeal of last resort in cases dealing with national matters ( such as treaties ) . The Articles of Confederation and treaties are the supreme law of the land . The federal executive is authorized to use force to compel non-compliant states to observe the law . A policy of admission of new states should be established . A singular policy for naturalization should be established . A citizen of one state can be prosecuted under the laws of another state in which the crime was committed . Variations also proposed that state governments must be bound by oath to support the Articles , that a policy should be established to handle territorial disputes , and that the offenses deemed as treason should be defined . The New Jersey Plan Consideration ( edit ) Ultimately , the New Jersey Plan was rejected as a basis for a new constitution . The Virginia Plan was used , but some ideas from the New Jersey Plan were added . Perhaps the most important of these was introduced by the Connecticut Compromise , which established a bicameral legislature with the U.S. House of Representatives apportioned by population , as desired by the Virginia Plan , and the Senate granted equal votes per state , as desired by the New Jersey Plan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ William Paterson Biography in Soldier Statesmen of the Constitution , a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History . Accessed October 23 , 2007 . `` He was the co-author of the New Jersey ( or Paterson ) Plan that asserted the rights of the small states by proposing a national legislature that , ignoring differences in size and population , gave equal voice to all the states . The proposal countered the Virginia Plan introduced by Edmund Randolph , which granted special recognition to differences in population and , therefore , favored the large states . '' Jump up ^ `` Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by William Patterson - Text B '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by William Patterson - Text C '' . The Avalon Project . External links ( edit ) Variant texts of the New Jersey Plan at the Avalon Project ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Plan&oldid=803848216 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution Legal history of New Jersey 1787 in American politics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the virginia plan proposed a weaker executive branch than the new jersey plan
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How Not to Be Wrong
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How Not to Be Wrong - wikipedia How Not to Be Wrong How Not to Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking Paperback edition Author Jordan Ellenberg Country United States Language English Genre Mathematics Publisher Penguin Group Publication date May 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) Media type Print Pages 468 pp . ISBN 978 - 1594205224 How Not to Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking , written by Jordan Ellenberg , is a New York Times Best Selling book that connects various economic and societal philosophies with basic mathematics and statistical principles . Contents 1 Summary 2 Chapter Summaries 2.1 PART 1 : Linearity 2.2 PART 2 : Inference 2.3 PART 3 : Expectation 2.4 PART 4 : Regression 2.5 PART 5 : Existence 2.6 HOW TO BE RIGHT 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Summary ( edit ) How Not to Be Wrong explains the mathematics behind some of simplest day - to - day thinking . It then goes into more complex decisions people make . For example , Ellenberg explains many misconceptions about lotteries and whether or not they can be mathematically beaten . Ellenberg uses mathematics to examine real - world issues ranging from the fetishizing of straight lines in the reporting of obesity to the game theory of missing flights , from the relevance to digestion of regression to the mean to the counter-intuitive Berkson 's paradox . Chapter summaries ( edit ) Part 1 : linearity ( edit ) CHAPTER 1 , LESS LIKE SWEDEN : Ellenberg encourages his readers to think nonlinearly , and know that `` where you should go depends on where you are '' . To develop his thought , he relates this to Voodoo economics and the Laffer curve of taxation . Although there are little to no numbers in this chapter , the point is that the overall concept still ties back to mathematical thinking . CHAPTER 2 , STRAIGHT LOCALLY , CURVED GLOBALLY : This chapter puts an emphasis on recognizing that `` not every curve is a straight line '' , and makes reference to multiple mathematical concepts including the Pythagorean theorem , the derivation of Pi , Zeno 's paradox , and non-standard analysis . CHAPTER 3 , EVERYONE IS OBESE : Here , Ellenberg dissects some common statistics about Obesity trends in the United States . He ties it into linear regression , and points out basic contradictions made by the original arguments presented . He uses many examples to make his point , including the correlation between SAT scores and tuition rates , as well as the trajectory of missiles . CHAPTER 4 , HOW MANY IS THAT IN DEAD AMERICANS : Ellenberg analyzes statistics about the number of casualties around the world in different countries resulting from war . He notes that although proportion in these cases matters , it does n't always necessarily make sense when relating them to American deaths . He uses examples of deaths due to brain cancer , the Binomial Theorem , and voting polls to reinforce his point . CHAPTER 5 , MORE PIE THAN PLATE : This chapter goes in depth with number percentages relating to employment rates , and references political allegations . He emphasizes that `` actual numbers in these cases are n't important , but knowing what to divide by what is mathematics in its truest form '' , noting that mathematics in itself is in everything . Part 2 : Inference ( edit ) CHAPTER 6 , THE BALTIMORE STOCKBROKER AND THE BIBLE CODE : Ellenberg tries to get across that mathematics is in every single thing that we do . To support this , he uses examples about hidden codes in the Torah determined by ELS , Equidistant Letter Sequence , a Stockbroker parable , noting that `` Improbable things happen '' , and wiggle room attributes to that . CHAPTER 7 , DEAD FISH DON 'T READ MINDS : This chapter touches on a lot of things . The basis for this chapter are stories about a dead salmons MRI , trial and error in algebra , and birth control statistics as well as basketball statistics . He also notes that poetry can be compared to mathematics in that it 's `` trained by exposure to stimuli , and manipulable in the lab '' . Additionally , he writes of a few other mathematical concepts , including Null hypothesis and the Quantic Formula . CHAPTER 8 , REDUCTIO AD UNLIKELY : This chapter focuses on the works and theorems / concepts of many famous mathematicians and philosophers . These include but are n't limited to the Reductio Ad Absurdum by Aristotle , a look into the constellation Taurus by John Mitchell , and Yitang `` Tom '' Zhangs `` abounded gaps '' conjecture . He also delves into explaining rational numbers , the prime number theorem , and makes up his own word , `` flogarithms '' . CHAPTER 9 , THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HARUSPICY : Ellenberg relates the practice of Haruspicy , genes that affect Schizophrenia , and the accuracy of published papers as well as other things to the `` P value '' or Statistical Significance . He also notes at the end that Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson claimed that Statistics is about doing , not interpreting , and then relates this to other real - world examples . CHAPTER 10 , ARE YOU THERE GOD ? IT 'S ME , BAYESIAN INFERENCE : This chapter relates Algorithms to things ranging from God , to Netflix movie recommendations , and to terrorism on Facebook . Ellenberg goes through quite a few mathematical concepts in this chapter , which include Conditional probabilities relating back to `` P value '' , Posterior Possibilities , Bayesian Inference , and Bayes Theorem as they correlate to Radio Psychics and Probability . Additionally , he uses Punnett Squares and other methods to explore the probability of Gods existence . Part 3 : expectation ( edit ) CHAPTER 11 , WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN YOU 'RE EXPECTING TO WIN THE LOTTERY : This chapter discusses the different probabilities of winning the lottery and expected value as it relates to lottery tickets , including the story of how MIT students managed to `` win '' the lottery every time in their town . Ellenberg also talks about the Law of Large numbers again , as well as introducing the Additivity of expected value and the games of Franc - Carreau or the `` noodle / needle problem '' . Many mathematicians and other famous people are mentioned in this chapter , including Georges - Louis LeClerc , Comte de Buffon , and James Harvey . CHAPTER 12 , MISS MORE PLANES : The mathematical concepts in this chapter include Utility and Utils , and the Laffer curve again . This chapter discusses the amount of time spent in the airport as it relates to flights being missed , Daniel Ellsberg , Blaise Pascal 's Pense 's , the probability of God once more , and the St. Petersburg Paradox . CHAPTER 13 , WHERE THE TRAIN TRACKS MEET : This chapter includes discussions about the Lottery again , and Geometry in Renaissance paintings . It introduces some things about coding , including Error Correcting Code , Hamming Code , and code words . It also mentions Hamming distance at it relates to language . The mathematical concepts included in this chapter are Variance , the Projective Plane , the Fano plane , and the Face centered cubic lattice . Part 4 : regression ( edit ) CHAPTER 14 , THE TRIUMPH OF MEDIOCRITY : This chapter discusses Mediocrity in everyday business according to Horace Secrist . It also includes discussions about Francis Galton 's `` Hereditary Genius '' , and baseball statistics about home runs . Scatter plot example CHAPTER 15 , GALTONS ELLIPSE : This chapter focuses on Sir Francis Galton , and his work on scatter plots , as well as the ellipses formed by them , correlation and causation , and the development from linear systems to quadratics . This chapter also addressed conditional and unconditional expectation , regression to the mean , eccentricity , Bivariate normal distribution , and dimensions in geometry . CHAPTER 16 , DOES LUNG CANCER MAKE YOU SMOKE CIGARETTES : This chapter explores the correlation between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer , using work from R.A Fisher . It also goes into Berkson 's Fallacy , and uses the attractiveness of men to develop the thought , and talks about common effect at the end . Part 5 : existence ( edit ) CHAPTER 17 , THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS PUBLIC OPINION : This chapter delves into the workings of a majority rules system , and points out the contradictions and confusion of it all , ultimately stating that public opinion does n't exist . It uses many examples to make its point , including different election statistics , the death sentence of a mentally retarded person , and a case with Justice Antonin Scalia . It also includes mathematical terms / concepts such as Independence of irrelevant alternatives , Asymmetric Domination effect , and Condorcet paradoxes . CHAPTER 18 , `` OUT OF NOTHING , I HAVE CREATED A STRANGE NEW UNIVERSE '' : This chapter talks about János Bolyais , and his work on the parallel postulate . Others mentioned in this chapter include David Hilbert , and Gottlob Frege . It also explored points and lines , Formalism , and what the author calls a `` Genius '' mentality . How to Be right ( edit ) This last chapter introduces one last concept , ex falso quodlibet , and mentions Theodore Roosevelt , as well as the election between Obama and Romney . The author ends the novel with encouraging statements , noting that it 's okay to not know everything , and that we all learn from failure . He ends saying that to love math is to be `` touched by fire and bound by reason '' , and that we should all use it well . Reception ( edit ) Bill Gates endorsed How Not to Be Wrong and included it in his 2016 `` 5 Books to Read This Summer '' list . The Washington Post reported that the book is `` brilliantly engaging ... part of the sheer intellectual joy of the book is watching the author leap nimbly from topic to topic , comparing slime molds to the Bush -- Gore Florida vote , criminology to Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony . The final effect is of one enormous mosaic unified by mathematics . '' The Wall Street Journal said , `` Mr. Ellenberg writes , a kind of ' X-ray specs that reveal hidden structures underneath the messy and chaotic surface of the world . '' The Guardian wrote , `` Ellenberg 's prose is a delight -- informal and robust , irreverent yet serious . '' Business insider said it 's `` A collection of fascinating examples of math and its surprising applications ... How Not To Be Wrong is full of interesting and weird mathematical tools and observations '' . Publishers weekly writes `` Wry , accessible , and entertaining ... Ellenberg finds the common - sense math at work in the every day world , and his vivid examples and clear descriptions show how ' math is woven into the way we reason ' '' . Times Higher Education notes `` How Not To Be Wrong is beautifully written , holding the reader 's attention throughout with well - chosen material , illuminating exposition , wit , and helpful examples ... Ellenberg shares Gardner 's remarkable ability to write clearly and entertainingly , bringing in deep mathematical ideas without the reader registering their difficulty '' . Salon describes the book as `` A poet - mathematician offers an empowering and entertaining primer for the age of Big Data ... A rewarding popular math book for just about anyone '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - June 22 , 2014 - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Crace , John ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) . `` How Not to Be Wrong : The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life by Jordan Ellenberg -- digested read '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Review of ' How Not to Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking ' by Jordan Ellenberg -- The Boston Globe '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` In ' How Not to Be Wrong ' Jordan Ellenberg makes math meaningful '' . LA Times . Jump up ^ Bird , Review by Orlando ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' How Not To Be Wrong : The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life ' , by Jordan Ellenberg '' . Financial Times . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Jump up ^ Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How I Was Wrong '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thinking Inside the Box On Wisconsin '' . OnWisconsin . Jump up ^ `` How to Get Rich Playing the Lottery Mathematical Association of America '' . www.maa.org . Jump up ^ `` Mathematician Explains How To Figure Out What Time To Get To The Airport Before Your Flight '' . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 ) . How Not To Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books . pp. 21 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312753 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 ) . How Not To Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books . pp. 89 -- 191 . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 ) . How Not To Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books . pp. 196 -- 291 . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 ) . How Not To Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books . pp. 295 -- 362 . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 ) . How Not To Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books . pp. 365 -- 420 . Jump up ^ Ellenberg , Jordan ( 2014 ) . How Not To Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books . pp. 421 -- 437 . Jump up ^ Gates , Bill . `` How Math Secretly Affects Your Life '' . www.gatesnotes.com . Jump up ^ Gates , Bill . `` 5 Books to Read This Summer '' . www.gatesnotes.com . Jump up ^ Suri , Manil ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Book review : `` How Not to Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking , '' by Jordan Ellenberg `` . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Jump up ^ Livio , Mario ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Book Review : ' How Not to Be Wrong ' by Jordan Ellenberg '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Jump up ^ Bellos , Alex ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How Not to Be Wrong : The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life by Jordan Ellenberg -- review '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Mathematician Explains How To Figure Out What Time To Get To The Airport Before Your Flight '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nonfiction Book Review : How Not to Be Wrong : The Power of Mathematical Thinking by Jordan Ellenberg . Penguin Press , $27.95 ( 480p ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 522 - 4 '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` How Not to Be Wrong : The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life , by Jordan Ellenberg '' . Times Higher Education ( THE ) . 2014 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` `` How Not to Be Wrong '' : What the literary world can learn from math `` . Salon . 2014 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . 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Trail of Tears
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Trail of Tears - wikipedia Trail of Tears Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Trail of Tears ( disambiguation ) . Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears memorial monument at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota , Georgia which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears Date 1831 -- 1850 Location Southeastern United States and Indian Territory , present - day Oklahoma Participants U.S. Government , U.S. Army , state militias , Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee , Muscogee , Seminole , Chickasaw , and Choctaw nations Outcome The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement . Deaths Cherokee ( 4,000 ) Creek Seminole ( 3,000 in Second Seminole War -- 1835 -- 1842 ) Chickasaw ( 3,500 ) Choctaw ( 2,500 -- 6,000 ) The Trail of Tears was a series of forced removals , sometimes at gunpoint , of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to other areas , one which was an area West of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Indian Territory . The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . Many of the relocated native people suffered from exposure , disease , and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve , and many died before reaching their various designated reserve ( s ) . The removal included members of the Cherokee , Muscogee ( Creek ) , Seminole , Chickasaw , Choctaw , and Ponca nations . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originates from a description of the many native american tribes removal ; including the infamous Cherokee Nation in 1838 . Between 1830 and 1850 , the Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , Seminole , and Cherokee people ( including mixed - race and black freedmen and slaves who lived among them ) were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States , and relocated farther west . Those Native Americans that were relocated were forced to march to their destinations by state and local militias . The Cherokee removal in 1838 ( the last forced removal east of the Mississippi ) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia in 1828 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush . Approximately 2,000 -- 6,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 1.1 Jackson 's role 1.2 Terminology 2 Legal background 3 Choctaw removal 4 Seminole resistance 5 Creek dissolution 6 Chickasaw monetary removal 7 Cherokee forced relocation 7.1 Eastern Cherokee Restitution 8 Landmarks and references 8.1 Trail of Tears outdoor historical drama , Unto These Hills 8.2 Commemorative medallion 8.3 In literature and oral history 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Documents 13 Documentary 14 External links Historical context ( edit ) Map of United States Indian Removal , 1830 -- 1835 . Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow - green . In 1830 , a group of Indians collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes ( the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee , and Seminole tribes ) were living as autonomous nations in what would be later called the American Deep South . The process of cultural transformation , as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox , was gaining momentum , especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw . American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast ; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands , while others wanted more land made available to white settlers . Although the effort was vehemently opposed by many , including U.S. Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee , President Andrew Jackson was able to gain Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which authorized the government to extinguish Indian title to lands in the Southeast . In 1831 , the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed , and their removal served as the model for all future relocations . After two wars , many Seminoles were removed in 1832 . The Creek removal followed in 1834 , the Chickasaw in 1837 , and lastly the Cherokee in 1838 . Many Indians remained in their ancestral homelands ; some Choctaw are found in Mississippi , Creek in Alabama and Florida , Cherokee in North Carolina , and Seminole in Florida ; a small group had moved to the Everglades and were never defeated by the United States government . A limited number of non-Indians , including some of African descent ( some as slaves , and others as spouses or freedmen ) , also accompanied the Indians on the trek westward . By 1837 , 46,000 Indians from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands , thereby opening 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) for predominantly white settlement . Prior to 1830 , the fixed boundaries of these autonomous tribal nations , comprising large areas of the United States , were subject to continual cession and annexation , in part due to pressure from squatters and the threat of military force in the newly declared U.S. territories -- federally administered regions whose boundaries supervened upon the Native treaty claims . As these territories became U.S. states , state governments sought to dissolve the boundaries of the Indian nations within their borders , which were independent of state jurisdiction , and to expropriate the land therein . These pressures were exacerbated by U.S. population growth and the expansion of slavery in the South , with the rapid development of cotton cultivation in the uplands following the invention of the cotton gin . Jackson 's role ( edit ) The removals , conducted under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , followed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . The Act provided the President with powers to exchange land with Native tribes and provide infrastructure improvements on the existing lands . The law also gave the president power to pay for transportation costs to the West , should tribes choose to relocate . The law did not , however , allow the President to force tribes to move West without a mutually agreed - upon treaty . In the years following the Act , the Cherokee filed several lawsuits regarding conflicts with the state of Georgia . Some of these cases reached the Supreme Court , the most influential being Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) . Samuel Worcester and other non-Indians were convicted by Georgia law for residing in Cherokee territory in the state of Georgia , without a license . Worcester was sentenced to prison for four years and appealed the ruling , arguing that this sentence violated treaties made between Indian nations and the United States federal government by imposing state laws on Cherokee lands . The Court ruled in Worcester 's favor , declaring that the Cherokee Nation was subject only to federal law and that the Supremacy Clause barred legislative interference by the state of Georgia . Chief Justice Marshall argued , `` The Cherokee nation , then , is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force . The whole intercourse between the United States and this Nation , is , by our constitution and laws , vested in the government of the United States . '' Andrew Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court mandate barring Georgia from intruding on Cherokee lands . He feared that enforcement would lead to open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , which would compound the ongoing crisis in South Carolina and lead to a broader civil war . Instead , he vigorously negotiated a land exchange treaty with the Cherokee . Political opponents Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams , who supported the Worcester decision , were outraged by Jackson 's refusal to uphold Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an account of Cherokee assimilation into the American culture , declaring his support of the Worcester decision . Jackson chose to continue with Indian removal , and negotiated The Treaty of New Echota , on December 29 , 1835 , which granted Cherokee Indians two years to move to Indian Territory ( modern Oklahoma ) . Only a fraction of the Cherokees left voluntarily . The U.S. government , with assistance from state militias , forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838 . The Cherokees were temporarily remanded in camps in eastern Tennessee . In November , the Cherokee were broken into groups of around 1,000 each and began the journey west . They endured heavy rains , snow , and freezing temperatures . When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota , they exchanged all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government . Many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal , and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty . By the end of the decade in 1840 , tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi River . The Creek , Choctaw , Seminole , and Chicksaw were also relocated under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . One Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as `` A Trail of Tears and Deaths '' , a devastating event that removed most of the Native population of the southeastern United States from their traditional homelands . Terminology ( edit ) The latter forced relocations have sometimes been referred to as `` death marches '' , in particular with reference to the Cherokee march across the Midwest in 1838 , which occurred on a predominantly land route . Indians who had the means initially provided for their own removal . Contingents that were led by conductors from the U.S. Army included those led by Edward Deas , who was claimed to be a sympathizer for the Cherokee plight . The largest death toll from the Cherokee forced relocation comes from the period after the May 23 , 1838 deadline . This was at the point when the remaining Cherokee were rounded into camps and pressed into oversized detachments , often over 700 in size ( larger than the populations of Little Rock or Memphis at that time ) . Communicable diseases spread quickly through these closely quartered groups , killing many . These contingents were among the last to move , but following the same routes the others had taken ; the areas they were going through had been depleted of supplies due to the vast numbers that had gone before them . The marchers were subject to extortion and violence along the route . In addition , these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year , killing many . Exposure to the elements , disease and starvation , harassment by local frontiersmen , and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one - third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march . There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term `` Trail of Tears '' should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory ( as was the stated U.S. policy ) , or to the Five Tribes described above , to the route of the land march specifically , or to specific marches in which the remaining holdouts from each area were rounded up . Legal background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Indian nations living in what were then known as the Indian Territories -- the portion of the early United States west of the Mississippi River not yet claimed or allotted to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States federal government . These recognized the tribal governments as dependent but internally sovereign , or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government . While retaining their tribal governance , which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee , many portions of the southeastern Indian nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region . This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia , and the possession of slaves . These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal . A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation . Under the history of U.S. treaty law , the territorial boundaries claimed by federally recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized ; until the following establishment of reservations of land , determined by the federal government , which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty , in a process that often entailed forced relocation . The establishment of the Indian Territory and the extinguishment of Indian land claims east of the Mississippi anticipated the establishment of the U.S. Indian reservation system . It was imposed on remaining Indian lands later in the 19th century . The statutory argument for Indian sovereignty persisted until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , that ( e.g. ) the Cherokee were not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore not entitled to a hearing before the court . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the court re-established limited internal sovereignty under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government , in a ruling that both opposed the subsequent forced relocation and set the basis for modern U.S. case law . While the latter ruling was defied by Jackson , the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence , often attributed to military exigency , as the members of individual Indian nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court . Jackson 's involvement in what became known as the Trail of Tears can not be ignored . In a speech regarding Indian removal , Jackson said , `` It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites ; free them from the power of the States ; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions ; will retard the progress of decay , which is lessening their numbers , and perhaps cause them gradually , under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels , to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting , civilized , and Christian community . '' According to Jackson , the move would be nothing but beneficial for all parties . His point of view garnered support from many Americans , many of whom would benefit economically from the removal . This was compounded by the fact that while citizenship tests existed for Indians living in newly annexed areas before and after forced relocation , individual U.S. states did not recognize tribal land claims , only individual title under State law , and distinguished between the rights of white and non-white citizens , who often had limited standing in court ; and Indian removal was carried out under U.S. military jurisdiction , often by state militias . As a result , individual Indians who could prove U.S. citizenship were nevertheless displaced from newly annexed areas . The military actions and subsequent treaties enacted by Jackson 's and Martin Van Buren 's administrations pursuant to the 1830 law , which Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett had unsuccessfully voted against , are widely considered to have directly caused the expulsion or death of a substantial part of the Indian population then living in the southeastern United States . Choctaw removal ( edit ) George W. Harkins Main article : Choctaw Trail of Tears The Choctaw nation occupied large portions of what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . After a series of treaties starting in 1801 , the Choctaw nation was reduced to 11,000,000 acres ( 45,000 km ) . The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek ceded the remaining country to the United States and was ratified in early 1831 . The removals were only agreed to after a provision in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek allowed some Choctaw to remain . George W. Harkins wrote to the citizens of the United States before the removals were to commence : It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people , knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency ; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw . But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall , I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views , and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free , than live under the degrading influence of laws , which our voice could not be heard in their formation . -- George W. Harkins , George W. Harkins to the American People United States Secretary of War Lewis Cass appointed George Gaines to manage the removals . Gaines decided to remove Choctaws in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833 . The first was to begin on November 1 , 1831 with groups meeting at Memphis and Vicksburg . A harsh winter would batter the emigrants with flash floods , sleet , and snow . Initially the Choctaws were to be transported by wagon but floods halted them . With food running out , the residents of Vicksburg and Memphis were concerned . Five steamboats ( the Walter Scott , the Brandywine , the Reindeer , the Talma , and the Cleopatra ) would ferry Choctaws to their river - based destinations . The Memphis group traveled up the Arkansas for about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to Arkansas Post . There the temperature stayed below freezing for almost a week with the rivers clogged with ice , so there could be no travel for weeks . Food rationing consisted of a handful of boiled corn , one turnip , and two cups of heated water per day . Forty government wagons were sent to Arkansas Post to transport them to Little Rock . When they reached Little Rock , a Choctaw chief referred to their trek as a `` trail of tears and death '' . The Vicksburg group was led by an incompetent guide and was lost in the Lake Providence swamps . Alexis de Tocqueville , French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville , the French philosopher , witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis , Tennessee in 1831 , In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction , something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu ; one could n't watch without feeling one 's heart wrung . The Indians were tranquil , but sombre and taciturn . There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country . `` To be free , '' he answered , could never get any other reason out of him . We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples . -- Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma . About 2,500 -- 6,000 died along the trail of tears . Approximately 5,000 -- 6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts . The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict , harassment , and intimidation . The Choctaws `` have had our habitations torn down and burned , our fences destroyed , cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged , manacled , fettered and otherwise personally abused , until by such treatment some of our best men have died '' . The Choctaws in Mississippi were later reformed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws became the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty presented by the federal government . President Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi , and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined . When commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the United States would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty . Seminole resistance ( edit ) Main article : Seminole Wars The U.S. acquired Florida from Spain via the Adams -- Onís Treaty and took possession in 1821 . In 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne 's Landing on the Ocklawaha River . The treaty negotiated called for the Seminoles to move west , if the land were found to be suitable . They were to be settled on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe , who considered them deserters ; some of the Seminoles had been derived from Creek bands but also from other tribes . Those among the tribe who once were members of Creek bands did not wish to move west to where they were certain that they would meet death for leaving the main band of Creek Indians . The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832 . After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already settled there , the seven chiefs signed a statement on March 28 , 1833 that the new land was acceptable . Upon their return to Florida , however , most of the chiefs renounced the statement , claiming that they had not signed it , or that they had been forced to sign it , and in any case , that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation . The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded , however , and went west in 1834 . On December 28 , 1835 a group of Seminoles and blacks ambushed a U.S. Army company marching from Fort Brooke in Tampa to Fort King in Ocala , killing all but three of the 110 army troops . This came to be known as the Dade Massacre . Seminole warrior Tuko - see - mathla , 1834 As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in , Florida began preparing for war . The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets . Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call . Indian war parties raided farms and settlements , and families fled to forts , large towns , or out of the territory altogether . A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train , killing eight of its guards and wounding six others . Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later . Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed , with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles . Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee , Jumper , and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army . The war ended , after a full decade of fighting , in 1842 . The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war , at the time an astronomical sum , and equal to $507,172,414 today . Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi ; others retreated into the Everglades . In the end , the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left fewer than 100 Seminoles in peace . However , other scholars state that at least several hundred Seminoles remained in the Everglades after the Seminole Wars . As a result of the Seminole Wars , the surviving Seminole band of the Everglades claims to be the only federally recognized tribe which never relinquished sovereignty or signed a peace treaty with the United States . In general the American people tended to view the Indian resistance as unwarranted . An article published by the Virginia Enquirer on January 26 , 1836 , called the `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' , assigned all the blame for the violence that came from the Seminole 's resistance to the Seminoles themselves . The article accuses the Indians of not staying true to their word -- the promises they supposedly made in the treaties and negotiations from the Indian Removal Act . Creek dissolution ( edit ) Main article : Muscogee Selocta ( or Shelocta ) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson After the War of 1812 , some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia . The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South . Friendly Creek leaders , like Selocta and Big Warrior , addressed Sharp Knife ( the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson ) and reminded him that they keep the peace . Nevertheless , Jackson retorted that they did not `` cut ( Tecumseh 's ) throat '' when they had the chance , so they must now cede Creek lands . Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations . Jackson opened this first peace session by faintly acknowledging the help of the friendly Creeks . That done , he turned to the Red Sticks and admonished them for listening to evil counsel . For their crime , he said , the entire Creek Nation must pay . He demanded the equivalent of all expenses incurred by the United States in prosecuting the war , which by his calculation came to 23,000,000 acres ( 93,000 km ) of land . -- Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson Eventually , the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense . Nevertheless , on February 12 , 1825 , McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs , which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia . After the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , McIntosh was assassinated on May 13 , 1825 , by Creeks led by Menawa . The Creek National Council , led by Opothle Yohola , protested to the United States that the Treaty of Indian Springs was fraudulent . President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic , and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement , the Treaty of Washington ( 1826 ) . The historian R. Douglas Hurt wrote : `` The Creeks had accomplished what no Indian nation had ever done or would do again -- achieve the annulment of a ratified treaty . '' However , Governor Troup of Georgia ignored the new treaty and began to forcibly remove the Indians under the terms of the earlier treaty . At first , President Adams attempted to intervene with federal troops , but Troup called out the militia , and Adams , fearful of a civil war , conceded . As he explained to his intimates , `` The Indians are not worth going to war over . '' Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia , with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory , there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama . However , the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks . Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama ; when none was forthcoming , the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments . Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west , or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws . The Creeks were never given a fair chance to comply with the terms of the treaty , however . Rampant illegal settlement of their lands by Americans continued unabated with federal and state authorities unable or unwilling to do much to halt it . Further , as recently detailed by historian Billy Winn in his thorough chronicle of the events leading to removal , a variety of fraudulent schemes designed to cheat the Creeks out of their allotments , many of them organized by speculators operating out of Columbus , Georgia and Montgomery , Alabama , were perpetrated after the signing of the Treaty of Cusseta . A portion of the beleaguered Creeks , many desperately poor and feeling abused and oppressed by their American neighbors , struck back by carrying out occasional raids on area farms and committing other isolated acts of violence . Escalating tensions erupted into open war with the United States following the destruction of the village of Roanoke , Georgia , located along the Chattahoochee River on the boundary between Creek and American territory , in May 1836 . During the so - called `` Creek War of 1836 '' Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time . 3,500 of those 15,000 Creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled . Chickasaw monetary removal ( edit ) Historic Marker in Marion , Arkansas , for the Trail of Tears Play media Fragment of the Trail of Tears still intact at Village Creek State Park , Arkansas ( 2010 ) Main article : Chickasaw The Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River . In 1836 , the Chickasaws had reached an agreement to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five - year debate . They paid the Choctaws $530,000 ( equal to $11,810,970 today ) for the westernmost part of the Choctaw land . The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1836 and was led by John M. Millard . The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis on July 4 , 1836 , with all of their assets -- belongings , livestock , and slaves . Once across the Mississippi River , they followed routes previously established by the Choctaws and the Creeks . Once in Indian Territory , the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation . Cherokee forced relocation ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee removal Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross , photographed before his death in 1866 By 1838 , about 2,000 Cherokee had voluntarily relocated from Georgia to Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma ) . Forcible removals began in May 1838 when General Winfield Scott received a final order from President Martin Van Buren to relocate the remaining Cherokees . Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died in the ensuing trek to Oklahoma . In the Cherokee language , the event is called nu na da ul tsun yi ( `` the place where they cried '' ) or nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i ( the trail where they cried ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota , an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which exchanged Indian land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River , but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people . The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure , and illegal settlements resulted . Long - simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia , in 1829 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush , the second gold rush in U.S. history . Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands , and pressure mounted to fulfill the Compact of 1802 in which the US Government promised to extinguish Indian land claims in the state of Georgia . When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee lands in 1830 , the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore refused to hear the case . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory , since only the national government -- not state governments -- had authority in Indian affairs . Worcester v Georgia is associated with Andrew Jackson 's famous , though apocryphal , quote `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' In reality , this quote did not appear until 30 years after the incident and was first printed in a textbook authored by Jackson critic Horace Greeley . Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Brown Stephens ( 1903 ) , a Cherokee Indian who walked the Trail of Tears in 1838 Fearing open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , Jackson decided not to enforce Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . He was already embroiled in a constitutional crisis with South Carolina ( i.e. the nullification crisis ) and favored Cherokee relocation over civil war . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties , exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River . Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty . The final treaty , passed in Congress by a single vote , and signed by President Andrew Jackson , was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren. Van Buren allowed Georgia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 militiamen , army regulars , and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to relocate about 13,000 Cherokees to Cleveland , Tennessee . After the initial roundup , the U.S. military oversaw the emigration to Oklahoma . Former Cherokee lands were immediately opened to settlement . Most of the deaths during the journey were caused by disease , malnutrition , and exposure during an unusually cold winter . In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the 1,000 - mile ( 1,600 km ) march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins . The march began in Red Clay , Tennessee , the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation . Because of the diseases , the Indians were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way ; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them . After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky , they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838 . Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head ( equal to $22.98 today ) to cross the river on `` Berry 's Ferry '' which typically charged twelve cents , equal to $2.76 today . They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under `` Mantle Rock '' , a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side , until `` Berry had nothing better to do '' . Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross . Several Cherokee were murdered by locals . The Cherokee filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna , suing the government for $35 a head ( equal to $804.34 today ) to bury the murdered Cherokee . As they crossed southern Illinois , on December 26 , Martin Davis , Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel 's detachment , wrote : `` There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere . The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches ( 20 or 30 cm ) thick . We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals . It snows here every two or three days at the fartherest . We are now camped in Mississippi ( River ) swamp 4 miles ( 6 km ) from the river , and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day . We have only traveled 65 miles ( 105 km ) on the last month , including the time spent at this place , which has been about three weeks . It is unknown when we shall cross the river ... '' A soldier from Georgia said : I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot , but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew . -- Georgian soldier who participated in the removal A Trail of Tears map of Southern Illinois from the USDA -- U.S. Forest Service It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths . However a few years before forced removal , some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water - based route through the Tennessee , Ohio and Mississippi rivers . It took only 21 days , but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel . Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah , Oklahoma . When signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 Major Ridge said `` I have signed my death warrant . '' The resulting political turmoil led to the killings of Major Ridge , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot ; of the leaders of the Treaty Party , only Stand Watie escaped death . The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded , and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States . There were some exceptions to removal . Approximately 100 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other states . Those Cherokees who lived on private , individually owned lands ( rather than communally owned tribal land ) were not subject to removal . In North Carolina , about 400 Cherokees , known as the Oconaluftee Cherokee , lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas ( who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy ) , and were thus not subject to removal . Added to this were some 200 Cherokee from the Nantahala area allowed to stay in the Qualla Boundary after assisting the U.S. Army in hunting down and capturing the family of the old prophet , Tsali ( who faced a firing squad after capture ) . These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation . Eastern Cherokee restitution ( edit ) The United States Court of Claims ruled in favor of the Eastern Cherokee Tribe 's claim against the U.S. on May 18 , 1905 . This resulted in the appropriation of $1 million ( equal to $27,438,023.04 today ) to the Tribe 's eligible individuals and families . Interior Department employee Guion Miller created a list using several rolls and applications to verify tribal enrollment for the distribution of funds , known as the Guion Miller Roll . The applications received documented over 125,000 individuals ; the court approved more than 30,000 individuals to share in the funds . Landmarks and references ( edit ) Map of National Historic trails In 1987 , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) of trails were authorized by federal law to mark the removal of 17 detachments of the Cherokee people . Called the `` Trail of Tears National Historic Trail '' , it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes . Trail of Tears outdoor Historical drama , Unto these Hills ( edit ) A historical drama based on the Trail of Tears , Unto These Hills written by Kermit Hunter , has sold over five million tickets for its performances since its opening on July 1 , 1950 , both touring and at the outdoor Mountainside Theater of the Cherokee Historical Association in Cherokee , North Carolina . Commemorative medallion ( edit ) Cherokee artist Troy Anderson was commissioned to design the Cherokee Trail of Tears Sesquicentennial Commemorative Medallion . The falling - tear medallion shows a seven - pointed star , the symbol of the seven clans of the Cherokees . In literature and oral history ( edit ) Family Stories From the Trail of Tears is a collection edited by Lorrie Montiero and transcribed by Grant Foreman , taken from the Indian - Pioneer History Collection Walking the Trail ( 1991 ) is a book by Jerry Ellis describing his 900 - mile walk retracing of the Trail of Tears in reverse See also ( edit ) Ethnic cleansing and forced migration , modern terms for the forced relocation of a people Expulsion of the Acadians Hopkinsville , Kentucky Long Walk of the Navajo , a later forced removal Native American genocide Population transfer Potawatomi Trail of Death Timeline of Cherokee removal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears - Native American History - HISTORY.com '' . History.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Minges , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Beneath the Underdog : Race , Religion , and the Trail of Tears '' . US Data Repository . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian removal '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Inskeep , Steve ( 2015 ) . Jacksonland : President Jackson , Cherokee Chief John Ross , and a Great American Land Grab . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 332 -- 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 556 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nancy C. ( 1996 ) . Black Heritage Sites . United States : ALA Editions . p. 543 . ISBN 0 - 8389 - 0643 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0803287348 . Jump up ^ Ehle , John ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 9780307793836 . Jump up ^ Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : a nation betrayed : a narrative of travail and triumph , persecution and exile . Doubleday . p. 232 . ISBN 9780385067355 . Jump up ^ Perdue , Theda ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 2 ' Both White and Red ' '' . Mixed Blood Indians : Racial Construction in the Early South . The University of Georgia Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2731 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian removal 1814 - 1858 '' . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jahoda , Gloria ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 - 1855 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Alfred . `` Abuse of Power : Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Coates , Julia . Trail of Tears . `` Worcester v. Georgia '' . Oyez . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Edwin A ( November 1973 ) . `` After John Marshall 's Decision : Worcester v Georgia and the Nullification Crisis '' . The Journal of Southern History . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Infobase Publishing . pp. 128 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0816073108 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo . `` Letter to Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1836 '' . www.cherokee.org/ . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ River , Charles . The Trail of Tears : Forced Removal of Five Civilized Tribes . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail of Tears '' . History Channel . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . ASIN B000CIIGTW . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Joan ( 1996 ) . `` The Cherokee Home in the East '' . The Trail of Tears Across Missouri . University of Missouri Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1063 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groneman 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Harkins , George ( 1831 ) . `` 1831 - December - George W. Harkins to the American People '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandra Faiman - Silva ( 1997 ) . Choctaws at the Crossroads . University of Nebraska Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0803269026 . Jump up ^ de Tocqueville , Alexis ( 1835 -- 1840 ) . `` Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Satz , Ronald ( 1986 ) . `` The Mississippi Choctaw : From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency '' . In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby . After Removal : The Choctaw in Mississippi . University Press of Mississippi . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Davis , Ethan . `` An Administrative Trail of Tears : Indian Removal '' . American Journal of Legal History 50 , no . 1 ( 2008 ) : 65 -- 68 . Accessed December 15 , 2014 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664483 Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Covington , James W. 1993 . The Seminoles of Florida . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1196 - 5 . pp. 145 -- 6 . Morris , Theodore. 2004 . Florida 's Lost Tribes . Universities Press of Florida State Universities , p. 63 Prucha , Francis Paul . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Volume I. Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' . Enquirer ( Richmond , Virginia ) 26 Jan. 1836 : n . pag . Print . ^ Jump up to : Remini , Robert ( 1998 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Creek War : Victory '' . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . Vol. 1 . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801859115 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties . Oklahoma State University Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas ( 2002 ) . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 ( Histories of the American Frontier ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winn , William W . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 -- 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press , 2015 . 9780881465228 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , p. 257 , Prucha , Great Father , p. 212 . Jump up ^ James Mooney . Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Illinois General Assembly - HJR0142 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mattie Lorraine . Family Tree of Daniel and Rachel Davis . Duluth , Georgia : Claxton Printing Company , 1973 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Invasion '' . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . Grove Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3680 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears in Southern Illinois '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rush , Linda ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Cherokee Nation in Southern Illinois '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corlew , Robert Ewing ( 1990 ) . Tennessee : A Short History . University of Tennessee Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 647 - 6 . Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians . `` Cherokee Heritage Trails '' . Museum of the Cherokee Indian . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Hooper , Ed . `` Chief John Ross '' . Tennessee History Magazine . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 American Indian Tribes for the United States : 1990 and 1980 '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . August 1995 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Guion Miller Roll : Index to the Applications submitted for the Cherokee Roll . ISBN 978 - 1544972503 . Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Resources Division '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Unto These Hills Drama - Cherokee Historical Association '' . www.cherokeehistorical.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Ancestry '' . www.aboutcherokee.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokees to Mark Anniversary of `` Trail of Tears '' to Oklahoma `` . News OK . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montiero , Lorrie & Foreman , Grant ( Transcriber ) . Family Stories From the Trail of Tears . American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , William , ed. ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Bealer , Alex W. ( 1996 ) ( 1972 ) . Only the Names Remain : The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 08519 - 9 . Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee Sunset : A Nation Betrayed . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06735 - 6 . Ehle , John ( 1989 ) ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23954 - 8 . Fitzgerald , David ; King , Duane ( 2008 ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88240 - 752 - 4 . Foreman , Grant ( 1989 ) ( 1932 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians ( 11 ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 0 . Gregg , Matthew T. and David M. Wishart . `` The price of Cherokee removal '' . Explorations in Economic History Volume 49 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , Pages 423 -- 442 Jahoda , Gloria ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 -- 1855 . Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Mooney , James ( 2007 ) ( 1888 ) . King , Duane , ed . Myths of the Cherokee . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 8340 - 5 . Perdue , Theda ; Green , Michael ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311367 - 6 . Prucha , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln , Nebraska : Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Remini , Robert ( 2001 ) . Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91025 - 2 . Wallace , Anthony ( 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians ( Hardback ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 6631 - 9 . Wilson , James ( 1998 ) . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3680 - 0 . Winn , William W. ( 2015 ) . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 - 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press . 9780881465228 . Documents ( edit ) U.S. Senate ( April 15 -- 17 , 1830 ) . Cherokee Indian Removal Debate . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Scott , Winfield ( May 10 , 1838 ) . Winfield Scott 's Address to the Cherokee Nation . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Gen. Winfield Scott 's Order to U.S. Troops Assigned to the Cherokee Removal . Cherokee Agency . May 17 , 1838 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Documentary ( edit ) The Trail of Tears : Cherokee Legacy ( 2006 ) -- directed by Chip Richie ; narrated by James Earl Jones External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trail of Tears . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appeal of the Cherokee Nation Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trail of Tears . 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Rings of Saturn
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Rings of Saturn - wikipedia Rings of Saturn Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rings of Saturn ( disambiguation ) . The full set of rings , imaged as Saturn eclipsed the Sun from the vantage of the Cassini orbiter , 1.2 million km distant , on 19 July 2013 ( brightness is exaggerated ) . Earth appears as a dot at 4 o'clock , between the G and E rings . The rings of Saturn are the most extensive planetary ring system of any planet in the Solar System . They consist of countless small particles , ranging from μm to m in size , that orbit about Saturn . The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice , with a trace component of rocky material . There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation ; some features of the rings suggest a relatively recent origin , but theoretical models indicate they are likely to have formed early in the Solar System 's history . Although reflection from the rings increases Saturn 's brightness , they are not visible from Earth with unaided vision . In 1610 , the year after Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the sky , he became the first person to observe Saturn 's rings , though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature . In 1655 , Christiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn . Although many people think of Saturn 's rings as being made up of a series of tiny ringlets ( a concept that goes back to Laplace ) , true gaps are few . It is more correct to think of the rings as an annular disk with concentric local maxima and minima in density and brightness . On the scale of the clumps within the rings there is much empty space . The rings have numerous gaps where particle density drops sharply : two opened by known moons embedded within them , and many others at locations of known destabilizing orbital resonances with Saturn 's moons . Other gaps remain unexplained . Stabilizing resonances , on the other hand , are responsible for the longevity of several rings , such as the Titan Ringlet and the G Ring . Well beyond the main rings is the Phoebe ring , which is tilted at an angle of 27 degrees to the other rings and , like Phoebe , orbits in retrograde fashion . Voyager 2 view of Saturn casting a shadow across its rings . Four satellites and ring spokes are visible . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Galileo 's work 1.2 Ring theory , observations and exploration 2 Physical characteristics 3 Formation of main rings 4 Subdivisions and structures within the rings 4.1 Physical parameters of the rings 4.1. 1 Major subdivisions 4.1. 2 C Ring structures 4.1. 3 Cassini Division structures 4.1. 4 A Ring structures 5 D Ring 6 C Ring 6.1 Colombo Gap and Titan Ringlet 6.2 Maxwell Gap and Ringlet 7 B Ring 7.1 Spokes 7.2 Moonlet 8 Cassini Division 8.1 Huygens Gap 9 A Ring 9.1 Encke Gap 9.2 Keeler Gap 9.3 Propeller moonlets 10 Roche Division 11 F Ring 12 Outer rings 12.1 Janus / Epimetheus Ring 12.2 G Ring 12.3 Methone Ring Arc 12.4 Anthe Ring Arc 12.5 Pallene Ring 12.6 E Ring 12.7 Phoebe ring 13 Possible ring system around Rhea 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Galileo 's work ( edit ) Galileo first observed the rings in 1610 . Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in 1610 using his telescope , but was unable to identify them as such . He wrote to the Duke of Tuscany that `` The planet Saturn is not alone , but is composed of three , which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another . They are arranged in a line parallel to the zodiac , and the middle one ( Saturn itself ) is about three times the size of the lateral ones . '' He also described the rings as Saturn 's `` ears '' . In 1612 the Earth passed through the plane of the rings and they became invisible . Mystified , Galileo remarked `` I do not know what to say in a case so surprising , so unlooked for and so novel . '' He mused , `` Has Saturn swallowed his children ? '' -- referring to the myth of the Titan Saturn devouring his offspring to forestall the prophecy of them overthrowing him . He was further confused when the rings again became visible in 1613 . Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication . Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi ( `` I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form '' ) for discovering the rings of Saturn . Ring theory , observations and Exploration ( edit ) Robert Hooke noted the shadows ( a and b ) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this 1666 drawing of Saturn . In 1655 , Christiaan Huygens became the first person to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring . Using a 50 × power refracting telescope that he designed himself , far superior to those available to Galileo , Huygens observed Saturn and wrote that `` It ( Saturn ) is surrounded by a thin , flat , ring , nowhere touching , inclined to the ecliptic '' . Robert Hooke was another early observer of the rings of Saturn , and noted the casting of shadows on the rings . In 1675 , Giovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn 's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them ; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division . This division is a 4,800 - km - wide region between the A Ring and B Ring . In 1787 , Pierre - Simon Laplace proved that a uniform solid ring would be unstable and suggested that the rings were composed of a large number of solid ringlets . In 1859 , James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that a nonuniform solid ring , solid ringlets or a continuous fluid ring would also not be stable , indicating that the ring must be composed of numerous small particles , all independently orbiting Saturn . Later , Sofia Kovalevskaya also found that Saturn 's rings can not be liquid ring - shaped bodies . Spectroscopic studies of the rings carried out in 1895 by James Keeler of Allegheny Observatory and Aristarkh Belopolsky of Pulkovo Observatory showed Maxwell 's analysis was correct . Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn 's rings from the vicinity of the planet . Pioneer 11 's closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km . Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring . Voyager 1 's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km . A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn 's rings at the planned resolution ; nevertheless , images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the G ring . Voyager 2 's closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km . Voyager 2 's working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than Voyager 1 , and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets . Cassini spacecraft entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004 . Cassini 's images of the rings are the most detailed to - date , and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets . The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered . The main rings are , working outward from the planet , C , B and A , with the Cassini Division , the largest gap , separating Rings B and A. Several fainter rings were discovered more recently . The D Ring is exceedingly faint and closest to the planet . The narrow F Ring is just outside the A Ring . Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales , some related to perturbations by Saturn 's moons , but much unexplained . Physical characteristics ( edit ) Simulated image using color to present radio - occultation - derived particle size data . The attenuation of 0.94 - , 3.6 - , and 13 - cm signals sent by Cassini through the rings to Earth shows abundance of particles of sizes similar to or larger than those wavelengths . Purple ( B , inner A Ring ) means few particles are < 5 cm ( all signals similarly attenuated ) . Green and blue ( C , outer A Ring ) mean particles < 5 cm and < 1 cm , respectively , are common . White areas ( B Ring ) are too dense to transmit adequate signal . Other evidence shows rings A to C have a broad range of particle sizes , up to m across . The dark Cassini Division separates the wide inner B Ring and outer A Ring in this image from the HST 's ACS ( March 22 , 2004 ) . The less prominent C Ring is just inside the B Ring . Cassini mosaic of Saturn 's rings on August 12 , 2009 , a day after equinox . With the rings pointed at the Sun , illumination is by light reflected off Saturn , except on thicker or out - of - plane sections , like the F Ring . Cassini space probe view of the unilluminated side of Saturn 's rings ( May 9 , 2007 ) . The dense main rings extend from 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) to 80,000 km ( 50,000 mi ) away from Saturn 's equator , whose radius is 60,300 km ( 37,500 mi ) ( see Major subdivisions ) . With an estimated local thickness of as little as 10 m and as much as 1 km , they are composed of 99.9 % pure water ice with a smattering of impurities that may include tholins or silicates . The main rings are primarily composed of particles ranging in size from 1 cm to 10 m . Based on Voyager observations , the total mass of the rings was estimated to be about 3 × 10 kg . This is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn ( about 50 ppb ) and is just a little less than the moon Mimas . More recent observations and computer modeling based on Cassini observations show that this may be an underestimate due to clumping in the rings and the mass may be three times this figure . Although the largest gaps in the rings , such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gap , can be seen from Earth , both Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets . This structure is thought to arise , in several different ways , from the gravitational pull of Saturn 's many moons . Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan , many more of which may yet be discovered , and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites ( similar to Prometheus and Pandora 's maintenance of the F ring ) . Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out ; Mimas maintains the Cassini Division in this manner . Still more structure in the rings consists of spiral waves raised by the inner moons ' periodic gravitational perturbations at less disruptive resonances . Data from the Cassini space probe indicate that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere , independent of that of the planet itself . The atmosphere is composed of molecular oxygen gas ( O ) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings . Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject , among other things , O. According to models of this atmosphere , H is also present . The O and H atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings , it would be about one atom thick . The rings also have a similarly sparse OH ( hydroxide ) atmosphere . Like the O , this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules , though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic ions that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn 's moon Enceladus . This atmosphere , despite being extremely sparse , was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope . Saturn shows complex patterns in its brightness . Most of the variability is due to the changing aspect of the rings , and this goes through two cycles every orbit . However , superimposed on this is variability due to the eccentricity of the planet 's orbit that causes the planet to display brighter oppositions in the northern hemisphere than it does in the southern . In 1980 , Voyager 1 made a fly - by of Saturn that showed the F - ring to be composed of three narrow rings that appeared to be braided in a complex structure ; it is now known that the outer two rings consist of knobs , kinks and lumps that give the illusion of braiding , with the less bright third ring lying inside them . New images of the rings taken around the 11 August 2009 equinox of Saturn by NASA 's Cassini spacecraft have shown that the rings extend significantly out of the nominal ring plane in a few places . This displacement reaches as much as 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) at the border of the Keeler Gap , due to the out - of - plane orbit of Daphnis , the moon that creates the gap . Formation of main rings ( edit ) Saturn 's rings may be very old , dating to the formation of Saturn itself . There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn 's inner rings . One theory , originally proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century , is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn ( named Veritas , after a Roman goddess who hid in a well ) whose orbit decayed until it came close enough to be ripped apart by tidal forces ( see Roche limit ) . A variation on this theory is that this moon disintegrated after being struck by a large comet or asteroid . The second theory is that the rings were never part of a moon , but are instead left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed . A 2007 artist impression of the aggregates of icy particles that form the ' solid ' portions of Saturn 's rings . These elongated clumps are continually forming and dispersing . The largest particles are a few m across . Saturn 's rings and moons Tethys , Hyperion and Prometheus Tethys and Janus A more traditional version of the disrupted - moon theory is that the rings are composed of debris from a moon 400 to 600 km in diameter , slightly larger than Mimas . The last time there were collisions large enough to be likely to disrupt a moon that large was during the Late Heavy Bombardment some four billion years ago . A more recent variant of this type of theory by R.M. Canup is that the rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger , Titan - sized , differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula . This would explain the scarcity of rocky material within the rings . The rings would initially have been much more massive ( ~ 1,000 times ) and broader than at present ; material in the outer portions of the rings would have coalesced into the moons of Saturn out to Tethys , also explaining the lack of rocky material in the composition of most of these moons . Subsequent collisional or cryovolcanic evolution of Enceladus might then have caused selective loss of ice from this moon , raising its density to its current value of 1.61 g / cm , compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys . The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn 's moons out to Rhea . If the initial massive rings contained chunks of rocky material ( > 100 km across ) as well as ice , these silicate bodies would have accreted more ice and been expelled from the rings , due to gravitational interactions with the rings and tidal interaction with Saturn , into progressively wider orbits . Within the Roche limit , bodies of rocky material are dense enough to accrete additional material , whereas less - dense bodies of ice are not . Once outside the rings , the newly formed moons could have continued to evolve through random mergers . This process may explain the variation in silicate content of Saturn 's moons out to Rhea , as well as the trend towards less silicate content closer to Saturn . Rhea would then be the oldest of the moons formed from the primordial rings , with moons closer to Saturn being progressively younger . The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn 's rings has been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn , perhaps just 100 million years old , as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to darkening of the rings . However , new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System . Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts . This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings . Further evidence supporting a young ring theory has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper , which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates contained within the C ring . The Cassini UVIS team , led by Larry Esposito , used stellar occultation to discover 13 objects , ranging from 27 m to 10 km across , within the F ring . They are translucent , suggesting they are temporary aggregates of ice boulders a few m across . Esposito believes this to be the basic structure of the Saturnian rings , particles clumping together , then being blasted apart . Subdivisions and structures within the rings ( edit ) The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings , which are separated by the Cassini Division ( discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini ) . Along with the C Ring , which was discovered in 1850 and is similar in character to the Cassini Division , these regions constitute the main rings . The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous dusty rings . The latter include the D Ring , extending inward to Saturn 's cloud tops , the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system . These diffuse rings are characterised as `` dusty '' because of the small size of their particles ( often about a μm ) ; their chemical composition is , like the main rings , almost entirely water ice . The narrow F Ring , just off the outer edge of the A Ring , is more difficult to categorize ; parts of it are very dense , but it also contains a great deal of dust - size particles . Natural - color mosaic of Cassini narrow - angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn 's D , C , B , A and F rings ( left to right ) taken on May 9 , 2007 . Physical parameters of the rings ( edit ) Notes : Names as designated by the International Astronomical Union , unless otherwise noted . Broader separations between named rings are termed divisions , while narrower separations within named rings are called gaps . Data mostly from the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature , a NASA factsheet and several papers . distance is to centre of gaps , rings and ringlets that are narrower than 1,000 km unofficial name The illuminated side of Saturn 's rings with the major subdivisions labeled Major subdivisions ( edit ) Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after D Ring 66,900 -- 74,510 7,500 C Ring 74,658 -- 92,000 17,500 B Ring 92,000 -- 117,580 25,500 Cassini Division 117,580 -- 122,170 4,700 Giovanni Cassini A Ring 122,170 -- 136,775 14,600 Roche Division 136,775 -- 139,380 2,600 Édouard Roche F Ring 140,180 30 -- 500 Janus / Epimetheus Ring 149,000 -- 154,000 5,000 Janus and Epimetheus G Ring 166,000 -- 175,000 9,000 Methone Ring Arc 194,230 ? Methone Anthe Ring Arc 197,665 ? Anthe Pallene Ring 211,000 -- 213,500 2,500 Pallene E Ring 180,000 -- 480,000 300,000 Phoebe Ring ~ 4,000,000 -- > 13,000,000 Phoebe C Ring structures ( edit ) Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after Colombo Gap 77,870 150 Giuseppe `` Bepi '' Colombo Titan Ringlet 77,870 25 Titan , moon of Saturn Maxwell Gap 87,491 270 James Clerk Maxwell Maxwell Ringlet 87,491 64 James Clerk Maxwell Bond Gap 88,700 30 William Cranch Bond and George Phillips Bond 1.470 R Ringlet 88,716 16 its radius 1.495 R Ringlet 90,171 62 its radius Dawes Gap 90,210 20 William Rutter Dawes Cassini Division structures ( edit ) Source : Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after Huygens Gap 117,680 285 -- 400 Christiaan Huygens Huygens Ringlet 117,848 ~ 17 Christiaan Huygens Herschel Gap 118,234 102 William Herschel Russell Gap 118,614 33 Henry Norris Russell Jeffreys Gap 118,950 38 Harold Jeffreys Kuiper Gap 119,405 Gerard Kuiper Laplace Gap 119,967 238 Pierre - Simon Laplace Bessel Gap 120,241 10 Friedrich Bessel Barnard Gap 120,312 13 Edward Emerson Barnard A ring structures ( edit ) Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after Encke Gap 133,589 325 Johann Encke Keeler Gap 136,505 35 James Keeler Oblique ( 4 degree angle ) Cassini images of Saturn 's C , B , and A rings ( left to right ; the F ring is faintly visible in the full size upper image if viewed at sufficient brightness ) . Upper image : natural color mosaic of Cassini narrow - angle camera photos of the illuminated side of the rings taken on December 12 , 2004 . Lower image : simulated view constructed from a radio occultation observation conducted on May 3 , 2005 . Color in the lower image is used to represent information about ring particle sizes ( see the caption of the article 's second image for an explanation ) . D ring ( edit ) A Cassini image of the faint D Ring , with the inner C Ring below The D Ring is the innermost ring , and is very faint . In 1980 , Voyager 1 detected within this ring three ringlets designated D73 , D72 and D68 , with D68 being the discrete ringlet nearest to Saturn . Some 25 years later , Cassini images showed that D72 had become significantly broader and more diffuse , and had moved planetward by 200 km . Present in the D Ring is a finescale structure with waves 30 km apart . First seen in the gap between the C Ring and D73 , the structure was found during Saturn 's 2009 equinox to extend a radial distance of 19,000 km from the D Ring to the inner edge of the B Ring . The waves are interpreted as a spiral pattern of vertical corrugations of 2 to 20 m amplitude ; the fact that the period of the waves is decreasing over time ( from 60 km in 1995 to 30 km by 2006 ) allows a deduction that the pattern may have originated in late 1983 with the impact of a cloud of debris ( with a mass of ~ 10 kg ) from a disrupted comet that tilted the rings out of the equatorial plane . A similar spiral pattern in Jupiter 's main ring has been attributed to a perturbation caused by impact of material from Comet Shoemaker - Levy 9 in 1994 . C ring ( edit ) View of the outer C Ring ; the Maxwell Gap with the Maxwell Ringlet on its right side are above and right of center . The Bond Gap is above a broad light band towards the upper right ; the Dawes Gap is within a dark band just below the upper right corner . The C Ring is a wide but faint ring located inward of the B Ring . It was discovered in 1850 by William and George Bond , though William R. Dawes and Johann Galle also saw it independently . William Lassell termed it the `` Crepe Ring '' because it seemed to be composed of darker material than the brighter A and B Rings . Its vertical thickness is estimated at 5 m its mass at around 1.1 × 10 kg , and its optical depth varies from 0.05 to 0.12 . That is , between 5 and 12 percent of light shining perpendicularly through the ring is blocked , so that when seen from above , the ring is close to transparent . The 30 - km wavelength spiral corrugations first seen in the D Ring were observed during Saturn 's equinox of 2009 to extend throughout the C Ring ( see above ) . Colombo Gap and Titan ringlet ( edit ) The Colombo Gap lies in the inner C Ring . Within the gap lies the bright but narrow Colombo Ringlet , centered at 77,883 km from Saturn 's center , which is slightly elliptical rather than circular . This ringlet is also called the Titan Ringlet as it is governed by an orbital resonance with the moon Titan . At this location within the rings , the length of a ring particle 's apsidal precession is equal to the length of Titan 's orbital motion , so that the outer end of this eccentric ringlet always points towards Titan . Maxwell Gap and ringlet ( edit ) The Maxwell Gap lies within the outer part of the C Ring . It also contains a dense non-circular ringlet , the Maxwell Ringlet . In many respects this ringlet is similar to the ε ring of Uranus . There are wave - like structures in the middle of both rings . While the wave in the ε ring is thought to be caused by Uranian moon Cordelia , no moon has been discovered in the Maxwell gap as of July 2008 . B ring ( edit ) The B Ring is the largest , brightest , and most massive of the rings . Its thickness is estimated as 5 to 15 m and its optical depth varies from 0.4 to greater than 5 , meaning that > 99 % of the light passing through some parts of the B Ring is blocked . The B Ring contains a great deal of variation in its density and brightness , nearly all of it unexplained . These are concentric , appearing as narrow ringlets , though the B Ring does not contain any gaps. . In places , the outer edge of the B Ring contains vertical structures deviating up to 2.5 km from the main ring plane . A 2016 study of spiral density waves using stellar occultations indicated that the B Ring 's surface density is in the range of 40 to 140 g / cm , lower than previously believed , and that the ring 's optical depth has little correlation with its mass density ( a finding previously reported for the A and C rings ) . The total mass of the B Ring was estimated to be somewhere in the range of 7 to 7019240000000000000 ♠ 24 × 10 kg . This compares to a mass for Mimas of 7019375000000000000 ♠ 37.5 × 10 kg . High resolution ( about 3 km per pixel ) color view of the inner - central B Ring ( 98,600 to 105,500 km from Saturn 's center ) . The structures shown ( from 40 km wide ringlets at center to 300 - 500 km wide bands at right ) remain sharply defined at scales below the resolution of the image . The B Ring 's outer edge , viewed near equinox , where shadows are cast by vertical structures up to 2.5 km high , probably created by unseen embedded moonlets . The Cassini Division is at top . Spokes ( edit ) Play media Dark spokes mark the B ring 's sunlit side in low phase angle Cassini images . This is a low - bitrate video . Full - size video with high bitrate of 471 kbit / s ; GIF version ( 400 × 400 pixels , file size : 2.21 MB ) Until 1980 , the structure of the rings of Saturn was explained as being caused exclusively by the action of gravitational forces . Then images from the Voyager spacecraft showed radial features in the B ring , known as spokes , which could not be explained in this manner , as their persistence and rotation around the rings was not consistent with gravitational orbital mechanics . The spokes appear dark in backscattered light , and bright in forward - scattered light ( see images in Gallery ) ; the transition occurs at a phase angle near 60 ° . The leading theory regarding the spokes ' composition is that they consist of microscopic dust particles suspended away from the main ring by electrostatic repulsion , as they rotate almost synchronously with the magnetosphere of Saturn . The precise mechanism generating the spokes is still unknown , although it has been suggested that the electrical disturbances might be caused by either lightning bolts in Saturn 's atmosphere or micrometeoroid impacts on the rings . The spokes were not observed again until some twenty - five years later , this time by the Cassini space probe . The spokes were not visible when Cassini arrived at Saturn in early 2004 . Some scientists speculated that the spokes would not be visible again until 2007 , based on models attempting to describe their formation . Nevertheless , the Cassini imaging team kept looking for spokes in images of the rings , and they were next seen in images taken on 5 September 2005 . The spokes appear to be a seasonal phenomenon , disappearing in the Saturnian midwinter and midsummer and reappearing as Saturn comes closer to equinox . Suggestions that the spokes may be a seasonal effect , varying with Saturn 's 29.7 - year orbit , were supported by their gradual reappearance in the later years of the Cassini mission . Moonlet ( edit ) In 2009 , during equinox , a moonlet embedded in the B ring was discovered from the shadow it cast . It is estimated to be 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) in diameter . The moonlet was given the provisional designation S / 2009 S 1 . Cassini Division ( edit ) The Cassini Division imaged from the Cassini spacecraft . The Huygens Gap lies at its right border ; the Laplace Gap is towards the center . A number of other , narrower gaps are also present . The Cassini Division is a region 4,800 km ( 3,000 mi ) in width between Saturn 's A Ring and B Ring . It was discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Cassini at the Paris Observatory using a refracting telescope that had a 2.5 - inch objective lens with a 20 - foot - long focal length and a 90x magnification . From Earth it appears as a thin black gap in the rings . However , Voyager discovered that the gap is itself populated by ring material bearing much similarity to the C Ring . The division may appear bright in views of the unlit side of the rings , since the relatively low density of material allows more light to be transmitted through the thickness of the rings ( see second image in gallery ) . The inner edge of the Cassini Division is governed by a strong orbital resonance . Ring particles at this location orbit twice for every orbit of the moon Mimas . The resonance causes Mimas ' pulls on these ring particles to accumulate , destabilizing their orbits and leading to a sharp cutoff in ring density . Many of the other gaps between ringlets within the Cassini Division , however , are unexplained . Huygens Gap ( edit ) The Huygens Gap is located at the inner edge of the Cassini Division . It contains the dense , eccentric Huygens Ringlet in the middle . This ringlet exhibits irregular azimuthal variations of geometrical width and optical depth , which may be caused by the nearby 2 : 1 resonance with Mimas and the influence of the eccentric outer edge of the B - ring . There is an additional narrow ringlet just outside the Huygens Ringlet . A ring ( edit ) `` A Ring '' redirects here . For the letter , see Å . The central ringlet of the A Ring 's Encke Gap coincides with Pan 's orbit , implying its particles oscillate in horseshoe orbits . The A Ring is the outermost of the large , bright rings . Its inner boundary is the Cassini Division and its sharp outer boundary is close to the orbit of the small moon Atlas . The A Ring is interrupted at a location 22 % of the ring width from its outer edge by the Encke Gap . A narrower gap 2 % of the ring width from the outer edge is called the Keeler Gap . The thickness of the A Ring is estimated to be 10 to 30 m , its surface density from 35 to 40 g / cm and its total mass as 4 to 7018500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 kg ( just under the mass of Hyperion ) . Its optical depth varies from 0.4 to 0.9 . Similarly to the B Ring , the A Ring 's outer edge is maintained by an orbital resonance , in this case the 7 : 6 resonance with Janus and Epimetheus . Other orbital resonances also excite many spiral density waves in the A Ring ( and , to a lesser extent , other rings as well ) , which account for most of its structure . These waves are described by the same physics that describes the spiral arms of galaxies . Spiral bending waves , also present in the A Ring and also described by the same theory , are vertical corrugations in the ring rather than compression waves . In April 2014 , NASA scientists reported observing the possible formative stage of a new moon near the outer edge of the A Ring . Encke Gap ( edit ) The Encke Gap is a 325 - km - wide gap within the A Ring , centered at a distance of 133,590 km from Saturn 's center . It is caused by the presence of the small moon Pan , which orbits within it . Images from the Cassini probe have shown that there are at least three thin , knotted ringlets within the gap . Spiral density waves visible on both sides of it are induced by resonances with nearby moons exterior to the rings , while Pan induces an additional set of spiraling wakes ( see image in gallery ) . Johann Encke himself did not observe this gap ; it was named in honour of his ring observations . The gap itself was discovered by James Edward Keeler in 1888 . The second major gap in the A Ring , discovered by Voyager , was named the Keeler Gap in his honor . The Encke Gap is a gap because it is entirely within the A Ring . There was some ambiguity between the terms gap and division until the IAU clarified the definitions in 2008 ; before that , the separation was sometimes called the `` Encke Division '' . Keeler Gap ( edit ) Waves in the Keeler gap edges induced by the orbital motion of Daphnis ( see also a stretched closeup view in the gallery ) . Near Saturn 's equinox , Daphnis and its waves cast shadows on the A Ring . The Keeler Gap is a 42 - km - wide gap in the A Ring , approximately 250 km from the ring 's outer edge . The small moon Daphnis , discovered 1 May 2005 , orbits within it , keeping it clear . The moon 's passage induces waves in the edges of the gap ( this is also influenced by its slight orbital eccentricity ) . Because the orbit of Daphnis is slightly inclined to the ring plane , the waves have a component that is perpendicular to the ring plane , reaching a distance of 1500 m `` above '' the plane . The Keeler gap was discovered by Voyager , and named in honor of the astronomer James Edward Keeler . Keeler had in turn discovered and named the Encke Gap in honor of Johann Encke . Propeller moonlets ( edit ) Propeller moonlet Santos - Dumont from lit ( top ) and unlit sides of rings Location of the first four moonlets detected in the A ring . In 2006 , four tiny `` moonlets '' were found in Cassini images of the A Ring . The moonlets themselves are only about a hundred m in diameter , too small to be seen directly ; what Cassini sees are the `` propeller '' - shaped disturbances the moonlets create , which are several km across . It is estimated that the A Ring contains thousands of such objects . In 2007 , the discovery of eight more moonlets revealed that they are largely confined to a 3,000 km belt , about 130,000 km from Saturn 's center , and by 2008 over 150 propeller moonlets had been detected . One that has been tracked for several years has been nicknamed Bleriot . Roche Division ( edit ) The Roche Division ( passing through image center ) between the A Ring and the narrow F Ring . Atlas can be seen within it . The Encke and Keeler gaps are also visible . The separation between the A Ring and the F Ring has been named the Roche Division in honor of the French physicist Édouard Roche . The Roche Division should not be confused with the Roche limit which is the distance at which a large object is so close to a planet ( such as Saturn ) that the planet 's tidal forces will pull it apart . Lying at the outer edge of the main ring system , the Roche Division is in fact close to Saturn 's Roche limit , which is why the rings have been unable to accrete into a moon . Like the Cassini Division , the Roche Division is not empty but contains a sheet of material . The character of this material is similar to the tenuous and dusty D , E , and G Rings . Two locations in the Roche Division have a higher concentration of dust than the rest of the region . These were discovered by the Cassini probe imaging team and were given temporary designations : R / 2004 S 1 , which lies along the orbit of the moon Atlas ; and R / 2004 S 2 , centered at 138,900 km from Saturn 's center , inward of the orbit of Prometheus . F ring ( edit ) Play media The small moons Pandora ( left ) and Prometheus ( right ) orbit on either side of the F ring . Prometheus acts as a ring shepherd and is followed by dark channels that it has carved into the inner strands of the ring . The F Ring is the outermost discrete ring of Saturn and perhaps the most active ring in the Solar System , with features changing on a timescale of hours . It is located 3,000 km beyond the outer edge of the A Ring . The ring was discovered in 1979 by the Pioneer 11 imaging team . It is very thin , just a few hundred km in radial extent . While the traditional view has been that it is held together by two shepherd moons , Prometheus and Pandora , which orbit inside and outside it , recent studies indicate that only Prometheus contributes to the confinement . Numerical simulations suggest the ring was formed when Prometheus and Pandora collided with each other and were partially disrupted . Recent closeup images from the Cassini probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it . They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its apoapsis , its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon ' steals ' material from it , leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring ( see video link and additional F Ring images in gallery ) . Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring , each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees in front of the previous one . In 2008 , further dynamism was detected , suggesting that small unseen moons orbiting within the F Ring are continually passing through its narrow core because of perturbations from Prometheus . One of the small moons was tentatively identified as S / 2004 S 6 . A mosaic of 107 images showing 255 ° ( about 70 % ) of the F Ring as it would appear if straightened out . The radial width ( top to bottom ) is 1,500 km . Outer rings ( edit ) The outer rings seen back - illuminated by the Sun Janus / Epimetheus ring ( edit ) A faint dust ring is present around the region occupied by the orbits of Janus and Epimetheus , as revealed by images taken in forward - scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006 . The ring has a radial extent of about 5,000 km . Its source is particles blasted off the moons ' surfaces by meteoroid impacts , which then form a diffuse ring around their orbital paths . G ring ( edit ) The G Ring ( see last image in gallery ) is a very thin , faint ring about halfway between the F Ring and the beginning of the E Ring , with its inner edge about 15,000 km inside the orbit of Mimas . It contains a single distinctly brighter arc near its inner edge ( similar to the arcs in the rings of Neptune ) that extends about one sixth of its circumference , centered on the half - km diameter moonlet Aegaeon , which is held in place by a 7 : 6 orbital resonance with Mimas . The arc is believed to be composed of icy particles up to a few m in diameter , with the rest of the G Ring consisting of dust released from within the arc . The radial width of the arc is about 250 km , compared to a width of 9,000 km for the G Ring as a whole . The arc is thought to contain matter equivalent to a small icy moonlet about a hundred m in diameter . Dust released from Aegaeon and other source bodies within the arc by micrometeoroid impacts drifts outward from the arc because of interaction with Saturn 's magnetosphere ( whose plasma corotates with Saturn 's magnetic field , which rotates much more rapidly than the orbital motion of the G Ring ) . These tiny particles are steadily eroded away by further impacts and dispersed by plasma drag . Over the course of thousands of years the ring gradually loses mass , which is replenished by further impacts on Aegaeon . Methone ring arc ( edit ) A faint ring arc , first detected in September 2006 , covering a longitudinal extent of about 10 degrees is associated with the moon Methone . The material in the arc is believed to represent dust ejected from Methone by micrometeoroid impacts . The confinement of the dust within the arc is attributable to a 14 : 15 resonance with Mimas ( similar to the mechanism of confinement of the arc within the G ring ) . Under the influence of the same resonance , Methone librates back and forth in its orbit with an amplitude of 5 ° of longitude . Anthe ring arc ( edit ) The Anthe Ring Arc - the bright spot is Anthe A faint ring arc , first detected in June 2007 , covering a longitudinal extent of about 20 degrees is associated with the moon Anthe . The material in the arc is believed to represent dust knocked off Anthe by micrometeoroid impacts . The confinement of the dust within the arc is attributable to a 10 : 11 resonance with Mimas . Under the influence of the same resonance , Anthe drifts back and forth in its orbit over 14 ° of longitude . Pallene ring ( edit ) A faint dust ring shares Pallene 's orbit , as revealed by images taken in forward - scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006 . The ring has a radial extent of about 2,500 km . Its source is particles blasted off Pallene 's surface by meteoroid impacts , which then form a diffuse ring around its orbital path . E ring ( edit ) The E Ring is the second outermost ring and is extremely wide ; it consists of many tiny ( micron and sub-micron ) particles of water ice with silicates , carbon dioxide and ammonia . The E Ring is distributed between the orbits of Mimas and Titan . Unlike the other rings , it is composed of microscopic particles rather than macroscopic ice chunks . In 2005 , the source of the E Ring 's material was determined to be cryovolcanic plumes emanating from the `` tiger stripes '' of the south polar region of the moon Enceladus . Unlike the main rings , the E Ring is more than 2,000 km thick and increases with its distance from Enceladus . Tendril - like structures observed within the E Ring can be related to the emissions of the most active south polar jets of Enceladus . Particles of the E Ring tend to accumulate on moons that orbit within it . The equator of the leading hemisphere of Tethys is tinted slightly blue due to infalling material . The trojan moons Telesto , Calypso , Helene and Polydeuces are particularly affected as their orbits move up and down the ring plane . This results in their surfaces being coated with bright material that smooths out features . The backlit E ring , with Enceladus silhouetted against it . The moon 's south polar jets erupt brightly below it . Close - up of the south polar geysers of Enceladus , the source of the E Ring . Side view of Saturn system , showing Enceladus in relation to the E Ring E Ring tendrils from Enceladus geysers - comparison of images ( a , c ) with computer simulations Phoebe ring ( edit ) The Phoebe ring 's huge extent dwarfs the main rings . Inset : 24 μm Spitzer image of part of the ring In October 2009 , the discovery of a tenuous disk of material just interior to the orbit of Phoebe was reported . The disk was aligned edge - on to Earth at the time of discovery . This disk can be loosely described as another ring . Although very large ( the apparent size of two full moons as seen from Earth ) , the ring is virtually invisible . It was discovered using NASA 's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope , and was seen over the entire range of the observations , which extended from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn , with calculations indicating that it may extend outward up to 300 Saturn radii and inward to the orbit of Iapetus at 59 Saturn radii . The ring was subsequently studied using the WISE , Herschel and Cassini spacecraft ; WISE observations show that it extends from at least between 50 and 100 to 270 Saturn radii ( the inner edge is lost in the planet 's glare ) . Data obtained with WISE indicate the ring particles are small ; those with radii of greater than 10 cm comprise 10 % or less of the cross-sectional area . Phoebe orbits the planet at a distance ranging from 180 to 250 radii . The ring has a thickness of about 40 radii . Because the ring 's particles are presumed to have originated from impacts ( micrometeoroid and larger ) on Phoebe , they should share its retrograde orbit , which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon , Iapetus . This ring lies in the plane of Saturn 's orbit , or roughly the ecliptic , and thus is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn 's equatorial plane and the other rings . Phoebe is inclined by 5 ° with respect to Saturn 's orbit plane ( often written as 175 ° , due to Phoebe 's retrograde orbital motion ) , and its resulting vertical excursions above and below the ring plane agree closely with the ring 's observed thickness of 40 Saturn radii . The existence of the ring was proposed in the 1970s by Steven Soter . The discovery was made by Anne J. Verbiscer and Michael F. Skrutskie ( of the University of Virginia ) and Douglas P. Hamilton ( of the University of Maryland , College Park ) . The three had studied together at Cornell University as graduate students . Ring material migrates inward due to reemission of solar radiation , with a speed inversely proportional to particle size ; a 3 cm particle would migrate from the vicinity of Phoebe to that of Iapetus over the age of the Solar System . The material would thus strike the leading hemisphere of Iapetus . Infall of this material causes a slight darkening and reddening of the leading hemisphere of Iapetus ( similar to what is seen on the Uranian moons Oberon and Titania ) but does not directly create the dramatic two - tone coloration of that moon . Rather , the infalling material initiates a positive feedback thermal self - segregation process of ice sublimation from warmer regions , followed by vapor condensation onto cooler regions . This leaves a dark residue of `` lag '' material covering most of the equatorial region of Iapetus 's leading hemisphere , which contrasts with the bright ice deposits covering the polar regions and most of the trailing hemisphere . Possible ring system around Rhea ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Rhea Saturn 's second largest moon Rhea has been hypothesized to have a tenuous ring system of its own consisting of three narrow bands embedded in a disk of solid particles . These putative rings have not been imaged , but their existence has been inferred from Cassini observations in November 2005 of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn 's magnetosphere near Rhea . The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument ( MIMI ) observed a gentle gradient punctuated by three sharp drops in plasma flow on each side of the moon in a nearly symmetric pattern . This could be explained if they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk containing denser rings or arcs , with particles perhaps several dm to approximately am in diameter . A more recent piece of evidence consistent with the presence of Rhean rings is a set of small ultraviolet - bright spots distributed in a line that extends three quarters of the way around the moon 's circumference , within 2 degrees of the equator . The spots have been interpreted as the impact points of deorbiting ring material . However , targeted observations by Cassini of the putative ring plane from several angles have turned up nothing , suggesting that another explanation for these enigmatic features is needed . Gallery ( edit ) Cassini image mosaic of the unlit side of the outer C Ring ( bottom ) and inner B Ring ( top ) near Saturn 's equinox , showing multiple views of the shadow of Mimas . The shadow is attenuated by the denser B ring . The Maxwell Gap is below center . A spiral density wave in Saturn 's inner B Ring which forms at a 2 : 1 orbital resonance with Janus . The wavelength decreases as the wave propagates away from the resonance , so the apparent foreshortening in the image is illusory . Dark B Ring spokes in a low - phase - angle Cassini image of the rings ' unlit side . Left of center , two dark gaps ( the larger being the Huygens Gap ) and the bright ( from this viewing geometry ) ringlets to their left comprise the Cassini Division . Cassini image of the sun - lit side of the rings taken in 2009 at a phase angle of 144 ° , with bright B Ring spokes . Pan 's motion through the A Ring 's Encke Gap induces edge waves and ( non-self - propagating ) spiraling wakes ahead of and inward of it . The other more tightly wound bands are spiral density waves . Radially stretched ( 4x ) view of the Keeler Gap edge waves induced by Daphnis . Prometheus near apoapsis carving a dark channel in the F Ring ( with older channels to the right ) . A movie of the process may be viewed at the Cassini Imaging Team website or YouTube . F ring dynamism , probably due to perturbing effects of small moonlets orbiting close to or through the ring 's core . Prometheus ( at center ) and Pandora orbit just inside and outside the F Ring , but only Prometheus acts as a ring shepherd . Saturn 's shadow truncates the backlit G Ring and its bright inner arc . A video showing the arc 's orbital motion may be viewed on YouTube or the Cassini Imaging Team website . See also ( edit ) Galileo Galilei -- the first person to observe Saturn 's rings , in 1610 Christiaan Huygens -- the first person to propose that there was a ring surrounding Saturn , in 1655 Giovanni Cassini -- discovered the separation between the A and B rings ( the Cassini Division ) , in 1675 Édouard Roche -- French astronomer who described how a satellite that comes within the Roche limit of Saturn could break up and form the rings Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janus 's orbital radius changes slightly each time it has a close encounter with its co-orbital moon Epimetheus . These encounters lead to periodic minor disruptions in the wave pattern . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porco , Carolyn . `` Questions about Saturn 's rings '' . CICLOPS web site . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Tiscareno , M.S. ( 2012 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Planetary Rings '' . In Kalas , P. ; French , L. Planets , Stars and Stellar Systems . Springer . pp. 61 -- 63 . 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( 1980 ) . `` Imaging Photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn '' . Science . 207 ( 4429 ) : 434 -- 439 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 207 ... 434G . PMID 17833555 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 207.4429. 434 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , E. ( 2014 - 07 - 05 ) . `` On the masses and motions of mini-moons : Pandora 's not a `` shepherd , '' but Prometheus still is `` . Planetary Society . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cuzzi , J.N. ; Whizin , A.D. ; Hogan , R.C. ; Dobrovolskis , A.R. ; Dones , L. ; Showalter , M.R. ; Colwell , J.E. ; Scargle , J.D. ( April 2014 ) . `` Saturn 's F Ring core : Calm in the midst of chaos '' . Icarus . 232 : 157 -- 175 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 232 ... 157C . ISSN 0019 - 1035 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2013.12. 027 . Jump up ^ Hyodo , R. ; Ohtsuki , K. ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Saturn 's F ring and shepherd satellites a natural outcome of satellite system formation '' . Nature Geoscience. 8 : 686 -- 689 . Bibcode : 2015NatGe ... 8 ... 686H . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2508 . 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Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations web site . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Hedman , M.M. ; et al. ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Three tenuous rings / arcs for three tiny moons '' . Icarus . 199 ( 2 ) : 378 -- 386 . Bibcode : 2009Icar ... 199 ... 378H . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2008.11. 001 . Jump up ^ Hillier , JK ; et al. ( June 2007 ) . `` The composition of Saturn 's E Ring '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 377 ( 4 ) : 1588 -- 1596 . Bibcode : 2007MNRAS. 377.1588 H . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2007. 11710. x . ^ Jump up to : Hedman , M.M. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` The three - dimensional structure of Saturn 's E Ring '' . Icarus . 217 : 322 -- 338 . Bibcode : 2012Icar ... 217 ... 322H . arXiv : 1111.2568 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2011.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Spahn , F. ; et al. ( 2006 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring '' . Science . AAAS. 311 ( 5766 ) : 1416 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311.1416 S. PMID 16527969 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1121375 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Porco , C.C. ; Helfenstein , P. ; Thomas , P.C. ; Ingersoll , A.P. ; Wisdom , J. ; West , R. ; Neukum , G. ; Denk , T. ; Wagner , R. ( 10 March 2006 ) . `` Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus '' . Science . 311 ( 5766 ) : 1393 -- 1401 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311.1393 P. PMID 16527964 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1123013 . Jump up ^ `` Icy Tendrils Reaching into Saturn Ring Traced to Their Source '' . NASA News . 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , C.J. ; Porco , C.C. ; Weiss , J.W. ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Tracking the geysers of Enceladus into Saturn 's E ring '' . The Astronomical Journal . 149 ( 5 ) : 156 . Bibcode : 2015AJ ... 149 ... 156M . ISSN 1538 - 3881 . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 149 / 5 / 156 . Jump up ^ Schenk Hamilton et al. 2011 , pp. 751 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Mason 2010 . Jump up ^ NASA Space Telescope Discovers Largest Ring Around Saturn ^ Jump up to : Verbiscer , Anne ; et al. ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Saturn 's largest ring '' . Nature . 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 -- 100 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461.1098 V. PMID 19812546 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08515 . ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Rob ( 2009 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Largest known planetary ring discovered '' . Science News . Jump up ^ Tamayo , D. ; et al. ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` First observations of the Phoebe ring in optical light '' . Icarus . 233 : 1 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 233 ... 1T . arXiv : 1401.6166 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.01. 021 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Douglas P. ; Skrutskie , Michael F. ; Verbiscer , Anne J. ; Masci , Frank J. ( 2015 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Small particles dominate Saturn 's Phoebe ring to surprisingly large distances '' . Nature . 522 ( 7555 ) : 185 -- 187 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 522 ... 185H . PMID 26062508 . doi : 10.1038 / nature14476 . Jump up ^ `` The King of Rings '' . NASA , Spitzer Space Telescope center . 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Michelle ( 2009 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Huge ' ghost ' ring discovered around Saturn '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.979 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin ( Oct 25 , 2009 ) . `` U-Va. , U-Md . astronomers find another Saturn ring '' . Washington Post . p. 4C . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Denk , T. ; et al. ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Iapetus : Unique Surface Properties and a Global Color Dichotomy from Cassini Imaging '' . Science . AAAS. 327 ( 5964 ) : 435 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 327 ... 435D . PMID 20007863 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1177088 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cassini Is on the Trail of a Runaway Mystery '' . NASA Mission News . NASA . 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mason , J. ; et al. ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Cassini Closes In On The Centuries - old Mystery Of Saturn 's Moon Iapetus '' . CICLOPS website newsroom . Space Science Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Spencer , J.R. ; et al. ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Formation of Iapetus ' Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenically Triggered Thermal Ice Migration '' . Science . AAAS. 327 ( 5964 ) : 432 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 327 ... 432S . PMID 20007862 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1177132 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jones , Geraint H. ; et al. ( 2008 - 03 - 07 ) . `` The Dust Halo of Saturn 's Largest Icy Moon , Rhea '' . Science . AAAS. 319 ( 5868 ) : 1380 -- 1384 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 319.1380 J. PMID 18323452 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1151524 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , E. ( 2008 - 03 - 06 ) . `` A Ringed Moon of Saturn ? Cassini Discovers Possible Rings at Rhea '' . The Planetary Society web site . Planetary Society . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , E. ( 5 October 2009 ) . `` Another possible piece of evidence for a Rhea ring '' . The Planetary Society Blog . Planetary Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Richard A. ( 2010 - 06 - 25 ) . `` The Moon Rings That Never Were '' . ScienceNow . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Soft Collision ( NASA Cassini Saturn Mission Images ) '' . ciclops.org . Jump up ^ Prometheus collision . YouTube . 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Saturn 's G Ring . YouTube . 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rounding the Corner ( NASA Cassini Saturn Mission Images ) '' . ciclops.org . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rings of Saturn . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saturn ( Rings ) . Planetary Rings Node : Saturn 's Ring System Saturn 's Rings by NASA 's Solar System Exploration Rings of Saturn nomenclature from the USGS planetary nomenclature page NASA finds giant ring around Saturn -- Yahoo 7 news ( retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 ) Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter ( Waseem Akhtar podcast with Mark Showalter ) High - resolution animation by Seán Doran of the backlit rings Saturn Outline of Saturn Geography Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings Moons S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Kiviuq Ijiraq Phoebe Paaliaq Skathi Albiorix S / 2007 S 2 Bebhionn Erriapus Skoll Siarnaq Tarqeq S / 2004 S 13 Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Tarvos Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 S / 2004 S 17 Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 Bestla S / 2004 S 7 S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Astronomy Delta Octantis Saturn - crossing minor planets Exploration Cassini -- Huygens ( Huygens ) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Related Fiction Saturn Moons Planetary rings Planets Rings of Jupiter Rings of Saturn Rings of Uranus Rings of Neptune Rings of exoplanets Other bodies Rings of Chariklo Rings of Chiron Rings of Rhea Rings of Haumea Solar Asteroid belt Kuiper belt Related topics Gas torus Moons of Saturn Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn . Temporary names in italics . Ring shepherds S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Co-orbitals Epimetheus Janus G Ring Aegaeon Mimas and Alkyonides Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Inner large ( with trojans ) Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Outer large Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Ijiraq Paaliaq Siarnaq Tarqeq Norse group Phoebe Skathi S / 2007 S 2 ( ? ) Skoll S / 2004 S 13 ( ? ) Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 ( ? ) S / 2004 S 17 ( ? ) Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 ( ? ) Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 ( ? ) Bestla S / 2004 S 7 ( ? ) S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Gallic group Albiorix Bebhionn Erriapus Tarvos Rings of Saturn Cassini -- Huygens Themis Chiron S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 In fiction Galileo Galilei Scientific career Observational astronomy Galileo affair Galileo 's escapement Galilean invariance Galilean moons Galilean transformation Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment Phases of Venus Celatone Thermoscope Works The Assayer De Motu Antiquiora Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems `` Discourse on the Tides '' `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' Sidereus Nuncius Two New Sciences Family Vincenzo Galilei ( father ) Michelagnolo Galilei ( brother ) Vincenzo Gamba ( son ) Maria Celeste ( daughter ) Marina Gamba ( mistress ) Related `` And yet it moves '' Villa Il Gioiello Galileo 's paradox Sector Museo Galileo Galileo 's telescopes Tribune of Galileo In popular culture Life of Galileo ( 1943 play ) Lamp At Midnight ( 1947 play ) Galileo ( 1968 film ) Galileo ( 1975 film ) Starry Messenger ( 1996 book ) Galileo 's Daughter : A Historical Memoir of Science , Faith , and Love ( 1999 book ) Galileo Galilei ( 2002 opera ) Galileo 's Dream ( 2009 novel ) Christiaan Huygens Books Systema Saturnium ( 1659 ) De Vi Centrifiga ( 1659 ) Horologium Oscillatorium ( 1673 ) Traité de la Lumiére ( 1692 ) Cosmotheoros ( 1698 ) In science and natural philosophy Centripetal acceleration Coupled oscillation Conception of the standardization of the temperature scale Early history of classical mechanics Early history of calculus Huygens ' law Huygens ' lemniscate Huygens ' principle ( Huygens -- Fresnel principle ) Huygens ' construction Huygens ' tritone Huygens ' wavelet Huygens ' wave theory Huygens -- Steiner theorem Hypothesis of intelligent extraterrestrial life Isochrone curve ( tautochrone curve ) Foundations of differential geometry of curves ( mathematical notions of the evolute and involute of the curve ) Scientific foundations of horology Mathematical and physical investigations of properties of the pendulum Modern conception of centrifugal and centripetal forces Music theory of microtones ( 31 equal temperament ) Polarization of light ( Iceland spar ) Rings of Saturn Titan ( moon ) Theoretical foundations of wave optics ( wave theory of light ) In technology Inventions by Huygens Aerial telescope Cycloidal pendulum Huygens ' engine Huygens ' eyepiece Magic lantern Spiral balance spring Precision timekeeping ( pendulum clock and spiral - hairspring watch ) Recognitions List of things named after Christiaan Huygens 2801 Huygens Cassini -- Huygens Huygens probe Mons Huygens Huygens ( crater ) Huygens - Fokker Foundation Huygens Gap Huygens Ringlet Horologium ( constellation ) Other topics Cosmos : A Personal Voyage - Episode 6 : `` Travellers ' Tales '' ( 1980 documentary TV series by Carl Sagan ) Clocks and Culture , 1300 -- 1700 ( 1967 history book by Carlo Cipolla ) Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World ( 1983 history book by David Landes ) Scientific Revolution Golden Age of Dutch science and technology Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Académie des Sciences Related people Huygens family Galileo Galilei René Descartes Salomon Coster Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Isaac Newton Robert Hooke Denis Papin Augustin - Jean Fresnel Thomas Young A rudimentary prototype of internal combustion piston engine . An early practical type of image projector and a precursor to both the modern slide projector and the movie projector . Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rings_of_Saturn&oldid=805225163 '' Categories : Rings of Saturn Planetary rings Astronomical objects discovered in 1610 Discoveries by Galileo Galilei Discoveries by Christiaan Huygens Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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TARGET2
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TARGET2 - wikipedia TARGET2 Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Target ( disambiguation ) . TARGET2 ( Trans - European Automated Real - time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System ) is the real - time gross settlement ( RTGS ) system for the Eurozone , and is available to non-Eurozone countries . It was developed by and is owned by the Eurosystem . TARGET2 is based on an integrated central technical infrastructure , called the Single Shared Platform ( SSP ) . SSP is operated by three providing central banks : France ( Banque de France ) , Germany ( Deutsche Bundesbank ) and Italy ( Banca d'Italia ) . TARGET2 started to replace TARGET in November 2007 . TARGET2 is also an interbank RTGS payment system for the clearing of cross-border transfers in the eurozone . Participants in the system are either direct or indirect . Direct participants hold an RTGS account and have access to real - time information and control tools . They are responsible for all payments sent from or received on their accounts by themselves or any indirect participants operating through them . Indirect participation means that payment orders are always sent to and received from the system via a direct participant , with only the relevant direct participant having a legal relationship with the Eurosystem . Finally , bank branches and subsidiaries can choose to participate in TARGET2 as multi-addressee access or addressable BICs ( Bank Identifier Code ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 2 Participation 3 Activity 3.1 Single Shared Platform 3.2 Statistics 3.3 Liquidity management 3.4 Access criteria 3.5 Pricing 3.6 Holidays 4 History 5 Relation to European debt crisis 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Objectives ( edit ) The objectives of TARGET2 are to : support the implementation of the Eurosystem 's monetary policy and the functioning of the euro money market minimise systemic risk in the payments market increase the efficiency of cross-border payments in euro , and maintain the integration and stability of the Eurozone money market . Participation ( edit ) The use of TARGET2 is mandatory for the settlement of any euro operations involving the Eurosystem . The Eurosystem consists of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) and the national central banks of the 19 European Union member states that are part of the Eurozone . Participation in TARGET2 is mandatory for new member states joining the Eurozone . TARGET2 services in euro are available to non-Eurozone states . National central banks of states which have not yet adopted the euro can also participate in TARGET2 to facilitate the settlement of transactions in euro . Central banks from four non-Eurozone states Bulgaria , Denmark , Poland and Romania also participate in TARGET2 . In 2012 , TARGET2 had 999 direct participants , 3,386 indirect participants and 13,313 correspondents . Activity ( edit ) TARGET2 is the real - time gross settlement ( RTGS ) system with payment transactions being settled one by one on a continuous basis in central bank money with immediate finality . There is no upper or lower limit on the value of payments . TARGET2 mainly settles operations of monetary policy and money market operations . TARGET2 has to be used for all payments involving the Eurosystem , as well as for the settlement of operations of all large - value net settlement systems and securities settlement systems handling the euro . TARGET2 is operated on a single technical platform . The business relationships are established between the TARGET2 users and their National Central Bank . In terms of the value processed , TARGET2 is one of the largest payment systems in the world . Single Shared Platform ( edit ) TARGET2 is a harmonised RTGS system covering the Eurozone . It operates on the Single Shared Platform ( SSP ) , which replaced the decentralised first - generation TARGET system . It was designed to provide an enhanced service with benefits for economies of scale which allows it to charge lower fees and offer cost - efficiency . All participants of the Eurosystem , and outside it , can access the same functionalities and interfaces , as well as a single price structure . SWIFT standards and services ( i.e. , , FIN , InterAct , FileAct and Browse ) are used in the harmonised communication between the system and its participants . Before the introduction of TARGET2 , some central banks held `` home accounts '' ( also called `` proprietary home accounting systems '' ) outside their RTGS systems . These were used primarily to manage minimum reserves , standing facilities and cash withdrawals , but also to settle ancillary systems ' transactions . It was agreed that , in the context of the new system , these types of transaction should ultimately be settled on the RTGS accounts held on the SSP . However , some countries ' domestic arrangements did not allow these operations to be moved rapidly to the SSP . As a result , the Eurosystem agreed on a maximum transition period of four years for moving the settlement of these payments to the SSP . The Information and Control Module ( ICM ) allows direct users to access information and manage parameters linked to balances and payments online . Via the ICM , users have access to the Payments Module and the Static Data Management function . Users of the ICM are able to choose what information they receive and when . Urgent messages ( e.g. , , system broadcasts from central banks and warnings concerning payments with a debit time indicator ) are automatically displayed on the screen . TARGET2 provides settlement services for a wide range of ancillary systems . While each of these used to have its own settlement procedure , TARGET2 now offers six generic procedures for the settlement of ancillary systems and allows these systems to access any account on the SSP via a standardised interface . Statistics ( edit ) In 2012 , TARGET2 : settled the cash positions of 82 ancillary systems , processed a daily average of 354,185 payments , representing a daily average value of € 2.477 billion , the average value of a TARGET2 transaction was € 7.1 million , two - thirds of all TARGET2 payments ( i.e. , 68 % ) had a value of less than € 50,000 each ; 11 % of all payments had value of over € 1 million each , the peak in volume turnover was 29 June 2012 with 536,524 transactions and peak value turnover was on 1 March 2012 with € 3.718 billion , TARGET2 's share in total large - value payment system traffic in euro was 92 % in value terms and 58 % in volume terms , the SSP technical availability was 100 % , and 99.94 % of TARGET2 payments were processed in less than five minutes . Liquidity management ( edit ) The availability and cost of liquidity are two crucial issues for the smooth processing of payments in RTGS systems . In TARGET2 , liquidity can be managed very flexibly and is available at low cost since fully remunerated minimum reserves -- which credit institutions are required to hold with their central bank -- can be used in full for settlement purposes during the day . The averaging provisions applied to minimum reserves allow banks to be flexible in their end - of - day liquidity management . The overnight lending and deposit facilities also allow for continuous liquidity management decisions . The Eurosystem provides intraday credit . This credit must be fully collateralised and no interest is charged . However , all Eurosystem credit must be fully collateralised , i.e. secured by other assets . The range of eligible collateral is very wide . Assets eligible for monetary policy purposes are also eligible for intraday credit . Under Eurosystem rules , credit can only be granted by the national central bank of the Member State where the participant is established . Banks ' treasury managers have a keen interest in the use of automated processes for the optimisation of payment and liquidity management . They need tools that will allow them to track activity across accounts and , where possible , make accurate intraday and overnight funding decisions from a single location -- e.g. their head office. TARGET2 users have , via the Information and Control Module , access to comprehensive online information and easy - to - use liquidity management features that meet their business needs . TARGET2 has a range of features allowing efficient liquidity management , including payment priorities , timed transactions , liquidity reservation facilities , limits , liquidity pooling and optimisation procedures . Access criteria ( edit ) The access criteria for TARGET2 aim to allow broad levels of participation by institutions involved in clearing and settlement activities . Supervision by a competent authority ensures the soundness of such institutions . Supervised credit institutions established within the European Economic Area are the primary participants . Supervised investment firms , clearing and settlement organisations which are subject to oversight and government treasuries can also be admitted as participants . Pricing ( edit ) There are two pricing schemes : Recurring fixed charges and a fixed transaction fee : Monthly fixed charge : € 100.00 Single transaction price : € 0.80 Recurring fixed charge and a variable transaction fee based on number of transactions : Monthly fixed charge : € 1,250.00 Variable transaction price : volume - based between € 0.60 and € 0.125 Holidays ( edit ) The TARGET2 system is closed on Saturdays and Sundays and on the following public holidays in all participating countries : 1 January , Good Friday and Easter Monday ( according to the calendar used by Western Christianity ) , 1 May , 25 December and 26 December . History ( edit ) Since the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1958 , there has been a progressive movement towards a more integrated European financial market . This movement has been marked by several events : In the field of payments , the most visible were the launch of the euro in 1999 and the cash changeover in the euro area countries in 2002 . The establishment of the large - value central bank payment system TARGET was less visible , but also of great importance . It formed an integral part of the introduction of the euro and facilitated the rapid integration of the euro area money market . The implementation of TARGET2 was based on a decision of the ECB Council of autumn 2002 . TARGET2 started operations on 19 November 2007 , when the first group of countries ( Austria , Cyprus , Germany , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta and Slovenia ) migrated to the SSP . This first migration was successful and confirmed the reliability of SSP . After this initial migration , TARGET2 already settled around 50 % of overall traffic in terms of volume and 30 % in terms of value . On 18 February 2008 , the second migration successfully migrated to TARGET2 , comprising Belgium , Finland , France , Ireland , the Netherlands , Portugal and Spain . On 19 May 2008 , the final group migrated to TARGET2 , comprising Denmark , Estonia , Greece , Italy , Poland and the ECB . The six - month migration process went smoothly and did not cause any operational disruptions . Slovakia joined TARGET2 on 1 January 2009 , Bulgaria joined in February 2010 , and Romania joined on 4 July 2011 . Relation to European debt crisis ( edit ) This section almost exclusively relies on scientific work of a single economist , Hans - Werner Sinn . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2015 ) TARGET2 balances between January 2007 and April 2014 Main article : European debt crisis The main subjects of criticism are the unlimited credit facilities made available since the establishment of the TARGET system by the national central banks of the Eurosystem on the one hand and by the ECB on the other . The issue of the increasing Target balances was brought to public attention for the first time in early 2011 by Hans - Werner Sinn , president of the Munich Ifo Institute . In an article in Wirtschaftswoche , he drew attention to the enormous increase in Target claims held by Germany 's Bundesbank , from 5 billion at the end of 2006 to 326 billion at the end of 2010 , and to the attendant liability risk . In the German daily Süddeutsche Zeitung he put the entire volume of the Target liabilities of Greece , Ireland , Portugal , and Spain at 340 billion euros at the end of February 2011 . Moreover , he pointed out that if these countries should exit the Eurozone and declare insolvency , Germany 's liability risk would amount to 33 % of that sum , or 114 billion euros , relating these sums to the other rescue facilities of euro countries and the International Monetary Fund . Before he made them public , Target deficits or surpluses were not explicitly itemised , being usually buried in obscure positions of central bank balance sheets . Shortly thereafter , Sinn interpreted the Target balances for the first time within the context of current account deficits , international private capital movements and the international shifting of the refinancing credit that the national central banks of the Eurosystem grant to the commercial banks in their jurisdiction . He proved that the ECB system compensated the interruption and reversal in capital flows triggered by the financial crisis by shifting refinancing credit among national central banks . The increase in Target liabilities is a direct measure of net payment orders across borders , i.e. of the portion of the current account deficit that is not counterbalanced by capital imports , or , equivalently , the sum of the current account deficit and net capital exports . Indirectly , they also measure a country 's amount of central bank money created and lent out beyond what is needed for domestic circulation . Since every country needs a relatively steady amount of central bank money for its domestic transactions , payment orders to other countries , which reduce the domestic stock of money , must be offset by a continuous issuing of new refinancing credit , i.e. , the creation of new central bank money . Similarly , the increase in money balances in the country whose central bank honours the payment orders reduces the demand for fresh refinancing credit . Hence , a country 's Target liabilities also indicate the extent to which its central bank has replaced the capital markets to finance its current account deficit , as well as any possible capital flight , by creating new central bank money through corresponding refinancing credit . Sinn illustrated that from an economic perspective , Target credit and formal rescue facilities serve the same purpose and involve similar liability risks . Sinn 's presentation on 19 May 2011 at the Munich Economic Summit motivated an op - ed column in the Financial Times . They reconstructed the data on the basis of the balance sheets of the Eurosystem 's national central banks and the balance - sheet statistics of the International Monetary Fund . Later , in June 2011 , Hans - Werner Sinn and Timo Wollmershaeuser compiled the first panel database of the Eurozone 's Target balances . The authors point out that the additional creation of money by the central banks of the crisis - stricken countries was provided by a lowering of the standards for the collateral that commercial banks have to provide to their national central banks to obtain refinancing credit . Furthermore , they showed that the commercial banks of the Eurozone 's core countries used the incoming liquidity to reduce the refinancing credit they drew from their national central bank , even lending the surplus liquidity to this central bank , which implies that the Target balances indirectly also measure the reallocation of refinancing credit among the countries of the Eurozone . The authors showed that the national central banks of the northern countries became net debtors to their own banking systems . Sinn and Wollmershaeuser argue that the euro crisis is a balance - of - payments crisis , which in its substance is similar to the Bretton Woods crisis . Moreover , they show the extent to which Target credit financed current account deficits or capital flight in Greece , Ireland , Portugal , Spain and Italy . They also show that the current account deficits of Greece and Portugal were financed for years by refinancing credits of their national central banks and the concomitant Target credit . They document as well the Irish capital flight and the capital flight from Spain and Italy , which began in earnest in summer 2011 . Following Sinn , the authors compare the Target balances of the Eurosystem with the corresponding balances in the US settlement system ( Interdistrict Settlement Account ) and point out that US balances relative to US GDP have decreased thanks to a regularly performed settlement procedure in which ownership shares in a common Fed clearing portfolio are reallocated among the various District Feds comprising the US Federal Reserve System . They advocate the establishment of a similar system in Europe to end the ECB 's role as a provider of international public credit that undercuts private market conditions . Hans - Werner Sinn addressed the Target balances issue again in a special edition of ' ifo Schnelldienst ' and made it the main topic of his book ' Die Target - Falle ' ( `` The Target Trap '' ) , published in early October 2012 . A number of economists took a stand on the issue of the Target balances in a publication of the Ifo Institute , confirming Sinn 's analysis . Financial commentator David Marsh , writing in early 2012 , noted that TARGET2 provides `` automatic central bank funding for EMU countries suffering capital outflows provided through it '' and that the balances would `` have to be shared out by central banks throughout the Eurosystem ... if EMU fragments into its constituent parts . So the pressure on Germany is to keep the balances growing , in order to avoid crystallization of losses that would be hugely damaging not just to Berlin but also to central banks and governments in Paris and Rome '' . The official reactions to Sinn 's research findings were mixed . At first , in February and March 2011 , the Bundesbank downplayed the Target balances as an irrelevant statistical position . However , in early 2012 , Bundesbank chief Jens Weidmann wrote a letter to ECB head Mario Draghi on the subject which `` found its way into the columns of the conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper . It appeared to suggest more secure collateralisation for the overall ECB credits to weaker EMU central banks , which now amount to more than € 800 billion under the ECB 's TARGET2 electronic payment system , '' Marsh noted in a subsequent column . Jens Ulbrich and Alexander Lipponer ( economists at the Bundesbank ) justified the policy of the ECB during the European balance - of - payments crisis as follows : In the crisis , the Eurosystem consciously assumed a larger intermediation function in view of the massive disruptions in the interbank market by extending its liquidity control instruments . With this greater role in the provision of central bank money -- essentially by changing to a full allotment procedure in refinancing operations and the extension of longer - term refinancing operations -- the total volume of refinancing credits provided has increased ( temporarily even markedly ) . At the same time , the quality requirements for the underlying collateral were reduced in the crisis . The higher risk was accepted to maintain the functioning of the financial system under more difficult conditions . The ifo Institute 's regularly updated `` Exposure level indicator '' ( ' Haftungspegel ' ) shows Germany 's potential financial burden should the crisis - stricken euro countries exit the currency union and declare insolvency . In another development , the Institute of Empirical Economic Research at the University of Osnabrueck collects and publishes Target2 data from all euro countries on the basis of the balance sheets of each central bank . Nevertheless , there are also some economists who contradict some points of Sinn 's analysis . Paul De Grauwe and Yuemei Ji argue that Germany 's and other countries ' Target claims could be made void , without suffering any losses , since that the value of the central bank money , being `` fiat money '' , is independent of a central bank 's assets . Sinn , in his rejoinder , showed that the Target balances represent the shift of refinancing credit to the crisis - stricken countries , representing thus the claim on the interest returns from these countries . Eliminating the Target balances would thus entail a real loss of resources amounting to the present value of this interest income , which is reflected exactly by the amount of Target claims . This loss would result in a smaller transfer of Bundesbank 's revenues to the German budget and , should the situation arise , in the necessity to recapitalise the Bundesbank through increased taxation . Sinn uses the same reasoning in his book ' Die Target - Falle ' . Sinn points out that the option of self - rescue for the crisis - affected countries by drawing Target credit forces Germany to approve the formal rescue facilities and eventually to accept Eurobonds as well . He considers the resulting path dependence in policy - making a `` trap '' . Analysis of TARGET2 balances countering the IFO conclusions have been advanced by economist Karl Whelan at University College Dublin . In summer 2012 , Thomas A. Lubik , a senior economist and research advisor , and Karl Rhodes , a writer , both at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond ( Virginia , USA ) , cited Whelan 's work and also drew parallels and distinctions between the US Fed and the ECB in analysing the balances . Lubik and Rhodes argued that `` TARGET2 merely reflects persistent imbalances in current accounts and capital accounts . It does not cause them ... ( and does not represent ) a ' stealth bailout ' of the periphery nations '' . Sinn countered that he was misinterpreted in this point insofar as he was just `` saying that the current - account deficits were sustained with the extra refinancing credit behind the TARGET balances '' and this would `` not equate to claiming that current - account deficits and TARGET deficits were positively correlated '' . Again in late 2016 , after some years of relative improvement but with rising worries over Italy , the level of TARGET2 intra-eurozone balances at the ECB had surpassed 2012 's record levels . The claims represented half of the Germany 's net foreign assets and were on track shortly to reach € 1 trillion if trends continued unchecked . See also ( edit ) TARGET2 Securities SWIFT Fedwire European Central Bank References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from the corresponding German Wikipedia articles on TARGET and TARGET2 as of 4 April 2008 . More text also from the website of the European Central Bank which provides and maintains information on TARGET2 both for the general public as for professional users of TARGET2 Jump up ^ `` Single Shared Platform : General Functional Specifications : Version 2.1 '' , ecb.europa.eu . Jump up ^ European Central Bank / Eurosystem , Organisation Jump up ^ `` TARGET Annual Report 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Europa.eu. 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Target 2 '' ecb.europa.eu , 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TARGET2 -- Prices '' . Bundesbank.de . Archived from the original on 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Information guide for TARGET2 users '' ( PDF ) . October 2009 . p. 13 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Location of the seats of the institutions ... of the European Union '' ( PDF ) . 26 October 2012 . p. 1 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Neue Abgründe , Wirtschaftswoche , No. 8 , 21 February 2011 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Tickende Zeitbombe , `` Süddeutsche Zeitung '' , No. 77 , 2 April 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Die riskante Kreditersatzpolitik der EZB , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , No. 103 , 4 May 2011 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Target - Salden , Außenhandel und Geldschöpfung , ifo Schnelldienst 64 , No. 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sinn , H.W. ; Wollmershäuser , T. ( 2012 ) . `` Target loans , current account balances and capital flows : The ECB 's rescue facility '' . International Tax and Public Finance . 19 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 508 . doi : 10.1007 / s10797 - 012 - 9236 - x . Jump up ^ The authors presented their findings at various conferences , such as H. - W. Sinn 's lectures on May 9th 2011 at the Humboldt University and showed that Target balances are classical balance - of - payment imbalances . Their method was also used later by the ECB itself , in their October 2011 monthly report . Jump up ^ European Central Bank : TARGET2 balances of national central banks in the Euro area , Monthly Bulletin , October 2011 , p. 36 , footnote 5 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , `` Fed versus ECB : How TARGET debts can be repaid '' , Vox , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Die Target - Kredite der deutschen Bundesbank , ifo Schnelldienst 65 , Special issue , 21 March 2012 , pp. 3 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Die Target - Falle : Gefahren für unser Geld und unsere Kinder , Hanser , Munich 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Helmut Schlesinger , Wilhelm Kohler , Charles B. Blankart , Manfred J.M. Neumann , Peter Bernholz , Thomas Mayer , Jochen Moebert and Christian Weistroffer , Georg Milbradt , Stefan Homburg , Friedrich L. Sell and Beate Sauer , Ingo Sauer , Jens Ulbrich and Alexander Lipponer , Christian Fahrholz and Andreas Freytag , Ulrich Bindseil , Philippine Cour - Thimann und Philipp Koenig , Franz - Christoph Zeitler , Klaus Reeh , in : Sinn , Hans - Werner ( ed . ) , The European Balance of Payments Crisis , CESifo Forum , Special Issue , January 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , David , `` 10 myths about the European quagmire '' , MarketWatch , 27 February 2012 . Myth No. 9 addresses Target - 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deutsche Bundesbank , TARGET2 - Salden der Bundesbank , Press release , 22 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Deutsche Bundesbank , The dynamics of the Bundesbank 's TARGET2 balance , Monthly Report 63 , March 2011 , No. 3 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Marsh , David , `` Weidmann reawakens debate on Bundesbank 's power '' , MarketWatch , 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jens Ulbrich and Alexander Lipponer , Balances in the Target2 Payments System -- A Problem ? , in : Sinn , Hans - Werner ( ed . ) , The European Balance of Payments Crisis , CESifo Forum , Special Issue , January 2012 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ ifo Institute : `` The Exposure Level '' Jump up ^ Institute of Empirical Economic Research , Osnabrueck University : Target2 data Jump up ^ De Grauwe , Paul and Yuemei Ji , What Germany should fear most is its own fear , VOX , 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sinn , Hans - Werner , Target losses in case of a euro breakup , Vox , 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinn , Hans - Werner , Die Target - Falle : Gefahren für unser Geld und unsere Kinder , Hanser , Munich 2012 , Chapter 7 , Section `` Die Umwidmung der Ersparnisse '' . Jump up ^ Lubik , Thomas A. , and Karl Rhodes , `` TARGET2 : Symptom , Not Cause , of Eurozone Woes '' , richmondfed.org , August 2012 ; via Steve Goldstein , `` Fed bank weighs in on hot Europe debate '' , MarketWatch , 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marsh , David , `` Opinion : Germany worrying again about its hidden bailout of Italy , Greece '' , MarketWatch , December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Sinn , Hans - Werner , The Euro Trap . On Bursting Bubbles , Budgets , and Beliefs , Oxford University Press , July 2014 . ifo Policy Issue : Target Balances European Central Bank on TARGET2 Institute of Empirical Economic Research , Osnabrück University : Regularly updated dataset on Target2 balances of the Euro area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TARGET2&oldid=766695593 '' Categories : Real - time gross settlement Economy of the European Union Securities clearing and depository institutions Payment networks Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Nedersaksies Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Pretty Little Liars (season 7)
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Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ( hide ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=802195051 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many episodes of pretty little liars season 7b
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"The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017.[2][3][4] The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform.[5] Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King.[6] The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino.[7] King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016.[8] On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.[9]"
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Florence Stanley
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Florence Stanley - wikipedia Florence Stanley Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Florence Stanley Stanley and Abe Vigoda as Bernice and Phil Fish from Fish , 1977 . Florence Schwartz ( 1924 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1924 Chicago , Illinois , U.S. October 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 03 ) ( aged 79 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Stroke Occupation Actress Years active 1940 -- 2003 Spouse ( s ) Martin Newman ( m . 1951 ; her death 2003 ) Children Website www.florencestanley.com Florence Stanley ( July 1 , 1924 -- October 3 , 2003 ) was an American actress of stage , film , and television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Film roles 3 Later roles 4 Death 5 References 6 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Florence Stanley was born as Florence Schwartz in Chicago , the daughter of Hanna ( née Weil ) and Jack Schwartz . She began a long career on stage , film and TV starting in the 1940s . Her earliest theatrical performances include The Importance of Being Earnest with the Touring Players , Bury The Dead at New York 's Cherry Lane Theatre , and Machinal . During the 1950s , Stanley appeared in numerous live TV shows , and gave an acclaimed performance as Clytemnestra in the New York Shakespeare Festival 's 1964 production of Electra , opposite Lee Grant , who played the title role . Stanley began her long career on Broadway as Maureen Stapleton 's understudy in a 1965 revival of The Glass Menagerie . In 1966 , she took over the role of Yente in Broadway 's Fiddler On The Roof from Bea Arthur , leaving in 1971 ( after more than 2,000 performances ) to open in Neil Simon 's The Prisoner of Second Avenue , directed by Mike Nichols . In 1972 she went on to tap dance in the Broadway production of The Secret Affairs Of Mildred Wild , and in 1981 went back to work for Neil Simon in the Broadway production of Fools . Film roles ( edit ) Her film roles began in 1967 with Up the Down Staircase starring Sandy Dennis . In 1973 , she was asked by director Mike Nichols to play a small role in his film The Day of the Dolphin starring George C. Scott . She recreated her role in the film version of Prisoner ( 1975 ) , was again cast by Nichols for The Fortune ( 1975 ) , starring Warren Beatty , Jack Nicholson and Stockard Channing . She then went on to appear in the television series Joe and Sons for CBS in 1975 ; that same year Barney Miller producer Danny Arnold cast Stanley as Bernice Fish , the wife of Detective Fish ( played by Abe Vigoda ) . After Barney Miller , Stanley recreated her role as Bernice Fish on the spinoff , Fish . She also appeared in the 1994 film Trapped in Paradise starring Nicolas Cage , Jon Lovitz and Dana Carvey . Stanley played Edna `` Ma '' Firpo in the movie . Later roles ( edit ) She starred as Margaret Wilbur , a family court judge who assigned custody of a twelve - year - old girl to two former boyfriends of the girl 's late mother on the TV series My Two Dads , and directed three episodes of the series . She made two guest appearances on the TV series Night Court : an uncredited one in the season 4 episode `` Murder '' in which she plays a woman who cheerfully confesses to her husband 's murder but may be hiding something , and another , credited , role in the season 6 episode `` The Game Show '' where she played Judge Wilbur . She later played Dr. Amanda Riskin on Nurses , provided the voice for Grandma Ethyl Phillips on Dinosaurs and made guest appearances on such television series as Mad About You ( which reunited her with her former My Two Dads co-star , Paul Reiser ) , Malcolm in the Middle , Mr. Belvedere and Cybill . Later film roles include Trouble Bound ( 1993 ) , The Odd Couple II and Bulworth ( both in 1998 ) and Down With Love ( 2003 ) . Stanley also played Thelma Griffin on Family Guy , but was replaced by Phyllis Diller after her death . In 2001 , she provided the voice of Wilhelmina Packard in Disney 's 41st animated feature film , Atlantis : The Lost Empire , for which she was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production , and the direct - to - video sequel , Atlantis : Milo 's Return , in 2003 . Death ( edit ) On October 3 , 2003 , Stanley died of complications from a stroke at age 79 . She was survived by her husband , Martin Newman , and their two children , as well as her two grandchildren . Her interment was at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Florence Stanley biography Jump up ^ Text from this site used with permission of Webmaster External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florence Stanley . Official website Florence Stanley on IMDb VIAF : 101377951 IATH : w6tc50qc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Stanley&oldid=782085567 '' Categories : 1924 births 2003 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Chicago American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Jewish American actresses Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played fish's wife on barney miller
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Red River Showdown
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Red River Showdown - wikipedia Red River Showdown Jump to : navigation , search Red River Showdown Oklahoma Sooners Texas Longhorns Sport Football First meeting October 10 , 1900 Texas 28 , Oklahoma 2 Latest meeting October 14 , 2017 Oklahoma 29 , Texas 24 Next meeting 2018 Stadiums Cotton Bowl , Dallas , Texas Trophy Golden Hat Statistics Meetings total 112 All - time series Texas leads , 61 -- 46 -- 5 Largest victory Oklahoma , 65 -- 13 ( 2003 ) Longest win streak Texas , 8 ( 1940 -- 47 , 1958 -- 65 ) Current win streak Oklahoma , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) Stadum packed for Red River Rivalry game The Red River Showdown , commonly called the Red River Rivalry , the Red River Classic , or the Red River Shootout , is an American college football rivalry game played annually at the Cotton Bowl stadium in Dallas , Texas , during the third weekend of the State Fair of Texas in October . The participants are the Oklahoma Sooners football team of the University of Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns football team of the University of Texas at Austin . The game is played the week following the State Fair Classic featuring Prairie View A&M University and Grambling State University . The series is one of the major rivalries in NCAA football and in all of American sports . The name is derived from the Red River that forms part of the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma that has in the past caused conflict between the two states , most notably the 1931 Red River Bridge War . There are three Red River Shootout trophies exchanged based on the outcome of the game . The best known of these is the Golden Hat , which is a gold ten - gallon hat , formerly of bronze . The trophy is kept by the winning school 's athletic department until the next year . A newer trophy , the Red River Rivalry trophy , has been exchanged between the two student governments since 2003 . The governor of Texas and governor of Oklahoma also exchange the Governors ' trophy and frequently place a bet on the game such as the losing governor having to present a side of beef to the winning governor , often donated to charity . Another annual tradition is the running of game balls by the schools ' Reserve Officers ' Training Corps programs . Each school 's ROTC program uses a relay running system to run one game ball all the way from their respective campus to Dallas . Once there , they participate against each other in a football scrimmage , with the winner taking home a rivalry trophy and bragging rights . For both teams , the rivalry is bitterly emotional and territorial in nature relating to the two states ' proximity , past border disputes and economic and cultural differences . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 1.1 1900 -- 1960 1.2 1960 -- 1995 1.3 1996 -- 2001 1.4 Texas beats Oklahoma to break five - year skid 1.5 2007 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game , Oklahoma 28 , Texas 21 1.6 2008 Texas vs. Oklahoma football game 1.7 Recent games 2 Venue 3 Game results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series history ( edit ) The game originated in 1900 , while Oklahoma was still a United States territory and the Oklahoma campus was still in Oklahoma Territory . Until the 2005 meeting , the 100th meeting between the schools , the game was called the Red River Shootout . In 2005 , it was sponsored by SBC Communications , and the game was officially renamed the SBC Red River Rivalry , with the word `` Rivalry '' replacing `` Shootout '' out of a desire not to convey an attitude of condoning gun violence . In 2006 , with SBC 's merger with AT&T Corporation , the game was renamed the AT&T Red River Rivalry . In 2014 , the name changed again and is now the AT&T Red River Showdown . The term Red River Shootout or Red River Showdown is also applied to meetings between the two schools in sports other than football . During a Q&A session with DeLoss Dodds ( the Athletic Director of UT ) during the Big 12 restructuring and chaos that ensued thereafter , Dodds stated in an interview , `` That game -- the rivalry game for us has always been Oklahoma . The A&M game 's been a great game and all of that . And we may play ' em . But it 's not something that we have to do . I think the Oklahoma game is something we have to do . '' Since 1936 , the first year of the AP Poll , at least one of the teams has come into the game ranked 70 times , including every one of the last 19 meetings . Texas leads the overall series 61 -- 46 -- 5 . However , the series is tied since World War II ( since 1945 ) with a record of 35 - 35 - 3 , and Oklahoma leads the series in the last 20 years with a record of 12 − 8 . In 2005 , The Dallas Morning News asked the 119 Division 1A football coaches to identify the top rivalry game in college football . The Red River Rivalry ranked third , behind only Michigan -- Ohio State and Army -- Navy . 1900 -- 1960 ( edit ) A page from the 1916 OU Yearbook depicts the 1915 game . The first meeting between Oklahoma and Texas football teams occurred in 1900 , before either team had acquired their current nickname . At that time , the Texas team was typically called `` Varsity '' . The write - up in the Austin American - Statesman article referred to the game as a `` practice game '' . The paper reported : The game of football yesterday afternoon at the Varsity athletic field was an interesting contrast , notwithstanding the rather one - sided score of 28 -- 2 in favor of the Varsity . The Oklahoma men played a very good game , but they had weak points and the Varsity men found this out , and proceeded to take advantage of them . For instance , the visitors ' tackles and ends were weak , and the Varsity men made most of their gains through these men . Their guards and center , though , were stiff enough , and the Varsity 's attack at these points never netted large gains , and were frequently futile . While Oklahoma should be given credit for the stiffness of her center trio , the fact that the Varsity backs made but small headway at these points is partly due to the Varsity backs themselves . They had not the life and dash that is necessary to successful line plunging , and they failed to heed Coach Thompson 's oft repeated admonition to hit the line low and with speed , and the consequence was that when they got to the line they did not have the necessary momentum to plunge on through . This was the case , notwithstanding the fact that the men are coached to play a good distance behind the line , so that they can get up speed by the time they reach it . In the 1950 rivalry game , Billy Vessels scored on an 11 - yard run late in the contest and Texas native Jim Weatherall kicked the extra point to give Oklahoma a narrow 14 -- 13 win . In 1958 , Texas defeated Oklahoma by one point , breaking the University of Oklahoma 's series dominance of the 1950s . The game was notable in that Texas Longhorns head coach Darrell Royal had 10 years earlier been the quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners . Royal defeated his former coach and mentor Bud Wilkinson in the game . Wilkinson would lose to Texas the next five years before retiring in 1963 . 1960 -- 1995 ( edit ) The 1963 game featured # 1 Oklahoma versus # 2 Texas , the seventh regular season # 1 versus # 2 game ( eighth , overall ) in the history of the AP Poll . Texas won the game , took the # 1 ranking and kept it for the rest of the season , winning its first national championship . The 1976 rivalry game was overshadowed by allegations by Texas coach Darrell Royal that Oklahoma had been spying on his practices . The claim was later confirmed in OU Coach Barry Switzer 's book , Bootlegger 's Boy . Royal and Switzer ( who was 3 -- 0 against Texas as a head coach coming into this game ) were involved in a serious feud at the time . The 1976 game was attended by U.S. President Gerald Ford . Ford made an appearance with Royal and Switzer before the game . Switzer and Royal both spoke to Ford but not to each other . The game ended in a 6 -- 6 tie . It was Royal 's final Red River Shootout . In the 1977 game , Texas lost both their starting and backup quarterbacks in the first half . Yet , behind the power running of eventual Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell , a strong defense , and the unheralded composure of third - string - quarterback Randy McEachern , the Horns prevailed 13 -- 6 . In a rain - soaked 1984 game , Texas entered the game ranked # 1 , Oklahoma # 3 ( # 2 in some polls ) . University of Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer wore a ballcap during the game that read `` Beat Texas . '' This game also marked the only time that future University of Texas at Austin head coach Mack Brown participated in the Red River Shootout not as a Texas Longhorn ( Brown was OU 's offensive coordinator ) . Texas jumped to a 10 -- 0 halftime lead but OU rallied to lead 15 -- 12 in the game 's closing seconds . With 10 seconds remaining , trailing by 3 , Texas was driving and was within field goal range but decided to take one more shot at the end zone . Texas quarterback ( and future North Texas head coach ) Todd Dodge appeared ( in replays ) to be intercepted in the end zone by OU 's Keith Stanberry , but the officials ruled it incomplete . Texas 's Jeff Ward subsequently kicked a field goal and the game ended in a 15 -- 15 tie . 1996 -- 2001 ( edit ) The first Big 12 Conference overtime game , the 1996 meeting featured a John Blake squad under the direction of freshman quarterback Justin Fuente . The game ended Oklahoma 30 -- Texas 27 after a come from behind victory in the final seven minutes . Jarrail Jackson returned a punt 51 yards for a touchdown , then Fuente completed a 2 - point conversion pass to Stephen Alexander to cut the lead to 24 -- 21 . The Sooners forced the Longhorns to punt , and drove to the Texas 28 . Jeremy Alexander kicked a 44 - yard field goal to tie the game at 24 . In overtime , Texas was forced to settle for a 43 - yard Phil Dawson field goal , after losing 1 yard on three plays . Lining up at the Texas 25 , James Allen broke a ten - yard run , carried for two and three yards , then caught an 8 - yard screen pass from Fuente on 3rd and 5 from the 10 . On the next play , Allen took a pitch from Fuente two yards into the endzone , doing what he was unable to do two years before . The 2000 game was marked by rain and 49 - degree weather , but it ended up being noted for bringing the most lopsided margin of victory in the history of the match - up ( at that time ; Oklahoma would top its feat three years later ) . Oklahoma came into the game ranked 10th , with Texas ranked 11th . This was the highest combined rankings of the teams since 1984 . The Sooners got up to a 42 - point lead before Texas scored . Oklahoma won the game 63 -- 14 . OU also held Texas to minus - 7 yards rushing , an all - time regular - season low for the Longhorns . Longhorn coach Mack Brown said `` It was n't even a game because we did not play in the first half . '' Sooner coach Bob Stoops said , `` This was a total team victory , everybody made plays ... We had a little bit of everything . '' Stoops improved his record vs the Longhorns to 1 win , 1 loss as a result of the game . OU President David Boren cancelled classes the following Monday on account of inclement weather : `` It was snowing touchdowns in Dallas . '' Sooner running back Quentin Griffin scored six touchdowns , tying the all - time NCAA record for most rushing touchdowns in a game . Oklahoma went on to an undefeated season , and won the 2000 National Championship . The 2001 game , which ended Oklahoma 14 -- Texas 3 , was a classic defensive struggle that was notable for a play made late in the 4th quarter . Both the Sooners ' and the Longhorns ' defenses were outstanding , holding their counterparts to less than 100 yards rushing for the entire game . When either offense could muster any momentum , they were often let down by their kicker - OU 's Tim Duncan missed two field goals and UT 's Dusty Mangum had one blocked . OU led 7 -- 3 at the half on a Quentin Griffin 2 - yard touchdown in the second quarter . That score held until late in the fourth quarter . The Sooners got the ball with just over eight minutes to play on their own 20 - yard line , and put together a 12 - play , 53 - yard drive that took them all the way to the Texas 27 - yard line . Facing a 4th & 16 , OU sent out Tim Duncan for what appeared to be a 44 - yard FG attempt . Instead , Duncan sent a pooch punt deep into the Texas zone , which caught UT 's Nathan Vasher off guard . Confused , Vasher caught the ball at his own 3 - yard line and was immediately downed . Down 7 -- 3 , Texas had 2 : 06 to drive 97 yards on the stiff Sooner defense . On first down , Texas quarterback Chris Simms ' pass was deflected by OU safety Roy Williams , who had blitzed and literally leapt over the blocker , Brett Robin , to collide with Simms at the moment he released the ball . The ball landed right in Oklahoma linebacker Teddy Lehman 's hands , who walked into the endzone for a touchdown . The play happened so fast , many fans did not know exactly what had happened . The play by Roy Williams is often called `` The Superman Play '' because of the way that Williams resembled Superman flying through the air with his arms stretched out at Chris Simms when he hit him . Duncan 's extra point sealed the 14 -- 3 OU victory . Texas beats Oklahoma to break five - year skid ( edit ) The 2005 game , which ended Texas 45 -- Oklahoma 12 , was the 100th meeting in the series and a special logo was created to commemorate the event . The game logo included both team logos , the logo of the sponsor for that game , SBC communications , the number 100 , a football , and a star . Prior to the game , the Longhorns were ranked 2nd by the Associated Press , and the Sooners were unranked for the first time since 1999 , which was also Texas 's last victory over OU . By breaking the string of five consecutive losses to Oklahoma , Longhorn coach Mack Brown preserved the Longhorns 's National Championship hopes . With the win , Texas tied its largest margin of victory in the series . Freshman running back Jamaal Charles set a record for rushing yards by a Texas freshman in the series . With his 80 - yard scamper , Charles also had the longest touchdown from scrimmage by a Texas running back in the series . The game also featured one of the most violent hits in the series history , when Texas DE , Brian Robison , blindsided Oklahoma quarterback , Rhett Bomar , in the 4th quarter , causing a fumble and ensuing touchdown by Longhorn tackle , Rodrique Wright . As had occurred the two seasons prior , the road to the National Championship game went through Dallas . Oklahoma left the game with a 1 -- 1 conference record and a 2 -- 3 record overall , finishing with a 6 -- 2 conference and 8 -- 4 overall record , including a victory in the Holiday Bowl . The Longhorns improved to 5 -- 0 overall , 2 -- 0 in the Big 12 on their way to an 8 -- 0 conference , 13 -- 0 overall record , including a victory in the Rose Bowl and the 2005 football National Championship . 2007 Oklahoma vs Texas football game , Oklahoma 28 , Texas 21 ( edit ) 2007 Red River Rivalry The 2007 match - up between Oklahoma and Texas was predicted to be the # 3 game to watch in 2007 by SI. com 's `` Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007 '' list , and it did not disappoint . The game was close from start to finish as the Sooners struck first with a quick touchdown pass to TE Jermaine Gresham . QB Colt McCoy 's passing attack responded quickly to tie the game for the ' Horns , then again to take a lead , particularly off the efforts of TE Jermichael Finley . The Sooners were able to tie the score going into the half off of another Sam Bradford - to - Jermaine Gresham connection . The Longhorns were able to get into the red zone at the beginning of the second half , but a costly fumble by RB Jamaal Charles at the 5 - yard line cut short the momentum . A few series later , RB DeMarco Murray ripped off a 65 - yard TD run to give the Sooners a 21 -- 14 lead . The ' Horns did not take this lying down , as they were able to score soon thereafter . The Oklahoma passing attack scored the final touchdown of the game with about ten minutes left to play , on a 35 - yard touchdown pass to WR Malcolm Kelly from Bradford . The ' Horns threatened twice in the final waning minutes , as it took a CB Reggie Smith interception and defensive play against star WR Limas Sweed to secure the win for Oklahoma . 2008 Texas vs Oklahoma football game ( edit ) The 2008 Meeting of the Red River Rivalry ended Texas 45 , Oklahoma 35 . Oklahoma ranked # 1 in the nation and Texas was ranked # 5 . Both were 5 -- 0 coming into the game . In the first quarter , Bradford completed a 5 - yard touchdown pass to Manuel Johnson . The Sooners led 7 -- 0 . With 6 : 41 left in the first quarter , Texas answered with a Hunter Lawrence 26 - yard field goal . OU scored 2 touchdowns in the second quarter and Texas scored two touchdowns and a field goal including a 96 - yard kickoff return by Jordan Shipley . The score at the half was 21 -- 20 OU . Texas ended up winning this 103rd meeting , 45 -- 35 . It was the highest scoring event in the history of rivalry , and it was seen by the most fans , a record 92,182 . Recent games ( edit ) The 2012 Red River Rivalry In 2009 Texas won a low scoring game , 16 -- 13 . Texas scored only one touchdown and three field goals , while OU scored one touchdown and two field goals . Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford had injured his shoulder earlier in the year when playing the BYU Cougars , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , TX . Despite this injury , Bradford started in the 2009 Red River Rivalry confident that his shoulder was healed . However , early in the first quarter a sack by Aaron Williams re-aggravated his injury and forced him out of the game , ending his season and making the Texas game his final college game . Texas quarterback Colt McCoy threw for 127 yards , while the team combined for 142 rushing yards . OU 's replacement quarterback , Landry Jones , replaced Bradford and threw for 250 yards of passing with 2 interceptions . The most notable statistic of the game was that the Sooners were held to minus 16 yards of rushing by the Longhorn defense . In 2012 , the 107th meeting of the University of Texas at Austin and University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma routed Texas 63 -- 21 . It appeared that the game would have a very different feel than the 2011 meeting after OU scored its first touchdown and Quandre Diggs of Texas recovered a blocked PAT and ran the distance of the field to score a 2 - point conversion . This game had moments that will add to the history of this rivalry . Damien Williams broke free for a 95 - yard touchdown run for the longest rush in Red River Rivalry history . Trey Millard had a 73 - yard reception , the longest pass play by an OU player in Red River Rivalry history , surpassing Buddy Leake 's 65 - yarder in 1953 . The Sooners dominated the Longhorns in every phase ( offense , defense , and special teams ) of this game , and Oklahoma ended up with a 677 -- 289 advantage in total yardage and it is third 60 + point Red River scoring effort in Bob Stoops ' tenure . In 2013 , Texas came onto the field in Dallas with Coach Mack Brown on the hot seat . Former Longhorn great Earl Campbell had publicly stated two weeks earlier that Mack Brown was `` too old '' to continue coaching . Brown 's players rallied behind their beleaguered coach , however , and Texas won the Red River Rivalry game for the first time since 2009 . Texas walked in as major underdogs , in part due to a 1 -- 2 start with an upset loss at BYU and a mauling by # 25 Ole Miss . The game was notable in part because a defensive lineman from each team scored a touchdown on an interception return . In addition , Colt McCoy 's brother Case lead the Longhorns to victory , becoming the first quarterback to lead the team to victory since his brother accomplished this feat in 2009 . In 2014 , the game was played following both teams ' losses the prior weekend . Oklahoma had fallen to # 11 in the rankings following its loss to # 25 TCU , with a 4 -- 1 record ( 1 -- 1 Big 12 ) , whereas Texas had fallen to a 2 -- 3 record after losing to # 7 Baylor , ( also 1 -- 1 Big 12 ) . Oklahoma 's offense had been explosive all five games prior , and its defense had been equally solid . With this being said , Texas ' defense was able to prevent an Oklahoma offensive touchdown for the entire first half , and held the Sooners to under 30 total first - half yards , while the Texas Offense managed to gain over 240 yards . In each game of the 2014 season , every team that had led the opposition by more than 200 yards gained was 57 -- 0 . However , another perfect record had been on the line , as Oklahoma 's first kick return was returned for a touchdown , and on Texas ' first second - quarter possession , Oklahoma 's defense forced an interception that was returned for a touchdown , and in every Oklahoma game where that occurred , Oklahoma won ( 8 -- 0 ) . Oklahoma was able to widen the halftime scoreline of 17 -- 13 to 31 -- 13 after a pair of offensive touchdowns , but Texas was able to score two late touchdowns of their own , but failed the second two - point conversion . Oklahoma was then able to take several minutes off the clock , and Texas was unable to score on its final possession , ending the game 31 -- 26 in favor of Oklahoma . In 2015 , Oklahoma walked into Dallas # 10 in the country with a high - octane Air Raid offense while Texas was 1 - 4 after a string of painful losses due to special teams ( Cal 45 -- 44 , missed PAT , Oklahoma State , 30 -- 27 mishandled snap on punt setting up FG ) and blowout losses ( Notre Dame , 38 -- 3 , TCU , 50 -- 7 ) with Charlie Strong 's job already being in question in his second year . The Longhorns ' running game pumped out 313 yards , which featured D'Onta Foreman breaking free for an 81 - yard rush to set up a TD to put Texas in command 24 -- 10 while the young Texas defense held OU to 67 yards rushing , and sacking OU quarterback Baker Mayfield multiple times as Texas stunned Oklahoma 24 -- 17 , giving Strong his first signature win . The game often airs on ABC as part of its college football coverage . Venue ( edit ) 2006 Red River Rivalry with yellow arrow indicating the seating division in the stands The series began in 1900 and has been played in Dallas since 1912 , except for 1913 ( Houston ) , 1922 ( Norman , Okla . ) , and 1923 ( Austin ) . Dallas was chosen as a `` neutral '' site since it is situated approximately halfway between Austin , Texas and Norman , Oklahoma -- the locations of UT and OU , respectively . This also provides both teams an opportunity to showcase themselves for Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex - based alumni and potential high - school recruits of both teams . Since 1932 the game has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , during the State Fair of Texas . The designated `` home '' team alternates from year to year : Oklahoma in even - numbered years and Texas in odd - numbered years . Ticket sales for the game are split 50 -- 50 between the two schools , with the stadium divided along the 50 - yard line . Historically , the Oklahoma fans have occupied the south end zone , which contains the tunnel where both teams enter and exit the field . Beginning in 2007 , the teams will have the option to alternate North and South ends of the field , thereby giving the home team fans the seats adjacent to the tunnel leading to both teams ' locker rooms . However , Texas has declined to exercise its option to move to the south end each year in which they have been the designated home team . However , former Texas coach Charlie Strong said he would favor Texas fans being in the south end zone during their home games . Officials at both universities had indicated that soon the game may be rotated between each campus because they prefer a venue with more seats , which would mean more revenue -- the Cotton Bowl then seated just 68,252 ; the Darrell K. Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium seated 94,113 ( but has subsequently been expanded to 101,000 and will soon be expanded further ) , and the Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium holds 82,112 . Additionally , the Cotton Bowl has no luxury suites , is cramped , has narrow seats and its plumbing can be faulty . Renovations to the stadium , however , were completed shortly before the 2008 match solving many of these problems . To ensure that the game -- which produces about $17 million annually for local businesses -- stays in Dallas , Dallas mayor Laura Miller supported a bond referendum to pay for more expansion and renovation at the Cotton Bowl . Additionally , the governing board of the State Fair engaged a consultant to prepare plans for a complete renovation . In November 2006 , Dallas voters passed a $30 million bond issue for improvements to the stadium in addition to $20 million to come from the city and the State Fair of Texas . Texas and Oklahoma agreed in 2006 to keep their game at the Cotton Bowl through 2010 , but the future of the series remained in doubt . In February 2007 , the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic announced it would move to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington in 2010 . The game received a subsidy of $700,000 from the city of Dallas , which ended when the game moved out of Dallas . In April 2007 , Texas and Oklahoma agreed to keep the game at Fair Park through 2015 . The deal increased payouts to the two schools from $250,000 to $850,000 , funded in part by the savings from the end of the Cotton Bowl Classic 's grant . The stadium was renovated with a new video scoreboard , new seats , and many other improvements . Its capacity was increased to more than 90,000 due to the addition of surrounding upper decks in both end zones . On June 10 , 2014 , Dallas officials announced that the football game between Texas and OU would be held at Fair Park through 2025 . Game results ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rankings taken from the AP Poll released prior to the game . Oklahoma victories Texas victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score 1900 Austin Texas 28 -- 2 1901 Austin Texas 12 -- 6 1901 Norman Texas 11 -- 0 1902 Austin Texas 22 -- 6 5 1903 Austin Tie 6 -- 6 6 1903 Norman Texas 11 -- 5 7 1904 Austin Texas 40 -- 10 8 1905 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 2 -- 0 9 1906 Oklahoma City Texas 10 -- 9 10 1907 Austin Texas 29 -- 10 11 1908 Norman Oklahoma 50 -- 0 12 1909 Austin Texas 30 -- 0 13 1910 Austin Oklahoma 3 -- 0 14 1911 Austin Oklahoma 6 -- 3 15 1912 Dallas Oklahoma 21 -- 6 16 1913 Houston Texas 14 -- 6 17 1914 Dallas Texas 32 -- 7 18 1915 Dallas Oklahoma 14 -- 13 19 1916 Dallas Texas 21 -- 7 20 1917 Dallas Oklahoma 14 -- 0 21 1919 Dallas Oklahoma 12 -- 7 22 1922 Norman Texas 32 -- 7 23 1923 Austin Texas 26 -- 14 24 1929 Dallas Texas 21 -- 0 25 1930 Dallas Texas 17 -- 7 26 1931 Dallas Texas 3 -- 0 27 1932 Dallas Texas 17 -- 10 28 1933 Dallas Oklahoma 9 -- 0 29 1934 Dallas Texas 19 -- 0 30 1935 Dallas Texas 12 -- 7 31 1936 Dallas Texas 6 -- 0 32 1937 Dallas Tie 7 -- 7 33 1938 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 14 ) 13 -- 0 34 1939 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 24 -- 12 35 1940 Dallas Texas 19 -- 16 36 1941 Dallas Texas 40 -- 7 37 1942 Dallas Texas 7 -- 0 38 1943 Dallas Texas 13 -- 7 39 1944 Dallas Texas 20 -- 0 40 1945 Dallas Texas ( # 10 ) 12 -- 7 41 1946 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 20 -- 13 42 1947 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 34 -- 14 43 1948 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 16 ) 20 -- 14 44 1949 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 20 -- 14 45 1950 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 14 -- 13 46 1951 Dallas Texas ( # 6 ) 9 -- 7 47 1952 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 12 ) 49 -- 20 48 1953 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 16 ) 19 -- 14 49 1954 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 14 -- 7 50 1955 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 20 -- 0 51 1956 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 45 -- 0 52 1957 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 53 1958 Dallas Texas ( # 16 ) 15 -- 14 54 1959 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 19 -- 12 55 1960 Dallas Texas ( # 15 ) 24 -- 0 56 1961 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 28 -- 7 57 1962 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 9 -- 6 No . Date Location Winner Score 58 1963 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 28 -- 7 59 1964 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 28 -- 7 60 1965 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 19 -- 0 61 1966 Dallas Oklahoma 18 -- 9 62 1967 Dallas Texas 9 -- 7 63 1968 Dallas Texas 26 -- 20 64 1969 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 27 -- 17 65 1970 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 41 -- 9 66 1971 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 4 ) 48 -- 27 67 1972 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 27 -- 0 68 1973 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 6 ) 52 -- 13 69 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 16 -- 13 70 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 24 -- 17 71 1976 Dallas Tie 6 -- 6 72 1977 Dallas Texas ( # 5 ) 13 -- 6 73 1978 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 31 -- 10 74 1979 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 16 -- 7 75 1980 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 20 -- 13 76 1981 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 34 -- 14 77 1982 Dallas Oklahoma 28 -- 22 78 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 28 -- 16 79 1984 Dallas Tie 15 -- 15 80 1985 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 14 -- 7 81 1986 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 6 ) 47 -- 12 82 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 44 -- 9 83 1988 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 28 -- 13 84 1989 Dallas Texas 28 -- 24 85 1990 Dallas Texas 14 -- 13 86 1991 Dallas Texas 10 -- 7 87 1992 Dallas Texas 34 -- 24 88 1993 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 38 -- 17 89 1994 Dallas Texas ( # 15 ) 17 -- 10 90 1995 Dallas Tie 24 -- 24 91 Dallas Oklahoma 30 -- 27 92 1997 Dallas Texas 27 -- 24 93 1998 Dallas Texas 34 -- 3 94 1999 Dallas Texas ( # 23 ) 38 -- 28 95 2000 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 63 -- 14 96 2001 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 14 -- 3 97 2002 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 35 -- 24 98 2003 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 65 -- 13 99 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 12 -- 0 100 2005 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 45 -- 12 101 2006 Dallas Texas ( # 7 ) 28 -- 10 102 2007 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 28 -- 21 103 2008 Dallas Texas ( # 5 ) 45 -- 35 104 2009 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 16 -- 13 105 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 8 ) 28 -- 20 106 2011 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 55 -- 17 107 2012 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 13 ) 63 -- 21 108 2013 Dallas Texas 36 -- 20 109 2014 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 11 ) 31 -- 26 110 2015 Dallas Texas 24 -- 17 111 2016 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 20 ) 45 -- 40 112 2017 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 12 ) 29 -- 24 Series : Texas leads 61 -- 46 -- 5 See also ( edit ) Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patterson , Chip ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Rivalry game name change : Texas - OU now ' AT&T Red River Showdown ' '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erick . Full plate of Big 12 , SEC showdowns worth feasting on , USA Today , October 5 , 2005 ( accessed May 1 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` To the victor goes the trophy -- OU and Texas will vie for the right to take the trophy home '' . OUDaily.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.texnews.com/1998/2002/texas/texas_Perry__Ok109.html Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma and Texas governors make bet '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://oudaily.com/news/2011/oct/05/perry-not-betting-rivalry-game/ Jump up ^ Furman , Evan ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) . `` ROTC members run game ball to Dallas for OU matchup '' . The Daily Texan . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Richard Justice ( July 15 , 2006 ) . `` How they 'll finish in the Big 12 South : 1 . A&M 2 . Oklahoma 3 . Texas '' . SportsJustice . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original ( comment on blog entry of Richard Justice ) on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . The only thing I disagree with you on in the standings is that the University of Texas at Norman will be 1st in the Big 12 South and A&M will be second . ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Stuckinok ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Texas Tech sticks it to the Sooners again '' ( comment on blog entry of Brian ) . Bevo Sports . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Over the course of this last decent run that OU has made , their roster has been over 60 % Texas and California players . If they are n't careful , OU will have to change it 's ( sic ) name to University of Texas at Norman ! ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Pat ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The Texas - Oklahoma Game '' ( comment on blog entry by bloggard ) . The Adventures of Bloggard . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . It is the University of Texas at Norman . Oklahomans refer to Texas as `` Baja Oklahoma . '' Take away the Texas boys and you have nothing . ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Column : Rivalries spark college football , The News Record , University of Cincinnati ( accessed 2006 - 06 - 15 ) Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) . `` UT - OU : Best Rivalry ? '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas 28 , Oklahoma 2 '' . Austin American - Statesman. 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Bill ( 1996 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Sooners win later -- OU ends Red River drought in OT '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmire , Keith ( 2000 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Crimson cream -- Oklahoma scores early , often in rout '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jerome Solomon Columnist Email Me ( 2001 - 10 - 06 ) . `` UT , OU ready to rumble -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` SoonerNation : Ten years ago , Roy Williams took flight to win the Red River Rivalry for the Oklahoma Sooners '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007 '' . SI.com . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Texas 45 -- Oklahoma 35 -- Texas builds on second - half momentum to drop Oklahoma '' . ESPN.com . The Disney Company . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Is Mack Brown on the hot seat in Texas ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Reversal of fortunes '' . Austin American Statesman. 2006 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/college-football/story/texas-longhorns-oklahoma-sooners-cotton-bowl-charlie-strong-swap-seats-102215 Jump up ^ `` Darrell K Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium '' . MackBrown-TexasFootball.com . University of Texas at Austin Athletic Department . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Stadium -- Oklahoma Sooners '' . Soonersports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2014/06/10/texas-vs-ou-game-will-stay-at-fair-park-through-2025/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red River Shootout . Oklahoma Sooners football Venues Boyd Field ( 1905 -- 23 ) Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium ( 1923 -- present ) Barry Switzer Center Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Missouri ( Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe ) Nebraska Oklahoma State : Bedlam Series Texas : Red River Showdown ( Golden Hat ) Culture & lore Championships T formation Wishbone formation Oklahoma drill Sooner Schooner Boomer and Sooner `` Boomer Sooner '' Marching band The Kick The Oklahoma Heismen Play Like a Champion Today People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Texas Longhorns football Venues Clark Field ( 1896 -- 1924 ) Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Arkansas Nebraska Oklahoma : Red River Showdown ( Golden Hat ) Texas A&M Texas Tech Rice Culture & lore History Brown years Bevo Hook ' em `` Texas Fight '' Hex Rally 1969 `` Game of the Century '' Longhorn Band Godzillatron The University of Texas National Championship 2005 2005 Ohio State game 2008 Texas Tech game 1 Second Left People Head coaches All - Americans Statistical leaders NFL draft Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Big 12 Conference football rivalry games Conference Baylor -- TCU Baylor -- Texas Tech Bedlam Series ( Oklahoma -- Oklahoma State ) Iowa State -- Kansas State Kansas -- Kansas State Oklahoma State -- Texas Tech Red River Showdown ( Oklahoma -- Texas ) TCU -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas Tech Non-conference Arkansas -- Texas Battle of the Brazos ( Baylor -- Texas A&M ) Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri ) Cy - Hawk Series ( Iowa -- Iowa State ) Telephone Trophy ( Iowa State -- Missouri ) Kansas -- Nebraska Kansas State -- Nebraska Missouri -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Texas Oklahoma State -- Tulsa Rice -- Texas SMU -- TCU TCU -- Texas A&M Texas A&M -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas A&M Friends of Coal Bowl ( Marshall -- West Virginia ) Maryland -- West Virginia Penn State -- West Virginia Syracuse -- West Virginia Virginia Tech -- West Virginia Backyard Brawl ( Pittsburgh -- West Virginia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Showdown&oldid=835096189 '' Categories : Red River Showdown College football rivalries in the United States Oklahoma Sooners football Texas Longhorns football Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the red river rivalry played 2017
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[
"\n\nNo.\nDate\nLocation\nWinner\nScore\n\n\n58\n1963\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n28–7\n\n\n59\n1964\nDallas\nTexas (#1)\n28–7\n\n\n60\n1965\nDallas\nTexas (#1)\n19–0\n\n\n61\n1966\nDallas\nOklahoma\n18–9\n\n\n62\n1967\nDallas\nTexas\n9–7\n\n\n63\n1968\nDallas\nTexas\n26–20\n\n\n64\n1969\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n27–17\n\n\n65\n1970\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n41–9\n\n\n66\n1971\nDallas\nOklahoma (#4)\n48–27\n\n\n67\n1972\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n27–0\n\n\n68\n1973\nDallas\nOklahoma (#6)\n52–13\n\n\n69\n1974\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n16–13\n\n\n70\n1975\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n24–17\n\n\n71\n1976\nDallas\nTie\n6–6\n\n\n72\n1977\nDallas\nTexas (#5)\n13–6\n\n\n73\n1978\nDallas\nOklahoma (#1)\n31–10\n\n\n74\n1979\nDallas\nTexas (#4)\n16–7\n\n\n75\n1980\nDallas\nTexas (#3)\n20–13\n\n\n76\n1981\nDallas\nTexas (#3)\n34–14\n\n\n77\n1982\nDallas\nOklahoma\n28–22\n\n\n78\n1983\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n28–16\n\n\n79\n1984\nDallas\nTie\n15–15\n\n\n80\n1985\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n14–7\n\n\n81\n1986\nDallas\nOklahoma (#6)\n47–12\n\n\n82\n1987\nDallas\nOklahoma (#1)\n44–9\n\n\n83\n1988\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n28–13\n\n\n84\n1989\nDallas\nTexas\n28–24\n\n\n85\n1990\nDallas\nTexas\n14–13\n\n\n86\n1991\nDallas\nTexas\n10–7\n\n\n87\n1992\nDallas\nTexas\n34–24\n\n\n88\n1993\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n38–17\n\n\n89\n1994\nDallas\nTexas (#15)\n17–10\n\n\n90\n1995\nDallas\nTie\n24–24\n\n\n91\n1996\nDallas\nOklahoma\n30–27OT\n\n\n92\n1997\nDallas\nTexas\n27–24\n\n\n93\n1998\nDallas\nTexas\n34–3\n\n\n94\n1999\nDallas\nTexas (#23)\n38–28\n\n\n95\n2000\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n63–14\n\n\n96\n2001\nDallas\nOklahoma (#3)\n14–3\n\n\n97\n2002\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n35–24\n\n\n98\n2003\nDallas\nOklahoma (#1)\n65–13\n\n\n99\n2004\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n12–0\n\n\n100\n2005\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n45–12\n\n\n101\n2006\nDallas\nTexas (#7)\n28–10\n\n\n102\n2007\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n28–21\n\n\n103\n2008\nDallas\nTexas (#5)\n45–35\n\n\n104\n2009\nDallas\nTexas (#3)\n16–13\n\n\n105\n2010\nDallas\nOklahoma (#8)\n28–20\n\n\n106\n2011\nDallas\nOklahoma (#3)\n55–17\n\n\n107\n2012\nDallas\nOklahoma (#13)\n63–21\n\n\n108\n2013\nDallas\nTexas\n36–20\n\n\n109\n2014\nDallas\nOklahoma (#11)\n31–26\n\n\n110\n2015\nDallas\nTexas\n24–17\n\n\n111\n2016\nDallas\nOklahoma (#20)\n45–40\n\n\n112\n2017\nDallas\nOklahoma (#12)\n29–24\n\n\nSeries: Texas leads 61–46–5\n\n"
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[
"Dallas"
] |
8730848509965577502
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List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
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List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs , hitting 762 over his 22 - year career . This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit . In the sport of baseball , a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play , without the benefit of a fielding error . This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory ( a conventional home run ) , or by an inside - the - park home run . Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762 . He passed Hank Aaron , who is currently second with 755 , on August 7 , 2007 . The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714 . Alex Rodriguez ( 696 ) , Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Albert Pujols ( 633 ) , Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 630 ) , Jim Thome ( 612 ) , and Sammy Sosa ( 609 ) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more . Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during an official regular season ( i.e. , excluding playoffs or exhibition games ) . Players in bold face are active as of the 2018 Major League Baseball season ( including free agents ) , with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2018 season . The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30 , 2017 , when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run , displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén . Contents 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs . A blank field indicates a tie . Player ( 2018 HRs ) Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season . HR Total career home runs hit . * denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of August 28 , 2018 . Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Barry Bonds 762 Hank Aaron * 755 Babe Ruth * 714 Alex Rodriguez 696 5 Willie Mays * 660 6 Albert Pujols ( 19 ) 633 7 Ken Griffey , Jr. * 630 8 Jim Thome * 612 9 Sammy Sosa 609 10 Frank Robinson * 586 11 Mark McGwire 583 12 Harmon Killebrew * 573 13 Rafael Palmeiro 569 14 Reggie Jackson * 563 15 Manny Ramirez 555 16 Mike Schmidt * 548 17 David Ortiz 541 18 Mickey Mantle * 536 19 Jimmie Foxx * 534 20 Willie McCovey * 521 Frank Thomas * 521 Ted Williams * 521 23 Ernie Banks * 512 Eddie Mathews * 512 25 Mel Ott * 511 26 Gary Sheffield 509 27 Eddie Murray * 504 28 Lou Gehrig * 493 Fred McGriff 493 30 Stan Musial * 475 Willie Stargell * 475 32 Carlos Delgado 473 33 Adrian Beltre ( 7 ) 469 34 Chipper Jones * 468 35 Miguel Cabrera ( 3 ) 465 Dave Winfield * 465 37 José Canseco 462 Adam Dunn 462 39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452 40 Jeff Bagwell * 449 Vladimir Guerrero * 449 42 Dave Kingman 442 43 Jason Giambi 440 44 Paul Konerko 439 45 Andre Dawson * 438 46 Carlos Beltrán 435 47 Juan González 434 Andruw Jones 434 49 Cal Ripken , Jr. * 431 50 Mike Piazza * 427 51 Billy Williams * 426 52 Darrell Evans 414 53 Alfonso Soriano 412 54 Mark Teixeira 409 55 Duke Snider * 407 56 Andrés Galarraga 399 Al Kaline * 399 58 Dale Murphy 398 59 Joe Carter 396 60 Jim Edmonds 393 61 Graig Nettles 390 62 Johnny Bench * 389 63 Aramis Ramírez 386 64 Dwight Evans 385 65 Harold Baines 384 66 Larry Walker 383 67 Frank Howard 382 Ryan Howard 382 Jim Rice * 382 70 Albert Belle 381 71 Orlando Cepeda * 379 Tony Pérez * 379 73 Matt Williams 378 74 Norm Cash 377 Jeff Kent 377 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR 76 Edwin Encarnación ( 28 ) 376 Carlton Fisk * 376 78 Rocky Colavito 374 79 Gil Hodges 370 80 Todd Helton 369 Ralph Kiner * 369 82 Lance Berkman 366 83 Joe DiMaggio * 361 84 Gary Gaetti 360 85 Johnny Mize * 359 86 Yogi Berra * 358 Carlos Lee 358 88 Nelson Cruz ( 32 ) 355 Greg Vaughn 355 90 Luis Gonzalez 354 Lee May 354 92 Torii Hunter 353 93 Ellis Burks 352 94 Dick Allen 351 95 Chili Davis 350 96 George Foster 348 97 José Bautista ( 11 ) 342 Ron Santo * 342 99 Jack Clark 340 100 Tino Martinez 339 Dave Parker 339 Boog Powell 339 103 Don Baylor 338 104 Joe Adcock 336 105 Darryl Strawberry 335 106 Moisés Alou 332 Bobby Bonds 332 108 Hank Greenberg * 331 Derrek Lee 331 110 Curtis Granderson ( 11 ) 330 111 Shawn Green 328 Mo Vaughn 328 113 Jermaine Dye 325 Willie Horton 325 115 Gary Carter * 324 Lance Parrish 324 117 Ron Gant 321 118 Vinny Castilla 320 Troy Glaus 320 120 Cecil Fielder 319 Prince Fielder 319 122 Roy Sievers 318 123 Adrian Gonzalez ( 6 ) 317 George Brett * 317 125 Ryan Braun ( 14 ) 316 Ron Cey 316 Scott Rolen 316 128 Jeromy Burnitz 315 Matt Holliday ( 1 ) 315 130 Reggie Smith 314 131 Iván Rodríguez * 311 132 Jay Buhner 310 133 Edgar Martínez 309 134 Greg Luzinski 307 Al Simmons * 307 Miguel Tejada 307 137 Robinson Canó ( 5 ) 306 Fred Lynn 306 Richie Sexson 306 Rubén Sierra 306 141 Raúl Ibañez 305 David Justice 305 Reggie Sanders 305 144 Steve Finley 304 145 Rogers Hornsby * 301 146 Chuck Klein * 300 147 Giancarlo Stanton ( 32 ) 299 Tim Salmon 299 149 Rickey Henderson * 297 150 Magglio Ordóñez 294 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Robin Ventura 294 152 Kent Hrbek 293 Mark Reynolds ( 12 ) 293 154 Pat Burrell 292 Rusty Staub 292 156 Craig Biggio * 291 Jimmy Wynn 291 158 Bobby Abreu 288 Del Ennis 288 Bob Johnson 288 Hank Sauer 288 162 Garret Anderson 287 Bobby Bonilla 287 Brian Giles 287 Bernie Williams 287 166 Carlos Peña 286 Frank Thomas 286 168 Will Clark 284 Eric Karros 284 170 Chris Davis ( 16 ) 283 171 Ken Boyer 282 Eric Davis 282 Ryne Sandberg * 282 Justin Upton ( 26 ) 282 175 Jay Bruce ( 4 ) 281 Paul O'Neill 281 177 Ted Kluszewski 279 178 Mike Cameron 278 Ryan Klesko 278 180 Matt Kemp ( 18 ) 277 Rudy York 277 182 Brian Downing 275 Evan Longoria ( 14 ) 275 Roger Maris 275 Dean Palmer 275 Jorge Posada 275 187 Dante Bichette 274 188 Steve Garvey 272 189 Tom Brunansky 271 Raúl Mondesí 271 George Scott 271 192 Vernon Wells 270 193 Hanley Ramírez ( 6 ) 269 194 Brian McCann ( 5 ) 268 Joe Morgan * 268 Brooks Robinson * 268 Gorman Thomas 268 198 George Hendrick 267 Mike Napoli ( 0 ) 267 200 Vic Wertz 266 Joey Votto ( 9 ) 266 202 George Bell 265 Matt Stairs 265 204 Adam Jones ( 13 ) 264 Bobby Thomson 264 206 Ryan Zimmerman ( 12 ) 263 207 Danny Tartabull 262 208 Eric Chavez 260 Derek Jeter 260 Javy López 260 Tim Wallach 260 212 Chase Utley ( 1 ) 259 213 Bob Allison 256 Larry Parrish 256 Vada Pinson 256 216 Kirk Gibson 255 Adam LaRoche 255 John Mayberry 255 John Olerud 255 220 Larry Doby * 253 Joe Gordon * 253 Andre Thornton 253 Todd Zeile 253 224 Bret Boone 252 Bobby Murcer 252 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Joe Torre * 252 226 Tony Armas 251 Tony Clark 251 Cy Williams 251 Robin Yount * 251 231 José Valentín 249 232 Goose Goslin * 248 Ted Simmons 248 234 Ian Kinsler ( 13 ) 247 Justin Morneau 247 Vern Stephens 247 237 Ken Singleton 246 238 Deron Johnson 245 Nick Swisher 245 Mickey Tettleton 245 241 Lou Whitaker 244 Hack Wilson * 244 243 Víctor Martínez ( 6 ) 243 244 Dusty Baker 242 Sal Bando 242 Wally Berger 242 Roy Campanella * 242 J.D. Drew 242 Aubrey Huff 242 David Wright 242 251 Jesse Barfield 241 Cecil Cooper 241 Rick Monday 241 254 Jeff Burroughs 240 Roberto Clemente * 240 256 Dolph Camilli 239 Ken Caminiti 239 258 Earl Averill * 238 Ray Lankford 238 260 Doug DeCinces 237 Gus Zernial 237 262 Gabby Hartnett * 236 263 Johnny Damon 235 Bill Nicholson 235 Ben Oglivie 235 Dan Uggla 235 267 Gary Matthews 234 Kevin Mitchell 234 Paul Molitor * 234 270 Cliff Floyd 233 271 Mike Trout ( 31 ) 232 272 Jimmy Rollins 231 273 Rob Deer 230 Carlos González ( 15 ) 230 275 Nomar Garciaparra 229 Jayson Werth 229 277 Howard Johnson 228 Dick Stuart 228 Hal Trosky 228 280 Marquis Grissom 227 281 Johnny Callison 226 282 Bobby Grich 224 Troy Tulowitzki ( 0 ) 224 284 Bobby Doerr * 223 Travis Fryman 223 Mike Lowell 223 287 Jason Bay 222 Don Mattingly 222 Hunter Pence ( 2 ) 222 290 Tony Batista 221 Geoff Jenkins 221 292 Tony Oliva 220 293 Jim Bottomley * 219 Al Oliver 219 Joe Pepitone 219 296 Bob Horner 218 Andrew McCutchen ( 15 ) 218 Mark Trumbo ( 17 ) 218 299 Benito Santiago 217 300 Ron Fairly 215 Pedro Guerrero 215 Chet Lemon 215 Mike Sweeney 215 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 500 home run club List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders List of Major League Baseball single - game home run leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season . References ( edit ) MLB Official Career Home Run List Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam Total bases RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Times on base Walk - to - strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout - to - walk ratio Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Value over replacement player Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders&oldid=857110838 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who leads the national league in home runs this year
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[
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer (2018 HRs)\n\nHR\n\n\n1\n\nBarry Bonds\n\n762\n\n\n2\n\nHank Aaron *\n\n755\n\n\n3\n\nBabe Ruth *\n\n714\n\n\n4\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\n696\n\n\n5\n\nWillie Mays *\n\n660\n\n\n6\n\nAlbert Pujols (19) \n\n633\n\n\n7\n\nKen Griffey, Jr. *\n\n630\n\n\n8\n\nJim Thome*\n\n612\n\n\n9\n\nSammy Sosa\n\n609\n\n\n10\n\nFrank Robinson *\n\n586\n\n\n11\n\nMark McGwire\n\n583\n\n\n12\n\nHarmon Killebrew *\n\n573\n\n\n13\n\nRafael Palmeiro\n\n569\n\n\n14\n\nReggie Jackson *\n\n563\n\n\n15\n\nManny Ramirez\n\n555\n\n\n16\n\nMike Schmidt *\n\n548\n\n\n17\n\nDavid Ortiz\n\n541\n\n\n18\n\nMickey Mantle *\n\n536\n\n\n19\n\nJimmie Foxx *\n\n534\n\n\n20\n\nWillie McCovey *\n\n521\n\n\n\n\nFrank Thomas *\n\n521\n\n\n\n\nTed Williams *\n\n521\n\n\n23\n\nErnie Banks *\n\n512\n\n\n\n\nEddie Mathews *\n\n512\n\n\n25\n\nMel Ott *\n\n511\n\n\n26\n\nGary Sheffield\n\n509\n\n\n27\n\nEddie Murray *\n\n504\n\n\n28\n\nLou Gehrig *\n\n493\n\n\n\n\nFred McGriff\n\n493\n\n\n30\n\nStan Musial *\n\n475\n\n\n\n\nWillie Stargell *\n\n475\n\n\n32\n\nCarlos Delgado\n\n473\n\n\n33\n\nAdrian Beltre (7)\n\n469\n\n\n34\n\nChipper Jones*\n\n468\n\n\n35\n\nMiguel Cabrera (3)\n\n465\n\n\n\n\nDave Winfield *\n\n465\n\n\n37\n\nJosé Canseco\n\n462\n\n\n\n\nAdam Dunn\n\n462\n\n\n39\n\nCarl Yastrzemski *\n\n452\n\n\n40\n\nJeff Bagwell *\n\n449\n\n\n\n\nVladimir Guerrero*\n\n449\n\n\n42\n\nDave Kingman\n\n442\n\n\n43\n\nJason Giambi\n\n440\n\n\n44\n\nPaul Konerko\n\n439\n\n\n45\n\nAndre Dawson *\n\n438\n\n\n46\n\nCarlos Beltrán\n\n435\n\n\n47\n\nJuan González\n\n434\n\n\n\n\nAndruw Jones\n\n434\n\n\n49\n\nCal Ripken, Jr. *\n\n431\n\n\n50\n\nMike Piazza *\n\n427\n\n\n51\n\nBilly Williams *\n\n426\n\n\n52\n\nDarrell Evans\n\n414\n\n\n53\n\nAlfonso Soriano\n\n412\n\n\n54\n\nMark Teixeira\n\n409\n\n\n55\n\nDuke Snider *\n\n407\n\n\n56\n\nAndrés Galarraga\n\n399\n\n\n\n\nAl Kaline *\n\n399\n\n\n58\n\nDale Murphy\n\n398\n\n\n59\n\nJoe Carter\n\n396\n\n\n60\n\nJim Edmonds\n\n393\n\n\n61\n\nGraig Nettles\n\n390\n\n\n62\n\nJohnny Bench *\n\n389\n\n\n63\n\nAramis Ramírez\n\n386\n\n\n64\n\nDwight Evans\n\n385\n\n\n65\n\nHarold Baines\n\n384\n\n\n66\n\nLarry Walker\n\n383\n\n\n67\n\nFrank Howard\n\n382\n\n\n\n\nRyan Howard\n\n382\n\n\n\n\nJim Rice *\n\n382\n\n\n70\n\nAlbert Belle\n\n381\n\n\n71\n\nOrlando Cepeda *\n\n379\n\n\n\n\nTony Pérez *\n\n379\n\n\n73\n\nMatt Williams\n\n378\n\n\n74\n\nNorm Cash\n\n377\n\n\n\n\nJeff Kent\n\n377\n"
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"Barry Bonds"
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Battle of Monmouth
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Battle of Monmouth - wikipedia Battle of Monmouth Jump to : navigation , search For the battle at Monmouth , Wales , in 1233 , see Battle of Monmouth , 1233 . Battle of Monmouth Part of the American Revolutionary War Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth by Emanuel Leutze Date June 28 , 1778 Location Monmouth Court House , New Jersey Coordinates : 40 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 74 ° 16 ′ 31 '' W / 40.25889 ° N 74.27528 ° W / 40.25889 ; - 74.27528 Result Inconclusive Belligerents United States Great Britain Hesse - Kassel Commanders and leaders George Washington Charles Lee Henry Knox Nathanael Greene Marquis de Lafayette Sir Henry Clinton Lord Cornwallis Alexander Leslie Strength 11,000 14,000 -- 15,000 Casualties and losses 362 -- 500 killed , wounded or captured 65 -- 304 killed 170 -- 770 wounded 60 captured Philadelphia campaign 1777 -- 1778 Bound Brook Short Hills Staten Island Cooch 's Bridge Brandywine Clouds Paoli Germantown Red Bank Fort Mifflin Gloucester White Marsh Matson 's Ford Valley Forge Conway Cabal Quinton 's Bridge Clow Rebellion Crooked Billet Barren Hill Carlisle Peace Commission Monmouth The Battle of Monmouth was an American Revolutionary War battle fought on June 28 , 1778 , in Monmouth County , New Jersey . The Continental Army under General George Washington attacked the rear of the British Army column commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton as they left Monmouth Court House ( modern Freehold Borough ) . It is also known as the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse . Unsteady handling of lead Continental elements by Major General Charles Lee had allowed British rearguard commander Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis to seize the initiative , but Washington 's timely arrival on the battlefield rallied the Americans along a hilltop hedgerow . Sensing the opportunity to smash the Continentals , Cornwallis pressed his attack and captured the hedgerow in stifling heat . Washington consolidated his troops in a new line on heights behind marshy ground , used his artillery to fix the British in their positions , then brought up a four - gun battery under Major General Nathanael Greene on nearby Combs Hill to enfilade the British line , requiring Cornwallis to withdraw . Finally , Washington tried to hit the exhausted British rear guard on both flanks , but darkness forced the end of the engagement . Both armies held the field , but the British commanding general Clinton withdrew undetected at midnight to resume his army 's march to New York City . While Cornwallis protected the main British column from any further American attack , Washington had fought his opponent to a standstill after a pitched and prolonged engagement ; the first time that Washington 's army had achieved such a result . The battle demonstrated the growing effectiveness of the Continental Army after its six - month encampment at Valley Forge , where constant drilling under officers such as Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben and Major General Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette greatly improved discipline and morale . The battle improved the military reputations of Washington , Lafayette and Anthony Wayne but ended the career of Charles Lee , who would face court martial at Englishtown for his failures on the day . According to some accounts , an American soldier 's wife , Mary Hays , brought water to thirsty soldiers in the June heat , and became one of several women associated with the legend of Molly Pitcher . By the second phase of the battle the temperature remained almost consistently above 100 degrees Fahrenheit , and heat stroke was said to have claimed more lives than musket fire throughout the battle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Battle 4 Aftermath 5 Legacy 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) Main articles : Philadelphia Campaign and Franco - American Alliance British forces had captured Philadelphia in 1777 . In May 1778 , the British commander - in - chief in North America , General Sir Henry Clinton , was ordered to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate his troops at the main British base in New York City as France had entered the war on the side of the Americans . Clinton was ordered to dispatch units to West Florida and the West Indies which left him too few troops to continue occupying Philadelphia . Clinton was also ordered to abandon New York and withdraw to Quebec if he felt his position there was untenable . A French fleet under d'Estaing had sailed from Toulon in April , 1778 and intended to make a rendezvous with rebel forces which could threaten Clinton 's army before it reached the safety of New York . It was originally intended that the withdrawing British army would travel directly to New York via the sea , escorted by the Royal Navy . A lack of transports forced Clinton to change his plans . While the stores , heavy equipment and Loyalist American civilians fleeing revenge attacks would be shipped by sea , the main army would march overland across New Jersey . On June 18 , the British began to evacuate Philadelphia , and began their approximately 100 - mile ( 160 km ) march to the northeast across New Jersey to New York City . The British force comprised 11,000 British and German regulars , a thousand Loyalists from Philadelphia , and a baggage train 12 miles ( 19 km ) long . As the British advanced , the Americans slowed their advance by burning bridges , muddying wells and building abatis across the roads . Prelude ( edit ) With a high of over 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) , both sides lost almost as many men to heat stroke as to the enemy . Major General Charles Lee , Washington 's second - in - command , advised awaiting developments as he did not wish to commit the American force against the British regulars . However , Washington determined that the British column was vulnerable to attack as it traveled across New Jersey with its baggage train , and moved from Valley Forge in pursuit . Washington was still undecided how to attack the British column , and held a council of war on June 24 . The council , however , was divided on the issue ; with a small group of officers including General Anthony Wayne urging a partial attack on the British column while it was strung out on the road . Lee was still cautious , advising only harassing attacks with light forces . On June 26 , 1778 , Washington chose to send 4,000 men as an advance force to strike at the British rear guard as they departed Monmouth Courthouse , in order to delay the British withdrawal until the main American force could give battle . Battle ( edit ) See Monmouth order of battle for the organizations and lists of regiments from the British and American armies . Map of the battle of Monmouth Lee , as Washington 's senior subordinate , was initially appointed commander of the advance force , but turned it down because of his doubts about the plan . However , when the force was increased to 5,000 and the command offered to the Marquis de Lafayette , Lee changed his mind and insisted on the command . Lee met with his subordinates but failed to give them proper orders , resulting in a piecemeal and disorganized attack on June 28 against the British rear guard under General Charles Cornwallis . After several hours of fighting in the hot weather , several American brigades executed a tactical retreat , which developed into a general withdrawal . The British rear guard counterattacked and as his flanks rapidly became routed , Lee was forced to order a withdrawal . Washington , advancing with the main force along the Monmouth road and not having been informed of the retreat of Lee 's men , encountered Lee 's fleeing troops and finally Lee himself , with the British in hot pursuit . After a heated exchange with Lee , Washington relieved him of command and sent him to the rear . He then galloped to rally Lee 's troops . His white horse died from heat exhaustion , and so he picked up a chestnut mare . He stopped the retreating soldiers , commanding them , `` Stand fast , my boys , and receive your enemy . The Southern troops are advancing to support you . '' The men rallied and delayed the British pursuit until the main force could take up positions further to the west . The remnants of Lee 's forces then withdrew to the main American force , where the Continental Army troops were positioned behind the West Ravine on the Monmouth Courthouse - Freehold Meeting House Road ; Lee , in spite of the chastisement he had been dealt by Washington , remained at the bridge until he had ushered the last of the soldiers across the Ravine . Washington drew up his army with Greene 's division on the right , Major General Stirling 's division on the left , and most of Lee 's former force , now under Lafayette , in reserve . In front of his lines , Wayne commanded various elements of Lee 's force . Artillery was placed on both wings , with the right wing in position to enfilade the advancing British . The British came on and attacked Stirling 's left wing with their light infantry and the 42nd ( Black Watch ) Regiment in the van . They were met by a storm of fire from Stirling 's Continentals . The battle raged back and forth for an hour until three American regiments were sent though woods to enfilade the attacking British right flank . The attack was successful and sent the British back to reform . Initial dispositions and movements in the Battle of Monmouth 28 June 1778 Foiled on the left , Cornwallis personally led a heavy attack against Greene 's right wing , with a force comprising British and Hessian grenadiers , light infantry , the Coldstream Guards and another Guards battalion , and the 37th and 44th Regiments . The attack was met by enfilading fire from Thomas - Antoine de Mauduit du Plessis 's four 6 - pound cannons on Combs Hill , as well as accurate volleys from Greene 's Continental regiments . The British persisted up the ravine slope but within minutes five high - ranking officers and many men were down from heavy fire . The attackers recoiled down the slope . During Cornwallis ' abortive attack on Greene , another British force made up of grenadiers , light infantry and light dragoons hit Wayne 's forward force , who were protected behind a long hedge . Three times the British were driven back by Wayne 's grapeshot and bullets : but an overwhelming fourth attack overlapped Wayne 's position and forced his units to fall back to the main American line . The British made no further attempts on the main American line , although cannonading from both sides continued until 6 p.m. At this point , the British fell back to a strong position east of the Ravine . Washington wanted to take the offensive to the British and attack both flanks , but darkness brought an end to the battle . The British rested and then resumed their march to the northeast during the night . Washington wanted to resume the battle the next day but in the morning found that the British had withdrawn during the night , continuing their march without incident to Sandy Hook and arriving there on June 30 . Clinton 's rearguard successfully covered the withdrawal . The British force was then transported by the Royal Navy across Lower New York Bay to Manhattan . The battle effectively ended in a draw , as the Americans held the field , but the British were able to get the army and supplies safely to New York . The British official casualty return reported 65 killed , 59 dead of `` fatigue '' , 170 wounded and 64 missing . The American official return stated 69 killed , 161 wounded and 132 missing ( 37 of whom were found to have died of heat - stroke ) . Other estimates increase the losses to 1,134 British and 500 American casualties . Aftermath ( edit ) The legend of Molly Pitcher is closely associated with the battle . After the battle the British continued their march eastwards until they reached Sandy Hook . From there they were taken by boat to New York City where they began preparing the city 's defenses in expectation of an attack . D'Estaing's fleet arrived just too late , narrowly missing a chance to trap Clinton 's army at Sandy Hook . Plans to attack New York were abandoned , and it remained the principal base for British forces until 1783 . Instead D'Estaing sailed north to participate in a Franco - American assault on the British garrison at Newport , Rhode Island , which ended in failure . Monmouth was the last major battle in the northern theater , and the largest one - day battle of the war when measured in terms of participants . Lee was later court - martialed at the Village Inn located in the center of Englishtown , where he was found guilty and relieved of command for one year . The verdict was approved by the Continental Congress by a close vote . Many months later , Lee wrote a strongly worded letter to Congress in protest but Congress closed the affair by informing him that it had no more need of his services . Lee never held another military command and died of yellow fever in 1782 , a year after the Battle of Yorktown . Legacy ( edit ) A 90 - foot ( 27 m ) tall monument to the battle in front of the Monmouth County Courthouse in Freehold The legend of `` Molly Pitcher '' is usually associated with this battle . It is believed that she was Mary Ludwig Hays . According to one story , she was the wife of an American artilleryman who lived near the battlefield , bringing water for swabbing the cannons and for the thirsty crews , and took her husband 's place after he fell , and helped him with his wounds . The artillery men gave her the nickname `` Molly Pitcher '' when she was bringing them water from a nearby spring . The story is based on a true incident but has become embellished over the years . Two places on the battlefield are marked as sites of the `` Molly Pitcher Spring '' . Nine Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 101st FA , 113th Inf 116 Inf , 125th QM Co , 175th Inf , 181st Inf , 198th Sig Bn and 211 MP Bn ) and one active Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 - 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Monmouth . There are only thirty currently active units of the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . Although never accorded formal preservation , the Monmouth Battlefield is one of the best preserved of the Revolutionary War battlefields . Each year , during the last weekend in June , the Battle of Monmouth is reenacted at Monmouth Battlefield State Park in modern Freehold Township and Manalapan . The Monmouth County Historical Association at 70 Court Street in Freehold Borough , New Jersey houses a collection of documents which includes personal accounts , journals , pension applications , letters , and miscellaneous printed material . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle is reenacted in the AMC television series , Turn : Washington 's Spies . In the second - season finale , a highly dramatized account of the battle is given , wherein General Lee has become a traitor due to envy of Washington 's position as head of the Continental Army . He conspires with the British to lead the Continentals into a trap . Washington arrives early , relieves Lee of command and quickly recovers the battle in favor of the Americans . Hamilton : An American Musical makes note of this in its song `` Stay Alive '' , in which Lee is portrayed as a childish , bumbling idiot who dangerously and cowardly orders retreats over Washington 's calls to attack . At the end of the song , John Laurens challenges him to a duel . The battle is a central event in Written in My Own Heart 's Blood , the eighth Outlander book . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles New Jersey in the American Revolution Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martin p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Martin p. 233 ^ Jump up to : Martin p. 232 Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender and Garry Wheeler Stone . Fatal Sunday : George Washington , the Monmouth Campaign , and the Politics of Battle ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Monmouth Courthouse '' . Robinson Library . Self - published . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaines p. 109 Jump up ^ Syrett p. 75 - 76 Jump up ^ Chernow 2004 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Chernow 2004 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` American revolution History '' . History Channel . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferling p. 308 - 309 Jump up ^ A Short History of the Borough of Englishtown , accessed December 26 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Monmouth Battlefield : Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed November 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Field Artillery . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 113th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 116th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 227 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , HHD / 211th Military Police Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery. http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0005fa01bn.htm . Jump up ^ Eyerly , Alan . LATimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Show Tracker . Los Angeles Times http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-turn-washingtons-spies-recap-plot-against-patriot-army-backfires-20150608-story.html . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://genius.com/Lin-manuel-miranda-stay-alive-lyrics Bibliography ( edit ) Alden , John Richard . General Charles Lee : Traitor Or Patriot ? ( LSU Press , 1951 ) . Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 009 - 0 . Ferling , John E. Almost a Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence . Oxford University Press , 2009 . Gaines , James R. For Liberty and Glory : Washington , Lafayette and their Revolutions . W.W. Norton & Co , 2007 . Lender , Mark Edward , and Garry Wheeler Stone . Fatal Sunday : George Washington , the Monmouth Campaign , and the Politics of Battle ( 2016 ) . Lengel , Edward G. General George Washington : A Military Life ( Random House , 2005 ) . Martin , David G . The Philadelphia Campaign : June 1777 -- July 1778 . Conshohocken , Pennsylvania : Combined Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 19 - 5 . 2003 Da Capo reprint , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81258 - 4 . Papas , Phillip . Renegade Revolutionary : The Life of General Charles Lee ( New York University Press ; 2014 ) 402 pages ; Sawicki , James A. Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Stryker , William S . The Battle of Monmouth ( Kessinger Publishing , 2006 ) . Ward , Christopher , The War of the Revolution . 2 Volumes . New York : MacMillan , 1952 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Monmouth . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Monmouth , Battle of . Battle of Monmouth overview Monmouth Battlefield : Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings Monmouth County Historical Association : Coll. 72 Battle of Monmouth Collection Battle of Monmouth Department of Military Science - Battle of Monmouth Styker , William ( 2006 ) . The Battle of Monmouth . Kessinger Publishing . p. 336 . ISBN 1 - 4286 - 1600 - 4 . Wade , David ( June 1998 ) . `` Battle of Monmouth '' . Military History . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Irving , Washington ( 1888 ) . Fiske , John , , ed . Washington and his country : being Irving 's life of Washington , ... Ginn & Co . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Bohrer , Melissa Lukeman ( 2003 ) . Glory , Passion and Principle : The Story of Eight Remarkable Women at the Core of the American Revolution . Simon & Schuster . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5330 - 1 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Veit , Richard Francis ( 2002 ) . Digging New Jersey 's past : historical archaeology in the Garden State . Rutgers University Press . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3113 - 6 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1903 ) . The Story of the Revolution . Scribners . p. 324 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Battle of Monmouth Animation George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. 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Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New Jersey in the American Revolution 1776 Turtle Gut Inlet Fort Lee Geary ambush Iron Works Hill George Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River First Trenton 1777 Second Trenton Princeton Millstone Forage War Bound Brook Short Hills Red Bank Gloucester Middlebrook encampment 1778 Quinton 's Bridge Monmouth Molly Pitcher Baylor Massacre The Affair at Little Egg Harbor Chestnut Neck 1779 Paulus Hook 1780 Connecticut Farms Springfield Bull 's Ferry 1781 Pennsylvania Line Mutiny 1783 U.S. Capital at Princeton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Monmouth&oldid=831495997 '' Categories : 1778 in New Jersey 1778 in the United States Conflicts in 1778 Freehold Borough , New Jersey New Jersey in the American Revolution Battles of the New Jersey Campaign Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving Hesse - Kassel Battles involving the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 21 : 51 . 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These Are the Days of Our Lives
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These Are the Days of Our Lives - wikipedia These Are the Days of Our Lives `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Single by Queen from the album Innuendo B - side `` Bijou '' Released 5 September 1991 ( First Issue ) 9 December 1991 ( Second Issue ) Format 7 '' cassette CD Recorded March 1989 -- November 1990 at Metropolis Studios ( London , United Kingdom ) Mountain Studios ( Montreux , Switzerland ) Length 4 : 13 Label Parlophone ( Europe ) Hollywood ( North America ) Songwriter ( s ) Queen ( Roger Taylor ) Producer ( s ) Queen and David Richards Queen singles chronology `` I Ca n't Live with You '' ( 1991 ) `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( 1991 ) `` The Show Must Go On '' ( 1991 ) `` Stone Cold Crazy '' ( 1991 ) Stone Cold Crazy 1991 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( 1991 ) Bohemian Rhapsody These Are the Days of Our Lives1991 `` Ride the Wild Wind '' ( 1992 ) Ride the Wild Wind 1992 Second Issue Music video `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' on YouTube `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' is a song by the British rock band Queen . Although credited to the whole band , it was largely written by their drummer Roger Taylor , and is the eighth track on the band 's 1991 album Innuendo. . It was released as a single in the US on Freddie Mercury 's 45th birthday , 5 September 1991 , and as double A-side single in the UK on 9 December , in the wake of Mercury 's death , with the Queen track `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . The single debuted at # 1 on the UK Singles Chart , and remained at the top for five weeks . The song was awarded a Brit Award for `` Best Single '' in 1992 . Contents 1 Live performances and covers 2 Music video 3 Track listings 4 Charts , certifications and accolades 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Certifications 4.3 Accolades 5 Release history 6 Personnel 7 References 8 External links Live performances and covers ( edit ) The song was first played live on 20 April 1992 at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , sung by George Michael and Lisa Stansfield . This live version was included on the 1993 album Five Live ( EP ) , credited to ' George Michael with Queen & Lisa Stansfield ' . The song was played on the 2005 / 2006 Queen + Paul Rodgers tours with vocals provided by Roger Taylor . On stage the song was accompanied by a video of the band in their early days in Japan , including many shots focusing on past band members Freddie Mercury and John Deacon . The song was used on 1 July 2007 at the Concert for Diana held at the new Wembley Stadium , London in honour of Diana , Princess of Wales , who had died almost 10 years earlier . At the end of the concert , a video montage of Diana as a child was presented and this song was playing in the background . A cover version by Petula Clark is included on her 2008 compilation album Then & Now . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying video was the last to feature frontman Freddie Mercury as he was in the final stages of his battle with AIDS . Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher of DoRo Productions filmed the majority of the footage used in the video on 30 May 1991 . For the promotional video , Freddie Mercury , Roger Taylor and John Deacon were present at the shoot , with additional footage of guitarist Brian May filmed some weeks later and edited into the footage , as he was out of the country on a radio promotional tour at the time of the principal film shoot . Following rumours about Mercury 's health , which had been at the centre of much public speculation for over a year , the video was released in black and white to hide the full extent of Mercury 's faltering condition from AIDS . This followed on from its use in the video for `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' earlier in 1991 . Colour footage of the band later emerged , revealing just how frail Mercury appeared , thus justifying the band 's decision to film the video in black and white out of respect for him . In the video , Mercury wears a waistcoat with pictures of cats that was made for him by a close friend , and which he loved . With his knowing farewell look straight at the camera , Mercury whispers `` I still love you '' as the song ends , which are his last ever words on camera . Taylor was the primary songwriter , who produced the lyrics from how parenthood had made him reflect on life . However , the song , as sung by Mercury , is also meaningful when referencing reflections at the end of life . The band knew Mercury had little time left before death , though news was not released publicly until near Mercury 's death . The version of the finished video serviced to the U.S. market also featured some animated footage produced by animators for the Walt Disney Studios , as Queen 's North American record label , Hollywood Records , is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company . The US version also used video editing to add Brian May into several shots , giving the appearance that all four members were side - by - side during filming . In Europe , a different , ' clean ' version of the video without the animated sequences was released . Then another video version was released in 1992 to promote the Classic Queen compilation album in the US , combining old footage of the band from 1973 to 1991 plus the performances of the band from the US aired video . Track listings ( edit ) First Issue Cassette No . Title Length 1 . `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' 4 : 10 2 . `` Bijou '' 3 : 36 US Modern rock promotional single No . Title Length 1 . `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' 4 : 18 2 . `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Edit ) 3 : 54 US Contemporary hit promotional single No . Title Length 1 . `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' 4 : 10 Second Issue CD , CT , 7 '' No . Title Length 1 . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' 6 : 00 2 . `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' 4 : 15 Charts , certifications and accolades ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 40 France ( SNEP ) 15 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result 1992 Brit Awards British Single of the Year Won Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Catalog no . First Issue United States August 1991 CD - R ( Modern Rock / Alternative radio ) Hollywood Records PRCD - 10061 - 2 5 September 1991 7 `` , CT 64868 4 ( 7 `` ) HR - 64868 - 4 ( CT ) 1991 CD - R ( Contemporary hit radio ) PRCD - 8390 - 2 Second Issue Europe 9 December 1991 7 `` , CD , CT EMI , Parlophone 016 2046497 , QUEEN 20 ( 7 `` ) 2046492 , CDQUEEN 20 ( CD ) 300201 4 ( CT ) United Kingdom 2046497 , QUEEN 20 ( 7 `` ) 2046492 , CDQUEEN 20 ( CD ) 2046494 , TCQUEEN 20 ( CT ) Australia 1992 CT TC - 2046494 Japan 8 July 1992 CD TOCP - 7259 Personnel ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie Mercury - vocals , keyboards Brian May - electric guitar Roger Taylor - drums , keyboards John Deacon - bass guitar David Richards - keyboards , programming , bongo , percussion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Innuendo - These Are The Days Of Our Lives UltimateQueen . Retrieved 25 June 2011 Jump up ^ Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives Chartstats . Retrieved 24 June 2011 Jump up ^ The Highs and Lows of the Brit Awards BBC . Retrieved 24 June 2011 Jump up ^ The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert : These Are the Days of Our Lives Retrieved 24 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Old and new stars celebrate Diana BBC . Retrieved 16 July 2011 ^ Jump up to : Queen : The Ultimate Illustrated History of the Crown Kings of Rock . p. 224 . Voyageur Press , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Greatest Videos '' . Episode 1 / 1 . 1999 . 50 minutes in . Channel 4 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ( Roger Taylor ) Jump up ^ Final Freddie Mercury performance discovered The Independent . Retrieved 24 June 2011 Jump up ^ Brian May ' Queen : Days of Our Lives ' Jump up ^ DVD Docum - These Are The Days Of Our Lives Queen Collection . Retrieved 16 July 2011 Jump up ^ Queen Album : Classic Queen MTV . Retrieved 16 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Queen -- These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Queen : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- These Are the Days of Our Lives '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter These Are the Days of Our Lives in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Official YouTube videos : Queen + Paul Rodgers ( live ) , at Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert ( with George Michael and Lisa Stansfield ) Lyrics at Queen official website Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Queen songs Discography Queen `` Keep Yourself Alive '' `` Liar '' Queen II `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' Sheer Heart Attack `` Killer Queen '' / `` Flick of the Wrist '' `` Now I 'm Here '' `` Lily of the Valley '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' A Night at the Opera `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` Love of My Life '' A Day at the Races `` Somebody to Love '' `` Tie Your Mother Down '' `` Teo Torriatte ( Let Us Cling Together ) '' `` Long Away '' `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' News of the World `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` It 's Late '' Jazz `` Bicycle Race '' / `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' `` Jealousy '' `` Mustapha '' Live Killers `` Love of My Life '' ( Live ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( Live ) The Game `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Play the Game '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` Need Your Loving Tonight '' Flash Gordon `` Flash '' Hot Space `` Under Pressure '' ( with David Bowie ) `` Body Language '' `` Las Palabras de Amor '' `` Calling All Girls '' `` Staying Power '' `` Back Chat '' The Works `` Radio Ga Ga '' `` I Want to Break Free '' `` It 's a Hard Life '' `` Hammer to Fall '' A Kind of Magic `` One Vision '' `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Princes of the Universe '' `` Friends Will Be Friends '' `` Pain Is So Close to Pleasure '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` One Year of Love '' The Miracle `` I Want It All '' `` Breakthru '' `` The Invisible Man '' `` Scandal '' `` The Miracle '' Innuendo `` Innuendo '' `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' `` Headlong '' `` I Ca n't Live with You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Made in Heaven `` Heaven for Everyone '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Let Me Live '' `` You Do n't Fool Me '' Queen Rocks `` No - One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) '' / `` Tie Your Mother Down '' Greatest Hits III `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' Non-album singles `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( Small Soldiers Remix ) '' `` We Will Rock You '' ( with Five ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( with Robbie Williams ) `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( The Miami Project Remixes ) '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( with The Muppets ) Other songs `` See What a Fool I 've Been '' `` Death on Two Legs '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Good Company '' `` Sheer Heart Attack '' `` Is This the World We Created ... ? '' `` Ride the Wild Wind '' `` Delilah '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Mother Love '' `` Let Me in Your Heart Again '' `` Love Kills '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Are_the_Days_of_Our_Lives&oldid=853216485 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1991 singles Brit Award for British Single Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Parlophone singles Queen ( band ) songs Songs written by Roger Taylor ( Queen drummer ) Hollywood Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use British English from September 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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queen these are the days of our lives documentary
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The Last of the Mohicans
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The Last of the Mohicans - wikipedia The Last of the Mohicans This article is about the novel . For other uses , see The Last of the Mohicans ( disambiguation ) . The Last of the Mohicans Illustration from 1896 edition , by F.T. Merrill . The drawing depicts Hawk - eye ( disguised as a bear ) fighting Magua in the cave where Alice is held captive . Author James Fenimore Cooper Country United States Language English Series Leatherstocking Tales Genre Historical novel Publisher H.C. Carey & I. Lea Publication date February 1826 Dewey Decimal 813.2 Preceded by The Pioneers ( 1823 ) Followed by The Prairie ( 1827 ) The Last of the Mohicans : A Narrative of 1757 ( 1826 ) is a historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper . It is the second book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences . The Pathfinder , published 14 years later in 1840 , is its sequel . The Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757 , during the French and Indian War ( the Seven Years ' War ) , when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America . During this war , both the French and the British used Native American allies , but the French were particularly dependent , as they were outnumbered in the Northeast frontier areas by the more numerous British colonists . The novel is set primarily in the upper New York wilderness , detailing the transport of the two daughters of Colonel Munro , Alice and Cora , to a safe destination at Fort William Henry . Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo , Major Duncan Heyward , and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas , the latter of whom is the novel 's title character . These characters are sometimes seen as a microcosm of the budding American society , particularly with regard to their racial composition . The novel has been one of the most popular English - language novels since its publication and is frequently assigned reading in American literature courses . It has been adapted numerous times and in many languages for films , TV movies and cartoons . Contents 1 Historical background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 4 Development 5 Critical reception 6 Legacy 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Radio 7.3 TV 7.4 Opera 7.5 Comics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Historical background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At the time of Cooper 's writing , many people believed that the Native Americans were disappearing , and would ultimately be assimilated or fail to survive . Especially in the East , their numbers continued to decline . At the same time , the author was interested in the period of the frontier of transition , when more colonists were increasing pressure on the Native Americans . He grew up in Cooperstown , New York , which his father had established on what was then a western frontier of settlement ; it developed after the Revolutionary War . Cooper set this novel during the Seven Years ' War , an international conflict between Great Britain and France , which had a front in North America known by the Anglo - American colonists as the French and Indian War . The conflict arrayed British colonial settlers and minimal regular forces against royal French forces , with both sides also relying on Native American allies . The war was fought primarily along the frontiers of the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia . In the spring of 1757 , Lieutenant Colonel George Monro became garrison commander of Fort William Henry , located on Lake George ( New York ) in the Province of New York . In early August , Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort . On 2 August General Webb , who commanded the area from his base at Fort Edward , sent 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militia to reinforce the garrison at William Henry . In the novel , this is the relief column with which Monro 's daughters travel . Monro sent messengers south to Fort Edward on 3 August requesting reinforcements , but Webb refused to send any of his estimated 1,600 men north because they were all that stood between the French and Albany . He wrote to Munro on 4 August that he should negotiate the best terms possible ; this communication was intercepted and delivered to Montcalm . In Cooper 's version , the missive was being carried by Bumppo when he , and it , fell into French hands . On 7 August Montcalm sent men to the fort under a truce flag to deliver Webb 's dispatch . By then the fort 's walls had been breached , many of its guns were useless , and the garrison had taken significant casualties . After another day of bombardment by the French , Monro raised the white flag and agreed to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies , angered at the lost opportunity for loot , attacked the British column . Cooper 's account of the attack and aftermath is lurid and somewhat inaccurate . A detailed reconstruction of the action and its aftermath indicates that the final tally of British missing and dead ranges from 70 to 184 ; more than 500 British were taken captive . Plot summary ( edit ) Thomas Cole , Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund , 1827 Cora and Alice Munro , daughters of Lieutenant Colonel Munro , are traveling with Major Duncan Heyward from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry , where Munro is in command , and acquire another companion in David Gamut , a naive singing teacher . They are guided through the forest by a native named Magua , who leads them through a shortcut unaccompanied by the British militia . Heyward is dissatisfied with Magua 's shortcut , and the party roam unguided and finally join Natty Bumppo ( known as Hawk - eye ) , a scout for the British , and his two Mohican friends , Chingachgook and his son Uncas . Heyward becomes suspicious of Magua , and Hawk - eye and the Mohicans agree with his suspicion , that Magua is a Huron scout secretly allied with the French . Upon discovery as such , Magua escapes , and in the ( correct ) belief that Magua will return with Huron reinforcements , Hawk - eye and the Mohicans lead their new companions to a hidden cave on an island in a river . They are attacked there by the Hurons , and when ammunition is exhausted , Hawk - eye and the Mohicans escape , with a promise to return for their companions . Magua and the Hurons capture Heyward , Gamut , and the Munro sisters , and Magua admits that he is seeking revenge against Cora 's father Colonel Munro for turning him into an alcoholic with whiskey ( causing him to be initially cast out of the Hurons ) and then whipping him at a post for drunken behavior . He then offers to spare the party if Cora becomes his wife , but she refuses . Upon a second refusal , he sentences the prisoners to death . Hawk - eye and the Mohicans rescue all four , and lead them to a dilapidated building that was involved with a battle between the Indians and the British some years ago . They are nearly attacked again , but the Hurons leave the area , rather than disturb the graves of their own fellow - countrymen . The next day , Hawk - eye leads the party to Fort Henry , past a siege by the French army . Munro sends Hawk - eye to Fort Edward for reinforcements ; but he is captured by the French , who deliver him to Fort Henry without the letter . Heyward returns to Colonel Munro and announces his love for Alice , and Munro gives his permission for Heyward 's courtship . The French general , Montcalm , invites Munro to a parley , and shows him General Webb 's letter , in which the British general has refused reinforcements . At this , Munro agrees to Montcalm 's terms that the British soldiers , together with their wounded , women , and children , must leave the fort and withdraw from the war for eighteen months . Outside the fort , the column of British prisoners is attacked by 2000 Huron warriors ; in the ensuing massacre , Magua kidnaps Cora and Alice , and he leads them toward the Huron village . David Gamut follows them . After the massacre , Hawk - eye , the Mohicans , Heyward , and Colonel Munro head into the ruins of the fort to plan their next move . The next morning they set out to follow Magua , and cross a lake to intercept his trail . They encounter a band of Hurons by the lakeshore who spot the travelers . A canoe chase ensues , in which the rescuers reach land before the Hurons can kill them , and eventually follow Magua to the Huron village . Here , they find Gamut ( earlier spared by the Hurons as a harmless madman ) , who says that Alice is held in this village , and Cora in one belonging to the Lenape ( Delaware ) . Disguised as a French medicine man , Heyward enters the Huron village with Gamut , to rescue Alice ; Hawk - eye and Uncas set out to rescue Cora , and Munro and Chingachgook remain in safety . Uncas is taken prisoner by the Hurons , and left to starve when he withstands torture , and Heyward fails to find Alice . A Huron warrior asks Heyward to heal his lunatic wife , and both are stalked by Hawk - eye in the guise of a bear . They enter a cave where the madwoman is kept , and the warrior leaves . Soon after revelation of his identity to Heyward , Hawk - eye accompanies him , and they find Alice . They are discovered by Magua ; but Hawk - eye overpowers him , and they leave him tied to a wall . Thereafter Heyward escapes with Alice , while Hawk - eye remains to save Uncas . Gamut convinces a Huron to allow him and his magical bear ( Hawk - eye in disguise ) to approach Uncas , and they untie him . Uncas dons the bear disguise , Hawk - eye wears Gamut 's clothes , and Gamut stays in a corner mimicking Uncas . Uncas and Hawk - eye escape by traveling to the Delaware village where Cora is held , just as the Hurons suspect something is amiss and find Magua tied up in the cave . Magua tells his tribe the full story behind Heyward and Hawkeye 's deceit before assuming leadership of the Hurons as they vow revenge . Uncas and Hawk - eye are being held prisoner with Alice , Cora , and Heyward at the Delaware village when Magua visits the Delaware tribe and demands the return of his prisoners . During the ensuing council meeting , Uncas is revealed to be a Mohican , a once - dominant tribe closely related to the Delawares . Tamenund , the sage of the Delawares , sides with Uncas and frees the prisoners , except for Cora , whom he awards to Magua according to tribal custom . To satisfy laws of hospitality , Tamenund gives Magua a three - hour head start before pursuit . While the Delawares are using that time preparing for battle , David Gamut escapes and tells his companions that Magua has positioned his men in the woods between the Huron and Delaware villages . Undeterred , Uncas , Hawkeye , and the Delawares march into the woods to fight the Hurons . The Delawares vanquish the Hurons in a bloody battle and ultimately capture the Huron village , but Magua escapes with Cora and two other Hurons ; Uncas , Hawk - eye , and Heyward pursue them up to a high mountain . In a fight at the edge of a cliff , Cora , Uncas , and Magua are killed . The novel concludes with a lengthy account of the funerals of Uncas and Cora , and Hawk - eye reaffirms his friendship with Chingachgook . Tamenund prophesies : `` The pale - faces are masters of the earth , and the time of the red - men has not yet come again ... '' . Characters ( edit ) Chingachgook ( usually pronounced chin - GATCH - gook ) : last chief of the Mohican tribe , escort to the Munro sisters . Father to Uncas , and after his death , the eponymous `` Last of the Mohicans '' . His name was a Unami Delaware word meaning `` Big Snake . '' Uncas -- the son of Chingachgook and called by him `` Last of the Mohicans '' , as there were no pure - blooded Mohican women for him to marry . He is also known as `` Le Cerf Agile '' , the Bounding Elk . Nathaniel Bumppo / Hawk - eye : Oeil de Faucon ; a frontiersman who becomes an escort to the Munro sisters . Known to the Indians and the French as La longue carabine for his marksmanship and signature weapon . Magua ( ma - gwah ) -- the villain : a Huron chief driven from his tribe for drunkenness ; known as Le Renard Subtil ( `` Sly Fox . '' ) . Cora Munro : a dark - haired daughter of Colonel Munro ; serious , intelligent , and calm in the face of danger . Her mother , whom Munro met and married in the West Indies , was a mulatto or mixed - race woman , described as `` descended , remotely '' from slaves . Scholars have sometimes termed Cora a quadroon , but Cooper may have imagined her with even less African ancestry . Diane Roberts described Cora as `` the first tragic mulatta in American literature . '' Cora 's mother died when she was young . Alice Munro : Cora 's blonde half - sister ; cheerful , playful , frail , and charming . She is the daughter of Alice Graham , Munro 's second wife . Colonel Munro : a British army colonel in command of Fort William Henry . Duncan Heyward -- a British army major from Virginia who falls in love with Alice Munro . David Gamut : a psalmodist ( teacher of psalm singing ) , known as `` the singing master . '' General Daniel Webb -- Colonel Munro 's commanding officer , who takes command at Fort Edward . General Marquis de Montcalm -- the French commander - in - chief , called by the Huron and other Indian allies of the French as `` The great white father of the Canadas . '' Tamenund -- An ancient , wise , and revered Delaware ( Lenape ) sage , who has outlived three generations of warriors . Development ( edit ) According to Susan Fenimore Cooper , the author 's eldest daughter , Cooper first conceived the idea for the book while visiting the Adirondack Mountains in 1825 with a party of English gentlemen . The party passed through the Catskills , an area with which Cooper was already familiar , and about which he had written in his first novel featuring Natty : The Pioneers . They passed on to Lake George and Glens Falls . Impressed with the caves behind the falls , one member of the party suggested that `` here was the very scene for a romance . '' Susan Cooper says that Edward Smith - Stanley , 14th Earl of Derby , made this remark . Cooper promised Stanley `` that a book should actually be written , in which these caves should have a place ; the , idea of a romance essentially Indian in character then first suggesting itself to his mind . '' Cooper began work on the novel immediately . He and his family stayed for the summer in a cottage belonging to a friend , situated on the Long Island shore of the Sound , opposite Blackwell 's Island , not far from Hallett 's Cove ( the area is now part of Astoria ) . He wrote quickly and completed the novel in the space of three or four months . He suffered a serious illness thought to have been brought on by sunstroke and , at one point , he dictated the outline of the fight between Magua and Chingachgook ( 12th chapter ) , to his wife , who thought that he was delirious . In the novel , Hawkeye refers to Lake George as the Horican . Cooper felt that Lake George was too plain , while the French name , Le Lac du St. Sacrement , was `` too complicated '' . Horican he found on an old map of the area ; it was a French transliteration of a native group who had once lived in the area . Cooper grew up in Cooperstown , New York , the frontier town founded by his father . His daughter said that as a young man he had few opportunities to meet and talk with Native Americans : `` occasionally some small party of the Oneidas , or other representatives of the Five Nations , had crossed his path in the valley of the Susquehanna River , or on the shores of Lake Ontario , where he served when a midshipman in the navy . '' He read what sources were available at the time -- Heckewelder , Charlevoix , William Penn , Smith , Elliot , Colden , Lang , Lewis and Clark , and Mackenzie . By using the name Uncas for one of his characters , he seemed to confuse the two regional tribes : the Mohegan of Connecticut , of which Uncas had been a well - known sachem , and the Mahican of upstate New York . The popularity of Cooper 's book helped spread the confusion . In the period when Cooper was writing , deputations from the Western tribes frequently traveled through the region along the Mohawk River , on their way to New York or Washington , D.C. He made a point of visiting these parties as they passed through Albany and New York . On several occasions , he followed them all the way to Washington to observe them for longer . He also talked to the military officers and interpreters who accompanied them . Critical reception ( edit ) This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints . Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( January 2012 ) The novel was first published in 1826 by Carey & Lea , of Philadelphia . According to Susan Cooper , its success was `` greater than that of any previous book from the same pen '' and `` in Europe the book produced quite a startling effect . '' Cooper 's novels were popular , but reviewers were often critical , or dismissive . For example , the reviewer of the London Magazine ( May 1826 ) described the novel as `` clearly by much the worst of Mr Cooper 's performances . '' Mark Twain notably derided the author in his essay `` Fenimore Cooper 's Literary Offenses '' , published in North American Review ( July 1895 ) . Twain complained that Cooper lacked a variety of style and was overly wordy . In the essay , Twain re-writes a small section of The Last of the Mohicans , claiming that Cooper , `` the generous spendthrift '' , used 100 `` extra and unnecessary words '' in the original version . Re-reading the book in his later years , Cooper noted some inconsistencies of plot and characterization , particularly the character of Munro . But , he wrote that in general , `` the book must needs have some interest for the reader , since it could amuse even the writer , who had in a great measure forgotten the details of his own work . '' The book has been considered to be the first Great American Novel . Legacy ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans has been James Fenimore Cooper 's most popular work . It has continued as one of the most widely read novels throughout the world , and it has influenced popular opinion about American Indians and the frontier period of eastern American history . The romanticized images of the strong , fearless , and ever resourceful frontiersman ( i.e. , Natty Bumppo ) , as well as the stoic , wise , and noble `` red man '' ( i.e. , Chingachgook ) were notions derived from Cooper 's characterizations more than from anywhere else . The phrase , `` the last of the Mohicans '' , has come to represent the sole survivor of a noble race or type . In the M * A * S * H book , film and television franchise , the character Hawkeye Pierce is given his nickname by his father , after Hawk - eye from The Last of the Mohicans . A main character in the original novel and subsequent film adaptation , Hawkeye , as portrayed by Alan Alda , is the central character in the long - running TV series . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) A number of films have been based on the lengthy book , making various cuts , compressions , and changes . The American adaptations include : a 1912 version starring James Cruze , The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 ) , starring Wallace Beery ; The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) , a serial version starring Harry Carey ; The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) starring Randolph Scott and Bruce Cabot ; Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) starring Jon Hall and Michael O'Shea ; The Iroquois Trail ( 1950 ) starring George Montgomery Fall of the Mohicans ( 1965 ) starring Jack Taylor , José Marco ( José Joandó Roselló ) , Luis Induni and Daniel Martin ; The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) , starring Daniel Day - Lewis . The 1920 film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . According to the director Michael Mann , his 1992 version was based more on the 1936 film version . Mann believes Cooper 's novel is `` not a very good book '' , taking issue with Cooper 's sympathy for the Euro - Americans and their seizure of the American Indians ' domain . In Germany , Der Letzte der Mohikaner , with Béla Lugosi as Chingachgook , was the second part of the two - part Lederstrumpf film released in 1920 . Der letzte Mohikaner directed by Harald Reinl was a 1965 West German / Italian / Spanish co-production setting elements of the story in the post American Civil War era . Based on the same series of the novels , Chingachgook die große Schlange ( Chingachgook the Great Serpent ) , starring Gojko Mitić as Chingachgook , appeared in East Germany in 1967 , and became popular throughout the Eastern Bloc . Radio ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans was adapted for radio in two one - hour episodes directed by Michael Fox and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1995 ( subsequently on BBC Radio 7 ) , with Michael Fiest , Philip Franks , Helen McCrory and Naomi Radcliffe . TV ( edit ) From 2004 -- 2007 , the RAI made an animated TV series , Last of the Mohicans with Ted Russof as Uncas , Katie McGovern as Cora , and Flaminia Fegarotti as Alice . There was a Canadian TV series , Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans in 1957 with John Hart as Hawkeye and Lon Chaney , Jr. as Chingachgook . The BBC made a TV serial of the book in 1971 , with Philip Madoc as Magua , Kenneth Ives as Hawkeye and John Abineri as Chingachgook , which some critics believe to be the most faithful and the best adaptation . In a 1977 American made - for - TV movie , Steve Forrest starred as Hawkeye with Ned Romero as Chingachgook and Don Shanks as Uncas . Opera ( edit ) Classics Illustrated , The Last of the Mohicans Issue # 4 . In 1977 , Lake George Opera presented an opera version The Last of the Mohicans by composer Alva Henderson . Comics ( edit ) Classic Comics # 4 , The Last of the Mohicans , first published 1942 . Marvel Comics has published two versions of the story : in 1976 a one - issue version as part of their Marvel Classics Comics series ( issue # 13 ) . In 2007 , they published a six - issue mini-series to start off the new Marvel Illustrated series . Famed manga artist Shigeru Sugiura wrote and illustrated a very loose manga adaptation of the story in 1952 - 3 ( remade in 1973 - 4 ) . This adaptation is heavily influenced by American movies and western comics and is filled with absurd humor and anachronistic jokes . An English translation of Sugiura 's 1973 - 4 version including a lengthy essay on Sugiura 's artistic influences was published in the United States in 2013 . See also ( edit ) Novels portal France in the Seven Years ' War George Washington in the French and Indian War Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Last of the Mohicans , The . In : Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Merriam - Webster , 1995 , ISBN 0877790426 , p. 661 Jump up ^ Cf . the Leatherstocking Tales for a chart showing both the chronological order and the order of publication of the five novels . Jump up ^ New Ideas of Race : The Last of the Mohicans . In : Fiona J. Stafford : The Last of the Race : The Growth of a Myth from Milton to Darwin ... Oxford Scholarship , 1994 Jump up ^ Last of the Mohicans . In : Martin J. Manning ( ed . ) , Clarence R. Wyatt ( ed . ) : Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America . Volume I ... ABC - CLIO , 2011 , ISBN 9781598842289 , pp. 75 - 76 Jump up ^ Steele , Ian K ( 1990 ) . Betrayals : Fort William Henry & the ' Massacre . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505893 - 2 . ( page 144 at Google Books ) . Jump up ^ `` Cooper 's Indians : A Critique '' . Jump up ^ University of Houston study guide , Quote : `` Uncas will be the last pure - blooded Mohican because there are no pure - blooded Mohican women for him to marry . '' Jump up ^ Urdang , p. 875 Jump up ^ Last of the Mohicans ( 2005 Signet Classics edition ) , Chapter XVI , pg. 193 Jump up ^ Diane Roberts , The Myth of Aunt Jemima , Routledge 1994 p. 173 . Jump up ^ ( from Chapter XVI in James Fenimore Cooper , Works of J. Fenimore Cooper , 10 vols. , ( New York : P.F. Collier , Pub. , 1892 ) 2 : 95 ) . Jump up ^ Walker , Warren S. `` Plots and Characters in the Fiction of James Fenimore Cooper '' . Originally published in Warren S. Walker , Plots and Characters in the Fiction of James Fenimore Cooper ( Hamden , Connecticut : Archon Books , 1978 ) , pp. 86 -- 92 . James Fenimore Cooper Society . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Susan Fenimore ( 1861 ) . Pages and Pictures from the Writings of James Fenimore Cooper . W.A. Townsend and Co. pp. 121 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Susan Fenimore ( 1876 -- 1884 ) . Household Edition of the Works of J. Fenimore Cooper . Houghton , Mifflin and Co. p. xi -- xliv . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , James Fenimore ( 1850 ) . The Last of the Mohicans . pp. Introduction p8 . Jump up ^ Uncas In : Spencer Tucker , James R. Arnold , Roberta Wiener : The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 . ABC - CLIO , 2011 , ISBN 9781851096978 , p. 809 Jump up ^ Uncas In : Jonathan Smith : Indian Tribes of the New England Frontier . Osprey , 2006 , ISBN 9781841769370 , p. 42 Jump up ^ George Dekker and John P McWilliams ( 1973 ) . Fenimore Cooper -- the critical reception . Routledge . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Cooper , James ( 2009 ) . Paul Gutjahr , ed . The Last of the Mohicans . Peterborough : Broadview Press . p. 447 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 866 - 6 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel . `` '' Last of the Mohicans '' was first great American novel `` . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Fenimore Cooper '' , Mohican Press Jump up ^ ELIZABETH KNOWLES . `` Mohican '' , The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hornberger , Richard . MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , William Morrow , 1968 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Mann looks back on ' The Last of the Mohicans ' 20 years later '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ `` Opera Saratoga '' . Jump up ^ Neil Summers . `` LAST OF THE MOHICANS By Shigeru Sugiura '' . Further reading ( edit ) H. Daniel Peck ( ed . ) : New Essays on The last of the Mohicans . Cambridge University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 37771 - 4 Martin Barker , Roger Sabin : The Lasting of the Mohicans . University Press of Mississippi 1995 , ISBN 0 - 87805 - 858 - 3 George Dekker ( ed . ) , John P. Williams ( ed . ) : James Fenimore Cooper : The Critical Heritage . Routledge 1997 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 15928 - 8 , pp. 87 -- 114 Craig White : Student Companion to James Fenimore Cooper . Greenwood Publishing 2006 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 33413 - 7 , pp. 101 -- 124 Donald A. Ringe : `` Mode and Meaning in ' The Last of the Mohicans ' '' , In W.M. Verhoeven ( ed . ) : James Fenimore Cooper : New Historical and Literary Contexts . Rodopi 1993 , ISBN 90 - 5183 - 333 - 4 , pp. 109 -- 124 ( excerpt at Google Books ) `` The Last of the Mohicans . '' Literary Themes for Students. 2006 . HighBeam Research . ( June 17 , 2014 ) . http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3451000039.html Thomas Philbrick : The Last of the Mohicans and the Sounds of Discord . American Literature , Vol. 43 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1971 ) , pp. 25 -- 41 ( JSTOR ) Melissa McFarland Pennell : Masterpieces of American Romantic Literature . Greenwood , 2006 , ISBN 9780313331411 , pp. 9 -- 27 ( excerpt at Google Books ) Frank Bergmann : The Meanings of Indians and Their Land in Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans . In : Frank Bergmann ( ed . ) : Upstate Literature : Essays in Memory of Thomas F. O'Donnell . Syracuse University Press , 1985 , ISBN 0815623313 , pp. 117 -- 128 ( excerpt at Google Books ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Last of the Mohicans . Works related to The Last of the Mohicans at Wikisource The James Fenimore Cooper Society -- extensive collection of material about Cooper , in particular many scholarly articles on him and his work The Last of the Mohicans at Project Gutenberg The Last of the Mohicans at Open Library The Last of the Mohicans public domain audiobook at LibriVox Fort William Henry Museum Fort William Henry : The Siege & Massacre Last of the Mohicans Outdoor Drama Works by James Fenimore Cooper Leatherstocking Tales novels The Deerslayer The Last of the Mohicans The Pathfinder , or The Inland Sea The Pioneers The Prairie Other novels Afloat and Ashore Autobiography of a Pocket - Handkerchief The Bravo The Chainbearer The Crater The Headsman : The Abbaye des Vignerons The Heidenmauer Homeward Bound Home as Found Jack Tier , or the Florida Reef Lionel Lincoln Mercedes of Castile Miles Wallingford The Monikins The Oak Openings The Pilot : A Tale of the Sea Precaution The Red Rover The Redskins Satanstoe The Sea Lions The Spy : A Tale of the Neutral Ground The Two Admirals The Water - Witch The Ways of the Hour The Wept of Wish - ton - Wish The Wing - and - Wing Wyandotté Short stories and plays Tales for Fifteen No Steamboats Upside Down The Lake Gun Non-fiction The Chronicles of Cooperstown The Eclipse The History of the Navy of the United States of America Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Ned Myers New York : or The Towns of Manhattan Notions of the Americans Old Ironsides Proceedings of the Naval Court - Martial in the Case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie , &c . Political writings Letter to General Lafayette A Letter to His Countrymen The American Democrat Travel writings Gleanings in Europe : Switzerland Gleanings in Europe : The Rhine A Residence in France Gleanings in Europe : France Gleanings in Europe : England Gleanings in Europe : Italy Commons Wikiquote Wikisource texts Book : Leatherstocking Tales James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans Fictional characters Magua Chingachgook Natty Bumppo Historical characters Colonel Munro Daniel Webb Marquis de Montcalm Tamenund Films Leather Stocking ( 1909 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Related Capture and rescue of Jemima Boone Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) BNF : cb12351891k ( data ) GND : 4306204 - 0 LCCN : n80036249 SUDOC : 073645044 VIAF : 183066771 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans&oldid=853070291 '' Categories : 1757 in fiction 1826 American novels American novels adapted into films French and Indian War Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into operas American novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels by James Fenimore Cooper Novels set in the 18th century Novels set in the American colonial era Seven Years ' War Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing more viewpoints from January 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 07 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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Fraser River
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Fraser River - wikipedia Fraser River Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fraser River ( disambiguation ) . Fraser River Staulo , Lhtako , Tacoutche Tesse , ʔElhdaqox , Sto : lo The Fraser River , from the grounds of Westminster Abbey , above Hatzic in Mission , British Columbia , looking upstream ( E ) Name origin : Fur trader and explorer Simon Fraser Country Canada Province British Columbia Regional District Fraser - Fort George , Cariboo , Thompson - Nicola , Squamish - Lillooet , Fraser Valley , and Greater Vancouver Tributaries - left Bowron River , Willow River , Quesnel River , Thompson River , Coquihalla River , Chilliwack River - right Morkill River , McGregor River , Salmon River , Nechako River , West Road ( Blackwater ) River , Chilcotin River , Bridge River , Harrison River , Stave River , Pitt River , Coquitlam River Cities McBride , BC , Prince George , BC , Quesnel , BC , Hope , BC , Chilliwack , BC , Abbotsford , BC , Vancouver , BC Source Fraser Pass - location Rocky Mountains , Mount Robson Provincial Park , British Columbia , Canada - elevation 2,145 m ( 7,037 ft ) - coordinates 53 ° 4 ′ 44.2 '' N 119 ° 7 ′ 9.7 '' W / 53.078944 ° N 119.119361 ° W / 53.078944 ; - 119.119361 Mouth Fraser River Delta - location Strait of Georgia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 10 ′ 40 '' N 123 ° 12 ′ 45 '' W / 49.17778 ° N 123.21250 ° W / 49.17778 ; - 123.21250 Coordinates : 49 ° 10 ′ 40 '' N 123 ° 12 ′ 45 '' W / 49.17778 ° N 123.21250 ° W / 49.17778 ; - 123.21250 Length 1,375 km ( 854 mi ) Basin 220,000 km ( 84,942 sq mi ) Discharge for mouth ( average and min ) ; max at Hope - average 3,475 m / s ( 122,718 cu ft / s ) - max 17,000 m / s ( 600,349 cu ft / s ) - min 575 m / s ( 20,306 cu ft / s ) Fraser River watershed The Fraser River / ˈfreɪzər / is the longest river within British Columbia , Canada , rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres ( 854 mi ) , into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver . It is the 10th longest river in Canada . The river 's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres ( 27 cu mi ) or 3,550 cubic metres per second ( 125,000 cu ft / s ) , and it discharges 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Course 2.1 Discharge 3 History 4 Uses 5 Fishing 6 Flooding 6.1 1948 flood 6.1. 1 Timeline 6.1. 2 Reasons for the flood of 1948 6.2 Later flooding 7 Tributaries 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Naming ( edit ) The river is named after Simon Fraser , who led an expedition in 1808 on behalf of the North West Company from the site of present - day Prince George almost to the mouth of the river . The river 's name in the Halqemeylem ( Upriver Halkomelem ) language is Sto : lo , often seen archaically as Staulo , and has been adopted by the Halkomelem - speaking peoples of the Lower Mainland as their collective name , Sto : lo . The river 's name in the Dakelh language is Lhtakoh . The Tsilhqot'in name for the river , not dissimilar to the Dakelh name , is ʔElhdaqox , meaning Sturgeon ( ʔElhdachogh ) River ( Yeqox ) . Course ( edit ) Map of the Fraser River drainage basin Source of Fraser River at Fraser Pass The Fraser drains a 220,000 - square - kilometre ( 85,000 sq mi ) area . Its source is a dripping spring at Fraser Pass . The river then flows north to the Yellowhead Highway and west past Mount Robson to the Rocky Mountain Trench and the Robson Valley near Valemount . After running northwest past 54 ° north , it makes a sharp turn to the south at Giscome Portage , meeting the Nechako River at the city of Prince George , then continuing south , progressively cutting deeper into the Fraser Plateau to form the Fraser Canyon from roughly the confluence of the Chilcotin River , near the city of Williams Lake , southwards . It is joined by the Bridge and Seton Rivers at the town of Lillooet , then by the Thompson River at Lytton , where it proceeds south until it is approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) north of the 49th parallel , which is Canada 's border with the United States . Fraser River in Lillooet From Lytton southwards it runs through a progressively deeper canyon between the Lillooet Ranges of the Coast Mountains on its west and the Cascade Range on its east . Hell 's Gate , located immediately downstream of the town of Boston Bar , is a famous portion of the canyon where the walls narrow dramatically , forcing the entire volume of the river through a gap only 35 metres ( 115 feet ) wide . An aerial tramway takes visitors out over the river . Hells Gate is visible from the Trans - Canada Highway 1 about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) south of the tramway . Simon Fraser was forced to portage the gorge on his trip through the canyon in June 1808 . At Yale , at the head of navigation on the river , the canyon opens up and the river is wider , though without much adjoining lowland until Hope , where the river then turns west and southwest into a lush lowland valley , known as the Fraser Valley , past Chilliwack and the confluence of the Harrison and Sumas Rivers , bending northwest at Abbotsford and Mission , turning southwest again just east of New Westminster , where it splits into a North Arm , which is the southern boundary of the City of Vancouver , and the South Arm , which divides the City of Richmond from the City of Delta . Richmond is on the largest island in the Fraser , Lulu Island and also on Sea Island , which is the location of Vancouver International Airport ; the eastern end of Lulu Island is within the City of New Westminster and is called Queensborough . Also in the lowermost Fraser , among other smaller islands , is Annacis Island , an important industrial and port area , which lies to the southeast of the eastern end of Lulu Island ( Sea , Lulu and Annacis Islands lie between the North and South Arms . Other notable islands in the lower Fraser are Barnston Island , Matsqui Island , Nicomen Island and Sea Bird Island . Other islands lie on the outer side of the estuary , most notably Westham Island , a wildfowl preserve , and Iona Island , the location of the main sewage plant for the City of Vancouver . After 100 kilometres ( about 60 mi ) , it forms a delta where it empties into the Strait of Georgia between the mainland and Vancouver Island . The lands south of the City of Vancouver , including the cities of Richmond and Delta , sit on the flat flood plain . The islands of the delta include Iona Island , Sea Island , Lulu Island , Annacis Island , and a number of smaller islands . While the vast majority of the river 's drainage basin lies within British Columbia , a small portion in the drainage basin lies across the international border in Washington in the United States , namely the upper reaches of the tributary Chilliwack and Sumas rivers . Most of lowland Whatcom County , Washington is part of the Fraser Lowland and was formed also by sediment deposited from the Fraser , though most of the county is not in the Fraser drainage basin . Similar to the Columbia River Gorge east of Portland , Oregon , the Fraser exploits a topographic cleft between two mountain ranges separating a more continental climate ( in this case , that of the British Columbia Interior ) from a milder climate near the coast . When an Arctic high - pressure area moves into the British Columbia Interior and a relatively low - pressure area builds over the general Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia region , the cold Arctic air accelerates southwest through the Fraser Canyon . These outflow winds can gust up to 97 to 129 kilometres per hour ( 60 to 80 mph ) and have at times exceeded 160 kilometres per hour ( 100 mph ) . Such winds frequently reach Bellingham and the San Juan Islands , gaining strength over the open water of the Strait of Juan de Fuca . The estuary at the river 's mouth is a site of hemispheric importance in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network . Discharge ( edit ) The Water Survey of Canada currently operates 17 gauge stations that measure discharge and water level along the majority of the mainstem from Red Pass just downstream of Moose Lake within the Mount Robson Provincial Park to Steveston in Vancouver at the river mouth . With an average flow at the mouth of about 3,475 cubic metres per second ( 122,700 cu ft / s ) , the Fraser is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific seaboard of Canada and the fifth largest in the country . The average flow is highly seasonal ; summer discharge rates can be ten times larger than the flow during the winter . The Fraser 's highest recorded flow , in June 1894 , is estimated to have been 17,000 cubic metres per second ( 600,000 cu ft / s ) at Hope . It was calculated using high - water marks near the hydrometric station at Hope and various statistical methods . In 1948 the Fraser River Board adopted the estimate for the 1894 flood . It remains the value specified by regulatory agencies for all flood control work on the river . Further studies and hydraulic models have estimated the maximum discharge of the Fraser River , at Hope during the 1894 flood , as within a range of about 16,000 to 18,000 cubic metres per second ( 570,000 to 640,000 cu ft / s ) . History ( edit ) The Descent of the Fraser River , 1808 , by C.W. Jefferys On June 14 , 1792 , the Spanish explorers Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés entered and anchored in the North Arm of the Fraser River , becoming the first Europeans to find and enter it . The existence of the river , but not its location , had been deduced during the 1791 voyage of José María Narváez , under Francisco de Eliza . The upper reaches of the Fraser River were first explored by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1793 , and fully traced by Simon Fraser in 1808 , who confirmed that it was not connected with the Columbia River . In 1828 George Simpson visited the river , mainly to examine Fort Langley and determine whether it would be suitable as the Hudson 's Bay Company 's main Pacific depot . Simpson had believed the Fraser River might be navigable throughout its length , even though Simon Fraser had described it as non-navigable . Simpson journeyed down the river and through the Fraser Canyon and afterwords wrote `` I should consider the passage down , to be certain Death , in nine attempts out of Ten . I shall therefore no longer talk about it as a navigable stream '' . His trip down the river convinced him that Fort Langley could not replace Fort Vancouver as the company 's main depot on the Pacific coast . Much of British Columbia 's history has been bound to the Fraser , partly because it was the essential route between the Interior and the Lower Coast after the loss of the lands south of the 49th Parallel with the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . It was the site of its first recorded settlements of Aboriginal people ( see Musqueam , Sto : lo , St'at'imc , Secwepemc and Nlaka'pamux ) , the route of multitudes of prospectors during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and the main vehicle of the province 's early commerce and industry . In 1998 , the river was designated as a Canadian Heritage River for its natural and human heritage . It remains the longest river with that designation . Uses ( edit ) The Fraser is heavily exploited by human activities , especially in its lower reaches . Its banks are rich farmland , its water is used by pulp mills , and a few dams on some tributaries provide hydroelectric power . The main flow of the Fraser has never been dammed partly because its high level of sediment flows would result in a short dam lifespan , but mostly because of strong opposition from fisheries and other environmental concerns . In 1858 , the Fraser River and surrounding areas were occupied when the gold rush came to the Fraser Canyon and the Fraser River . It is also a popular fishing location for residents of the Lower Mainland . The delta of the river , especially in the Boundary Bay area , is an important stopover location for migrating shorebirds The Fraser Herald , a regional position within the Canadian Heraldic Authority is named after the river . Fraser River as seen from the grounds of Westminster Abbey , above Hatzic in Mission , British Columbia . Sumas Mountain in background . Fishing ( edit ) The Fraser River is known for the fishing of white sturgeon , all five species of Pacific salmon ( Chinook , Coho , Chum , Pink , Sockeye ) , as well as Steelhead Trout . A typical white sturgeon catch averages between 14 to 45 kilograms ( 30 to 100 lb ) . A large white sturgeon weighing an estimated 500 kilograms ( 1,100 lb ) and measuring 3.76 metres ( 12 ft 4 in ) was caught and released on the Fraser River in July 2012 ( see : http://greatriverfishing.com/world-record-sturgeon-fraser-river/ ) , but it was reportedly measured nose to tip of tail , not nose to fork as is the officially recognized method for accurate measurement of this species . Thus the reported length of this fish , and its estimated weight , were likely greater than what its actual measurements would have been if standard data collection had been utilized in this case . Regardless of this discrepancy , landing large sturgeon like this is reasonably uncommon , however fish nearing or achieving this size are caught on rod and reel in the Fraser river virtually every year , and reports of even larger fish being lost occur with fair regularity . A variety of guiding outfits throughout the Fraser valley and lower mainland offer services to pursue this magnificent sportfish . Flooding ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) After European settlement , the first disastrous flood in the Fraser Valley occurred in 1894 . With no protection against the rising waters of the Fraser River , Fraser Valley communities from Chilliwack downstream were inundated with water . In the 1894 floods , the water mark at Mission reached 7.85 metres ( 25.75 ft ) . After the 1894 flood , a dyking system was constructed throughout the Fraser Valley . The dyking and drainage projects greatly improved the flood problems , but unfortunately over time , the dykes were allowed to fall into disrepair and became overgrown with brush and trees . With some dykes constructed of a wooden frame , they gave way in 1948 in several locations , marking the second disastrous flood . Flooding since 1948 has been minor in comparison . 1948 flood ( edit ) 1948 saw massive flooding in Chilliwack and other areas along the Fraser River . The high - water mark at Mission rose to 7.5 metres ( 24.7 ft ) . Timeline ( edit ) Throughout the May 24 long weekend , the waters of the Fraser were rising steadily , but only a few thought any real danger lay ahead . On May 28 , 1948 , the Semiault Creek Dyke broke . On May 29 , 1948 , dykes near Glendale ( now Cottonwood Corners ) gave way and in four days , 49 square kilometres ( 12,000 acres ) of fertile ground were under water . On June 1 , 1948 , the Cannor Dyke ( east of Vedder Canal near Trans Canada Highway ) broke and released tons of Fraser River water onto the Greendale area , destroying homes and fields . On June 3 , 1948 , the steamer Gladys supplied flood - stricken Chilliwack with tents and provisions as well as moving people and stock onto high ground . Reasons for the flood of 1948 ( edit ) Cool temperatures during March , April and early May had delayed the melting of the heavy snowpack that had accumulated over the winter season . Several days of hot weather and warm rains over the holiday weekend in late May hastened the thawing of the snowpack . Rivers and streams quickly swelled with spring runoff , reaching heights surpassed only in 1894 . Finally , the poorly maintained dike systems failed to contain the water . At the height of the 1948 flood , 200 square kilometres ( 50,000 acres ) stood under water . Dykes broke at Agassiz , Chiliwack , Nicomen Island , Glen Valley and Matsqui . By the time the flood waters receded a month later , 16,000 people had been evacuated , damages totaled $20 million . Later flooding ( edit ) Due to record snowpacks on the mountains in the Fraser River catch basin which began melting , combined with heavy rainfall , water levels on the Fraser River rose in 2007 to a level not reached since 1972 . Low - lying land in areas upriver such as Prince George suffered minor flooding . Evacuation alerts were given for the low - lying areas not protected by dikes in the Lower Mainland . However , the water levels did not breach the dikes , and major flooding was averted Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries are listed from the mouth of the Fraser and going up river . Fraser River in the Glen Fraser area , about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) upstream of Lillooet An east - facing aerial view of Ladner beyond Barber Island , Duck Island , Gunn Island and Port Guichon in the Fraser River Estuary Brunette River Coquitlam River Pitt River Stave River Kanaka Creek D'Herbomez Creek Norrish Creek Sumas River Harrison River Ruby Creek Coquihalla River Emory Creek Spuzzum Creek Anderson River Nahatlatch River Thompson River Stein River Seton River Bridge River Churn Creek Chilcotin River Williams Lake River Quesnel River Cottonwood River West Road River ( Blackwater River ) Nechako River Salmon River Willow River McGregor River Bowron River Torpy River Morkill River Goat River Doré River Holmes River Castle Creek Raush River Kiwa Creek Tete Creek McLennan River Swiftcurrent Creek Robson River Moose River See also ( edit ) List of tributaries of the Fraser River List of crossings of the Fraser River List of crossings of the Thompson River List of crossings of the Nechako River List of longest rivers of Canada French Bar Canyon Fraser Canyon List of British Columbia rivers Moran Dam ( proposal ) Steamboats of the Lower Fraser and Harrison Lake Vanport Oregon flood May 30 , 1948 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Salishan languages and Chinook Jargon . The Halkomelem form is Sto : lo , used as the name of the people of the Fraser Valley stretch of the river . `` Staulo '' is the anglicization used in the Kamloops Wawa lexicon of the Chinook Jargon Jump up ^ Carrier language . Lhtako is also used to mean the Dakelh people of the Quesnel / North Cariboo area Jump up ^ Indigenous name recorded by Alexander Mackenzie on expedition to find Columbia River 's headwaters ; circa 18 - ? Jump up ^ Tsilhqot'in name meaning Sturgeon ( ʔElhdachogh ) River ( Yeqox ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fraser River Fact Sheet '' . Canadian Heritage Rivers System . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambient Water Quality Assessment and Objectives for the Fraser River sub-basin from Kanaka Creek to the Mouth , BC Ministry of Environment ^ Jump up to : `` Comprehensive Review of Fraser River at Hope : Flood Hydrology and Flows , Scoping Study Final Report '' ( PDF ) . BC Ministry of Environment . October 2008 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fraser River '' . BC Geographical Names . Jump up ^ Canadian Global Almanac . John Wiley and Sons . 2004 Jump up ^ Cannings , Richard and Sidney . British Columbia : A Natural History . p. 41 . Greystone Books . Vancouver . 1996 Jump up ^ Dakelh Placenames , Yinka Dene Language Institute website Jump up ^ `` North Arm Fraser River '' . BC Geographical Names . Jump up ^ Mass , Cliff ( 2008 ) . The Weather of the Pacific Northwest . University of Washington Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98847 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Description '' . Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network . Retrieved February 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/google_map/google_map_e.html?searchBy=p&province=BC&doSearch=Go Jump up ^ `` Ambient Water Quality Assessment and Objectives for the Fraser River Sub-basin from Kanaka Creek to the Mouth '' . British Columbia Ministry of Environment , Water Management Branch , Resource Quality Section . November 1985 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , John W. ; Michael Healey ( May 2009 ) . `` Hydropower in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers '' . Catch and Culture ( newsletter ) . Mekong River Commission . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 215 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793 - 1843 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia ( UBC ) Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fraser River '' . Canadian Council for Geographic Education . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reifel Bird Sanctuary '' . Jump up ^ River Water Still Rising . Prince George Free Press , June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fraser flood alert imminent Mission gauge under close scrutiny , river likely to peak at 7.5 m by Saturday . Langley Times , June 6 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Boyer , David S. ( July 1986 ) . `` The Untamed Fraser River '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 1 . pp. 44 -- 75 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . The Fraser , Bruce Hutchison , 1950 , classic work by noted BC editor and publisher External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraser River . Map and photographs Hydrography of British Columbia Rivers Columbia Fraser Kootenay Liard Nass Nechako Peace Quesnel Skeena Stikine Thompson more ... Lakes Atlin Harrison Nechako Okanagan Shuswap Tagish Teslin Williston more ... Coastal features Burrard Inlet Bute Inlet Discovery Passage English Bay Gulf of Georgia Howe Sound Jervis Inlet Malaspina Strait Nootka Sound Queen Charlotte Sound Strait of Georgia Canadian Heritage Rivers System Rivers Alsek Arctic Red Athabasca Bay du Nord Bloodvein Bonnet Plume Boundary Waters Clearwater Cowichan Detroit Fraser French Grand Hayes Hillsborough Humber Kazan Kicking Horse Main Margaree Mattawa Missinaibi North Saskatchewan Red Rideau Seal Shelburne Soper South Nahanni St. Croix St. Marys Tatshenshini Thames Thelon The Three Rivers Upper Restigouche Yukon Nominated Adams Churchill Coppermine Ottawa Saint John See also American Heritage Rivers Category : American Heritage Rivers Category : Canadian Heritage Rivers Category : Rivers of Canada Landmarks in Greater Vancouver Buildings BC Place Beatty Street Drill Hall Bentall Centre ( Bentall 5 ) BowMac sign Canada Place CBC Regional Broadcast Centre Vancouver Central City Tower Central Heat Distribution The Coaster Dominion Building Empire Landmark Hotel Former Vancouver Public Library Gulf of Georgia Cannery H.R. MacMillan Space Centre Harbour Centre Hotel Europe Hotel Georgia Hotel Vancouver International Buddhist Temple Living Shangri - La Marine Building One Wall Centre Orpheum Pacific Central Station Pacific Coliseum Park Royal Parq Vancouver Rogers Arena Royal Centre Royal Vancouver Yacht Club Science World Seaforth Armoury Shaw Tower Sinclair Centre Stanley Theatre Sun Tower Sylvia Hotel Vancouver Art Gallery Vancouver City Hall Vancouver Public Library Waterfront Station Bridges Alex Fraser Bridge Arthur Laing Bridge Burrard Bridge Cambie Bridge Capilano Suspension Bridge Georgia Viaduct Golden Ears Bridge Granville Street Bridge Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing Knight Street Bridge Lions Gate Bridge Oak Street Bridge Pattullo Bridge Pitt River Bridge Port Mann Bridge Queensborough Bridge Skybridge Locations Chinatown `` The Drive '' Gastown Golden Village Granville Island Kitsilano Beach Metrotown Punjabi Market Robson Square Stanley Park / Vancouver Aquarium Geographical Burnaby Mountain Burrard Inlet Burrard Peninsula Cypress Mountain English Bay False Creek Fraser River Golden Ears Grouse Mountain Indian Arm The Lions Mount Seymour Point Grey Little Mountain Portal WikiProject GND : 4093210 - 2 VIAF : 248099607 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraser_River&oldid=843519765 '' Categories : Fraser River Rivers of British Columbia Rivers of the Pacific Ranges Rivers of the Canadian Rockies Canadian Heritage Rivers Canadian Cascades Interior of British Columbia Landforms of Vancouver South Coast of British Columbia Floods in Canada Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 37 . 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where is the fraser river located on a map
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"The Fraser River /ˈfreɪzər/ is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver.[5][8] It is the 10th longest river in Canada.[9] The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 cu mi) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and it discharges 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.[10]"
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"British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver"
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Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)
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Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2011 ) Mark Sloan Grey 's Anatomy character Eric Dane as Mark Sloan First appearance `` Yesterday '' ( 2.18 ) February 19 , 2006 ( as guest star ) `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' ( 3.03 ) October 5 , 2006 ( as series regular ) Last appearance `` Remember the Time '' ( 9.02 ) October 4 , 2012 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Eric Dane Information Full name Mark Everett Sloan Nickname ( s ) McSteamy Prettier Occupation Attending plastic surgeon and ENT at Seattle Grace Hospital and later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital Title Chief of Plastic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Sloan Riley ( daughter ) Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres ( daughter ) Grandson ( via Sloan ) baby with Addison ( aborted ) Significant other ( s ) Lexie Grey ( girlfriend , soulmate deceased ) Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Teddy Altman Reed Adamson ( deceased ) Amelia Shepherd Julia Canner Nancy Shepherd Mark Everett Sloan , M.D. , F.A.C.S. is a fictional character from ABC 's medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by Eric Dane . Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , the character was introduced in season two as Dr. Derek Shepherd 's best friend who acted as the catalyst for the end of Shepherd 's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife , Dr. Addison Montgomery . Soon after moving to Seattle Grace Hospital as an attending specializing in plastic surgery to reconcile with Derek , Mark earned the nickname `` McSteamy '' for his good looks by the female interns . Mark 's focal storyline in the series involved his romantic relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey . Both he and Lexie sustained life - threatening injuries after an aviation accident in the eighth season finale , which resulted in their deaths . Seattle Grace is later renamed Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Mark first appears in season two , introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . In his first appearance , he flirts with Meredith Grey , and Derek punches him in the face . Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife , Addison ( Kate Walsh ) while they were living in New York . Mark travels to Seattle , intent on convincing Addison to return with him , but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship . Mark returns during season three at Addison 's drunken behest , but she again rejects him once sober . Undeterred , Mark sells his successful private practice ( which he previously shared with Derek ) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital . During Meredith 's morphine rampage , Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek 's friendship back . It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek 's sisters . Mark has a brief fling with Addison 's friend , orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and develops a friendship with Derek 's girlfriend , intern Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . It is revealed that after Derek left New York , Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months , during which she conceived and aborted his child . Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek 's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over . Mark enters into a sixty - day abstinence pact with Addison , agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time , Addison will give their relationship another chance . Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles . Mark supports Derek when Meredith comes close to dying after drowning , and the two are able to rekindle their friendship . It is eventually revealed that he and Derek grew up together and that he , having lost his mother as a child and emotionally neglected by his father , considered Derek 's mother as his maternal figure . As he was an only child and Derek was the only son , they became close friends and he was Derek 's best man at the latter 's wedding to Addison . He also forms a friendship with Callie , and develops an attraction to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) . Erica does not reciprocate his feelings , and he is supportive of Callie when she and Erica have a brief relationship . When Addison shows up at Seattle Grace for a case , Mark attempts to sleep with Addison again but she refuses . The nurses later start a club against him called Nurses United Against Mark Sloan . After a string of unresolved sexual tension on his part , Mark then finds himself seduced by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , despite Derek 's request that he keep their relationship platonic even before their relationship had begun . They begin a sexual relationship , which Lexie halts until he is willing to publicly admit to being her partner . Mark eventually agrees and tells Derek , who attacks him . Animosity exists between them for several episodes , before they once more repair their friendship . Mark and Lexie 's relationship becomes increasingly serious . He meets her father , Thatcher ( Jeff Perry ) ; and at the end of season five , asks her to move in with him . Though Lexie initially declines , he remains committed to their relationship , and she agrees early in season six . Mark discovers that he has an 18 - year - old daughter , Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , who arrives seeking his support after becoming pregnant and being evicted by her mother . Mark permits her to move in with him , which angers Lexie . When Lexie makes it clear that she knew that Mark would choose his own daughter over her , she puts an end to their relationship . Sloan experiences difficulties in her pregnancy , so Mark takes her to LA to be treated . He and Addison once again sleep together , but when he comes back he tells Lexie because he does n't want to lie to her and wants them to get back together , but when she tells him she slept with Alex it puts an end to their relationship . When Sloan decides to give her baby up for adoption , Mark and Callie offer to raise it together . Sloan declines his offer and leaves Seattle , leaving Mark distraught . He enters into a relationship with cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , despite the fact she is in love with their trauma colleague , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . Sloan returns unexpectedly and gives birth to a son . She reconsiders having the baby adopted , but when Mark reassures her that he will support her no matter what , gives the baby to an adoptive couple from Washington . In the sixth - season finale , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital . Mark helps Lexie save Alex , her new boyfriend . In the aftermath of the shooting , Lexie has a nervous breakdown and Mark has her committed to the psychiatric unit . Their friendship is strained , however Lexie softens towards him when she learns that he is still in love with her . As Lexie goes to talk to Mark about him still being in love with her , she sees Mark entering his apartment with Derek 's sister Amelia kissing her and ultimately having sex with her . When Callie 's girlfriend , pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , breaks up with her , she and Mark have a drunken one - night stand . Shortly thereafter , he reconciles with Lexie , but is delighted when Callie discovers she is pregnant with his child . Lexie , however , is dismayed by the news and leaves Mark . Mark asks Dr. Jackson Avery to find out how Lexie 's doing , but Jackson lies to Mark that he was n't able to find it out , and he ( Jackson ) starts dating Lexie shortly after that . In the meanwhile , Callie and Mark 's daughter is born . Mark later gives Jackson and Lexie his blessing , and tells Lexie he will let her go ; Lexie replies that she is still in love with him , but right now she needs Jackson to be happy . After giving Jackson a hard time , Mark finally acknowledges his surgery skills and decides to teach him , although he still evidences feelings towards Lexie , while he shows his own parenting skills with Sofia . He also starts getting along better with Arizona . After a long time without dating , Mark finally embarks on a relationship with Julia . This makes Lexie jealous , which leads to her and Jackson breaking up . Lexie struggles to tell Mark how she feels but finally admits it leaving him torn between her and Julia . In the season 8 finale , Mark , Lexie , Derek , Meredith , Cristina , and Arizona are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise , Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins , crushing Lexie under debris . After trying and failing to save her , Mark holds a dying Lexie by the hand , telling her that he has and will always love her . He and the remaining surviving crash victims are left stranded in the woods , mourning Lexie and fighting to stay alive . In the ninth - season premiere , it is discovered that Mark is on life support due to the extensive injuries he sustained in the plane crash and , as determined by his will , the machines would be turned off if he showed no signs of waking within 30 days . Flashbacks of some moments in Mark 's life showcased him being videotaped as he was extending his congratulations to newlyweds Callie and Arizona . At the end of the speech , he declares that Lexie was the one he wanted to grow old and dance with in their granddaughter 's wedding . At 5 : 00 that day , with Derek and Callie keeping vigil at his bedside , the machines were turned off , and Mark Sloan died shortly thereafter . The following episode reveals that he had a surge of good health upon his return to Seattle Grace before ultimately succumbing to his injuries . His ' surge ' allowed him enough energy to advise his protégé Jackson , ' when you love someone , tell them ' , which is believed to be a reflection on the major obstacle of his failed relationship with Lexie . During this momentary energy , Mark also took the opportunity to make a clean break with his girlfriend , Julia , stating that the situation was not fair to her as he had always loved only Lexie . Following his death , Shonda Rhimes muses regarding Mark and Lexie 's relationship : ' ... he and Lexie get to be together in a way . Their love remains true . '' Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital is later renamed Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital in tribute to Lexie and Mark . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) Dane auditioned for the role during the casting of the pilot and ultimately received the role , which was only later introduced in the show . He initially appeared as a guest - star in the episode `` Yesterday '' of the second season , becoming a series regular from the third season episode `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' , first broadcast in October 2006 . Casting director Linda Lowy gave the insight : `` You ca n't forget about McSteamy . We cast ( Dane ) for one episode , and I think the women across the nation went kind of crazy . Everyone was talking about him , so we decided to make him a regular . '' In July 2012 , TVLine announced Dane would leave the show after the first two episodes of the ninth season . Rhimes said she and Dane decided to end Mark 's storyline after much discussion . She added : `` It was a thing that Eric had been thinking about for a while , but it felt like the right time to him . '' However , E ! Online reported that Rhimes had been forced by the network to reduce the cast for budget reasons and that Dane had not asked to leave the series . Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Sloan as `` charming '' , `` confident '' , `` smug '' , `` smarmy '' , and `` great with his hands '' . Shonda Rhimes said of the character : `` Mark , the original bad boy , is struggling with his own demons . He brings a healthy serving of mystery and potential conflict to Seattle Grace . '' Actress Kate Walsh said : `` He 's the guy you should n't go out with but you ca n't help yourself . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` he can be impertinent and evil and demeaning . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) Mark Sloan 's relationship with Chyler Leigh 's Lexie Grey has been well received by critics and fans alike , with Chris Monfette of IGN writing : `` Sloan 's honest relationship with Lexie helped to make both characters infinitely more interesting and mature . '' His role in the episode `` In the Midnight Hour '' from the fifth season was well received by Debbie Chang of BuddyTV who wrote , `` Mark ( Eric Dane ) is pretty freaking awesome in this episode . He 's lascivious as all heck , but he 's showing some compassion . '' His scenes with Shepherd were described as `` fun . '' Victor Balta of Today listed their friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' His bromance with Jackson Avery was also well received . Janalen Samson of BuddyTV wrote : `` Eric Dane has always shown a facility for sly , deft comedy and these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems . I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades . Writing for TV Fanatic , Courtney Morrison commented : `` Sloan has brought the GA comedy scale up a bit with his bromances and mentoring Jackson . The pairing was listed in Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 . Los Angeles Times TV columnist , Carina Mackenzie , described his scenes with Torres as `` always perfectly sharp . '' At the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Dane was part of the Grey 's Anatomy cast awarded the `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' accolade , for which they were also nominated the following year . References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary : ' I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio - Grey 's Anatomy '' . ABC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Dr. McSteamy scrubs in as cast regular '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Why Did ( Spoiler Alert ) Have to Die ? Insiders Spill Scoop '' . E !. Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Eric Dane , Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode 5.9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' Recap ( Page 2 / 4 ) `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : Love Is All You Need '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Love is in the air for Bailey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations announced for the 14th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . General `` Mark Sloan 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Mark Sloan at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sloan_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=842382322 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from July 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 02 : 49 . About Wikipedia
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when does mark sloan leave grey's anatomy
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ICC Player Rankings
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ICC player rankings - wikipedia ICC player rankings Jump to : navigation , search ICC Rankings logo The International Cricket Council Player Rankings is a widely followed system of rankings for international cricketers based on their recent performances . The current sponsor is MRF Tyres who signed a 4 - year deal with the ICC that will last until 2020 . The ratings were developed at the suggestion of Ted Dexter in 1987 . The intention was to produce a better indication of players ' current standing in the sport than is provided by comparing their averages . Career averages are based on a player 's entire career and do not make any allowance for match conditions or the strength of the opposition , whereas the ratings are biased towards recent form and account for match conditions and the quality of the opponent using statistical algorithms . Initially the rankings were for Test cricket only , but separate One Day International rankings were introduced in 1998 . Both sets of rankings have now been calculated back to the start of those forms of the game . The rankings include the top 10 Test , ODI and T20I batsmen , bowlers and all - rounders based on the rating of each player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current rankings 1.1 Test rankings 1.1. 1 Top 10 Test Batsmen 1.1. 2 Top 10 Test Bowlers 1.1. 3 Top 10 Test All - rounders 1.2 ODI rankings 1.2. 1 Top 10 ODI Batsmen 1.2. 2 Top 10 ODI Bowlers 1.2. 3 Top 10 ODI All - rounders 1.3 T20I rankings 1.3. 1 Top 10 T20I Batsmen 1.3. 2 Top 10 T20I Bowlers 1.3. 3 Top 10 T20I All - rounders 2 Historical rankings 2.1 Historical Test Cricket rankings 2.1. 1 Year end top ranked players in Test Cricket 2.1. 2 Batsmen and Bowlers with a peak rating of 900 points or more 2.2 Historical One - Day International ( ODI ) Cricket Rankings 2.2. 1 Year end top ranked players in ODI Cricket 2.2. 2 Top 10 Rankings : Batting and Bowling 2.3 Historical T20I Cricket rankings 2.3. 1 Year end top ranked players in T20I Cricket 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Current rankings ( edit ) Test rankings ( edit ) Top 10 Test Batsmen ( edit ) ICC Top 10 Test Batsmen Rank Change Name Rating Steve Smith 936 Joe Root 886 Kane Williamson 880 Cheteshwar Pujara 876 5 David Warner 807 6 Virat Kohli 806 7 Hashim Amla 776 8 Azhar Ali 769 9 K.L. Rahul 761 10 Ajinkya Rahane 760 Reference : ICC Rankings , 2 October 2017 Top 10 Test Bowlers ( edit ) ICC Top 10 Test Bowlers Rank Change Name Rating James Anderson 896 Ravindra Jadeja 884 Ravichandran Ashwin 852 Rangana Herath 846 5 Kagiso Rabada 795 6 Josh Hazlewood 794 7 Dale Steyn 756 8 Nathan Lyon 752 9 Neil Wagner 745 10 Vernon Philander 744 Reference : ICC Rankings , 2 October 2017 Top 10 Test All - rounders ( edit ) ICC Top 10 Test All - rounders Rank Change Name Rating Shakib Al Hasan 446 Ravindra Jadeja 430 Ravichandran Ashwin 422 Ben Stokes 396 5 Moeen Ali 378 6 Vernon Philander 325 7 Mitchell Starc 306 8 Jason Holder 226 9 Stuart Broad 207 10 Rangana Herath 201 Reference : ICC Rankings , 2 October 2017 ODI rankings ( edit ) Top 10 ODI Batsmen ( edit ) ICC Top 10 ODI Batsmen Rank Change Name Rating Virat Kohli 877 David Warner 865 AB de Villiers 847 Joe Root 802 5 Rohit Sharma 790 5 Babar Azam 786 7 Kane Williamson 779 8 Quinton de Kock 769 9 Faf du Plessis 768 10 Martin Guptill 749 Reference : ICC Rankings , 1 October 2017 Top 10 ODI Bowlers ( edit ) ICC Top 10 ODI Bowlers Rank Change Name Rating Imran Tahir 718 Josh Hazlewood 714 Kagiso Rabada 685 Mitchell Starc 684 5 Jasprit Bumrah 671 6 Trent Boult 665 7 Hasan Ali 663 Axar Patel 9 Rashid Khan 647 10 Sunil Narine 646 Liam Plunkett Reference : ICC Rankings , 1 October 2017 Top 10 ODI All - rounders ( edit ) ICC Top 10 ODI All - rounders Rank Change Name Rating Shakib Al Hasan 353 Mohammad Hafeez 339 Mohammad Nabi 329 Angelo Mathews 304 5 Ben Stokes 293 6 James Faulkner 280 7 Jason Holder 273 8 Moeen Ali 268 9 Mitchell Marsh 260 10 Chris Woakes 256 Reference : ICC Rankings , 1 October 2017 T20I rankings ( edit ) Top 10 T20I Batsmen ( edit ) ICC Top 10 T20I Batsmen Rank Change Name Rating Virat Kohli 826 Aaron Finch 787 Evin Lewis 780 Kane Williamson 745 5 Glenn Maxwell 718 6 Babar Azam 713 7 Alex Hales 690 8 Joe Root 683 9 Mohammad Shahzad 664 10 Faf du Plessis 657 Hamilton Masakadza Reference : ICC Rankings , 16 September 2017 Top 10 T20I Bowlers ( edit ) ICC Top 10 T20I Bowlers Rank Change Name Rating Imad Wasim 742 Jasprit Bumrah 737 Imran Tahir 719 Rashid Khan 717 5 Mustafizur Rahman 695 6 Samuel Badree 694 7 James Faulkner 688 8 Sunil Narine 676 9 Shakib Al Hasan 648 10 Ravichandran Ashwin 626 Reference : ICC Rankings , 16 September 2017 Top 10 T20I All - rounders ( edit ) ICC Top 10 T20I All - rounders Rank Change Name Rating Shakib Al Hasan 354 Glenn Maxwell 344 Mohammed Nabi 275 Marlon Samuels 270 5 Mahmudullah 203 6 Peter Borren 202 7 Corey Anderson 201 8 Yuvraj Singh 197 JP Duminy 10 Paul Stirling 193 Reference : ICC Rankings , 16 September 2017 Historical rankings ( edit ) Historical Test Cricket rankings ( edit ) Year end top ranked players in Test Cricket ( edit ) Date Top Batsman Country Top Bowler Country 31 December 2016 Steve Smith Australia Ravichandran Ashwin India 31 December 2015 Steve Smith Australia Ravichandran Ashwin India 31 December 2014 AB de Villiers South Africa Dale Steyn South Africa 31 December 2013 AB de Villiers South Africa Vernon Philander South Africa 31 December 2012 Michael Clarke Australia Dale Steyn South Africa 31 December 2011 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka Dale Steyn South Africa 31 December 2010 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka Dale Steyn South Africa 31 December 2009 Gautam Gambhir India Dale Steyn South Africa 31 December 2008 Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 31 December 2007 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 31 December 2006 Ricky Ponting Australia Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 31 December 2005 Ricky Ponting Australia Shane Warne Australia 31 December 2004 Rahul Dravid India Glenn McGrath Australia 31 December 2003 Ricky Ponting Australia Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 31 December 2002 Matthew Hayden Australia Glenn McGrath Australia 31 December 2001 Brian Lara West Indies Glenn McGrath Australia 31 December 2000 Sachin Tendulkar India Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 1999 Brian Lara West Indies Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 1998 Sachin Tendulkar India Allan Donald South Africa 31 December 1997 Steve Waugh Australia Glenn McGrath Australia 31 December 1996 Steve Waugh Australia Glenn McGrath Australia 31 December 1995 Brian Lara West Indies Shane Warne Australia 31 December 1994 Sachin Tendulkar India Shane Warne Australia 31 December 1993 Graham Gooch England Waqar Younis Pakistan 31 December 1992 Graham Gooch England Curtly Ambrose West Indies 31 December 1991 Graham Gooch England Curtly Ambrose West Indies 31 December 1990 Richie Richardson West Indies Malcolm Marshall West Indies 31 December 1989 Richie Richardson West Indies Malcolm Marshall West Indies 31 December 1988 Javed Miandad Pakistan Richard Hadlee New Zealand 31 December 1987 DB Vengsarkar India Richard Hadlee New Zealand 31 December 1986 Viv Richards West Indies Richard Hadlee New Zealand 31 December 1985 Allan Border Australia Richard Hadlee New Zealand 31 December 1984 Clive Lloyd West Indies Richard Hadlee New Zealand 31 December 1983 Clive Lloyd West Indies Imran Khan Pakistan 31 December 1982 Viv Richards West Indies Imran Khan Pakistan 31 December 1981 Viv Richards West Indies Dennis Lillee Australia 31 December 1980 Viv Richards West Indies Joel Garner West Indies 31 December 1979 Greg Chappell Australia Andy Roberts West Indies 31 December 1978 Greg Chappell Australia Chris Old England 31 December 1977 Greg Chappell Australia Max Walker Australia 31 December 1976 Dennis Amiss England Bernard Julien West Indies 31 December 1975 Keith Fletcher England Max Walker Australia 31 December 1974 Keith Fletcher England Geoff Arnold England 31 December 1973 Dennis Amiss England Geoff Arnold England 31 December 1972 Keith Stackpole Australia Geoff Arnold England 31 December 1971 John Edrich England Keith Stackpole Australia 31 December 1970 Doug Walters Australia Derek Underwood England 31 December 1969 Doug Walters Australia Derek Underwood England 31 December 1968 Garry Sobers West Indies Lance Gibbs West Indies 31 December 1967 Garry Sobers West Indies Lance Gibbs West Indies 31 December 1966 Garry Sobers West Indies Lance Gibbs West Indies 31 December 1965 Ken Barrington England Lance Gibbs West Indies 31 December 1964 Garry Sobers West Indies Lance Gibbs West Indies 31 December 1963 Garry Sobers West Indies Fred Trueman England 31 December 1962 Garry Sobers West Indies Wes Hall West Indies 31 December 1961 Garry Sobers West Indies Alan Davidson Australia 31 December 1960 Garry Sobers West Indies Alan Davidson Australia 31 December 1959 Garry Sobers West Indies Fazal Mahmood Pakistan 31 December 1958 Peter May England Tony Lock England 31 December 1957 Peter May England Hugh Tayfield South Africa 31 December 1956 Peter May England Jim Laker England 31 December 1955 Clyde Walcott West Indies Hugh Tayfield South Africa 31 December 1954 Neil Harvey Australia Ray Lindwall Australia 31 December 1953 Len Hutton England Alec Bedser England 31 December 1952 Len Hutton England Bill Johnston Australia 31 December 1951 Len Hutton England Bill Johnston Australia 31 December 1950 Len Hutton England Bill Johnston Australia 31 December 1949 Len Hutton England Ray Lindwall Australia 31 December 1948 Denis Compton England Ray Lindwall Australia 31 December 1947 Don Bradman Australia Ernie Toshack Australia 31 December 1946 Don Bradman Australia Bill Voce England 1940 -- 1946 No Test cricket took place due to WWII 31 December 1939 Don Bradman Australia Bill O'Reilly Australia 31 December 1938 Don Bradman Australia Bill O'Reilly Australia 31 December 1937 Don Bradman Australia Bill O'Reilly Australia 31 December 1936 Don Bradman Australia Hedley Verity England 31 December 1935 Don Bradman Australia Clarrie Grimmett Australia 31 December 1934 Don Bradman Australia Clarrie Grimmett Australia 31 December 1933 Don Bradman Australia Clarrie Grimmett Australia 31 December 1932 Herbert Sutcliffe England Clarrie Grimmett Australia 31 December 1931 Don Bradman Australia Clarrie Grimmett Australia 31 December 1930 Herbert Sutcliffe England Clarrie Grimmett Australia 31 December 1929 Herbert Sutcliffe England Maurice Tate England 31 December 1928 Herbert Sutcliffe England Maurice Tate England 31 December 1927 Jack Hobbs England Maurice Tate England 31 December 1926 Jack Hobbs England Maurice Tate England 31 December 1925 Jack Hobbs England Maurice Tate England 31 December 1924 Jack Hobbs England Jack Gregory Australia 31 December 1923 Herbie Taylor South Africa Jack Gregory Australia 31 December 1922 Jack Hobbs England Jack Gregory Australia 31 December 1921 Jack Hobbs England Jack Gregory Australia 31 December 1920 Jack Hobbs England Aubrey Faulkner South Africa 1915 -- 1919 No Test cricket took place due to WWI 31 December 1914 Jack Hobbs England Aubrey Faulkner South Africa 31 December 1913 Jack Hobbs England Sydney Barnes England 31 December 1912 Jack Hobbs England Sydney Barnes England 31 December 1911 Aubrey Faulkner South Africa Sydney Barnes England 31 December 1910 Jack Hobbs England Tibby Cotter Australia 31 December 1909 Clem Hill Australia Colin Blythe England 31 December 1908 Clem Hill Australia Jack Saunders Australia 31 December 1907 Clem Hill Australia Colin Blythe England 31 December 1906 Clem Hill Australia Wilfred Rhodes England 31 December 1905 Stanley Jackson England Wilfred Rhodes England 31 December 1904 Clem Hill Australia Hugh Trumble Australia 31 December 1903 Clem Hill Australia Hugh Trumble Australia 31 December 1902 Clem Hill Australia Hugh Trumble Australia 31 December 1901 Tom Hayward England Hugh Trumble Australia 31 December 1900 Tom Hayward England Hugh Trumble Australia 31 December 1899 Tom Hayward England Hugh Trumble Australia 31 December 1898 Joe Darling Australia Tom Richardson England 31 December 1897 WG Grace England Johnny Briggs England 31 December 1896 Jack Lyons Australia Bobby Peel England 31 December 1895 WG Grace England Johnny Briggs England 31 December 1894 Jack Lyons Australia Johnny Briggs England 31 December 1893 Jack Lyons Australia Johnny Briggs England 31 December 1892 Jack Lyons Australia Johnny Briggs England 31 December 1891 WG Grace England Bobby Peel England 31 December 1890 WG Grace England Bobby Peel England 31 December 1889 Arthur Shrewsbury England Johnny Briggs England 31 December 1888 Arthur Shrewsbury England Bobby Peel England 31 December 1887 Arthur Shrewsbury England Billy Bates England 31 December 1886 Arthur Shrewsbury England Fred Spofforth Australia 31 December 1885 A.G. Steel England Joey Palmer Australia 31 December 1884 A.G. Steel England Joey Palmer Australia 31 December 1883 George Ulyett England Fred Spofforth Australia 31 December 1882 George Ulyett England Fred Spofforth Australia 31 December 1881 WG Grace England Fred Spofforth Australia 31 December 1880 WG Grace England Fred Spofforth Australia 31 December 1879 Charles Bannerman Australia Fred Spofforth Australia 31 December 1878 Charles Bannerman Australia Tom Kendall Australia 31 December 1877 Charles Bannerman Australia Tom Kendall Australia Batsmen and Bowlers with a peak rating of 900 points or more ( edit ) Batsmen with a peak rating of 900 points or more Rank Name Played for Highest rating Sir Donald Bradman Australia 961 Sir Len Hutton England 945 Sir Jack Hobbs England 942 Ricky Ponting Australia 942 5 Peter May England 941 Steve Smith Australia 941 7 Sir Vivian Richards West Indies 938 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 938 Sir Garry Sobers West Indies 938 Sir Clyde Walcott West Indies 938 11 Matthew Hayden Australia 935 Jacques Kallis South Africa 935 AB de Villiers South Africa 935 14 Mohammad Yousuf Pakistan 933 15 Sir Everton Weekes West Indies 927 Graeme Pollock South Africa 927 17 Dudley Nourse South Africa 922 Doug Walters Australia 922 19 Neil Harvey Australia 921 Mike Hussey Australia 921 21 Joe Root England 917 Denis Compton England 917 23 Sunil Gavaskar India 916 24 George Headley West Indies 915 25 Ken Barrington England 914 26 Brian Lara West Indies 911 27 Kevin Pietersen England 909 28 Hashim Amla South Africa 907 29 Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies 901 30 Michael Clarke Australia 900 Bowlers with a peak rating of 900 points or more Rank Name Played for Highest rating Sydney Barnes England 932 George Lohmann England 931 Imran Khan Pakistan 922 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 920 5 Glenn McGrath Australia 914 6 Curtly Ambrose West Indies 912 Tony Lock England 912 Vernon Philander South Africa 912 9 Sir Ian Botham England 911 10 Malcolm Marshall West Indies 910 11 Waqar Younis Pakistan 909 Sir Richard Hadlee New Zealand 909 Shaun Pollock South Africa 909 Dale Steyn South Africa 909 15 Alan Davidson Australia 908 16 Derek Underwood England 907 17 Shane Warne Australia 905 18 Ravichandran Ashwin India 904 19 Sir Alec Bedser England 903 20 Clarrie Grimmett Australia 901 Bill O'Reilly Australia 901 22 Bill Johnston Australia 900 Historical One - Day International ( ODI ) Cricket Rankings ( edit ) Year end top ranked players in ODI Cricket ( edit ) Date Top Batsman Country Top Bowler Country 31 December 2016 AB de Villiers South Africa Trent Boult New Zealand 31 December 2015 AB de Villiers South Africa Mitchell Starc Australia 31 December 2014 AB de Villiers South Africa Sunil Narine West Indies 31 December 2013 AB de Villiers South Africa Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 31 December 2012 Hashim Amla South Africa Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 31 December 2011 Hashim Amla South Africa Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 31 December 2010 Hashim Amla South Africa Daniel Vettori New Zealand 31 December 2009 M.S. Dhoni India Daniel Vettori New Zealand 31 December 2008 M.S. Dhoni India Nathan Bracken Australia 31 December 2007 Ricky Ponting Australia Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 2006 Michael Hussey Australia Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 2005 Ricky Ponting Australia Glenn McGrath Australia 31 December 2004 Adam Gilchrist Australia Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 2003 Sachin Tendulkar India Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 2002 Michael Bevan Australia Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 2001 Michael Bevan Australia Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 31 December 2000 Michael Bevan Australia Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 31 December 1999 Michael Bevan Australia Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 1998 Sachin Tendulkar India Saqlain Mushtaq Pakistan 31 December 1997 Brian Lara West Indies Shaun Pollock South Africa 31 December 1996 Brian Lara West Indies Curtly Ambrose West Indies 31 December 1995 Brian Lara West Indies Paul Reiffel Australia 31 December 1994 Brian Lara West Indies Wasim Akram Pakistan 31 December 1993 Brian Lara West Indies Wasim Akram Pakistan 31 December 1992 Dean Jones Australia Curtly Ambrose West Indies 31 December 1991 Dean Jones Australia Curtly Ambrose West Indies 31 December 1990 Dean Jones Australia Curtly Ambrose West Indies 31 December 1989 Dean Jones Australia Courtney Walsh West Indies 31 December 1988 Javed Miandad Pakistan Malcolm Marshall West Indies 31 December 1987 Vivian Richards West Indies Maninder Singh India 31 December 1986 Vivian Richards West Indies Joel Garner West Indies 31 December 1985 Vivian Richards West Indies Joel Garner West Indies 31 December 1984 Vivian Richards West Indies Joel Garner West Indies 31 December 1983 Zaheer Abbas Pakistan Richard Hadlee New Zealand 31 December 1982 Vivian Richards West Indies Dennis Lillee Australia 31 December 1981 Greg Chappell Australia Dennis Lillee Australia 31 December 1980 Greg Chappell Australia Dennis Lillee Australia 31 December 1979 Greg Chappell Australia Andy Roberts West Indies 31 December 1978 Greg Chappell Australia Chris Old England 31 December 1977 Greg Chappell Australia Max Walker Australia 31 December 1976 Dennis Amiss England Bernard Julien West Indies 31 December 1975 Keith Fletcher England Max Walker Australia 31 December 1974 Keith Fletcher England Geoff Arnold England 31 December 1973 Dennis Amiss England Geoff Arnold England 31 December 1972 Keith Stackpole Australia Geoff Arnold England 31 December 1971 John Edrich England Keith Stackpole Australia Top 10 Rankings : Batting and Bowling ( edit ) Top 10 Rankings Batting Rank Name Played for Highest rating Year Sir Vivian Richards West Indies 935 1985 Zaheer Abbas Pakistan 931 Greg Chappell Australia 921 1981 David Gower England 919 5 Dean Jones Australia 918 1991 6 Javed Miandad Pakistan 910 7 Brian Lara West Indies 908 8 AB de Villiers South Africa 902 2015 9 Hashim Amla South Africa 901 2012 10 Desmond Haynes West Indies 900 1985 Gary Kirsten South Africa 900 Top 10 Rankings Bowling Rank Name Played for Highest rating Year Joel Garner West Indies 940 1985 Sir Richard Hadlee New Zealand 923 Imran Khan Pakistan 920 1986 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 913 2002 5 Glenn McGrath Australia 903 2002 6 Ewen Chatfield New Zealand 892 1984 7 Malcolm Marshall West Indies 891 1985 Dennis Lillee Australia 891 1982 9 Curtly Ambrose West Indies 877 1991 10 Michael Holding West Indies 875 1985 Historical T20I Cricket rankings ( edit ) Year end top ranked players in T20I Cricket ( edit ) Date Top Batsman Country Top Bowler Country 31 December 2016 Virat Kohli India Imran Tahir South Africa 31 December 2015 Aaron Finch Australia Sunil Narine West Indies 31 December 2014 Virat Kohli India Samuel Badree West Indies 31 December 2013 Alex Hales England Sunil Narine West Indies 31 December 2012 Shane Watson Australia Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 31 December 2011 Eoin Morgan England Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 31 December 2010 Kevin Pietersen England Graeme Swann England 31 December 2009 Graeme Smith South Africa Shahid Afridi Pakistan 31 December 2008 Misbah - ul - Haq Pakistan Umar Gul Pakistan 31 December 2007 Andrew Symonds Australia Umar Gul Pakistan 31 December 2006 Graeme Smith South Africa Andre Adams Australia 31 December 2005 Ricky Ponting Australia Brett Lee Australia See also ( edit ) Cricket portal ICC Test Championship ICC ODI Championship ICC T20I Championship International structure of cricket ICC Women 's Rankings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ICC announces MRF Tyres as Global Partner '' . International Cricket Council . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eastaway , Rob . `` How the World Cricket Rankings were born '' . Jump up ^ `` About ICC Cricket Rankings '' . Jump up ^ `` ICC Best - Ever Test Championship Rating - Batting '' . ICC . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Best - Ever Test Championship Rating - Bowling '' . ICC . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Best - Ever ODI Championship Rating - Batting '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Best - Ever ODI Championship Rating - Bowling '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Player_Rankings&oldid=803776901 '' Categories : International Cricket Council awards and rankings Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 15 : 36 . About Wikipedia
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Brown Sugar (The Rolling Stones song)
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Brown Sugar ( the Rolling Stones song ) - wikipedia Brown Sugar ( the Rolling Stones song ) `` Brown Sugar ( song ) '' redirects here . For the song by D'Angelo , see Brown Sugar ( D'Angelo song ) . For the song by ZZ Top , see ZZ Top 's First Album . `` Brown Sugar '' Single by The Rolling Stones from the album Sticky Fingers B - side `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' ( UK ) Released 16 April 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 16 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 2 -- 4 December 1969 Studio Muscle Shoals Sound , Sheffield , Alabama Genre Hard rock rock and roll blues rock Length 3 : 50 Label Rolling Stones Records Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Jimmy Miller The Rolling Stones singles chronology `` Honky Tonk Women '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 ) `` Wild Horses '' ( 1971 ) Audio sample file help Alternative covers American single label `` Brown Sugar '' is a song by the Rolling Stones . It is the opening track and lead single from their album Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) . Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number 495 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and at number five on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Inspiration and recording 2 Top of the Pops 3 Release 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Personnel 6 References Inspiration and recording ( edit ) Though credited , like most of their compositions , to the singer / guitarist pair of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards , the song was primarily the work of Jagger , who wrote it sometime during the filming of Ned Kelly in 1969 . Originally recorded over a three - day period at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield , Alabama , from 2 to 4 December 1969 , the song was not released until over a year later due to legal wranglings with the band 's former label , though at the request of guitarist Mick Taylor , they debuted the number live during the infamous concert at Altamont on 6 December . The song was written by Jagger with Marsha Hunt in mind ; Hunt was Jagger 's secret girlfriend and mother of his first child Karis . It is also claimed it was written with Claudia Lennear in mind . Lennear made this claim on BBC 's Radio 4 ( 25 February 2014 , Today ) , saying that it was written with her in mind because at the time when it was written , Mick Jagger used to hang around with her . In the liner notes to the compilation album Jump Back ( 1993 ) , Jagger says , `` The lyric was all to do with the dual combination of drugs and girls . This song was a very instant thing , a definite high point . '' The song is in compound AABA form . In the Rolling Stone interview ( 14 December 1995 , RS 723 ) with Jagger , he spoke at length about the song , its inspiration and success -- including claiming credit for writing the lyrics . He attributed the success of the song to a `` good groove '' . After noting that the lyrics could mean so many lewd subjects , he again noted that the combination of those subjects , the lyrical ambiguity was partially why the song was considered successful . He noted , `` That makes it ... the whole mess thrown in . God knows what I 'm on about on that song . It 's such a mishmash . All the nasty subjects in one go ... I never would write that song now . '' When Jann Wenner asked him why , Jagger replied , `` I would probably censor myself . I 'd think , ' Oh God , I ca n't . I 've got to stop . I ca n't just write raw like that . ' '' The lyrical subject matter has often been a point of interest and controversy . Described by rock critic Robert Christgau as `` a rocker so compelling that it discourages exegesis '' , `` Brown Sugar '' 's popularity indeed often overshadowed its scandalous lyrics , which were essentially a pastiche of a number of taboo subjects , including slavery , rape , interracial sex , cunnilingus , sadomasochism , lost virginity and heroin . An alternative version was recorded on 18 December 1970 , at Olympic Studios in London , after ( or during ) a birthday party for Richards . It features appearances by Al Kooper on piano , and Eric Clapton on slide guitar . Richards considered releasing this version on Sticky Fingers , mostly for its more spontaneous atmosphere , but decided on the original . The alternative version , which had previously been available only on bootleg recordings , was released in June 2015 on the Deluxe and Super Deluxe editions of the reissued Sticky Fingers album . Top of the Pops ( edit ) To promote the song , they performed on Top of the Pops with the performance taped sometime around late March 1971 , and being shown on 15 April and 6 May . They also performed on the album slot that was part of the show in 1971 , and performed `` Wild Horses '' and `` Bitch '' , which was shown on 22 April 1971 ; due to BBC practices at the time , the performances were wiped and all that remains is `` Brown Sugar '' . Release ( edit ) `` Brown Sugar '' was eventually released in May 1971 as the first single from the album , becoming a number one hit in both the United States and Canada and a number two hit in both the United Kingdom and Ireland , and has since become a classic rock radio staple . While the US single featured only `` Bitch '' as the B - side , the British single featured that track plus a live rendition of Chuck Berry 's `` Let It Rock '' , recorded at the University of Leeds during the 1971 tour of the United Kingdom . In the United States , Billboard ranked it as the number 16 song for 1971 . In the United Kingdom , the single was originally issued in mono using a now - rarely heard bespoke mono mix . This mono mix has never been used on any compilation . Little Richard covered the song while he was signed to Reprise Records . The song was performed routinely during the Stones ' 1970 European Tour , occupying a prominent spot near the end of the set list even though audiences were unfamiliar with it . It eventually opened the famed 1972 American Tour shows and has been a Stones concert stalwart since . When the Stones perform `` Brown Sugar '' live , Jagger often changes the lyrics from `` Just like a young girl should '' to `` Just like a young man should . '' The line `` Hear him whip the women just around midnight '' is often changed to the less offensive `` You shoulda heard him just around midnight . '' This is evident on their live albums Love You Live , Flashpoint , Live Licks , Shine a Light and Totally Stripped . This change also occurs on the version recorded at Richards 's birthday party . The song is also the first single released on Rolling Stones Records ( catalogue number RS - 19100 ) and is one of the two Stones songs ( along with `` Wild Horses '' ) licensed to both the band and former manager Allen Klein ( a result of various business disagreements ) resulting in its inclusion on the compilation album Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 . `` Brown Sugar '' is also included on the most significant latter - day Rolling Stones compilations , Jump Back , Forty Licks and GRRR ! . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Listener ) 11 Norway ( VG - lista ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) South Africa 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 38 Canada Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Cash Box 38 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Personnel ( edit ) The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger -- vocals , percussion Keith Richards -- electric guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals Mick Taylor - guitar Bill Wyman -- bass guitar Charlie Watts -- drums Additional personnel Ian Stewart -- piano Bobby Keys -- saxophone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ High Fidelity Musical America . 22 . Billboard Pub. 1972 . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Mike Jahn ( 1973 ) . Rock : from Elvis Presley to the Rolling Stones . Quadrangle . p. 284 . Jump up ^ The Rolling Stones ( 14 April 2009 ) . The Rolling Stones : Hot Rocks 1964 - 1971 : Authentic Bass TAB Sheet Music Transcription . Alfred Music . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4574 - 3336 - 8 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . The Rolling Stones - Brown Sugar at AllMusic . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` The Rolling Stones Brown Sugar Composed by Mick Jagger / Keith Richards '' . All Music . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Sugar '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 ( accessed 25 April 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jagger Remembers '' . Rolling Stone . 14 December 1995 ( accessed 25 April 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Covach , John ( 2005 ) , `` Form in Rock Music : A Primer '' , in Stein , Deborah , Engaging Music : Essays in Music Analysis , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 74 - 75 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517010 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jagger Remembers '' . Rolling Stone . 14 December 1995 . Jump up ^ Robert Christgau `` Rolling Stones '' . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll . 1976 ( accessed 24 June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . The Rolling Stones `` Brown Sugar '' . allmusic. 2007 ( accessed 25 April 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Ian McPherson ( 1969 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Brown Sugar '' . Timeisonourside.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5385 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Brown Sugar '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dutch Charts Annual Reviews - Single 1971 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1971 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Rolling Stones -- Brown Sugar '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Brown Sugar in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian . `` Brown Sugar '' . www.timeisonourside.com . Sticky Fingers Side one `` Brown Sugar '' `` Sway '' `` Wild Horses '' `` Ca n't You Hear Me Knocking '' `` You Gotta Move '' Side two `` Bitch '' `` I Got the Blues '' `` Sister Morphine '' `` Dead Flowers '' `` Moonlight Mile '' The Rolling Stones singles discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_Sugar_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)&oldid=856414601 '' Categories : 1971 singles The Rolling Stones songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Switzerland Songs written by Jagger / Richards Song recordings produced by Jimmy Miller Songs about heroin Songs about sexuality Hard rock songs Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 01 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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Ashley Peacock
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Ashley Peacock - wikipedia Ashley Peacock Jump to : navigation , search Ashley Peacock Coronation Street character Portrayed by Steven Arnold Duration 1995 -- 2010 First appearance Episode 3812 1 February 1995 Last appearance Episode 7489 10 December 2010 Introduced by Sue Pritchard ( 1995 ) Brian Park ( 1996 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Entrepreneur ( 2006 -- 2010 ) ( show ) Family Father Fred Elliott Mother Kathleen Gutteridge Adoptive father Sam Peacock Adoptive mother Beryl Peacock Wife Maxine Peacock ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Claire Peacock ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Sons Freddie Peacock Adoptive sons Joshua Peacock Stepsons Joshua Peacock ( 2002 - 2003 ) Grandfathers William Elliott Grandmothers Amelia Elliott Aunts Beryl Peacock Ashley Sibelius Peacock is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street . Portrayed by Steven Arnold , the character first appeared on - screen during the episode airing on 1 February 1995 . On 23 April 2010 , it was announced that the character had been axed along with his on - screen family by new producer Phil Collinson . Ashley was a victim of the tram crash and died as part of the show 's 50th birthday in December 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character Development 1.1 Background 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Ashley is the son of Fred Elliott ( John Savident ) and Kathleen Gutteridge ( Elizabeth Rider ) . He was conceived when his father had a relationship with Kathleen who was an employee at his family 's shop . Fred proposed to Kathleen , wanting to provide stability for his son but Kathleen rejected his proposal as she did not want to be tied down at a young age . When Ashley was born , Kathleen agreed to let Fred 's sister Beryl Peacock ( Anny Tobin ) and her husband Sam , raise Ashley as their own son . Ashley grew up believing Fred was his uncle and Beryl was his mother . Storylines ( edit ) Ashley is first seen doing bicycle deliveries for his uncle , Fred , from his butcher 's shop . Fred sends Ashley to Rita Sullivan ( Barbara Knox ) with a parcel of rump steak . Rita does n't want it as she does n't want to be obligated to Fred . Jamie does his puncture trick on Ashley 's bike and is paid again . Kelly Thomson ( Sarah Moffett ) is pleased to see Ashley , her old school friend . She gives him a cup of tea and is pleased to discover that he 's not going out with anyone . She tells him that his old girlfriend Margaret was two timing him all the time . She is embarrassed when Sally Webster ( Sally Dynevor ) matchmakes between them . Ashley and Kelly arrange to have a date in The Rovers , both terribly shy of actually asking the other out . Ashley feels bold enough to kiss Kelly but runs off in case Fred catches him . Ashley tells Judy that Fred intends to sell the horse for horsemeat . Ashley and Kelly plan to spend the night together at No. 1 in Ken Barlow 's ( William Roache ) absence . Ashley spends the night with Kelly at No. 1 . Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) sees Ashley leaving No. 1 in the morning and realises that he spent the night with Kelly . Ken returns from the course to find Ashley wearing his dressing gown . Emily is annoyed when Ashley accuses her of telling Ken about him staying the night with Kelly . Emily tells Ken that she 's not going to tell tales on Kelly but admits Ashley stayed the night . Kelly and Ashley have to cancel an evening out in Blackpool as Ken has an emergency meeting . Ashley tells Kelly that Ken puts on her but she accuses him of being selfish . Ashley apologises to Kelly and tells her that he 's fed up as they never get any privacy . Ashley asks for time off as he has enteritis . However , Fred discovers that he 's helping Kelly to move into Ken 's house . A row ensues and Ashley gets fired . Ashley refuses to make amends with Fred . Kelly asks Rita to persuade Fred to take Ashley back as Ashley 's too scared to approach Fred . Rita asks Fred to give Ashley a second chance but he tells her to let him run his business his way . She is put out . Rita explains to Kelly that she had no luck with Fred in getting Ashley 's job back . Fred reinstates Ashley . Ashley does n't like his mother 's boyfriend Trevor and feels they want him to leave home . Kelly tells Ashley that Don Brennan ( Geoffrey Hinsliff ) needs a lodger and it would be handy as it 's only two doors from her . Don shows Ashley around No. 5 . Ashley likes it but Kelly is wary of Don . Kelly thinks that No. 5 is n't the right house for Ashley as she does n't like Don . Ashley moves into No. 5 . Don tells him that now he has his rent money he does n't need to work so many night shifts . Ashley is disappointed as he was hoping to entertain Kelly . Ashley 's plans to go out with Kelly are spoiled when Don drags him onto a poker game . Kelly is furious when he stands her up as he enjoys the game and wins the others money . Don advises Ashley to be masterful with Kelly . Ashley tells Kelly that he 's not weak and is stunned when she slams the door in his face . Kelly is upset that Ashley is trying to act macho . Fred is annoyed by the new masterful Ashley and blames Kelly for changing him but she tells him that it 's Don 's fault . Fred advises Ashley to show Kelly he 's the boss by grabbing her for a kiss . Kelly is pleased when Ashley kisses her passionately and apologises but he oversteps the mark when he tells her to shut up so she slams the door on him again . Kelly and Ashley make - up and she admits that she does enjoy it when he 's forceful . Kelly tells Ashley that she fears she 'll have to go home to her parents and hints about them getting a flat together but he does n't pick up on the hint as he likes his independence at No. 5 . Kelly moves back home with Ashley 's help . Ashley and Kelly have a tearful farewell when she leaves for Scotland . He gives her a charm bracelet to remember him by . Don breaks open Ashley 's present to him - a bottle of whisky . Ashley keeps Don company . Ashley brings Don out of himself by talking to him about gambling . After his relationship with Kelly ends , Ashley is involved in an on - off relationship with Maxine Heavey ( Tracy Shaw ) . Eventually , Maxine moves in with Ashley at No. 4 - Fred 's house . When teenage runaway Zoe Tattersall ( Joanne Froggatt ) comes to Coronation Street , Ashley feels sorry for her and allows her to move in but Maxine is uncomfortable with the arrangement and leaves . Eventually Ashley falls in love with Zoe and sets out to be a provider for her and her baby daughter , Shannon . However , Zoe exploits Ashley 's good nature and runs off to join a cult after Shannon dies of meningitis . In 1999 , Ashley and Maxine get back together , and finally marry in September . Ashley also finds out that his uncle , Fred , is actually his biological father . Fred tells Ashley about Kathleen and her reluctance to be a mother at a young age . Fred also explains to Ashley that Beryl , who he believed to be his mother , is actually his aunt , and that Fred let her raise Ashley so he could watch him grow up . Ashley decides that he wants to meet his birth mother but Fred begs him not to , believing it would hurt Beryl . Ashley , however , tracks Kathleen down to her home in Oldham . He is initially very bitter towards her for abandoning him but they reconcile and Ashley lets Kathleen attend his and Maxine 's wedding . Ashley as he appeared in 1995 . Ashley and Maxine decide to have a baby and after months of trying , it is discovered that Ashley needs minor surgery . While he is in hospital overnight , Maxine gets drunk and has a one - night stand with local doctor Matt Ramsden ( Stephen Beckett ) and subsequently becomes pregnant with his child . When Joshua ( Benjamin Beresford ) is born in 2002 , Maxine lets Ashley believe that he is the father and Ashley is named on the birth certificate . Maxine tells Ashley the truth and he is hurt and betrayed by her actions , but he forgives her and agrees to raise Joshua as his son and asks her never to reveal to anybody that he is not Joshua 's biological father . In January 2003 , Maxine is murdered by Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , leaving Ashley devastated . At Maxine 's funeral , her boss Audrey Roberts ( Sue Nicholls ) causes a scene and accuses Richard of murdering Maxine and attempting to kill her and Emily . Later at the wake in The Rovers ' , Ashley is very angry with Audrey and does not accept her apology . However , he accepts the support of Audrey 's daughter , Gail ( Helen Worth ) , Richard 's wife . Ashley is further devastated when a blood test confirms that Matt is indeed Joshua 's biological father . Ashley realizes that he needs help looking after Joshua and hires a nanny , Claire Casey ( Julia Haworth ) . Ashley and Claire bond over Joshua and they eventually fall in love . In September 2004 , Ashley proposes to Claire in The Rovers and she accepts . They get married on Christmas Day 2004 . In November 2005 , Fred challenges another butcher , Eddie Maddocks , to a boxing match between Ashley and Eddie 's son , Marvin , a local boxing champion . On the day of the fight , Fred drops a weight on Ashley 's foot and he is hospitalised . Ashley recovers and goes ahead with the fight but a riot breaks out amongst the spectators . In order to restore order , Ashley and Marvin agree on a tie . On their first wedding anniversary in December 2005 , Claire tells Ashley that she is pregnant . Their son Thomas is born on 17 July 2006 . Around the same time , Matt contacts Ashley and demands access to Joshua . Ashley refuses and the matter goes to court . Eventually , Claire persuades Ashley to make Matt an offer of limited access which he accepts but ends up delivering Claire 's baby when she goes into labour and congratulates Ashley on becoming a father himself . Ashley supports Claire when she suffers from post-natal depression and is sectioned after trying to kill Thomas . Ashley stands by Claire during her ordeal and they reconcile when she is allowed home . In October 2006 , Ashley is devastated when Fred dies of a heart attack . Fred was due to marry Bev Unwin ( Susie Blake ) but visited his former lover , Audrey 's , house . Although Ashley swore that Fred and Audrey were not having an affair , not everyone believed him . Ashley had to cope with losing his father and people gossiping about why Fred had been at Audrey 's house . Ashley blamed Audrey for Fred 's death because she told him that she loved him and wished he was marrying her instead of Bev . Ashley is comforted by Claire who suggests that they rename their son Freddie , in Fred 's honour . Ashley takes over the running of his father 's shop . In May 2007 , whilst Ashley and Joshua visit Maxine 's parents , the Peacocks ' house is set on fire . Claire is rescued but Freddie is missing and is later found in a local park . Claire suspects her former friend Casey Carswell ( Zoe Henry ) but Ashley does not believe her . One day whilst Claire is out , Ashley kisses Casey and they agree to forget it ever happened . However , Casey has no intention of forgetting anything , manipulating Ashley into having an affair . They are almost caught when Claire returns from a trauma support group . Feeling guilty about his affair , Ashley tells Audrey and Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) . Ashley decides to make his marriage work and ends things with Casey but , adamant that Ashley loves her , Casey pesters him constantly . Claire becomes suspicious , as Casey had stayed with Ashley while she was away , and she asks Ashley if he had slept with Casey but he denies it . Casey becomes obsessed with Ashley and is prepared to do anything to get his attention , eventually kidnapping Freddie and takes him to her house , knowing Ashley would come to get him . When Ashley arrives , he is horrified to see Casey has photos of him everywhere . He tries to reason with her but Claire barges in and Audrey , who also accompanied them , calls the police . Claire talks to Casey and she reveals her affair with Ashley . Claire rescues Freddie , and Casey is arrested and admits starting the fire at the Peacocks ' house . After Ashley and Casey 's affair is revealed , Claire tells Ashley that their marriage is over . He moves out , staying briefly with the Websters before moving in with Audrey , Bill Webster ( Peter Armitage ) and her grandson , David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) . Ashley sees Joshua and Freddie regularly but it is clear that Claire is angry and hurt by his actions . She struggles with childcare and work but can not bring herself to forgive Ashley until Audrey convinces her to do so and the couple reconcile . During 2008 , Claire is shocked to discover that she and Ashley are struggling financially . Ashley confesses to using their savings to keep the butcher 's shop going so Claire discusses housing options with Sally when she mentions that her daughters , Rosie ( Helen Flanagan ) and Sophie Webster ( Brooke Vincent ) , are getting too old to share a room . Ashley and Claire 's sons are young enough for room sharing not to be a problem so Claire and Sally decide to swap houses . Initially , Ashley and Kevin are reluctant to move but are persuaded to do so by their wives . The couples agree to value the houses and the Websters agree to give the Peacocks the difference in cash . Eventually , the purchase price is agreed and both families move . In July 2009 , Claire is rushed into hospital after collapsing due to a near - fatal blood clot , brought on by a miscarriage . Claire and Ashley were unaware that Claire was pregnant . During her recovery , Claire decides not to have any more children and insists Ashley have a vasectomy . He agrees but when he arrives at the clinic for the surgery , he changes his mind and goes home , telling Claire that he has had it done . Eventually however , he tells her the truth , causing tension between the couple ; eventually he agrees to have the operation . On 10 November 2008 , Ashley employs Graeme Proctor ( Craig Gazey ) at his shop following the teenager 's release from a Young Offenders Institution and he and Ashley form a close bond and friendship . Since Autumn 2009 , Ashley developed a friendship with Steve McDonald ( Simon Gregson ) due to Claire 's newly developed friendship with Steve 's wife , Becky ( Katherine Kelly ) . In August 2010 , Claire is babysitting Joshua , Freddie , Aadi Alahan ( Zennon Ditchett ) , Asha Alahan ( Tanisha Gorey ) and Simon Barlow ( Alex Bain ) . She is forced to leave the children when her mother is taken ill and asks Sophie and Sian Powers ( Sacha Parkinson ) to watch the children . Whilst she is gone , Aadi and Simon have a fight and Aadi hits his head and later collapses and is rushed to hospital . He recovers and Aadi 's parents , Dev ( Jimmi Harkishin ) and Sunita Alahan ( Shobna Gulati ) , tell the police Claire was babysitting . When Claire is questioned , she tells the police about Sophie and Sian babysitting . Claire later tells Ashley she is concerned that her past mental health problems will be brought up but he reassures her that she has nothing to worry about . The Peacocks are angry with the Alahans for telling the police about Claire . After the police question Sophie and Sian , Sally confronts the Peacocks at Roy ( David Neilson ) and Hayley Cropper 's ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) wedding and accuses Claire of using the girls as a scapegoat and causing Aadi 's injury herself and mocks her former mental health problems . Claire then reveals that Sophie and Sian are lesbians and that she saw them kissing after returning home but the girls deny it . Ashley and Claire leave the ceremony and Claire shouts at Sophie as they walk past her for letting everyone believe that she is a liar . Claire then goes to stay with her mother and leaves Joshua and Freddie with Ashley . Ashley is angry with Sunita when she comes into the butchers to ask after Claire and he orders her to leave . When the truth is revealed about Simon causing Aadi 's injury , Ashley angrily confronts Simon 's father Peter Barlow ( Chris Gascoyne ) and accuses Simon of lying to cover his tracks and causing Claire 's problems . Peter apologises to Ashley . When Claire returns home , Sunita comes round to apologize but the Peacocks do not accept it and Ashley orders Sunita to leave . In order to put her ordeal behind her , Claire asks Ashley if they can move away from Weatherfield for a fresh start . Ashley is reluctant at first but agrees . However , Claire 's mother Yvonne ( Yvonne O'Grady ) later visits and she convinces Claire to move to France , where she lives . Claire is enthusiastic and agrees but Ashley changes his mind about moving , not wanting to leave the country . In October 2010 , Ashley is closing the butcher 's shop when he witnesses Graeme get run over by his former friend David . Ashley calls an ambulance and has to restrain Graeme 's girlfriend , Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) , David 's ex-girlfriend , from attacking David . Ashley and Claire accompany Graeme to the hospital and Ashley believes Claire is having second thoughts about leaving . Ashley is angry with David and accuses him of deliberately running Graeme over , saying some horrible comments . However , upon learning that David had an epileptic fit at the wheel and did not mean to run Graeme over , he feels guilty and apologises off - screen . In order to change Ashley 's mind about moving , Claire arranges a romantic meal for them but Ashley realises that she is trying to win him round when he notices that the food and wine is French . Ashley refuses to move again , but suddenly feels a pain in his chest . Believing he is having a heart attack , Claire rushes him to hospital . Ashley discovers that he was suffering from indigestion but he does not tell Claire this and he lets her continue thinking that he has heart problems in order for her to change her mind about moving and it works . Ashley is given indigestion tablets and removes them from their packet and puts them in a biscuit tin in the kitchen . Later , Joshua feeds Freddie one of Ashley 's pills and Claire panics and takes Freddie to hospital . Ashley is forced to admit that the tablets were for indigestion and not heart problems . When Claire returns home she apologises to Ashley for forcing him to move and tells him that she will move to France alone , with Joshua and Freddie and leave him behind . Ashley is forced to sleep on the sofa and later gets drunk in The Rovers . Graeme and Tina take him home and let him spend the night at their flat in order to sleep off his hangover . Ashley attends Jack Dobbs ' christening and Jack Duckworth ( Bill Tarmey ) asks him how things are between him and Claire . Ashley is forced to admit that his marriage may be over but Jack convinces Ashley to speak to Claire and he does so in The Rovers but they end up arguing again . Jack dies from cancer two weeks later and at his funeral , Ashley comforts Claire . At Jack 's wake , Ashley and Claire reconcile and he agrees to move to France with her . Ashley tells Graeme he will be selling the shop . Graeme is upset but wishes Ashley and Claire well . On 6 December 2010 , Ashley attends Peter 's stag night at The Joinery Bar . Ashley gets drunk and decides to go home . He goes into the office to say goodbye to Peter . He wishes Peter well and tells him never to turn his back on his fiancée Leanne Battersby ( Jane Danson ) . He also asks Peter to come and visit himself and Claire in France once they have settled down and the two men embrace . An explosion then tears through The Joinery , severing the overhead railway line and derailing a tram . Ashley is trapped in the office with Peter and bar manager Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ) . He then helps Nick free Peter who is buried under debris and badly injured . Ashley tries to search for a way out and realises he is seriously injured when he coughs up blood . He then tries to call Claire but gets no reply . He leaves a message on her phone telling her that he loves her and is looking forward to going to France with her and the boys . Ashley and Nick then manage to carry Peter to a hole in the wall after hearing firefighters call out to them . The roof starts to collapse and Ashley is trapped but holds the ceiling up long enough for Nick to pass Peter out to safety . Nick offers to stay behind and help Ashley but realising it is too late to save himself , Ashley shouts at Nick to get out and save himself . The roof then gives way and Ashley is crushed to death . Claire then listens to the voicemail that Ashley left her whilst he was trapped in the joinery . A distraught Claire then goes with Graeme to identify Ashley 's body at the morgue . Ashley 's funeral was held on 16 December 2010 , off - screen . The character has been referenced to several times since his death . Reception ( edit ) For his portrayal of Ashley , Arnold was nominated in the category of `` Most Popular Actor '' at the 1999 National Television Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2009 ) . `` Coronation Street - Cast & Characters - Ashley Peacock '' . ITV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter ( 2010 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Ashley and Claire Peacock Axed '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ New Corrie butcher is David Platt 's old cellmate ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` New Corrie butcher is David Platt 's old cellmate : Corrieblog '' . Corrieblog.tv . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` TV stars prepare for battle '' . BBC News . ( BBC ) . 26 October 1999 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Ashley Peacock at itv.com Ashley Peacock at What 's on TV Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Gina Seddon Sarah Platt Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Daniel Osbourne Roy Cropper Robert Preston Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Todd Grimshaw Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Aadi Alahan Asha Alahan Michelle Connor Carla Connor Anna Windass Gary Windass Mary Taylor Liam Connor Jr . Izzy Armstrong Max Turner Jack Webster Hope Stape Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Craig Tinker Joseph Brown Ruby Dobbs Tim Metcalfe Sinead Tinker Jake Windass Lily Platt Pat Phelan Luke Britton Alya Nazir Yasmeen Nazir Dr. Susan Gaddas Zeedan Nazir Gemma Winter Billy Mayhew Cathy Matthews Aidan Connor Alex Warner Johnny Connor Kate Connor Rana Habeeb Harry Platt Seb Franklin Shona Ramsey Jude Appleton Oliver Battersby Nicola Rubinstein Summer Spellman Moira Pollock Angie Appleton George Appleton Abi Franklin ( hide ) Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Lewis Archer Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Ryan Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Jim McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Nick Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Original characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashley_Peacock&oldid=813283481 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional butchers Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use British English from March 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 48 . About Wikipedia
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who was married to ashley in coronation street
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"Ashley realizes that he needs help looking after Joshua and hires a nanny, Claire Casey (Julia Haworth). Ashley and Claire bond over Joshua and they eventually fall in love. In September 2004, Ashley proposes to Claire in The Rovers and she accepts. They get married on Christmas Day 2004. In November 2005, Fred challenges another butcher, Eddie Maddocks, to a boxing match between Ashley and Eddie's son, Marvin, a local boxing champion. On the day of the fight, Fred drops a weight on Ashley's foot and he is hospitalised. Ashley recovers and goes ahead with the fight but a riot breaks out amongst the spectators. In order to restore order, Ashley and Marvin agree on a tie."
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"Claire Casey"
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List of hummingbirds
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List of hummingbirds - wikipedia List of hummingbirds Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a complete list of hummingbird species , sortable alphabetically by common or binomial name . For a list of hummingbird genera , see `` list of hummingbird genera '' . Antillean crested hummingbird Orthorhyncus cristatus Black - throated mango Anthracothorax nigricollis Blue - chinned sapphire Chlorestes notata Blue - headed hummingbird Cyanophaia bicolor Anna 's ' racket - tail Ocreatus addae annae Broad - billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris Brown violetear Colibri delphinae Buff - tailed coronet Boissonneaua flavescens Chestnut - breasted coronet Boissonneaua matthewsii Copper - rumped hummingbird Amazilia tobaci Costa 's hummingbird Calypte costae Jamaican mango Anthracothorax mango Purple - throated carib Eulampis jugularis Red - billed streamertail Trochilus polytmus Ruby - topaz hummingbird Chrysolampis mosquitus Rufous - breasted hermit Glaucis hirsutus Vervain hummingbird Mellisuga minima White - necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora Common name Binomial name Admirable hummingbird Eugenes spectabilis Allen 's hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Amazilia hummingbird Amazilia amazilia Amethyst woodstar Calliphlox amethystina Amethyst - throated hummingbird Lampornis amethystinus Amethyst - throated sunangel Heliangelus amethysticollis Andean blossomcrown Anthocephala berlepschi Andean emerald Agyrtria franciae Andean hillstar Oreotrochilus estella Anna 's hummingbird Calypte anna Antillean crested hummingbird Orthorhyncus cristatus Antillean mango Anthracothorax dominicus Azure - crowned hummingbird Agyrtria cyanocephala Bahama woodstar Calliphlox evelynae Band - tailed barbthroat Threnetes ruckeri Bearded mountaineer Oreonympha nobilis Beautiful hummingbird Calothorax pulcher Bee hummingbird Mellisuga helenae Berylline hummingbird Saucerottia beryllina Black inca Coeligena prunellei Black jacobin Florisuga fuscus Black metaltail Metallura phoebe Black - backed thornbill Ramphomicron dorsale Black - bellied hummingbird Eupherusa nigriventris Black - bellied thorntail Discosura langsdorffi Black - billed streamertail Trochilus scitulus Black - breasted hillstar Oreotrochilus melanogaster Black - breasted puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis Black - chinned hummingbird Archilochus alexandri Black - crested coquette Lophornis helenae Black - eared fairy Heliothryx aurita Black - hooded sunbeam Aglaeactis pamela Black - tailed trainbearer Lesbia victoriae Black - thighed puffleg Eriocnemis derbyi Black - throated brilliant Heliodoxa schreibersii Black - throated hermit Phaethornis atrimentalis Black - throated mango Anthracothorax nigricollis Blue - bearded helmetcrest Oxypogon cyanolaemus Blue - capped hummingbird Eupherusa cyanophrys Blue - capped puffleg Eriocnemis glaucopoides Blue - chested hummingbird Polyerata amabilis Blue - chinned sapphire Chlorostilbon notatus Blue - fronted lancebill Doryfera johannae Blue - headed hummingbird Cyanophaia bicolor Blue - headed sapphire Hylocharis grayi Blue - mantled thornbill Chalcostigma stanleyi Blue - tailed emerald Chlorostilbon mellisugus Blue - tailed hummingbird Saucerottia cyanura Blue - throated goldentail Hylocharis eliciae Blue - throated hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae Blue - throated starfrontlet Coeligena helianthea Blue - tufted starthroat Heliomaster furcifer Brazilian ruby Clytolaema rubricauda Broad - billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris Broad - tailed hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus Broad - tipped hermit Anopetia gounellei Bronze - tailed comet Polyonymus caroli Bronze - tailed barbthroat Threnetes ( niger ) loehkeni Bronze - tailed plumeleteer Chalybura urochrysia Bronze - tailed thornbill Chalcostigma heteropogon Bronzy hermit Glaucis aenea Bronzy inca Coeligena coeligena Brown inca Coeligena wilsoni Brown violetear Colibri delphinae Buff - bellied hermit Phaethornis subochraceus Buff - bellied hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis Buff - breasted sabrewing Campylopterus duidae Buff - tailed coronet Boissonneaua flavescens Buff - tailed sicklebill Eutoxeres condamini Buff - thighed puffleg Haplophaedia assimilis Buff - winged starfrontlet Coeligena lutetiae Buffy helmetcrest Oxypogon stubelii Buffy hummingbird Leucippus fallax Bumblebee hummingbird Atthis heloisa Calliope hummingbird Selasphorus calliope Canivet 's emerald Chlorostilbon canivetii Charming hummingbird Polyerata decora Chestnut - bellied hummingbird Amazilia castaneiventris Chestnut - breasted coronet Boissonneaua matthewsii Chilean woodstar Eulidia yarrellii Chimborazo hillstar Oreotrochilus chimborazo Chiribiquete emerald Chlorostilbon olivaresi Cinnamon hummingbird Amazilia rutila Cinnamon - throated hermit Phaethornis nattereri Collared inca Coeligena torquata Colorful puffleg Eriocnemis mirabilis Copper - rumped hummingbird Saucerottia tobaci Copper - tailed hummingbird Saucerottia cupreicauda Coppery emerald Chlorostilbon russatus Coppery metaltail Metallura theresiae Coppery thorntail Discosura letitiae Coppery - bellied puffleg Eriocnemis cupreoventris Coppery - headed emerald Elvira cupreiceps Coppery - naped puffleg Eriocnemis sapphiropygia Costa 's hummingbird Calypte costae Cozumel emerald Chlorostilbon forficatus Crimson topaz Topaza pella Crowned woodnymph Thalurania colombica Cuban emerald Chlorostilbon ricordii Dot - eared coquette Lophornis gouldii Dusky hummingbird Cynanthus sordidus Dusky - throated hermit Phaethornis squalidus Ecuadorian hillstar Oreotrochilus chimborazo Ecuadorian piedtail Phlogophilus hemileucurus Emerald - bellied puffleg Eriocnemis aline Emerald - chinned hummingbird Abeillia abeillei Empress brilliant Heliodoxa imperatrix Esmeraldas woodstar Chaetocercus berlepschi Fawn - breasted brilliant Heliodoxa rubinoides Festive coquette Lophornis chalybeus Fiery topaz Topaza pyra Fiery - tailed awlbill Avocettula recurvirostris Fiery - throated hummingbird Panterpe insignis Fire - throated metaltail Metallura eupogon Fork - tailed woodnymph Thalurania furcata Frilled coquette Lophornis magnificus Garden emerald Chlorostilbon assimilis Garnet - throated hummingbird Lamprolaima rhami Geoffroy 's wedgebill Schistes geoffroyi Giant hummingbird Patagona gigas Gilded sapphire Hylocharis chrysura Glittering - bellied emerald Chlorostilbon lucidus Glittering - throated emerald Polyerata fimbriata Glowing puffleg Eriocnemis vestitus Glow - throated hummingbird Selasphorus ardens Golden starfrontlet Coeligena eos Golden - bellied starfrontlet Coeligena bonapartei Golden - breasted puffleg Eriocnemis mosquera Golden - crowned emerald Chlorostilbon auriceps Golden - tailed sapphire Chrysuronia oenone Gorgeted puffleg Eriocnemis isabellae Gorgeted sunangel Heliangelus strophianus Gorgeted woodstar Chaetocercus heliodor Gould 's inca Coeligena inca Gould 's jewelfront Heliodoxa aurescens Gray - bellied comet Taphrolesbia griseiventris Gray - breasted sabrewing Campylopterus largipennis Gray - chinned hermit Phaethornis griseogularis Gray - tailed mountaingem Lampornis cinereicauda Great sapphirewing Pterophanes cyanopterus Great - billed hermit Phaethornis malaris Green hermit Phaethornis guy Green mango Anthracothorax viridis Green thorntail Discosura conversii Green - and - white hummingbird Leucippus viridicauda Green - backed firecrown Sephanoides sephaniodes Green - bearded helmetcrest Oxypogon guerinii Green - bellied hummingbird Saucerottia viridigaster Green - breasted mango Anthracothorax prevostii Green - breasted mountaingem Lampornis sybillae Green - crowned brilliant Heliodoxa jacula Green - crowned plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi Green - fronted hummingbird Agyrtria viridifrons Green - fronted lancebill Doryfera ludovicae Green - headed hillstar Oreotrochilus stolzmanni Greenish puffleg Haplophaedia aureliae Green - tailed emerald Chlorostilbon alice Green - tailed goldenthroat Polytmus theresiae Green - tailed trainbearer Lesbia nuna Green - throated carib Eulampis holosericeus Green - throated mango Anthracothorax viridigula Green - throated mountaingem Lampornis viridipallens Hispaniolan emerald Chlorostilbon swainsonii Hoary puffleg Haplophaedia lugens Honduran emerald Polyerata luciae Hooded visorbearer Augastes lumachella Hook - billed hermit Glaucis dohrnii Horned sungem Heliactin bilophus Hyacinth visorbearer Augastes scutatus Inagua woodstar Calliphlox lyrura Indigo - capped hummingbird Saucerottia cyanifrons Jamaican mango Anthracothorax mango Juan Fernández firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis Koepcke 's hermit Phaethornis koepckeae Lazuline sabrewing Campylopterus falcatus Lesser violetear Colibri cyanotus Little hermit Phaethornis longuemareus Little sunangel Heliangelus micrastur Little woodstar Chaetocercus bombus Loja hummingbird Amazilia alticola Long - billed hermit Phaethornis longirostris Long - billed starthroat Heliomaster longirostris Long - tailed hermit Phaethornis superciliosus Long - tailed sabrewing Campylopterus excellens Long - tailed sylph Aglaiocercus kingi Long - tailed woodnymph Thalurania watertonii Longuemare 's sunangel Heliangelus clarisse Lucifer hummingbird Calothorax lucifer Magenta - throated woodstar Calliphlox bryantae Mangrove hummingbird Polyerata boucardi Many - spotted hummingbird Leucippus hypostictus Maranhao hermit Phaethornis ( nattereri ) maranhaoensis Marvellous spatuletail Loddigesia mirabilis Mexican hermit Phaethornis mexicanus Mexican sheartail Doricha eliza Mexican violetear Colibri thalassinus Mexican woodnymph Thalurania ridgwayi Minute hermit Phaethornis idaliae Mountain avocetbill Opisthoprora euryptera Mountain velvetbreast Lafresnaya lafresnayi Napo sabrewing Campylopterus villaviscensio Narrow - tailed emerald Chlorostilbon stenurus Neblina metaltail Metallura odomae Needle - billed hermit Phaethornis philippii Oasis hummingbird Rhodopis vesper Olivaceous thornbill Chalcostigma olivaceum Olive - spotted hummingbird Leucippus chlorocercus Orange - throated sunangel Heliangelus mavors Pale - bellied hermit Phaethornis anthophilus Pale - tailed barbthroat Threnetes ( niger ) leucurus Peacock coquette Lophornis pavoninus Perija metaltail Metallura iracunda Peruvian piedtail Phlogophilus harterti Peruvian racket - tail Ocreatus peruanus Peruvian sheartail Thaumastura cora Pink - throated brilliant Heliodoxa gularis Plain - bellied emerald Agyrtria leucogaster Plain - capped starthroat Heliomaster constantii Planalto hermit Phaethornis pretrei Puerto Rican emerald Chlorostilbon maugaeus Purple - backed sunbeam Aglaeactis aliciae Purple - backed thornbill Ramphomicron microrhynchum Purple - bibbed whitetip Urosticte benjamini Purple - chested hummingbird Polyerata rosenbergi Purple - collared woodstar Myrtis fanny Purple - crowned fairy Heliothryx barroti Purple - crowned plovercrest Stephanoxis loddigesii Purple - throated carib Eulampis jugularis Purple - throated mountaingem Lampornis calolaema Purple - throated sunangel Heliangelus viola Purple - throated woodstar Calliphlox mitchellii Racket - tailed coquette Discosura longicauda Rainbow starfrontlet Coeligena iris Rainbow - bearded thornbill Chalcostigma herrani Red - billed streamertail Trochilus polytmus Reddish hermit Phaethornis ruber Red - tailed comet Sappho sparganurus Rivoli 's hummingbird Eugenes fulgens Rondonia emerald Agyrtria rondoniae Royal sunangel Heliangelus regalis Ruby - throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris Ruby - topaz hummingbird Chrysolampis mosquitus Rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Rufous sabrewing Campylopterus rufus Rufous - booted racket - tail Ocreatus addae Rufous - breasted hermit Glaucis hirsuta Rufous - breasted sabrewing Campylopterus hyperythrus Rufous - capped thornbill Chalcostigma ruficeps Rufous - cheeked hummingbird Goethalsia bella Rufous - crested coquette Lophornis delattrei Rufous - shafted woodstar Chaetocercus jourdanii Rufous - tailed hummingbird Amazilia tzacatl Rufous - throated sapphire Hylocharis sapphirina Rufous - vented whitetip Urosticte ruficrissa Rufous - webbed brilliant Heliodoxa branickii Santa Marta blossomcrown Anthocephala floriceps Santa Marta sabrewing Campylopterus phainopeplus Santa Marta woodstar Chaetocercus astreans Sapphire - bellied hummingbird Lepidopyga lilliae Sapphire - spangled emerald Polyerata lactea Sapphire - throated hummingbird Lepidopyga coeruleogularis Sapphire - vented puffleg Eriocnemis luciani Saw - billed hermit Ramphodon naevius Scaled metaltail Metallura aeneocauda Scale - throated hermit Phaethornis eurynome Scaly - breasted hummingbird Phaeochroa cuvierii Scintillant hummingbird Selasphorus scintilla Scissor - tailed hummingbird Hylonympha macrocerca Shining sunbeam Aglaeactis cupripennis Shining - green hummingbird Lepidopyga goudoti Short - crested coquette Lophornis brachylophus Short - tailed emerald Chlorostilbon poortmani Short - tailed woodstar Myrmia micrura Slender sheartail Doricha enicura Slender - tailed woodstar Microstilbon burmeisteri Snowcap Microchera albocoronata Snowy - bellied hummingbird Saucerottia edward Sombre hummingbird Campylopterus cirrochloris Sooty barbthroat Threnetes niger Sooty - capped hermit Phaethornis augusti Spangled coquette Lophornis stictolophus Sparkling violetear Colibri coruscans Sparkling - tailed hummingbird Tilmatura dupontii Speckled hummingbird Adelomyia melanogenys Spot - throated hummingbird Leucippus taczanowskii Steely - vented hummingbird Amazilia saucerottei Straight - billed hermit Phaethornis bourcieri Streak - throated hermit Phaethornis rupurumii Stripe - breasted starthroat Heliomaster squamosus Stripe - tailed hummingbird Eupherusa eximia Stripe - throated hermit Phaethornis striigularis Swallow - tailed hummingbird Eupetomena macroura Sword - billed hummingbird Ensifera ensifera Tapajós hermit Phaethornis aethopyga Tawny - bellied hermit Phaethornis syrmatophorus Tepui goldenthroat Polytmus milleri Tooth - billed hummingbird Androdon aequatorialis Tourmaline sunangel Heliangelus exortis Tufted coquette Lophornis ornatus Tumbes hummingbird Leucippus baeri Turquoise - throated puffleg Eriocnemis godini Tyrian metaltail Metallura tyrianthina Velvet - browed brilliant Heliodoxa xanthogonys Velvet - purple coronet Boissonneaua jardini Venezuelan sylph Aglaiocercus berlepschi Veraguan mango Anthracothorax veraguensis Versicolored emerald Agyrtria versicolor Vervain hummingbird Mellisuga minima Violet sabrewing Campylopterus hemileucurus Violet - bellied hummingbird Damophila julie Violet - capped hummingbird Goldmania violiceps Violet - capped woodnymph Thalurania glaucopis Violet - chested hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus Violet - crowned hummingbird Agyrtria violiceps Violet - fronted brilliant Heliodoxa leadbeateri Violet - headed hummingbird Klais guimeti Violet - tailed sylph Aglaiocercus coelestis Violet - throated metaltail Metallura baroni Violet - throated starfrontlet Coeligena violifer Viridian metaltail Metallura williami Volcano hummingbird Selasphorus flammula Wedge - tailed hillstar Oreotrochilus adela Wedge - tailed sabrewing Campylopterus curvipennis White - bearded helmetcrest Oxypogon linden White - bearded hermit Phaethornis hispidus White - bellied emerald Agyrtria candida White - bellied hummingbird Leucippus chionogaster White - bellied mountaingem Lampornis hemileucus White - bellied woodstar Chaetocercus mulsant White - booted racket - tail Ocreatus underwoodii White - browed hermit Phaethornis stuarti White - chested emerald Agyrtria brevirostris White - chinned sapphire Hylocharis cyanus White - crested coquette Lophornis adorabilis White - eared hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis White - necked jacobin Florisuga mellivora White - sided hillstar Oreotrochilus leucopleurus White - tailed emerald Elvira chionura White - tailed goldenthroat Polytmus guainumbi White - tailed hillstar Urochroa bougueri White - tailed hummingbird Eupherusa poliocerca White - tailed sabrewing Campylopterus ensipennis White - tailed starfrontlet Coeligena phalerata White - throated hummingbird Leucochloris albicollis White - throated mountaingem Lampornis castaneoventris White - throated wedgebill Schistes albogularis White - tipped sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila White - tufted sunbeam Aglaeactis castelnaudii White - vented plumeleteer Chalybura buffonii White - vented violetear Colibri serrirostris White - whiskered hermit Phaethornis yaruqui Wine - throated hummingbird Atthis ellioti Wire - crested thorntail Discosura popelairii Xantus 's hummingbird Hylocharis xantusii Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hummingbirds&oldid=789467937 '' Categories : Lists of birds Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2010 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Català 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2017 , at 14 : 39 . 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how many different types of hummingbirds are there
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Antibody
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Antibody - wikipedia Antibody Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the class of proteins . For other uses , see Antibody ( disambiguation ) . Each antibody binds to a specific antigen ; an interaction similar to a lock and key . An antibody ( Ab ) , also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ) , is a large , Y - shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen , called an antigen , via the Fab 's variable region . Each tip of the `` Y '' of an antibody contains a paratope ( analogous to a lock ) that is specific for one particular epitope ( similarly analogous to a key ) on an antigen , allowing these two structures to bind together with precision . Using this binding mechanism , an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system , or can neutralize its target directly ( for example , by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival ) . Depending on the antigen , the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance . The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region ( located at the base of the `` Y '' ) , which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions . The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system . Antibodies are secreted by B cells of the adaptive immune system , mostly by differentiated B cells called plasma cells . Antibodies can occur in two physical forms , a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma , and a membrane - bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B - cell receptor ( BCR ) . The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure . In most cases , interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and , therefore , antibody generation following antigen binding . Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids , as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms . Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . They constitute most of the gamma globulin fraction of the blood proteins . They are typically made of basic structural units -- each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains . There are several different types of antibody heavy chains that define the five different types of crystallisable fragments ( Fc ) that may be attached to the antigen - binding fragments . The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes . Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor ( except for IgD , which is essentially the BCR ) , thus allowing the antigen - antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds . The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan ( s ) present at conserved sites within its Fc region . The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter . For example , IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release . IgE 's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen , for example house dust mite particles , while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε . The allergen - IgE - FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma . Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar , a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable , allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures , or antigen - binding sites , to exist . This region is known as the hypervariable region . Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen . This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen - binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens . The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen - binding sites ( or paratopes ) , followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene , which create further diversity . This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V ( D ) J or VJ recombination . Basically , the antibody paratope is polygenic , made up of three genes , V , D , and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic , such that during antibody production , one allele of V , one of D , and one of J is chosen . These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope . The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis . Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another , creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen - specific variable region . This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors , expressed on different parts of the immune system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Forms 2 Antibody -- antigen interactions 3 Isotypes 4 Structure 4.1 Immunoglobulin domains 4.2 Heavy chain 4.3 Light chain 4.4 CDRs , Fv , Fab and Fc regions 5 Function 5.1 Activation of complement 5.2 Activation of effector cells 5.3 Natural antibodies 6 Immunoglobulin diversity 6.1 Domain variability 6.2 V ( D ) J recombination 6.3 Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation 6.4 Class switching 6.5 Affinity designations 6.6 Asymmetrical antibodies 7 Medical applications 7.1 Disease diagnosis 7.2 Disease therapy 7.3 Prenatal therapy 8 Research applications 9 Regulations 9.1 Production and testing 9.2 Before clinical trials 9.3 Preclinical studies 10 Structure prediction 11 History 12 Antibody mimetic 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Forms ( edit ) The membrane - bound form of an antibody may be called a surface immunoglobulin ( sIg ) or a membrane immunoglobulin ( mIg ) . It is part of the B cell receptor ( BCR ) , which allows a B cell to detect when a specific antigen is present in the body and triggers B cell activation . The BCR is composed of surface - bound IgD or IgM antibodies and associated Ig - α and Ig - β heterodimers , which are capable of signal transduction . A typical human B cell will have 50,000 to 100,000 antibodies bound to its surface . Upon antigen binding , they cluster in large patches , which can exceed 1 micrometer in diameter , on lipid rafts that isolate the BCRs from most other cell signaling receptors . These patches may improve the efficiency of the cellular immune response . In humans , the cell surface is bare around the B cell receptors for several hundred nanometers , which further isolates the BCRs from competing influences . Antibody -- antigen interactions ( edit ) The antibody 's paratope interacts with the antigen 's epitope . An antigen usually contains different epitopes along its surface arranged discontinuously , and dominant epitopes on a given antigen are called determinants . Antibody and antigen interact by spatial complementarity ( lock and key ) . The molecular forces involved in the Fab - epitope interaction are weak and non-specific -- for example electrostatic forces , hydrogen bonds , hydrophobic interactions , and van der Waals forces . This means binding between antibody and antigen is reversible , and the antibody 's affinity towards an antigen is relative rather than absolute . Relatively weak binding also means it is possible for an antibody to cross-react with different antigens of different relative affinities . Often , once an antibody and antigen bind , they become an immune complex , which functions as a unitary object and can act as an antigen in its own right , being countered by other antibodies . Similarly , haptens are small molecules that provoke no immune response by themselves , but once they bind to proteins , the resulting complex or hapten - carrier adduct is antigenic . Isotypes ( edit ) Antibodies can come in different varieties known as isotypes or classes . In placental mammals there are five antibody isotypes known as IgA , IgD , IgE , IgG , and IgM . They are each named with an `` Ig '' prefix that stands for immunoglobulin , a name sometimes used interchangeably with antibody , and differ in their biological properties , functional locations and ability to deal with different antigens , as depicted in the table . The different suffixes of the antibody isotypes denote the different types of heavy chains the antibody contains , with each heavy chain class named alphabetically : α ( alpha ) , γ ( gamma ) , δ ( delta ) , ε ( epsilon ) , and μ ( mu ) . This gives rise to IgA , IgG , IgD , IgE , and IgM , respectively . Antibody isotypes of mammals Name Types Description Antibody complexes IgA Found in mucosal areas , such as the gut , respiratory tract and urogenital tract , and prevents colonization by pathogens . Also found in saliva , tears , and breast milk . IgD Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens . It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors . IgE Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils , and is involved in allergy . Also protects against parasitic worms . IgG In its four forms , provides the majority of antibody - based immunity against invading pathogens . The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus . IgM Expressed on the surface of B cells ( monomer ) and in a secreted form ( pentamer ) with very high avidity . Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell - mediated ( humoral ) immunity before there is sufficient IgG . The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell development and activation . Immature B cells , which have never been exposed to an antigen , express only the IgM isotype in a cell surface bound form . The B lymphocyte , in this ready - to - respond form , is known as a `` naive B lymphocyte . '' The naive B lymphocyte expresses both surface IgM and IgD . The co-expression of both of these immunoglobulin isotypes renders the B cell ready to respond to antigen . B cell activation follows engagement of the cell - bound antibody molecule with an antigen , causing the cell to divide and differentiate into an antibody - producing cell called a plasma cell . In this activated form , the B cell starts to produce antibody in a secreted form rather than a membrane - bound form . Some daughter cells of the activated B cells undergo isotype switching , a mechanism that causes the production of antibodies to change from IgM or IgD to the other antibody isotypes , IgE , IgA , or IgG , that have defined roles in the immune system . Antibody isotypes not found in mammals Name Types Description IgY Found in birds and reptiles ; related to mammalian IgG . IgW Found in sharks and skates ; related to mammalian IgD . Structure ( edit ) Antibodies are heavy ( ~ 150 k Da ) globular plasma proteins . They have sugar chains ( glycans ) added to conserved amino acid residues . In other words , antibodies are glycoproteins . The attached glycans are critically important to the structure and function of the antibody . Among other things the expressed glycans can modulate an antibody 's affinity for its corresponding FcR ( s ) . The basic functional unit of each antibody is an immunoglobulin ( Ig ) monomer ( containing only one Ig unit ) ; secreted antibodies can also be dimeric with two Ig units as with IgA , tetrameric with four Ig units like teleost fish IgM , or pentameric with five Ig units , like mammalian IgM . Several immunoglobulin domains make up the two heavy chains ( red and blue ) and the two light chains ( green and yellow ) of an antibody . The immunoglobulin domains are composed of between 7 ( for constant domains ) and 9 ( for variable domains ) β - strands . The variable parts of an antibody are its V regions , and the constant part is its C region . Immunoglobulin domains ( edit ) The Ig monomer is a `` Y '' - shaped molecule that consists of four polypeptide chains ; two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds . Each chain is composed of structural domains called immunoglobulin domains . These domains contain about 70 -- 110 amino acids and are classified into different categories ( for example , variable or IgV , and constant or IgC ) according to their size and function . They have a characteristic immunoglobulin fold in which two beta sheets create a `` sandwich '' shape , held together by interactions between conserved cysteines and other charged amino acids . Heavy chain ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Immunoglobulin heavy chain . There are five types of mammalian Ig heavy chain denoted by the Greek letters : α , δ , ε , γ , and μ . The type of heavy chain present defines the class of antibody ; these chains are found in IgA , IgD , IgE , IgG , and IgM antibodies , respectively . Distinct heavy chains differ in size and composition ; α and γ contain approximately 450 amino acids , whereas μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids . Fab region Fc region Heavy chain ( blue ) with one variable ( V ) domain followed by a constant domain ( C 1 ) , a hinge region , and two more constant ( C 2 and C 3 ) domains Light chain ( green ) with one variable ( V ) and one constant ( C ) domain Antigen binding site ( paratope ) Hinge regions Each heavy chain has two regions , the constant region and the variable region . The constant region is identical in all antibodies of the same isotype , but differs in antibodies of different isotypes . Heavy chains γ , α and δ have a constant region composed of three tandem ( in a line ) Ig domains , and a hinge region for added flexibility ; heavy chains μ and ε have a constant region composed of four immunoglobulin domains . The variable region of the heavy chain differs in antibodies produced by different B cells , but is the same for all antibodies produced by a single B cell or B cell clone . The variable region of each heavy chain is approximately 110 amino acids long and is composed of a single Ig domain . Light chain ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Immunoglobulin light chain . In mammals there are two types of immunoglobulin light chain , which are called lambda ( λ ) and kappa ( κ ) . A light chain has two successive domains : one constant domain and one variable domain . The approximate length of a light chain is 211 to 217 amino acids . Each antibody contains two light chains that are always identical ; only one type of light chain , κ or λ , is present per antibody in mammals . Other types of light chains , such as the iota ( ι ) chain , are found in other vertebrates like sharks ( Chondrichthyes ) and bony fishes ( Teleostei ) . CDRs , Fv , Fab and Fc regions ( edit ) Some parts of an antibody have the same functions . The arms of the Y , for example , contain the sites that can bind to antigens ( in general , identical ) and , therefore , recognize specific foreign objects . This region of the antibody is called the Fab ( fragment , antigen - binding ) region . It is composed of one constant and one variable domain from each heavy and light chain of the antibody . The paratope is shaped at the amino terminal end of the antibody monomer by the variable domains from the heavy and light chains . The variable domain is also referred to as the F region and is the most important region for binding to antigens . To be specific , variable loops of β - strands , there each on the light ( V ) and heavy ( V ) chains are responsible for binding to the antigen . These loops are referred to as the complementarity determining regions ( CDRs ) . The structures of these CDRs have been clustered and classified by Chothia et al. and more recently by North et al. and Nikoloudis et al . In the framework of the immune network theory , CDRs are also called idiotypes . According to immune network theory , the adaptive immune system is regulated by interactions between idiotypes . The base of the Y plays a role in modulating immune cell activity . This region is called the Fc ( Fragment , crystallizable ) region , and is composed of two heavy chains that contribute two or three constant domains depending on the class of the antibody . Thus , the Fc region ensures that each antibody generates an appropriate immune response for a given antigen , by binding to a specific class of Fc receptors , and other immune molecules , such as complement proteins . By doing this , it mediates different physiological effects including recognition of opsonized particles ( binding to FcγR ) , lysis of cells ( binding to complement ) , and degranulation of mast cells , basophils , and eosinophils ( binding to FcεR ) . In summary , the Fab region of the antibody determines antigen specificity while the Fc region of the antibody determines the antibody 's class effect . Since only the constant domains of the heavy chains make up the Fc region of an antibody , the classes of heavy chain in antibodies determine their class effects . Possible classes of heavy chains in antibodies include alpha , gamma , delta , epsilon , and mu , and they define the antibody 's isotypes IgA , G , D , E , and M , respectively . This infers different isotypes of antibodies have different class effects due to their different Fc regions binding and activating different types of receptors . Possible class effects of antibodies include : Opsonisation , agglutination , haemolysis , complement activation , mast cell degranulation , and neutralisation ( though this class effect may be mediated by the Fab region rather than the Fc region ) . It also implies that Fab - mediated effects are directed at microbes or toxins , whilst Fc mediated effects are directed at effector cells or effector molecules ( see below ) . Function ( edit ) Further information : Immune system The main categories of antibody action include the following : Neutralisation , in which neutralizing antibodies block parts of the surface of a bacterial cell or virion to render its attack ineffective Agglutination , in which antibodies `` glue together '' foreign cells into clumps that are attractive targets for phagocytosis Precipitation , in which antibodies `` glue together '' serum - soluble antigens , forcing them to precipitate out of solution in clumps that are attractive targets for phagocytosis Complement activation ( fixation ) , in which antibodies that are latched onto a foreign cell encourage complement to attack it with a membrane attack complex , which leads to the following : Lysis of the foreign cell Encouragement of inflammation by chemotactically attracting inflammatory cells Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody - producing cells called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody or memory cells that survive in the body for years afterward in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures . At the prenatal and neonatal stages of life , the presence of antibodies is provided by passive immunization from the mother . Early endogenous antibody production varies for different kinds of antibodies , and usually appear within the first years of life . Since antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream , they are said to be part of the humoral immune system . Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one antigen ( an example is a virus capsid protein fragment ) . Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways : They prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them ; they stimulate removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen ; and they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as the complement pathway . Antibodies will also trigger vasoactive amine degranulation to contribute to immunity against certain types of antigens ( helminths , allergens ) . The secreted mammalian IgM has five Ig units . Each Ig unit ( labeled 1 ) has two epitope binding Fab regions , so IgM is capable of binding up to 10 epitopes . Activation of complement ( edit ) Antibodies that bind to surface antigens ( for example , on bacteria ) will attract the first component of the complement cascade with their Fc region and initiate activation of the `` classical '' complement system . This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways . First , the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by phagocytes in a process called opsonization ; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade . Second , some complement system components form a membrane attack complex to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly ( bacteriolysis ) . Activation of effector cells ( edit ) To combat pathogens that replicate outside cells , antibodies bind to pathogens to link them together , causing them to agglutinate . Since an antibody has at least two paratopes , it can bind more than one antigen by binding identical epitopes carried on the surfaces of these antigens . By coating the pathogen , antibodies stimulate effector functions against the pathogen in cells that recognize their Fc region . Those cells that recognize coated pathogens have Fc receptors , which , as the name suggests , interact with the Fc region of IgA , IgG , and IgE antibodies . The engagement of a particular antibody with the Fc receptor on a particular cell triggers an effector function of that cell ; phagocytes will phagocytose , mast cells and neutrophils will degranulate , natural killer cells will release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules ; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe . The activation of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a cytotoxic mechanism known as antibody - dependent cell - mediated cytotoxicity ( ADCC ) -- this process may explain the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies used in biological therapies against cancer . The Fc receptors are isotype - specific , which gives greater flexibility to the immune system , invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for distinct pathogens . Natural antibodies ( edit ) Humans and higher primates also produce `` natural antibodies '' that are present in serum before viral infection . Natural antibodies have been defined as antibodies that are produced without any previous infection , vaccination , other foreign antigen exposure or passive immunization . These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles long before the adaptive immune response is activated . Many natural antibodies are directed against the disaccharide galactose α ( 1 , 3 ) - galactose ( α - Gal ) , which is found as a terminal sugar on glycosylated cell surface proteins , and generated in response to production of this sugar by bacteria contained in the human gut . Rejection of xenotransplantated organs is thought to be , in part , the result of natural antibodies circulating in the serum of the recipient binding to α - Gal antigens expressed on the donor tissue . Immunoglobulin diversity ( edit ) Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response . Successful recognition and eradication of many different types of microbes requires diversity among antibodies ; their amino acid composition varies allowing them to interact with many different antigens . It has been estimated that humans generate about 10 billion different antibodies , each capable of binding a distinct epitope of an antigen . Although a huge repertoire of different antibodies is generated in a single individual , the number of genes available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the human genome . Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved that allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes . Domain variability ( edit ) The complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain are shown in red ( PDB : 1IGT ) The chromosomal region that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct gene loci for each domain of the antibody -- the chromosome region containing heavy chain genes ( IGH @ ) is found on chromosome 14 , and the loci containing lambda and kappa light chain genes ( IGL @ and IGK @ ) are found on chromosomes 22 and 2 in humans . One of these domains is called the variable domain , which is present in each heavy and light chain of every antibody , but can differ in different antibodies generated from distinct B cells . Differences , between the variable domains , are located on three loops known as hypervariable regions ( HV - 1 , HV - 2 and HV - 3 ) or complementarity determining regions ( CDR1 , CDR2 and CDR3 ) . CDRs are supported within the variable domains by conserved framework regions . The heavy chain locus contains about 65 different variable domain genes that all differ in their CDRs . Combining these genes with an array of genes for other domains of the antibody generates a large cavalry of antibodies with a high degree of variability . This combination is called V ( D ) J recombination discussed below . V ( D ) J recombination ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see V ( D ) J recombination . Simplified overview of V ( D ) J recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chains Somatic recombination of immunoglobulins , also known as V ( D ) J recombination , involves the generation of a unique immunoglobulin variable region . The variable region of each immunoglobulin heavy or light chain is encoded in several pieces -- known as gene segments ( subgenes ) . These segments are called variable ( V ) , diversity ( D ) and joining ( J ) segments . V , D and J segments are found in Ig heavy chains , but only V and J segments are found in Ig light chains . Multiple copies of the V , D and J gene segments exist , and are tandemly arranged in the genomes of mammals . In the bone marrow , each developing B cell will assemble an immunoglobulin variable region by randomly selecting and combining one V , one D and one J gene segment ( or one V and one J segment in the light chain ) . As there are multiple copies of each type of gene segment , and different combinations of gene segments can be used to generate each immunoglobulin variable region , this process generates a huge number of antibodies , each with different paratopes , and thus different antigen specificities . Interestingly , the rearrangement of several subgenes ( i.e. V2 family ) for lambda light chain immunoglobulin is coupled with the activation of microRNA miR - 650 , which further influences biology of B - cells . RAG proteins play an important role with V ( D ) J recombination in cutting DNA at a particular region . Without the presence of these proteins , V ( D ) J recombination would not occur . After a B cell produces a functional immunoglobulin gene during V ( D ) J recombination , it can not express any other variable region ( a process known as allelic exclusion ) thus each B cell can produce antibodies containing only one kind of variable chain . Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation ( edit ) Further information : Somatic hypermutation and Affinity maturation Following activation with antigen , B cells begin to proliferate rapidly . In these rapidly dividing cells , the genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy and light chains undergo a high rate of point mutation , by a process called somatic hypermutation ( SHM ) . SHM results in approximately one nucleotide change per variable gene , per cell division . As a consequence , any daughter B cells will acquire slight amino acid differences in the variable domains of their antibody chains . This serves to increase the diversity of the antibody pool and impacts the antibody 's antigen - binding affinity . Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a weaker interaction ( low affinity ) with their antigen than the original antibody , and some mutations will generate antibodies with a stronger interaction ( high affinity ) . B cells that express high affinity antibodies on their surface will receive a strong survival signal during interactions with other cells , whereas those with low affinity antibodies will not , and will die by apoptosis . Thus , B cells expressing antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen will outcompete those with weaker affinities for function and survival allowing the average affinity of antibodies to increase over time . The process of generating antibodies with increased binding affinities is called affinity maturation . Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V ( D ) J recombination , and is dependent on help from helper T cells . Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells Class switching ( edit ) Isotype or class switching is a biological process occurring after activation of the B cell , which allows the cell to produce different classes of antibody ( IgA , IgE , or IgG ) . The different classes of antibody , and thus effector functions , are defined by the constant ( C ) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain . Initially , naive B cells express only cell - surface IgM and IgD with identical antigen binding regions . Each isotype is adapted for a distinct function ; therefore , after activation , an antibody with an IgG , IgA , or IgE effector function might be required to effectively eliminate an antigen . Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes . Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching ; the variable regions , and therefore antigen specificity , remain unchanged . Thus the progeny of a single B cell can produce antibodies , all specific for the same antigen , but with the ability to produce the effector function appropriate for each antigenic challenge . Class switching is triggered by cytokines ; the isotype generated depends on which cytokines are present in the B cell environment . Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene locus by a mechanism called class switch recombination ( CSR ) . This mechanism relies on conserved nucleotide motifs , called switch ( S ) regions , found in DNA upstream of each constant region gene ( except in the δ - chain ) . The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of enzymes at two selected S - regions . The variable domain exon is rejoined through a process called non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) to the desired constant region ( γ , α or ε ) . This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype . Affinity designations ( edit ) A group of antibodies can be called monovalent ( or specific ) if they have affinity for the same epitope , or for the same antigen ( but potentially different epitopes on the molecule ) , or for the same strain of microorganism ( but potentially different antigens on or in it ) . In contrast , a group of antibodies can be called polyvalent ( or unspecific ) if they have affinity for various antigens or microorganisms . Intravenous immunoglobulin , if not otherwise noted , consists of polyvalent IgG . In contrast , monoclonal antibodies are monovalent for the same epitope . Asymmetrical antibodies ( edit ) Heterodimeric antibodies , which are also asymmetrical and antibodies , allow for greater flexibility and new formats for attaching a variety of drugs to the antibody arms . One of the general formats for a heterodimeric antibody is the `` knobs - into - holes '' format . This format is specific to the heavy chain part of the constant region in antibodies . The `` knobs '' part is engineered by replacing a small amino acid with a larger one . It fits into the `` hole '' , which is engineered by replacing a large amino acid with a smaller one . What connects the `` knobs '' to the `` holes '' are the disulfide bonds between each chain . The `` knobs - into - holes '' shape facilitates antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity . Single chain variable fragments ( scFv ) are connected to the variable domain of the heavy and light chain via a short linker peptide . The linker is rich in glycine , which gives it more flexibility , and serine / threonine , which gives it specificity . Two different scFv fragments can be connected together , via a hinge region , to the constant domain of the heavy chain or the constant domain of the light chain . This gives the antibody bispecificity , allowing for the binding specificities of two different antigens . The `` knobs - into - holes '' format enhances heterodimer formation but does n't suppress homodimer formation . To further improve the function of heterodimeric antibodies , many scientists are looking towards artificial constructs . Artificial antibodies are largely diverse protein motifs that use the functional strategy of the antibody molecule , but are n't limited by the loop and framework structural constraints of the natural antibody . Being able to control the combinational design of the sequence and three - dimensional space could transcend the natural design and allow for the attachment of different combinations of drugs to the arms . Heterodimeric antibodies have a greater range in shapes they can take and the drugs that are attached to the arms do n't have to be the same on each arm , allowing for different combinations of drugs to be used in cancer treatment . Pharmaceuticals are able to produce highly functional bispecific , and even multispecific , antibodies . The degree to which they can function is impressive given that such a change shape from the natural form should lead to decreased functionality . Medical applications ( edit ) Disease diagnosis ( edit ) Detection of particular antibodies is a very common form of medical diagnostics , and applications such as serology depend on these methods . For example , in biochemical assays for disease diagnosis , a titer of antibodies directed against Epstein - Barr virus or Lyme disease is estimated from the blood . If those antibodies are not present , either the person is not infected or the infection occurred a very long time ago , and the B cells generating these specific antibodies have naturally decayed . In clinical immunology , levels of individual classes of immunoglobulins are measured by nephelometry ( or turbidimetry ) to characterize the antibody profile of patient . Elevations in different classes of immunoglobulins are sometimes useful in determining the cause of liver damage in patients for whom the diagnosis is unclear . For example , elevated IgA indicates alcoholic cirrhosis , elevated IgM indicates viral hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis , while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis , autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis . Autoimmune disorders can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body 's own epitopes ; many can be detected through blood tests . Antibodies directed against red blood cell surface antigens in immune mediated hemolytic anemia are detected with the Coombs test . The Coombs test is also used for antibody screening in blood transfusion preparation and also for antibody screening in antenatal women . Practically , several immunodiagnostic methods based on detection of complex antigen - antibody are used to diagnose infectious diseases , for example ELISA , immunofluorescence , Western blot , immunodiffusion , immunoelectrophoresis , and magnetic immunoassay . Antibodies raised against human chorionic gonadotropin are used in over the counter pregnancy tests . New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive fluoride ( F ) labeling of antibodies , which allows for positron emission tomography ( PET ) imaging of cancer . Disease therapy ( edit ) Targeted monoclonal antibody therapy is employed to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis , multiple sclerosis , psoriasis , and many forms of cancer including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , colorectal cancer , head and neck cancer and breast cancer . Some immune deficiencies , such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia , result in partial or complete lack of antibodies . These diseases are often treated by inducing a short term form of immunity called passive immunity . Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready - made antibodies in the form of human or animal serum , pooled immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies , into the affected individual . Prenatal therapy ( edit ) Rh factor , also known as Rh D antigen , is an antigen found on red blood cells ; individuals that are Rh - positive ( Rh+ ) have this antigen on their red blood cells and individuals that are Rh - negative ( Rh -- ) do not . During normal childbirth , delivery trauma or complications during pregnancy , blood from a fetus can enter the mother 's system . In the case of an Rh - incompatible mother and child , consequential blood mixing may sensitize an Rh - mother to the Rh antigen on the blood cells of the Rh+ child , putting the remainder of the pregnancy , and any subsequent pregnancies , at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn . Rho ( D ) immune globulin antibodies are specific for human RhD antigen . Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a prenatal treatment regimen to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rh - negative mother has a Rh - positive fetus . Treatment of a mother with Anti-RhD antibodies prior to and immediately after trauma and delivery destroys Rh antigen in the mother 's system from the fetus . It is important to note that this occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal B cells to `` remember '' Rh antigen by generating memory B cells . Therefore , her humoral immune system will not make anti-Rh antibodies , and will not attack the Rh antigens of the current or subsequent babies . Rho ( D ) Immune Globulin treatment prevents sensitization that can lead to Rh disease , but does not prevent or treat the underlying disease itself . Research applications ( edit ) Immunofluorescence image of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton . Microtubules as shown in green , are marked by an antibody conjugated to a green fluorescing molecule , FITC . Specific antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a mammal , such as a mouse , rat , rabbit , goat , sheep , or horse for large quantities of antibody . Blood isolated from these animals contains polyclonal antibodies -- multiple antibodies that bind to the same antigen -- in the serum , which can now be called antiserum . Antigens are also injected into chickens for generation of polyclonal antibodies in egg yolk . To obtain antibody that is specific for a single epitope of an antigen , antibody - secreting lymphocytes are isolated from the animal and immortalized by fusing them with a cancer cell line . The fused cells are called hybridomas , and will continually grow and secrete antibody in culture . Single hybridoma cells are isolated by dilution cloning to generate cell clones that all produce the same antibody ; these antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies . Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are often purified using Protein A / G or antigen - affinity chromatography . In research , purified antibodies are used in many applications . Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers , or through use of a specialist search engine . Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate intracellular and extracellular proteins . Antibodies are used in flow cytometry to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express ; different types of cell express different combinations of cluster of differentiation molecules on their surface , and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins . They are also used in immunoprecipitation to separate proteins and anything bound to them ( co-immunoprecipitation ) from other molecules in a cell lysate , in Western blot analyses to identify proteins separated by electrophoresis , and in immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a microscope . Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies , using ELISA and ELISPOT techniques . Antibodies used in research are some of the most powerful , yet most problematic reagents with a tremendous number of factors that must be controlled in any experiment including cross reactivity , or the antibody recognizing multiple epitopes and affinity , which can vary widely depending on experimental conditions such as pH , solvent , state of tissue etc . Multiple attempts have been made to improve both the way that researchers validate antibodies and ways in which they report on antibodies . Researchers using antibodies in their work need to record them correctly in order to allow their research to be reproducible ( and therefore tested , and qualified by other researchers ) . Less than half of research antibodies referenced in academic papers can be easily identified . Papers published in F1000 in 2014 and 2015 provide researchers with a guide for reporting research antibody use . The RRID paper , is co-published in 4 journals that implemented the RRIDs Standard for research resource citation , which draws data from the antibodyregistry.org as the source of antibody identifiers ( see also group at Force11 ) Regulations ( edit ) Production and testing ( edit ) Traditionally , most antibodies are produced by hybridoma cell lines through immortalization of antibody - producing cells by chemically - induced fusion with myeloma cells . In some cases , additional fusions with other lines have created `` triomas '' and `` quadromas '' . The manufacturing process should be appropriately described and validated . Validation studies should at least include : The demonstration that the process is able to produce in good quality ( the process should be validated ) The efficiency of the antibody purification ( all impurities and virus must be eliminated ) The characterization of purified antibody ( physicochemical characterization , immunological properties , biological activities , contaminants , ... ) Determination of the virus clearance studies Before clinical trials ( edit ) Product safety testing : Sterility ( bacteria and fungi ) , In vitro and in vivo testing for adventitious viruses , Murine retrovirus testing ... Product safety data needed before the initiation of feasibility trials in serious or immediately life - threatening conditions , it serves to evaluate dangerous potential of the product . Feasibility testing : These are pilot studies whose objectives include , among others , early characterization of safety and initial proof of concept in a small specific patient population ( in vito or in vivo testing ) . Preclinical studies ( edit ) Example of tissue cross-reactivity on human tissue microarray Testing cross-reactivity of antibody : to highlight unwanted interactions ( toxicity ) of antibodies with previously characterized tissues . This study can be performed in vitro ( Reactivity of the antibody or immunoconjugate should be determined with a quick - frozen adult tissues ) or in vivo ( with appropriates animal models ) . More informations about in vitro cross-reactivity testing . Preclinical pharmacology and toxicity testing : Preclinical safety testing of antibody is designed to identify possible toxicities in humans , to estimate the likelihood and severity of potential adverse events in humans , and to identify a safe starting dose and dose escalation , when possible . Animal toxicity studies : Acute toxicity testing , Repeat - dose toxicity testing , Long - term toxicity testing http://www.animalresearch.info/en/drug-development/safety-testing/ Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics testing : Use for determinate clinical dosages , antibody activities ( AUC , pharmacodynamics , biodistribution , ... ) , evaluation of the potential clinical effects Structure prediction ( edit ) The importance of antibodies in health care and the biotechnology industry demands knowledge of their structures at high resolution . This information is used for protein engineering , modifying the antigen binding affinity , and identifying an epitope , of a given antibody . X-ray crystallography is one commonly used method for determining antibody structures . However , crystallizing an antibody is often laborious and time - consuming . Computational approaches provide a cheaper and faster alternative to crystallography , but their results are more equivocal , since they do not produce empirical structures . Online web servers such as Web Antibody Modeling ( WAM ) and Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure ( PIGS ) enables computational modeling of antibody variable regions . Rosetta Antibody is a novel antibody F region structure prediction server , which incorporates sophisticated techniques to minimize CDR loops and optimize the relative orientation of the light and heavy chains , as well as homology models that predict successful docking of antibodies with their unique antigen . The ability to describe the antibody through binding affinity to the antigen is supplemented by information on antibody structure and amino acid sequences for the purpose of patent claims . History ( edit ) See also : History of immunology The first use of the term `` antibody '' occurred in a text by Paul Ehrlich . The term Antikörper ( the German word for antibody ) appears in the conclusion of his article `` Experimental Studies on Immunity '' , published in October 1891 , which states that , `` if two substances give rise to two different antikörper , then they themselves must be different '' . However , the term was not accepted immediately and several other terms for antibody were proposed ; these included Immunkörper , Amboceptor , Zwischenkörper , substance sensibilisatrice , copula , Desmon , philocytase , fixateur , and Immunisin . The word antibody has formal analogy to the word antitoxin and a similar concept to Immunkörper ( immune body in English ) . As such , the original construction of the word contains a logical flaw ; the antitoxin is something directed against a toxin , while the antibody is a body directed against something . Angel of the West ( 2008 ) by Julian Voss - Andreae is a sculpture based on the antibody structure published by E. Padlan . Created for the Florida campus of the Scripps Research Institute , the antibody is placed into a ring referencing Leonardo da Vinci 's Vitruvian Man thus highlighting the similarity of the antibody and the human body . The study of antibodies began in 1890 when Kitasato Shibasaburō described antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins . Kitasato put forward the theory of humoral immunity , proposing that a mediator in serum could react with a foreign antigen . His idea prompted Paul Ehrlich to propose the side - chain theory for antibody and antigen interaction in 1897 , when he hypothesized that receptors ( described as `` side - chains '' ) on the surface of cells could bind specifically to toxins -- in a `` lock - and - key '' interaction -- and that this binding reaction is the trigger for the production of antibodies . Other researchers believed that antibodies existed freely in the blood and , in 1904 , Almroth Wright suggested that soluble antibodies coated bacteria to label them for phagocytosis and killing ; a process that he named opsoninization . Michael Heidelberger In the 1920s , Michael Heidelberger and Oswald Avery observed that antigens could be precipitated by antibodies and went on to show that antibodies are made of protein . The biochemical properties of antigen - antibody - binding interactions were examined in more detail in the late 1930s by John Marrack . The next major advance was in the 1940s , when Linus Pauling confirmed the lock - and - key theory proposed by Ehrlich by showing that the interactions between antibodies and antigens depend more on their shape than their chemical composition . In 1948 , Astrid Fagreaus discovered that B cells , in the form of plasma cells , were responsible for generating antibodies . Further work concentrated on characterizing the structures of the antibody proteins . A major advance in these structural studies was the discovery in the early 1960s by Gerald Edelman and Joseph Gally of the antibody light chain , and their realization that this protein is the same as the Bence - Jones protein described in 1845 by Henry Bence Jones . Edelman went on to discover that antibodies are composed of disulfide bond - linked heavy and light chains . Around the same time , antibody - binding ( Fab ) and antibody tail ( Fc ) regions of IgG were characterized by Rodney Porter . Together , these scientists deduced the structure and complete amino acid sequence of IgG , a feat for which they were jointly awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The Fv fragment was prepared and characterized by David Givol . While most of these early studies focused on IgM and IgG , other immunoglobulin isotypes were identified in the 1960s : Thomas Tomasi discovered secretory antibody ( IgA ) ; David S. Rowe and John L. Fahey discovered IgD ; and Kimishige Ishizaka and Teruko Ishizaka discovered IgE and showed it was a class of antibodies involved in allergic reactions . In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976 , Susumu Tonegawa showed that genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies . Antibody mimetic ( edit ) Antibody mimetics are organic compounds that , like antibodies , can specifically bind antigens . They are usually artificial peptides or proteins with a molar mass of about 3 to 20 kDa . Nucleic acids and small molecules are sometimes considered antibody mimetics , but not artificial antibodies , antibody fragments and fusion proteins are composed from these . Common advantages over antibodies are better solubility , tissue penetration , stability towards heat and enzymes , and comparatively low production costs . Antibody mimetics such as the Affimer and the DARPin have being developed and commercialised as research , diagnostic and therapeutic agents . See also ( edit ) Affimer Antibody mimetic Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Anti-nuclear antibodies Aptamer Colostrum ELISA Humoral immunity Immunology Immunosuppressive drug Intravenous immunoglobulin ( IVIg ) Magnetic immunoassay Microantibody Monoclonal antibody Neutralizing antibody Secondary antibodies Single - domain antibody Slope spectroscopy Western blot normalization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rhoades RA , Pflanzer RG ( 2002 ) . Human Physiology ( 4th ed . ) . Thomson Learning . p. 584 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Linus Pauling Papers : How Antibodies and Enzymes Work '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverstein AM ( 2004 ) . `` Labeled antigens and antibodies : the evolution of magic markers and magic bullets '' ( PDF ) . Nat . Immunol. 5 ( 12 ) : 1211 -- 1217 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1140 . PMID 15549122 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Edelman GM , Gally JA ( 1962 ) . `` The nature of Bence - Jones proteins . Chemical similarities to polypetide chains of myeloma globulins and normal gamma - globulins '' . J. Exp . Med. 116 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 227 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 116.2. 207 . PMC 2137388 . PMID 13889153 . Jump up ^ Stevens FJ , Solomon A , Schiffer M ( 1991 ) . `` Bence Jones proteins : a powerful tool for the fundamental study of protein chemistry and pathophysiology '' . Biochemistry . 30 ( 28 ) : 6803 -- 6805 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00242a001 . PMID 2069946 . ^ Jump up to : Raju TN ( 1999 ) . `` The Nobel chronicles. 1972 : Gerald M Edelman ( b 1929 ) and Rodney R Porter ( 1917 -- 85 ) '' . Lancet . 354 ( 9183 ) : 1040 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 76658 - 7 . PMID 10501404 . Jump up ^ Hochman J , Inbar D , Givol D ( 1973 ) . `` An active antibody fragment ( Fv ) composed of the variable portions of heavy and light chains '' . Biochemistry . 12 ( 6 ) : 1130 -- 1135 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00730a018 . PMID 4569769 . Jump up ^ Tomasi TB ( 1992 ) . `` The discovery of secretory IgA and the mucosal immune system '' . Immunol . Today . 13 ( 10 ) : 416 -- 418 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 5699 ( 92 ) 90093 - M. PMID 1343085 . Jump up ^ Preud'homme JL ; Petit I ; Barra A ; Morel F ; Lecron JC ; Lelièvre E ( 2000 ) . `` Structural and functional properties of membrane and secreted IgD '' . Mol . Immunol. 37 ( 15 ) : 871 -- 887 . doi : 10.1016 / S0161 - 5890 ( 01 ) 00006 - 2 . PMID 11282392 . Jump up ^ Johansson SG ( 2006 ) . `` The discovery of immunoglobulin E '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . 27 ( 2 Suppl 1 ) : S3 -- 6 . PMID 16722325 . Jump up ^ Hozumi N , Tonegawa S ( 1976 ) . `` Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73 ( 10 ) : 3628 -- 3632 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 73.10. 3628 . PMC 431171 . PMID 824647 . Jump up ^ Gebauer M , Skerra A ( June 2009 ) . `` Engineered protein scaffolds as next - generation antibody therapeutics '' . Curr Opin Chem Biol. 13 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 255 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cbpa. 2009.04. 627 . PMID 19501012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antibodies . Mike 's Immunoglobulin Structure / Function Page at University of Cambridge Antibodies as the PDB molecule of the month Discussion of the structure of antibodies at RCSB Protein Data Bank Microbiology and Immunology On - line Textbook at University of South Carolina A hundred years of antibody therapy History and applications of antibodies in the treatment of disease at University of Oxford How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody from Cells Alive ! Antibody applications Fluorescent antibody image library , University of Birmingham Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Proteins : Globular proteins Serum globulins Alpha globulins serpins : alpha - 1 ( Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin , Alpha 1 - antitrypsin ) alpha - 2 ( Alpha 2 - antiplasmin ) Antithrombin ( Heparin cofactor II ) carrier proteins : alpha - 1 ( Transcortin ) alpha - 2 ( Ceruloplasmin ) Retinol binding protein other : alpha - 1 ( Orosomucoid ) alpha - 2 ( alpha - 2 - Macroglobulin , Haptoglobin ) Beta globulins carrier proteins : Sex hormone - binding globulin Transferrin other : Angiostatin Hemopexin Beta - 2 microglobulin Factor H Plasminogen Properdin Gamma globulin Immunoglobulins Other Fibronectin ( fFN : Fetal fibronectin ) Macroglobulin / Microglobulin Transcobalamin Edestin Other globulins Beta - lactoglobulin Lactoferrin Thyroglobulin Alpha - lactalbumin 11S globulin family ( seeds ) 7S globulin family ( seeds ) Albumins Egg white Conalbumin Ovalbumin Avidin Serum albumin Human serum albumin Bovine serum albumin Prealbumin Other C - reactive protein Lactalbumin ( Alpha - lactalbumin ) Parvalbumin Ricin see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Antibodies Antibodies Light chain IGK @ IGL @ surrogate IGLL1 Heavy chain IGH @ IGHM IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM IgY Heavy - chain antibody / IgNAR see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Autoantibodies Anti-nuclear antibody PBC : Anti-gp210 Anti-p62 Anti-sp100 ENA : Anti-topoisomerase / Scl - 70 Anti-Jo1 ENA4 Anti-Sm Anti-nRNP Anti-Ro Anti-La Anti-centromere Anti-dsDNA Anti-mitochondrial antibody Anti-cardiolipin Anti-cytoplasm antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic C - ANCA P - ANCA Anti-smooth muscle Anti-actin Anti-TPO / Antimicrosomal Cell membrane Anti-ganglioside Anti-GBM Anti-glutamate Extracellular Anti-thrombin Lupus anticoagulant Coeliac disease : Anti-transglutaminase Anti-gliadin not autoantibody RA Rheumatoid factor / anti-IgG Anti-citrullinated peptide Multiple locations Anti-phospholipid Anti-apolipoprotein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibody&oldid=818745533 '' Categories : Antibodies Glycoproteins Immune system Immunology Reagents for biochemistry Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 09 : 23 . 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what is the role of antibodies in the immune response
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"An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig),[1] is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen, via the Fab's variable region.[2][3] Each tip of the \"Y\" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). Depending on the antigen, the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance. The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the \"Y\"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions.[4] The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[5]"
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"neutralize pathogens"
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List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air characters
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List of the Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters - wikipedia List of the Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air is an American sitcom based on the life of Will `` The Fresh Prince '' Smith . it was produced by Quincy Jones and Will Smith . It started airing on NBC from September 10 , 1990 , to May 20 , 1996 . The Fresh Prince was from West Philadelphia and moved to Bel - Air to live with his aunt , uncle , and cousins . The show is about the struggles he has in Bel - Air and basically his life story . The theme song of the show was composed by Will Smith including other music played to connect to scenes . The following are the list of characters in the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character appearances 2 Main characters 2.1 Will Smith 2.2 Philip Banks 2.3 Vivian Banks 2.4 Carlton Banks 2.5 Hilary Banks 2.6 Ashley Banks 2.7 Nicky Banks 2.8 Geoffrey Barbara Butler 2.9 Jazz 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Vy Smith - Wilkes 3.2 Kellogg Lieberbaum 3.3 Toni 3.4 Helen Smith 3.5 Janice Smith 3.6 Tyriq Johnson 3.7 Trevor Collins - Newsworthy 3.8 Jackie Ames 3.9 Lisa Wilkes 4 Guest stars 4.1 Judge Carl Robertson 4.2 Hattie Banks 4.3 Joe Banks 4.4 Lou Smith 4.5 Other guest stars 5 References Character appearances ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Seasons 5 6 Main characters Will Smith Will Smith Main James Avery Philip Banks Main Janet Hubert - Whitten Vivian Banks Main Daphne Maxwell Reid Main Alfonso Ribeiro Carlton Banks Main Karyn Parsons Hilary Banks Main Tatyana M. Ali Ashley Banks Main Joseph Marcell Geoffrey Butler Main Ross Bagley Nicholas `` Nicky '' Banks Main DJ Jazzy Jeff Jazz Main Recurring Recurring characters Vernee Watson - Johnson Viola `` Vy '' Smith Recurring Michael Weiner Kellogg Lieberbaum Recurring Lisa Fuller Toni Recurring Jenifer Lewis Helen Smith Recurring Charlayne Woodard Janice Smith Recurring Perry Moore Tyriq `` Ty '' Johnson Recurring Brian Stokes Mitchell Trevor Collins - Newsworthy Recurring Tyra Banks Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames Recurring Nia Long Beullah `` Lisa '' Wilkes Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Will Smith ( edit ) Main article : Will Smith ( character ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Master William '' Nickname by Jazz and others friends : `` Prince '' or `` Will - man '' Born on July 3 , 1973 . Philip Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Uncle Phil '' Nickname by Parents : `` Zeeke '' Nickname by Carlton : `` Big Guy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Sir '' Nickname by Ashley and Hilary : `` Daddy '' Nickname by Vivian : `` Philip '' Nickname by Ernest : `` Moose '' Philip Banks ( played by James Avery ) was born on January 30 , 1945 in North Carolina . Philip was raised on a farm in Yamacraw , North Carolina , where he was referred to by his parents , Hattie and Joe Banks , as `` Zeke '' . At age 16 he moved to Baltimore . In the 1960s , he became an activist for the civil rights movement . He was present at the riots in Selma in 1965 and Watts Riots , and , in the pilot episode , he also mentions he heard Malcolm X speak , and that he had read every word that he wrote . In 1963 , he was awarded a scholarship to study at Princeton University , after which he went to Harvard Law School . In 1975 , Philip was put on the board of the NAACP and was later awarded the Urban Spirit Award for his work in promoting civil rights . He is a conservative but runs as a Democrat against his old mentor Carl Robertson in the elections . At first glance , Will had come to Bel Air with an attitude that because he came from West Philadelphia that he was hardened against anything and was dismissive of Phil and his family as too soft , until he is sternly rebuked by Phil , who reveals his past in seeing the turmoil that happened before Will was born and that it has been his hard work that has earned him a manor in Bel - Air . Philip was also shown to have admired Ronald Reagan , namely because during the series run Reagan had retired from the presidency and moved into the same neighborhood as Philip 's . Reagan was said to have declined party invitations until he appears at a traditional Christmas party of the Banks ; ironically shown to be a friend of Hilary 's . At the beginning of the series , Philip is a senior partner with the firm of Firth , Wynn and Meyer ( which Will humorously compares to Earth , Wind & Fire in the pilot episode ) . In the third season , he is appointed to the judiciary ; he becomes a judge after his ex-mentor , Judge Carl Robertson , who beat Philip by a landslide in the elections , dies suddenly , and the governor appoints Philip to the position . Philip later considers making a deeper foray into politics , but decides against it when his wife disapproves . In the episode `` To Thine Own Self Be Blue ... And Gold , '' it is revealed that Phil is a member of the fictional fraternity Pi Nu . After meeting and dating his future wife Vivian , he proposed to her while on live television during an episode of Soul Train . He claims to have been a lifelong fan of classical music in the episode `` Bang the Drum , Ashley '' , though Vivian rebuffs that `` When we met , you were into James Brown ! '' , which Philip rebuts by stating it is possible to like both classical music and James Brown . Philip is a somewhat strict and gruff , but he does have a softer side , as he is a loving and caring family man , as well as being an upstanding citizen . Nonetheless , his anger can get him into trouble at times , especially when he feels his image is being besmirched . Additionally , Philip can be financially greedy ; he pays his butler Geoffrey a salary so low that Geoffrey quits after Philip gives him a mediocre additional annual raise , and only returns when Philip apologizes for taking him for granted and agrees to increase his salary , benefits and to hire more help during formal functions . In the series finale , when Geoffrey retires , Phil rewards him with both a large cash bonus and an expensive first class plane ticket to London , England . Similarly , while he always spoils Hilary , Philip refuses to increase the allowances of his children , although in later seasons he begins to tire of spending his hard - earned money on spoiling Hilary and becomes more gruff with Hilary to pay her own way in the world . A recurring gag is about Philip 's children being afraid of his punishments because , while his anger is understandable , he can be incredibly sadistic and sociopathic in his punishments . For example , in season three 's `` The Best Laid Plans '' , in which Will tries to trick a girl he is dating ( who does not believe in premarital sex ) into marrying him in order to go all the way with her , Philip became severely disappointed and upset , and promises to impose the cruelest punishment that he could find ( which he manages to do three years after the incident , when he read about medieval tortures and with a malicious smile in his face ) . Despite being a miser , Philip is a very caring and loving husband and father . He makes sure that he does what is best for all his children , including Will . Despite being related to Will only by marriage ( and though he sometimes grumbles about Will being a goof - off ) , he very much cares for him as his own son . Throughout the series , Philip has been there for his children in their time of need , which rubs off on his nephew as Will comes to see Philip as a genuine father - figure ( as opposed to his true father , who left him and his mother when Will was a young child ) . When Will is eager to bond with his biological father Lou after he suddenly re-enters Will 's life , Philip warns Will to be wary of Lou and comforts him when Lou is unable to rekindle their relationship . Philip goes out of his way to make sure all of his children , including Will , make something of themselves . He also fights fiercely to protect his family : When Will and Carlton are arrested for `` stealing a car '' as they are driving it for his law firm partner , Philip threatens to tie the police station up in `` so much litigation that ( their ) grandchildren are going to need lawyers '' . He is overprotective of Ashley and has trouble with her growing up into a young woman . A common occasion for humor on the show is Philip 's portly shape and big appetite . Will commonly makes cracks about his girth , as do Geoffrey , Jazz and Vivian , and at times , even Carlton ( though he is usually skittish and quick to apologize ) . Unfortunately , Philip 's appetite has given him trouble and even caused him to suffer a heart attack in season four 's `` Home is Where the Heart Attack Is '' . Philip also reveals himself to be an amazingly adept pool player in the episode `` Banks Shot '' , showing his skill by out - hustling the pool shark who hustled Will at the pool hall . He has a personal cue stick , that he has named `` Lucille '' . In the episode `` Lucky Charm , '' it is said by Vivian that Philip 's birthday is in January . But this causes a continuity error because in part one of the two - part series finale , Philip 's birthday is celebrated , but the finale takes place in late May . Vivian Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Aunt Viv '' Nickname by Her children : `` Mom '' or `` Mommy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mrs. Banks '' or `` Madam '' Maiden Name : Smith Prof. Vivian Banks ( née Smith ) , PhD , born on October 21 , 1951 , was portrayed by Janet Hubert - Whitten during the first three seasons and by Daphne Maxwell Reid for the last three . She is the mother of Nicky , Ashley , Carlton and Hillary Banks ; the aunt of Will Smith and the wife of Phillip Banks . She has been a retired Doctor then earned her PhD at UCLA since 1971 , and in one early episode takes a temporary job as a teacher for a unit in Black History at Bel - Air Academy , the upscale preparatory high school attended by Will and Carlton , and later by Ashley . She has one older sister , Vy ( Will 's mother ) , and two younger sisters , Helen and Janice . Vivian 's personality and role in the show changes over the run of the series . During the Janet Hubert - Whitten years , she is a no - nonsense , vocally talented , forthright , and career - minded woman who plays a part in the show equal to her husband Philip . It is revealed in the season one episode `` Love at First Fight '' , that Vivian dropped out of high school as a teenager and worked menial jobs , before attending night school in order to get her high school diploma and enter college to work toward her PhD . After Reid took the part in 1993 and baby Nicky was added to the cast , she was reimagined as a homemaker who showed reluctance toward ambitious career moves , such as Philip 's political aspirations . The Reid - played Vivian showed a less fiery demeanor than how Whitten portrayed the role . She also supported her children in whatever they wanted , even if it was wrong . An example of this permissive behavior was when she let Hilary make the decision for herself to pose naked in a Playboy pictorial in the season four episode `` Fresh Prince After Dark '' , as well as letting Hilary get abruptly married to her news anchor boyfriend Trevor in `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way , '' and having a seance for Trevor in the episode `` Hex and the Single Guy . '' It seems that Janet Hubert - Whitten 's Vivian would have disapproved such attitudes ; however , in the episode It 's a Wonderful Lie , she 's at Philip 's side when he severely reprimands Ashley for lying to them and having snuck off to go to a fraternity party , where she 'd been caught by Will in a locked bedroom making out with a college linebacker . There has been references in the series about Janet Hubert - Whitten 's replacement by Daphne Maxwell Reed as Vivian . In an occasional running gag within the series , whenever a member of the family goes through old family photos , Will would occasionally comment who the mannish - looking person is in the photo , to which it is then revealed that the person in question is the Whitten - played Vivian . In a later interview , costume designer Carlo Tang commented that Smith and other cast members would jokingly refer to Hubert - Whitten 's Vivian as Marcus , a fictional bodybuilder . The change between the two is the object of two humorous quotes from Jazz in which he breaks the fourth wall . One of them is in the fourth - season premiere , when he remarks : `` You know , Mrs. Banks , ever since you had that baby , there 's something different about you '' ; after this , Will stares uneasily into the camera . The other is in the fifth - season premiere when he sees the suddenly grown Nicky and asks : `` So , who 's playing the wife this year ? '' . Carlton Banks ( edit ) Nicknames by Will : `` C '' , or `` Boogaloo Shrimp '' ( also `` Stumpy , '' `` Squidget '' , `` Snigglet '' or basically any name pertaining to Carlton 's small stature ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Master Carlton '' Nickname by Jazz : `` C - Note '' ( in the episode `` 72 Hours '' ) Carlton Banks ( played by Alfonso Ribeiro ) , born August 4 , 1974 , is Vivian and Philip 's eldest son and Will 's pedantic maternal cousin . Carlton is a quintessential preppy . Like many of his social class , Carlton aspires to attend an Ivy League university ; in earlier seasons , he states he aims to get into Yale University , but later fixes a determined focus on Princeton University , his father Philip 's alma mater . Like his father Phillip , Carlton is a firmly conservative Republican and this often puts him at odds with Will . Although Carlton and Will often exchange insults , and Will normally refers to Carlton as a disgrace , Carlton obviously cares about Will , referring to him in the 2nd - season episode ' Vying for Attention ' as `` the brother I 've always wanted '' . At first it appears there is an antagonistic relationship between Will and Carlton , but in later seasons Will significantly warms to Carlton , ultimately accepting Carlton and the other cousins as the siblings he never had . On one occasion in the season three episode `` Just Say Yo '' , Carlton is considerate enough to cover for Will when he is admitted to the hospital after having taken speed tablets from inside Will 's locker , but allows his parents to think that Will saved him . He attributes this to `` still being high at the time '' when asked by Will why he covered for him . This spurs Will to tearfully confess the truth to the family ; although Carlton did ingest speed , Will bore responsibility as he had accepted the pills from a schoolfriend , storing them in his locker , then absentmindedly said to Carlton he had a bottle of Vitamin E in his locker . Carlton drives a silver Mercedes - Benz E-Class from the early 1990s , which is seen in a few episodes . Carlton also was a bit of a servant to sister Ashley when she hit it big on the singing charts . He held doors open for her and fanned Ashley while she tanned . His role model is talk show host Bryant Gumbel and his favorite singer is Tom Jones . His favorite actor is William Shatner , whom he annoys by making lame Star Trek references . Carlton also idolizes Macaulay Culkin , whom he once dressed up as for Halloween ( Although , he looked more like Simon Phoenix , Wesley Snipes ' Character from Demolition Man . ) He is also a big fan of The Jeffersons and Beverly Hills , 90210 , the latter of which he is confident enough to admit to others ; this is unlike Will , who scoffs at the show in front of friends but confesses to Carlton that he is a secret 90210 fan as well . Carlton is similar to Family Ties character Alex P. Keaton in many respects : he dresses in a preppy style , has conservative political leanings , is obsessed with college and his future career , is fairly short , and does not enjoy the popular music of most people his age ( Besides Tom Jones , Carlton also likes Michael Bolton , Barry Manilow , Rod Stewart , and Neil Diamond . ) Carlton is often called upon to do a comic , usually improvised dance routine to Tom Jones ' `` It 's Not Unusual '' ( which was inspired by a dance performed by Courteney Cox in the music video for Bruce Springsteen 's `` Dancing in the Dark '' ) . In earlier seasons , he makes frequent references to his virginity ( twice referencing that he plans on losing it at some point ) , and also plans to attend Princeton University . In later seasons , these arcs are both resolved : Carlton does indeed lose his virginity to a woman who is married to a ULA professor , but is not initially admitted to Princeton ; instead he first attends the University of Los Angeles , where he briefly manages ULA 's student store , the Peacock Stop . As seen in the episodes `` You Bet Your Life '' and `` Viva Lost Wages '' , Carlton also seems to have a gambling problem and loses all of his money in any situation where gambling is involved and constantly imagines the gambling tables and slot machines talking to him , but seems fully aware that he is subject to compulsive gambling , and this limits his exposure to gaming . He usually declares that gambling is `` evil '' right before he goes all in and loses his and others ' money . One exception to this was where he participated in a casino night in the season two episode `` Something for Nothing '' , but that was done for charitable reasons and not for real money . In season five 's `` Bullets Over Bel - Air '' , Will tries to protect Carlton when they get robbed after using an automated teller machine , Will gets shot , taking a bullet for Carlton and is sent to the hospital ( eventually recovering from his injuries ) ; Carlton acquires a firearm later in the episode , as the event heightens his awareness of the need for self - defense , but later disposes of the handgun upon Will 's insistence . One running joke in the show involves Carlton repeatedly being slapped in the back of the head by various characters , usually in response to comments that are ridiculously self - centered ( in later seasons , for example , he would often make humorous comments about gaining his father 's inheritance ) or due to portraying ignorance of lives other than his own . Often Will would ask to hold what Carlton is holding and once receiving it he would slap Carlton across the head with the object ( e.g. a folder containing Will 's testament written by Carlton , in `` Ill Will '' ) . Carlton 's height is frequently made fun of , especially by Will , who , in the episode `` Grumpy Young Men '' , jokes that Carlton is the average height for a woman . He is sometimes portrayed as being extremely naïve . An example is when , in the episode Mistaken Identity , he and Will are arrested after police officers falsely believe that they stole a Mercedes - Benz belonging to Philip 's law firm partner , who requested Will and Carlton drive the vehicle to Palm Springs as a favor . At the end , Carlton insists that the policemen were only doing their job , not really accepting the fact that he and Will were victims of racial profiling . However , he seems to wonder if they were wrong , as when he asks his father if he ( Phil ) were a policeman if he would pull over someone who was driving too slow , for which Phil answers : `` I asked myself the same thing the first time I was stopped '' ; after that , Carlton seems in deep thought over the situation . Although he was portrayed early on as a snobby rich kid , Carlton evolved after having his view challenged when arrested for `` stealing a car '' and when Will is shot , Carlton is angered that the shooter will probably not face justice for harming Will . He is also seen to get extremely jealous almost anytime something great happens to Will . Examples would be when , in the Season One episode `` Courting Disater '' Will joins the school basketball with Carlton already on it . Will becomes the star of the team and Carlton becomes jealous and the competition between the two starts . Carlton decides to steal the ball from Will and take the game winning shot . In the sixth and final season , Carlton finally gains transfer admission to Princeton University however , due to his fear of not living up to Philip 's achievements , Carlton decides not to attend Princeton and briefly becomes interested in pursuing a career in bowling . However , he gets over his fear and leaves for the east coast in the series finale . Hilary Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Hil '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Miss Hilary '' Nickname by friends and workers : `` Hilary '' Hilary Violet Banks ( played by Karyn Parsons ) , born May 12 , 1969 ( although said to be August 18th in `` Love Hurts '' ) , is Will 's attractive , but dull - witted , eldest cousin , known for her notable lack of intelligence , pretentious attitude , spoiled brat behaviour , and constant dependence on Geoffrey . In earlier seasons , Hilary 's snobbishness is emphasized , as well as her shallow trendy environmental activism . During this time , she often claimed to hobnob with celebrities and loved being mistaken by people for Whitney Houston . Later on , Hilary is written as a self - centered airhead ; she looks down on Will 's upbringing and is obsessed with shopping and money ( this is shown early in the series ; her first line of the show is `` Dad , I need $300 ! , '' which she intended to spend on a hat ) . However , despite her apparent shallow personality , she has a strong sense of integrity and shows obvious affection to her family members ; Will gets along with her better than Carlton does , though Will is at times bewildered by Hilary 's lapses of intelligence . Hilary is portrayed as a stereotypical valley girl and speaks with some strong valspeak habits , in spite of her disdain for the San Fernando Valley ( as evidenced in two season three episodes : in `` Asses to Ashes '' , when talking about what heaven and hell might be like , she describes hell to be `` like , the Valley '' ; in `` Robbing the Banks '' , when Will lets it slip to Hilary , Carlton and Ashley that Luther , whom Philip was coaxed into hiring to help around the house while Vivian and Geoffrey were each on vacation , spent time `` in the pen '' , Hilary responds `` The pen , please tell me that 's slang for the Valley '' ) . Hilary is pursued by Jazz and reluctantly goes on a date with him in Season 1 episode `` Working it Out '' in order to keep her job . The night ends with Hilary giving Jazz a kiss on the cheek . During the series , Hilary attends and drops out of UCLA , after which she begins a long streak of varying luck that eventually lands her a nationally syndicated daytime talk show titled Hilary . It starts when she becomes a weather reporter at a local television station , where she meets and falls in love with the station 's lead news anchor Trevor Collins ( Brian Stokes Mitchell ) . However , Trevor dies in a bungee jumping accident while proposing marriage in the episode `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way '' , part of an ill - conceived live televised event that Hilary and the rest of the Banks family watch at home on the living room television . At the conclusion of the series , Hilary 's talk show moves to New York City , as does most of the rest of the Banks family . Hilary 's hair styles have changed as the series progressed ; early in the series it was brown and bushy , it then became longer and curly with blonde highlights , but later it was black , straight , and shoulder - length . Hilary appeared in 145 episodes of the series . Ashley Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Ash '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Miss Ashley '' Ashley Banks ( played by Tatyana Ali ) is Will 's younger cousin , born on August 26 , 1979 . Ashley was Vivian 's baby girl , and always loved being with her mom . Phillip was always trying to control Ashley 's life so she did not become anything like regular teenage girls . Will 's devil - may - care approach to life proved to be an exciting alternative , which makes her generally more sympathetic and understanding towards him than other members of the Banks family ; with that being , Ashley looked up to Will as a big brother and spent much time following him in her younger days . In fact , Will states in the episode `` Will Gets A Job '' that if he had a choice to be any of Phillip 's kids it would be Ashley . Possibly because of Will 's influence towards Ashley , she often acts rebelliously as she gets older , for which her father becomes very angry at Will . One of these moments is in the episode Father Knows Best , which reveals that she dropped out of her private school and enrolled in secret at a public high school and was planning to hide this from her parents as long as possible ; though after a failed plot in which Will posed as Ashley 's father when she is asked to attend a parent - teacher conference , Will eventually convinces Ashley to come clean . She also spends less time with Will and sometimes gets upset with him when he becomes overprotective like Philip to the point of showing a great deal of annoyance and contempt . She believed that she was old enough to make her own decisions when it comes to boys which neither Will nor Uncle Phil enjoyed hearing or believed . Phillip never enjoyed having Ashley grow up . Ashley 's age is inconsistent in the first season . She is said to be nine in a few early episodes of the season . In the episode `` Deck the Halls , '' Will says that she is 10 . But in the episode `` Just Infatuation , '' Ashley celebrates her 12th birthday . Starting with the second season , she is 13 , she turns 14 in the middle of the third season , 15 at the end of the fourth season , she is 16 by the end of season five and 17 by the end of season six . Ashley matures very much in the series ; she becomes a one - hit wonder with a hit song called `` Make Up Your Mind '' in the season five premiere `` What 's Will Got to Do With It ? '' / `` The Client '' , however her career quickly fizzles out when her album does n't sell because as the agent Philip hired to replace Will mentioned `` kids got sick of her ( song ) '' , when it gets too much exposure . Beginning in the episode `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do '' , she also strives to become a fashion model after being discovered by the president of a modeling agency at her job at a mall food court corn dog stand . In the series finale , Ashley decides to attend a performing arts school in New York City . As Hilary is also moving to New York when it is announced that her talk show is relocating there , the two sisters decide to live together ; they become extremely excited about the whole idea , much to the annoyance of Phillip , who does not want to lose his daughters . In the episode `` The Baby Comes Out '' , where her brother Nicky is born , Ashley mentions she knew how to drive since she was 12 years old . She is very musically talented as shown that she plays violin and the drums , and she can sing . Ashley appeared in 144 episodes of the series . Nicky Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Little man '' Nicholas Andrew Michael Shawn Nathan Wanyá Banks ( played first by Gregory Wheeler in Twas the Night Before Christening and then by Ross Bagley for the final two seasons ) is born to Philip and Vivian on February 22 , 1993 , toward the end of the third season . Except for one episode , when Carlton professionally calls him `` Nicholas '' , every member of the family calls him by his nickname , Nicky . The character was primarily used as a plot device , often adding motivation for other characters , comic relief , or an emotional punch to the show 's storyline . In the fifth season , Nicky grows from a newborn infant to a preschooler , which is common in television series and soap operas . In the fifth - season premiere `` What 's Will Got to Do With It '' , the first episode to feature this change , Jazz expresses amazement while Will just stares uneasily into the camera . Four of his middle names are taken from the names of the members of the R&B group Boyz II Men ; he was middle - named this way after they performed at his christening in the season four episode `` ' Twas the Night Before Christening '' ; however in the season three episode `` The Baby Comes Out '' , Philip addresses Nicky 's full name , with a middle name already given , as `` Nicholas Andrew Banks '' . Geoffrey Barbara butler ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` G '' , `` Chicken George '' ( Season 3 , Episode 20 ) - `` The Baby Comes Out '' Geoffrey Barbara Butler ( played by Joseph Marcell ) , born in London on November 18 , 1947 , serves as the Banks family 's cynical butler . Geoffrey is the first character that appears on screen in the pilot episode The Fresh Prince Project . He is seen going to answer the door to Will , who mistakes him for Philip . In addition to four years at Oxford University and a long career working for British aristocrats , Geoffrey was an Olympic runner several years before being hired by the Banks family ( as revealed in the episode `` It 's Better to Have Loved and Lost It ... '' from the fourth season , when Geoffrey shows the Banks family a videotape of a documentary called Shame of a Nation ) , but fled his home country in shame after being exposed for cheating while participating in the men 's marathon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , winning the Gold Medal only because he had taken a cab ride to the stadium parking lot ( shortly after receiving his medal , Queen Elizabeth II , who apparently presented the medals , got word of Geoffrey 's cheating , pushing aside the bronze medalist to hit Geoffrey with her purse and rip the medal off his neck : Geoffrey then ran from the stadium in shame . ) In the 1970s , he was a butler for the band Led Zeppelin . In the early 1980s , Geoffrey was sparring butler for Chuck Norris . In the episode Nice Lady , he reveals having practiced Greco - Roman wrestling in his youth . Geoffrey 's character changes over the series : in early episodes , he is very dutiful and gentlemanly , whereas he becomes very cynical in later episodes . Joseph Marcell explains that he began by playing Geoffrey as stereotypically English but then felt that the American audience was not accustomed to seeing Black Englishmen . Geoffrey 's favorite television program ( as revealed in the pilot episode ) is Masterpiece Theatre , which he routinely watches when he goes off duty at 9 pm Geoffrey always refers to Will as `` Master William '' ( except once in part two of the series finale `` I , Done '' , at Will 's request ) and the other Banks children as `` Master Carlton '' , `` Miss Hilary '' , `` Miss Ashley '' , and `` Master Nicky '' . Known for his sarcasm , he is the voice of caustic humor on the show , often commenting on Philip 's weight , his own low pay , his lack of a social or romantic life , the overall laziness of the family , or Will 's goofiness . However , Geoffrey did seem to impress women by having the confidence to be himself , such as when he was set up on a blind date with a Black English woman ( played by Naomi Campbell ) . In early episodes , he has an interest in classical music and is often hinted at as leading a vibrant private life . Ironically , although a stickler for tradition , he incorrectly tells Will it is proper to refer to a butler by his first name , although this is possibly because his surname and job title are the same . He considers himself to be part of the English working - class , despite speaking the Queen 's English and , in one episode , being wary of a relationship with a rich woman . He becomes the godfather of Nicky Banks in the fourth - season episode `` Twas the Night Before Christening '' , after Vivian tires of the bickering amongst her sisters Vy and Helen and noted that no one has been more devoted to her youngest son than Geoffrey has . Midway into the sixth season , Geoffrey discovers he has a son he never knew about , named Frederick , born to a former lover . During the same episode , it is also revealed that his middle name is `` Barbara '' , which he explains is a `` family name '' . In the series finale `` I , Done '' , Geoffrey leaves to be with his son in London ; however , in the fourth - season episode `` ' Twas the Night Before Christening '' , a sequence set in 1998 ( two years after the ending of the series ) portrays him as still being the Banks family 's butler . There are two running gags centered around Geoffrey . One is that he is often compared to or confused with Benson , from the series with the same name . The other , which is more common is that whenever the doorbell rings , everyone continues with what they were previously doing , or look to Geoffrey , prompting Geoffrey to say `` oh , please , will you let me get it this time ? '' or some variation , in a sarcastic tone . Niles , from The Nanny is very similar to him , as they are both British butlers , both went to Oxford , and both have the same sarcastic personality . Geoffrey appeared in 143 episodes of the series . Jazz ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Jazz , man '' ( also `` J '' , Jazzy Jazzerzon , The Jazzmeister , JazzZ , Jazzertron 3000 and Jazzeroonie ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mr. Jazz '' Jazz was portrayed by Will Smith 's musical partner Jeffrey A. Townes , popularly known as DJ Jazzy Jeff . Jazz was born on May 20 , 1971 and is Will 's ill - mannered and dim - witted best friend who lives in the inner - city community of Compton , California . He has had a long - standing crush on Hilary Banks , and almost every time his advances are rejected . Jazz eventually marries a prison inmate named Jewel who had appeared on an episode of COPS , in which she bites the arm of a police officer ( this is not shown , although the officer is heard calling for police backup because of it ) . In the season four episode `` Mother 's Day '' , Jewel reveals that she and Jazz are expecting a baby though no other mention of their child is ever made after that point . Jazz divorces her shortly afterward , realizing he knows nothing about her , finding out that she cheated on him with several men and that her real name is not even Jewel ( it is Hortense ) . Jazz is almost completely tactless , and succeeds in insulting or irritating Philip almost every time they are together . He knows how to play the drums very well , and once gave Ashley a lesson in the episode his character is introduced `` Bang the Drum , Ashley '' . Jazz wears sunglasses in nearly every episode he is seen . While in an early episode of season one , Jazz wears regular glasses for the entire episode instead of his trademark sunglasses , the show 's writers had initially intended for the character to be blind . This is evidenced throughout early episodes , as Jazz is rarely looking directly at other characters . However , by the second season , in the episode `` Cased Up '' , Hilary asks her boyfriend ( Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) to take off his glasses ; thinking she was speaking to him , Jazz charmingly removes his glasses , revealing his eyes . In a running gag throughout the series , Jazz usually ends up being literally thrown , or , as it was referred to the first time , drop kicked out of the house . This is usually done by Philip , although sometimes Hilary , Geoffrey , Vivian , and even Will ( the only character other than Philip to do it more than once ) throw him out . Whenever Jazz is thrown out of the house , he is usually wearing the same clothes ; it was decided to use the same clip of Jazz being thrown out the front door as often as possible rather than returning to the exterior location each time ( the reuse of the clip is evidenced by the sudden noise of a sprinkler whenever Jazz is thrown out ) . Will was once on the receiving end of this punishment after making egregious changes to Philip 's political campaign tape in `` A Night at the Oprah '' , and in similar jokes was thrown out of a nightclub by a bouncer while trying to dance with Geoffrey 's blind date in `` Kiss My Butler '' , and out of Jay Leno 's studio in `` Will 's Up the Dirt Road , '' after trying to hog the show after apologizing to Leno . In one instance , in the third - season premiere `` How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' , Will was even thrown out of Jazz 's apartment by Jazz himself after he tried to guilt Jazz into letting him stay over after a fight with his relatives despite Jazz mentioning he already had company over . In this same episode , it is briefly mentioned by Geoffrey that Philip did also throw Will out of the house onto the front lawn when he was leaving the house , but was never shown . During the 1993 Halloween episode `` Hex and the Single Guy '' , Jazz got revenge by throwing Philip out instead , as the main plot to the story was that misfortune - plagued the Banks family following a so - called `` hex '' from a con psychic communicator . This was later shown to be in a dream Will was having , though when he woke up , the dream appeared to be a premonition , and it was implied that the whole ordeal may truly happen indeed . There was also an instance ( Season 2 , in the episode `` Cased Up '' ) where Jazz was standing outside of the house , taunting Philip because he was already standing outside ; as a result , Philip throws him inside the house . In another episode , Jazz was thrown out in the backyard along with a cardboard cutout of Bill Cosby that he was lugging around . There was a time when Vivian threw Jazz out through the back door for saying that he would bring a stripper to Will 's birthday party . In another episode Jazz gets a pillow for the Banks ' newborn baby until Will finds a tag saying `` Wendy Beth '' on the back meaning that Jazz had stolen the pillow . Jazz then thinks `` it 's the thought that counts '' only ending up with Will throwing Jazz out through the backdoor with the pillow . At the beginning of the episode `` Cased Up , '' a nighttime version of the shot is used , with crickets as a sound effect ( though the actual video of Jazz getting thrown out is simply darkened for effect ) . It was show that Jazz enjoys being thrown out sometimes . In one episode , after Jazz and Will made up over a fight , Jazz asked Will to throw him out `` like the good ol ' times . '' In another episode , to taunt a guy for trying to walk to his car , Jazz purposely insulted Phil just so he can throw him out . Jazz 's last appearance was in the first part of the series finale `` I , Done '' , in which he gave Philip his grandmother 's teeth as a gift for Philip 's 50th birthday , because Jazz thought Philip was getting old . Thus , Philip was once again angry and threw Jazz out of the house ( it is actually mentioned that Philip broke his previous record in tossing him ) . After the house had been sold in the second part of the episode and Will had found an apartment , Philip was the only person to mention Jazz when asking when he was coming by to help Will pack , to which Will responded , `` As soon as you leave . '' Philip was not surprised , but he did want to wish Jazz luck in the future . Recurring characters ( edit ) Vy Smith - Wilkes ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Mom '' Nickname by Carlton , Ashley , Nicky & Hilary : `` Aunt Vy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mrs. Smith '' Viola `` Vy '' Smith - Wilkes , portrayed by Vernee Watson - Johnson , is Vivian 's oldest sister and Will 's loving mother . She is a stern , no - nonsense disciplinarian who is not afraid to challenge anyone who gets in her way . It was her idea that Will should go to Bel Air to get a good education and avoid a life of violence in their West Philadelphia neighborhood . Vy works as a supervisor at the post office . It was due to this she opposed the decision when Janice decides to marry Frank , a white man . Though by their next encounter she is more acceptable . Vy eventually decides to marry Lisa Wilkes ' father after Will and Lisa call off their second wedding attempt . However , it is unknown whether or not they married , since in Vy 's next appearance , Mr. Wilkes is not seen or mentioned . Her maiden name and married name were previously the same , as Will 's father was named Lou Smith . Kellogg Lieberbaum ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Cornflake '' Kellogg Lieberbaum ( played by Michael Weiner ) was a classmate and friend of Will and Carlton at Bel - Air Academy . Most of his appearances were in the first season , but he makes two appearances in the second season as well . As a pun on Kellogg 's Corn Flakes , he is nicknamed `` Cornflake '' by Will . Much of the humor of his character comes from the dissonance of an unassuming Jewish preppie using such phrases as `` She is one fly sister '' and `` Power to the people -- say it loud : I 'm black and I 'm proud ! '' Toni ( edit ) Toni ( portrayed by Lisa Fuller ) is Hilary 's friend who only appeared in Season 1 . She appears to be a dumb blonde . Her first appearance was in `` Clubba Hubba '' and her last was in `` It Had to Be You '' . Her other appearances were `` Def Poet 's Society '' and `` Knowledge is Power '' . Helen Smith ( edit ) Helen Smith , portrayed by Jenifer Lewis , is Vivian 's loud - mouthed younger sister . She has frequent marriage difficulties with her husband Lester ( Felton Perry ) , whom she finally divorces after he cheats on her with `` a cute little home wrecker '' , leaving him with custody over their delinquent son Bobby ( Ahmad Stoner ) . Janice Smith ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Aunt J '' Janice Smith , played by Charlayne Woodard , is the youngest of the Smith sisters , flighty according to Vivian , and married to a white man named Frank ( portrayed by Diedrich Bader in Season 2 , Robert Torti in one episode in Season 3 ) , a marriage older sister Vy initially objects to . She also appears in the series with a baby son . Tyriq Johnson ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Ty '' Tyriq Johnson , portrayed by Perry Moore , is one of Will 's close friends in Bel - Air , who appears frequently in season 2 . He is described in the episode `` Eyes on the Prize '' ( wherein he and Jazz compete against Will and Carlton on a televised game show ) as `` Bel - Air 's oldest tenth grader , '' a lover of frozen pizza , and a fan of Laverne and Shirley reruns . Trevor Collins - Newsworthy ( edit ) Trevor ( portrayed by Brian Stokes Mitchell ) was Hilary 's news anchor fiancé back in 1992 and co-worker at the television station . Trevor often gave himself compliments . Also , he always left the air and the Banks ' mansion by saying , `` Goodnight and Godspeed . '' He was originally referred to as `` Trevor Collins '' , but later episodes established his surname as `` Newsworthy . '' He eventually proposes to Hilary , but she insists that he officially proposes on live television later that day . Trevor then proposes to her on television while bungee jumping , and dies during the stunt when something goes wrong with the jump and he hits the ground . Hilary mourns his death by bringing back what she presumes to be Trevor 's ashes in an urn , but later learns that Trevor was not cremated , and that she grabbed a stranger 's urn . His death continues to haunt Hilary for the next few episodes and his memory , unlike almost everything else ( including Trevor 's very name ) , never leaves her mind . Jackie Ames ( edit ) Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames , portrayed by Tyra Banks , was introduced in `` Where There 's A Will , There 's a Way ( Part 1 ) '' in season four . At first , Carlton believed that Jackie was `` the girl of his dreams '' after she told off some people who were making fun of his peacock costume ( Carlton participated in football games as ULA 's mascot , the peacock ) . Later that night , at a party , Will discovers that this girl Carlton was talking about was Jackie , a girl he had known but did not keep in touch with back in Philly . She is initially upset that he did not attempt to contact her but eventually forgives him . As manager of The Peacock Stop , Jackie is the object of Will 's affection and frequent come - ons but continually spurns his advances , deeming him too immature . The two were old childhood friends from Philadelphia but she feels Will has not grown up since those days . There are certain innuendos indicating she still has feelings for Will . Jackie seems to warm more to Carlton , arguably because she sees him as more mature and stable than Will , although she is not as keen on dancing to Bobby Vinton as is Carlton . However , Jackie cuts all ties to Will for good when Will challenges a jock to a drinking game while at the jock 's birthday party . After being rebuffed by both Will and the football player when she tries to stop them , she has Carlton drive her home and is never seen again . Lisa Wilkes ( edit ) Beullah `` Lisa '' Wilkes , portrayed by Nia Long , was introduced in the fifth - season episode , `` Will 's Misery , '' as the girlfriend who tames Will into forsaking his womanizing ways . The two fall deeply in love and are engaged to be married , going so far as the ceremonies twice but never actually tie the knot . The first time , they elope to Las Vegas and try a Shaft - themed wedding but walk out on the ceremony after being interrupted so many times and realizing they were not ready . The second time they try to get married , Will starts feeling some doubts , especially when he notices that , like Jazz , he also knows very little about Lisa , culminating in him asking if Lisa is her real first name , upon which she reveals it 's actually Beulah . Will manages to overcome these doubts but Lisa reveals that she is also having doubts and the two decide not to marry . She is never seen again . The night before the wedding , a rivalry flared up between Will 's mother and Lisa 's father . In order to help them work out their differences before their wedding , Lisa and Will send them to a restaurant to get to know each other and work things out . However , the plan backfires when they get along too well and Will catches them in bed together . Ultimately the two end up getting married at the same ceremony , resulting in Will and Lisa becoming step - siblings . Guest stars ( edit ) Judge Carl Robertson ( edit ) Judge Carl Robertson was played by Sherman Hemsley . This man was a cunning lawyer and a one - time mentor to Phil . Judge Robertson visits a few times during the show and is known for being odd and mischievous . He also appears to have become greatly absent - minded but makes up for this with his boundless charisma . Philip begins to question the competence of his mentor and runs against him in the race for Superior Court judge and loses , largely due to Robertson 's outrageous smear campaign against Phil . However , at the victory party where he is confronted by Will , Judge Robertson suffers a fatal heart attack , although it appeared that he suddenly died at the `` voice '' of Will who inadvertently told him to drop dead . The incident leaves Will guilt - ridden but at the funeral it 's shown that quite a few people who knew the judge are quite happy to see him gone . They revealed that he was quite promiscuous and corrupt , for he wrongly convicted innocent people that he prosecuted and most of them attended just to make sure he was dead , actually applauding Will for his act . The Governor then appoints Phillip to take Judge Robertson 's seat . Though Robertson dies in the third season , Hemsley played his other character George Jefferson from The Jeffersons in the series later . Hemsley as Jefferson appeared in the Season five episode `` Will is from Mars '' , where he is with his wife ( Isabel Sanford as Louise Jefferson ) at counseling with Will and Lisa . George Jefferson also appears in `` I Done , Part 2 '' , having bought the Banks ' mansion . Hattie Banks ( edit ) Nicknames by Will : `` Granny '' or `` DJ Granny '' Hattie Banks , played by Virginia Capers , is Philip 's mother , having appeared in six episodes over the series ' run . She forms a close affinity with Will ( to the point where he sees her as his own grandmother ) and even falls for some of his pranks , much to Philip 's irritation . She embarrasses Philip by telling stories of his humble origins and refers to him by his childhood name `` Zeke . '' Joe Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Grandpa '' Joseph `` Joe '' Banks , played by Gilbert Lewis , was Philip 's father , having appeared in only one episode , `` Not With My Pig , You Do n't '' . His death sometime later ( offscreen ) left Phillip and Hattie feeling lost . Lou Smith ( edit ) Lou Smith ( played by Ben Vereen ) was a one - time character , appearing only in the episode `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Excuse . '' He is Will 's father , and a trucker . Lou abandoned his family ( Will and Viola `` Vy '' Smith ) when Will was 3 years - old , and explains his motives for leaving by saying he was n't ready for fatherhood , that he `` started feeling trapped '' and that he was scared . Lou drops in unannounced at the Peacock café where Will and Carlton work . Will invites Lou to the Banks ' residence but when he arrives , the family gives him the cold shoulder , especially Philip , who goes as far as to even skip dinner , shocking Geoffery ( with the exception of Carlton and Hilary , who are excited to see their long lost Uncle and Ashley who 's meeting him for the first time since her infancy ) . Will and his father go to a carnival where Lou explains to him his motives for leaving and asks for Will 's forgiveness , telling Will he 's a changed man and is ready to make up for his `` selfish and cowardly '' mistake to him . Will agrees , and calls him `` Dad '' for the first time after playing basketball . When they return to the house , Lou announces that Will is joining him for the summer on a nationwide trip in Lou 's truck . Philip objects to this . Lou tries to convince Philip , but Philip subtly disses Lou by telling him to stay out of their `` family discussion . '' After Lou leaves the mansion to go to the pool house , Will and Philip get into a heated argument ; Will calls out Philip for dissing Lou , causing Philip to finally blow up ; he can knows that Lou has not had a change of heart , noticing his behavior shows no sign of guilt or acknowledgment of his past actions . Will believes not everybody is perfect and asks why he wo n't give him a chance ; Philip responds that he 's not seeing Will for his sake , but for his own selfish intentions . Vivian tries to ease the conflict , but Will officially announces he 's going on the trip anyway . Philip once again objects , but Will hollers he does n't care , as he is n't his biological father . Shocked and hurt by Will 's words , Philip begins wondering if he 's a good father . The next day , Philip is still contemplating , believing that with Lou back in Will 's life , Will no longer appreciates what Philip has done for him over the years . Expressing his concerns to Vivian , he eventually goes on to accuse Will of being selfish for wanting to be with Lou again , despite playing a larger role in his life . Vivian turns it around on Philip as he was the selfish one by not letting Will reconnect with Lou . As Will packs up , the two of them make amends ; Will appreciates everything Philip had done for him over the years , but he still needs this trip . Although Philip meant what he said , he admits to stepping out of line , and wishes him the best . As Philip leaves , Will reminds him that he 's only going to be gone for the summer . After a while , Vivian and Philip are still waiting for Lou to return , being an hour late . Philip begins to suspect him running off again . Although Lou eventually shows up , he tells them he has found a `` big '' new job in Maine that ca n't afford enough space in his truck for Will . Philip then offers to buy a plane ticket to fly Will to Maine to meet up with him and continue their trip from there , but Lou refuses the offer , saying this Maine job might lead to more job opportunities for him . Vivian expresses concern for Will 's reaction , which Lou requests that they tell for him instead . Finally provoked , Philip requests Vivian to leave the room , but not before she tells Lou to stay out of Will 's life if he leaves again . An irate Philip bluntly reminds him of his responsibility to Will ; that Will is n't some come - and - go object that he can use whenever he feels and that Lou is supposed to be there for Will , not the other way around . Lou reacts defensively ; that he did n't want this job opportunity to happen and uses his same excuse on Philip as to why he left Will to begin with . However , Philip tells him to stop because fatherhood scared him too but he never let that cause him to leave his family and explains that being there for his family is what a man does . However , an annoyed Lou still refuses to listen , admitting Philip to being a better man than himself . Will then walks in before Lou can duck out again . Lou tells Will that he ca n't take him along because of his job . He promises that the trip is only going to be `` put on hold for just a couple weeks '' and promises to `` call him next week to iron out the details '' . Knowing he 's just trying to weasel out easy and is never going to do any of those things , Will realizes that Philip was right . When Lou says goodbye to Will , Will closes the bridge by addressing him as `` Lou '' instead of `` Dad . '' In a state of awkwardness , Lou leaves . Will is in denial about any feelings of hurt and betrayal , claiming he does n't need him . He starts by talking about he 's managed to go through life without him but then starts turning into angry rants about how he 's going to successfully finish life without him , before breaking down in tears , asking Philip why Lou does n't want to be there for him . Having seen his father abandon him a second time , Will finally realizes that Philip is the closest thing to a father that he has . Although Lou never reappeared after this , Will was so hurt by the incident that he developed a deep resentment towards his father whenever he was mentioned . It is unknown if Lou ever reappeared after this , but if he did , he was most likely angrily thrown out by the Banks for his previous actions . In a later episode , during a heated argument with Carlton , Carlton insulted Will by comparing him to his father . Shaking with anger , he calmly but clearly stated , `` I am nothing like my father . '' In an earlier episode before Lou 's appearance , when Phil suffers a heart attack and Carlton is in denial , Will confronts Carlton to go visit Phil in the hospital . Will wins the argument using reverse psychology by reminding Carlton he has a father who is always there for his children when Will asks Carlton `` Do you know where my father is '' ? When Carlton answers in the negative , Will rebuts `` Neither do I '' . In the finale episode , Will states that Uncle Phil is the only father he ever had and Philip says , `` You are my son , end of story . '' Other guest stars ( edit ) Mark Burch Antonio Fargas Michael Clarke Duncan Marc Thompson John Amos Vivica A. Fox Cree Summer Phil LaMarr Bernie Kopell Pat Morita Kadeem Hardison Queen Latifah * Jasmine Guy Glenn Shadix Richard Roundtree * Bo Jackson Doctor Dré Quincy Jones Heavy D Whoopi Goldberg Tony Longo Chris Rock D.L. Hughley Sherrié Austin John Witherspoon Don Cheadle Vanessa Williams Malcolm - Jamal Warner * Milton Berle Evander Holyfield Tom Lister , Jr . Nancy Cartwright Miguel A. Núñez , Jr . Brandon Quintin Adams * Darryl Sivad * Robert Costanzo Jaleel White Garcelle Beauvais * Jim Meskimen * Nicole Bilderback Morgan Nagler Tom Devanney Conrad Bain Tisha Campbell - Martin Adrienne - Joi Johnson Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Bell Biv DeVoe Boyz II Men Ben Vereen Don Yesso Kim Fields Tyra Banks Raven - Symoné Zachery Ty Bryan Robin Givens Brad Garrett Isiah Thomas Olivia Brown Nia Long Jenifer Lewis Donald Trump Dick Clark Susan Powter Regis Philbin Robert Guillaume Sherman Hemsley Isabel Sanford Marla Gibbs Tevin Campbell Victoria Rowell Oprah Winfrey Branford Marsalis Bree Walker Reno Wilson Hill Harper Pam Grier Tempestt Bledsoe Phil Morris Monica Allison Craig Kirkwood Tatiana Thumbtzen Leeza Gibbons Lark Voorhies Riddick Bowe Isaac Hayes William Shatner Anna Maria Horsford Tom Jones Joan Van Ark B.B. King Zsa Zsa Gabor Genesis P - Orridge Ken Griffey , Jr . Hugh Hefner Naomi Campbell Wayne Newton Bob Eubanks Jay Leno Stacey Dash Al B. Sure ! Gary Coleman Tim Russ Allen Payne Kathy Griffin Robert Hooks Milo Ventimiglia Dante Basco Karen Malina White Elise Neal Don Cornelius Keith Hamilton Cobb Leann Hunley Arthel Neville Ajai Sanders Tamala Jones Kathie Lee Gifford Stephen Lang ( Uncredited ) Naya Rivera Michole Briana White References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro Reveals the Inspiration for the Carlton on Fresh Prince '' . www.people.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - Season 5 , Episode 1 : What 's Will Got to Do With It ? ( 1 ) '' . TV.com. 1994 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air : 1990 - 1996 '' . People.com. 2000 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Butler - encyclopedia article - Citizendium '' . En.citizendium.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Jazzy Jeff Interview '' . Jazzyjefffreshprince.tripod.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . ( hide ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Episodes 5 6 Characters Will Smith Philip Banks Vivian Banks Carlton Banks Hilary Banks Ashley Banks Geoffrey Butler Nicky Banks Theme song `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' Related series Out All Night In the House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air_characters&oldid=810212113 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of American television series characters The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays geoffrey's son in fresh prince
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Lunar south pole
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Lunar south pole - wikipedia Lunar south pole Jump to : navigation , search Lunar south polar region as imaged by Clementine . Play media A view of the south pole of the Moon showing where reflectance and temperature data indicate the possible presence of surface water ice . The lunar south pole is of special interest to scientists because of the postulated occurrence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas around it . Of the lunar poles , the south pole is of greater interest because the area that remains in shadow is much larger than that at the north pole . The lunar south pole craters are unique in that sunlight does not reach the bottom . Such craters are cold traps that contain a fossil record of the early solar system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Craters 2 Exploration 2.1 Future 3 Discoveries 3.1 Illumination 3.2 Cold traps 3.3 Magnetic surface 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The lunar south pole is located on the center base of the far side of the moon ( 80 ° S to 90 ° S ) and covers a distance of about 1250 km . The lunar south pole has shifted 5 degrees from where it previously was billions of years ago . This shift has changed the rotational axis of the moon allowing sunlight to reach areas of the moon previously shadowed . The axis spin is 88.5 degrees from the plane of the elliptic . The south pole contains areas of permanent darkness , where the sunlight never reaches . On the contrary , the pole also contains areas with permanent exposure to sunlight . The south pole contains many craters and basins such as the South Pole - Aitken basin ; which appears to be one of the most fundamental features of the moon . The south pole contains mountains such as Epsilon Peak which is taller than any mountain found on earth . The south pole is thermally benign , ranging at an average of 250 -- 270 kelvins . Craters ( edit ) Lunar south polar region as imaged by Diviner . The rotational axis of the Moon lies within Shackleton Crater . Notable craters nearest to the lunar south pole include De Gerlache , Sverdrup , Shoemaker , Faustini , Haworth , Nobile and Cabeus . Exploration ( edit ) Lunar south polar region map . Spacecraft from several countries have explored the region around the lunar south pole . Extensive studies were conducted by the Lunar Orbiter , Clementine , Lunar Prospector , Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , Kaguya , and Chandrayaan . NASA 's LCROSS mission found a significant amount of water in Cabeus . NASA 's LCROSS mission deliberately crashed into the floor of Cabeus and from samples found that it contained nearly 5 % water . The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , or LRO , is a mission that has already begun and is currently mapping the lunar south pole . This mission will help scientists see if the Lunar south pole has enough sustainable resources to have a permanent station. The LRO had a Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment , commonly known as Diviner , on board which investigated the radiation and thermophysical properties of the south pole surface . The Diviner is designed to watch the thermal environment of the south pole . It can detect reflected solar radiation and internal infrared emissions . The LRO Diviner was able to detect where water and ice could be trapped on the surface . The lunar south pole is suitable a for a lunar outpost . The permanently shadowed places on the moon could contain ice and other minerals , which would be vital resources for future explorers . The mountain peaks near the pole are illuminated for large periods of time and could be used to provide solar energy to an outpost . With an outpost on the moon scientists will be able to analyze fossil and water samples dating back to the beginning of the Solar System . One place scientists deemed as an ideal spot for future landing missions . Connecting Ridge is the ridge that connects Shackleton to the de Gerlache crater . Scientists used LOLA ( Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter ) which was a device used by NASA to provide an accurate topographic model of the moon . With this data locations on the south pole were found that yielded sunlight for 92.27 % -- 95.65 % of the time based on altitude ranging from 2m above ground to 10m above ground . At the same spots it was discovered that the longest continuous periods of darkness were only 3 to 5 days . The Lunar South pole is a place where scientists may be able to use radio waves under 30 Hz . No place in space has been able to use radio waves of this frequency because the waves would interfere with Earth 's radio signals . The lunar south pole has mountains and basins that are not facing earth and would be an ideal place to project radio signals . Future ( edit ) Future planned exploration of the Lunar south polar region includes a private mission by Shackleton Energy Company , no earlier than 2016 . Shackleton intends to land a robotic precursor exploration rover to `` identify and characterize the nature , composition and locations of the optimum ice concentrations at the north and Lunar south pole craters '' . Lunar Mission One is a British - led , unmanned Moon mission announced in November 2014 and planned for 2024 . It will attempt to land on the lunar south pole , then drill down at least 20m and possibly as deep as 100m . This could dramatically improve the understanding of the Moon 's composition , its geologic history and formation , revealing new clues about the early Solar System . The mission is attempting to gain crowdfunding on Kickstarter . Blue Origin is planning a mission to the south polar region in about 2020 . This would lead to a series of missions landing equipment for a colony in a south polar region crater , using their Blue Moon lander . India 's second lunar mission , Chandrayaan - 2 , scheduled to launch on April 2018 will attempt to soft - land a lander and rover in the south polar region of the moon . If successful , Chandrayaan - 2 will be the first ever mission to land a rover on the moon 's unexplored south pole . Discoveries ( edit ) Illumination ( edit ) The lunar south pole is one of the only spots in space that Illumination Conditions from the sun exist . These conditions at the Lunar South Pole have been observed using High Resolution Digital Terrain Models from LOLA . In addition to its illumination conditions , its surface can also reflect solar wind as energetic neutral atoms . On average , 16 % of these atoms have been protons that varies based on location . These atoms have created an integral flux of backscattered hydrogen atoms due to the reflected amount of plasma that exists on the surface of the moon . They also reveal the line boundary and the magnetic dynamics within the regions of these neutral atoms on the moon 's surface . Cold traps ( edit ) Cold traps are some of the important places on the lunar south pole in terms of possible water and iced deposits . Cold traps can contain water and ice that were originally from comets , meteorites and solar wind induced iron reduction . From experiments and sample readings scientists were able to confirm that cold traps do contain ice . Hydroxyl has also been found in these cold traps . The discovery of these two compounds has led to the founding of missions focusing primarily on the lunar poles using global scale infrared detection . The ice stays in these traps only because of the thermal behavior of the moon . These thermal behaviors are controlled by thermophysical properties , scattered sunlight , thermal re-radiation , internal heat and light given off by the earth . With the cold temperatures in the cold traps delivering ice could be a possibility in the near future , since it would not melt . Degree of the slopes found near the south pole of the Moon Magnetic surface ( edit ) In addition to the amount of cold traps discovered , there also exists areas of the moon where the crust is magnetized . This is what is known as the magnetic anomaly that exists on the surface of the moon due to the remnants of metal iron that was emplaced by the SPA basin - forming impactor . The observations of the moon 's surface were conducted using iron perspected maps to locate the concentration of iron that is embedded in the moon 's surface . However , the concentration of iron that was theorized to be in the basin was not present in the mappings , but other plausible ideas were still possible to detect this amount of iron . With regards to the SPA Impactor , the iron causing the magnetic fluctuations could still be present , but were not detected as they could be too deep in the moon 's crust for the mappings to detect or caused by another anomaly that did not involve metallic properties . In addition , the findings were proven inadequate due to the inconsistencies between the maps that were used and they were not able to detect the magnitude of the magnetic fluctuations that occurred from the moon 's surface . See also ( edit ) Colonization of the Moon polar regions Face on Moon South Pole Lunar north pole Selenography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Pole Region of the Moon as Seen by Clementine '' . NASA . June 3 , 1996 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Takes Aim at Moon with Double Sledgehammer '' . Space.com . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( NASA -- Lunar South Pole . ( 2017 ) . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100927_southpole.html ) ^ Jump up to : ( Lunar South Pole . ( 2017 ) . Fossweb.com . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-wdf-ucm-webContent/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia/Planetary_Science/binders/moon/moon_images/lunar_south_pole_1.html ) ^ Jump up to : Spudis , P.D. ; Stockstill , K.R. ; Ockels , W.J. ; Kruijff , M. ( 1995 ) . `` Physical Environment of the Lunar South Pole from Clementine Data : Implications for Future Exploration of the Moon '' . Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 26 . Bibcode : 1995LPI ... 26.1339 S . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` LCROSS Mission Finds Water on Moon , NASA Scientists Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( ( 2017 ) . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/lessonkit/Diviner-Planning%20a%20Mission%20to%20South%20Pole.pdf ) ^ Jump up to : Wei , Guangfei ; Li , Xiongyao ; Wang , Shijie ( 2016 ) . `` Thermal behavior of regolith at cold traps on the moon ׳ s south pole : Revealed by Chang ׳ E-2 microwave radiometer data '' . Planetary and Space Science . 122 : 101 . Bibcode : 2016P&SS ... 122 ... 101W . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2016.01. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Gläser , P. ; Scholten , F. ; De Rosa , D. ; Marco Figuera , R. ; Oberst , J. ; Mazarico , E. ; Neumann , G.A. ; Robinson , M.S. ( 2014 ) . `` Illumination conditions at the lunar south pole using high resolution Digital Terrain Models from LOLA '' . Icarus . 243 : 78 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 243 ... 78G . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.08. 013 . Jump up ^ ( NASA -- LOLA. ( 2017 ) . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://lola.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) Jump up ^ Takahashi , Yuki D. ( 2003 ) . `` A concept for a simple radio observatory at the lunar south pole '' . Advances in Space Research . 31 ( 11 ) : 2473 . Bibcode : 2003AdSpR ... 31.2473 T . doi : 10.1016 / S0273 - 1177 ( 03 ) 00540 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shackleton Energy 's cislunar economic development plans Archived 2013 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . David Livingston interview with James Keravala , The Space Show , 14 Dec 2012 , at 55 : 25 -- 57 : 40 , accessed 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lunar Mission One , http://www.lunarmissionone.com Jump up ^ `` UK ' to lead moon landing ' funded by public contributions '' . BBC . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUNAR MISSION ONE : A new lunar mission for everyone '' . Kickstarter. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Monica Hunter - Hart ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Blue Origin is Still Going to the Moon , Even if Mars is Hip '' . inVerse . Jump up ^ Christian Davenport ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` An exclusive look at Jeff Bezos 's plan to set up Amazon - like delivery for ' future human settlement ' of the moon '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pallava Bagla ( 31 Jan 2018 ) . `` India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon 's south pole '' . sciencemag.org . Jump up ^ ( Vorburger , A. ( 2015 ) . Imaging the South Pole -- Aitken basin in backscattered neutral hydrogen atoms . Planetary And Space Science , 115 , 57 -- 63 . ) Jump up ^ Cahill , Joshua T.S. ; Hagerty , Justin J. ; Lawrence , David J. ; Klima , Rachel L. ; Blewett , David T. ( 2014 ) . `` Surveying the South Pole - Aitken basin magnetic anomaly for remnant impactor metallic iron '' . Icarus . 243 : 27 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 243 ... 27C . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.08. 035 . External links ( edit ) USGS : Earth 's Moon ( hide ) The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_south_pole&oldid=830884748 '' Categories : Moon Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Română Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what are the coordinates for the south pole of the moon
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"The lunar south pole is located on the center base of the far side of the moon (80°S to 90°S)[3] and covers a distance of about 1250 km.[4] The lunar south pole has shifted 5 degrees from where it previously was billions of years ago. This shift has changed the rotational axis of the moon allowing sunlight to reach areas of the moon previously shadowed. The axis spin is 88.5 degrees from the plane of the elliptic. The south pole contains areas of permanent darkness, where the sunlight never reaches. On the contrary, the pole also contains areas with permanent exposure to sunlight. The south pole contains many craters and basins such as the South Pole-Aitken basin; which appears to be one of the most fundamental features of the moon.[5] The south pole contains mountains such as Epsilon Peak which is taller than any mountain found on earth.[4] The south pole is thermally benign, ranging at an average of 250–270 kelvins.[5]"
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History of the Texas Rangers (baseball)
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History of the Texas Rangers ( Baseball ) - wikipedia History of the Texas Rangers ( Baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search The History of the Texas Rangers started when the old Washington Senators team of the American League in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) left Washington , D.C. in 1960 . A new expansion team was formed with the same name and stayed in the same town until its last season in 1971 . The next year , the franchise renamed itself as the Texas Rangers and started its first season in Arlington , Texas , as part of the American League West Division , where it remains today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Washington Senators : 1961 -- 1971 2 First years in Texas : 1972 -- 1984 3 The Valentine , Ryan , and Bush years : 1985 -- 1994 4 First success : 1995 -- 2000 5 The lean years : 2001 -- 04 5.1 The A-Rod era : 2001 -- 03 5.2 2004 6 2005 -- 09 6.1 2005 6.2 2006 : Building the brand 6.3 2007 -- 09 : Financial troubles 6.4 New ownership 6.5 2010 -- present : Rise to contention 6.5. 1 First pennant : 2010 6.5. 1.1 2010 postseason 6.5. 2 2011 : Repeat AL champions 6.5. 3 2012 : Staff changes 6.5. 4 2013 - 14 : Missed postseasons 6.5. 4.1 2015 - 16 : Back - to - back AL West champions 7 References Washington Senators : 1961 -- 1971 ( edit ) When the original Washington Senators moved to Minnesota in 1960 as the Twins , Major League Baseball decided to expand a year earlier than planned to stave off threats of losing its exemption from the Sherman Antitrust Act . At the winter meetings that year , it awarded a new team to Los Angeles ( the Angels , now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) as well as a new team in the nation 's capital . This new team adopted the old Senators name , but was ( and still is ) considered an expansion team since the Twins retained the old Senators ' records and history . The Senators and Angels began to fill their rosters with American League players in an expansion draft . The team played the 1961 season at old Griffith Stadium before moving to District of Columbia Stadium ( now the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ) . For most of their existence , the new Senators were the definition of futility , losing an average of 90 games a season . The team 's struggles led to a twist on a joke about the old Senators -- `` Washington : first in war , first in peace and still last in the American League . '' Frank Howard , known for his towering home runs , was the team 's most accomplished player , winning two home run titles . Ownership changed hands several times during the franchise 's stay in Washington and was often plagued by poor decision - making and planning . Owner Pete Queseda once wondered why he needed to pay players who did n't belong in the majors and later agreed to a 10 - year lease at D.C. Stadium -- a move that would come back to haunt the Senators . In 1963 , Quesada sold his stake in the club and resigned . Washington stockbrokers James Johnson and James Lemon owned the team briefly , suffering massive financial losses . Johnson died in 1967 and Lemon sold the team a year later to hotel and trucking executive Bob Short , who outbid a group headed by Bob Hope . Short named himself general manager and hired Hall of Famer Ted Williams as manager . Although Williams had never coached or managed at any level of baseball , he seemed to light a spark under the once - moribund Senators . Williams kept them in contention for most of the 1969 season ; their 86 -- 76 record would be its only winning season in Washington . President Richard Nixon throwing out the first ball of the Senators ' season in April 1969 with manager Ted Williams ( left ) and owner Bob Short ( right , partially obscured by Yankees manager Ralph Houk ) . The success was brief , as Short borrowed most of the $9.4 million he had paid for the team . As general manager , Short was forced to make many questionable trades to service the debt and bring in much - needed revenue . As a result , the team rapidly fell back into the American League 's cellar . Fans kept their distance from the Senators while the Baltimore Orioles , 45 miles ( 72 km ) to the northeast , won four American League pennants and two World Series from 1966 through 1971 . By the end of the 1970 season , Short had issued an ultimatum : unless someone was willing to buy the Senators for $12 million ( in comparison , the New York Yankees were sold in 1973 for $8.8 million ) , he would not renew the stadium lease and move the team elsewhere . At that season 's end , Short dealt his best starting pitcher and the left side of his infield to the Detroit Tigers for erstwhile 30 - game - winner Denny McLain , who had spent most of the 1970 campaign suspended because of gambling allegations . The deal -- alleged by onetime Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield to have been made in order to secure the Tigers ' vote in favor of the Senators ' eventual move to Texas -- turned Detroit back into contenders , while McLain was a monumental bust , losing a league - worst 22 games . Short was especially receptive to an offer from Arlington , Texas mayor Tom Vandergriff , who had been trying to get a Major League team to play in the Metroplex for over a decade . Years earlier , Charles O. Finley , the owner of the Kansas City Athletics , sought to move his team to Dallas , but the idea was rebuffed by the other AL team owners . Arlington 's hole card was Turnpike Stadium , a 10,000 - seat park which had been built in 1965 to house the AA Dallas - Fort Worth Spurs of the Texas League . However , it had been built to Major League specifications and also located in a natural bowl , meaning only minor excavations would be necessary to expand the park to accommodate Major League crowds . After Vandergriff offered a multimillion - dollar down payment , Short decided to make the move to Arlington . On September 21 , 1971 , by a vote of 10 to 2 ( the Orioles ' Jerold Hoffberger and John Allyn of the Chicago White Sox registered the dissenting votes ) , American League owners granted approval to move the franchise to Arlington , Texas for the 1972 season . Senators fans were livid . Enmity came to a head at the club 's last game in Washington . Thousands of fans simply walked in without paying after the security guards left early , swelling the paid attendance of 14,460 to around 25,000 , while fans unfurled a banner reading `` SHORT STINKS '' . With the Senators leading 7 -- 5 and two outs in the top of the ninth inning , several hundred youths stormed the field , raiding it for souvenirs . One man grabbed first base and ran off with it . With no security in sight and only three bases , umpire crew chief Jim Honochick forfeited the game to the New York Yankees . First years in Texas : 1972 -- 1984 ( edit ) During the off - season , improvements were made to Turnpike Stadium , which reopened as Arlington Stadium for the 1972 season . Meanwhile , ownership announced that the franchise would be renamed the Texas Rangers . The team played its first game on April 15 , 1972 , a 1 -- 0 loss at the California Angels . The next day , the Rangers defeated the Angels 5 -- 1 for the club 's first victory . After the season Ted Williams retired as manager ; he had made no secret of his displeasure with the franchise 's new location . Whitey Herzog was named the new manager , but he was replaced before the end of the 1973 season by Billy Martin . In 1974 , the Rangers began to come into their own as a team . They finished the season second in the American League West with an 84 -- 76 record , behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics . The 1974 Rangers are still the only MLB team to finish above . 500 after two consecutive 100 - loss seasons . Mike Hargrove was awarded A.L. Rookie of the Year , Billy Martin was named Manager of the Year , Jeff Burroughs won American League MVP , and Ferguson Jenkins was named the Comeback Player of the Year after winning 25 games , a club record to this day . However , after a 44 -- 51 start in 1975 , Martin was fired as the Rangers ' manager and was replaced by Frank Lucchesi . After excellent seasons between 1977 -- 79 , the Rangers came very close to clinching a playoff spot in the first half of 1981 . But when Texas lost its last game before the players ' strike began , the Oakland A 's won the A.L. West in the first half by a half - game . After 1981 , the Rangers would not post a winning record for another five seasons . During this stretch , the Rangers made one of their most unpopular trades ever , sending multi-Gold Glove catcher and fan favorite Jim Sundberg to the Milwaukee Brewers for future Brewers ' manager Ned Yost , who later managed the Kansas City Royals to the 2015 World Series championship . The Rangers faced attendance problems for a few years after moving to Texas , in part due to the team 's inconsistent performance and in part due to the oppressive heat and humidity that can overtake the area in the summer . Until the Florida Marlins arrived in 1993 , Arlington Stadium was often the hottest stadium in the Majors , with temperatures frequently topping 100 degrees throughout the summer months . In part because of this , the Rangers began playing most of even their weekend games between May and September at night -- a tradition that continues to this day . They usually get a waiver from ESPN to play Sunday night games . The Valentine , Ryan , and Bush years : 1985 -- 1994 ( edit ) Bobby Valentine , who would eventually become the Rangers ' longest - serving manager at 1,186 games , became steward over an influx of talent in the late 1980s and early 1990s . A winning season in 1986 was a shock to pundits and fans alike as the Rangers remained in the race for the American League pennant for the entire season . With a team consisting of many stellar young rookies such as Rubén Sierra , Pete Incaviglia , Mitch Williams , Bobby Witt , and Edwin Correa , the Rangers finished in 2nd place with an 87 -- 75 record , just five games behind the division champion California Angels . The season marked a dramatic 25 - win improvement over the 1985 season , which resulted in a yet another last - place finish in the West . The signing of 41 - year - old star pitcher Nolan Ryan prior to the 1989 season allowed Ryan to reach his 5,000 th strikeout , 300th win , and sixth and seventh no - hitters with the Rangers . Coupled with powerful batters like Juan González , Rubén Sierra , Julio Franco , and Rafael Palmeiro and a pitching staff that also included Charlie Hough , Bobby Witt , Kevin Brown , and Kenny Rogers , fans held high expectations for the Rangers . However , the team never posted a finish higher than second place and Valentine was relieved of his duties during the 1992 season . Rangers Ballpark in Arlington In April 1989 , Rangers owner and oil tycoon Eddie Chiles , sold the team to an investment group headed by George W. Bush , son of the President of the United States , George H.W. Bush . After hearing that Chiles planned to sell the team , Bush headed a group of investors that bought the team for $89 million . While his own equity in the team was a small one ( approximately 1 % ) , he was named Managing General Partner of the new ownership group . He increased his investment the following year . During his tenure , the Rangers and the City of Arlington decided to replace the aging Arlington Stadium with a new publicly funded stadium , at a cost of $193 million , financed by Arlington residents , through a sales tax increase . Ground was broken on October 30 , 1991 on what would become The Ballpark in Arlington ( now named Globe Life Park in Arlington ) . The city , through the Arlington Sports Facilities Development Authority , also controversially authorized the seizure of 13 acres ( 53,000 m ) of land through eminent domain for the Rangers future development . Landowners filed lawsuits over the acquisition and eventually won settlements of $22.2 million which the Rangers failed to pay . Bush left his position with the Rangers when he was elected Governor of Texas in 1994 , and was elected the 43rd President of the United States in 2000 . Although Bush no longer has any ownership stake in the Rangers , he remains a fan of the team to this day and regularly attends the team 's home games . In 1993 , Kevin Kennedy took over managerial duties , presiding over the team for two seasons , keeping the 1993 Rangers in the hunt for a playoff berth into mid-September . Kennedy was let go in 1994 , although the team led the A.L. West prior to the players ' strike . The strike prematurely ended what could have been the Rangers ' first division championship when commissioner Bud Selig canceled the remainder of the season and the playoffs . Regardless of the unceremonious end to the 1994 season , Kenny Rogers pitched the 12th perfect game in Major League history on July 28 . First success : 1995 -- 2000 ( edit ) The year 1995 saw the beginnings of promise for the Rangers . With a brand new ballpark that hosted its first All - Star Game that year , Johnny Oates was hired as the Rangers ' manager . Oates and company promptly helped to bring home the 1996 AL Western Division championship , the first division championship in franchise history . The first playoff series , 24 years after the franchise came to Texas , saw the Rangers lose to the New York Yankees , three games to one . Oates was named AL Manager of the Year and Juan González was named A.L. MVP . The team featured a powerful lineup of hitters with Iván Rodríguez , Will Clark , Mark McLemore , Dean Palmer , Rusty Greer , Juan González , and Mickey Tettleton but continued to struggle with pitching -- a common stereotype of Rangers teams -- despite having Rick Helling , and Aaron Sele on their roster . Oates led the team to consecutive A.L. West championships in 1998 and 1999 . Neither of Oates ' last two playoff teams could win a single game , losing all six in back - to - back sweeps at the hands of the Yankees , a team that won three world championships in the 1990s after defeating Rangers teams in the first round . The 1999 team would be the last playoff - bound team for over a decade , as the Rangers took a step backwards at the beginning of the new millennium . En route to a second straight last - place finish , Oates resigned his position 28 games into the 2001 season . The Rangers finished the decade going 1 -- 9 in the postseason , without a single home win . In 1998 , venture capital billionaire Tom Hicks bought the team for $250 million . Hicks also agreed to pay the $22.2 million awarded in settlements in relation to the 1991 eminent domain litigation concerning the Ballpark in Arlington . The lean years : 2001 -- 04 ( edit ) The a-rod ERA : 2001 -- 03 ( edit ) Prior to the 2001 season , star free agent shortstop Alex Rodriguez , was signed by the Rangers in the most lucrative deal in baseball history : a 10 - year , $252 million contract . The move was considered controversial and was frequently maligned by fans and writers who thought that owner Tom Hicks was placing too much emphasis on one player instead of utilizing team resources to acquire several players , especially for a team that lacked pitching talent . Club officials maintained that Rodriguez would be the cornerstone of future postseason success . Although Rodriguez 's individual performance was outstanding , the Rangers continued to struggle and manager Jerry Narron was fired following the 2002 season . He was replaced by seasoned manager Buck Showalter . The 2003 season signified the fourth straight last - place finish , and after a post-season fallout between Rodriguez and club management , the reigning A.L. MVP and newly appointed Rangers captain was traded to the New York Yankees for second baseman Alfonso Soriano and infielder prospect Joaquin Arias . In the spring of 2009 , Rodriguez admitted to using performance - enhancing drugs during his time with the Rangers . During the investigations into PED use earlier in the decade , several other former Rangers players were criticized for possible use of performance - enhancers . These included notable ' 90s sluggers Jose Canseco , Iván Rodríguez , Juan González , and Rafael Palmeiro . Main article : 2004 Texas Rangers season Michael Young Prior to the 2004 season , little hope was held out for the Rangers to improve on their losing ways . However , the Rangers battled with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and Oakland Athletics for first place in the A.L. West for much of the season . Mark Teixeira , Alfonso Soriano , Michael Young , and Hank Blalock became some of the best - hitting infielders in the league , with Young , Blalock , and Soriano were named to the 2004 All - Star Game . Soriano was named the All - Star MVP after going 2 for 3 with a three - run home run . Late in September , the Oakland A 's visited Arlington for a three - game series . After taking the first two games of the series , the Rangers trailed 4 -- 2 , in the bottom of the ninth . A loss would have dropped them to four games behind the Athletics . A home run by Hank Blalock and a dramatic two - out , two - run double by David Dellucci ( known amongst fans as the `` Dellucci Double '' ) gave the Rangers a 5 -- 4 win , one of the most memorable in club history . It also allowed the Rangers to sweep the first - place Athletics and leave them just two games behind with 10 to play . Unfortunately , the Rangers ended up losing six of the final ten games and another turnaround season came up short . The club finished in third place behind the Angels and A 's , a mere three games out of first place . 2005 -- 09 ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Texas Rangers season In 2005 , the Rangers again struggled to find consistency amid controversy and injuries , notwithstanding that the team swept an entire homestand for the first time in its history . Frank Francisco and Carlos Almanzar , two key members of the bullpen , were sidelined for Tommy John surgery . Kenny Rogers , the team 's ace pitcher , received a 20 - game suspension from commissioner Bud Selig for attacking a cameraman at Ameriquest Field prior to a game . Management later placed opening day starter Ryan Drese on waivers , where he was claimed by the Washington Nationals . After Drese 's release and Rogers ' suspension , the Rangers ' performance on the mound faltered , and a disastrous 1 -- 12 August road trip all but sealed the squad 's fate . On October 4 , 2005 , the Rangers announced that John Hart would step down as general manager and that Jon Daniels was being promoted from assistant general manager to replace him . Daniels , at 28 years and one month , would become the youngest general manager in Major League history . Daniels and the Rangers front office were very active in the 2005 -- 06 offseason . Alfonso Soriano , who had often been mentioned in trade speculation , was finally dealt to the Nationals for outfielders Brad Wilkerson and Terrmel Sledge . The Rangers then began making moves to acquire pitching talent . The Rangers gained enigmatic starter Vicente Padilla from the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Ricardo Rodríguez and acquired San Diego Padres pitchers Adam Eaton and Akinori Otsuka in exchange for Chris Young , Adrian Gonzalez , and Sledge . Finally , they signed free agent starter Kevin Millwood to a five - year contract worth $60 million . 2006 : building the brand ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Texas Rangers season The Rangers 2006 season ended with a disappointing 80 -- 82 record and a third - place finish in the West . Though the club showed strength in the early going , the team proved unable to keep pace with the surging Oakland Athletics in the second half and fell out of contention in September . To some extent the Rangers were the victims of bad luck , as their win - loss record was worse than their + 51 run differential for the season would normally indicate . However , the element that the club continued to lack was a solid pitching staff , whose combined ERA ranked 9th in the A.L. at the season 's end . The Rangers were represented in the 2006 All - Star game by center fielder Gary Matthews , Jr. and shortstop Michael Young , who was named the MVP for his game - winning two - run triple in the ninth inning . Significant player moves in - season included a July 28 deal acquiring outfielders Carlos Lee and Nelson Cruz from the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Kevin Mench , Francisco Cordero , and Laynce Nix . On October 4 after two attempts to replicate the success of the 2004 team , the Rangers dismissed Buck Showalter as manager with three years left on his contract . A month later , the team announced that Oakland Athletics third base coach Ron Washington had accepted their offer to manage the team . A change at manager would be the first of several moves to strengthen the team in yet another busy off - season . Gary Matthews , Jr. , Mark DeRosa , Carlos Lee , and Adam Eaton all signed with other clubs as free agents . Vicente Padilla accepted a three - year , $33 million offer with an option for a fourth year at $12 million . The Rangers also signed 1B / OF Frank Catalanotto to a multi-year deal . The Rangers later added reliever Éric Gagné and veteran outfielders Kenny Lofton and Sammy Sosa on short - term deals . In a sign that GM Jon Daniels was looking for results in 2007 , the Rangers ' top pitching prospect John Danks was traded to the Chicago White Sox along with reliever Nick Masset for 23 - year - old starter Brandon McCarthy . The Danks trade caused quite a stir amongst fans , many of which had followed the minor league careers of the highly touted `` DVD '' trio of pitchers that included Danks , Edinson Vólquez , and Thomas Diamond . All three pitchers would eventually reach the majors , with varying degrees of success , while McCarthy 's career became marred by injury . Home Plate Entrance at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington The Rangers previously negotiated a 30 - year , $75 million stadium naming rights agreement with Ameriquest Mortgage Company in 2004 , renaming the Ballpark `` Ameriquest Field '' . Under the Ameriquest moniker , the Ballpark featured a replica of the Liberty Bell in the stands above the Diamond Club ( representing Ameriquest 's logo ) that rang after home runs . In 2007 , though , the Rangers announced the termination of the agreement with Ameriquest , and changed the name to Rangers Ballpark in Arlington . Club president Jeff Cogen cited that the team was more concerned about getting their name back on the ballpark than Ameriquest 's public financial troubles . `` It 's all about the brand '' , Cogen said . The Rangers lost a reported $2.5 million per year from the lack of naming rights but regained advertising space given over to Ameriquest in the naming rights deal . Regardless of Cogen 's comments , Ameriquest dissolved within months after the naming rights were terminated , and the company ended most business operations in September 2007 . 2007 -- 09 : financial troubles ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : MLB : Rangers score 30 runs against Orioles in first game of doubleheader The Rangers struggled offensively early in the season , despite playing in a notoriously hitter - friendly park . On June 20 , Sammy Sosa hit his 600th career home run against the Chicago Cubs at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington . Hank Blalock , the starting 3rd baseman who had been enjoying a good season , was placed on the 60 - day disabled list on May 19 due to thoracic outlet syndrome , and Mark Teixeira followed him onto the disabled list on June 9 ( for the first time in his career ) with a strained left quadriceps muscle . With a record of 46 -- 59 at the July 31 trade deadline , the team traded Mark Teixeira and Ron Mahay to the Atlanta Braves in a deal that would eventually bring 5 prospects to the Rangers organization , including four of Atlanta 's top prospects Jarrod Saltalamacchia , Elvis Andrus , Matt Harrison , and Neftalí Feliz . The team also traded closer Éric Gagné to the Boston Red Sox for left - hander Kason Gabbard and Minor League outfielders David Murphy and Engel Beltre . These moves were the beginnings of a rebuilding project headed by Jon Daniels with a focus on the acquisition and development of young players . In the coming years , more club resources would be dedicated to improving the quality of the farm system and scouting departments , most notably in Latin America and the Far East . The objective of Daniels ' plan was to field a legitimately competitive team by the 2010 season . The 2007 season remains notable in the minds of baseball fans for two inexplicable oddities . On August 19 at the Metrodome , the Minnesota Twins logged 19 strikeouts against the Rangers , one short of the Major League record . Three days later , the 22nd , in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park at Camden Yards , the Rangers ' bats came alive with a modern record for runs by one team , defeating the Baltimore Orioles 30 -- 3 . Their 27 - run margin of victory is also a modern - day MLB record . Wes Littleton gained probably the easiest save in Major League history -- entering the game in the bottom of the seventh , with his team already ahead 14 -- 3 , he pitched three innings finishing the game , and gave up just two hits and a walk . The Rangers began the 2008 season red hot , headlined by newcomer Josh Hamilton who looked to be a threat to win the Triple Crown , before fading off as the season wore on . During the All - Star festivities at Yankee Stadium , Hamilton crushed a first round home run record in the 2008 Home Run Derby with 28 . Hamilton hit another four in the second round and three during the final round , for a total of 35 home runs , but lost to the Twins ' Justin Morneau . Four Rangers played in the All Star Game : Josh Hamilton , Ian Kinsler , Milton Bradley , and Michael Young , who would repeat his 2006 All - Star Game feat by driving in the winning run via a sac fly . The Rangers would finish the season with yet another sub -. 500 record ( 79 -- 83 ) , yet ended the season second in the West , the club 's best finish since 1999 . The off - season saw perennial All - Star shortstop Michael Young ask for a trade when the team told him he would be moving to third base to make room for rookie Elvis Andrus . After speaking with club president Nolan Ryan and his agent , Young later rescinded his trade request , and agreed to move to third base . The offseason also saw the departure of mercurial outfielder / DH Milton Bradley to free agency . Scott Feldman Derek Holland is considered the best pitching prospect drafted by the Rangers since the departure of John Danks The 2009 season saw the Rangers soar into playoff contention for the first time since 2004 . Despite injuries to Josh Hamilton and Ian Kinsler , the Rangers held first place in their division for long stretches of the summer before fading after September 1 , losing the division to the Los Angeles Angels . The Rangers finished the season at 87 -- 75 , their first winning season since 2004 and good enough for second place in the A.L. West . Michael Young responded to his move to third base by posting one of his best offensive seasons ever while committing just nine errors and earning a sixth straight All - Star appearance . Josh Hamilton and Nelson Cruz were also named 2009 A.L. All - Stars . Several young stars with the club broke out including the debuts of highly rated rookies Elvis Andrus , Derek Holland , and Neftalí Feliz . Second baseman Ian Kinsler hit for the cycle in April , while having a 30 -- 30 season in home runs and stolen bases . Starting pitcher Scott Feldman posted a fantastic season as well in 2009 , finishing 3rd in the A.L in wins with 17 . New ownership ( edit ) While the 2009 season was strong on the field , club owner Tom Hicks became the focus of several reports indicating serious financial problems with his holding group , Hicks Sports Group , which also owned the Dallas Stars , the Frisco Roughriders ( the Rangers AA - farm club ) , 1 / 2 of Liverpool F.C. ( sold in mid-October 2010 to New England Sports Ventures , owners of the Boston Red Sox ) , and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo ( later sold by HSG ) . HSG was reported to have gone into default on a $525 million loan . In April 2009 , Hicks announced he would be willing to sell a minority interest in the team . Only one month later , Hicks announced he would be willing to sell majority control of the Rangers . In July 2009 , it was reported that Hicks borrowed money from Major League Baseball to meet the team 's payroll . After the 2009 season , Hicks began scouting prospective buyers and in December , entered into exclusive negotiating rights for sale of the Rangers with a consortium headed by Pittsburgh sports lawyer Chuck Greenberg and Rangers team president Nolan Ryan . On January 22 , 2010 , Hicks Sports Group officially reached a formal agreement to sell the Texas Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan ( later called Rangers Baseball Express ) for approximately $570 million . Under the provisions of the deal , former owner Hicks stayed on as a limited minority partner , but was not allowed to retain a seat on the board of governors . Co-lead investors Dallas businessmen Ray Davis , and Ft . Worth Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen . Hicks also sold much of the land surrounding Rangers Ballpark to Rangers Baseball Express in a separate deal . The deal was subject to approval by the other MLB owners ( a 3 / 4 vote is required ) and completed by April 1 . However , one of HSG 's principal lenders ( Monarch Alternative Capital ) opposed the sale on grounds that the proceeds would not fully repay the defaulted HSG notes . On April 21 , Major League Baseball issued a statement declaring the Rangers ' sale to be under the control of the Commissioner to expedite the process . Because of public comments made by Hicks deemed detrimental to the process , MLB also stripped Hicks of any responsibility regarding the sale of the team . On May 13 , MLB threatened to seize control of the rest of the team 's operations if a deal was not completed by the deadline set by the Commissioner . As the stalemate between HSG and its creditors continued , on May 24 , 2010 the Texas Rangers filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy . As of that date , the Rangers and HSG had an estimated debt of $575 million . Much of the unsecured debt was owed in back salary . Officially , New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez topped the list of unsecured creditors with an estimated $24.9 million owed by the Rangers . Additionally , the Rangers also owed Baltimore Orioles pitcher Kevin Millwood $12.9 million , and current Rangers third baseman Michael Young $3.9 million . At a press conference , the Greenberg - Ryan group proposed to buy the team for $575 million . The sale would repay all the team 's creditors , including players owed back salary . After several attempts to resolve the deal fell through , the bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4 . The Greenberg / Ryan bid would be the opening bid , and other offers ( subject to MLB approval ) would have to be submitted by the prior day in order to be considered . At the auction , only one other MLB - approved group submitted an offer -- Radical Baseball LLC , a group formed by Houston businessman Jim Crane ( who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Houston Astros ) and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban ( who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Chicago Cubs ) . The auction lasted until the early morning of August 5 , with the winning bid submitted by Greenberg / Ryan . The bankruptcy court approved the bid later that morning and the bankruptcy case closed . The sale to the Greenberg / Ryan was approved by all 30 MLB owners at the owners meeting in Minneapolis on Thursday August 12 . `` I 'll be the managing partner and CEO . If you like what 's going on or you do n't like what 's going on , I take responsibility for that . When it comes to baseball , I 'm not going to interject my opinions . If Nolan and ( Jon Daniels ) want to discuss something with me , they can , but I have complete faith and trust in the decisions that they make . I 'll be as involved as they wish me to be , but with complete faith and confidence in them . What I 'm going to focus on , particularly since the baseball side is in great shape , is the business side . How do we connect with the community ? How do we create a higher tempo of energy in the front office ? How can we do a better job of filling the stands and make an impact on people 's lives ? If we succeed on the business side and continue on path on the baseball side and combine it with a dynamic market like this is , we can be and should be one of the powerhouse franchises in baseball . '' -- Chuck Greenberg The new ownership group , which included Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan , was called Rangers Baseball Express , LLC and had Greenberg serving as managing general partner and Ryan as club president . Again , co-lead investors Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen . In March 2011 , Greenberg resigned as Chief Executive and Managing General Partner and sold his interest in the club following a `` falling out '' with his partners . Following Greenberg 's resignation , Ryan was named Chief Executive Officer in addition to his continuing role as team President . Ryan was subsequently designated the controlling owner of the club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12 , 2011 . Co-Chairmen Simpson and Davis stated they would not be involved in day - to - day operations . 2010 -- present : rise to contention ( edit ) First Pennant : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Texas Rangers season Offseason moves made by the Rangers sent Kevin Millwood to the Baltimore Orioles and acquired free agents Rich Harden , Colby Lewis , and Vladimir Guerrero . With the new influx of talent and success in 2009 , the Rangers entered the season with expecting to compete for the division and achieve the front office 's goals of 2007 . During the offseason , Texas Rangers ' team President Nolan Ryan spoke about the Rangers ' chances in the upcoming season by saying , `` My expectations today are that we 're going to be extremely competitive and if we do n't win our division , I 'll be disappointed . '' -- Nolan Ryan , ESPNDallas.com : January 26 , 2010 . Ian Kinsler After stumbling out of the gates with a sub -. 500 start in April , the Rangers took the division lead with a franchise - best month of June , going 21 -- 6 . The Rangers would never relinquish first place after an 11 - game winning streak . On July 9 , the club dealt one of its top prospects , Justin Smoak , with two other minor leaguers to the Seattle Mariners for former Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee and Mark Lowe . The Rangers also made moves to acquire veterans Bengie Molina , Jorge Cantú , Cristian Guzmán , and Jeff Francouer . In the 2010 All - Star Game , the team was represented by Lee , Guerrero , Ian Kinsler , Josh Hamilton , Elvis Andrus , and Neftalí Feliz . After the All - Star Game , came the debut of the claw and antler hand gestures , which gained much popularity , especially after the release of various apparel and souvenir options for the fans . Foam claws and helmets with deer antlers became quite commonplace in the ballpark as the Rangers played further into the fall . The Rangers won the A.L. West on September 25 , advancing to the postseason for the first time since 1999 . 2010 postseason ( edit ) Main articles : 2010 American League Division Series , 2010 American League Championship Series , and 2010 World Series After winning the AL West with a 90 -- 72 record , the Rangers entered the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , and faced the Tampa Bay Rays for the first round , which ultimately resulted in a 3 -- 2 series victory and marked the first postseason series victory in the 50 - year history of the Rangers / Washington Senators franchise . Facing the Rangers in the American League Championship Series were the defending World Champion New York Yankees , the team the Rangers failed against three separate times in the 1990s . In the playoffs , the Rangers record against the Yankees was 1 -- 9 . In a 6 - game series , the Texas Rangers came out victorious , winning the first Pennant in franchise history in front of an ecstatic home crowd . Josh Hamilton was awarded ALCS MVP after setting a series record for intentional walks . The Texas Rangers faced the San Francisco Giants in the 2010 World Series . The Rangers offense struggled against the Giants ' young pitching and eventually lost the Series 4 -- 1 , the lone win coming in Arlington on October 30 . For the first time , the Rangers ended their season in the month of November . 2011 : repeat AL champions ( edit ) Main articles : 2011 Texas Rangers season , 2011 American League Division Series , 2011 American League Championship Series , and 2011 World Series The Rangers successfully defended their AL West Division title in 2011 , making the club 's second straight division title and postseason appearance and fifth division title and postseason appearance overall . The Rangers set records for best record ( 96 - 66 with a . 592 winning percentage ) and home attendance ( 2,946,949 ) . On October 15 , they went back to the World Series , beating the Detroit Tigers 15 - 5 in Game 6 of the ALCS . The series featured Nelson Cruz hitting six home runs , the most home runs by one player in a playoff series in MLB history . In game two , Cruz also became the first player in postseason history to win a game with a walk - off grand slam as the Rangers defeated the Tigers 7 - 3 in 11 innings . However , they would proceed to lose the World Series in seven games . 2012 : staff changes ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Texas Rangers season The Rangers did a lot of retooling in the 2011 -- 2012 off season . Staff ace C.J. Wilson left the team to join the division rival Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The Angels also upgraded their offense with the signing of Albert Pujols , causing more parity within the division . The Rangers responded by signing Yu Darvish of the Nippon Ham Fighters of the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball of Japan . The team also converted closer Neftalí Feliz to a starting pitcher upon signing Joe Nathan to take over closing duties in the bullpen . The Rangers would not repeat as AL West champions , but would qualify for the postseason as the top wild card team in the AL . They would lose the wild game to the Orioles . 2013 - 14 : missed postseasons ( edit ) Main articles : 2013 Texas Rangers season and 2014 Texas Rangers season In 2013 , the Rangers finished 91 -- 71 , which tied them with Tampa Bay for the final wild card position . The Rangers would lose the tie - breaker game to the Rays 5 -- 2 . In 2014 , the Rangers slumped to their first losing season since 2008 . Late in the season , manager Ron Washington resigned , citing personal reasons . 2015 - 16 : back - to - back AL West champions ( edit ) Main articles : 2015 Texas Rangers season , 2015 American League Division Series , 2016 Texas Rangers season , and 2016 American League Division Series In 2015 , under new manager Jeff Banister , the Rangers overcame a slow start to win the AL West . The club was aided by the trade deadline acquisition of pitcher Cole Hamels . On the last day of the regular season , Hamels would pitch a complete game in a victory over the Angels that clinched the division for the Rangers . In the Division Series against the Toronto Blue Jays , the Rangers would win the first two games in Toronto , but then lose three straight to end their season . In 2016 , the Rangers repeated as AL West champions with the best record in the AL . They would face the Blue Jays again in the ALDS . This time , the Blue Jays swept the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Minot , Jr. , George ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Short Takes Senators to Texas '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ McPherson , Myra ; Huth , Tom ( October 1 , 1971 ) . `` Rowdy Fans Hand Senators Final Loss '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kalinsky , George ; Shannon , Bill ( 1975 ) . The Ballparks . New York : Hawthorn Books , Inc . Jump up ^ George W. Bush and the Texas Rangers Archived 2008 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , Espn.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Rangers select Washington to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Rangers come to terms with Padilla '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Rangers acquire McCarthy from Sox '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) . `` It 's now Rangers Ballpark in Arlington '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers exploring SS Michael Young 's trade demand -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ T.R. Sullivan / MLB.com ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Young will shift to third base texasrangers.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Young Stats -- Texas Rangers -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 1976 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks ' Sports Group Defaults On $525 Million In Loans '' . FINalternatives . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks might sell MLB 's Texas Rangers , not NHL 's Dallas Stars -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Rangers borrow money from MLB -- MLB -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100122&content_id=7958194&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex&partnerId=rss_tex Hicks ' sale of Rangers finalized Jump up ^ `` Brown : Time for MLB to Play Hardball on the Texas Rangers Sale '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2010 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Grant , Evan . `` MLB statement on Rangers sale Texas Rangers Blog Sports News News for Dallas , Texas The Dallas Morning News '' . Rangersblog.dallasnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fort Worth Star - Telegram ( 2010 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Foul Territory : MLB says it 's in control of sale '' . Startelegramsports.typepad.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Grant , Evan . `` Rangers owner Tom Hicks : I 'm concerned about the sale Texas Rangers Blog Sports News News for Dallas , Texas The Dallas Morning News '' . Rangersblog.dallasnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Selig Sets Deadline on Stalled Texas Rangers Sale '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2010 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Madden , Bill ; Siemaszko , Corky ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` A-Rod takes a hit : Texas Rangers file for bankruptcy , could cost Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez $25 million '' . Daily News . New York . ^ Jump up to : Morath , Eric ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Rangers Owe Alex Rodriguez $24.9 Million '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Q - and - A with new Texas Rangers owner Chuck Greenberg -- ESPN Dallas '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ T.R. Sullivan and Chris Cox / MLB.com ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Rangers go to Greenberg - Ryan in auction texasrangers.com : News '' . Texas.rangers.mlb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Durrett , Richard . `` Club release on Chuck Greenberg 's exit -- Dallas Texas Rangers Blog -- ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nolan Ryan approved by MLB as controlling owner of Texas Rangers texasrangers.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Wills , Todd ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Davis , Simpson to continue as low - key counsel -- Board co-chairmen's roles will remain behind the scenes '' . MLB . Retrieved Oct 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Durrett ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Ryan expects restrictions to be lifted '' . ESPNDallas.com . sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` With Cantu 's help , Rangers clinch AL West '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pennant vanquishes Rangers ' ghosts '' . ESPN . 2010 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com Gameday texasrangers.com : Gameday '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2011 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Histories of teams in Major League Baseball American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals ( Part I II III IV ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Relocated teams Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) Boston Braves ( 1870 -- 1953 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 53 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 54 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 65 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 67 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Defunct teams New York Mutuals ( 1876 ) Athletic of Philadelphia ( 1876 ) Hartford Dark Blues ( 1875 -- 76 ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1876 -- 77 ) Louisville Grays ( 1876 -- 77 ) Indianapolis Blues ( 1878 ) Milwaukee Grays ( 1878 ) Syracuse Stars ( 1878 ) Cincinnati Red Stockings ( 1876 -- 79 ) Cincinnati Stars ( 1880 ) Worcester Worcesters ( 1880 -- 82 ) Providence Grays ( 1878 -- 85 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1879 -- 85 ) Cleveland Blues ( 1879 -- 84 ) Troy Trojans ( 1879 -- 82 ) St. Louis Maroons ( 1885 -- 86 ) Kansas City Cowboys ( 1886 ) Detroit Wolverines ( 1881 -- 88 ) Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1887 -- 89 ) Washington Nationals ( 1886 -- 89 ) Cleveland Spiders ( 1887 -- 99 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 -- 99 ) Louisville Colonels ( 1892 -- 99 ) Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) Texas Rangers Formerly the Washington Senators Based in Arlington , Texas ( Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex ) Franchise Expansion draft History ( as Washington Senators ) Seasons Team records No - hitters Awards winners and league leaders Broadcasters Owners and executives Managers Players First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium Arlington Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Globe Life Field Spring training Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium Ranger Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture and lore Continental League Captain ( mascot ) Ten Cent Beer Night Kenny Rogers ' perfect game 2012 AL Wild Card Game 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker The 53 minute 7th inning Rivalries Houston Astros Retired numbers 7 26 34 42 Key personnel Owners : Ray Davis & Bob R. Simpson General Manager : Jon Daniels Manager : Jeff Banister Team Captain : Adrián Beltré Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Buddy Bell Juan González Rusty Greer Tom Grieve Toby Harrah Mark Holtz Charlie Hough Ferguson Jenkins Eric Nadel Johnny Oates Iván Rodríguez Kenny Rogers Jeff Russell Nolan Ryan Tom Schieffer Rubén Sierra Jim Sundberg Tom Vandergriff John Wetteland Michael Young Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 American League West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 American League championships ( 2 ) 2011 Minor league affiliates AAA : Round Rock Express AA : Frisco RoughRiders A Adv. : Down East Wood Ducks A : Hickory Crawdads Short A : Spokane Indians Rookie : AZL Rangers DSL Rangers Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Texas_Rangers_(baseball)&oldid=814263756 '' Categories : Texas Rangers ( baseball ) History of Major League Baseball by team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 35 . 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Put Your Lights On
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Put Your Lights on - Wikipedia Put Your Lights on `` Put Your Lights On '' Single by Santana featuring Everlast from the album Supernatural Released March 28 , 2000 Recorded 1998 -- 99 Genre Alternative rock hard rock blues rock Length 4 : 45 ( album version ) 4 : 05 ( radio edit ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Erik Schrody Producer ( s ) Dante Ross John Gamble `` Put Your Lights On '' is a single performed by Santana and Everlast on Santana 's album , Supernatural ( 1999 ) . It barely charted on the US pop chart , reaching # 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , but did considerably better on rock radio , peaking at # 8 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . `` Put Your Lights On '' won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 2000 Grammy Awards . Everlast wrote the song while recovering from a major heart attack that he had suffered in February 1998 ( directly after he completed recording his first solo album , Whitey Ford Sings the Blues ) . He has referred to it as `` one of the most personal songs I ever wrote '' , stating that the song was `` kind of all about hope , but it 's coming from a really dark place you know , so ... and really questioning a lot of your beliefs , and affirming , you know , stuff in your soul . '' Everlast converted to Islam in 1996 , and the end of the song contains the words `` La ilaha illa Allah '' , ( `` There is no God but God '' in Arabic ) , the first part of the Shahada , the Islamic profession of faith . Santana called Everlast in 1998 , asking him if he could contribute a song for Supernatural , and Everlast suggested `` Put Your Lights On '' . According to Everlast , Santana loved the song , and `` from then on everything went very fast . '' Everlast has stated that he was unsure whether to include the Arabic - language portion in the recorded song , because `` I did not want to sell Allah 's words '' , but that Santana insisted that they be included . The song was featured in the episode `` You Think You Know Somebody '' ( premier 26 October 2004 ) of the American television series Veronica Mars . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 18 U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 8 Australian Singles Chart 32 Swiss Singles Chart 87 External links ( edit ) Santana fan site with info about the song at www.UltimateSantana.com Santana - `` Put Your Lights On '' ( 1999 ) song to be listened as stream at Play.Spotify.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Everlast Talks About ' Put Your Lights On ' '' . YouTube . uploaded by MurderCapital666 in July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2001 Everlast interview with the Association for New German Muslims Santana Carlos Santana Neal Schon Gregg Rolie Michael Carabello Michael Shrieve David Brown José `` Chepito '' Areas Francisco Aguabella Coke Escovedo Tom Coster Doug Rauch Leon Thomas Leon Patillo Leon `` Ndugu '' Chancler Armando Peraza Gaylord Birch Graham Lear Alex Ligertwood Alan Pasqua Orestes Vilató David Sancious Chester Thompson Alphonso Johnson Buddy Miles Walfredo Reyes , Jr . Curtis Salgado Horacio `` El Negro '' Hernandez Dennis Chambers Studio albums Santana Abraxas Santana III Caravanserai Welcome Borboletta Amigos Festival Moonflower Inner Secrets Marathon Zebop ! Shangó Beyond Appearances Freedom Spirits Dancing in the Flesh Milagro Supernatural Shaman All That I Am Guitar Heaven Shape Shifter Corazón Santana IV Live albums Lotus Moonflower Sacred Fire : Live in South America Santana Live at the Fillmore The Very Best of Santana ( Live in 1968 ) The Woodstock Experience Compilations Santana 's Greatest Hits Viva Santana ! The Definitive Collection Dance of the Rainbow Serpent The Very Best of Santana The Ultimate Collection The Best of Santana Best Instrumentals Best Instrumentals Vol. 2 The Best of Santana Vol. 2 The Essential Santana Ceremony : Remixes & Rarities Love Songs Ultimate Santana Multi-Dimensional Warrior Singles `` Evil Ways '' `` Black Magic Woman '' `` Oye Como Va '' `` Hope You 're Feeling Better '' `` No One to Depend On '' `` Europa ( Earth 's Cry Heaven 's Smile ) '' `` She 's Not There '' `` You Know That I Love You '' `` Winning '' `` Hold On '' `` Smooth '' `` Maria Maria '' `` Put Your Lights On '' `` Corazón Espinado '' `` The Game of Love '' `` Nothing at All '' `` Feels Like Fire '' `` Sideways '' `` Why Do n't You & I '' `` I 'm Feeling You '' `` Just Feel Better '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` No Llores '' `` Into the Night '' `` This Boy 's Fire '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Photograph '' Other songs `` Jingo '' `` Soul Sacrifice '' `` Verão Vermelho '' Concert tours Santana concert tours Carlos Santana solo albums Studio Love Devotion Surrender Illuminations Oneness : Silver Dreams Golden Realities The Swing of Delight Havana Moon Blues for Salvador Santana Brothers Live Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles ! Live ! Carlos Santana Live Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1988 Related articles Discography Videography Awards and nominations Carlos Santana discography Book Portal This 1990s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Put_Your_Lights_On&oldid=860205003 '' Categories : 1999 singles Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy Santana ( band ) songs 1998 songs 1990s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 01 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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santana feat. everlast - put your lights on
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The Lion King
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The Lion King - wikipedia The Lion King Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Disney 's 1994 film . For the upcoming 2019 film of the same name , see The Lion King ( 2019 film ) . For the franchise as a whole , see The Lion King ( franchise ) . For other uses , see The Lion King ( disambiguation ) . The Lion King Theatrical release poster Directed by Roger Allers Rob Minkoff Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Story by Jim Capobianco Lorna Cook Thom Enriquez Andy Gaskill Francis Glebas Ed Gombert Kevin Harkey Barry Johnson Mark Kausler Jorgen Klubien Larry Leker Rick Maki Burny Mattinson Joe Ranft Chris Sanders Tom Sito Gary Trousdale Starring Matthew Broderick James Earl Jones Jeremy Irons Rowan Atkinson Moira Kelly Nathan Lane Ernie Sabella Robert Guillaume Jonathan Taylor Thomas Niketa Calame Whoopi Goldberg Cheech Marin Jim Cummings Madge Sinclair Music by Hans Zimmer Edited by Ivan Bilancio Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date June 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 15 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $968.5 million The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film , and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance . The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , produced by Don Hahn , and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts , and Linda Woolverton . Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice , with a score by Hans Zimmer . The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick , James Earl Jones , Jeremy Irons , Jonathan Taylor Thomas , Moira Kelly , Nathan Lane , Ernie Sabella , Rowan Atkinson , Robert Guillaume , Madge Sinclair , Whoopi Goldberg , Cheech Marin , and Jim Cummings . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The Lion King tells the story of Simba , a young lion who is to succeed his father , Mufasa , as King of the Pride Lands ; however , after Simba 's uncle Scar ( Mufasa 's jealous younger brother ) , murders Mufasa , Simba is manipulated into thinking he was responsible and flees into exile . Upon maturation living with two wastrels , Simba is given some valuable perspective from his childhood friend , Nala , and his shaman , Rafiki , before returning to challenge Scar to end his tyranny and take his place in the Circle of Life as the rightful King . Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney , and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe . Thomas Disch wrote a film treatment , and Woolverton developed the first scripts while George Scribner was signed on as director , being later joined by Allers . Production began in 1991 concurrently with Pocahontas , which wound up attracting most of Disney 's top animators . Some time after the staff traveled to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya to research on the film 's setting and animals , Scribner left production disagreeing with the decision to turn the film into a musical and was replaced by Minkoff . When Hahn joined the project , he was dissatisfied with the script and the story was promptly rewritten . Nearly 20 minutes of animation sequences were produced at Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park in Florida . Computer animation was also used in several scenes , most notably in the wildebeest stampede sequence . The Lion King was released on June 15 , 1994 , to a positive reaction from critics , who praised the film for its music , story , and animation . With a worldwide gross of $766 million , it finished its theatrical run as the highest - grossing release of 1994 and the second highest - grossing film of all time . It is also the highest - grossing traditionally animated film of all time . The Lion King garnered two Academy Awards for its achievement in music and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . The film has led to many derived works , such as a Broadway adaptation ; two direct - to - video follow - ups -- the sequel , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) , and the prequel / parallel , The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) -- ; two television series , Timon and Pumbaa and The Lion Guard ; and a 3D re-release , in 2011 . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A CGI remake of the film directed by Jon Favreau is scheduled for a July 19 , 2019 release in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Animation 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Original theatrical run 6.1. 2 Re-releases 6.1. 2.1 IMAX and large - format 6.1. 2.2 3D conversion 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Controversies 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequels and spin - offs 7.2 CGI remake 7.3 Video games 7.4 Stage adaptations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot In the Pride Lands of Africa , a lion rules over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock . King Mufasa 's newborn son , Simba , is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki , a mandrill who serves as shaman and advisor . Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the `` circle of life '' which connects all living things . Mufasa 's younger brother , Scar , covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king . He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala -- to whom Simba is betrothed -- into exploring a forbidden elephants ' graveyard , where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar . Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo , the hornbill Zazu , and rescues the cubs . Though angry with Simba , Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky , from which he will one day watch over Simba . Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew , luring Simba into a gorge and having the hyenas drive a large herd of wildebeest into a stampede that will trample him . He informs Mufasa of Simba 's peril , knowing the king will rush to save his son . Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hanging perilously from the gorge 's edge . Scar refuses to help Mufasa , instead sending him falling to his death . He then convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simba 's own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom . He orders the hyenas to kill the cub , but Simba escapes . Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king , allowing a large pack of hyenas to live in the Pride Lands . Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa , a meerkat and warthog who are fellow outcasts . Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends , living a carefree life under the motto `` hakuna matata '' ( `` no worries '' in Swahili ) . Now a young adult , Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness who turns out to be Nala . She and Simba reunite and fall in love , and she urges him to return home , telling him the Pride Lands have become a drought - stricken wasteland under Scar 's reign . Feeling guilty over his father 's death , Simba refuses and storms off . He encounters Rafiki , who tells him that Mufasa ' spirit lives on in Simba . Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky , who tells him he must take his rightful place as king . Realizing he can no longer run from his past , Simba decides to return home . Aided by his friends , Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar . Scar taunts him over his role in Mufasa 's death and backs him to the edge of the rock , where he reveals to Simba that he murdered Mufasa . Enraged , Simba pins Scar to the ground and forces him to reveal the truth to the rest of the pride . Timon , Pumbaa , Rafiki , Zazu , and the lionesses fend off the hyenas while Scar , attempting to escape , is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock . Scar begs for mercy and attempts to blame the hyenas for his actions ; Simba spares his life but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever . Scar attacks his nephew , but Simba manages to toss him from the top of the rock . Scar survives the fall but is killed by the hyenas , who overheard him betray them to Simba . With his enemies gone , Simba takes over the kingship as the rains begin to fall , restoring life to the land . Later , with Pride Rock restored to its former glory , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub to the assembled animals , continuing the circle of life . Cast Main article : List of characters in The Lion King A promotional image of the characters from the film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Young Simba , Mufasa , Young Nala , Sarabi , Zazu , Sarafina , Timon , and Pumbaa Matthew Broderick as Simba , son of Mufasa and Sarabi , who grows up to become King of the Pride Lands . Rock singer Joseph Williams provided adult Simba 's singing voice . Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Simba . Jonathan Taylor Thomas voiced young Simba , while Jason Weaver provided the cub 's singing voice . Jeremy Irons as Scar , Mufasa 's younger brother and Simba 's uncle , who takes the throne . Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar . James Earl Jones as Mufasa , Simba 's father , King of the Pride Lands as the film begins . Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa . Moira Kelly as Nala , Simba 's best friend and later his wife . Sally Dworsky provided her singing voice . Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala . Niketa Calame provided the voice of young Nala while Laura Williams provided her singing voice . Nathan Lane as Timon , a wise - cracking and self - absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who becomes one of Simba 's best friends and adoptive parents . Michael Surrey served as his supervising animator . Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa , a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon 's best friend and also becomes one of Simba 's best friends and adoptive parents . Tony Bancroft served as his supervising animator . Robert Guillaume as Rafiki , a wise old mandrill ( although , while counseling Simba , he jokes that `` you are a baboon , and I am not '' ) who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands . James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki . Rowan Atkinson as Zazu , a hornbill who serves as the king 's majordomo ( or `` Mufasa 's little stooge '' , as Shenzi calls him ) . Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu . Madge Sinclair as Sarabi , Mufasa 's mate , Simba 's mother , and the leader of the lioness hunting party . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi . The three spotted hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess . Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi , the sassy and short - tempered female leader of the trio . Cheech Marin as Banzai , an aggressive and hot - headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse . Jim Cummings as Ed , a dim - witted hyena who does not talk , only communicating through laughter . Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and made a guest appearance as Scar in certain lines of `` Be Prepared '' after Irons blew his voice . Zoe Leader as Sarafina , Nala 's mother , who is shown briefly talking to Simba 's mother , Sarabi . Brian Tochi as Fighting hyena ( uncredited ) Production Development The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote Oliver & Company . During the conversation , the topic of a story set in Africa came up , and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea . The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation 's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink . Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death , and ideas from personal life experiences , such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics , saying about the film , `` It is a little bit about myself . '' In November of that year Thomas Disch ( author of The Brave Little Toaster ) wrote a treatment entitled King of the Kalahari , and afterwards , Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script , which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle . The original version of the film was very different from the final film . The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons , Rafiki being a cheetah , and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba 's childhood friends . Simba would also not leave the kingdom but become a `` lazy , slovenly , horrible character '' due to manipulations from Scar , so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age . By 1990 , producer Thomas Schumacher , who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under , decided to attach himself to the project `` because lions are cool '' . Schumacher likened the script for King of the Jungle to `` an animated National Geographic special '' . Oliver & Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film , being later joined by Roger Allers , who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991 . Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman , who would become the head of story . Afterwards , several of the lead crew members , including Allers , Scribner , Hahn , Chapman , and production designer Chris Sanders , took a trip to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya , in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film . After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project , as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical , as Scribner 's intention was of making a documentary - like film more focused on natural aspects . Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner , and producer Don Hahn joined the production as Schumacher became only an executive producer due to Disney promoting him to Vice President of Development for Feature Animation . Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme , and after establishing the main theme as `` leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world '' , asked for a final retool . Allers , Minkoff , Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , who had just finished Beauty and the Beast . The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King , as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah . The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story , rather than be based on an already existing work . The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses , from the Bible , and William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . During the summer of 1992 , the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi , with a second screenwriter , Jonathan Roberts , joining a few months later . Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process , fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa , Timon , and the hyenas . Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team , flying to California at least once a month because his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity . Rice 's lyrics -- which were reworked up to the production 's end -- were pinned to the storyboards during development . Rewrites were frequent , with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered , only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialog changes . Casting The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters -- for instance , James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice `` powerful '' and similar to a lion 's roar . Jones commented that during the years of production , Mufasa `` became more and more of a dopey dad instead of ( a ) grand king '' . Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu , and Ernie Sabella for one of the hyenas . Upon meeting each other at the recording studio , the actors , who at the time both co-starred in Guys and Dolls , were asked to record together as hyenas . The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa . For the hyenas , the original intention was to reunite Cheech & Chong , but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai , Tommy Chong was unavailable . Thus his role was changed into a female hyena , Shenzi , who was voiced by Whoopi Goldberg . Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production , and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once , and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere . English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar , however , Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons . Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role . But once he came in , Irons ' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow -- adding one of that character 's lines , `` You have no idea '' -- and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons 's facial traits and tics . Animation `` The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks . The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John . People said , ' What ? Good luck with that . ' But for some reason , the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated . '' Don Hahn The development of The Lion King coincided with that of Pocahontas , which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead , believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two . The story artists also did not have much faith in the project , with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job `` because the story was n't very good '' , and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft `` I do n't know who is going to want to watch that one . '' Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character , or had much interest in animating an animal . Thirteen of these supervising animators , both in California and in Florida , were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film 's main characters . The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba , Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba , Andreas Deja on Scar , Aaron Blaise on young Nala , Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala , and Tony Fucile on Mufasa . Nearly 20 minutes of the film , including the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' sequence , were animated at the Disney - MGM Studios facility . More than 600 artists , animators , and technicians contributed to The Lion King . Weeks before the film was to be released , the 1994 Northridge earthquake shut down the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home . The character animators studied real - life animals for reference , as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi . Jim Fowler , renowned wildlife expert , visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity . The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill . The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew . Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries -- which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance . The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher -- which , following Scribner 's request for realism , tried to depict effects such as lens flare -- and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell , Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish . Because the characters were not anthropomorphized , all the animators had to learn to draw four - legged animals , and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters . Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways . For the `` wildebeest stampede '' sequence , several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program , multiplied into hundreds , cel shaded to look like drawn animation , and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real , unpredictable movement of a herd . Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two - and - a-half - minute stampede . The CAPS helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots , and was employed in coloring , lighting , and particle effects . Music Main article : The Lion King ( soundtrack ) Lyricist Tim Rice , who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin , was invited to write the songs , and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner . As Menken was unavailable , the producers accepted Rice 's suggestion of Elton John , after Rice 's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla . John expressed an interest in writing `` ultra-pop songs that kids would like ; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them '' , mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book , where he felt the `` music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults '' . John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film ( `` Circle of Life '' , `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' , `` Be Prepared '' , `` Hakuna Matata '' and `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ) , with John 's performance of `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' playing over the end credits . The IMAX and DVD releases added another song , `` The Morning Report '' , based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King . The score was composed by Hans Zimmer , who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings , The Power of One and A World Apart , and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M. Zimmer 's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production . The Lion King original motion picture soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 13 , 1994 . It was the fourth - best - selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top - selling soundtrack . It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be certified Diamond ( 10 × platinum ) by the Recording Industry Association of America . Zimmer 's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release , until the soundtrack 's commemorative 20th anniversary re-release in 2014 . The Lion King also inspired the 1995 release Rhythm of the Pride Lands , with eight songs by Zimmer , Mancina , and Lebo M . The use of the song `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda , who composed the song ( originally titled `` Mbube '' ) in 1939 . In July 2004 , Linda 's family filed suit , seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney . In February 2006 , Linda 's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music , who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money . Release For The Lion King 's first film trailer , Disney opted to feature a single scene , the entire opening sequence with the song `` Circle of Life '' . Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook said the decision was made for such an approach because `` we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we 've seen '' , and Don Hahn added that `` Circle of Life '' worked as a trailer as it `` came off so strong , and so good , and ended with such a bang '' . The trailer was released in November 1993 , accompanying The Three Musketeers in theaters , as only a third of The Lion King had been completed . Audience reaction was enthusiastic , causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview . Prior to the film 's release , Disney did 11 test screenings . Upon release , The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie - ins with Burger King , Mattel , Kodak , Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource , and various merchandise , accounting 186 licensed products . In 1994 , Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film , with $214 million for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994 alone . Home media The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3 , 1995 , under Disney 's `` Masterpiece Collection '' video series . The VHS tape contained a special preview for Walt Disney Pictures ' then - upcoming animated film Pocahontas , in which the title character ( voiced by Judy Kuhn ) sings the musical number `` Colors of the Wind '' . In addition , Deluxe Editions of both formats were released . The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film , an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba ( in some editions ) , a commemorative `` Circle of Life '' epigraph , six concept art lithographs , another tape with the half - hour TV show The Making of The Lion King , and a certificate of authenticity . The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film , six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King , and added storyboards , character design artwork , concept art , rough animation , and a directors ' commentary that the VHS edition did not have , on a total of four double sided discs . The VHS tape quickly became the best - selling videotape of all time : 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997 . On October 7 , 2003 , the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time , titled The Lion King : Platinum Edition , as part of Disney 's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs . The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc , a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version . A second disc , with bonus features , was also included in the DVD release . The film 's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix , making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped . By means of seamless branching , the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene -- a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ( `` The Morning Report '' ) . A Special Collector 's Gift Set was also released , containing the DVD set , five exclusive lithographed character portraits ( new sketches created and signed by the original character animators ) , and an introductory book entitled The Journey . The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release , including re-drawn crocodiles in the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' sequence as well as other alterations . More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release . A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films ( in two - disc Special Edition formats ) was released on December 6 , 2004 . In January 2005 , the film , along with the sequels , went back into moratorium . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the Diamond Edition of The Lion King on October 4 , 2011 . This marks the time that the film has been released in high - definition Blu - ray and on Blu - ray 3D . The initial release was produced in three different packages : a two - disc version with Blu - ray and DVD ; a four - disc version with Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D , and digital copy ; and an eight - disc box set that also includes the sequels The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride and The Lion King 11⁄2 . A standalone single - disc DVD release also followed on November 15 , 2011 . The Diamond Edition topped the Blu - ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold . The film sold 3.83 million Blu - ray units in total , leading to a $101.14 million income . The Lion King was once again released to home media as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection ; first released on Digital HD on August 15 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 29 , 2017 . Reception Box Office The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $545,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $968,483,777 . It is currently the 35th highest - grossing film of all time , the seventh highest - grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the third highest - grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( behind Frozen and Zootopia ) . The film was also the highest - grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide . After its initial run , having earned $763.4 million , it ranked as the second - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide , behind Jurassic Park . It held the record for the highest - grossing animated feature film ( in North America , outside North America , and worldwide ) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) prior to the 2011 re-release . With the earnings of the 3D run , The Lion King surpassed all the aforementioned films but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second - highest - grossing animated film worldwide -- later downgraded to sixth after Frozen ( 2013 ) , Minions ( 2015 ) , and Zootopia ( 2016 ) -- and it remains the highest - grossing hand - drawn animated film . It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance . Original theatrical run The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15 , 1994 , playing in only two theaters , El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City . It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17 -- 19 , standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking . The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend . The wide release followed on June 24 , 1994 , in 2,550 screens . The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories ' newest sound systems . The Lion King grossed $40.9 million -- which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film -- to top the weekend box office . It also earned a rare `` A + '' rating from CinemaScore . By the end of its theatrical run , in spring 1995 , it had earned $312,855,561 , being the second - highest - grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump . Outside North America , it earned $455.8 million during its initial run , for a worldwide total of $768.6 million . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Re-releases IMAX and large - format The film was re-issued on December 25 , 2002 for IMAX and large - format theaters . Don Hahn explained that eight years after The Lion King got its original release , `` there was a whole new generation of kids who have n't really seen it , particularly on the big screen . '' Given the film had already been digitally archived during production , the restoration process was easier , while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies . An enhanced sound mix was also provided to , as Hahn explained , `` make the audience feel like they 're in the middle of the movie . '' On its first weekend , The Lion King made $2.7 million from 66 locations , a $27,664 per theater average . This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30 , 2003 . 3D conversion In 2011 , The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two - week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu - ray release . The film opened at the number one spot on Friday , September 16 , 2011 with $8.9 million and finished the weekend with $30.2 million , ranking number one at the box office . This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number - one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Return of the Jedi in March 1997 . The film also achieved the fourth - highest September opening weekend of all time . It held off very well on its second weekend , again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million . Most box - office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place . After its initial box - office success , many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks , even though its 3D Blu - ray release was scheduled for two - and - a-half weeks after its theatrical release . In North America , the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12 , 2012 with a gross $94,242,001 . Outside North America , it earned $83,400,000 . The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast , Finding Nemo , Monsters , Inc. , and The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013 . However , none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success of The Lion King 3D and theatrical re-release of The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled . In 2012 , Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because , `` the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting , and The Lion King ( 3D ) felt timely given the movie 's imminent Blu - ray release . Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since , meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off . '' Critical response The Lion King was released to critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 91 % , based on 113 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 . It also ranked 56th on their `` Top 100 Animation Movies '' . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Emotionally stirring , richly drawn , and beautifully animated , The Lion King stands tall within Disney 's pantheon of classic family films . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 83 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert gave it 3 1 / 2 out of 4 - stars and called the film `` a superbly drawn animated feature '' and , in his print review wrote , `` The saga of Simba , which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet , is a learning experience as well as an entertainment . '' On the television program Siskel & Ebert , the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films . Ebert and his partner Gene Siskel both gave the film a `` Thumbs Up '' but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was `` a good film , not a great one '' . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it `` an impressive , almost daunting achievement '' and felt that the film was `` spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney 's feature - length animations '' , but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying , `` Shakespearean in tone , epic in scope , it seems more appropriate for grown - ups than for kids . If truth be told , even for adults it is downright strange . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the film , writing that it `` has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie '' . Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was `` a hugely entertaining blend of music , fun and eye - popping thrills , though it does n't lack for heart '' . James Berardinelli from ReelViews praised the film saying , `` With each new animated release , Disney seems to be expanding its already - broad horizons a little more . The Lion King is the most mature ( in more than one sense ) of these films , and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children . Happily , for those of us who generally stay far away from ' cartoons ' , they have succeeded . '' Some reviewers still had problems with the film 's narrative . The staff of TV Guide wrote that while The Lion King was technically proficient and entertaining , it `` offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits , and a hasty , unsatisfying dramatic resolution . '' The New Yorker 's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation , the story felt like `` manipulat ( ing ) our responses at will '' , as `` Between traumas , the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly , rambunctious comedy '' . Accolades The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations . The film would go on to win two Golden Globes ; for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score , as well as two Academy Awards , for Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Original Song with `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' by Elton John and Tim Rice . The songs `` Circle of Life '' and `` Hakuna Matata '' were also nominated . `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' also won the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance . The Lion King also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature , Best Achievement in Voice Acting ( for Jeremy Irons ) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation . At the Saturn Awards , the film was nominated in two categories , Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category . The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards , for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively . The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight . '' At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards , the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song , though it lost in both categories . The Lion King won the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids ' Choice Awards . In 2008 , The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine , and in June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the fourth best film in the animation genre in its AFI 's 10 Top 10 list , having previously put `` Hakuna Matata '' as 99th on its AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ranking . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Controversies Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a 1960s Japanese anime television series , Jungle Emperor ( known as Kimba the White Lion in the United States ) , with characters having similar analogues , and various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show . Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was , in fact , working on an American version of Kimba since he was familiar with the Japanese original . However , The Lion King director , Roger Allers , claimed he was unfamiliar with the show : The whole time I worked on The Lion King the name of that show never came up . At least I never heard it . I had never seen the show and really only became aware of it as Lion King was being completed , and someone showed me images of it . I worked with George Scribner and Linda Woolverton to develop the story in the early days but then left to help out on Aladdin . If one of them were familiar with Kimba they did n't say . Of course , it 's possible ... Many story ideas developed and changed along the way , always just to make our story stronger . I could certainly understand Kimba 's creators feeling angry if they felt we had stolen ideas from them . If I had been inspired by Kimba I would certainly acknowledge my inspiration . All I can offer is my respect to those artists and say that their creation has its loyal admirers and its assured place in animation history . Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it : `` I know for a fact that ( Kimba ) has never been discussed as long as I 've been on the project ... In my experience , if Disney becomes aware of anything like that , they say you will not do it . People are claiming copyright infringement all the time . '' He also stated that whenever a story is based in Africa , it is `` not unusual to have characters like a baboon , a bird or hyenas . '' Yoshihiro Shimizu , of Tezuka Productions , which created Kimba the White Lion , has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because , `` we 're a small , weak company . It would n't be worth it anyway ... Disney 's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world ! '' The alleged `` SEX '' frame . Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word `` SEX '' might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down , which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity . One of the animators , Tom Sito , has stated that the letters spell `` SFX '' ( a common abbreviation for `` special effects '' ) , not with an `` E '' instead of the `` F '' , and were intended as an innocent `` signature '' created by the effects animation team . Hyena biologists protested against the animal 's portrayal : one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character , and another -- who had organized the animators ' visit to the University of California 's Field Station for Behavioural Research , where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas -- included boycotting The Lion King among the ways it would help preserve hyenas in the wild . The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant allegory , where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities . The film has also been criticised for advancing a fascist narrative in its portrayal of the lion kingdom and the circle of life where `` only the strong and the beautiful triumph , and the powerless survive only by serving the strong . '' Legacy Sequels and spin - offs The first Lion King - related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa . First , the duo starred in the animated short `` Stand by Me '' , featuring Timon singing the eponymous song , which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck . The duo then received their own animated series , The Lion King 's Timon and Pumbaa , which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999 . Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa , while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane . Disney released two direct - to - video films related to The Lion King . The first was sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , released in 1998 on VHS . The film centers around Simba and Nala 's daughter , Kiara , who falls in love with Kovu , a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar 's followers , the Outsiders. 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD , The Lion King 11⁄2 . It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other , and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie . In June 2014 , it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released called The Lion Guard , featuring Kion , the second - born cub of Simba and Nala . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time - gap within The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride . It was first broadcast on Disney Channel as a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar in November 2015 before airing as a series on Disney Junior in January 2016 . CGI remake Main article : The Lion King ( 2019 film ) In September 2016 , following the critical and financial success of The Jungle Book , Walt Disney Pictures announced that they were developing a CGI remake of The Lion King by the same name , with Jon Favreau directing . The following month , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write the script for the film . Favreau originally planned shoot it back to back with the sequel to The Jungle Book . However , it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . In February 2017 , Favreau announced that Donald Glover had been cast as Simba and that James Earl Jones would be reprising the role of Mufasa . The following month , it was reported that Beyoncé was Favreau 's top choice to voice Nala , but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy . In April 2017 , Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa , respectively . Two months later , John Oliver was cast as Zazu . At the end of July 2017 , Beyoncé had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well . The following month , Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar . Later on , Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki , respectively . On November 1 , 2017 , Beyoncé and Chiwetel Ejiofor were officially confirmed to voice Nala and Scar with Eric Andre , Florence Kasumba , Keegan - Michael Key , J.D. McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph joining the cast as the voices of Azizi , Shenzi and Kamari , young Simba and young Nala , respectively while Hans Zimmer would return to score the film 's music . On November 28 , 2017 , it was reported that Elton John had signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film . Production for the film began in May 2017 . It is scheduled for release on July 19 , 2019 . Video Games Main article : The Lion King ( video game ) Along with the film release , three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994 . The main title was developed by Westwood Studios , and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive / Genesis . Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version , while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version . The film and sequel Simba 's Pride later inspired another game , Torus Games ' The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation . Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games , a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level , later ported to the SNES by Tiertex . The Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts features Simba as a recurring summon , as well as a playable in the Lion King world , known as Pride Lands , in Kingdom Hearts II . There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film , with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi . The Lion King also provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action - adventure game Disney Universe , and Simba was featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends ( 2008 ) . Stage adaptations Main article : The Lion King ( musical ) Walt Disney Theatrical produced a musical stage adaptation of the same name , which premiered in Minneapolis , Minnesota in July 1997 , and later opened on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre . The Lion King musical was directed by Julie Taymor and featured songs from both the movie and Rhythm of the Pride Lands , along with three new compositions by Elton John and Tim Rice . Mark Mancina did the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks . The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history , winning six Tony Awards including Best Musical , and despite moving to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006 , is still running to this day in New York , becoming the third longest - running show and highest grossing Broadway production in history . The show 's financial success led to adaptations all over the world . The Lion King inspired two attractions retelling the story of the film at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . The first , `` The Legend of the Lion King '' , featured a recreation of the film through life - size puppets of its characters , and ran from 1994 to 2002 at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World . Another that is still running is the live - action 30 - minute musical revue of the movie , `` Festival of the Lion King '' , which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors , along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumba and a costumed actor as Timon . The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World 's Animal Kingdom , and in September 2005 in Hong Kong Disneyland 's Adventureland . A similar version under the name `` The Legend of the Lion King '' was featured in Disneyland Paris from 2004 to 2009 . See also Cultural depictions of lions References Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lion King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lion King Production Notes '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . May 25 , 1994 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Tim ; Persons , Alisa ( December 9 , 2004 ) . 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Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Lion King ' to Return to Theaters in Digital 3D '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray . `` Friday Report : ' Lion King ' Pounces on Weak Field '' . Box Office Mojo , September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH SEPTEMBER '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weekend Report : ' Lion ' Remains ' King , ' ' Moneyball , ' ' Dolphin Tale ' Go Extra Innings Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela . `` Box Office Preview : Brad Pitt 's ' Moneyball ' Looks to Out - Run Taylor Lautner 's ' Abduction ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( in 3D ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' , ' The Little Mermaid ' , ' Finding Nemo ' , ' Monsters , Inc . ' get 3 - D re-releases '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Recap ( cont . ) : Losers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . `` Release Dates for PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 , THE MUPPETS 2 , and 1952 ; MALEFICENT Pushed Back to July 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . `` Disney dates ' Pirates , ' ' Muppets ' sequels '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Fritz , Ben ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Disney cancels ' Little Mermaid 3 - D , ' dates ' Pirates 5 ' for 2015 '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . Weekend Report : ' Resident Evil 5 , ' ' Nemo 3D ' Lead Another Slow Weekend . Box Office Mojo . September 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Animation Movies -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King review '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King review '' . At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 14 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King movie review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` The Lion King review '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King movie review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Terrence . `` The Lion King movie review '' . New Yorker . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SEARCH -- Lion King , The '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 67th Academy Awards '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 22nd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1994 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards go to ' Vampire , ' ' Gump , ' ' Pulp'date = June 27 , 1995 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 337 ( 43 ) . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 BAFTA Awards '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Film & TV Awards : 1995 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : 1995 '' . MTV.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : All Winners '' . Nickelodeon . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Braund , Simon ; Glen Ferris ; Ian Freer ; Nev Pierce ; Chris Hewitt ; Dan Jolin ; Ian Nathan ; Kim Newman ; Helen O'Hara ; Olly Richards ; Owen Willams . `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- The Lion King '' . TIME . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 '' . American Film Institute . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( 2004 ) . `` The Top Movie Songs of All Time '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter and Rochelle Schweizer . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed : Greed , corruption , and children at risk , Regnery , Washington , D.C. , 1998 . Chapter 11 `` The Lyin ' King '' , pp. 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Fiamma , Andrea ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Intervista a Roger Allers , il regista de Il Re Leone '' . Fumettologica Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( July 13 , 1994 ) . `` A ' Kimba ' Surprise for Disney : Movies : ' The Lion King ' is a hit , but reported similarities to the Japanese - created American cartoon of the ' 60s are raising some questions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelts , Roland , Japanamerica : How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the US . Reprint edn ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) . p. 45 Jump up ^ `` The alleged `` SEX '' frame in The Lion King `` . Snopes . Retrieved July 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ; Schweizer , Rochelle ( 1998 ) . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed : Greed , Corruption , and Children at Risk . Regnery Pub . p. 142 . ISBN 0895263874 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James ( Summer 2008 ) . `` The good , the bad and the hyena '' ( PDF ) . BBC Wildlife . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glickman , Stephen ( Fall 1995 ) . `` The Spotted Hyena From Aristotle to the Lion King : Reputation is Everything '' . Social Research : An International Quarterly . 62 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Frank , Laurence D. ( May 2006 ) . `` Girl Power '' ( PDF ) . African Geographic . Jump up ^ Martin - Rodriguez , Manuel ( 2000 ) `` Hyenas in The Pride Lands : Latinos / As and Immigration in Disney 's The Lion King '' . Aztlán : A Journal of Chicano Studies 25 ( 1 ) : 47 - 67 Jump up ^ Gooding ‐ Williams , Robert . `` Disney in Africa and the inner city : On race and space in The Lion King . '' Social identities 1.2 ( 1995 ) : 373 - 379 . Jump up ^ Foster , David . `` The Lion King Falls Prey to Howls of Sexism , Racism . '' Chicago Tribune 26 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Brunette , Libby , Claudette Mallory , and Shannon Wood . `` Stereotypes & Racism in Children 's Movies . '' Retrieved April 1 ( 1997 ) : 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , Matt ( March 1996 ) . `` The Lion King : A short history of Disney - fascism '' . Jump Cut : A Review of Contemporary Media ( 40 ) : 15 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's animated characters . Hyperion Books . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 6 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` VIDEO REVIEW ; A ' Lion King ' With Girls as Stars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Lion King 1 1 / 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Susan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Disney 's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel '' . TVdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Melissa ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Spin - Off of The Lion King Aims to Enchant a New Generation of Viewers '' . Time . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney to Revive ' Lion King ' With ' Lion Guard ' TV Series '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on `` The Lion King '' `` . The Walt Disney Company . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Adam ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Lion King ' hires Jeff Nathanson to pen script '' . Inside the Magic . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce Top Choice to Voice Nala in ' Lion King ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen Set as The Lion King 's Timon and Pumbaa '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's live - action Lion King adds John Oliver as Zazu '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Will Beyonce Join THE LION KING Remake with A Starring Role AND a Soundtrack ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Chiwetel Ejiofor in Talks to Voice Scar in Disney 's ' Lion King ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , BMax ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alfre Woodard to Play Simba 's Mother in Live - Action Lion King '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Rafiki Casting : John Kani , ' Civil War ' Star , to Play Wise Baboon ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiwetel Ejiofor Will Voice Scar in The Lion King '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé joins cast of Disney 's live - action ' Lion King ' '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criscitiello , Alaxa ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce and More Additional Casting Revealed in New Preview Poster for THE LION KING '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lion King 's ' Young Simba Actor Signs With ICM Partners ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shahadi Wright Joseph as Young Nala '' . New York Daily News . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John will make millions with live - action remake of ' The Lion King ' '' . New York Daily News . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Timothy ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action The Lion King Starts Production in May '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney sets release dates for Frozen 2 , Lion King , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Moby Games . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` Disney 's The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Burch , Anthony ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Games time forgot : Timon and Pumbaa 's Jungle Games '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birlew , Dan ( 2003 ) . Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0198 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0526 - 4 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Universe Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeVries , Jack ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Disney Friends Review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king Jump up ^ Pacheco , Patrick ( November 3 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Great Leap '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nason - Brown , Jennifer ; Playbill Staff ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Nate ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Vintage Walt Disney World : Legend of the Lion King '' . Disney Parks . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Festival of the Lion King '' . Walt Disney World . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventureland -- Attractions & Entertainment '' . Hong Kong Disneyland . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EURO DISNEY S.C.A. : Annual Report 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Euro Disney . pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Videopolis Theatre '' . DLPGuide . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion King Official website The Lion King at AllMovie The Lion King at the American Film Institute Catalog The Lion King at Box Office Mojo The Lion King on IMDb The Lion King at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Lion King at the TCM Movie Database The Lion King at Rotten Tomatoes The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration The Lion King navigation boxes Films directed by Rob Minkoff The Lion King ( 1994 ) Stuart Little ( 1999 ) Stuart Little 2 ( 2002 ) The Haunted Mansion ( 2003 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Flypaper ( 2011 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Elton John Discography Albums Singles Videography Awards Studio albums Empty Sky Elton John Tumbleweed Connection Madman Across the Water Honky Château Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Caribou Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Rock of the Westies Blue Moves A Single Man Victim of Love 21 at 33 The Fox Jump Up ! Too Low for Zero Breaking Hearts Ice on Fire Leather Jackets Reg Strikes Back Sleeping with the Past The One Duets Made in England The Big Picture Songs from the West Coast Peachtree Road The Captain & the Kid The Union The Diving Board Wonderful Crazy Night Live albums 17 - 11 - 70 Here and There Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden Soundtrack albums Friends The Lion King The Muse Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida The Road to El Dorado Gnomeo & Juliet Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume II The Thom Bell Sessions Lady Samantha Greatest Hits Vol. 3 The Complete Thom Bell Sessions To Be Continued The Very Best of Elton John Rare Masters Greatest Hits 1976 -- 1986 The Superior Sound of Elton John Chartbusters Go Pop Classic Elton John Love Songs Prologue Greatest Hits 1970 -- 2002 Elton John 's Christmas Party Rocket Man : The Definitive Hits Diamonds Other albums Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin Good Morning to the Night Revamp & Restoration Video albums The Afternoon Concert The Night Time Concert Night and Day Concert Live in Australia The Very Best of Elton John Live in Barcelona Love Songs Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Dream Ticket Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden The Red Piano Concert tours 1970 World Tour West of the Rockies Tour Louder Than Concorde Tour 1980 World Tour Jump Up Tour Too Low for Zero Tour European Express Tour Breaking Hearts Tour Ice on Fire Tour Tour De Force Reg Strikes Back Tour Sleeping with the Past Tour The One Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Made in England Tour Big Picture Tour Face to Face 1998 An Evening with Elton John Medusa Tour Stately Home Tour Face to Face 2001 Songs from the West Coast Tour Face to Face 2002 A Journey Through Time 2003 Tour Face to Face 2003 2004 Tour Peachtree Road Tour 2006 European Tour The Captain and the Kid Tour Rocket Man : Greatest Hits Live Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 2010 European Tour Greatest Hits Tour 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man The Diving Board Tour Follow the Yellow Brick Road Tour All the Hits Tour The Final Curtain Tour Wonderful Crazy Night Tour Farewell Yellow Brick Road Concert residencies The Red Piano The Million Dollar Piano Miscellaneous performances List of Elton John and Ray Cooper concert tours The Union Tour Musicals The Lion King animated live - action musical Billy Elliot the Musical Aida Lestat The Devil Wears Prada Related articles Bernie Taupin Gus Dudgeon Paul Buckmaster John Reid Dick James David Furnish Kiki Dee Elton John AIDS Foundation Watford F.C. Bluesology Hookfoot Woodside , Old Windsor The Union Elton John : Me , Myself & I Elton John : Tantrums & Tiaras Elton John : The Classic Years Book Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Hamlet Had an Uncle Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure `` Tales from the Public Domain '' Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) War ( 2002 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 ) `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 ) `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! 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where does the lion king story come from
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Solar radius
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Solar radius - wikipedia Solar radius Jump to : navigation , search Conversion of nominal solar radius 1 R = Units 7008695700000000000 ♠ 6.957 00 × 10 metres 695,700 kilometres 0.00465047 astronomical unit 432,288 miles 6992735355000000000 ♠ 7.353 55 × 10 light - year 6992225461000000000 ♠ 2.254 61 × 10 parsec 2.32061 light - seconds Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy . The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun 's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2 / 3 : 1 R ⊙ = 6.957 × 10 5 km ( \ displaystyle 1 \ , R_ ( \ odot ) = 6.957 \ times 10 ^ ( 5 ) ( \ hbox ( km ) ) ) The solar radius is approximately 695,700 kilometres ( 432,300 miles ) , which is about 10 times the average radius of Jupiter , 110 times the radius of the Earth , and 1 / 215th of an astronomical unit , the distance of the Earth from the Sun . It varies slightly from pole to equator due to its rotation , which induces an oblateness in the order of 10 parts per million . ( See 1 gigametre for similar distances . ) The unmanned SOHO spacecraft was used to measure the radius of the Sun by timing transits of Mercury across the surface during 2003 and 2006 . The result was a measured radius of 696,342 ± 65 kilometres ( 432,687 ± 40 miles ) . Haberreiter , Schmutz & Kosovichev ( 2008 ) determined the radius corresponding to the solar photosphere to be 695,660 ± 140 kilometres ( 432,263 ± 87 miles ) . This new value is consistent with helioseismic estimates ; the same study showed that previous estimates using inflection point methods had been overestimated by approximately 300 km ( 190 mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominal solar radius 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Nominal solar radius ( edit ) In 2015 , the International Astronomical Union passed Resolution B3 , which defined a set of nominal conversion constants for stellar and planetary astronomy . Resolution B3 defined the nominal solar radius ( symbol R ⊙ N ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ odot ) ^ ( N ) ) ) to be equal to exactly 695,700 km . The nominal values were adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun 's radius , even when future observations will likely refine the Sun 's actual photospheric radius ( which is currently only known to about the ± 100 -- 200 km accuracy ) . Examples ( edit ) Solar radii as a unit are popular when talking about spacecraft moving close to the sun . Two spacecraft in the 2010s . Solar Orbiter ( as close as 45 Solar radii , R ) Parker Solar Probe ( as close as 9 Solar radii , R ) See also ( edit ) Astronomical unit Orders of magnitude ( length ) Solar luminosity Solar mass References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NASA RHESSI oblateness measurements 2012 Jump up ^ Emilio , Marcelo ; Kuhn , Jeff R. ; Bush , Rock I. ; Scholl , Isabelle F. , `` Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits '' , The Astrophysical Journal , 750 : 135 , arXiv : 1203.4898 , Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 750 ... 135E , doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 750 / 2 / 135 Jump up ^ Haberreiter , M ; Schmutz , W ; Kosovichev , A.G. , `` Solving the Discrepancy between the Seismic and Photospheric Solar Radius '' , Astrophysical Journal , 675 ( 1 ) : L53 -- L56 , arXiv : 0711.2392 , Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 675L ... 53H , doi : 10.1086 / 529492 Jump up ^ Mamajek , E.E. ; Prsa , A. ; Torres , G. ; et , al. , IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties , arXiv : 1510.07674 , Bibcode : 2015arXiv151007674M External links ( edit ) S.C. Tripathy ; H.M. Antia ( 1999 ) . `` Influence of surface layers on the seismic estimate of the solar radius '' . Solar Physics. 186 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 -- 11 . Bibcode : 1999SoPh ... 186 ... 1T . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005116830445 . T.M. Brown ; J. Christensen - Dalsgaard ( 1998 ) . `` Accurate Determination of the Solar Photospheric Radius '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 500 ( 2 ) : L195 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9803131 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 500L. 195B . doi : 10.1086 / 311416 . ( hide ) Units of length used in Astronomy Astronomical system of units Earth radius ( R or R ) Light - second ( ls ) Solar radius ( R ) gigametre ( Gm ) Astronomical unit ( AU ) terametre ( Tm ) light - year ( ly ) parsec ( pc ) kiloparsec ( kpc ) megaparsec ( Mpc ) gigaparsec ( Gpc ) See also Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude ( length ) Conversion of units Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_radius&oldid=841539553 '' Categories : Sun Stellar astronomy Units of length Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 13 : 18 . About Wikipedia
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what is the solar radius of the sun
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"The solar radius is approximately 695,700 kilometres (432,300 miles), which is about 10 times the average radius of Jupiter, 110 times the radius of the Earth, and 1/215th of an astronomical unit, the distance of the Earth from the Sun. It varies slightly from pole to equator due to its rotation, which induces an oblateness in the order of 10 parts per million. (See 1 gigametre for similar distances.)[1]"
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"approximately 695,700 kilometres (432,300 miles)"
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Finger Lakes
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Finger Lakes - wikipedia Finger Lakes Jump to : navigation , search For Finger Lake in British Columbia , Canada , see Finger - Tatuk Provincial Park . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Satellite view . Lake Ontario is at top , Oneida Lake upper right , Cazenovia Lake directly below Oneida . Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York ( hide ) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley ( Lower and Middle ) Upstate New York ( hide ) Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places Places ( including hamlets ) Timelines of town creation ( show ) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York The Finger Lakes are a group of 11 long , narrow , roughly north -- south lakes in an area called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York , in the United States . It is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination . The lakes ' shapes reminded early map - makers of human fingers , and the name stuck . They are also characteristic glacial finger lakes . Cayuga ( 435 feet deep , 133 m ) and Seneca ( 618 feet , 188 m ) Lakes are among the deepest in the United States , with bottoms well below sea level . They are also the longest Finger Lakes , though neither 's width exceeds 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) ; Seneca Lake is 38.1 miles ( 61.3 km ) long , and 66.9 square miles ( 173 km ) , the largest in total area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lakes 2 Geology 2.1 Ecological concern 3 History 4 Notable places 4.1 Wine 4.2 Educational institutions 4.3 Museums 5 References 6 External links Lakes ( edit ) Map of the Finger Lakes The 11 Finger Lakes , from east to west , are : Otisco Lake Skaneateles Lake Owasco Lake Cayuga Lake Seneca Lake Keuka Lake Canandaigua Lake Honeoye Lake Canadice Lake Hemlock Lake Conesus Lake Cazenovia Lake to the east , although smaller , is sometimes called `` the 12th Finger Lake '' , because it is similar in shape . It is located in Appalachian hill terrain , with a historic village linked to other Finger Lakes by US 20 . It may have been formed in the same manner as the Finger Lakes , as satellite photos show three valleys similar in character and spacing to the Finger Lakes east of Otisco Lake . The first is the Tully Valley , which includes a chain of small lakes at the south end that could be a `` Finger Lake '' that never formed because of a terminal moraine . The moraine caused the Tioughnioga River to flow south instead of north , the opposite of the Finger Lakes ' waters . The next two valleys to the east contain Butternut Creek , which flows north , and the East Branch of the Tioughnioga River , which flows south . The next valley contains Limestone Creek , which flows north . The next valley after that contains Cazenovia Lake . The Finger Lakes are in the center bottom of this west facing image ; Lake Erie ( upper left ) , Lake Huron ( upper right ) , and Lake Ontario ( lower right ) are three of the Great Lakes Oneida Lake , to the northeast of Syracuse , New York , is sometimes included as the `` thumb '' , although it is shallow and somewhat different in character from the rest . Onondaga Lake , though located just north of the Finger Lakes region , is not considered one of the Finger Lakes . As with Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes , it drains into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River . Likewise , Chautauqua Lake , Findley Lake and Kinzua Lake to the west are not considered Finger Lakes ; all three drain into the Allegheny River and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico , and in the case of Kinzua and Findley , the lakes are the artificial creation of dams . Conesus , Hemlock , Canadice , Honeoye , and Otisco are considered the minor Finger Lakes . Other , smaller lakes , including Silver , Waneta , and Lamoka lakes , dot this region . Silver Lake , west of Conesus Lake , would seem to qualify because it is in the Great Lakes watershed , but Waneta and Lamoka lakes are part of the Susquehanna River watershed as they drain into a tributary of the Chemung River . East of Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes are the headwaters of the Susquehanna River and Hudson River watersheds ( the former in the foothills of the Catskills , the latter through the Mohawk Valley and southern Adirondack Mountains ) . The 2,000 - acre ( 8 km ) muckland of a valley located in Potter , New York , which is part of Torrey Farms , was almost a 12th Finger Lake , as the waterline is just below the surface . It lies between Lakes Canandaigua and Seneca , and was once a swamp . Geology ( edit ) Seneca Lake , from South Main Street in Geneva , New York . These glacial finger lakes originated as a series of northward - flowing streams . Around two million years ago , the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area , initiating the Pleistocene glaciation . These scouring glaciers widened , deepened , and accentuated the existing river valleys . Glacial debris , possibly terminal moraine left behind by the receding ice , acted as dams , allowing lakes to form . Despite the deep erosion of the valleys , the surrounding uplands show little evidence of glaciation , suggesting that the ice was thin , or at least unable to cause much erosion at these higher altitudes . The deep cutting by the ice left some tributaries hanging high above the lakes -- both Seneca and Cayuga have tributaries hanging as much as 120 m above the valley floors . Ecological concern ( edit ) Much of the Finger Lakes area lies upon the Marcellus Shale and the Utica Shale , two prominent natural gas reserves . Due to the recent increase in fracking technology , the natural gas is now available to extraction . While some large landowners have leased their lands , and a number of small landowners would like to follow suit , many residents of the Finger Lakes oppose the process of extraction due to concerns about groundwater contamination and the industrial impact of the extraction related activities . The first direct actions and local legislative actions against fracking occurred in the Finger Lakes bioregion . In December 2014 , the government of New York banned all fracking within the state , citing pollution risks . History ( edit ) Bluff Point on Keuka Lake Granger Homestead , Canandaigua The Finger Lakes region contains evidence of pre-Iroquois habitation , such as The Bluff Point Stoneworks , but little is known about who may have constructed these enigmatic works . The Finger Lakes region is a central part of the Iroquois homeland . The Iroquois tribes include the Seneca and Cayuga nations , for which the two largest Finger Lakes are named . The Tuscarora tribe lived in the Finger Lakes region as well , from ca . 1720 . The Onondaga and Oneida tribes lived at the eastern edge of the region , closer to their namesake lakes , Oneida Lake and Onondaga Lake . The easternmost Iroquois tribe was the Mohawk . During colonial times , many other tribes moved to the Finger Lakes region , seeking the protection of the Iroquois . For example , in 1753 remnants of several Virginia Siouan tribes , collectively called the Tutelo - Saponi , moved to the town of Coreorgonel at the south end of Cayuga Lake near present - day Ithaca , until 1779 when their village was destroyed . Major Iroquois towns in the Finger Lakes region included the Seneca town of Gen - nis - he - yo ( present - day Geneseo ) , Kanadaseaga ( Seneca Castle , near present - day Geneva ) , Goiogouen ( Cayuga Castle , east of Cayuga Lake ) , Chonodote ( Cayuga town , present - day Aurora ) , Catherine 's Town ( near present - day Watkins Glen ) and Ganondagan State Historic Site in Victor , New York . As one of the most powerful Indian nations during colonial times , the Iroquois were able to prevent European colonization of the Finger Lakes region for nearly two centuries after first contact , often playing the French off against the British interests in savvy demonstrations of political competence . Tribal politics and the military reality that the Iroquois held the strongest military force in North America were well appreciated . By the late 18th century with the French governmental influence gone from Canada Iroquois power had weakened , relative to the steady growth in European - Americans ' populations , and internal strife eroded the political unity of the Iroquois Confederacy as they faced pressures from colonists itching to move west and a desire to keep them out of Amerindian lands . During the American Revolutionary War , some Iroquois sided with the British and some with the Americans , resulting in civil war among the Iroquois . In the late 1770s , British - allied Iroquois attacked various American frontier settlements , prompting counter-attacks , culminating in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 , which destroyed most of the Iroquois towns and effectively broke Iroquois power . After the Revolutionary War , the Iroquois and other Indians of the region were assigned reservations . Most of their land , including the Finger Lakes region , was opened up to purchase and settlement . Roughly the western half of the Finger Lakes region comprised the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1790 . The region was rapidly settled at the turn of the 19th century , largely by a westward migration from New England , and to a lesser degree by northward influx from Pennsylvania . The regional architecture reflects these area traditions of the Federal and Greek Revival periods . Notable places ( edit ) Canadice Lake is surrounded by the Hemlock - Canadice State Forest The Finger Lakes region , together with the Genesee Country of Western New York , has been referred to as the burned - over district . There , in the 19th century , the Second Great Awakening was a revival of Christianity ; some new religions were also formed . The region was active in reform and utopian movements . Many of its Underground Railroad sites have been documented . For example , the Harriet Tubman Home at Auburn recalls the life and work of the African - American `` Moses of her people . '' On the northern end of the Finger Lakes are also Seneca Falls , the birthplace of the Women 's suffrage movement ; Waterloo , the birthplace of Memorial Day ; and Palmyra , the birthplace of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . An annual outdoor drama , The Hill Cumorah Pageant , produced by the LDS Church , draws thousands of visitors each year . Hammondsport was the home of aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss , and favorable air currents make the area a popular spot for glider pilots . Elmira , just to the south , was the home of Mark Twain in his later life , and the site of an infamous Civil War prison . Corning is most noted as the home of Corning Glass Works and the Corning Museum of Glass . Hornell , just southwest of the Finger Lakes , was a major railroad center ; locomotives were repaired there until recently . Conesus remains the home of the oldest producer of pure grape sacramental wine in the Western hemisphere . Hemlock Lake , one of the western Finger Lakes Notable among the historic buildings of the region ( most linked below ) is the Granger Homestead ( 1816 ) , a large village house in Federal Style at Canandaigua , New York . Another example of the Federal Style is the Prouty - Chew House ( 1829 ) at Geneva , portions of which were altered at various times in new fashions . Three Greek Revival mansions are situated near three lakes : The Richard DeZeng House , Skaneateles ( 1839 ) ; Rose Hill , Geneva ( 1839 ) ; and Esperanza , Penn Yan ( 1838 ) . The latter two are open to the public . The Seward House in Auburn , a National Historic Landmark , is a mansion more characteristic of the Civil War era , virtually unchanged from the nineteenth century . Belhurst Castle , Geneva , a stone mansion in the Romanesque Revival style , now serves as an inn . Sonnenberg mansion at Canandaigua is later nineteenth - century residence in the Queen Anne style , known for its restored period gardens . Geneva on the Lake is a villa ( 1910 -- 14 ) that recalls those on Italian lakes . Now an inn , it has European - style gardens . Many buildings and historic districts of the Finger Lakes region are notable , other than these historic houses . Implemented in August 2010 , the Hemlock - Canadice State Forest covers 6,684 acres ( 27.05 km ) that encompass the two western Finger Lakes , Hemlock and Canadice . These lakes have provided drinking water for the City of Rochester for more than 100 years . To protect water quality , the city acquired much of the property around the lakes . Over the decades , the land reforested , but a few traces of its past , such as stone walls or cottage foundations , remain . Today these two lakes , with their steep , forested , largely undeveloped shorelines and deep clear water , provide visitors a glimpse of the Finger Lakes of the past . The Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) manages this State Forest for compatible public access for recreation , including fishing , hunting , nature study , boating and hiking . Activities in Hemlock - Canadice State Forest are subject the DEC 's Rules and Regulations for the Use of State Lands , 6 NYCRR Part 190 , as well as any other applicable state statutes , rules and regulations . These are sensitive areas because they protect public drinking water . Hemlock Lake is home to the state 's oldest nesting bald eagle site , dating back to the early 1960s . The nesting bald eagles of Hemlock Lake have fostered a resurgence of bald eagles throughout New York State . Hemlock Lake , originally known as `` O - Neh - Da '' which is Seneca for `` Lake of Hemlock Trees '' , is home to the nation 's oldest sacramental winery , founded by Bishop McQuaid in 1872 . Today , O - Neh - Da Vineyard continues to make premium natural pure grape wine for churches and foodies alike . Wine ( edit ) Main article : Finger Lakes AVA Sunrise overlooking a vineyard on Canandaigua Lake The Finger Lakes area is New York 's largest wine producing region . Over 100 wineries and vineyards are located around Seneca , Cayuga , Canandaigua , Keuka , Conesus , and Hemlock Lakes . Because of the lakes ' great depth , they provide a lake effect to the lush vineyards that flank their shores . Retaining residual summer warmth in the winter , and winter 's cold in the spring , the grapes are protected from disastrous spring frost during shoot growth , and early frost before the harvest . The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay , Riesling , Gewürztraminer , Pinot noir , Cabernet Franc , Vidal blanc , Seyval blanc and many Vitis labrusca ( American native ) varieties or cultivars . With the passage of the Farm Winery Act in 1976 , numerous wineries are now open to visitors . Wineries are a growth industry of the region , contributing through their production and by attracting visitors . The Finger Lakes American Viticulture Area ( AVA ) includes two of America 's oldest wineries , O - Neh - Da Vineyard ( 1872 ) on Hemlock Lake and The Pleasant Valley Wine Company ( 1860 ) on Keuka Lake . Educational institutions ( edit ) Wells College , Aurora The area is also known for education ; the largest institution is Cornell University in Ithaca . Other notable schools are Ithaca College , also located in Ithaca ; the University of Rochester , Nazareth College , St. John Fisher College and Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester ; Elmira College in Elmira ; Tompkins Cortland Community College in Dryden , Ithaca , and Cortland ; Wells College in Aurora ; Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva ; Keuka College in Keuka Park ; Finger Lakes Community College in Canandaigua and Geneva ; and The State University of New York at Cortland in Cortland ; New York Chiropractic College in Seneca Falls ; Cayuga Community College in Auburn ; and The State University of New York at Geneseo in Geneseo . Museums ( edit ) The Finger Lakes region is home to several museums . These include the Corning Museum of Glass , the Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University , the Strong National Museum of Play , the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum , the Finger Lakes Boating Museum , the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center , the Sciencenter , the Museum of the Earth , the National Soaring Museum , the Rockwell Museum , the Seward House Museum , the William H. Seward and the Samuel Warren Homesteads of the York Historical Society , birthplace of New York State 's first successful commercial winery . The Women 's Rights National Historic Park is located in Seneca Falls . The park includes the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Wesleyan Chapel , where she held the first convention on women 's rights in 1848 . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Mullins , H.T. and Eyles , N. eds. , 1996 . Subsurface geologic investigations of New York Finger Lakes : implications for Late Quaternary deglaciation and environmental change . Special Paper 311 . Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . 89 pp. ISBN 9780813723112 Jump up ^ `` How fracking got stopped in NY '' . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Citing Health Risks , Cuomo Bans Fracking in New York State '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn C. ; Saltzgaber , Jan M. ( 1983 ) , Revivalism , Social Conscience , and Community in the Bured - over District : the Trial of Rhoda Bement , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , ISBN 0801415411 , LCCN 82014296 , OCLC 8805286 Bibliography Thompson , John H. , ed . Geography of New York State ( Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1977 ) Engeln , O.D. , von . The Finger Lakes Region : Its Origin and Nature ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1961 , 1988 ) Finger Lakes Tourism Statistics House , Kirk W. and Mitchell , Charles R. Finger Lakes ( Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing , 2008 ) Bloomfield , Jay A. , ed . Lakes of New York State : Volume I : Ecology of the Finger Lakes ( New York , NY : Academic Press , 1978 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Finger Lakes at Wikimedia Commons Finger Lakes travel guide from Wikivoyage Finger Lakes at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The official Finger Lakes Tourism Alliance website Coordinates : 42 ° 40 ′ N 76 ° 50 ′ W / 42.667 ° N 76.833 ° W / 42.667 ; - 76.833 Syracuse , New York Mayor Metropolitan area Onondaga Lake Onondaga County Central New York Finger Lakes Upstate New York History Onondaga Nation Great Peacemaker Hiawatha French Sainte Marie Simon Le Moyne British Cycling Ethnic groups Erie Canal Historic places Industry products salt Mayors Notable citizens John Wilkinson Samuel Joseph May Matilda Joslyn Gage Louis Marshall Railroads New York Central Passenger station OnTrack Streetcars Towns Underground Railroad Economy Transportation airport Transportation Center / Amtrak train station bus service Interstate highways I - 81 I - 481 I - 90 I - 690 Air National Guard Bristol - Myers Squibb Carrier Corporation Destiny USA Downtown Syracuse Armory Square Clinton Square Lockheed Martin National Grid O'Brien & Gere Oneida Nation Enterprises Turning Stone Resort & Casino Raymour & Flanigan Seneca Data SRC Charter Spectrum Wegmans Education Bryant & Stratton College Empire State College Le Moyne College Onondaga Community College SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry SUNY Oswego Syracuse City School District Syracuse University SUNY Upstate Medical University Sports Syracuse Chiefs NBT Bank Stadium Syracuse Crunch War Memorial Arena Syracuse Silver Knights Syracuse Orange Carrier Dome football men 's basketball men 's lacrosse men 's soccer women 's basketball women 's ice hockey Le Moyne Dolphins OCC Lazers SUNY - ESF Mighty Oaks Ski country Culture and parks Annual events Burnet Park Clinton String Quartet Erie Canal Museum Everson Museum of Art Pass Arboretum Museum of Science and Technology New York State Fair Light Work Mills Rose Garden Niagara Mohawk Building Old Erie Canal Onondaga Creekwalk Onondaga Lake Park Ra Ra Riot Rosamond Gifford Zoo Syracuse in fiction Syracuse Stage Thornden Park Portal lists neighborhoods people sports transportation Commons WikiProject State of New York Albany ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Demographics Economy Education Geography History Healthcare Museums Music Nickname Parks People Politics Sports Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Politics Administrative divisions Congressional districts Constitution Elections Government Law Regions Adirondack Mountains Allegheny Plateau Capital District Catskill Mountains Central Region ( formerly Central - Leatherstocking ) Central New York Champlain Valley New York City Finger Lakes Holland Purchase Hudson Highlands Hudson Valley Long Island Mohawk Valley Niagara Frontier North Country Ridge and Valley Saint Lawrence Seaway Shawangunks Ski country Southern Tier Southtowns Tech Valley Thousand Islands Tug Hill Upstate Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy Binghamton Buffalo / Niagara Falls Elmira / Corning Glens Falls Ithaca Kingston New York City Rochester Syracuse Utica / Rome Watertown Counties Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland Saint Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Wyoming Yates Places Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places New York portal Finger Lakes portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finger_Lakes&oldid=838760845 '' Categories : Finger Lakes New York ( state ) wine Regions of New York ( state ) Glaciology of the United States Upstate New York Lakes of New York ( state ) Lake groups Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 04 : 08 . 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2011 Census of India
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2011 Census of India - Wikipedia 2011 Census of India Jump to : navigation , search 15th Census of India General information Country India Date taken 2010 - 2011 Total population 1,210,193,422 Percent change 17.70 % Most populous state Uttar Pradesh ( 199,812,341 ) Least populous state Sikkim ( 610,577 ) The 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases , house listing and population enumeration . House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of information about all buildings . Information for National Population Register was also collected in the first phase , which will be used to issue a 12 - digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India ( UIDAI ) . The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011 . Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected . According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011 , the Indian population increased to 121 crore with a decadal growth of 17.64 % . Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04 % with a decadal growth of 9.21 % . The motto of census 2011 was ' Our Census , Our future ' . Spread across 29 states and 7 union territories , the census covered 640 districts , 5,767 tehsils , 7,933 towns and more than 6 lakh villages . A total of 27 lakh officials visited households in 7,933 towns and 6 lakh villages , classifying the population according to gender , religion , education and occupation . The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹ 2,200 crore ( US $340 million ) -- this comes to less than $0.50 per person , well below the estimated world average of $4.60 per person . Conducted every 10 years , this census faced big challenges considering India 's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved . Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav , Sharad Yadav and SP suprimo Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party , Akali Dal , Shiv Sena and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931 . During the early census , people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits . There was speculation that there would be a caste - based census conduced in 2011 , the first time for 80 years ( last was in 1931 ) , to find the exact population of the `` Other Backward Classes '' ( OBCs ) in India . This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley . Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52 % , though National Sample Survey Organisation ( NSSO ) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41 % There is only one instance of a caste - count in post-independence India . It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Communist government under EMS Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes . The census was termed Socio - Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala , 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Census 2 Information 2.1 House - listings 2.2 Population enumeration 2.3 National Population Register 3 Census report 4 Population 5 Religious demographics 6 Literacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Census ( edit ) C Chandramauli was the Register General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian Census . Census data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages . In 2011 , India and Bangladesh also conducted their first - ever joint census of areas along their border . The census was conducted in two phases . The first , the house - listing phase , began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census houses . Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase . The second , the population enumeration phase , was conducted from 9 -- 28 February 2011 all over the country . The eradication of epidemics , the availability of more effective medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of population in India . Information ( edit ) House - listings ( edit ) The House - listing schedule contained 35 questions . Building number Census house number Predominant material of floor , wall and roof of the census house Ascertain use of actual house Condition of the census house Household number Total number of persons in the household Name of the head of the household Sex of the head Caste status ( SC or ST or others ) Ownership status of the house Number of dwelling rooms Number of married couple the household Main source of drinking water Availability of drinking water source Main source of lighting Latrine within the premises Type of latrine facility Waste water outlet connection Bathing facility within the premises Availability of kitchen Fuel used for cooking Radio / Transistor Television Computer / Laptop Telephone / Mobile phone Bicycle Scooter / Motor cycle / Moped Car / Jeep / Van Availing Banking services . Population enumeration ( edit ) The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions . Name of the person Relationship to head Sex Date of birth and age Current marital status Age at marriage Religion Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe Disability Mother tongue Other languages known Literacy status Status of attendance ( Education ) Highest educational level attained Working any time during last year Category of economic activity Occupation Nature of industry Trade or service Class of worker Non economic activity Seeking or available for work Travel to place of work Birthplace Place of last residence Reason for migration Duration of stay in the place of migration Children surviving Children ever born Number of children born alive during last one year National population Register ( edit ) The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions . Name of the person and resident status Name of the person as should appear in the population register Relationship to head gender Date of birth Marital status Educational qualification Occupation / Activity Names of father , mother and spouse Once the information was collected and digitised , fingerprints were taken and photos collected . Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12 - digit identification number to all individuals and the first ID was to have been issued in 2011 . Census report ( edit ) Decadal growth of Indian population ( 1901 -- 2011 ) . Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 ( and was updated on 20 May 2013 ) . Transgender population was counted in population census in India for first time in 2011 . The official count of the third gender in India is 4.9 lakh Population Total 1,210,854,977 Males 623,724,248 Females 586,469,174 Literacy Total 74 % Males 82.10 % Females 65.50 % Density of population per km 382 Sex ratio per 1000 males 940 females Child sex ratio ( 0 -- 6 age group ) per 1000 males 919 Population ( edit ) The population of India as per 2011 census was 1,210,193,422 . India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001 , slightly lower than the population of Brazil . India , with 2.4 % of the world 's surface area , accounts for 17.5 % of its population . Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people . A little over 5 out of 10 Indians live in the six states of Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Bihar , West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . Of the 121 crore Indians , 83.3 crore ( 68.84 % ) live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas . 45.36 crore people in India are migrants , which is 37.8 % of total population . India is the homeland of major belief systems such as Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism and Jainism , while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have survived the influence of major religions for centuries . Ever since its inception , the Census of India has been collecting and publishing information about the religious affiliations as expressed by the people of India . In fact , population census has the rare distinction of being the only instrument that collects this diverse and important characteristic of the Indian population . Population distribution in India by states ( hide ) Rank State / Union Territory ( UT ) Type Population % of total population Males Females Sex Ratio Literacy rate ( % ) Rural Population Urban Population Area ( km2 ) Density ( / km2 ) Decadal Growth % ( 2001 - 2011 ) Uttar Pradesh State 199,812,341 16.5 104,480,510 95,331,831 930 67.68 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828 20.1 % Maharashtra State 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 929 82.34 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365 16.0 % Bihar State 104,099,452 8.6 54,278,157 49,821,295 918 61.80 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102 25.1 % West Bengal State 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 950 76.26 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030 13.9 % 5 Andhra Pradesh State 84,580,777 6.99 42,442,146 42,138,631 993 67.02 56,361,702 28,219,075 275,045 308 11.1 % 6 Madhya Pradesh State 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 931 69.32 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236 20.3 % 7 Tamil Nadu State 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 996 80.09 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555 15.6 % 8 Rajasthan State 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 928 66.11 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201 21.4 % 9 Karnataka State 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 973 75.36 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319 15.7 % 10 Gujarat State 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 919 78.03 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308 19.2 % 11 Odisha State 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 979 72.87 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269 14.0 % 12 Kerala State 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 1,084 94.00 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859 4.9 % 13 Jharkhand State 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 948 66.41 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414 22.3 % 14 Assam State 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 958 72.19 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397 16.9 % 15 Punjab State 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 895 75.84 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550 13.7 % 16 Chhattisgarh State 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 991 70.28 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189 22.6 % 17 Haryana State 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 879 75.55 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573 19.9 % 18 Delhi UT 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 868 86.21 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297 21 % 19 Jammu and Kashmir State 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 889 67.16 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56 23.7 % 20 Uttarakhand State 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 963 79.63 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189 19.2 % 21 Himachal Pradesh State 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 972 82.80 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123 12.8 % 22 Tripura State 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 960 87.22 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350 14.7 % 23 Meghalaya State 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 989 74.43 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132 27.8 % 24 Manipur State 2,721,756 0.21 1,290,171 1,280,219 992 79.21 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 122 18.7 % 25 Nagaland State 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 931 79.55 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119 - 0.5 % 26 Goa State 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 973 88.70 551,414 906,309 3,702 394 8.2 % 27 Arunachal Pradesh State 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 938 65.38 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17 25.9 % 28 Puducherry UT 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 1,037 85.85 394,341 850,123 479 2,598 27.7 % 29 Mizoram State 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 976 91.33 529,037 561,997 21,081 52 22.8 % 30 Chandigarh UT 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 818 86.05 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252 17.1 % 31 Sikkim State 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 890 81.42 455,962 151,726 7,096 86 12.4 % 32 Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 876 86.63 244,411 135,533 8,249 46 6.7 % 33 Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 774 76.24 183,024 159,829 491 698 55.5 % 34 Daman and Diu UT 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 618 87.10 60,331 182,580 112 2,169 53.5 % 35 Lakshadweep UT 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 946 91.85 14,121 50,308 32 2,013 6.2 % TOTAL India 35 1,210,854,977 100 623,724,248 586,469,174 943 73.00 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382 17.64 % Religious demographics ( edit ) The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August , 2015 . Hindus are 79.8 % ( 966.3 million ) , while Muslims are 14.23 % ( 172.2 million ) in India. and Christians are 2.30 % ( 28.7 million ) . According to the 2011 Census of India , there are 57,264 Parsis in India . For the first time , a `` No religion '' category was added in the 2011 census . 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to `` No Religion '' in India in the 2011 census. - 0.24 % of India 's population of 1.21 billion . Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India till the 2011 census . There are six religions in India that have been awarded `` National Minority '' status - Muslims , Christians , Sikhs , Jains , Buddhists and Parsis . Sunnis , Shias , Bohras , Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India . As per 2011 census , six major faiths - Hindus , Muslims , Christians , Sikhs , Buddhists , Jains make up over 99.4 % of India 's 121 crore population , while `` other religions , persuasions '' ( ORP ) count is 82 . Among the ORP faiths , six faiths - 49.57 lakh - strong Sarna , 10.26 lakh - strong Gond , 5.06 lakh - strong Sari , Doni Polo ( 3.02 lakh ) in Arunachal Pradesh , Sanamahi ( 2.22 lakh ) in Manipur , Khasi ( 1.38 lakh ) in Meghalaya dominate . Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people , followed by Meghalaya ( 9,089 ) and Kerala . Population trends for major religious groups in India ( 1951 -- 2011 ) Religious group Population % 1951 Population % 1961 Population % 1971 Population % 1981 Population % 1991 Population % 2001 Population % 2011 Hinduism 84.1 % 83.45 % 82.73 % 82.30 % 81.53 % 80.46 % 79.80 % Islam 9.8 % 10.69 % 11.21 % 11.75 % 12.61 % 13.43 % 14.23 % Christianity 2.3 % 2.44 % 2.60 % 2.44 % 2.32 % 2.34 % 2.30 % Sikhism 1.79 % 1.79 % 1.89 % 1.92 % 1.94 % 1.87 % 1.72 % Buddhism 0.74 % 0.74 % 0.70 % 0.70 % 0.77 % 0.77 % 0.70 % Jainism 0.46 % 0.46 % 0.48 % 0.47 % 0.40 % 0.41 % 0.37 % Zoroastrianism 0.13 % 0.09 % 0.09 % 0.09 % 0.08 % 0.06 % n / a Other religions / No religion 0.43 % 0.43 % 0.41 % 0.42 % 0.44 % 0.72 % 0.9 % Literacy ( edit ) Any one above age 7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered a literate . In censuses before 1991 , children below the age 5 were treated as illiterates . The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as `` crude literacy rate '' , and taking the population from age 7 and above into account is termed as `` effective literacy rate '' . Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04 % with 82.14 % of the males and 65.46 % of the females being literate . S.No . Census Year Total ( % ) Male ( % ) Female ( % ) 1901 5.35 9.83 0.60 1911 5.92 10.56 1.05 1921 7.16 12.21 1.81 1931 9.50 15.59 2.93 5 1941 16.10 24.90 7.30 6 1951 16.67 24.95 9.45 7 1961 24.02 34.44 12.95 8 1971 29.45 39.45 18.69 9 1981 36.23 46.89 24.82 10 1991 42.84 52.74 32.17 11 2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 12 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 The table lists the `` crude literacy rate '' in India from 1901 to 2011 . See also ( edit ) India portal Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 Demographics of India Other Backward Class Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes List of Other Backward Classes Notes ( edit ) `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above , Census 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Census of India , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Decadal Growth : www.censusindia.gov.in '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` India 's population -- 127 , 42 , 39,769 and growing '' . ^ Jump up to : C Chandramouli ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Census of India 2011 -- A Story of Innovations '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Do we really need the census ? '' . Jump up ^ Demand for caste census rocks Lok Sabha Jump up ^ `` Login '' . Jump up ^ `` OBC data not in 2011 Census , says Moily '' . Indian Express . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No data since 1931 , will 2011 Census be all - caste inclusive ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caste in Census 2011 : Is it necessary ? '' . The Times Of India . 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OBCs form 41 % of population : Survey -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Govt releases socio - economic and caste census for better policy - making '' . Jump up ^ `` OBc count : 52 or 41 % ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 1 November 2006 . Jump up ^ G.O.K 1971 : Appendix XVIII Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh and India begin joint census of border areas '' . Jump up ^ `` Census in Indian and Bangladesh enclaves ends '' . Jump up ^ Kumar , Vinay ( 4 April 2010 ) . `` House listing operations for Census 2011 progressing well '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2011 ; Houselisting and Housing Census Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2011 ; Household Schedule - Side A '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2011 ; Household Schedule - Side B '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National population register ; Household Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census operation in history kicks off '' . The Hindu . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India launches new biometric census '' . Yahoo news . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India launches biometric census '' . BBC . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India 's total population is now 121 crore '' . LiveMint . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India at Glance -- Population Census 2011 '' . Census Organisation of India . 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official . We are the second most populous nation in the world at 1.2 billion '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's total population is now 1.21 billion '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's total population is 1.21 billion , final census reveals '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan counts transgender people in national census for first time '' . Jump up ^ Over 70,000 transgenders in rural India , UP tops list : Census 2011 Jump up ^ `` First count of third gender in census : 4.9 lakh '' . Jump up ^ `` Why activists are upset with Census disability numbers '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian States Census 2011 '' . Census Organization of India . 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About 68.84 per cent Indians live in rural areas : Census report '' . Jump up ^ `` Rural Urban '' . Jump up ^ `` Every 3rd Indian migrant , most headed south '' . Jump up ^ http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/minorityview/migration-in-india-is-still-largely-remains-a-social-rather-than-an-economic-phenomenon/ Jump up ^ http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/minorityview/migration-in-india-is-slowly-becoming-more-urban-and-driven-by-economic-factors/ Jump up ^ `` List of states with Population , Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' ( PDF ) . Government of India ( 2011 ) . Census of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Provisional Population Totals '' . Government of India ( 2011 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Area of India / state / district '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Abantika Ghosh , Vijaita Singh ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` Census 2011 : Muslims record decadal growth of 24.6 pc , Hindus 16.8 pc '' . Indian Express . Indian Express . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hindus 79.8 % , Muslims 14.2 % of population : census data '' . Jump up ^ `` India Census 2011 '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's religions by numbers '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Muslim population growth slows '' . Jump up ^ `` Muslim representation on decline '' . The Times of India . 31 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Share on Twitter ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Muslim share of population up 0.8 % , Hindus ' down 0.7 % between 2001 and 2011 - Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where we belong : The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages '' . Jump up ^ `` Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001 - 2011 : study '' . Jump up ^ `` The tradition of atheism in India goes back 2,000 years . I 'm proud to be a part of that '' . Jump up ^ `` Why a Tinder date is better than 72 virgins in paradise '' . Jump up ^ `` Against All Gods : Meet the league of atheists from rural Uttar Pradesh '' . Jump up ^ `` People without religion have risen in Census 2011 , but atheists have nothing to cheer about '' . Jump up ^ `` 2.87 million Indians have no faith , census reveals for first time '' . Jump up ^ `` 1.88 lakh people in Tamil Nadu state ' no religion ' in 2011 census '' . Jump up ^ `` Muslim politics : At a crossroads '' . livemint.com . Livemint . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Aariz Mohammed ( 1 -- 15 May 2013 ) . `` Demographic Dividend and Indian Muslims - i '' . Milli Gazette . Milli Gazette . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Aariz Mohammed ( 1 -- 15 May 2013 ) . `` Demographic Dividend and Indian Muslims - i '' ( PDF ) . Milli Gazette . Milli Gazette . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National minority status for Jains '' . Jump up ^ Jains become sixth minority community Jump up ^ `` Sunnis , Shias , Bohras , Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam . '' . Jump up ^ `` Protest against inclusion of Ahmediyyas in Muslim census '' . Jump up ^ `` Minority in a minority '' . Jump up ^ `` Fewer minor faiths in India now , finds Census ; number of their adherents up '' . Jump up ^ `` God versus Atheism , Bengal vouches for believers '' . Jump up ^ `` Population by religious community - 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census Provional Population Totals '' . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Census of India , 2011 . Official Website Census India 2011 - Population of India Census of India Pre-Independence National Censuses Overview Post-Independence National Censuses 1951 1961 1991 2001 2011 Other Censuses Indian economic census 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census See Also : Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Census_of_India&oldid=807198608 '' Categories : 2011 in India Censuses in India Political history of India Manmohan Singh administration 2011 censuses Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Български Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Norsk தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 14 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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number of villages in india as per 2011 census
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"Spread across 29 states and 7 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,767 tehsils, 7,933 towns and more than 6 lakh villages. A total of 27 lakh officials visited households in 7,933 towns and 6 lakh villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation.[3] The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore (US$340 million)[4] – this comes to less than $0.50 per person, well below the estimated world average of $4.60 per person.[3] Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering India's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved."
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"more than 6"
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8416569452324633597
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How Come
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How Come - wikipedia How Come This article is about the single from D12 . For the song by Ronnie Lane , see How Come ( Ronnie Lane song ) . For the song by The Sports , see How Come ( The Sports song ) . `` How Come '' Single by D12 from the album D12 World Released June 8 , 2004 Format CD Genre Hip hop , Horrorcore Length 4 : 09 Label Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) M. Mathers , D. Porter , D. Holton , D. Moore , B. Johnson Producer ( s ) Witt & Pep D12 singles chronology `` My Band '' ( 2004 ) `` How Come '' ( 2004 ) Music video Video on YouTube `` How Come '' is a song by the American rap group D12 . It was released in June 2004 as the second single from their second album D12 World . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA . Contents 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Cover 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) The song is about the relationship between the members of D12 . Eminem makes reference to his relationship to Proof , Kon Artis talks about Eminem and Kim 's relationship , and Proof talks about the rift between him and Eminem . Bizarre and Swift had verses in the extended version , but these were cut from the official release of the song . Music video ( edit ) The video depicts members of D12 fighting with Eminem in the Shady Records studio . It shows a detailed strain on the members relationships . They discuss how Eminem rose to stardom , and they ca n't get a deal . They envy Eminem , but he does n't think there is anything to envy , the song ends , leaving people wondering , with the members dissatisfied . In the second verse of the song , Kon Artis talks about a time when he claims to have seen Eminem 's girlfriend Kim cheating on him . The video ends with a clip of another song from D12 World , `` Git Up '' . The beginning also shows a home video of Eminem rapping at an underground show with Proof and Bizarre . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` How Come '' M. Mathers , D. Porter , D. Holton , D. Moore , B. Johnson Witt & Pep , Eminem 4 : 41 2 . `` 40 Oz . '' M. Williams , J. Kent , M. Mathers , R. Johnson , V. Carlisle , D. Holton Trackboyz 4 : 08 3 . `` How Come - Video '' M. Mathers , D. Porter , D. Holton , D. Moore , B. Johnson Witt & Pep , Eminem 5 : 24 4 . `` 40 Oz . - Video '' M. Williams , J. Kent , M. Mathers , R. Johnson , V. Carlisle , D. Holton Trackboyz 3 : 56 5 . `` 40 Oz . - Instrumental '' M. Williams , J. Kent , M. Mathers , R. Johnson , V. Carlisle , D. Holton Trackboyz 4 : 05 European CD single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` How Come '' M. Mathers , D. Porter , D. Holton , D. Moore , B. Johnson Witt & Pep , Eminem 4 : 41 2 . `` 40 Oz . '' M. Williams , J. Kent , M. Mathers , R. Johnson , V. Carlisle , D. Holton Trackboyz 4 : 08 3 . `` How Come - Video '' M. Mathers , D. Porter , D. Holton , D. Moore , B. Johnson Witt & Pep , Eminem 5 : 24 4 . `` 40 Oz . - Video '' M. Williams , J. Kent , M. Mathers , R. Johnson , V. Carlisle , D. Holton Trackboyz 3 : 56 Notes : This is an extended version of the song , containing Swifty McVay and Bizarre 's verses , which were cut off the album version . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 42 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 27 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 68 U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks 18 Cover ( edit ) A cover version was first performed by English rock band Embrace for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge show . This version is shortened to Eminem 's lyrics on the song , cutting out Kon Artis and Proof . The song was released B - sides to their single `` Ashes '' and on their album Dry Kids : B - Sides 1997 -- 2005 . When the video is played for this song , the song often joins onto a shortened version of the D12 song , `` Git Up . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ RIAA Archived 2015 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- D12 -- How Come '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- D12 -- How Come '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- D12 -- How Come '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- D12 -- How Come '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- D12 -- How Come '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- D12 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- D12 -- How Come '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- D12 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- D12 -- How Come '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- D12 -- How Come '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- D12 -- How Come '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- D12 -- How Come '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Embrace - Embrace To Embrace Rap External links ( edit ) `` How Come / Git Up '' Official music video on YouTube D12 Eminem Bizarre Kon Artis Kuniva Swift Proof Bugz Fuzz Scoota Studio albums Devil 's Night D12 World Compilations Eminem Presents : The Re-Up Shady XV Singles `` Shit on You '' `` Purple Pills '' `` Ai n't Nuttin ' But Music '' `` Fight Music '' `` 911 '' ( with Gorillaz ) `` My Band '' `` How Come '' Related articles Discography Shady Records Goliath Management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Come&oldid=853219291 '' Categories : D12 songs 2004 singles Songs written by Eminem 2004 songs Shady Records singles Songs written by Mr. Porter Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was eminem talking about in how come
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Victorian era
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Victorian era - wikipedia Victorian era Jump to : navigation , search Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano ( 1887 ) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader ( s ) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1837 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline In the history of the United Kingdom , the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign , from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901 . The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period , and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe . Defined according to sensibilities and political concerns , the period is sometimes considered to begin with the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The period is characterised as one of relative peace among the great powers ( as established by the Congress of Vienna ) , increased economic activity , `` refined sensibilities '' and national self - confidence for Great Britain . Ideologically , the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion , social values , and arts . In international relations , the supremacy of the Royal Navy helped maintain a period of relative peace among the great powers ( Pax Britannica ) as well as economic , colonial , and industrial consolidation and expansion , a notable exception being the Crimean War ( 1853 - 6 ) . Britain embarked on global imperial expansion , particularly in Asia and Africa , which made the British Empire the largest empire in history . Domestically , the political agenda was increasingly liberal , with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform , industrial reform , and the widening of the voting franchise . There were unprecedented demographic changes : the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901 , and Scotland 's population also rose rapidly , from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901 . However , Ireland 's population decreased sharply , from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901 , mostly due to the Great Famine . Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain , mostly to the United States , Canada , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia . The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs / Liberals and the Conservatives ; by its end , the Labour Party had formed as a distinct political entity . These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne , Sir Robert Peel , Lord Derby , Lord Palmerston , Benjamin Disraeli , William Gladstone , and Lord Salisbury . The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era , particularly in view of Gladstone 's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology and periodisation 2 Political and diplomatic history 2.1 Early 2.2 Middle 3 Society and culture 3.1 Religion 3.2 Education 3.3 Literature and arts 3.4 Entertainment 3.4. 1 Sport 4 Economy , industry and trade 4.1 Progress 5 Technology , science and engineering 5.1 Railways 5.2 Health and medicine 6 Population 6.1 Fertility rates 6.2 Mortality rates 7 High culture 8 The middle - class 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Leisure 9 Housing 10 Poverty 11 Child labour 12 Morality 12.1 Prostitution 13 Events 14 See also 15 Citations 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Historiography 17.2 Primary sources 18 External links Terminology and periodisation See also : Periodisation In the strictest sense , the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria 's reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , from her accession on 20 June 1837 -- after the death of her uncle , William IV -- until her death on 22 January 1901 , after which she was succeeded by her eldest son , Edward VII . Her reign lasted for 63 years and seven months , a longer period than any of her predecessors . The term ' Victorian ' was in contemporaneous usage to describe the era . The era has also been understood more extensively as a period that possessed sensibilities and characteristics distinct from those adjacent , in which case it is sometimes dated to begin before Victoria 's accession -- typically from the passage of or agitation for ( during the 1830s ) the Reform Act 1832 , which introduced a wide - ranging change to the electoral system of England and Wales . Definitions according to a distinct sensibility or politics have also created scepticisim about the worth of the label `` Victorian '' , though there have equally been defences of it as a marker of time . Political and diplomatic history Main articles : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Early In 1832 , after much political agitation , the Reform Act was passed on the third attempt . The Act abolished many borough seats and created others in their place , as well as expanding the franchise in England and Wales ( a Scottish Reform Act and Irish Reform Act were passed separately ) . Minor reforms followed in 1835 and 1836 . The East India Company steamship Nemesis ( right background ) destroying Chinese war junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi on 7 January 1841 during the First Opium War between Britain and the Qing dynasty . On June 20 1837 , Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom on the death of her uncle , William IV . Being female , Victoria was prevented by Salic law from acceding to the throne of Hanover , as had been the custom for British monarchs since the Hanoverian succession ; the kingdom passed instead to her uncle , who became King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover . The government at the time of Victoria 's accession was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , but within two years he had resigned , and the Tory politician Sir Robert Peel formed a new ministry . In the same year , a seizure of opium exports to China prompted the First Opium War against the Qing dynasty , and British imperial India initiated the First Anglo - Afghan War -- one of the first major conflicts of the Great Game between Britain and Russia . In 1840 , Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfield and gave birth to her first child , Victoria , who became Princess Royal . In the same year , the Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand . The signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 ended the First Opium War and gave Britain control over Hong Kong Island , but a disastrous retreat from Kabul in the same year led to the annihilation of a British army column . In 1845 , the Great Famine began to cause mass starvation and disease in Ireland , ultimately initiating widespread emigration ; in response , the Peel government repealed the Corn Laws , in the process leading to its downfall and replacement by the Whig ministry of Lord John Russell . In 1853 , Britain fought alongside France in the Crimean War , against Russia . The goal was to ensure that Russia could not benefit from the declining status of the Ottoman Empire , a strategic consideration known as the Eastern Question . The conflict marked a rare breach in the Pax Britannica , the period of relative peace ( 1815 - 1914 ) that existed among the Great Powers of the time ( and especially in Britain 's interaction with them ) . On its conclusion in 1856 with the Treaty of Paris , Russia was prohibited from hosting a military presence in the Crimea . In October of the same year , the Second Opium War saw Britain overpower the Qing dynasty in China . During 1857 - 8 , an uprising by sepoys against the East India Company was suppressed , an event that led to the end of Company rule in India and the transferral of administration to the direct rule by the government . The princely states were not affected and remained under British guidance . Middle In 1861 , Prince Albert died . In 1867 , the second Reform Act was passed , expanding the franchise , and the British North America Act consolidated the country 's possessions in that region into a Canadian Confederation . In 1878 , Britain was a plenipotentiary at the Treaty of Berlin , which gave de jure recognition to the independent states of Romania , Serbia , and Montenegro . Society and Culture See also : English cuisine § Nineteenth century Religion Nonconformist conscience describes the moral sensibility of the Nonconformist churches -- those which dissent from the established Church of England -- that influenced British politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries . In the 1851 census of church attendance , noncomformists who went to chapel comprised half the attendance of Sunday services . Noncomformists were focused in the fast - growing urban middle class . The two categories of this group were in addition to the evangelicals or `` Low Church '' element in the Church of England : `` Old Dissenters , '' dating from the 16th and 17th centuries , included Baptists , Congregationalists , Quakers , Unitarians , and Presbyterians outside Scotland ; `` New Dissenters '' emerged in the 18th century and were mainly Methodists . The `` Nonconformist conscience '' of the Old group emphasised religious freedom and equality , the pursuit of justice , and opposition to discrimination , compulsion , and coercion . The New Dissenters ( and also the Anglican evangelicals ) stressed personal morality issues , including sexuality , temperance , family values , and Sabbath - keeping . Both factions were politically active , but until the mid-19th century , the Old group supported mostly Whigs and Liberals in politics , while the New -- like most Anglicans -- generally supported Conservatives . In the late 19th century , the New Dissenters mostly switched to the Liberal Party . The result was a merging of the two groups , strengthening their great weight as a political pressure group . They joined together on new issues especially regarding schools and temperance , with the latter of special interest to Methodists . By 1914 the linkage was weakening and by the 1920s it was virtually dead . Parliament had long imposed a series of political disabilities on Nonconformists outside Scotland . They could not hold most public offices , they had to pay local taxes to the Anglican church , be married by Anglican ministers , and be denied attendance at Oxford or degrees at Cambridge . Dissenters demanded the removal of political and civil disabilities that applied to them ( especially those in the Test and Corporation Acts ) . The Anglican establishment strongly resisted until 1828 . Disseneters organized into a political pressure group and succeeded in 1828 in repeal of some restrictions . It was a major achievement for an outside group , but the Dissenters were not finished and the early Victorian period saw them even more active and successful in eliminating their grievances . Next on the agenda was the matter of church rates , which were local taxes at the parish level for the support of the parish church building in England and Wales . Only buildings of the established church received the tax money . Civil disobedience was attempted but was met with the seizure of personal property and even imprisonment . The compulsory factor was finally abolished in 1868 by William Ewart Gladstone , and payment was made voluntary . While Gladstone was a moralistic evangelical inside the Church of England , he had strong support in the Nonconformist community . The marriage question was settled in 1837 , by allowing local government registrars to handle marriages . Nonconformist ministers in their own chapels were allowed to marry couples if a registrar was present . Also in 1836 , civil registration of births , deaths , and marriages was taken from the hands of local parish officials and given to local government registrars . Burial of the dead was a more troubling problem , for urban chapels had no graveyards , and sought to use the traditional graveyards controlled by the established church . The Burials Act of 1880 finally allowed that . Oxford University required students seeking admission to submit to the 39 articles of the Church of England . Cambridge required that for a diploma . The two ancient universities opposed giving a charter to the new London University in the 1830s because it had no such restriction . London University , nevertheless , was established in 1837 , and by the 1850s Oxford dropped its restrictions . In 1871 Gladstone sponsored legislation that provided full access to degrees and fellowships . The Scottish universities never had restrictions . Nonconformists ( especially Unitarians and Presbyterians ) played major roles in founding new universities in the late 19th century at Manchester , as well as Birmingham , Liverpool and Leeds . Education Further information : History of education in England § Nineteenth century , and Public school ( United Kingdom ) The era saw a reform and renaissance of public schools , inspired by Thomas Arnold at Rugby . The public school became a model for gentlemen and for public service . Literature and arts Main article : Victorian literature In prose , the novel rose from a position of relative neglect during the 1830s to become the leading literary genre by the end of the era . In the 1830s and 1840s , the social novel ( also `` Condition - of - England novels '' ) responded to the social , political and economic upheaval associated with industrialisation . Though it remained influential throughout the period , there was a notable resurgence of Gothic fiction in the fin de siecle , such as in Robert Louis Stevenson 's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1886 ) and Oscar Wilde 's The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) . Entertainment Pablo Fanque performing at Astley 's Amphitheatre , 1847 The Epsom Derby ; painting by James Pollard , c. 1840 Llandudno , 1856 . With the arrival of the railway network , seaside towns became popular destinations for Victorian holiday makers Popular forms of entertainment varied by social class . Victorian Britain , like the periods before it , was interested in literature ( see Charles Dickens , Arthur Conan Doyle , Charlotte , Emily and Anne Brontë , Robert Louis Stevenson and William Makepeace Thackeray ) , theatre and the arts ( see Aesthetic movement and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ) , and music , drama , and opera were widely attended . Michael Balfe was the most popular British grand opera composer of the period , while the most popular musical theatre was a series of fourteen comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan , although there was also musical burlesque and the beginning of Edwardian musical comedy in the 1890s . Drama ranged from low comedy to Shakespeare ( see Henry Irving ) . There were , however , other forms of entertainment . Gentlemen went to dining clubs , like the Beefsteak club or the Savage club . Gambling at cards in establishments popularly called casinos was wildly popular during the period : so much so that evangelical and reform movements specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling , drinking , and prostitution . Brass bands and ' The Bandstand ' became popular in the Victorian era . The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point , but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather . It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands . At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty . The Victorian era marked the golden age of the British circus. Astley 's Amphitheatre in Lambeth , London , featuring equestrian acts in a 42 - foot wide circus ring , was the epicentre of the 19th century circus . The permanent structure sustained three fires but as an institution lasted a full century , with Andrew Ducrow and William Batty managing the theatre in the middle part of the century . William Batty would also build his own 14,000 - person arena , known commonly as Batty 's Hippodrome , in Kensington Gardens and draw crowds from the Crystal Palace Exhibition . Travelling circuses , like Pablo Fanque 's , dominated the British provinces , Scotland , and Ireland ( Fanque would enjoy fame again in the 20th century when John Lennon would buy an 1843 poster advertising his circus and adapt the lyrics for The Beatles song , Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! ) . Fanque also stands out as a black man who achieved great success and enjoyed great admiration among the British public only a few decades after Britain had abolished slavery . Another form of entertainment involved ' spectacles ' where paranormal events , such as mesmerism , communication with the dead ( by way of mediumship or channelling ) , ghost conjuring and the like , were carried out to the delight of crowds and participants . Such activities were more popular at this time than in other periods of recent Western history . Natural history became increasingly an `` amateur '' activity . Particularly in Britain and the United States , this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds , butterflies , seashells ( malacology / conchology ) , beetles and wild flowers . Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Middle - class Victorians used the train services to visit the seaside , helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 , which created a number of fixed holidays . Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing , Brighton , Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres , and people like Thomas Cook saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses . Sport Main article : Sport in the United Kingdom § History Rugby football match between England and Scotland , c. 1880 The Victorian Era saw the introduction and development of many modern sports . Often originating in the public schools , they exemplified new ideals of manliness . Cricket , cycling , croquet , horse - riding , and many water activities are examples of some of the popular sports in the Victorian Era . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , between 1859 and 1865 . The world 's oldest tennis tournament , the Wimbledon championships , were first played in London in 1877 . Britain was an active competitor in all the Olympic Games starting in 1896 . Economy , industry and trade Further information : Industrial revolution and Second industrial revolution The most obvious and the most distinctive feature of the History of Civilisation , during the last fifty years ( 1837 - 87 ) , is the wonderful increase of industrial production by the application of machinery , the improvement of old technical processes and the invention of new ones , accompanied by an even more remarkable development of old and new means of locomotion and intercommunication -- Thomas Henry Huxley Progress Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era ( 1850 -- 1870 ) as Britain 's `` Golden Years '' . There was prosperity , as the national income per person grew by half . Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialisation , especially in textiles and machinery , as well as to the worldwide network of trade and engineering that produced profits for British merchants , and exports from across the globe . There was peace abroad ( apart from the short Crimean war , 1854 -- 56 ) , and social peace at home . Opposition to the new order melted away , says Porter . The Chartist movement peaked as a democratic movement among the working class in 1848 ; its leaders moved to other pursuits , such as trade unions and cooperative societies . The working class ignored foreign agitators like Karl Marx in their midst , and joined in celebrating the new prosperity . Employers typically were paternalistic and generally recognised the trade unions . Companies provided their employees with welfare services ranging from housing , schools and churches , to libraries , baths , and gymnasia . Middle - class reformers did their best to assist the working classes ' aspirations to middle - class norms of `` respectability '' . There was a spirit of libertarianism , says Porter , as people felt they were free . Taxes were very low , and government restrictions were minimal . There were still problem areas , such as occasional riots , especially those motivated by anti-Catholicism . Society was still ruled by the aristocracy and the gentry , who controlled high government offices , both houses of Parliament , the church , and the military . Becoming a rich businessman was not as prestigious as inheriting a title and owning a landed estate . Literature was doing well , but the fine arts languished as the Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased Britain 's industrial prowess rather than its sculpture , painting or music . The educational system was mediocre ; the main universities ( outside Scotland ) were likewise mediocre . Historian Llewellyn Woodward has concluded : For leisure or work , for getting or for spending , England was a better country in 1879 than in 1815 . The scales were less weighted against the weak , against women and children , and against the poor . There was greater movement , and less of the fatalism of an earlier age . The public conscience was more instructed , and the content of liberty was being widened to include something more than freedom from political constraint ... Yet England in 1871 was by no means an earthly paradise . The housing and conditions of life of the working class in town & country were still a disgrace to an age of plenty . Technology , science and engineering The railways changed communications and society dramatically The Victorians were impressed by science and progress and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology . Britain was the leading world center for advanced engineering and technology . Its engineering firms were in worldwide demand for designing and constructing railways . A central development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication . The new railways all allowed goods , raw materials , and people to be moved about , rapidly facilitating trade and industry . The financing of railways became an important specialty of London 's financiers . The railway system led to a reorganisation of society more generally , with `` railway time '' being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain ; the complex railway system setting the standard for technological advances and efficiency . Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade , so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials and raw materials such as corn and cotton from the United States and meat and wool from Australia . One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black , the first postage stamp , which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent . Even later communication methods such as electric power , telegraph , and telephones , had an impact . Photography was realised in 1839 by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot in Britain . By 1889 , hand - held cameras were available . Brunel 's Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol Similar sanitation reforms , prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869 , were made in the crowded , dirty streets of the existing cities , and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising . A great engineering feat in the Victorian Era was the sewage system in London . It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858 . He proposed to build 82 mi ( 132 km ) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi ( 1,600 km ) of street sewers . Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed . After this , Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers , water pipes and the London Underground . During the same period , London 's water supply network was expanded and improved , and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s . The model town of Saltaire was founded , along with others , as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic , educational and recreational facilities , although it lacked a pub , which was regarded as a focus of dissent . During the Victorian era , science grew into the discipline it is today . In addition to the increasing professionalism of university science , many Victorian gentlemen devoted their time to the study of natural history . This study of natural history was most powerfully advanced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution first published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 . Glasgow slum in 1871 Crossing the Lagan Canal by the Ulster Railway near Moira , a sensible legacy of the Victorian era . Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century , gas lighting became widespread during the Victorian era in industry , homes , public buildings and the streets . The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s . Hundreds of gasworks were constructed in cities and towns across the country . In 1882 , incandescent electric lights were introduced to London streets , although it took many years before they were installed everywhere . Railways One of the great achievements of the Industrial Revolution in Britain was the introduction and advancement of railway systems , not only in the United Kingdom and the British Empire but across the world . British engineers and financiers designed , built and funded many major systems . They retained an ownership share even while turning over management to locals ; that ownership was largely liquidated in 1914 - 1916 to pay for the World War . Railroads originated in England because industrialists had already discovered the need for inexpensive transportation to haul coal for the new steam engines , to supply parts to specialized factories , and to take products to market . The existing system of canals was inexpensive but was too slow and too limited in geography . The engineers and businessmen needed to create and finance a railway system were available ; they knew how to invent , to build , and to finance a large complex system . The first quarter of the 19th century involved numerous experiments with locomotives and rail technology . By 1825 railways were commercially feasible , as demonstrated by George Stephenson ( 1791 - 1848 ) when he built the Stockton and Darlington . On his first run , his locomotive pulled 38 freight and passenger cars at speeds as high as 12 miles per hour . Stephenson went on to design many more railways and is best known for standardizing designs , such as the `` standard gauge '' of rail spacing , at 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches . Thomas Brassey ( 1805 -- 70 ) was even more prominent , operating construction crews that at one point in the 1840s totalled 75,000 men throughout Europe , the British Empire , and Latin America . Brassey took thousands of British engineers and mechanics across the globe to build new lines . They invented and improved thousands of mechanical devices , and developed the science of civil engineering to build roadways , tunnels and bridges . Britain had a superior financial system based in London that funded both the railways in Britain and also in many other parts of the world , including the United States , up until 1914 . The boom years were 1836 and 1845 -- 47 when Parliament authorised 8,000 miles of lines at a projected cost of £ 200 million , which was about the same value as the country 's annual Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) at that time . A new railway needed a charter , which typically cost over £ 200,000 ( about $1 million ) to obtain from Parliament , but opposition could effectively prevent its construction . The canal companies , unable or unwilling to upgrade their facilities to compete with railways , used political power to try to stop them . The railways responded by purchasing about a fourth of the canal system , in part to get the right of way , and in part to buy off critics . Once a charter was obtained , there was little government regulation , as laissez - faire and private ownership had become accepted practices . The different lines typically had exclusive territory , but given the compact size of Britain , this meant that multiple competing lines could provide service between major cities . George Hudson ( 1800 - 1871 ) became the `` railway king '' of Britain . He merged various independent lines and set up a `` Clearing House '' in 1842 which rationalized interconnections by establishing uniform paperwork and standard methods for transferring passengers and freight between lines , and rates when one system used freight cars owned by another . By 1850 , rates had fallen to a penny a ton mile for coal , at speeds of up to fifty miles an hour . Britain now had had the model for the world in a well integrated , well - engineered system that allowed fast , cheap movement of freight and people , and which could be replicated in other major nations . Frith 's depiction of Paddington railway station in London . The railways directly or indirectly employed tens of thousands of engineers , mechanics , repairmen and technicians , as well as statisticians and financial planners . They developed new and more efficient and less expensive techniques . Most important , they created a mindset of how technology could be used in many different forms of business . Railways had a major impact on industrialization . By lowering transportation costs , they reduced costs for all industries moving supplies and finished goods , and they increased demand for the production of all the inputs needed for the railroad system itself . By 1880 , there were 13,500 locomotives which each carried 97,800 passengers a year , or 31,500 tons of freight . India provides an example of the London - based financiers pouring money and expertise into a very well built system designed for military reasons ( after the Mutiny of 1857 ) , and with the hope that it would stimulate industry . The system was overbuilt and much too elaborate and expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried . However , it did capture the imagination of the Indians , who saw their railways as the symbol of an industrial modernity -- but one that was not realized until a century or so later . Health and medicine Joseph Thomas Clover demonstrating the Chloroform apparatus he invented in 1862 Medicine progressed during Queen Victoria 's reign . Although nitrous oxide , or laughing gas , had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy , it was n't until 1846 when an American dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession . In 1847 chloroform was introduced as an anaesthetic by James Young Simpson . Chloroform was favoured by doctors and hospital staff because it is much less flammable than ether , but critics complained that it could cause the patient to have a heart attack . Chloroform gained in popularity in England and Germany after John Snow gave Queen Victoria chloroform for the birth of her eighth child ( Prince Leopold ) . By 1920 , chloroform was used in 80 to 95 % of all narcoses performed in the UK and German - speaking countries . Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible . At the same time sugar consumption in the British diet increased , greatly increasing instances of tooth decay . As a result , more and more people were having teeth extracted and needing dentures . This gave rise to `` Waterloo Teeth '' , which were real human teeth set into hand - carved pieces of ivory from hippopotamus or walrus jaws . The teeth were obtained from executed criminals , victims of battlefields , from grave - robbers , and were even bought directly from the desperately impoverished . Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of carbolic acid ( phenol ) . He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands , instruments , and dressings with a phenol solution and in 1869 , he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery . 1880 London magazine ad links prosperity to temperance . Population The Victorian era was a time of unprecedented population growth in Britain . The population rose from 13.9 million in 1831 to 32.5 million in 1901 . Two major contributary factors were fertility rates and mortality rates . Britain was the first country to undergo the Demographic transition and the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions . The Louth - London Royal Mail travelling by train from Peterborough East , 1845 Britain had the lead in rapid economic and population growth . At the time , Thomas Malthus believed this lack of growth outside Britain was due to the ' Malthusian trap ' . That is , the tendency of a population to expand geometrically while resources grew more slowly , reaching a crisis ( such as famine , war , or epidemic ) which would reduce the population to a sustainable size . Britain escaped the ' Malthusian trap ' because the Industrial Revolution had a positive impact on living standards . People had more money and could improve their standards ; therefore , a population increase was sustainable . Fertility rates In the Victorian era , fertility rates increased in every decade until 1901 , when the rates started evening out . There were several reasons for this . One is biological : with improving living standards , a higher proportion of women were biologically able to have children . Another possible explanation is social . In the 19th century , the marriage rate increased , and people were getting married at a very young age until the end of the century , when the average age of marriage started to increase again slowly . The reasons why people got married younger and more frequently are uncertain . One theory is that greater prosperity allowed people to finance marriage and new households earlier than previously possible . With more births within marriage , it seems inevitable that marriage rates and birth rates would rise together . Birth rates were originally measured by the ' Crude birth rate ' -- births per year divided by total population . This is indeed a crude measure , as key groups and their fertility rates are not clear . It is likely to be affected mainly by changes in the age distribution of the population . The Net Reproduction Rate was then introduced as an alternative measure : it measures the average fertility rate of women of child - bearing ages . The evening out of fertility rates at the beginning of the 20th century was mainly the result of a few big changes : availability of forms of birth control , and changes in people 's attitude towards sex . Mortality rates The mortality rates in England changed greatly through the 19th century . There was no catastrophic epidemic or famine in England or Scotland in the 19th century -- it was the first century in which a major epidemic did not occur throughout the whole country , and deaths per 1000 of population per year in England and Wales fell from 21.9 from 1848 -- 54 to 17 in 1901 ( cf , for instance , 5.4 in 1971 ) . Social class had a significant effect on mortality rates : the upper classes had a lower rate of premature death early in the 19th century than poorer classes did . Environmental and health standards rose throughout the Victorian era ; improvements in nutrition may also have played a role , although the importance of this is debated . Sewage works were improved , as was the quality of drinking water . With a healthier environment , diseases were caught less easily and did not spread as much . Technology improved because the population had more money to spend on medical technology ( for example , techniques to prevent death in childbirth , so that more women and children survived ) , which also led to a greater number of cures for diseases . However , there was a cholera epidemic in London in 1848 -- 49 , which killed 14,137 people , and another in 1853 killing 10,738 . Reformers rushed to complete a modern London sewerage system . Tuberculosis ( spread in congested dwellings ) , lung diseases from the mines and typhoid remained common . High Culture See also : Victorian literature , Victorian architecture , Victorian decorative arts , and Victorian fashion A picture of Leadenhall Street , London , c. 1837 The Poultry Cross , Salisbury , painted by Louise Rayner , c. 1870 Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant during the period , leading to the Battle of the Styles between Gothic and Classical ideals . Charles Barry 's architecture for the new Palace of Westminster , which had been badly damaged in an 1834 fire , was built in the medieval style of Westminster Hall , the surviving part of the building . It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity , set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France , a comparison common to the period , as expressed in Thomas Carlyle 's The French Revolution : A History and Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities . Gothic was also supported by critic John Ruskin , who argued that it epitomised communal and inclusive social values , as opposed to Classicism , which he considered to epitomise mechanical standardisation . The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851 , the first World 's Fair , which showcased the greatest innovations of the century . At its centre was the Crystal Palace , a modular glass and iron structure -- the first of its kind . It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture . The emergence of photography , showcased at the Great Exhibition , resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British monarch to be photographed . John Everett Millais was influenced by photography ( notably in his portrait of Ruskin ) as were other Pre-Raphaelite artists . It later became associated with the Impressionistic and Social Realist techniques that would dominate the later years of the period in the work of artists such as Walter Sickert and Frank Holl . The long - term effect of the reform movements was to tightly link the nonconformist element with the Liberal party . The dissenters gave significant support to moralistic issues , such as temperance and sabbath enforcement . The nonconformist conscience , as it was called , was repeatedly called upon by Gladstone for support for his moralistic foreign policy . In election after election , Protestant ministers rallied their congregations to the Liberal ticket . In Scotland , the Presbyterians played a similar role to the Nonconformist Methodists , Baptists and other groups in England and Wales The political strength of Dissent faded sharply after 1920 with the secularization of British society in the 20th century . The middle - class The rise of the middle class during the era had a formative effect on its character ; the historian Walter E. Houghton reflects that `` once the middle class attained political as well as financial eminence , their social influence became decisive . The Victorian frame of mind is largely composed of their characteristic modes of thought and feeling '' . Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class whose increase in numbers had a significant effect on the social strata itself : cultural norms , lifestyle , values and morality . Identifiable characteristics came to define the middle class home and lifestyle . Previously , in town and city , residential space was adjacent to or incorporated into the work site , virtually occupying the same geographical space . The difference between private life and commerce was a fluid one distinguished by an informal demarcation of function . In the Victorian era , English family life increasingly became compartmentalised , the home a self - contained structure housing a nuclear family extended according to need and circumstance to include blood relations . The concept of `` privacy '' became a hallmark of the middle - class life . The English home closed up and darkened over the decade ( 1850s ) , the cult of domesticity matched by a cult of privacy . Bourgeois existence was a world of interior space , heavily curtained off and wary of intrusion , and opened only by invitation for viewing on occasions such as parties or teas . `` The essential , unknowability of each individual , and society 's collaboration in the maintenance of a façade behind which lurked innumerable mysteries , were the themes which preoccupied many mid-century novelists . '' -- Kate Summerscale quoting historian Anthony S. Wohl Journalism Main article : History of journalism in the United Kingdom A wounded British officer reading The Times 's report of the end of the Crimean War There were four major factors that radically transformed newspapers in 19th century Britain . First , by the 1830s the government had ended very high taxes and lifted severe legal restraints . Second , new machines , especially the rotary press , allowed the printing of tens of thousands of copies a day at a low cost . Third , the newspapers reached out to new readers in multiple ways , including features , illustrations , and advertisements that enlarged the audience . Finally , the franchise was expanded from one or two percent of the men to a majority , and newspapers became the primary means of political education . In 1817 Thomas Barnes became general editor of The Times ; he was a political radical , a sharp critic of parliamentary hypocrisy and a champion of freedom of the press . Under Barnes and his successor in 1841 , John Thadeus Delane , the influence of The Times rose to great heights , especially in politics and in the financial district ( the City of London ) . It spoke of reform . The Times originated the practice of sending war correspondents to cover particular conflicts . W.H. Russell wrote immensely influential dispatches on the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856 ; for the first time , the public could read about the reality of warfare . Russell wrote one dispatch that highlighted the surgeons ' `` inhumane barbarity '' and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops . Shocked and outraged , the public reacted in a backlash that led to major reforms especially in the provision of nursing , led by Florence Nightingale . The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen . Its most famous editor , Charles Prestwich Scott , made the Guardian into a world - famous newspaper in the 1890s . The Daily Telegraph in 1856 became the first penny newspaper in London . It was funded by advertising revenue based on a large audience . Leisure Ramsgate beach in 1899 Opportunities for leisure activities increased dramatically as real wages continued to grow and hours of work continued to decline . In urban areas , the nine - hour workday became increasingly the norm ; the 1874 Factory Act limited the workweek to 56.5 hours , encouraging the movement toward an eventual eight - hour workday . Furthermore , a system of routine annual vacations came into play , starting with white - collar workers and moving into the working - class . Some 200 seaside resorts emerged thanks to cheap hotels and inexpensive railway fares , widespread banking holidays and the fading of many religious prohibitions against secular activities on Sundays . By the late Victorian era , the leisure industry had emerged in all cities . It provided scheduled entertainment of suitable length at convenient locales at inexpensive prices . These included sporting events , music halls , and popular theater . By 1880 football was no longer the preserve of the social elite , as it attracted large working - class audiences . Average gate attendance was 5000 in 1905 , rising to 23,000 in 1913 . That amounted to 6 million paying customers with a weekly turnover of £ 400,000 . Sports by 1900 generated some three percent of the total gross national product . Professional sports were the norm , although some new activities reached an upscale amateur audience , such as lawn tennis and golf . Women were now allowed in some sports , such as archery , tennis , badminton and gymnastics . Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as the one which devastated Ireland in the 1840s . Poverty Part of Charles Booth 's poverty map showing the Old Nichol , a slum in the East End of London . Published 1889 in Life and Labour of the People in London . The red areas are `` middle class , well - to - do '' , light blue areas are `` poor , 18s to 21s a week for a moderate family '' , dark blue areas are `` very poor , casual , chronic want '' , and black areas are the `` lowest class ... occasional labourers , street sellers , loafers , criminals and semi-criminals '' . Working class life in Victorian Wetherby , West Yorkshire 19th century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanisation stimulated by the Industrial Revolution . Wage rates improved steadily ; real wages ( after taking inflation into account ) were 65 percent higher in 1901 , compared to 1871 . Much of the money was saved , as the number of depositors in savings banks rose from 430,000 in 1831 , to 5.2 million in 1887 , and their deposits from £ 14 million to over £ 90 million . People flooded into industrial areas and commercial cities faster than housing could be built , resulting in overcrowding and lagging sanitation facilities such as fresh water and sewage . These problems were magnified in London , where the population grew at record rates . Large houses were turned into flats and tenements , and as landlords failed to maintain these dwellings , slum housing developed . Kellow Chesney described the situation as follows : `` Hideous slums , some of them acres wide , some no more than crannies of obscure misery , make up a substantial part of the metropolis ... In big , once handsome houses , thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room . '' Significant changes happened in the British Poor Law system in England and Wales , Scotland , and Ireland . These included a large expansion in workhouses ( or poorhouses in Scotland ) , although with changing populations during the era . Child Labour Girl pulling a coal tub in mine . From official report of the parliamentary commission in the mid 19th century . The early Victorian era before the reforms of the 1840s became notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps . Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset : novelist Charles Dickens , for example , worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory , with his family in a debtors ' prison . Reformers wanted the children in school : in 1840 only about 20 percent of the children in London had any schooling . By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ) . The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget , often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low wages . Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps ; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins ; and children were also employed to work in coal mines , crawling through tunnels too narrow and low for adults . Children also worked as errand boys , crossing sweepers , shoe blacks , or sold matches , flowers , and other cheap goods . Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades , such as building , or as domestic servants ( there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 19th century ) . Working hours were long : builders might work 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter , while domestic servants were theoretically on duty 80 - hours a week . `` Mother bides at home , she is troubled with bad breath , and is sair weak in her body from early labour . I am wrought with sister and brother , it is very sore work ; can not say how many rakes or journeys I make from pit 's bottom to wall face and back , thinks about 30 or 25 on the average ; the distance varies from 100 to 250 fathom . I carry about 1 cwt. and a quarter on my back ; have to stoop much and creep through water , which is frequently up to the calves of my legs . '' ( Isabella Read , 12 years old , coal - bearer , testimony gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission 1842 ) As early as 1802 and 1819 , Factory Acts were passed to limit the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day . These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation , by for example the `` Short Time Committees '' in 1831 , a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day , children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours , and children under the age of nine should no longer be permitted to work . This act , however , only applied to the textile industry , and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 - hour working days . Morality See also : Victorian morality and Women in the Victorian era The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality . Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards ( and usually followed them ) , but have debated whether the working classes followed suit . Moralists in the late 19th century such as Henry Mayhew decried the slums for their supposed high levels of cohabitation without marriage and illegitimate births . However new research using computerized matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation were quite low -- under 5 % -- for the working class and the poor . By contrast in 21st century Britain , nearly half of all children are born outside marriage , and nine in ten newlyweds have been cohabitating . Prostitution A victim of Jack the Ripper Prostitution had been a factor in city life for centuries . The reformers started mobilizing in the late 1840s , major news organisations , clergymen , and single women became increasingly concerned about prostitution , which came to be known as `` The Great Social Evil '' . Estimates of the number of prostitutes in London in the 1850s vary widely ( in his landmark study , Prostitution , William Acton reported that the police estimated there were 8,600 in London alone in 1857 ) . While the Magdalene Asylums had been reforming prostitutes since the mid-18th century , the years between 1848 and 1870 saw a veritable explosion in the number of institutions working to `` reclaim '' these `` fallen women '' from the streets and retrain them for entry into respectable society -- usually for work as domestic servants . The theme of prostitution and the `` fallen woman '' ( any woman who has had sexual intercourse out of marriage ) became a staple feature of mid-Victorian literature and politics . In the writings of Henry Mayhew , Charles Booth , Charles Dickens and others , prostitution began to be seen as a social problem . When Parliament passed the first of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1864 ( which allowed the local constabulary to force any woman suspected of venereal disease to submit to its inspection ) , Josephine Butler 's crusade to repeal the CD Acts yoked the anti-prostitution cause with the emergent feminist movement . Butler attacked the long - established double standard of sexual morality . Prostitutes were often presented as victims in sentimental literature such as Thomas Hood 's poem The Bridge of Sighs , Elizabeth Gaskell 's novel Mary Barton , and Dickens ' novel Oliver Twist . The emphasis on the purity of women found in such works as Coventry Patmore 's The Angel in the House led to the portrayal of the prostitute and fallen woman as soiled , corrupted , and in need of cleansing . This emphasis on female purity was allied to the stress on the homemaking role of women , who helped to create a space free from the pollution and corruption of the city . In this respect , the prostitute came to have symbolic significance as the embodiment of the violation of that divide . The double standard remained in force . Divorce legislation introduced in 1857 allowed for a man to divorce his wife for adultery , but a woman could only divorce if adultery were accompanied by cruelty . The anonymity of the city led to a large increase in prostitution and unsanctioned sexual relationships . Dickens and other writers associated prostitution with the mechanisation and industrialisation of modern life , portraying prostitutes as human commodities consumed and thrown away like refuse when they were used up . Moral reform movements attempted to close down brothels , something that has sometimes been argued to have been a factor in the concentration of street - prostitution . Events 1832 Passage of the first Reform Act . The 1843 launch of the Great Britain , the revolutionary ship of Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1837 Ascension of Queen Victoria to the throne . 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman ( Great Britain trade alliance with the Ottoman Empire ) 1839 First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) fought between Britain and China . 1840 Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfield . He had been naturalised and granted the British style of Royal Highness beforehand . For the next 17 years , he was known as HRH Prince Albert . 1840 Birth of the Queen 's first child The Princess Victoria . Within months she was granted the title Princess Royal . 1840 New Zealand becomes a British colony , through the Treaty of Waitangi . No longer part of New South Wales First Opium War : British ships approaching Canton in May 1841 1841 Birth of the Queen 's heir - apparent The Prince Albert Edward , Duke of Cornwall ( Duke of Rothesay ) . He was swiftly made Prince of Wales . Sir James Brooke founds the White Rajah dynasty of Sarawak . The last stand of the survivors of Her Majesty 's 44th Foot at Gandamak , Afghanistan 1842 Treaty of Nanking . The Massacre of Elphinstone 's Army by the Afghans in Afghanistan results in the death or incarceration of 16,500 soldiers and civilians . The Mines Act of 1842 banned women / children from working in coal , iron , lead and tin mining . The Illustrated London News was first published . 1843 Birth of The Princess Alice 1844 Birth of The Prince Alfred 1845 The Irish famine begins . Within 5 years it would become the UK 's worst human disaster , with starvation and emigration reducing the population of Ireland itself by over 50 % . The famine permanently changed Ireland 's and Scotland 's demographics and became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment that pervaded British politics for much of the following century . 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws . 1846 Birth of The Princess Helena 1848 Death of around 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic . 1848 Birth of The Princess Louise The last of the mail coaches at Newcastle upon Tyne , 1848 1850 Restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales . ( Scotland did not follow until 1878 . ) 1850 Birth of The Prince Arthur 1851 The Great Exhibition ( the first World 's Fair ) is held at the Crystal Palace , with great success and international attention . The Victorian gold rush . In ten years the Australian population nearly tripled . The Great Exhibition in London . The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise . 1853 Birth of The Prince Leopold 1854 Crimean War : The United Kingdom declares war on Russia . 1857 The Indian Mutiny , a widespread revolt in India against the rule of the British East India Company , is sparked by sepoys ( native Indian soldiers ) in the Company 's army . The rebellion , involving not just sepoys but many sectors of the Indian population as well , is largely quashed within a year . In response to the mutiny , the East India Company is abolished in August 1858 and India comes under the direct rule of the British crown , beginning the period of the British Raj . Prince Albert is given the title The Prince Consort 1857 Birth of The Princess Beatrice 1858 The Prime Minister , Lord Palmerston , responds to the Orsini plot against French emperor Napoleon III , the bombs for which were purchased in Birmingham , by attempting to make such acts a felony ; the resulting uproar forces him to resign . 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species , which leads to various reactions . Victoria and Albert 's first grandchild , Prince Wilhelm of Prussia , is born -- he later became William II , German Emperor . John Stuart Mill publishes On Liberty , a defence of the famous harm principle . Governor - General of India Lord Canning meets Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir , 1860 1861 Death of Prince Albert ; Queen Victoria refuses to go out in public for many years , and when she did she wore a widow 's bonnet instead of the crown . 1863 The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark at Windsor . 1865 Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland is published . 1866 An angry crowd in London , protesting against John Russell 's resignation as Prime Minister , is barred from Hyde Park by the police ; they tear down iron railings and trample on flower beds . Disturbances like this convince Derby and Disraeli of the need for further parliamentary reform . 1867 The Constitution Act , 1867 passes and British North America becomes Dominion of Canada . The defence of Rorke 's Drift during the Anglo - Zulu War of 1879 1875 Britain purchased Egypt 's shares in the Suez Canal as the African nation was forced to raise money to pay off its debts . 1876 Scottish - born inventor Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone . 1877 The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband succeeds as Louis IV , Grand Duke of Hesse 1878 Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ) . Cyprus becomes a Crown colony . The Princess Alice dies . Princess Louise 's husband The Marquis of Lorne is appointed Governor - General of Canada . First incandescent light bulb by Joseph Wilson Swan . 1879 The Battle of Isandlwana is the first major encounter in the Anglo - Zulu War . Victoria and Albert 's first great - grandchild , Princess Feodora of Saxe - Meiningen , is born . Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom . 1881 The British suffer defeat at the Battle of Majuba Hill , leading to the signing of a peace treaty and later the Pretoria Convention , between the British and the reinstated South African Republic , ending the First Boer War . Sometimes claimed to mark the beginning of the decline of the British Empire . 1882 British troops begin the occupation of Egypt by taking the Suez Canal , to secure the vital trade route and passage to India , and the country becomes a protectorate . 1883 Princess Louise and Lord Lorne return from Canada 1884 The Fabian Society is founded in London by a group of middle class intellectuals , including Quaker Edward R. Pease , Havelock Ellis , and E. Nesbit , to promote socialism . Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany dies . 1885 Blackpool Electric Tramway Company starts the first electric tram service in the United Kingdom . 1886 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the Liberal Party tries passing the First Irish Home Rule Bill , but the House of Commons rejects it . Daimler Wagonette , Ireland , c. 1899 1888 The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murders and mutilates five ( and possibly more ) prostitutes on the streets of London . Victoria 's eldest daughter , the Princess Royal , becomes German Empress when her husband succeeds as Frederick III , German Emperor . Within months , Frederick dies , and their son becomes William II , German Emperor . The widowed Vicky becomes the Dowager Empress as is known as `` Empress Frederick '' . 1889 Emily Williamson founds the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds British and Australian officers in South Africa during the Second Boer War 1870 -- 1891 Under the Elementary Education Act 1870 , basic State Education becomes free for every child under the age of 10 . 1891 Victoria and Albert 's last grandchild , Prince Maurice of Battenberg , is born . 1892 The Prince of Wales ' eldest son Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence dies of influenza . Workmen leaving Platt 's Works , Oldham , 1900 1893 The Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh succeeds as Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha when his uncle dies . The Duchy skips over The Prince of Wales due to his renunciation of his succession rights to that Duchy . 1898 British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat the Mahdist forces at the battle of Omdurman , thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan . Winston Churchill takes part in the British cavalry charge at Omdurman . 1899 The Second Boer War is fought between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics . The Boers finally surrendered and the British annexed the Boer republics . 1900 Alfred , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha dies . His nephew Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany succeeds him , because his brother Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and nephew Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their rights . 1901 The death of Victoria sees the end of this era . The ascension of her eldest son , Edward , begins the Edwardian era ; albeit considerably shorter , this was another time of great change . See also Victorian era portal United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland covers politics and diplomacy Historiography of the United Kingdom Historiography of the British Empire International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Imperialism Pax Britannica Victorian decorative arts Victorian fashion Victorian morality Victorian literature Neo-Victorian Social history of England Victorian America Women in the Victorian era Victoriana Horror Victorianorum Victorian cemeteries Gilded Age , in the United States Belle Époque , in France Citations Jump up ^ John Wolffe ( 1997 ) . Religion in Victorian Britain : Culture and empire . Volume V. Manchester University Press . pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . `` From Georgian to Victorian '' . History Review . 2010 ( 68 ) : 34 -- 38 . Jump up ^ The UK and future , statistics.gov.uk Jump up ^ `` Ireland -- Population Summary '' . Homepage.tinet.ie . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Exiles and Emigrants . National Museum of Australia ^ Jump up to : Plunkett , John ; et al. , eds. ( 2012 ) . Victorian Literature : A Sourcebook . Houndmills , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 2 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Hewitt , Martin ( Spring 2006 ) . `` Why the Notion of Victorian Britain Does Make Sense '' . Victorian Studies . 48 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 438 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swisher , ed. , Victorian England , pp. 248 - 50 . Jump up ^ Kinealy , Christine ( 1994 ) , This Great Calamity , Gill & Macmillan , p. xv Jump up ^ Lusztig , Michael ( July 1995 ) . `` Solving Peel 's Puzzle : Repeal of the Corn Laws and Institutional Preservation '' . Comparative Politics . 27 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 408 . doi : 10.2307 / 422226 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1954 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Jill C. Bender , The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire ( 2016 ) , 205pp . Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan ; Knippenberg , Hans ( 2001 ) . The Territorial Factor : Political Geography in a Globalising World . Amsterdam University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 188 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Ramsden ( ed . ) , The Oxford Companion to Twentieth - Century British Politics ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , p. 474 . Jump up ^ D.W. Bebbington , The Nonconformist Conscience . Chapel and Politics , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sally Mitchell , Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia ( 2011 ) , p 547 Jump up ^ Michael R. Watts ( 2015 ) . The Dissenters : The crisis and conscience of nonconformity . Clarendon Press . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Timothy Larsen , `` A Nonconformist Conscience ? Free Churchmen in Parliament in Nineteenth ‐ Century England . '' Parliamentary History 24 # 1 ( 2005 ) : 107 - 119 . Jump up ^ Richard Helmstadter , `` The Nonconformist Conscience '' in Peter Marsh , ed. , The Conscience of the Victorian State ( 1979 ) pp 135 - 72 . Jump up ^ John F. Glaser , `` English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism . '' American Historical Review 63.2 ( 1958 ) : 352 - 363 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ G.I.T. Machin , `` Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts , 1828 . '' Historical Journal 22 # 1 ( 1979 ) : 115 - 139 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Davis , `` The Strategy of ' Dissent ' in the Repeal Campaign , 1820 - 1828 . '' Journal of Modern History 38.4 ( 1966 ) : 374 - 393 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Olive Anderson , `` Gladstone 's Abolition of Compulsory Church Rates : a Minor Political Myth and its Historiographical Career . '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 # 2 ( 1974 ) : 185 - 198 . Jump up ^ G.I.T. Machin , `` Gladstone and Nonconformity in the 1860s : The Formation of an Alliance ' . '' Historical Journal 17 ( 1974 ) : 347 - 64 . Jump up ^ Jacob P. Ellens , Religious Routes to Gladstonian Liberalism : The Church Rate Conflict in England and Wales 1852 - 1868 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Helmstadter , `` The Nonconformist Conscience '' in Peter Marsh , ed. , The Conscience of the Victorian State ( 1979 ) pp 144 - 47 . Jump up ^ Helmstadter , `` The Nonconformist Conscience '' p 147 . Jump up ^ Edward C. Mack , Public Schools and British Opinion since 1860 ( 1941 ) online . Jump up ^ John , Juliet , ed. ( 2016 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Victorian Literary Culture . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Peter Bailey , Leisure and class in Victorian England : Rational recreation and the contest for control , 1830 - 1885 ( Routledge , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Hazel Conway , People 's parks : the design and development of Victorian parks in Britain ( Cambridge University Press , 1991 ) Jump up ^ Brenda Assael , The circus and Victorian society ( U of Virginia Press , 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 19th century Circus Peep behind the scenes '' . Fairsarefun.net. 6 January 1990 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Alison Winter , Mesmerized : powers of mind in Victorian Britain ( U of Chicago Press , 2000 ) Jump up ^ Lynn L. Merrill , The romance of Victorian natural history ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Simon Naylor , `` The field , the museum and the lecture hall : the spaces of natural history in Victorian Cornwall . '' Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers ( 2002 ) 27 # 4 pp : 494 - 513 . online Jump up ^ John K. Walton , The English seaside resort . A social history 1750 - 1914 ( Leicester University Press , 1983 ) Jump up ^ William J. Baker , `` The state of British sport history . '' Journal of Sport History 10.1 ( 1983 ) : 53 - 66 . online Jump up ^ Joe Maguire , `` Images of manliness and competing ways of living in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 3.3 ( 1986 ) : 265 - 287 . Jump up ^ Keith Sandiford , Cricket and the Victorians ( Routledge Press , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ `` Victorian Games & Sports , Tennis , Cricket , Football , Croquet , Cycling '' in Victorian-Era.org Online Jump up ^ Houghton , The Victorian Frame of Mind , p. 5 Jump up ^ Bernard Porter , Britannia 's Burden : The Political Evolution of Modern Britain 1851 -- 1890 ( 1994 ) ch 3 Jump up ^ F.M.L. Thompson , Rise of Respectable Society : A Social History of Victorian Britain , 1830 -- 1900 ( 1988 ) pP 211 -- 14 Jump up ^ Porter , ch 1 -- 3 ; K Theodore Hoppen , The Mid-Victorian Generation : 1846 -- 1886 ( 1998 ) , ch 1 to 3 , 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ Llewellyn Woodward , The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1962 ) p 629 Jump up ^ Lionel Thomas Caswell Rolt , Victorian engineering ( Penguin , 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Herbert L. Sussman , Victorian technology : invention , innovation , and the rise of the machine ( ABC - CLIO , 2009 ) Jump up ^ John R. Kellett , The impact of railways on Victorian cities ( Routledge , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Tom Standage , The Victorian Internet : The remarkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century 's online pioneers ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Anthony S. Wohl , Endangered lives : public health in Victorian Britain ( JM Dent and Sons , 1983 ) Jump up ^ Jack Simmons and Gordon Biddle , eds. , The Oxford Companion to British Railway History : From 1603 to the 1990s ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Jump up ^ L.T.C. Rolt , George & Robert Stephenson : The Railway Revolution ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ For example see John H. Jensen and Gerhard Rosegger . `` British Railway Builders along the Lower Danube , 1856 - 1869 . '' Slavonic and East European Review 46 # 106 ( 1968 ) : 105 - 128 ; H.R. Stones , British railways in Argentina 1860 - 1948 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Charles Walker , Thomas Brassey : railway builder ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Casson , The World 's First Railway System : Enterprise , Competition , and Regulation on the Railway Network in Victorian Britain ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ R. S Joby , The Railway Builders : Lives and Works of the Victorian Railway Contractors ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Ian J. Kerr , Building the Railways of the Raj , 1850 - 1900 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ `` Dr William Green Morton ( 1819 -- 68 ) '' . General-anaesthesia.com . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of chloroform anaesthesia '' . General-anaesthesia.com . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ralph R. Frerichs . `` Anesthesia and Queen Victoria '' . Ph.ucla.edu . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` h2g2 -- Waterloo Teeth : A History of Dentures '' . BBC . 24 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Waterloo Teeth '' . Historyhome.co.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joseph Lister '' . Web.ukonline.co.uk. 10 February 1912 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malthus , An Essay on the Principle of Population : Library of Economics '' Jump up ^ Simon Szreter , Fertility , class and gender in Britain , 1860 - 1940 ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Bradlaw and Besant published ' Fruits of Philosophy ' , which is a publication about birth control . ^ Jump up to : Szreter , Simon ( 1988 ) . `` The importance of social intervention in Britain 's mortality decline c. 1850 -- 1914 : A re-interpretation of the role of public health '' . Social History of Medicine . 1 : 1 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / shm / 1.1. 1 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Robert W. Fogel , The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death , 1700 -- 2100 : Europe , America , and the Third World ( Cambridge Studies in Population , Economy and Society in Past Time ) ( 2004 ) p 40 Jump up ^ Peter Vinten - Johansen et al. Cholera , Chloroform , and the Science of Medicine : A Life of John Snow ( 2003 ) p. 355 Jump up ^ D.W. Bebbington , The Nonconformist Conscience : Chapel and Politics , 1870 - 1914 ( George Allen & Unwin , 1982 ) Jump up ^ David L. Wykes , `` Introduction : Parliament and Dissent from the Restoration to the Twentieth Century , '' Parliamentary History ( 2005 ) 24 # 1 pp 1 - 26 Jump up ^ Houghton , The Victorian Frame of Mind , p. 1 Jump up ^ Wohl , Anthony S. ( 1978 ) . The Victorian family : structure and stresses . London : Croom Helm . ISBN 9780856644382 . Cited in : Summerscale , Kate ( 2008 ) . The suspicions of Mr. Whicher or the murder at Road Hill House . London : Bloomsbury . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 9780747596486 . ( novel ) Jump up ^ Andrew Marr , My trade : a short history of British journalism ( 2004 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ Reginald Watters , `` Thomas Barnes and ' The Times ' 1817 - 1841 , '' History Today ( 1979 ) 29 # 9 pp 561 - 68 Jump up ^ Trowbridge H. Ford , `` Political Coverage in ' The Times , ' 1811 - 41 : The Role of Barnes and Brougham , '' Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research ( 1986 ) 59 # 139 , pp 91 - 107 . Jump up ^ Alan Hankinson , Man of Wars : William Howard Russell of ' The Times ' ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , 529 - 70 . Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham , Time , work and leisure : Life changes in England since 1700 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ John K. Walton , The English seaside resort . A social history 1750 - 1914 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Searle , A New England ? pp 547 - 53 Jump up ^ H.J. Dyos , `` The speculative builders and developers of Victorian London . '' Victorian Studies 11 ( 1968 ) : 641 - 690 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Christopher Powell , The British building industry since 1800 : An economic history ( Taylor & Francis , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ P. Kemp , `` Housing landlordism in late nineteenth - century Britain . '' Environment and Planning A 14.11 ( 1982 ) : 1437 - 1447 . Jump up ^ H.J. Dyos , `` The Slums of Victorian London . '' Victorian Studies 11.1 ( 1967 ) : 5 - 40 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Anthony S. Wohl , The eternal slum : housing and social policy in Victorian London ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Martin J. Daunton , House and home in the Victorian city : working class housing , 1850 - 1914 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ J.A.R. Marriott , Modern England : 1885 - 1945 ( 4th ed. , 1948 ) p 166 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Daniels , Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era ^ Jump up to : Testimony Gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission Laura Del Col , West Virginia University Jump up ^ Jane Humphries , Childhood & Child Labour in The British Industrial Revolution ( Cambridge UP , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Del Col , Laura ( 1988 ) . `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth - Century ( sic ) England '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Child Labor David Cody , Hartwick College Jump up ^ Rebecca Probert , `` Living in Sin , '' BBC History Magazine ( September 2012 ) ; G. Frost , Living in Sin : Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth - Century England ( Manchester U.P. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Judith R. Walkowitz , Prostitution and Victorian society : Women , class , and the state ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Nancy Boyd , Three Victorian Women Who Changed Their World : Josephine Butler , Octavia Hill , Florence Nightingale ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ George Watt , The fallen woman in the nineteenth - century English novel ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Judith R. Walkowitz , `` Male vice and feminist virtue : feminism and the politics of prostitution in nineteenth - century Britain . '' History Workshop ( 1982 ) 13 : 79 -- 93 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Swisher , Clarice , ed . Victorian England . San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 2000 . pp. 248 -- 250 Jump up ^ `` Anthony Brooke '' . The Daily Telegraph . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Vallely , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` 1841 : A window on Victorian Britain '' . London : Independent.co.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illustrated London News '' . Iln.org.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ California Gold Rush . Robert Whaples , Wake Forest University . Jump up ^ Farwell , Byron ( 2009 ) . Queen Victoria 's Little Wars . Pen & Sword Books . ISBN 9781848840157 . Jump up ^ `` Is this what Labour 's next Clause four should say ? '' . Fabians.org.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1870 Education Act '' . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . References Hobsbawm , Eric ( 1997 ) . The Age of Capital , 1848 − 1875 . London : Abacus . Houghton , Walter E. ( 1957 ) . The Victorian frame of mind , 1830 - 1870 ( 16 . printing . ed . ) . New Haven : Yale Univ . Press for Wesley College . ISBN 0 - 300 - 00122 - 3 . Clarice Swisher , ed. ( 2000 ) . Victorian England . San Diego : Greenhaven Press . Further reading Adams , James , ed . Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era ( 4 Vol. 2004 ) , short essays on a wide range of topics by experts Altick , Richard Daniel . Victorian People and Ideas : A Companion for the Modern Reader of Victorian Literature . W.W. Norton & Company : 1974 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09376 - X . Bailey , Peter . Leisure and class in Victorian England : Rational recreation and the contest for control , 1830 - 1885 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Bourne , Kenneth . The foreign policy of Victorian England , 1830 - 1902 ( Oxford UP , 1970 . ) pp 195 -- 504 are 147 `` Selected documents '' Boyd , Kelly and Rohan McWilliam , eds . The Victorian Studies Reader ( 2007 ) 467pp ; articles and excerpts by scholars excepts and text search Bright , J. Franck . A History Of England . Period 4 : Growth Of Democracy : Victoria 1837 - 1880 ( 1902 ) online 608pp ; highly detailed political narrative Burton , Antoinette , ed . Politics and Empire in Victorian Britain : A Reader . Palgrave Macmillan : 2001 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 29335 - 6 . Clark , G. Kitson The making of Victorian England ( 1963 ) . Ensor , R.C.K. England , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) online Flanders , Judith . Inside the Victorian Home : A Portrait of Domestic Life in Victorian England . W.W. Norton & Company : 2004 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05209 - 5 . Harrison , J.F.C. Late Victorian Britain 1875 - 1901 ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Heilmann , Ann , and Mark Llewellyn , eds . Neo-Victorianism : The Victorians in the Twenty - First Century , 1999 -- 2009 ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2011 ) 323 pages ; looks at recent literary & cinematic , interest in the Victorian era , including magic , sexuality , theme parks , and the postcolonial Hoppen , K. Theodore . The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846 - 1886 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2000 ) , comprehensive scholarly history excerpt and text search McCord , Norman and Bill Purdue . British History , 1815 - 1914 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) , 612 pp online , university textbook Marriott , J.A.R. England Since Waterloo ( 1913 ) online Martin , Howard. Britain in the 19th Century ( Challenging History series , 2000 ) 409pp ; textbook ; emphasizing politics , diplomacy and use of primary sources Mitchell , Sally . Daily Life in Victorian England . Greenwood Press : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29467 - 4 . Paul , Herbert . History of Modern England , 1904 - 6 ( 5 vols ) vol 2 online 1855 - 1865 Roberts , Clayton and David F. Roberts . A History of England , Volume 2 : 1688 to the present ( 2013 ) university textbook ; 1985 edition online Steinbach , Susie L. Understanding the Victorians : Politics , Culture and Society in Nineteenth - Century Britain ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Walpole , Spencer . A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815 ( 6 vol. 1878 - 86 ) , very well written political narrative to 1855 ; online Walpole , Spencer . History of Twenty - Five Years ( 4 vol. 1904 - 1908 ) covers 1856 - 1880 ; online Weiler , Peter . The New Liberalism : Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain , 1889 - 1914 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Wilson , A.N. The Victorians . Arrow Books : 2002 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 945186 - 7 Woodward , E.L. The Age of Reform : 1815 - 1870 ( 1954 ) comprehensive survey online Historiography Burton , Antoinette . `` Victorian History : Some Experiments with Syllabi . '' Victorian Studies 54.2 ( 2012 ) : 305 - 311 . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 - 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 - 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Goodlad , Lauren ME . `` ' A Middle Class Cut into Two ' : Historiography and Victorian National Character . '' ELH 67.1 ( 2000 ) : 143 - 178 . Homans , Margaret , and Adrienne Munich , eds . Remaking Queen Victoria ( Cambridge University Press , 1997 ) Kent , Christopher . `` Victorian social history : post-Thompson , post-Foucault , postmodern . '' Victorian Studies ( 1996 ) : 97 - 133 . ( in JSTOR ) Mays , Kelly J. `` Looking backward , looking forward : the Victorians in the rear - view mirror of future history . '' Victorian Studies 53.3 ( 2011 ) : 445 - 456 . Moore , D.C. `` In Search of a New Past : 1820 -- 1870 , '' in Richard Schlatter , ed. , Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 ( Rutgers UP , 1984 ) , pp 255 -- 298 Parry , J.P. `` The State of Victorian Political History . '' Historical Journal ( 1983 ) 26 # 2 pp. 469 - 484 online Sandiford , Keith AP . `` The Victorians at play : Problems in historiographical methodology . '' Journal of Social History ( 1981 ) : 271 - 288 . in JSTOR Stansky , Peter . `` British History : 1870 -- 1914 , '' in Richard Schlatter , ed. , Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 ( Rutgers UP , 1984 ) , pp 299 -- 326 Vernon , James . `` Historians and the Victorian Studies Question . '' Victorian Studies 47.2 ( 2005 ) : 272 - 79 Webb , R.K. Modern England : from the 18th century to the present ( 1968 ) online widely recommended university textbook Primary sources Black , E.C. ed . British politics in the nineteenth century ( 1969 ) online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victorian era . Victorians British Library website exploring the Victorian period . Victorians.co.uk Victorian Era History Guide . Great Victorian Lives -- An Era in Obituaries from The Times Mostly-Victorian.com A collection of primary - source documents drawn from Victorian periodicals . The Victorian Dictionary The Victorian Web The Twilight City An exploration of vagrancy and streetwalkers in late Victorian London Victorians British Library history resources about the Victorian era , featuring collection material and text by Liza Picard . Timelines : Sources from history -- British Library interactive Notable Victorian Scientists and Inventors United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Northern Ireland Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations History Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health care Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Food banks Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media television Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal GND : 7503447 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_era&oldid=808038036 '' Categories : Victorian era Historical eras History of the United Kingdom by period History of England by period 19th century in England 19th century in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 19 . 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what are the beginning and the ending years of the victorian period
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"\nVictorian era\n\n1837–1901\n\n\n\nQueen Victoria by Bassano (1887)\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nRegency era\n\n\nFollowed by\nEdwardian era\n\n\nMonarch\nVictoria\n\n\nLeader(s)\n\n\n\nLord Melbourne\nSir Robert Peel\nLord John Russell\nLord Derby\nLord Aberdeen\nLord Palmerston\nBenjamin Disraeli\nWilliam Ewart Gladstone\nLord Salisbury\nLord Rosebery\n\n\n\n\n"
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"1837–1901"
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Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster
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Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake monster - wikipedia Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake monster This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster Promotional poster Based on Scooby - Doo by Joe Ruby & Ken Spears Written by Daniel Altiere Steven Altiere Directed by Brian Levant Starring Robbie Amell Kate Melton Hayley Kiyoko Nick Palatas Frank Welker Music by David Newman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Brian Gilbert Brian Levant Cinematography Dean Cundey Editor ( s ) Eric Osmond Running time 82 minutes Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Atlas Entertainment Telvan Productions Nine / 8 Entertainment Distributor Warner Premiere Release Original network Cartoon Network Original release October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) ( TV ) March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) ( Extended on DVD ) Chronology Preceded by Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins Followed by Daphne & Velma Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ( also known as Scooby - Doo 4 or Scooby - Doo 4 : Curse of the Lake Monster ) is a 2010 American made - for - television comedy film directed by Brian Levant for Cartoon Network and based on the Saturday morning cartoon series Scooby - Doo by Hanna - Barbera . It is the fourth installment in the Scooby - Doo live - action film series and a sequel to the 2009 film Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins , whose cast reprise their roles again here . The film was shot in Santa Clarita , California and Sherwood Country Club in Thousand Oaks , California and premiered on October 16 , 2010 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Trailer 4 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) School has just ended for the summer , and Velma ( Hayley Kiyoko ) , Shaggy ( Nick Palatas ) , and Scooby - Doo ( Frank Welker ) meet up with Fred ( Robbie Amell ) and Daphne ( Kate Melton ) so they can go to meet Daphne 's uncle , Thornton `` Thorny '' Blake V , who has given them summer jobs at his country club in Erie Point . That night at the club 's opening party , a huge frog - like monster suddenly appears and wreaks havoc . The gang decides to solve the mystery . They decide to investigate the only person who has ever taken a picture of the lake monster , Mr. Uggins , the lighthouse keeper . He then tells them the story of the lake monster : how when people were first settling Erie Point , an old woman named Wanda Grubwort ( who was also a witch ) warned them not to come onto her land . They paid no attention to her , so she used her magic staff - which used moonstones as the source of her power - to turn a frog into a horrible monster that attacked the villagers . Wanda was later tried for witchery and burnt at the stake . The next day , Velma shows the others security footage of the lake monster meeting a mysteriously masked figure on the beach . They begin to zoom in on the figure to see its face , but Velma accidentally spills her green tea on the computer and destroys the footage . The next morning , they find Velma unconscious on the beach . Shaggy begins to tell her that he was very worried , but stops when he notices warts on her hand . Velma looks surprised , but guiltily assures them that it 's nothing . After they fill her in on the latest monster attack , Daphne says that she saw purple paint on the figure 's cloak , and suggests they check out a boat that they saw on the way to Erie Point . Shaggy asks Velma out on a date . Things go well until he lights a match to light some candles . Velma flings herself back in terror , though she is unsure why . Shaggy calls out the waiter , who turns out to be Scooby , who is angry at Shaggy for ignoring him and tries to ruin the date . Scooby bites Shaggy , causing Shaggy to knock over the table and drop the moonstone on the ground that he was going to give to Velma as a surprise . Fred and Daphne go to see the boat . The gang drives to the home of the woman who is Wanda 's descendant . They see the witch 's figure through the windows , which is a very warty Velma . However , she claims to not be Velma and attacks the gang , knocking them out for a moment . The gang wakes up later and find Mrs. Grubwort , who says that her evil ancestor has possessed Velma . The gang realizes that they missed all the little signs - the warts , Velma 's fear of fire , her love of moonstones , and how she spilled the tea on the video of the witch because it was going to show her face - that should have proved Velma was up to something . The woman says that Wanda probably would have gone to the underwater caves . They arrive in the cave and Shaggy bursts out of hiding and commands Velma to stop . Wanda creates three new frog monsters and sends them after the gang , and while Scooby , Fred and Daphne run for their lives , Shaggy stays back and tries to help Velma fight the witch . Meanwhile , Fred and Daphne reach a dead end . The lake monsters then burst through the wall . At the same time , Shaggy tries to save Velma by singing her favorite song . Velma joins in , and manages to break free of the witch 's control . The ghost of Wanda tries to grab her staff , but Scooby Doo arrives just in time and smashes it into a rock , destroying Wanda and turning the monsters back into frogs . Fred and Daphne reconcile with each other and run back to Shaggy , who is confessing how much he really likes Velma . Velma and Shaggy kiss , but afterwards both agree that they did not feel a single spark , and it 's better if they are just friends and they all agree as they do a group hug . Cast ( edit ) Robbie Amell as Fred Hayley Kiyoko as Velma Kate Melton as Daphne Nick Palatas as Shaggy Frank Welker as the Voice of Scooby - Doo Ted McGinley as Uncle Thorny Richard Moll as Elmer Uggins Nichelle Nichols as Senator Marion Ross as Hilda Trowburg Beverly Sanders as Wanda Grubwort Trailer ( edit ) A short trailer of the film was shown on Cartoon Network on August 1 , 2010 , depicting Scooby and Shaggy at the beach . Ratings ( edit ) The television premiere drew 5.1 million viewers . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD by Warner Home Video on March 1 , 2011 . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment distributed the film on Blu - ray Disc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster '' . 1 March 2011 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` ' Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ' coming to Cartoon Network this fall '' . 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : Brett Favre , New York Yankees , Badgers -- Buckeyes , Chilean Miners Rescue & ' iCarly ' Top Week 's Cable Viewing '' . 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo : Curse of the Lake Monster Blu - ray '' . External links ( edit ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster at Rotten Tomatoes Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster at AllMovie Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster on IMDb Scooby - Doo Characters Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers Daphne Blake Fred Jones Velma Dinkley Scrappy - Doo Television shows Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! episodes ( 1969 -- 1970 ) The New Scooby - Doo Movies episodes ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Scooby - Doo Show episodes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Laff - A-Lympics ( 1977 - 78 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1980 -- 82 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 84 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo episodes ( 1988 -- 1991 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episodes ( 2002 -- 06 ) Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! episodes ( 2006 -- 08 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated episodes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 18 ) Scooby - Doo and Guess Who ? 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Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scooby-Doo!_Curse_of_the_Lake_Monster&oldid=856429909 '' Categories : 2010 television films 2010 films 2010s comedy films 2010s adventure films 2010s ghost films 2010s prequel films American television films American adventure comedy films American children 's comedy films American ghost films American mystery films American films Cartoon Network original programs English - language films Scooby - Doo films Films directed by Brian Levant Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Ohio Films shot in California Live - action films based on animated series Television sequel films Warner Bros. direct - to - video films Atlas Entertainment films Films scored by David Newman Hanna - Barbera animated films Hanna - Barbera films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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Ellie (The Last of Us)
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Ellie ( the Last of Us ) - wikipedia Ellie ( the Last of Us ) Jump to : navigation , search Ellie The Last of Us character Ellie , as she appears in The Last of Us First game The Last of Us Created by Neil Druckmann Portrayed by Ashley Johnson Ellie is a fictional character in the 2013 video game The Last of Us , and the main protagonist of the upcoming video game The Last of Us Part II . In the first game , the character Joel is tasked with escorting Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure for an infection to which Ellie is immune . She is voiced by Ashley Johnson , who also provided motion capture for the character . While players briefly assume control of Ellie for a portion of the game , the computer 's artificial intelligence primarily controls her actions , often assisting in combat by attacking or identifying enemies . Ellie reappeared as the sole playable character in the downloadable content prequel campaign , The Last of Us : Left Behind , in which she spends time with her friend Riley . Ellie is also the main character in the comic book prequel , The Last of Us : American Dreams , wherein she befriends Riley and has her first encounter with the rebel group the Fireflies . Ellie was created by Neil Druckmann , the creative director and writer of The Last of Us . Inspired by a mute character proposed for Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , Druckmann created her as a strong female character with a close relationship with Joel ; throughout the game 's development , the relationship between Ellie and Joel was the central focus , with all other elements developed around it . Johnson inspired aspects of Ellie 's personality , prompting Druckmann to make her more active in fighting hostile enemies . Naughty Dog also redesigned her appearance during the game 's development to more closely resemble Johnson . Her appearance has also been compared to that of actress Ellen Page . The character has been well - received by critics , with Ellie 's relationship with Joel most frequently the subject of praise . The strength and complexity of her character , and its subversion of the damsel in distress stereotype , have also been commended . Ellie 's role in Left Behind 's plot has prompted some social commentary within the industry , with coverage focusing on a scene depicting LGBT themes . Both the character and Johnson 's performance received numerous awards and nominations , and have regularly been placed favorably in polls and lists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character design 2 Attributes 3 Appearances 4 Reception 5 References 5.1 Sources 5.2 Footnotes Character design ( edit ) American actress Ashley Johnson , who portrayed Ellie in The Last of Us Creative director Neil Druckmann designed Ellie as a counterpart to Joel , the game 's main playable character . She was also intended to demonstrate that a character bond could be created entirely through gameplay . Druckmann described the game as a coming of age story for Ellie , in which she adopts the qualities of a survivor . Ashley Johnson was chosen to portray Ellie in The Last of Us shortly after her auditions ; the development team felt that she fit the role , particularly when acting alongside Troy Baker , who portrayed Joel . Johnson made important contributions to Ellie 's character development . She convinced Druckmann to give Ellie a more independent personality , and to make her more successful in combat . As Ellie , Johnson 's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology which produced approximately 85 % of the game 's animations . The remaining audio elements were recorded later in a studio . When portraying Ellie , Johnson was sometimes uncomfortable while performing `` disturbing '' scenes . But , she was excited to play the role , which she felt was a rare example of a strong female video game character . The various iterations that Ellie 's physical appearance underwent throughout development . Each design was tested with various hair colors and styles . The development team felt that establishing Ellie 's physical appearance was `` critical '' . They felt that she needed to appear young enough to make her relationship with Joel -- who is in his 40s -- believable , but old enough to be credible as a resourceful teenager capable of surviving . A redesign of Ellie 's physical appearance was publicized in May 2012 ; Druckmann stated that the change was to make her look more like Johnson . Prior to the redesign , comparisons were made between Ellie and actress Ellen Page ; in June 2013 , Page accused Naughty Dog of `` ripping off ( her ) likeness '' . The team felt that Ellie was important for the game 's marketing ; Druckmann said that , when asked to move the image of Ellie from the front of the game 's packaging to the back , `` everyone at Naughty Dog just flat - out refused '' . When asked about the inspiration for Ellie as a gameplay feature , Druckmann recalled when he and game director Bruce Straley brainstormed ideas for Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) . One of their ideas was a sequence with a mute female character whose role was to summon Nathan Drake , Uncharted 's main character , and briefly accompany him throughout the sequence ; Druckmann felt this created a `` beautiful '' relationship through gameplay alone . Though this concept was scrapped for Uncharted 2 , the idea was raised again when discussing a new project , ultimately inspiring the character of Ellie . The addition of Ellie as an artificial intelligence ( AI ) required significant overhauling of the game engine . The team intentionally added a feature where Ellie remains close to Joel , to avoid being viewed by players as a `` burden '' . Programmer Max Dyckhoff stated that , when working on Ellie as an AI , he imagined her experiences throughout the game 's events in an attempt to achieve realism . Druckmann also felt inspired by wars that took place in Syria and Afghanistan when creating Ellie ; he felt that conflict was familiar to the children in those countries , which is similar to Ellie 's view . During the Winter segment of the game , players assume control of Ellie . The developers ensured that this change , as well as the knowledge of Ellie 's immunity , was kept secret prior to the game 's release to surprise players . Attributes ( edit ) A fourteen - year - old survivor , Ellie is `` mature beyond her years '' as a result of the circumstances of her environment . Ellie is characterized as `` ( s ) trong , witty , and a little rough around the edges '' . Her emotional trauma is accentuated after her encounter with David . Having lost many people in her life , she suffers from severe monophobia and survivor 's guilt . This results in her becoming a very hardened person ; she uses violence without hesitation and frequently swears . Ellie also feels worthless , believing her life is a burden , and that her death would be beneficial for others . While she shows initiative , she is not as adept at survival as Joel , being somewhat impulsive and naïve , and unable to swim . Despite this , she displays great physical resilience , emotional strength and complete fearlessness , as demonstrated by her ability to look after both herself and Joel when he is severely injured . She constantly perseveres in the face of the many often dire situations that her travels put her through . There is a scene where Ellie kisses her friend Riley . After the game was released , Druckmann said that he wrote Ellie as a gay character , though he preferred to leave the subject of her sexuality up to players to decide . Appearances ( edit ) Main articles : The Last of Us : American Dreams , The Last of Us : Left Behind , The Last of Us , and The Last of Us Part II Ellie lost her mother at birth and grew up in an orphanage . She later attends a military boarding school in the Boston quarantine zone , where she befriends Riley Abel , a fellow rebel who protects her from bullies , as depicted in the comic book series The Last of Us : American Dreams . During the events of Left Behind , which take place several weeks before the beginning of The Last of Us , Riley returns to Ellie after a long absence and tells her that she has joined the Fireflies , a revolutionary militia group . While spending time together at an abandoned shopping mall near the quarantine zone , Riley reveals that she is about to be posted to another city , and Ellie hesitantly supports her decisions . Riley abandons her Firefly pendant when Ellie pleads for her to remain . In response , she impulsively kisses Riley who happily responds . Drawn by the noise of their activities , the Infected pursues Ellie and Riley . They attempt to escape , but are bitten . The pair considers suicide , but choses to spend their final hours together . However , Ellie survives the infection and seeks help from Marlene , the leader of the Fireflies . She agrees to escort Ellie as she tries to find a cure thanks to her immunity to the Infected . Marlene is later wounded , and early in The Last of Us , assigns Joel the task of escorting Ellie . Initially annoyed by Joel 's surliness , Ellie begins to feel a strong attachment to him . However , upon learning that he intends to leave her with his brother Tommy and return to Boston , she runs away . She later confronts him demanding that he not abandon her . This strengthens the bond between them , and they continue their journey . After experiencing a traumatizing encounter in the Winter , where Ellie is nearly raped and murdered by a band of cannibals and their leader David , she becomes withdrawn and introverted . When Joel finally gets her to the Fireflies , it is discovered that Ellie requires an operation to remove the mutant strain of the Cordyceps fungus growing on her brain , which may be used to create a vaccine ; the operation will likely kill her . While she is being prepared for surgery , Joel kills Marlene and the Fireflies , makes his way to the operating room , and carries Ellie to safety . Because she was unconscious during the battle , Ellie is unaware of what has transpired . As they leave the hospital , Joel lies about the events , telling her that the Fireflies had found many other subjects , and had stopped looking for a cure . When Ellie later confronts him about it , describing her survivor 's guilt and demanding to know the truth , Joel reassures her that he is telling the truth ; she replies `` Okay '' . At the December 2016 PlayStation Experience event , a sequel titled The Last of Us Part II was announced as being in early development . The game 's first trailer reveals the return of Ellie and Joel . Events take place about five years after the first game ; Ellie , who will be 19 during Part II , has been confirmed as the main playable character . Reception ( edit ) Ellie 's character received generally positive feedback . Jason Killingsworth of Edge praised Ellie 's complexity and commended Naughty Dog for not having made her `` a subordinate ... precocious teen girl that Joel must babysit '' . Ashley Reed and Andy Hartup of GamesRadar named Ellie one of the `` most inspirational female characters in games '' , writing that she is `` one of the most modern , realistic characters ever designed '' . Eurogamer 's Ellie Gibson commended the character 's strength and vulnerability , praising the game 's subversion of the damsel in distress cliché . GamesRadar listed Ellie among the best characters of the video game generation , stating that her courage exceeds that of most male characters . IGN 's Greg Miller compared Ellie to Elizabeth from BioShock Infinite ( 2013 ) , and felt that the former was a `` much more rounded out , full - fledged '' character . Conversely , Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace felt that the game focused too much on Joel , `` hardly capitalizing on Ellie 's importance '' , and Chris Suellentrop of The New York Times judged that Ellie is cast `` in a secondary , more subordinate role '' . Critics praised the relationship between Ellie and Joel . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the relationship was `` poignant '' and `` well - drawn '' , Joystiq 's Richard Mitchell found it `` genuine '' and emotional , and IGN 's Colin Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game . Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh felt the characters were developed with `` real patience and skill '' . Philip Kollar of Polygon found the relationship was assisted by the game 's optional conversations . Wallace of Game Informer named Joel and Ellie one of the `` best gaming duos of 2013 '' , appreciating their interest in protecting each other . Game Informer 's Kyle Hilliard compared Joel and Ellie 's relationship to that of the Prince and Elika from Prince of Persia ( 2008 ) , writing that both duos care deeply for one another , and praising the `` emotional crescendo '' in The Last of Us , which he judged had not been achieved in Prince of Persia . PlayStation Official Magazine 's David Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters in a PlayStation 3 game . Following the release of The Last of Us : Left Behind , Ellie 's relationship with Riley was commended by reviewers . GameSpot 's Tom McShea felt a new appreciation for Ellie by seeing her actions around Riley . The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Martin praised the characters ' interactions , and Eurogamer 's Stace Harman felt that Left Behind improves the understanding of Joel and Ellie 's relationship . Kotaku 's Kirk Hamilton described Ellie and Riley 's kiss as `` video gaming 's latest breakthrough moment '' , declaring it `` a big deal '' . Keza MacDonald of IGN wrote that the kiss was `` so beautiful and natural and funny that ( she ) was left dumbstruck '' . IGN 's Luke Karmali questioned Naughty Dog 's motivation behind the kiss , noting the `` bait - and - switch '' in which they made players care for the character before revealing her sexuality , but ultimately dismissed this and commended the handling of Ellie 's sexuality and the subtlety of the writing . The character of Ellie won year - end awards , including Best New Character from Hardcore Gamer and Most Valuable Character at the SXSW Gaming Awards for Left Behind ; she received a nomination for Best Character from Destructoid . Ashley Johnson 's performance also received various accolades : Best Performer at the 10th and 11th British Academy Video Games Awards , Outstanding Character Performance the 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards , Lead Performance in a Drama at the 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , Best Voice Actress at the Spike VGX 2013 , and Best Performer from The Daily Telegraph . References ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) Druckmann , Neil ; Straley , Bruce ( June 2013 ) , The Art of The Last of Us , United States of America : Dark Horse Comics Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Dean ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` The definitive interview with the creators of Sony 's blockbuster The Last of Us ( part 1 ) '' . GamesBeat . VentureBeat . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Dean ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` The definitive interview with the creators of Sony 's blockbuster The Last of Us ( part 1 ) '' . GamesBeat . VentureBeat . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : Ashley Johnson bringing Ellie to life '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Andy ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : interview with Neil Druckmann and Ashley Johnson '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` Capturing Joel And Ellie For The Last Of Us '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naughty Dog and Area 5 ( 2013 ) . Grounded : Making The Last of Us . Sony Computer Entertainment . Event occurs at 11 : 06 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . To sort of be such a strong female character that is completely normal - looking -- regular t - shirt and jeans -- and she 's fourteen , and she 's still a total bad - ass : it 's really exciting to be a part of that . Jump up ^ Druckmann & Straley 2013 , pp. 22 Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us Storyline Explained in Detail '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Druckmann & Straley 2013 , pp. 19 Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us gets new trailer , reveals Ellie redesign '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Ellen Page Says The Last Of Us ' Ellie `` Ripped Off My Likeness '' `` . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weber , Rachel ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Naughty Dog : We 've been asked to push Ellie to the back of the box art '' . Gamesindustry.biz . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Naughty Dog Talks Combat in The Last of Us '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` How Naughty Dog created a partner , not a burden , with Ellie in The Last of Us '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Laura ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Staying Human in the Inhuman World of The Last of Us '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clements , Ryan ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Drop : New PlayStation Releases for February 11th , 2014 '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Is This the Most Important Moment in The Last of Us '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Of Us ' Climactic Moments Could Have Been Very Different '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amini , Tina ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Moral Ambiguities In The Last Of Us '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mc Shea , Tom ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Agnello , Anthony John ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 in Review : In The Last of Us , No Death is Meaningless '' . USGamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plante , Chris ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Let 's Talk About : The ending of The Last of Us '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Every Time Ellie Says F * * k , S * * t ( And Motherf * * ker ) In The Last Of Us '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerzner , Liana ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Some of gaming 's greatest heroes are mentally ill , and that 's a great thing '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mc Shea , Tom ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Matt ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` The 12 biggest nitpicks of The Last of Us '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind -- review '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : Me , you , and the infected '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mattos , Sal ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Is Ellie Gay ? Naughty Dog 's Neil Druckmann Weights In on The Last of Us : Left Behind '' . GayGamer.net . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Druckmann , Neil , Hicks , Faith Erin ( w ) , Hicks , Faith Erin ( a ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) , Robins , Clem ( let ) , Edidin , Rachel , Wright , Brendan ( ed ) . The Last of Us : American Dreams # 1 : 10 ( April 3 , 2013 ) , Dark Horse Comics Jump up ^ Naughty Dog ( February 14 , 2014 ) . The Last of Us : Left Behind . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Naughty Dog ( June 14 , 2013 ) . The Last of Us . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Jump up ^ Druckmann , Neil ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Part II '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Part 2 Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ellie is the lead character in The Last of Us Part 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Killingsworth , Jason ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sexism sells ? The Last Of Us begs to differ '' . Edge . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ashley ; Hartup , Andy ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` The 20 most inspirational female characters in games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellie ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us is n't the solution to sexism in games , but it 's a start '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best game characters of the generation '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Moriarty , Colin ; Altano , Brian ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us ' Ellie vs. BioShock Infinite 's Elizabeth '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : Important Female Character Were n't Marketed Well This Year '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` In the Video Game The Last of Us , Survival Favors the Man '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's Grim Masterpiece '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Richard ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : Humans , conditioned '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Oli ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us review '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : dead inside '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Gaming Duos Of 2013 '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` From Elika To Ellie : Comparing Prince Of Persia And The Last Of Us '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meikleham , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Of Us review SPOILER FREE - Naughty Dog 's latest masterpiece is apocalypse wow '' . PlayStation Official Magazine . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Tim ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harman , Stace ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind review '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Video Gaming 's Latest Breakthrough Moment '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Significance of The Last of Us : Left Behind '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why We Need More Gay Characters In Video Games '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blase , Aurora ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Congratulations to the 2015 SXSW Gaming Award Winners ! '' . South by Southwest . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Conrad ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 character '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Games Awards 2014 Winners Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Awards honors Destiny , Monument Valley , and David Braben '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Title : The Last of Us '' . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Thomas J. ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Winners '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoggins , Tom ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Telegraph Video Game Awards 2013 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . ( hide ) The Last of Us Video games The Last of Us Left Behind Remastered The Last of Us Part II Other media Music The Last of Us : American Dreams Related articles Development of The Last of Us List of accolades received by The Last of Us Characters Ellie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellie_(The_Last_of_Us)&oldid=832533244 '' Categories : Female characters in video games Fictional American people in video games Fictional characters from Massachusetts Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Fictional archers Fictional lesbians Fictional marksmen and snipers Horror video game characters LGBT characters in video games Orphan characters in video games Teenage characters in video games Video game characters introduced in 2013 The Last of Us Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 15 : 52 . 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Punt (gridiron football)
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Punt ( gridiron football ) - wikipedia Punt ( gridiron football ) Jump to : navigation , search St. Louis Post-Dispatch photograph ( 1905 ) , of Bradbury Robinson , football 's first triple threat man , preparing to punt In American and Canadian football , a punt is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground . The most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team , usually on the final down , with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more advantageous to the kicking team when possession changes . The result of a typical punt , barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances , is a first down for the receiving team . The type of punt leads to different motion of the football . Alex Moffat invented the now - common spiral punt , as opposed to end - over-end . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Rules 2.1 Common to American and Canadian football 2.2 American football 2.3 Canadian football 3 Types of punts 3.1 End - over-end punt 3.2 Spiral punt 3.3 Pooch punt 3.4 Fake punts 3.5 Rugby - style punt 4 Record punts 5 Return 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) A punt in gridiron football is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground . In football , the offense has a limited number of downs , or plays , in which to move the ball at least ten yards . The team in possession of the ball will typically punt the ball to the opposing team when they are on their final down ( fourth down in American football , third down in Canadian football ) , do not want to risk a turnover on downs by not gaining enough yardage to make a first down and are in such a field position that they do not believe they can successfully make a field goal . The purpose of the punt is for the team in possession , or `` kicking team '' , to move the ball as far as possible towards the opponent 's end zone ; this maximizes the distance the receiving team must advance the ball in order to score a touchdown upon taking possession . Thus , the most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team , usually on the final down , with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more advantageous to the kicking team when possession changes . A punt play involves the kicking team lining up at the line of scrimmage with the kicker , or punter , typically lined up about 15 yards behind the center ( in American football , where the end zone is only ten yards deep as opposed to twenty yards in Canadian football , this distance must be shortened if the ball is on a spot such that the kicker 's normal position is on or beyond the end line ) . The receiving team lines up with one or two players downfield to catch the ball . The center makes a long snap to the kicker who then drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground . The player who catches the ball is then entitled to attempt to advance the ball . The result of a typical punt , barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances , is a first down for the receiving team at the spot where : the receiver or subsequent receiving team ball carrier is downed or goes Out of bounds ; the ball crosses out of bounds , whether in flight or after touching the ground ; there is `` illegal touching '' , defined as when a player from the kicking team is the first player to touch the ball after it has been punted beyond the line of scrimmage ; or a ball which is allowed to land comes to rest in - bounds without being touched ( American football only ) . Other possible results include the punt being blocked behind the line of scrimmage , and the ball being touched , but not caught or possessed , downfield by the receiving team . In both cases the ball is then `` free '' and `` live '' and will belong to whichever team recovers it . Rules ( edit ) The Baylor Bears punting against the Texas A&M Aggies in 2007 Common to American and Canadian football ( edit ) If the kicked ball is blocked and fails to cross the line of scrimmage , it may be picked up and advanced by either team . However , if it is picked up by the kicking team , the play is treated as any other play from scrimmage ; i.e. , if it is the team 's final down , it must advance the ball beyond the first down marker in order to avoid a turnover on downs . The official rules regulate when and how the receiving team may hit the kicker before , during , and after the kick . If the receiving team drops the ball or touches the ball beyond the line of scrimmage without catching it then it is considered a live ball and may be recovered by either team . If the receiving team never had full possession , it is considered to be a muffed punt rather than a fumble . However , the receiving player must be actively pursuing the ball . If the receiving player is blocked into the ball , it is not considered `` touching '' the ball . A field goal can not be scored on a punt kick . American football ( edit ) The player attempting to catch the kicked ball may attempt a fair catch . If caught , the ball becomes dead and the receiving team gets the ball at the spot of the catch . A touchback may be called if the kicked ball enters the receiving team 's end zone without first touching any player , whether in flight or on a bounce ; or if the receiving team catches the ball in its own end zone and downs it before advancing the ball out of the end zone ; or if the ball enters then exits the end zone behind the goal line . ( In high school football , the ball automatically becomes dead when it crosses the goal line and can not be returned out of the end zone . ) The receiving team gets the ball at its own 20 - yard line . If a player from the kicking team is the first to touch the ball after it crosses the line of scrimmage , `` illegal touching '' is called and the receiving team gains possession at the spot where the illegal touching occurred . This is often not considered to be detrimental to the kicking team ; for example , it is common for a player on the kicking team deliberately to make contact with the ball near the goal line before it enters the end zone to prevent a touchback . Since there is no further yardage penalty awarded , the kicking team is often said to have `` downed the ball '' when this occurs ( and the NFL does not count it as an official penalty ) . While the ball is not automatically dead upon an illegal touch , and can be advanced by the receiving team ( who would then have the choice of accepting the result of the play or taking the ball at the spot of the illegal touch ) , this rarely happens in practice , as illegal touching typically occurs when members of the kicking team are closer to the ball than members of the receiving team . The length of the punt , referred to as punting yards or gross punting yards , is measured from the line of scrimmage ( not the spot where the punter punts ) to whichever of the following points applies : ( 1 ) the spot that a punt is caught ; ( 2 ) the spot that a punt goes out of bounds ; ( 3 ) the spot that a punt is declared dead because of illegal touching ; or ( 4 ) the goal line , for punts that are ruled touchbacks . The net punting yardage is taken by calculating the total punting yardage and subtracting any yardage earned by the receiving team on returns , and subtracting 20 yards for each touchback . Under no circumstance can the kicking team score points as the direct result of a punt . ( It can score indirectly if the receiving team loses possession of the ball or runs back into its own end zone and gets tackled . ) Canadian football ( edit ) The 2007 Virginia Tech Hokies football team blocks a punt against the Duke Blue Devils The kicker and any players behind him at the time of the kick are considered `` onside '' ; any other players on the kicking team are considered `` offside '' . A player who is onside may recover the kicked ball , while a player who is offside may not be the first to touch the kicked ball and is required to remain at least 5 yards from an opposing player attempting to catch the ball . Violations of these restrictions on an offside player are called `` no yards '' infractions , with various penalties associated with them . The ball remains in play if it enters the goal area ( end zone ) until it is downed by a player on either team or goes out of bounds : If a member of the receiving team downs it in the goal area or the ball goes out of bounds before being brought back into the field of play , a single is awarded to the kicking team and the receiving team gains possession at their own 35 - yard line . If an onside player downs the ball in the goal area the kicking team is awarded a touchdown . If an offside player downs the ball in the goal area the receiving team gains possession after a `` no yards '' penalty is applied from their own 10 - yard line . If the ball strikes the goalpost assembly while in flight the receiving team gains possession at their own 25 - yard line . The length of the punt is measured from the line of scrimmage to the spot of the catch or the point where the kick goes out of bounds . The punt return is measured independently , though the value of the punt to the kicking team is determined by distance from the line of scrimmage to the end of the return . Canadian rules also allow a punt when the punter is not behind the line of scrimmage , which is not permitted in American rules . This tactic ( termed an `` open - field kick '' in the rule book ) is usually reserved for last - second desperation : for example , a player , after receiving a forward pass with no time left on the clock and with no hope of evading tacklers , may punt the ball in the hope that it will score a single or be recovered by an onside teammate . After recovering a ball kicked by the other team a player can also punt out of his own end zone in order to avoid a single . On at least two occasions in the CFL , a last - second missed field goal attempt was followed by three punts , all on one play , as the teams alternately tried to avoid a single and score a single . Types of punts ( edit ) The type of punt leads to different motion of the football . End - over-end punt ( edit ) See also : drop punt Spiral punt ( edit ) See also : torpedo punt Alex Moffat invented the spiral punt . It is the longest type of punt kick . In flight , the ball spins about its long axis , instead of end over end ( like a drop punt ) or not at all ( like a regular punt kick ) . This makes the flight of the ball more aerodynamic , and the pointy ends of gridiron footballs mitigate the difficulty to catch . Pooch punt ( edit ) Main article : quick kick Teams may line up in a normal offensive formation and have the quarterback perform a pooch punt , also known as a quick kick . This usually happens in situations where the offense is in a 4th and long situation in their opponent 's territory , but are too close to the end zone for a traditional punt and ( depending on weather conditions ) too far for a field goal try . Like fake punt attempts , these are rarely tried , although Randall Cunningham , Tom Brady , Matt Cassel and Ben Roethlisberger have successfully executed pooch punts in the modern NFL era . Some pooch punts occur on third down and long situations in American football to fool the defense , which is typically not prepared to return a punt on third down . Fake punts ( edit ) On very rare occasions , a punting team will elect to attempt a `` fake punt '' -- line up in punt formation and begin the process as normal , but instead do one of the following : The punter may choose to run with the ball . The ball may be snapped to the upback , who then runs with the ball . The punter ( or another back , who is standing nearby ) may decide to pass to a pre-designated receiver . The ball may be snapped to the upback , who then passes the ball to a receiver . Although teams sometimes use fake punts to exploit a weakness in the opposing team 's defense , a fake punt is very rare , and often used in desperate situations , such as to keep a drive alive when a team is behind and needs to catch up quickly , or to spark an offense in a game where the defense dominates . The high risk of `` fake punts '' , and the need to maintain an element of surprise when the play is actually called , explains why this play is seldom seen . Fake punts are more likely to occur when there is short yardage remaining to secure a first down , and / or the line of scrimmage is inside the opponent 's territory . One of the most famous fake punts was by New York Giants linebacker Gary Reasons during the 1990 NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers , in which he rushed for 30 yards on a fourth down conversion via a direct snap to him instead of the punter , Sean Landeta , which was a critical difference in a 15 -- 13 victory . The Giants went on to win Super Bowl XXV . Rugby - style punt ( edit ) Similar to spiral punt , rugby punt is done with a running start before punting while remaining behind the line of scrimmage . Bill Putich punting on the run . Record punts ( edit ) The longest punt in North American pro football history is a 108 - yarder by Zenon Andrusyshyn of the CFL 's Toronto Argonauts ( at Edmonton , October 23 , 1977 ) . This record was also tied by Christopher Milo of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on October 29 , 2011 , at a home game at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field in Regina , during which winds gusted above 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) ( this is also the site of the three longest field goals in CFL history and one of the windiest fields in professional football ) . The longest punt in NFL play was a 98 - yarder by Steve O'Neal of the New York Jets in an American Football League game played against the Denver Broncos on September 21 , 1969 . Jeff Feagles is the all - time NFL career punts and punt yards leader with 1,713 punts and 71,211 punt yards over 352 games . Bob Cameron is the all - time CFL career punts and punt yards leader with 3,129 punts and 134,301 punt yards over 394 games . Shane Lechler holds the NFL record for career punting average at 47.29 yards per punt ( 855 punts for 40,429 yards ) over the 2000 -- 2010 seasons . Sammy Baugh averaged 51.40 yards per punt in 1940 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) . Lechler holds the modern single - season record with a 51.14 yards per punt average in 2009 ( 96 punts for 4,909 yards ) The record for college football is held by the University of Nevada 's Pat Brady , who booted the longest possible punt on a 100 - yard field at 99 yards against Loyola University on October 28 , 1950 . Joe Theismann punted for one yard against the Chicago Bears in 1985 . Return ( edit ) A punt return is one of the receiving team 's options to respond to a punt . A player positioned about 35 -- 45 yards from the line of scrimmage will attempt to catch or pick up the ball after it is punted by the opposing team 's punter . He then attempts to carry the ball as far as possible back in the direction of the line of scrimmage , without being tackled or running out of bounds . He may also lateral the ball to teammates in order to keep the play alive should he expect to be tackled or go out of bounds . DeSean Jackson , then playing for the Philadelphia Eagles in the `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' , is the only NFL player to return a punt for a game - winning touchdown on the final play of regulation . The NFL record holder for the number of punt returns for a touchdown in a career is Devin Hester with 11 . See also ( edit ) Glossary of American football Punter ( football ) Short punt formation American Football Kicking Hall of Fame References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crazy ending lifts Alouettes over Argonauts '' . archive.org. 1 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ blackknight101066 ( 30 October 2010 ) . `` Crazy Argonauts -- Alouettes CFL ending. mp4 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ CFLfan # 31 ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` SC : Top 10 Crazy CFL Moments '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Nov. 19 , 1972 Abendschan boots Blue in stadium 's greatest game '' . winnipegfreepress.com . Jump up ^ `` Randall Cunningham Past Stats , Statistics , History , and Awards -- databaseFootball.com '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's talk about Brady 's punt '' . go.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Past Stats , Statistics , History , and Awards -- databaseFootball.com '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ First Sporting Production ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) , Aussie punter Blake O'Neill's Punts 80 yard Rugby Style Punt , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Regular Season All - Time Records -- Individual Records -- Punting '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Canadian Football League . ( The CFL 's field is ten yards longer than the NFL 's . ) Jump up ^ `` Bouncing ... bouncing -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Punting Leaders ( All Time ) '' . PlayerFilter.com . Jump up ^ Regular Season All - Time Records Archived 2010 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Canadian Football League ^ Jump up to : 2011 NFL Record and Fact Book Jump up ^ National Football Foundation Jump up ^ Joe Theismann NFL & AFL Statistics . pro-football-reference.com . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ UPI ( September 30 , 1985 ) . Bears Show Redskins a Team on the Rise . Lodi News - Sentinel , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Frank , Reuben ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Miracle at the Meadowlands III : Eagles 38 , Giants 31 '' . CSN Philly . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Media related to American football punts at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Gridiron football plays Play from scrimmage Play calling system Offense Rush Keeper Bootleg Sneak Dive Power Counter Off - tackle End Option Sweep Toss Trap Veer Zone Pass Incomplete Checkdown Screen Drop - back Hail Mary Alley - oop Defense Man - to - man Zone Blitz Zone blitz Special teams Touchback Kickoff Kickoff return Punt Punt return Drop kick Place kick Fair catch Fair catch kick Onside kick Squib kick Other Trick play Quick kick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punt_(gridiron_football)&oldid=800135561 '' Categories : American football plays Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Crayon
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Crayon - wikipedia Crayon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Crayon ( disambiguation ) . A selection of colorful crayons . A crayon ( or wax pastel ) is a stick of colored wax , charcoal , chalk or other material used for writing or drawing . A crayon made of pigment with a dry binder is a pastel ; when made of oiled chalk it is called an oil pastel . A grease pencil or Chinese marker ( UK chinagraph pencil ) is made of colored hardened grease . There are also watercolor crayons , sometimes called water - soluble crayons . Crayons are available at a range of prices and are easy to work with . They are less messy than most paints and markers , blunt ( removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen ) , typically nontoxic , and are available in a wide variety of colors . These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 History 3 American crayon companies 3.1 Binney & Smith ( Crayola ) 3.2 E. Steiger & Co . 3.3 Franklin Mfg Co . 3.4 Eberhard Faber 3.5 Charles A. Bowley 3.6 Joseph Dixon Crucible Co . 3.7 Prang Educational Company 3.8 B.B. Crayons 3.9 Milton Bradley Co . 3.10 Standard Crayon Company 3.11 American Crayon 3.12 Eagle Pencil Company 3.13 L. & C. Hardtmuth 3.14 New England Crayon Company 3.15 Albert H. Munsell 3.16 Others 3.17 Today 4 Artists 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) In the modern English - speaking world , the term crayon is commonly associated with the standard wax crayon , such as those widely available for use by children . Such crayons are usually approximately 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) in length and made mostly of paraffin wax ) . Paraffin wax is heated and cooled to achieve the correct temperature in which a usable wax substance can be dyed and then manufactured and shipped for use around the world . Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics , candles , for the preparation of printing ink , fruit preserving , in the pharmaceutical industry , for lubricating purposes , and crayons . Colin Snedeker , a chemist for Binney & Smith ( the then - parent company of Crayola ) , developed the first washable crayons in response to consumer complaints regarding stained fabrics and walls . A patent for the washable solid marking composition utilized in the washable crayons was awarded to Snedeker in 1990 . History ( edit ) A wide variety of crayon boxes have been produced over the years The history of the crayon is not entirely clear . The word `` crayon '' dates to 1644 , coming from craie ( chalk ) and the Latin word creta ( earth ) . The notion to combine a form of wax with pigment actually goes back thousands of years . Encaustic painting is a technique that uses hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone . A heat source was then used to `` burn in '' and fix the image in place . Pliny the Elder , a Roman scholar , was thought to describe the first techniques of wax crayon drawings . This method , employed by the Egyptians , Romans , Greeks and even indigenous people in the Philippines , is still used today . However , the process was n't used to make crayons into a form intended to be held and colored with and was therefore ineffective to use in a classroom or as crafts for children . Contemporary crayons are purported to have originated in Europe where some of the first cylinder shaped crayons were made with charcoal and oil . Pastels are an art medium having roots with the modern crayon and stem back to Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 . Conté crayons , out of Paris , are a hybrid between a pastel and a conventional crayon ; used since the late 1790s as a drawing crayon for artists . Later , various hues of powdered pigment eventually replaced the primary charcoal ingredient found in most early 19th century product . References to crayons in literature appear as early as 1813 in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . Joseph Lemercier ( born Paris 1803 -- died 1884 ) , considered by some of his contemporaries to be `` the soul of lithography '' , was also one of the founders of the modern crayon . Through his Paris business circa 1828 he produced a variety of crayon and color related products . But even as those in Europe were discovering that substituting wax for the oil strengthened the crayon , various efforts in the United States were also developing . American crayon companies ( edit ) The initial era of wax crayons saw a number of companies and products competing for the lucrative education and artist markets . In addition to the giants such as Binney & Smith / Crayola and American Crayon / Dixon Ticonderoga , other companies popped up in the industry at various times from the late 19th century to the early 1910s . Binney & Smith ( Crayola ) ( edit ) A 64 - crayon pack from Crayola Binney & Smith Company ( later to be named Crayola LLC ) developed their own famous line of wax crayons beginning on June 10 , 1903 . Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith had been long established in the coloring marketplace through Binney 's Peekskill , NY chemical works factory making lampblack by burning whale and carbon black and later instrumental in the coloring of automobile tires . In 1902 they developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon . Edwin Binney , working with his wife , Alice Stead Binney , came up with their famous Crayola brand of crayons . Alice came up with the name Crayola by combining the French word for chalk , craie , with the first part of oleaginous , the oily paraffin wax used to make the crayon . Binney and Smith were quick to capitalize on their creation by offering 19 different boxes with 30 different colors including the Crayola No 51 which , with 28 , featured their largest selection of colors . The Rubens Crayola line started in 1903 as well ( not in the 1920s as previously documented by many sources ) was directly targeted toward artists and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons out of Europe . Rubens were featured in everything from the small 6 - color box to the No. 500 with 24 colors . In addition to their highly familiar Crayola line , they also made many other crayon lines including Anti-Roll , Arista , Art - Toy , Besco , Boston , Cerata , Cerola , Chic'ago , Doo Zee , Durel , Easy - Off , Gotham , Liquitex , Munsell Crayola , Perma , Pooh , Protfolio , Rubens , Spectra , Tiny Tots , Washable and Widstrok . By far the most recognizable brand was their Crayola `` Gold Medal '' line in the familiar yellow boxes . The Gold Medal referred to a Gold Medal the company earned with their An - du - Septic dustless chalk during the March 1904 St. Louis World 's Fair . Over 39,000 awards were given out using the medals designed by Adolph A. Weinman . Receiving a medal at an Exposition was and still is something of importance with many companies featuring their medal on their products . Two companies to use the 1904 medal were Jack Daniel 's whiskey ( which still use it on their bottles to this day ) and Binney & Smith . They used the award to design an entirely new line of crayons featuring the medal on the front of their box . Initially , they developed and introduced the No. 8 box of eight assorted colors ( this famous box is usually depicted on most historical material associated with Crayola ; it was even featured on a postage stamp ) in early 1905 using the side of the medal depicting an Eagle but quickly changed to the other side showing the 1904 date their medal was won . From there they began to transition and phase out other Crayola crayon boxes used earlier until eventually their entire line of Crayola crayons featured the Gold Medal design . They would use this design to identify their brand for over 50 years , permanently infusing their crayons into the consciousness of consumers and catapulting the Crayola brand into the world 's leading crayon brand . The Crayola brand is currently owned by Hallmark Cards of Kansas City , Missouri . E. steiger & Co ( edit ) One of the first companies to offer up a line of wax crayons aimed for kindergarten use . Located out of New York , NY , it is unclear when this company started producing crayons but based on a known ad from 1881 , they clearly offered wax crayons in boxes of 6 , 12 , and 18 colors . Surviving boxes from Franklin Mfg Co . Franklin Mfg. Co ( edit ) The Franklin Mfg. Co , founded in 1876 in Rochester , New York , was one of the first companies to make and sell wax crayons . While it is undetermined when the company began manufacturing wax crayons , they were indeed selling them as early as 1883 , having appeared with a display of crayons at the World 's Colombian Exposition that year . They regularly advertised their Rainbow , Radiant , Penguin and Educational brands of crayons in various art and educational catalogues and periodicals throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century . In 1906 , they changed their name from the Franklin Mfg. Co to the Franklin Crayon Company and remained in operation until 1927 . Eberhard Faber ( edit ) The Eberhard Faber Pencil Company , originally the A.W. Faber Company , was founded by John Eberhard Faber ( 1822 -- 1879 ) in 1861 . The company is primarily credited with bringing German lead pencil - making techniques to the United States . The Faber family was known for lead pencil manufacturing in the village of Stein , Germany , near the city of Nuremberg as early as 1761 when the business was founded by Kasper Faber . His son Anton Faber took over in 1774 and the company came to be known as the A.W. Faber Company . Anton 's grandson , Johann Lothar , took charge of the business in 1839 . Johann Lothar 's youngest son , Eberhard Faber ( 1822 -- 1879 ) , came to the United States in 1848 . He settled in New York City , and by 1850 , had opened a store selling pencils and other stationery items in Manhattan . In 1861 , Faber opened the American manufacturing branch of A.W. Faber , in a factory close to the East River , near 42nd Street ( Manhattan ) , where the United Nations now stands . It was the first pencil factory opened in the United States . Faber also developed his own line of wax crayons by as early as 1883 . E. Faber 's wax crayons were available in packages of 6 , 12 , 18 , 24 and 36 in a variety of assorted colors . While their cedar wood encased crayons were a hybrid on the traditional all wax crayon , this nonetheless should be regarded as one of the earliest available wax crayon products . Later they would offer traditional all - wax crayons as well . After a fire destroyed the original factory , they moved their location to Brooklyn . The Faber Company grew to become one of the largest pencil manufacturers in the world , with additional factories located in Germany , Canada , and Argentina . Charles a Bowley ( edit ) Another one of the earliest recorded evidence of the modern paraffin wax crayon comes from Charles A. Bowley , a resident outside of Danvers , MA who developed what he thought were the first wax coloring crayons in the late 1880s . Mr. Bowley had been selling various stationery items around the vicinity of Danvers and had developed clumps of colored wax designed for marking leather . With the need for more accuracy , he went back to his home and formed the wax crayons into more manageable cylinder shapes similar to that of a pencil . The crayons were approximately five and one - half inches long and sold out quickly . He packaged his crayons into decorative boxes and offered them through stationer clients he knew . The demand for his crayons soon exceeded his ability to keep up with production and he contacted the American Crayon Company in 1902 to partner and create a full blown catalog of crayon offerings . Early Dixon crayon ad from Aug 1901 Joseph Dixon Crucible Co ( edit ) The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. was formed in March 1868 from the existing Joe Dixon and Company that Joseph Dixon ran . While the company primarily produced pencils , like many of their contemporaries ( E. Faber and Eagle Pencil ) they too expanded into a line of wax crayons for offer in 1887 . The Dixon Solid Crayons were offered in as many as 15 colors by 1902 . In addition to their initial Dixon brand they went on to produce the Educator , Gem and Prestite lines of crayons before the company merged with American Crayon to form the Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983 . They continue to produce numerous brands of crayons to today . Prang Educational Company ( edit ) Louis Prang , one of the principal fathers of art education in schools throughout the United States , also developed his own line of watercolor crayons , very similar to the modern wax - based crayon . Through his business , the Prang Educational Company , he sold several crayon products during the timeframe from the late 1880s through the early 20th century . Several examples of these exist in private collections to this day . In 1915 Prang merged his company into the American Crayon company and he served on the board for several years afterward . Known crayon boxes from B.B. Crayons B.B. Crayons ( edit ) Perhaps one of the most mysterious companies to offer a full set of brands was a company simply known as B.B. ( they have a trademarked double bumblebee on their logo . ) They offered several boxes similar in size and composition to that of the earliest of crayon boxes from the late 19th century with products such as Cadet ( featuring a civil war tent camp backdrop ) , Favorite , Junior Artists , and The Winner brands . Milton Bradley Co ( edit ) Founded in 1860 , the Milton Bradley Company is the oldest game manufacturer in the United States . They did n't stop by offering just games however . They were also instrumental in the promotion of the early kindergarten movement rising up during the late 19th century . Bradley , inspired by a lecture from Elizabeth Peabody on the teachings of German scholar Friedrich Fröbel concerning education through creative activities , spent much of his life developing and selling products around this pursuit . Through the Milton Bradley Company , he produced wax crayons for retail as early as 1895 under the Bradley name . In addition to the Bradley line of crayons , they also produced Brodlyne , Copley , Banner , Big Boy , Crayrite , Economo , Embeco , Manual Art , Tru - Tone and Springfield Solid and other brands . In addition , they produced a series of licensed character crayon products such as Popeye , Mother Goose , Howdy Doody , Little Lulu , Moon Mullins , Lone Ranger , Little Orphan Annie and Sergeant William Preston . The company was acquired by Hasbro in 1984 . Crayon ad showing two boxes of Standard Crayon products from 1901 Standard crayon Company ( edit ) The Standard Crayon Company began their operations in the late 1890s . Though the exact date of their beginning is not clear , there is documentation on a receipt from the state of Maine from 1897 . There is also information on size of the company from 1899 police report investigating child labor complaints ( the company had 72 employees that year ) . It is also unclear exactly when they started producing wax crayon products but ads featuring their Centennial and Falcon brands of crayons began appearing as early as Jan 1900 . They went on to produce Clover , Acme , Hummer , Gem , Crown , Crest Light , Bon - Ton , Crayel , Velazquez , Buster , Old Master , Viking , Bril - Tone , Murillo and other crayon lines before eventually being purchased by Binney & Smith Inc. in 1958 . American crayon ( edit ) Known for their chalk crayons , the American Crayon Company in Sandusky , OH spread out to the wax crayon market in 1902 . As the popularity of Bowley 's crayons spread to schools , his ability to keep up with production forced him to partner with the American Crayon Company who increased his manufacturing output by adopting his crayons and offering a full blown catalog of crayons in 1902 . These boxes included The American Crescent Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 color packages , the American Special School and Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 colors , the American Electric drawing crayons in 7 and 12 colors , the American Brownie crayons in 7 , 12 and 28 colors along with a wooden canister containing 14 colors , the American Perfection crayons in a wooden canister of 7 colors , the American Banner containing six colors and a pencil sharpener . They continued to expand their crayon line to include brands such as Blendwel , Crayograph , Crayarto , Colorit , Crayonart , Crayonex , Emerald , Excello , Giant , Imperial , Kantroll , Kindograph , Kroma , Lakeshore , Old King Cole , Paragon , Pastello , Payons , Perfection , Popeye , Prang , Sketcho , Playmates , Waxena , Wonder and Young Artist brands among others . In 1957 they merged with Joseph Dixon Crucible which eventually merged to form Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983 ; which continues to make and sell crayons to this day . Eagle pencil Company ( edit ) In 1902 another pencil company began to offer up crayons . The Eagle Pencil Company , New York , NY , featured a line of wax crayons offered up in 6 and 12 count boxes with a color line that included White , Pink , Violet , Terrasienna , Yellow , Blue , Brick Red , Brown , Orange , Red , Green and Black . Eagle Pencil began in 1856 and quickly became one of the four major pencil manufacturers in the United States ( Joseph Dixon Crucible , Eberhard Faber and American Lead Pencil were the others . ) Though always considered a side item , they continued with their crayons through the mid 40s with the introduction of their Color - Glo Eagle crayons . They closed their NY factory in 1958 and under various mergers and acquisitions they still operate selling pencils to this day with Berol . A March 1905 ad from Crayola L. & C. Hardtmuth ( edit ) There is n't a lot of clear data on L. & C. Hardtmuth , New York , NY except to know that they were pencil and crayon manufacturers starting with crayons at least as early as 1903 ; perhaps even earlier . What is interesting about this company at this time was their large selection of crayon colors for the time . A 1905 ad describes 48 different colors available for sale ; the most variety of colors coming out of any crayon manufacturer at the time . New England crayon Company ( edit ) New England Crayon Company began their crayon operations in 1905 under Wadsworth , Howland & Co. out of Boston , MA . This company ran until 1912 . They introduced a line of Pride crayons featuring the popular `` The Brownies '' characters . They were available in 28 colors . Their factory boasted having the only steam operated molding machine back in 1907 ; allowing them cost efficiencies passed on to the consumer . Originally Munsell produced his own crayons and later sold the rights to Crayola . Albert H. Munsell ( edit ) Another significant contributor to crayon history is Albert Henry Munsell , the professor who did scientific experiments in color that led to his published 1905 `` A Color Notation '' work . He created the Munsell Color System in 1915 and started his own Munsell Color Company in 1917 . Initially he produced high quality coloring crayons through Wadsworth , Howland & Co. as early as 1906 and then later through his own company . In 1926 , Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company 's Munsell Crayon line , consisting twenty - two colors : five principal and five intermediate hues , each at maximum chroma , and with middle value and middle chroma , plus middle grey and black . They kept the Munsell name on products such as `` Munsell - Crayola '' and `` Munsell - Perma '' up until 1934 and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes . The Munsell colors were produced in specially - marked Crayola boxes until 1944 , when wartime shortages made many of the pigments required for crayon production unavailable . When Binney & Smith resumed full production of Crayola crayons in 1949 , the Munsell line was discontinued . A few of the colors were incorporated into the No. 48 box ; Middle Yellow - Red became Medium Orange , and Maximum Blue became Blue - Green , while Middle Grey had been incorporated into the Crayola line as Neutral Gray , and later simply Gray . Medium Orange was discontinued in 1958 , but Blue - Green and Gray remain part of the Crayola line . Others ( edit ) Many other companies took to producing crayons as well . J. Pressman out of New York had a license for Disney 's Snow White characters and produced Snow White crayons for a short time . Ullman Mfg Co. , NY was another early crayon adopter featuring their Priscilla brand of crayons . Hundreds of companies entered the crayon market , but only a few exist today , with Crayola dominating the market in the United States . In all , there were over 300 documented crayon manufacturers in the United States and many more in other countries . Today ( edit ) Crayola crayons . Beyond Crayola , other brand name crayon manufacturers today include Rose Art Industries and Dixon Ticonderoga . There are also numerous suppliers who create generic brand or store brand crayons . These are typically found in supermarkets . In 2000 there was a concern about potential contamination of asbestos in many popular brands of crayons after the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported in May of that year that they had tests performed finding that three brands of crayons contained asbestos . In a follow - up study released in June the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) found traces of asbestos fibers in three crayons and larger amounts of transitional fibers which can be misinterpreted as asbestos as a result of using talc as a binding agent in additional crayons . CPSC declared the risk to be low , but said that because of the concerns it had asked manufacturers to reformulate the concerned crayons and commended them for their swift agreement to do so . Further tests have shown the risk to be insignificant , especially since the largest risk of asbestos is produced when it becomes friable and is then inhaled . Because the fibers are trapped in wax this is unlikely . As part of their testing the CPSC simulated heavy use by a child and did not find significant amounts of fibers released . Artists ( edit ) Early French artists , including Francois Clouet ( 1510 - 1572 ) and Nicholas L'agneau ( 1590 - 1666 ) , used crayons in their early art projects . Clouet used crayons for his modeled portraits , which were so elaborate that he caught the attention of Henry V , who knighted him . He became court painter for the royalty , and his entire art career began and consisted of some wax crayon art . L'agneau illustrated his portraits with outlines in wax crayons , and with tints of watercolor . His portraits were often of people who looked surprised or unaware of their surroundings . Sister Gertrude Morgan was most known for preaching the Gospel around New Orleans with simplicity and easy - to - understand crayon drawings . Morgan caught the eye of a gallery owner E. Lorenz Borenstein , and was allowed to show her work , play her music and spread her word of God at the gallery . Her early drawings were that of just very modest and simplicity crayon drawings , depicting biblical text to provide a clearer image to those who were unfamiliar with the Bible . Morgan went on to publish a record of her biblical songs and has artwork featured in the American Folk Art Museum in New York . Modern artists working at a professional level with crayons include Don Marco , Kristina Nelson , and Jeffrey Robert . See also ( edit ) List of art mediums List of Crayola crayon colors Inkstick References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Asinger , F. Paraffins : Chemistry and Technology . Long Island City , NY : English Edition Copyright , 1968 . 47 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Beccy ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Chemist who came up with washable crayons dies in Wichita '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th ed . ) . Merriam - Webster , Inc. 2004 . p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 808 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , John ( 1847 ) . Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. 3 ( 3rd ed . ) . London : A. Spottiswoode . p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Girdler , Reynolds . `` Crayons in the History of the Arts . '' Art Education . 20.1 ( January 1967 ) : 30 - 32 . Print . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( 1914 ) . History and Methods of Ancient Modern Painting . New York , NY : E.P. Dutton & Company . p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Crayola Web Site -- History of Crayons '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nicolas Conte and the Invention of Conte Crayons '' . Jump up ^ Baynes , Thomas ( 1888 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 . New York , NY : Henry G. Allen & Company . p. 698 . Jump up ^ The Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office . Vol 105 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Jul -- Aug 1903 . p. 968 . Jump up ^ Kitchel , A.F. ( 1961 ) . The Story of a Rainbow . Easton , PA : Crayola LLC . Jump up ^ New York Teachers Monographs . Vol 7 ( No 1 ed . ) . New York , NY : American Book Company . March 1905 . p. 125 . Jump up ^ The Art of `` Crayola '' Painting . Easton , PA : Binney & Smith . 1904 . Jump up ^ The Youth 's Companion . Boston , MA : Perry Mason & Co . October 18 , 1906 . p. 524 . Jump up ^ `` Known Binney & Smith crayon products '' . Jump up ^ `` Gold Medals Louisiana Purchase Exposition 1904 '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The West Virginia School Journal . Vol 34 . Morgantown , WV : Acme Publishing Co . October 18 , 1906 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Binney & Smith Product Line -- Crayola No 8 '' . Jump up ^ Kraus , Maria ( 1881 ) . Vol 1 . New York , NY : E. Steiger & Company . p. 23 https://books.google.com/books?id=1ADmIPYz6QEC&pg=RA1-PA23&dq=wax+crayons&cd=1#v=onepage&q=wax%20crayons&f=false . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Willard ( 1883 ) . World 's Colombian Exposition -- Official Catalog . Vol 7 . Chicago , IL : W.B. Conkey Company . p. 23 . Jump up ^ School Journal . Vol L. New York , NY and Chicago , IL : W.B. Conkey Company . Jan 26 , 1895 . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bookseller & Stationer . Vol XVII . Toronto , Canada : W.B. Conkey Company . Jan 1901 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Eberhard Faber Pencil Company Historic District Designation Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Priced and Illustrated Catalogue of Mechanical Instruments . Vol XVII . Philadelphia , PA : James W. Queen and Company . 1883 . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Fuerst , Sidney ( March 1906 ) . New York Teachers ' Monographs . Vol 8 . New York , NY : E.P. Dutton and Company . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Brenda ( 1996 ) . The Best of Its Kind . Fredericksburg , VA : Bookcrafters . pp. 148 -- 149 . ISBN 0 - 9650739 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Brenda ( 1996 ) . The Best of Its Kind . Fredericksburg , VA : Bookcrafters . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 9650739 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hills , William ( July 1887 ) . The Writer . Vol 1 . Boston , MA : Writer Publishing Company . p. 79 . Jump up ^ The School Journal . Vol 65 . American Book Company . August 16 , 1902 . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of the Society of Arts . Vol 1 . Boston , MA : MIT . May 1888 . p. vi . Jump up ^ Elliott , Brenda ( 1996 ) . The Best of Its Kind . Fredericksburg , VA : Bookcrafters . pp. 254 -- 255 . ISBN 0 - 9650739 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Official Virtual Museum for Crayon Collecting -- Prang Educational Co known crayons '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Virtual Museum for Crayon Collecting -- Cadet crayon photo '' . Jump up ^ `` Milton Bradley Company History '' . Jump up ^ The Kindergarten News . Vol 6 . Springfield , MA : Milton Bradley . May 1895 . p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Milton Bradley Crayon Products '' . Jump up ^ Simpson , F.M. ( 1897 ) . Annual Report of the Treasurer of the State of Maine . Springfield , MA : Milton Bradley . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Report of the Chief of the Massachusetts District Police for Year 1899 . Boston , MA : Write and Potter Printing Company . 1899 . p. 188 . Jump up ^ The School Journal . Vol 61 ( No 3 ed . ) . New York , NY : E.L. Kellogg and Company . July 14 , 1900 . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Bookseller and Stationer . Vol 17 ( No 1 ed . ) . Toronto , Canada : The MacLean Publishing Co . Jan 1901 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Crayon Co Known Products '' . Jump up ^ Elliott , Brenda ( 1996 ) . The Best of Its Kind . Fredericksburg , VA : Bookcrafters . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 9650739 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ The American Crayon Company Wax and Oil Crayons Price List . Sandusky , OH : American Crayon Co . March 1902 . Jump up ^ `` American Crayon Co . Known Products '' . Jump up ^ The School Journal . New York , NY : University Publishing Co . September 6 , 1902 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Pencil Co . Known Products '' . Jump up ^ `` The Common Pencil and the Eagle Pencil Company '' . Jump up ^ School Education . Vol 26 . Minneapolis , MN : School Education . Feb 1907 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` New England Crayon Co -- Known Products '' . Jump up ^ A Color Notation ( No 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Geo . H. Ellis Company . 1907 . Jump up ^ `` Munsell Color Science Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ Western Drawing and Manual Training Instruction . Vol 13 . Proria , IL : J.W. Franks & Sons . 1906 . p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` American Scientist '' . Jump up ^ Crayons Chalk Water Colors . New York , NY : Binney & Smith Co. 1927 . pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Crayons Chalk Water Colors . New York , NY : Binney & Smith Co. 1934 . Jump up ^ Ed Welter , The Definitive History of the Colors of Crayola , CrayonCollecting.com . Jump up ^ Andrew Schneider ; Carol Smith ( May 23 , 2000 ) . `` Major brands of kids ' crayons contain asbestos , tests show '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CPSC Releases Test Results on Crayons , Industry to reformulate '' . U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission . June 13 , 2000 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CPSC Staff Report on Asbestos Fibers in Children 's Crayons '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission . August 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Crayon Me a River '' . December 31 , 2005 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN , SISTER GERTRUDE ( 1900 - 1980 ) . '' The Encyclopedia of American Folk Art . London : Routledge , 2003 . Credo Reference . Web . 24 September 2012 Jump up ^ Marco , Don . `` Don Marco Gallery '' . Shopify . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Kristina . `` Crayon Art '' . Art is Fun . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert , Jeffrey . `` Jeffrey Robert the Crayon Artist '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crayons . Look up crayon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Crayon Collecting Research Site Crayon History Site PBS Kids movie about how crayons are made Timeline of Crayola crayon colors Inventors of crayons Timeline of the Crayola Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayon&oldid=808756786 '' Categories : Art materials American inventions Stationery Products introduced in 1903 Children 's art Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் اردو Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many crayola crayons does it take to circle the world
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The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter
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The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter - Wikipedia The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Film poster Directed by Jody Hill Produced by Scott Rudin Written by Jody Hill John Carcieri Danny McBride Starring Josh Brolin Montana Jordan Danny McBride Cinematography Eric Treml Production company Rough House Pictures Scott Rudin Productions Distributed by Netflix Release date March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) ( SXSW ) July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter is a 2018 American comedy film directed by Jody Hill and written by Jody Hill , John Carcieri , and Danny McBride . The film stars Josh Brolin , Montana Jordan and Danny McBride . It premiered at the 2018 South by Southwest festival and was later released worldwide on July 6 , 2018 by Netflix . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The great hunter Buck Ferguson and his trusted cameraman Don set out for an epic weekend adventure to reconnect with Buck 's young son . Cast ( edit ) Josh Brolin as Buck Ferguson , Jaden 's father , Linda 's ex-husband and Don 's friend Montana Jordan as Jaden Ferguson , Linda and Buck 's son Danny McBride as Don , the trusted friend of Buck Ferguson Carrie Coon as Linda Ferguson , Buck 's ex-wife and Jaden 's mother Scoot McNairy as Greg , Linda 's boyfriend . Production ( edit ) In June 2015 , it was announced Danny McBride and Josh Brolin would star in the film . In November 2015 , it was reported that Montana Jordan was cast in the film . In January 2016 , Scoot McNairy joined the cast . Principal photography began in October 2015 . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 33 % based on 15 reviews , and an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 10 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Eastbound & Down ' Crew Has ' Legacy Of A Whitetail Deer Hunter ' In Crosshairs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Glenn ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Ore City student to co-star in Josh Brolin Movie '' . Longview News - Journal . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Scoot McNairy Cast In ' Legacy Of A Whitetail Deer Hunter ' & ' 478 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Brolin Revels in the Role of Go - To Guy '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter on IMDb Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird Eighth Grade Annihilation Isle of Dogs The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Game Over , Man ! 22 July Mid90s The Girl in the Spider 's Web Late Night Untitled Pippa Bianco project The Woman in the Window This film article about a 2010s comedy is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legacy_of_a_Whitetail_Deer_Hunter&oldid=854403109 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films 2010s comedy films American comedy films Films shot in North Carolina Netflix original films 2010s comedy film stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the legacy of a whitetail deer hunter filmed
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AFL–CIO
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AFL -- CIO - wikipedia AFL -- CIO AFL - CIO Full name American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations Founded December 4 , 1955 ; 62 years ago ( 1955 - 12 - 04 ) Members 12,741,859 ( 2014 ) Affiliation ITUC Key people Richard Trumka , president Office location 815 16th Street NW , Washington , D.C. Country United States Website aflcio.org The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL - CIO ) is the largest federation of unions in the United States . It is made up of fifty - six national and international unions , together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers . The AFL - CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism , typically in support of Democrats and liberal or progressive policies . The AFL - CIO was formed in 1955 when the AFL and the CIO merged after a long estrangement . Membership in the union peaked in 1979 , when the AFL - CIO had nearly twenty million members . From 1955 until 2005 , the AFL - CIO 's member unions represented nearly all unionized workers in the United States . Several large unions split away from AFL - CIO and formed the rival Change to Win Federation in 2005 , although a number of those unions have since re-affiliated . The largest union currently in the AFL - CIO is the American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees ( AFSCME ) , with approximately 1.4 million members . Contents 1 Membership 2 Political activities 3 Governance 4 Constituency groups 5 Allied organizations 6 Programs 7 International policy 8 History 8.1 Civil rights 8.1. 1 AFL - CIO opposition to illegal immigration 8.2 New Unity Partnership 8.3 ILWU disaffiliation 8.4 Presidents 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Constitution 11.2 Archives 12 External links Membership ( edit ) Total membership ( US records ; × 1000 ) Finances ( US records ; × $1000 ) Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements Main article : List of unions affiliated with the AFL - CIO The AFL - CIO is a federation of international labor unions . As a voluntary federation , the AFL - CIO has little authority over the affairs of its member unions except in extremely limited cases ( such as the ability to expel a member union for corruption and enforce resolution of disagreements over jurisdiction or organizing ) . As of June 2014 , the AFL - CIO had 56 member unions representing 12.5 million members . Political activities ( edit ) The AFL - CIO was a major component of the New Deal Coalition that dominated politics into the mid-1960s . Although it has lost membership , finances , and political clout since 1970 , it remains a major player on the liberal side of national politics , with a great deal of activity in lobbying , grassroots organizing , coordinating with other liberal organizations , fund - raising , and recruiting and supporting candidates around the country . In recent years the AFL - CIO has concentrated its political efforts on lobbying in Washington and the state capitals , and on `` GOTV '' ( get - out - the - vote ) campaigns in major elections . For example , in the 2010 midterm elections , it sent 28.6 million pieces of mail . Members received a `` slate card '' with a list of union endorsements matched to the member 's congressional district , along with a `` personalized '' letter from President Obama emphasizing the importance of voting . In addition , 100,000 volunteers went door - to - door to promote endorsed candidates to 13 million union voters in 32 states . Governance ( edit ) The AFL - CIO is governed by its members , who meet in a quadrennial convention . Each member union elects delegates , based on proportional representation . The AFL - CIO 's state federations , central and local labor councils , constitutional departments , and constituent groups are also entitled to delegates . The delegates elect officers and vice presidents , debate and approve policy , and set dues . Executive council The AFL - CIO has three executive officers : president , secretary - treasurer and executive vice president . Each officer 's term is four years , and elections occur at the quadrennial convention . Current officers are Richard Trumka ( President ) , Liz Shuler ( Secretary - Treasurer ) and Tefere Gebre ( Executive Vice-President ) . The AFL - CIO membership elects 43 vice presidents at each convention , who have a term of four years . The AFL - CIO constitution permits the president of the federation to appoint up to three additional vice presidents during the period when the convention is not in session . Annual meetings From 1951 to 1996 , the Executive Council held its winter meeting in the resort town of Bal Harbour , Florida . The meeting at the Bal Harbour Sheraton has been the object of frequent criticism , including over a labor dispute at the hotel itself . Citing image concerns , the council changed the meeting site to Los Angeles . However , the meeting was moved back to Bal Harbour several years later . The 2012 meeting was held in Orlando , Florida . Executive committee An executive committee was authorized by constitutional change in 2005 . The executive committee is composed of the president , vice presidents from the 10 largest affiliates , and nine other vice presidents chosen in consultation with the executive council . The other two officers are non-voting ex officio members . The executive committee governs the AFL - CIO between meetings of the executive council , approves its budget , and issues charters ( two duties formerly discharged by the executive council ) . It is required to meet at least four times a year , and in practice meets on an as - needed basis ( which may mean once a month or more ) . General Board The AFL - CIO also has a General Board . Its members are the AFL - CIO executive council , the chief executive officer of each member union , the president of each AFL - CIO constitutional department , and four regional representatives elected by the AFL - CIO 's state federations . The General Board 's duties are very limited . It only takes up matters referred to it by the executive council , but referrals are rare . However , because of the sensitive nature of political endorsements and the advisability of consensus when making them , the General Board traditionally is the body that provides the AFL - CIO 's endorsement of candidates for president and vice president of the United States . State and local bodies AFL - CIO headquarters in Washington , D.C. Article XIV of the AFL - CIO constitution permits the AFL - CIO to charter and organize state , regional , local and citywide bodies . They are commonly called `` state federations '' and `` central labor councils '' ( CLCs ) , although the names of the various bodies varies widely at the local and regional level . Each body has its own charter , which establishes its jurisdiction , governance structure , mission , and more . Jurisdiction tends to be geo - political : Each state or territory has its own `` state federation . '' In large cities , there is usually a CLC covering the city . Outside large cities , CLCs tend to be regional ( to achieve an economy of scale in terms of dues , administrative effectiveness , etc . ) . State federations and CLCs are each entitled to representation and voting rights at the quadrennial convention . The duties of state federations differ from those of CLCs . State federations tend to focus on state legislative lobbying , statewide economic policy , state elections , and other issues of a more overarching nature . CLCs tend to focus on county or city lobbying , city or county elections , county or city zoning and other economic issues , and more local needs . Both state federations and CLCs work to mobilize members around organizing campaigns , collective bargaining campaigns , electoral politics , lobbying ( most often rallies and demonstrations ) , strikes , picketing , boycotts , and similar activities . The AFL - CIO constitution permits international unions to pay state federation and CLC dues directly , rather than have each local or state federation pay them . This relieves each union 's state and local affiliates of the administrative duty of assessing , collecting and paying the dues . International unions assess the AFL - CIO dues themselves , and collect them on top of their own dues - generating mechanisms or simply pay them out of the dues the international collects . But not all international unions pay their required state federation and CLC dues . Constitutional departments Throughout its history , the AFL - CIO had a number of constitutionally mandated departments . Initially , the rationale for having them was that affiliates felt that such decisions should not be left to the whims ( or political needs ) of the president of the federation . Currently , Art . XII establishes seven departments , but allows the executive council or convention of the AFL - CIO to establish others . Each department is largely autonomous , but must conform to the AFL - CIO 's constitution and policies . Each department has its own constitution , membership , officers , governance structure , dues and organizational structure . Departments may establish state and local bodies . Any member union of the AFL - CIO may join a department , provided it formally affiliates and pays dues . The chief executive officer of each department may sit in on the meetings of the AFL - CIO executive council . Departments have representation and voting rights at the AFL - CIO convention . One of the most well - known departments was the Industrial Union Department ( IUD ) . It had been constitutionally mandated by the new AFL - CIO constitution created by the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955 , as CIO unions felt that the AFL 's commitment to industrial unionism was not strong enough to permit the department to survive without a constitutional mandate . For many years , the IUD was a de facto organizing department in the AFL - CIO . For example , it provided money to the near - destitute American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) as it attempted to organize the United Federation of Teachers in 1961 . The organizing money enabled the AFT to win the election and establish its first large collective bargaining affiliate . For many years , the IUD remained rather militant on a number of issues . It proved to be a center of opposition to AFL - CIO president John Sweeney , and was abolished in 1999 . There are six AFL - CIO constitutionally mandated departments : Building and Construction Trades Department , AFL - CIO Maritime Trades Department , AFL - CIO Metal Trades Department , AFL - CIO Department for Professional Employees , AFL - CIO Transportation Trades Department , AFL - CIO Union Label Department , AFL - CIO Constituency groups ( edit ) Constituency groups are nonprofit organizations chartered and funded by the AFL - CIO as voter registration and mobilization bodies . These groups conduct research , host training and educational conferences , issue research reports and publications , lobby for legislation and build coalitions with local groups . Each constituency group has the right to sit in on AFL - CIO executive council meetings , and to exercise representational and voting rights at AFL - CIO conventions . The AFL - CIO 's seven constituency groups include the A. Philip Randolph Institute , the AFL - CIO Union Veterans Council , the Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance , the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists , the Coalition of Labor Union Women , the Labor Council for Latin American Advancement and Pride at Work . Allied organizations ( edit ) The Working for America Institute started out as a department of the AFL - CIO . Established in 1958 , it was previously known as the Human Resources Development Institute ( HRDI ) . John Sweeney renamed the department and spun it off as an independent organization in 1998 to act as a lobbying group to promote economic development , develop new economic policies , and lobby Congress on economic policy . The American Center for International Labor Solidarity started out as the Free Trade Union Committee ( FTUC ) , which internationally promoted free labor - unions . Other organizations that are allied with the AFL - CIO include : Alliance for Retired Americans Solidarity Center American Rights at Work International Labor Communications Association Jobs with Justice Labor Heritage Foundation Labor and Working - Class History Association National Day Laborer Organizing Network United Students Against Sweatshops Working America Working for America Institute Ohio Organizing Collaborative Programs ( edit ) Programs are organizations established and controlled by the AFL - CIO to serve certain organizational goals . Programs of the AFL - CIO include the AFL - CIO Building Investment Trust , the AFL - CIO Employees Federal Credit Union , the AFL - CIO Housing Investment Trust , the National Labor College and Union Privilege . International policy ( edit ) The AFL - CIO is affiliated to the Brussels - based International Trade Union Confederation , formed November 1 , 2006 . The new body incorporated the member organizations of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions , of which the AFL - CIO had long been part . The AFL - CIO had had a very active foreign policy in building and strengthening free trade unions . During the Cold War it vigorously opposed Communist unions in Latin America and Europe . In opposing Communism it helped split the CGT in France and helped create the anti-Communist Force Ouvriere . History ( edit ) For the history of the AFL - CIO prior to and including the merger see American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations and Labor unions in the United States . Civil rights ( edit ) AFL - CIO headquarters in Washington , D.C. The AFL - CIO has a long relationship with civil rights struggles . One of the major points of contention between the AFL and the CIO , particularly in the era immediately after the CIO split off , was the CIO 's willingness to include black workers ( excluded by the AFL in its focus on craft unionism . ) Later , blacks would also criticize the CIO for abandoning their interests , particularly after the merger with the AFL . In 1961 , Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , gave a speech titled `` If the Negro Wins , Labor Wins '' to the organization 's convention in Bal Harbour , Florida . King hoped for a coalition between civil rights and labor that would improve the situation for the entire working class by ending white supremacy . However , King also criticized the AFL - CIO for its tolerance of unions that excluded black workers . `` I would be lacking in honesty , '' he told the delegates of the 1965 Illinois AFL - CIO Convention during his keynote address , `` if I did not point out that the labor movement of thirty years ago did more in that period for civil rights than labor is doing today ... Our combined strength is potentially enormous , but we have not used a fraction of it for our own good or the needs of society as a whole . '' King and the AFL - CIO diverged further in 1967 , when King announced his opposition to the Vietnam War , which the AFL - CIO strongly supported . The AFL - CIO endorsed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . AFL - CIO opposition to illegal immigration ( edit ) As a whole , during the 1970s the AFL - CIO 's policies towards illegal immigrants mirrored the economic arguments made towards legal immigrants during the first half of the century . During this time the AFL - CIO believed that illegal immigrants were willing to work for less money under worse conditions than legal workers , and thus would drag down the wages of native workers and increase unemployment . They therefore pushed for policies aimed at reducing the flow of illegal immigration , such as increased enforcement and employer sanctions . New Unity Partnership ( edit ) In 2003 , the AFL - CIO began an intense internal debate over the future of the labor movement in the United States with the creation of the New Unity Partnership ( NUP ) , a loose coalition of some of the AFL - CIO 's largest unions . This debate intensified in 2004 , after the defeat of labor - backed candidate John Kerry in the November 2004 U.S. presidential election . The NUP 's program for reform of the federation included reduction of the central bureaucracy , more money spent on organizing new members rather than on electoral politics , and a restructuring of unions and locals , eliminating some smaller locals and focusing more along the lines of industrial unionism . In 2005 , the NUP dissolved and the Change to Win Federation ( CtW ) formed , threatening to secede from the AFL - CIO if its demands for major reorganization were not met . As the AFL - CIO prepared for its 50th anniversary convention in late July , three of the federations ' four largest unions announced their withdrawal from the federation : the Service Employees International Union ( SEIU ) , the International Brotherhood of Teamsters ( `` The Teamsters '' ) , and the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union ( UFCW ) . UNITE HERE disaffiliated in mid-September 2005 , the United Farm Workers left in January 2006 , and the Laborers ' International Union of North America disaffiliated on June 1 , 2006 . Two unions later left CtW and rejoined the AFL - CIO . After a bitter internal leadership dispute that involved allegations of embezzlement and accusations that SEIU was attempting to raid the union , a substantial number of UNITE HERE members formed their own union ( Workers United ) while the remainder of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL - CIO on September 17 , 2009 . The Laborers ' International Union of North America said on August 13 , 2010 , that it would also leave Change to Win and rejoin the AFL - CIO in October 2010 . ILWU disaffiliation ( edit ) In August 2013 , the International Longshore and Warehouse Union ( ILWU ) disaffiliated from the AFL - CIO . The ILWU said that members of other AFL - CIO unions were crossing its picket lines , and the AFL - CIO had done nothing to stop it . The ILWU also cited the AFL - CIO 's willingness to compromise on key policies such as labor law reform , immigration reform , and health care reform . The longshoremen 's union said it would become an independent union . Presidents ( edit ) George Meany ( 1955 -- 1979 ) Lane Kirkland ( 1979 -- 1995 ) Thomas R. Donahue ( 1995 ) John J. Sweeney ( 1995 -- 2009 ) Richard Trumka ( 2009 - ) See also ( edit ) Change to Win Federation Directly Affiliated Local Union ( DALU ) Labor federation competition in the U.S. Labor movement Labor unions in the United States List of unions affiliated with the AFL - CIO List of U.S. trade unions Union organizer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 106 . Report submitted September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` Promising a New Day , Again . '' New York Times . September 15 , 2009 ; Greenhouse , Steven . `` Labor Leader Is Stepping Down Both Proud and Frustrated . '' New York Times . September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFL - CIO '' . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy J. Minchin , Labor under Fire : A History of the AFL - CIO since 1979 ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Jillson , Cal ( July 2007 ) . American Government : Political Change and Institutional Development . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0415960779 . Jump up ^ US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 289 . Report submitted March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 106 . ( Search ) Jump up ^ Constitution Art . X , Sec. 17 Jump up ^ Nelson Lichtenstein , State of the Union : A Century of American Labor ( 2nd ed. 2013 ) Jump up ^ William Holley ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Labor Relations Process . Cengage Learning . p. 153ff . ISBN 978 - 1133713623 . Jump up ^ AFL - CIO , `` AFL - CIO Announces Huge ' FINAL FOUR ' GOTV Push '' `` Press release '' Oct. 30 2010 Archived 2006 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deirdre ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` AFL - CIO steps up get - out - the - vote effort '' . CNN . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray M. Tillman and Michael S. Cummings , The Transformation of U.S. Unions : Voices , Visions , and Strategies from the Grassroots ( 1999 ) pp 49 - 60 explains in detail the governance structure of the AFL - CIO Jump up ^ See `` Executive Council '' Archived 2015 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Galvin , Kevin ( 19 February 1996 ) . `` AFL - CIO saying goodbye to fun in sun as it fights decline '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 5 . The Bal Harbour meeting dates to 1951 , before the American Federation of Labor merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations . Jump up ^ Stieghorst , Tom ( 21 December 1991 ) . `` AFL - CIO May Cancel Annual Trip Sheraton Bal Harbor Focus Of Labor Dispute '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sturr , Chris ( 24 September 2009 ) . `` The Staley Lockout ( Thad Williamson ) '' . Dollars & Sense . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . In of the book 's most memorable scenes , Staley workers made a pilgrimage to AFL - CIO executive council meetings in Bal Harbour , Florida in February 1995 , confronting stunned national leaders inside the luxurious Sheraton Hotel . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Dan ( 19 February 1986 ) . `` Maverick strikers refused meeting '' . United Press International . Renegade strikers at a Minnesota Hormel plant were refused entrance to an AFL - CIO Executive Council meeting Wednesday and they accused President Lane Kirkland and other labor leaders of being ' out of touch ' with workers . Jump up ^ `` Media Advisory for AFL - CIO Executive Council Meeting February 17 -- 20 '' . Press Releases . AFL - CIO . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Top leaders of the AFL - CIO will meet for nearly a week at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles beginning Sunday , February 16th -- the first time in more than 30 years that the winter executive council meeting has not been held in the resort town of Bal Harbour , Florida . Jump up ^ Hershey , William ( 23 February 1996 ) . `` Union Meeting Heads for L.A. : After 70 Years of Flocking to Florida , AFL - CIO Will Go Where There 's Work , Organizing to Be Done '' . Akron Beacon Journal . p . B8 . Jump up ^ Strope , Leigh ( 9 March 2004 ) . `` AFL - CIO President Says Bush AWOL on Jobs '' . Associated Press Online . The decision to return to Bal Harbor , where room rates for the meeting start at $225 a night , was made a few years ago to avoid losing deposit money , Sweeney said . Jump up ^ Daraio , Robert ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` The AFL - CIO Executive Council and the IATSE General Executive Board Endorses Obama for Second Term '' . Broadcast Union News . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Michelle Amber , `` SEIU Agrees to Pay Nearly $4 Million to Settle Dispute With AFL - CIO Over Dues , '' Daily Labor Report , March 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Tom . `` Labor to Stress Get - Out - the - Vote Among Members in Fall Elections , '' Labor Relations Week , October 21 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Under AFL - CIO president Lane Kirkland , the Free Trade Union Committee had four units : the American Institute for Free Labor Development ( AIFLD ) , which covered Latin America ; the African - American Labor Center ( AALC ) ; the Asian - American Free Labor Institute ( AAFLI ) ; and the Free Trade Union Institute ( FTUI ) , which was active Europe . These four units were merged into the American Center for International Labor Solidarity in 1997 . Jump up ^ Robert Anthony Waters and Geert van Goethem , eds. , American Labor 's Global Ambassadors : The International History of the AFL - CIO During the Cold War ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2014 ) Jump up ^ Targ , Harry ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Class and Race in the US Labor Movement : The Case of the Packinghouse Workers '' . Political Affairs . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sustar , Lee ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Socialist Worker '' . Blacks and the Great Depression . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . But the well - entrenched bureaucrats of the AFL had long used racism to keep strict control over their membership , and could not countenance the threat of a racially united rank and file . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , p. 184 , Random House , New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Herbert ( Spring 1961 ) . `` Racism Within Organized Labor : A Report of Five Years of the AFL - CIO , 1955 - 1960 '' . The Journal of Negro Education . 30 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 118 . doi : 10.2307 / 2294330 . JSTOR 2294330 . Jump up ^ Honey , Michael K. ( 2007 ) . `` Dr. King , Labor , and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike , Martin Luther King 's last campaign . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04339 - 6 . He optimistically projected a coalition in which registered blacks and organized labor would vote together to improve the conditions of all Americans . Yet King did not shirk from condemning union racism , nor did Randolph and the NAACP , leading to open conflict with AFL - CIO president George Meany . Jump up ^ Soderstrom , Carl ; Soderstrom , Robert ; Stevens , Chris ; Burt , Andrew ( 2018 ) . Forty Gavels : The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL - CIO . 3 . Peoria , IL : CWS Publishing . pp. 261 - 261 . ISBN 978 - 0998257532 . Jump up ^ Honey , Michael K. ( 2007 ) . `` Standing at the Crossroads '' . Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike , Martin Luther King 's last campaign . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04339 - 6 . King 's antiwar position opened a huge gap between him and the AFL - CIO , its member unions , and its president , George Meany , who strongly supported the war . Jump up ^ Dubofsky , Melvyn ( 1994 ) . The State & Labor in Modern America . University of North Carolina Press . p. 223 . ISBN 9780807844366 . Jump up ^ ( Jacobson , Robin and Geron , Kim ( 2008 ) ' Unions and the Politics of Immigration ' , Socialism and Democracy , 22 : 3,105 -- 122 , Page 112 ) Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Two Top Unions Split From AFL - CIO , Others Are Expected To Follow Teamsters '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` Third Union Is Leaving A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' New York Times . July 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` 4th Union Quits A.F.L. - C.I.O. in a Dispute Over Organizing . '' New York Times . September 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` Washington : United Farm Workers Quit A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' New York Times . January 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Laborers ' Announce Official Split With AFL - CIO As of June 1 . '' Engineering News - Record . May 29 , 2006 ; `` Laborer 's to Make AFL - CIO Break Official . '' Chicago Sun Times . May 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Larrubia , Evelyn . `` UNITE HERE Faction Sets Vote on Leaving Union . '' Los Angeles Times . March 7 , 2009 ; Mishak , Michael . `` UNITE HERE Even More Split as Co-Leader Resigns in Huff . '' Las Vegas Sun . May 31 , 2009 ; Greenhouse , Steven . `` Infighting Distracts Unions at Crucial Time . '' New York Times . July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steve . `` Union Rejoining A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' New York Times . September 17 , 2009 ; Stutz , Howard . `` Culinary Parent UNITE HERE Rejoins AFL - CIO , Ending Four - Year Separation . '' Las Vegas Review - Journal . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Workers ' Union to Rejoin A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' Associated Press . August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Longshore Union Pulls Out of National AFL - CIO . '' Associated Press . August 31 , 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 08 - 31 . Further reading ( edit ) Amber , Michelle . `` SEIU Agrees to Pay Nearly $4 Million to Settle Dispute With AFL - CIO Over Dues . '' Daily Labor Report . March 2 , 2006 . Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 3 vol ; 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts ISBN 0415968267 Gilroy , Tom . `` Labor to Stress Get - Out - the - Vote Among Members in Fall Elections . '' Labor Relations Week . October 21 , 1998 . Greenhouse , Steven . `` For Chairwoman of Breakaway Labor Coalition , Deep Roots in the Movement . '' New York Times . October 10 , 2005 . Lichtenstein , Nelson . `` Two Roads Forward for Labor : The AFL - CIO 's New Agenda . '' Dissent 61.1 ( 2014 ) : 54 - 58 . Online Lichtenstein , Nelson . State of the Union : A Century of American Labor ( 2nd ed. 2013 ) Minchin , Timothy J. Labor under Fire : A History of the AFL - CIO since 1979 ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . xvi , 414 pp . Mort , Jo - Ann , ed . Not Your Father 's Union Movement : Inside the AFL - CIO ( 2002 ) Rosenfeld , Jake . What Unions No Longer Do . ( Harvard University Press , 2014 ) ISBN 0674725115 Tillman , Ray M. and Michael S. Cummings . The Transformation of U.S. Unions : Voices , Visions , and Strategies from the Grassroots ( 1999 ) Yates , Michael D. Why Unions Matter ( 2009 ) Constitution ( edit ) Constitution of the AFL - CIO , as amended at the Twenty - Fifth Constitutional Convention , July 25 - 28 , 2005 . Accessed January 15 , 2007 . Archives ( edit ) AFL - CIO Region 9 Records . circa 1955 - 2000 . 14.00 cubic feet ( 14 boxes ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Preliminary Guide to the AFL - CIO King County Labor Council of Washington Provisional Trades Section Records . 1935 - 1971 ... 42 cubic foot ( 1 box ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . AFL - CIO , Washington State Labor Council Records . 1919 - 2010 . 187.18 cubic feet . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Washington State Federation of Labor Records . 1901 - 1967 . 45.44 cubic feet ( including 2 microfilm reels , 1 package , and 1 vertical file ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Antonia Bohan 1995 AFL - CIO Convention Delegate Collection . 1995 - 1996 . 0.39 cubic feet ( 1 box and 1 oversized folder ) . At University of Washington Libraries , Special Collections . Contains material collected by Bohan as a Service Employees International Union delegate to the AFL - CIO convention that elected John Sweeney president in 1995 . Jackie Boschok Papers. 1979 - 2011 . 16.32 cubic feet ( 22 boxes ) . At University of Washington Libraries , Special Collections . Contains records from AFL - CIO National Community Services Documents , AFL - CIO Resources , and AFL - CIO Working Women Working Together Conference Records . Phil Lelli Papers. 1933 - 2004 . 10.45 cubic feet ( 11 boxes and 1 vertical file ) . At University of Washington Libraries , Special Collections . Contains `` Principles of Autonomy & Jurisdictional Intergrity within the AFL - CIO '' . George Meany Memorial AFL - CIO Archive . Approximately 40 million documents . At University of Maryland Libraries , Special Collections and University Archives . Contains material that will help researchers better understand pivotal social movements in this country , including those to gain rights for women , children and minorities . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AFL - CIO . Official website AFL - CIO at OpenSecrets.org One Hat for Labor ? by David Moberg , The Nation , April 29 , 2009 . Labor 's Cold War by Tim Shorrock . The Nation , May 19 , 2003 . AFL -- CIO Governance Presidents George Meany ( 1955 -- 1979 ) Lane Kirkland ( 1979 -- 1995 ) Thomas R. Donahue ( 1995 ) John J. Sweeney ( 1995 -- 2009 ) Richard Trumka ( 2009 -- ) Departments Building and Construction Trades Department Maritime Trades Metal Trades Professional Employees Transportation Trades Union Label Constituency groups A. Philip Randolph Institute Alliance for Retired Americans Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance Coalition of Black Trade Unionists Coalition of Labor Union Women Labor Council for Latin American Advancement Pride at Work Allied organizations American Center for International Labor Solidarity International Labor Communications Association Working for America Institute Allied groups American Rights at Work International Rescue Committee Jewish Labor Committee Labor and Working - Class History Association Working America Programs AFL -- CIO Employees Federal Credit Union National Labor College Affiliated unions AAAA AGMA AGVA GIAA AEA ALPA ATU AFGE AFM AFSA AFSCME AFT APWU ARA ATDA BCTGM BRS CSEA CWA FLOC GMPIU IATSE Ironworkers IAFF AWIU IAM Boilermakers IBEW IFPTE ILA Printers & Engravers Novelty and Production Workers BAC IUEC IUOE IUPAT IUPA MEBA NATCA NALC NFLPA / FPA NNU NPMHU OPEIU OPCMIA SAG - AFTRA SIU SMWIA TWU UA UAW UFCW UMWA USW UTU Roofers and Waterproofers UNITE HERE UWUA WGAE State federations Florida Maine Massachusetts Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Washington State West Virginia See also Directly Affiliated Local Union American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations Organized labour portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFL -- CIO&oldid = 852198190 '' Categories : AFL -- CIO National federations of trade unions National trade union centers of the United States Organizations established in 1955 527 organizations Trade Union Confederation of the Americas 1955 establishments in the United States 1955 in economics Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 08 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the afl-cio is considered what type of group
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"The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is the largest federation of unions in the United States. It is made up of fifty-six national and international unions,[3] together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers.[1] The AFL-CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism, typically in support of Democrats and liberal or progressive policies.[4]\n"
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"federation of unions"
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Next of kin
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Next of kin - wikipedia Next of kin This article is about the term . For other uses , see Next of Kin . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A person 's next of kin ( NOK ) is that person 's closest living blood relative or relatives . Some countries , such as the United States , have a legal definition of `` next of kin '' . In other countries , such as the United Kingdom , `` next of kin '' may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all . In some legal systems , rights regarding inheritance ( which imply a decision - making capacity -- for example , in a medical emergency -- where no clear will or instructions have been given , and where the person has no spouse ) flow to the closest relative ( regardless of the age , with a representative appointed if a minor ) , usually a child , a parent or a sibling . However , there are people without any close adult relatives and , in such a case , decision - making power often flows to a niece or nephew , first cousin , aunt or uncle , or grandparent . For example , if a person dies intestate , the laws of some jurisdictions require distribution of the estate to the deceased 's spouse or children . However , if there are none of these , the estate can often be distributed to the next closest group of living relatives , whether they be parents , grandparents , first cousins , aunts and uncles , or second cousins in extreme cases . If a person dies intestate with no identifiable next of kin , the person 's estate generally escheats ( i.e. , legally reverts ) to the government . In cases of medical emergency , where a person is incapable ( either legally because of age or mental infirmity , or because they are unconscious ) of making decisions for themselves and they have no spouse or children , the next of kin may participate in medical decisions made by medical personnel , subject to the specific laws of the jurisdiction . The inability of persons who are not in a legal marriage to make decisions with respect to the care of a live - in partner has resulted in many jurisdictions giving live - in partners rights equivalent to a spouse in such situations , even though most jurisdictions still do not require non-spouses to be made beneficiaries of estates ( it is improper in most jurisdictions to disinherit a spouse ) . The inability of same - sex partners to have rights with respect to a partner 's medical care or funeral arrangements over and above those of the next - of - kin is one of the main reasons behind litigation to require same - sex marriage or its equivalent . For the purposes of next of kin , adopted children are treated as blood relatives . However , relatives by marriage are never considered next of kin . Contents 1 Order of precedence in the United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Ireland 4 References 5 External links Order of precedence in the United States ( edit ) `` American statutes typically provide that , in absence of issue and subject to the share of a surviving spouse , intestate property passes to the parents or to the surviving parent of the decedent '' . Under the civil law system of computation and its various modified forms that are widely adopted by statute in the United States , `` a claimant 's degree of kinship is the total of ( 1 ) the number of the steps , counting one from each generation , from the decedent up to the nearest common ancestor of the decedent and the claimant , and ( 2 ) the number of steps from the common ancestor down to the claimant . '' `` The claimant having the lowest degree count ( i.e. , the nearest or next of kin ) is entitled to the property . '' `` If there are two or more claimants who stand in equal degree of kinship to the decedent , they share per capita . '' Thus , the following conditions determine the usual order of precedence : In the absence of issue ( i.e. , children , grandchildren , and on down the line ) and in absence of your parents and their issue and grandparents and of their issue ( termed `` inner circle '' and are usually specifically mentioned in a statute ) , relatives who are closer in `` degree '' to the person in question always take precedence . For the purposes of this point , `` To determine any person 's degree of relation to the decedent , begin with the decedent and follow the line that connects the decedent with the other person . Each person that must be passed through before reaching the final person adds one degree to the total , including the final person . '' `` Of multiple relations with the same degree , those connecting through a nearer ancestor are more closely related to the decedent . '' Under these rules , an order of precedence is established . Here are the first few in the order ( specifically , those up to degree 6 ) : Spouse Children ( in no particular order ) Parents Siblings Grandchildren Grandparents Nieces / Nephews Aunts / Uncles Great Grandchildren Great Grandparents Great Nieces / Great Nephews First Cousins Great Aunts / Great Uncles Great - Great Grandchildren Great - Great Grandparents Great - Great Nieces / Great - Great Nephews First Cousins Once Removed ( the children of First Cousins and descendants of Grandparents ) First Cousins Once Removed ( the descendants of Great - Grandparents ) Great - Great Aunts / Great - Great Uncles Great - Great - Great Grandchildren Great - Great - Great Grandparents Great - Great - Great Nieces / Great - Great - Great Nephews First Cousins Twice Removed ( the descendants of Grandparents ) Second Cousins First Cousins Twice Removed ( the descendant of Great - Great Grandparents ) Great - Great - Great Aunts / Great - Great - Great Uncles Great - Great - Great - Great Grandchildren Great - Great - Great - Great Grandparents United Kingdom ( edit ) The term has no legal definition in the United Kingdom . An individual can nominate any other individual as their next - of - kin . There is no requirement for the nominated person to be a blood relative or spouse , although it is normally the case . Someone who has no close family ( or who has little or no contact with their surviving family members ) may decide to list someone outside their family as their next of kin , for instance a friend or a neighbour . The nominated person must agree to the nomination , otherwise it is invalid . The status of next - of - kin confers no legal rights and has no special responsibilities , except as referred to below in the specific context of the Mental Health Act . The status of next - of - kin does not in any way imply that they stand to inherit any of the individual 's estate in the event of their death . The intestacy rules stipulate who inherits automatically ( in the absence of a will ) ; an individual can make a will and nominate other persons . If a minor inherits ( children inherit from parents even in the absence of a will ) , then , until the child is 18 years of age , there is a `` trust '' imposed , which means that the executors or trustees of the will remain responsible for the assets until the child is 18 . The term `` next of kin '' should not be confused with parental responsibility . In the context of health care , patients are often asked to nominate a next - of - kin when registering with their general practitioner , or alternatively on admission to hospital . Hospitals will then notify the next - of - kin that the patient has been admitted or if there is any change in their condition . If the patient is unconscious or otherwise unable to state their next - of - kin , hospitals will usually list their nearest blood relative , though there are no specific rules . Doctors attempt to seek the views of the next - of - kin when considering decision making for unconscious patients or those who lack capacity . The next - of - kin has no power to make any decisions regarding medical care , only to advise , and can neither override the previously stated wishes of the patient nor prevent the medical team acting in what they consider to be the best interests of the patient . Traditionally , unmarried partners ( especially same sex ones ) were often excluded by certain institutions , but this has changed in recent years due to the increase in cohabitation in the UK , and in diverse families , such as those formed by unmarried partners with children ( 47.6 % of children were born outside marriage in 2012 ) . As a result of these social changes , the policy in most NHS trusts is to ask a person on their admission to hospital to nominate their next of kin formally . Powers similar to next - of - kin as defined in other jurisdictions can be explicitly delegated to another person using lasting power of attorney , under the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 ( note that this Act does not relate specifically to mental health and is largely unrelated to the Mental Health Act ) . The Mental Health Act 1983 , Section 26 replaced the traditional term next - of - kin with `` nearest relative '' . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , the term `` next of kin '' does have a meaning with regard to inheritance law . If a person dies intestate , that is without leaving a will , then the rules of the Succession Act 1965 apply . Part VI of the Act -- Distribution on Intestacy ( sections 66 -- 75 ) -- explains the rules of intestacy ; this was amended by Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . With regard to medical law , `` next of kin '' is a very vague concept which has no legally defined meaning . If a patient is incapable of making a decision ( for instance due to unconsciousness ) , the present medical ethics in Ireland is to consult with the next of kin ( in order : spouse , children , parents , siblings ) . However , the next of kin have no general right to make decisions on behalf of adult patients . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Problems and Materials on Decedents ' Estates and Trusts . Scoles , Halbach , Roberts , Begleiter . Seventh Ed . Aspen Publishers . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7355 - 4076 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degrees of Kinship Chart by Civil Law - heirbase '' . heirbase.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Intestacy - who inherits if someone dies without a will ? '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Next of kin order '' . theidioms.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Business - Sorting out your child 's inheritance '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Parental rights and responsibilities '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Eurostat - Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` Next of Kin - LivingTogether - Advicenow '' . advicenow.org.uk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Making decisions for someone else , Office of the Public Guardian Jump up ^ Mental Capacity Act 2005 Jump up ^ `` Mental Health Act 1983 '' ( PDF ) . cqc.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 '' . irishstatutebook.ie . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Care Directives '' . citizensinformation.ie . External links ( edit ) American National Next of Kin Registry 1983 Mental Health Act with amendments 2007 Amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act UK Office of the Public Guardian GND : 4142414 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next_of_kin&oldid=851115091 '' Categories : American legal terminology Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 05 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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Titanic (1997 film)
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Titanic ( 1997 film ) - wikipedia Titanic ( 1997 film ) Titanic Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by James Cameron Jon Landau Written by James Cameron Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Kate Winslet Billy Zane Kathy Bates Frances Fisher Bernard Hill Jonathan Hyde Danny Nucci David Warner Bill Paxton Music by James Horner Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Conrad Buff James Cameron Richard A. Harris Production company Paramount Pictures 20th Century Fox Lightstorm Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( North America ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date November 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 01 ) ( Tokyo ) December 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 195 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $2.187 billion Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance and disaster film directed , written , co-produced and co-edited by James Cameron . A fictionalized account of the sinking of the RMS Titanic , it stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill - fated maiden voyage . Cameron 's inspiration for the film came from his fascination with shipwrecks ; he felt a love story interspersed with the human loss would be essential to convey the emotional impact of the disaster . Production began in 1995 , when Cameron shot footage of the actual Titanic wreck . The modern scenes on the research vessel were shot on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh , which Cameron had used as a base when filming the wreck . Scale models , computer - generated imagery , and a reconstruction of the Titanic built at Baja Studios , at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California were used to re-create the sinking . The film was partially funded by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox . It was the most expensive film ever made at the time , with a production budget of $200 million . Upon its release on December 19 , 1997 , Titanic achieved critical and commercial success . Nominated for 14 Academy Awards , it tied All About Eve ( 1950 ) for the most Oscar nominations , and won 11 , including the awards for Best Picture and Best Director , tying Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) for the most Oscars won by a single film . With an initial worldwide gross of over $1.84 billion , Titanic was the first film to reach the billion - dollar mark . It remained the highest - grossing film of all time until Cameron 's Avatar surpassed it in 2010 . A 3D version of Titanic , released on April 4 , 2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking , earned it an additional $343.6 million worldwide , pushing the film 's worldwide total to $2.18 billion and making it the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ) . In 2017 , the film was re-released for its 20th anniversary and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Fictional characters 2.2 Historical characters 2.3 Cameos 3 Pre-production 3.1 Writing and inspiration 3.2 Scale modeling 4 Production 5 Post-production 5.1 Effects 5.2 Editing 5.3 Music and soundtrack 6 Release 6.1 Initial screening 6.2 Box office 6.2. 1 Initial theatrical run 6.2. 2 Commercial analysis 6.3 Critical reception 6.4 Accolades 6.5 Home media 6.6 3D conversion 7 Titanic Live 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot In 1996 , treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team aboard the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh search the wreck of RMS Titanic for a necklace with a rare diamond , the Heart of the Ocean . They recover a safe containing a drawing of a young woman wearing only the necklace dated April 14 , 1912 , the day the ship struck the iceberg . Rose Dawson Calvert , the woman in the drawing , is brought aboard Keldysh and tells Lovett of her experiences aboard Titanic . In 1912 Southampton , 17 - year - old first - class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater , her fiancé Cal Hockley , and her mother Ruth board the luxurious Titanic . Ruth emphasizes that Rose 's marriage will resolve their family 's financial problems and retain their high - class persona . Distraught over the engagement , Rose considers suicide by jumping from the stern ; Jack Dawson , a penniless artist , intervenes and discourages her . Discovered with Jack , Rose tells a concerned Cal that she was peering over the edge and Jack saved her from falling . When Cal becomes indifferent , she suggests to him that Jack deserves a reward . He invites Jack to dine with them in first class the following night . Jack and Rose develop a tentative friendship , despite Cal and Ruth being wary of him . Following dinner , Rose secretly joins Jack at a party in third class . Aware of Cal and Ruth 's disapproval , Rose rebuffs Jack 's advances , but realizes she prefers him over Cal . After rendezvousing on the bow at sunset , Rose takes Jack to her state room ; at her request , Jack sketches Rose posing nude wearing Cal 's engagement present , the Heart of the Ocean necklace . They evade Cal 's bodyguard , Mr. Lovejoy , and have sex in an automobile inside the cargo hold . On the forward deck , they witness a collision with an iceberg and overhear the officers and designer discussing its seriousness . Cal discovers Jack 's sketch of Rose and an insulting note from her in his safe along with the necklace . When Jack and Rose attempt to inform Cal of the collision , Lovejoy slips the necklace into Jack 's pocket and he and Cal accuse him of theft . Jack is arrested , taken to the master - at - arms ' office , and handcuffed to a pipe . Cal puts the necklace in his own coat pocket . With the ship sinking , Rose flees Cal and her mother , who has boarded a lifeboat , and frees Jack . On the boat deck , Cal and Jack encourage her to board a lifeboat ; Cal claims he can get himself and Jack off safely . After Rose boards one , Cal tells Jack the arrangement is only for himself . As her boat lowers , Rose decides that she can not leave Jack and jumps back on board . Cal takes his bodyguard 's pistol and chases Rose and Jack into the flooding first - class dining saloon . After using up his ammunition , Cal realizes he gave his coat and consequently the necklace to Rose . He later boards a collapsible lifeboat by carrying a lost child . After braving several obstacles , Jack and Rose return to the boat deck . The lifeboats have departed and passengers are falling to their deaths as the stern rises out of the water . The ship breaks in half , lifting the stern into the air . Jack and Rose ride it into the ocean and he helps her onto a wooden panel buoyant enough for only one person . He assures her that she will die an old woman , warm in her bed . Jack dies of hypothermia but Rose is saved . With Rose hiding from Cal en route , the RMS Carpathia takes the survivors to New York City where Rose gives her name as Rose Dawson . Rose says she later read that Cal committed suicide after losing all his money in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Back in the present , Lovett decides to abandon his search after hearing Rose 's story . Alone on the stern of Keldysh , Rose takes out the Heart of the Ocean -- in her possession all along -- and drops it into the sea over the wreck site . While she is seemingly asleep or has died in her bed , photos on her dresser depict a life of freedom and adventure inspired by the life she wanted to live with Jack . A young Rose reunites with Jack at the Titanic 's Grand Staircase , applauded by those who died . Cast Fictional characters Leonardo DiCaprio ( top , pictured in 2014 ) , who portrayed Jack Dawson , and Kate Winslet ( pictured in 2011 ) , who portrayed Rose DeWitt Bukater . Leonardo DiCaprio as Jack Dawson : Cameron said he needed the cast to feel as though they were really on the Titanic , to relive its liveliness , and `` to take that energy and give it to Jack , ( ... ) an artist who is able to have his heart soar '' . Jack is portrayed as an itinerant , poor orphan from Chippewa Falls , Wisconsin , who has toured numerous places in the world , including Paris . He wins two tickets onto the RMS Titanic in a poker game and travels as a third - class passenger with his friend Fabrizio . He is attracted to Rose at first sight and meets her when she contemplates throwing herself off the stern of the ship . Her fiancé 's `` reward '' , an invitation to dine with them the next evening , enables Jack to mix with the first - class passengers for a night . When casting the role , various established actors , including Matthew McConaughey , Chris O'Donnell , Billy Crudup , and Stephen Dorff , were considered , but Cameron felt that a few of the actors were too old for the part of a 20 - year - old . Tom Cruise was interested in portraying the character , but his asking price was too much for the studio to consider . Cameron considered Jared Leto for the role , but Leto refused to audition . DiCaprio , 21 years old at the time , was brought to Cameron 's attention by casting director Mali Finn . Initially , he did not want to portray the character and refused to read his first romantic scene on the set ( see below ) . Cameron said , `` He read it once , then started goofing around , and I could never get him to focus on it again . But for one split second , a shaft of light came down from the heavens and lit up the forest . '' Cameron strongly believed in DiCaprio 's acting ability and told him , `` Look , I 'm not going to make this guy brooding and neurotic . I 'm not going to give him a tic and a limp and all the things you want . '' Cameron rather envisioned the character as a James Stewart type . Although Jack Dawson was a fictional character , in Fairview Cemetery in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where 121 victims are buried , there is a grave labeled `` J. Dawson '' . The real J. Dawson was Joseph Dawson , who shoveled coal in the bowels of the ship . `` It was n't until after the movie came out that we found out that there was a J. Dawson gravestone , '' said the film 's producer , Jon Landau , in an interview . Kate Winslet as Rose DeWitt Bukater : Cameron said Winslet `` had the thing that you look for '' and that there was `` a quality in her face , in her eyes , '' that he `` just knew people would be ready to go the distance with her '' . Rose is a 17 - year - old girl , originally from Philadelphia , who is forced into an engagement to 30 - year - old Cal Hockley so she and her mother , Ruth , can maintain their high - class status after her father 's death had left the family debt - ridden . Rose boards the RMS Titanic with Cal and Ruth , as a first - class passenger , and meets Jack . Winslet said of her character , `` She has got a lot to give , and she 's got a very open heart . And she wants to explore and adventure the world , but she ( feels ) that 's not going to happen . '' Gwyneth Paltrow , Winona Ryder , Claire Danes , Gabrielle Anwar , and Reese Witherspoon had been considered for the role . When they turned it down , 20 - year - old Winslet campaigned heavily for the role . She sent Cameron daily notes from England , which led Cameron to invite her to Hollywood for auditions . As with DiCaprio , casting director Mali Finn originally brought her to Cameron 's attention . When looking for a Rose , Cameron described the character as `` an Audrey Hepburn type '' and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him . After she screen tested with DiCaprio , Winslet was so thoroughly impressed with him , that she whispered to Cameron , `` He 's great . Even if you do n't pick me , pick him . '' Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a card signed , `` From Your Rose '' , and lobbied him by phone . `` You do n't understand ! '' she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in his Humvee . `` I am Rose ! I do n't know why you 're even seeing anyone else ! '' Her persistence , as well as her talent , eventually convinced him to cast her in the role . Billy Zane as Cal Hockley : Cal is Rose 's 30 - year - old fiancé . He is arrogant and snobbish , and the heir to a Pittsburgh steel fortune . He becomes increasingly embarrassed by , jealous of , and cruel about Rose 's relationship with Jack . The part was originally offered to Matthew McConaughey , and Rob Lowe has also gone on the record as having pursued it . Frances Fisher as Ruth DeWitt Bukater : Rose 's widowed mother , who arranges her daughter 's engagement to Cal to maintain her family 's high - society status . She loves her daughter but believes that social position is more important than having a loving marriage . She scorns Jack , even though he saved her daughter 's life . Gloria Stuart as Rose Dawson Calvert : Rose narrates the film in a modern - day framing device . Cameron stated , `` In order to see the present and the past , I decided to create a fictional survivor who is ( close to ) 101 years , and she connects us in a way through history . '' The 100 - year - old Rose gives Lovett information regarding the `` Heart of the Ocean '' after he discovers a nude drawing of her in the wreck . She tells the story of her time aboard the ship , mentioning Jack for the first time since the sinking . At 87 , Stuart had to be made up to look older for the role . Of casting Stuart , Cameron stated , `` My casting director found her . She was sent out on a mission to find retired actresses from the Golden Age of the thirties and forties . '' Cameron said that he did not know who Stuart was , and Fay Wray was also considered for the role . `` But ( Stuart ) was just so into it , and so lucid , and had such a great spirit . And I saw the connection between her spirit and ( Winslet 's ) spirit , '' stated Cameron . `` I saw this joie de vivre in both of them , that I thought the audience would be able to make that cognitive leap that it 's the same person . '' Stuart died on September 26 , 2010 , at age 100 , approximately the same age elder Rose was in the film . Bill Paxton as Brock Lovett : A treasure hunter looking for the `` Heart of the Ocean '' in the wreck of the Titanic in the present . Time and funding for his expedition are running out . He later reflects at the film 's conclusion that , despite thinking about Titanic for three years , he has never understood it until he hears Rose 's story . Suzy Amis as Lizzy Calvert : Rose 's granddaughter , who accompanies her when she visits Lovett on the ship and learns her grandmother 's true identity and romantic past with Jack Dawson . Danny Nucci as Fabrizio De Rossi : Jack 's Italian best friend , who boards the RMS Titanic with him after Jack wins two tickets in a poker game . Fabrizio does not board a lifeboat when the Titanic sinks and is killed when one of the ship 's funnels breaks and crashes into the water . David Warner as Spicer Lovejoy : An ex-Pinkerton constable , Lovejoy is Cal 's English valet and bodyguard , who keeps an eye on Rose and is suspicious about the circumstances surrounding Jack 's rescue of her . He dies when the Titanic splits in half , causing him to fall into a massive opening . Warner had appeared in the 1979 TV miniseries S.O.S. Titanic . Jason Barry as Thomas `` Tommy '' Ryan : An Irish third - class passenger who befriends Jack and Fabrizio . Tommy is killed when he is accidentally pushed forward and shot by a panicked First Officer Murdoch . Historical characters Although not intended to be an entirely accurate depiction of events , the film includes portrayals of several historical figures : The real Margaret Brown ( right ) giving Captain Arthur Henry Rostron an award for his service in the rescue of Titanic 's surviving passengers . Kathy Bates as Margaret `` Molly '' Brown : Brown is looked down upon by other first - class women , including Ruth , as `` vulgar '' and `` new money '' . She is friendly to Jack and lends him a tuxedo ( bought for her son ) when he is invited to dinner in the first - class dining saloon . Despite Brown being a real person , Cameron decided not to portray her real - life actions . Molly Brown was dubbed `` The Unsinkable Molly Brown '' by historians because she , with the support of other women , commandeered Lifeboat 6 from Quartermaster Robert Hichens . Some aspects of this altercation are portrayed in Cameron 's film . Victor Garber as Thomas Andrews : The ship 's builder , Andrews is portrayed as a very kind and pleasant man who is modest about his grand achievement . After the collision , he tries to convince the others , particularly Ismay , that it is a `` mathematical certainty '' that the ship will sink . He is depicted during the sinking of the ship as standing next to the clock in the first - class smoking room , lamenting his failure to build a strong and safe ship . Although this has become one of the most famous legends of the sinking of the Titanic , this story , which was published in a 1912 book ( Thomas Andrews : Shipbuilder ) and therefore perpetuated , came from John Stewart , a steward on the ship who in fact left the ship in boat no. 15 at approximately 1 : 40 a.m. There were testimonies of sightings of Andrews after that moment . It appears that Andrews stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts , then he continued assisting with the evacuation . Another reported sighting was of Andrews frantically throwing deck chairs into the ocean for passengers to use as floating devices . Andrews was last seen leaving the ship at the last moment . Bernard Hill as Captain Edward John Smith : Smith planned to make the Titanic his final voyage before retiring . He retreats into the wheelhouse on the bridge as the ship sinks , dying when the windows implode from the water whilst he clings to the ship 's wheel . There are conflicting accounts as to whether he died in this manner or later froze to death in the water near the capsized collapsible lifeboat `` B '' . Jonathan Hyde as J. Bruce Ismay : Ismay is portrayed as a rich , ignorant upper - class man . In the film , he uses his position as White Star Line managing director to influence Captain Smith to go faster with the prospect of an earlier arrival in New York and favorable press attention ; while this action appears in popular portrayals of the disaster , it is unsupported by evidence . After the collision , he struggles to comprehend that his `` unsinkable '' ship is doomed . Ismay later boards Collapsible C ( one of the last lifeboats to leave the ship ) just before it is lowered . He was branded a coward by the press and public for surviving the disaster while many women and children had drowned . Eric Braeden as John Jacob Astor IV : A first - class passenger whom Rose ( correctly ) calls the richest man on the ship . The film depicts Astor and his 18 - year - old wife Madeleine ( Charlotte Chatton ) as being introduced to Jack by Rose in the first - class dining saloon . During the introduction , Astor asks if Jack is connected to the `` Boston Dawsons '' , a question Jack neatly deflects by saying that he is instead affiliated with the Chippewa Falls Dawsons . Astor is last seen as the Grand Staircase glass dome implodes and water surges in . Bernard Fox as Colonel Archibald Gracie IV : The film depicts Gracie making a comment to Cal that `` women and machinery do n't mix '' , and congratulating Jack for saving Rose from falling off the ship , though he is unaware that it was a suicide attempt . Fox had portrayed Frederick Fleet in the 1958 film A Night to Remember . Michael Ensign as Benjamin Guggenheim : A mining magnate traveling in first - class . He shows off his French mistress Madame Aubert ( Fannie Brett ) to his fellow passengers while his wife and three daughters wait for him at home . When Jack joins the other first - class passengers for dinner after his rescue of Rose , Guggenheim refers to him as a `` bohemian '' . He is seen in the flooding Grand Staircase during the sinking , saying he is prepared to go down as a gentleman . Jonathan Evans - Jones as Wallace Hartley : The ship 's bandmaster and violinist who plays uplifting music with his colleagues on the boat deck as the ship sinks . As the final plunge begins , he leads the band in a final performance of Nearer , My God , to Thee , to the tune of Bethany , and dies in the sinking . Mark Lindsay Chapman as Chief Officer Henry Wilde : The ship 's chief officer , who lets Cal on board a lifeboat because he has a child in his arms . Before he dies , he tries to get the boats to return to the sinking site to rescue passengers by blowing his whistle . After he freezes to death , Rose uses his whistle to attract the attention of Fifth Officer Lowe , which leads to her rescue . Ewan Stewart as First Officer William Murdoch : The officer who is put in charge of the bridge on the night the ship struck the iceberg . During a rush for the lifeboats , Murdoch shoots Tommy Ryan as well as another passenger in a momentary panic , then commits suicide out of guilt . When Murdoch 's nephew Scott saw the film , he objected to his uncle 's portrayal as damaging to Murdoch 's heroic reputation . A few months later , Fox vice-president Scott Neeson went to Dalbeattie , Scotland , where Murdoch lived , to deliver a personal apology , and also presented a £ 5000 donation to Dalbeattie High School to boost the school 's William Murdoch Memorial Prize . Cameron apologized on the DVD commentary , but stated that there were officers who fired gunshots to enforce the `` women and children first '' policy . According to Cameron , his depiction of Murdoch is that of an `` honorable man , '' not of a man `` gone bad '' or of a `` cowardly murderer . '' He added , `` I 'm not sure you 'd find that same sense of responsibility and total devotion to duty today . This guy had half of his lifeboats launched before his counterpart on the port side had even launched one . That says something about character and heroism . '' Jonathan Phillips as Second Officer Charles Lightoller . The film depicts Lightoller informing Captain Smith that it will be difficult to see icebergs without breaking water . He is seen brandishing a gun and threatening to use it to keep order . He can be seen on top of Collapsible B when the first funnel collapses . Lightoller was the most senior officer to have survived the disaster . Simon Crane as Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall : The officer in charge of firing flares and manning Lifeboat 2 during the sinking . He is shown on the bridge wings helping the seamen firing the flares . Ioan Gruffudd as Fifth Officer Harold Lowe : The ship 's only officer to lead a lifeboat to retrieve survivors of the sinking from the icy waters . The film depicts Lowe rescuing Rose . Edward Fletcher as Sixth Officer James Moody : The ship 's only junior officer to have died in the sinking . The film depicts Moody admitting Jack and Fabrizio onto the ship only moments before it departs from Southampton . Moody is later shown following Mr. Murdoch 's orders to put the ship to full speed ahead , and informs First Officer Murdoch about the iceberg . He is last seen clinging to one of the davits on the starboard side after having unsuccessfully attempted to launch collapsible A . James Lancaster as Father Thomas Byles : Second - class passenger Father Byles , a Catholic priest from England , is portrayed praying and consoling passengers during the ship 's final moments . Lew Palter and Elsa Raven as Isidor Straus and Ida Straus : Isidor is a former owner of R.H. Macy and Company , a former congressman from New York , and a member of the New York and New Jersey Bridge Commission . During the sinking , his wife Ida is offered a place in a lifeboat , but refuses , saying that she will honor her wedding pledge by staying with Isidor . They are last seen lying on their bed embracing each other as water fills their stateroom . Martin Jarvis as Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon : A Scottish baronet who is rescued in Lifeboat 1 . Lifeboats 1 and 2 were emergency boats with a capacity of 40 . Situated at the forward end of the boat deck , these were kept ready to launch in case of a person falling overboard . On the night of the disaster , Lifeboat 1 was the fourth to be launched , with 12 people aboard , including Duff - Gordon , his wife and her secretary . The baronet was much criticized for his conduct during the incident . It was suggested that he had boarded the emergency boat in violation of the `` women and children first '' policy and that the boat had failed to return to rescue those struggling in the water . He offered five pounds to each of the lifeboat 's crew , which those critical of his conduct viewed as a bribe . The Duff - Gordons at the time ( and his wife 's secretary in a letter written at the time and rediscovered in 2007 ) stated that there had been no women or children waiting to board in the vicinity of the launching of their boat , and there is confirmation that lifeboat 1 of the Titanic was almost empty and that First Officer William Murdoch was apparently glad to offer Duff - Gordon and his wife and her secretary a place ( simply to fill it ) after they had asked if they could get on . Duff - Gordon denied that his offer of money to the lifeboat crew represented a bribe . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster accepted Duff - Gordon 's denial of bribing the crew , but maintained that , if the emergency boat had rowed towards the people who were in the water , it might very well have been able to rescue some of them . Rosalind Ayres as Lady Duff - Gordon : A world - famous fashion designer and Sir Cosmo 's wife . She is rescued in Lifeboat 1 with her husband . She and her husband never lived down rumors that they had forbidden the lifeboat 's crew to return to the wreck site in case they would be swamped . Rochelle Rose as Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes : The Countess is shown to be friendly with Cal and the DeWitt Bukaters . Despite being of a higher status in society than Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff - Gordon , she is kind , and helps row the boat and even looks after the steerage passengers . Scott G. Anderson as Frederick Fleet : The lookout who saw the iceberg . Fleet escapes the sinking ship aboard Lifeboat 6 . Paul Brightwell as Quartermaster Robert Hichens : One of the ship 's six quartermasters and at the ship 's wheel at the time of collision . He is in charge of lifeboat 6 . He refuses to go back and pick up survivors after the sinking and eventually the boat is commandeered by Molly Brown . Martin East as Reginald Lee : The other lookout in the crow 's nest . He survives the sinking . Gregory Cooke as Jack Phillips : Senior wireless operator on board the Titanic whom Captain Smith ordered to send the distress signal . Craig Kelly as Harold Bride : Junior wireless operator on board the Titanic . Liam Tuohy as Chief Baker Charles Joughin : The baker appears in the film on top of the railing with Jack and Rose as the ship sinks , drinking brandy from a flask . According to the real Joughin 's testimony , he rode the ship down and stepped into the water without getting his hair wet . He also admitted to hardly feeling the cold , most likely thanks to alcohol . Terry Forrestal as Chief Engineer Joseph G. Bell : Bell and his men worked until the last minute to keep the lights and the power on in order for distress signals to get out . Bell and all of the engineers died in the bowels of the Titanic . Cameos Several crew members of the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh appear in the film , including Anatoly Sagalevich , creator and pilot of the MIR self - propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle . Anders Falk , who filmed a documentary about the film 's sets for the Titanic Historical Society , makes a cameo appearance in the film as a Swedish immigrant whom Jack Dawson meets when he enters his cabin ; Edward Kamuda and Karen Kamuda , then President and Vice President of the Society who served as film consultants , were cast as extras in the film . Pre-production Writing and inspiration `` The story could not have been written better ... The juxtaposition of rich and poor , the gender roles played out unto death ( women first ) , the stoicism and nobility of a bygone age , the magnificence of the great ship matched in scale only by the folly of the men who drove her hell - bent through the darkness . And above all the lesson : that life is uncertain , the future unknowable ... the unthinkable possible . '' -- James Cameron James Cameron had a fascination with shipwrecks , and , for him , the RMS Titanic was `` the Mount Everest of shipwrecks . '' He was almost past the point in his life when he felt he could consider an undersea expedition , but said he still had `` a mental restlessness '' to live the life he had turned away from when he switched from the sciences to the arts in college . So when an IMAX film was made from footage shot of the wreck itself , he decided to seek Hollywood funding to `` pay for an expedition and do the same thing . '' It was `` not because I particularly wanted to make the movie , '' Cameron said . `` I wanted to dive to the shipwreck . '' Cameron wrote a scriptment for a Titanic film , met with 20th Century Fox executives including Peter Chernin , and pitched it as `` Romeo and Juliet on the Titanic '' . Cameron stated , `` They were like , ' Oooooohkaaaaaay -- a three - hour romantic epic ? Sure , that 's just what we want . Is there a little bit of Terminator in that ? Any Harrier jets , shoot - outs , or car chases ? ' I said , ' No , no , no . It 's not like that . ' '' The studio was dubious about the idea 's commercial prospects , but , hoping for a long - term relationship with Cameron , they gave him a greenlight . Director , writer and producer James Cameron Cameron convinced Fox to promote the film based on the publicity afforded by shooting the Titanic wreck itself , and organized several dives to the site over a period of two years . `` My pitch on that had to be a little more detailed , '' said Cameron . `` So I said , ' Look , we 've got to do this whole opening where they 're exploring the Titanic and they find the diamond , so we 're going to have all these shots of the ship . '' Cameron stated , `` Now , we can either do them with elaborate models and motion control shots and CG and all that , which will cost X amount of money -- or we can spend X plus 30 per cent and actually go shoot it at the real wreck . '' The crew shot at the real wreck in the Atlantic Ocean twelve times in 1995 and actually spent more time with the ship than its passengers . At that depth , with a water pressure of 6,000 pounds per square inch , `` one small flaw in the vessel 's superstructure would mean instant death for all on board . '' Not only were the dives high - risk , but adverse conditions prevented Cameron from getting the high quality footage that he wanted . During one dive , one of the submersibles collided with Titanic 's hull , damaging both sub and ship and leaving fragments of the submersible 's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure . The external bulkhead of Captain Smith 's quarters collapsed , exposing the interior . The area around the entrance to the Grand Staircase was also damaged . Descending to the actual site made both Cameron and crew want `` to live up to that level of reality ... But there was another level of reaction coming away from the real wreck , which was that it was n't just a story , it was n't just a drama , '' he said . `` It was an event that happened to real people who really died . Working around the wreck for so much time , you get such a strong sense of the profound sadness and injustice of it , and the message of it . '' Cameron stated , `` You think , ' There probably are n't going to be many filmmakers who go to Titanic . There may never be another one -- maybe a documentarian . '' Due to this , he felt `` a great mantle of responsibility to convey the emotional message of it -- to do that part of it right , too '' . After filming the underwater shots , Cameron began writing the screenplay . He wanted to honor the people who died during the sinking , so he spent six months researching all of the Titanic 's crew and passengers . `` I read everything I could . I created an extremely detailed timeline of the ship 's few days and a very detailed timeline of the last night of its life , '' he said . `` And I worked within that to write the script , and I got some historical experts to analyze what I 'd written and comment on it , and I adjusted it . '' He paid meticulous attention to detail , even including a scene depicting the Californian 's role in Titanic 's demise , though this was later cut ( see below ) . From the beginning of the shoot , they had `` a very clear picture '' of what happened on the ship that night . `` I had a library that filled one whole wall of my writing office with Titanic stuff , because I wanted it to be right , especially if we were going to dive to the ship , '' he said . `` That set the bar higher in a way -- it elevated the movie in a sense . We wanted this to be a definitive visualization of this moment in history as if you 'd gone back in a time machine and shot it . '' Cameron felt the Titanic sinking was `` like a great novel that really happened '' , but that the event had become a mere morality tale ; the film would give audiences the experience of living the history . The treasure hunter Brock Lovett represented those who never connected with the human element of the tragedy , while the blossoming romance of Jack and Rose , Cameron believed , would be the most engaging part of the story : when their love is finally destroyed , the audience would mourn the loss . He said : `` All my films are love stories , but in Titanic I finally got the balance right . It 's not a disaster film . It 's a love story with a fastidious overlay of real history . '' Cameron framed the romance with the elderly Rose to make the intervening years palpable and poignant . While Winslet and Stuart stated their belief that , instead of being asleep in her bed , the character dies at the end of the film , Cameron said that he would rather not reveal what he intended with the ending because `` ( t ) he answer has to be something you supply personally ; individually . '' Scale modeling The reconstruction of the RMS Titanic . The blueprints were supplied by the original ship 's builder and Cameron tried to make the ship as detailed and accurate as possible . Harland and Wolff , the RMS Titanic 's builders , opened their private archives to the crew , sharing blueprints that were thought lost . For the ship 's interiors , production designer Peter Lamont 's team looked for artifacts from the era . The newness of the ship meant every prop had to be made from scratch . Fox acquired 40 acres of waterfront south of Playas de Rosarito in Mexico , and began building a new studio on May 31 , 1996 . A horizon tank of seventeen million gallons was built for the exterior of the reconstructed ship , providing 270 degrees of ocean view . The ship was built to full scale , but Lamont removed redundant sections on the superstructure and forward well deck for the ship to fit in the tank , with the remaining sections filled with digital models . The lifeboats and funnels were shrunken by ten percent . The boat deck and A-deck were working sets , but the rest of the ship was just steel plating . Within was a fifty - foot lifting platform for the ship to tilt during the sinking sequences . Towering above was a 162 - foot - tall ( 49 m ) tower crane on 600 feet ( 180 m ) of rail track , acting as a combined construction , lighting , and camera platform . The sets representing the interior rooms of the Titanic were reproduced exactly as originally built , using photographs and plans from the Titanic 's builders . The Grand Staircase , which features prominently in the film , was recreated to a high standard of authenticity , though it was widened 30 % compared to the original and reinforced with steel girders . Craftsmen from Mexico and Britain sculpted the ornate paneling and plaster - work based on Titanic 's ' original designs . The carpeting , upholstery , individual pieces of furniture , light fixtures , chairs , cutlery and crockery with the White Star Line crest on each piece were among the objects recreated according to original designs . Cameron additionally hired two Titanic historians , Don Lynch and Ken Marschall , to authenticate the historical detail in the film . Production Principal photography for Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , with the filming of the modern day expedition scenes aboard the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh . In September 1996 , the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito , Mexico , where a full scale RMS Titanic had been constructed . The poop deck was built on a hinge which could rise from zero to 90 degrees in a few seconds , just as the ship 's stern rose during the sinking . For the safety of the stuntmen , many props were made of foam rubber . By November 15 , the boarding scenes were being shot . Cameron chose to build his RMS Titanic on the starboard side as a study of weather data revealed it was a prevailing north - to - south wind which blew the funnel smoke aft . This posed a problem for shooting the ship 's departure from Southampton , as it was docked on its port side . Implementation of written directions , as well as props and costumes , had to be reversed ; for example , if someone walked to their right in the script , they had to walk left during shooting . In post-production , the film was flipped to the correct direction . A full - time etiquette coach was hired to instruct the cast in the manners of the upper class gentility in 1912 . Despite this , several critics picked up on anachronisms in the film , not least involving the two main stars . Close - up shot of Cameron 's nude sketch of Rose wearing the `` Heart of the Ocean '' . The associated nude scene was one of the first scenes shot , as the main set was not yet ready . Cameron sketched Jack 's nude portrait of Rose for a scene which he feels has the backdrop of repression . `` You know what it means for her , the freedom she must be feeling . It 's kind of exhilarating for that reason , '' he said . The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet 's first scene together . `` It was n't by any kind of design , although I could n't have designed it better . There 's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance in them , '' Cameron stated . `` They had rehearsed together , but they had n't shot anything together . If I 'd had a choice , I probably would have preferred to put it deeper into the body of the shoot . '' Cameron said he and his crew `` were just trying to find things to shoot '' because the big set `` was n't ready for months , so we were scrambling around trying to fill in anything we could get to shoot . '' After seeing the scene on film , Cameron felt it worked out considerably well . Other times on the set were not as smooth . The shoot was an arduous experience that `` cemented Cameron 's formidable reputation as ' the scariest man in Hollywood ' . He became known as an uncompromising , hard - charging perfectionist '' and a `` 300 - decibel screamer , a modern - day Captain Bligh with a megaphone and walkie - talkie , swooping down into people 's faces on a 162ft crane '' . Winslet chipped a bone in her elbow during filming and had been worried that she would drown in the 17m - gallon water tank the ship was to be sunk in . `` There were times when I was genuinely frightened of him . Jim has a temper like you would n't believe , '' she said . `` ' God damn it ! ' he would yell at some poor crew member , ' that 's exactly what I did n't want ! ' '' Her co-star , Bill Paxton , was familiar with Cameron 's work ethic from his earlier experience with him . `` There were a lot of people on the set . Jim is not one of those guys who has the time to win hearts and minds , '' he said . The crew felt Cameron had an evil alter ego and so nicknamed him `` Mij '' ( Jim spelt backwards ) . In response to the criticism , Cameron stated , `` Film - making is war . A great battle between business and aesthetics . '' During the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh shoot in Canada , an angry crew member put the dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and various others ate one night in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . It sent more than 50 people to the hospital , including actor Bill Paxton . `` There were people just rolling around , completely out of it . Some of them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics , '' said actor Lewis Abernathy . Cameron managed to vomit before the drug took a full hold . Abernathy was shocked at the way he looked . `` One eye was completely red , like the Terminator eye . A pupil , no iris , beet red . The other eye looked like he 'd been sniffing glue since he was four . '' The person behind the poisoning was never caught . The filming schedule was intended to last 138 days but grew to 160 . Many cast members came down with colds , flu , or kidney infections after spending hours in cold water , including Winslet . In the end , she decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned `` a lot of money '' . Several others left the production , and three stuntmen broke their bones , but the Screen Actors Guild decided , following an investigation , that nothing was inherently unsafe about the set . Additionally , DiCaprio said there was no point when he felt he was in danger during filming . Cameron believed in a passionate work ethic and never apologized for the way he ran his sets , although he acknowledged : I 'm demanding , and I 'm demanding on my crew . In terms of being kind of militaresque , I think there 's an element of that in dealing with thousands of extras and big logistics and keeping people safe . I think you have to have a fairly strict methodology in dealing with a large number of people . The costs of filming Titanic eventually began to mount and finally reached $200 million , a bit over $1 million per minute of screen time . Fox executives panicked and suggested an hour of specific cuts from the three - hour film . They argued the extended length would mean fewer showings , thus less revenue , even though long epics are more likely to help directors win Oscars . Cameron refused , telling Fox , `` You want to cut my movie ? You 're going to have to fire me ! You want to fire me ? You 're going to have to kill me ! '' The executives did not want to start over , because it would mean the loss of their entire investment , but they also initially rejected Cameron 's offer of forfeiting his share of the profits as an empty gesture , as they predicted profits would be unlikely . Cameron explained forfeiting his share as complex . `` ... the short version is that the film cost proportionally much more than T2 and True Lies . Those films went up seven or eight percent from the initial budget . Titanic also had a large budget to begin with , but it went up a lot more , '' he said . `` As the producer and director , I take responsibility for the studio that 's writing the checks , so I made it less painful for them . I did that on two different occasions . They did n't force me to do it ; they were glad that I did . '' Post-production Effects Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film , and enlisted Digital Domain to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on The Abyss and Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . Many previous films about the RMS Titanic shot water in slow motion , which did not look wholly convincing . Cameron encouraged his crew to shoot their 45 - foot - long ( 14 m ) miniature of the ship as if `` we 're making a commercial for the White Star Line '' . Afterwards , digital water and smoke were added , as were extras captured on a motion capture stage . Visual effects supervisor Rob Legato scanned the faces of many actors , including himself and his children , for the digital extras and stuntmen . There was also a 65 - foot - long ( 20 m ) model of the ship 's stern that could break in two repeatedly , the only miniature to be used in water . For scenes set in the ship 's engines , footage of the SS Jeremiah O'Brien 's engines were composited with miniature support frames , and actors shot against a greenscreen . In order to save money , the first - class lounge was a miniature set incorporated into a greenscreen backdrop behind the actors . The miniature of the Lounge would later be crushed to simulate the destruction of the room and a scale model of a First - Class corridor flooded with jets of water while the camera pans out . Unlike previous Titanic films , Cameron 's retelling of the disaster showed the ship breaking into two pieces before sinking entirely . The scenes were an account of the moment 's most likely outcome . An enclosed 5,000,000 - US - gallon ( 19,000,000 L ) tank was used for sinking interiors , in which the entire set could be tilted into the water . In order to sink the Grand Staircase , 90,000 US gallons ( 340,000 L ) of water were dumped into the set as it was lowered into the tank . Unexpectedly , the waterfall ripped the staircase from its steel - reinforced foundations , although no one was hurt . The 744 - foot - long ( 227 m ) exterior of the RMS Titanic had its first half lowered into the tank , but as the heaviest part of the ship it acted as a shock absorber against the water ; to get the set into the water , Cameron had much of the set emptied and even smashed some of the promenade windows himself . After submerging the dining saloon , three days were spent shooting Lovett 's ROV traversing the wreck in the present . The post-sinking scenes in the freezing Atlantic were shot in a 350,000 - US - gallon ( 1,300,000 L ) tank , where the frozen corpses were created by applying on actors a powder that crystallized when exposed to water , and wax was coated on hair and clothes . The climactic scene , which features the breakup of the ship directly before it sinks as well as its final plunge to the bottom of the Atlantic , involved a tilting full - sized set , 150 extras , and 100 stunt performers . Cameron criticized previous Titanic films for depicting the liner 's final plunge as a graceful slide underwater . He `` wanted to depict it as the terrifyingly chaotic event that it really was '' . When carrying out the sequence , people needed to fall off the increasingly tilting deck , plunging hundreds of feet below and bouncing off of railings and propellers on the way down . A few attempts to film this sequence with stunt people resulted in some minor injuries , and Cameron halted the more dangerous stunts . The risks were eventually minimized `` by using computer generated people for the dangerous falls '' . Editing There was one `` crucial historical fact '' Cameron chose to omit from the film -- the SS Californian was close to the Titanic the night she sank but had turned off its radio for the night , did not hear her crew 's SOS calls , and did not respond to their distress flares . `` Yes , the ( SS ) Californian . That was n't a compromise to mainstream filmmaking . That was really more about emphasis , creating an emotional truth to the film , '' stated Cameron . He said there were aspects of retelling the sinking that seemed important in pre - and post-production , but turned out to be less important as the film evolved . `` The story of the Californian was in there ; we even shot a scene of them switching off their Marconi radio set , '' said Cameron . `` But I took it out . It was a clean cut , because it focuses you back onto that world . If Titanic is powerful as a metaphor , as a microcosm , for the end of the world in a sense , then that world must be self - contained . '' During the first assembly cut , Cameron altered the planned ending , which had given resolution to Brock Lovett 's story . In the original version of the ending , Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide . Rose then reveals that she had the `` Heart of the Ocean '' diamond all along but never sold it , in order to live on her own without Cal 's money . She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean , after allowing him to hold it . After accepting that treasure is worthless , Brock laughs at his stupidity . Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep , whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version . In the editing room , Cameron decided that by this point , the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story , so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond . He also did not want to disrupt the audience 's melancholy after the Titanic 's sinking . The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon , but the test audiences disliked it . The scene was written to give the film more suspense , and featured Cal ( falsely ) offering to give Lovejoy , his valet , the `` Heart of the Ocean '' if he can get it from Jack and Rose . Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first - class dining room . Just as they are about to escape him , Lovejoy notices Rose 's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding . In revenge for framing him for the `` theft '' of the necklace , Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window , which explains the gash on Lovejoy 's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film . In their reactions to the scene , test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one 's life for wealth , and Cameron cut it for this reason , as well as for timing and pacing reasons . Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons . Music and soundtrack Main articles : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture and Back to Titanic The soundtrack album for Titanic was composed by James Horner . For the vocals heard throughout the film , subsequently described by Earle Hitchner of The Wall Street Journal as `` evocative '' , Horner chose Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø , commonly known as `` Sissel '' . Horner knew Sissel from her album Innerst i sjelen , and he particularly liked how she sang `` Eg veit i himmerik ei borg '' ( `` I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle '' ) . He had tried twenty - five or thirty singers before he finally chose Sissel as the voice to create specific moods within the film . Horner additionally wrote the song `` My Heart Will Go On '' in secret with Will Jennings because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the film . Céline Dion agreed to record a demo with the persuasion of her husband René Angélil . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , although worried that he would have been criticized for `` going commercial at the end of the movie '' . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and `` saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion '' . Release Initial screening 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures co-financed Titanic , with Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox handling the international release . They expected Cameron to complete the film for a release on July 2 , 1997 . The film was to be released on this date `` in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales when blockbuster films usually do better '' . In April , Cameron said the film 's special effects were too complicated and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible . With production delays , Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19 , 1997 . `` This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster . '' A preview screening in Minneapolis on July 14 `` generated positive reviews '' and `` ( c ) hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable word of mouth about the ( film ) '' . This eventually led to more positive media coverage . The film premiered on November 1 , 1997 , at the Tokyo International Film Festival , where reaction was described as `` tepid '' by The New York Times . Positive reviews started to appear back in the United States ; the official Hollywood premiere occurred on December 14 , 1997 , where `` the big movie stars who attended the opening were enthusiastically gushing about the film to the world media '' . Box Office Including revenue from the 2012 and 2017 reissues , Titanic earned $659.4 million in North America and $1.528 billion in other countries , for a worldwide total of $2.187 billion . It became the highest - grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998 , and remained so for twelve years , until Avatar ( 2009 ) , also written and directed by Cameron , surpassed it in 2010 . On March 1 , 1998 , it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide and on the weekend April 13 -- 15 , 2012 -- a century after the original vessel 's foundering , Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release . Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest - grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation . The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Titanic was the first foreign - language film to succeed in India , which has the largest movie - going audience in the world . A 2012 Hindustan Times report attributes this to the film 's similarities and shared themes with most Bollywood films . Initial theatrical run The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday , December 19 , 1997 . By the end of that same weekend , theaters were beginning to sell out . The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters , averaging to about $10,710 per venue , and ranking number one at the box office , ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film , Tomorrow Never Dies . By New Year 's Day , Titanic had made over $120 million , had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out . Its highest grossing single day was Saturday , February 14 , 1998 , on which it earned $13,048,711 , more than eight weeks after its North American debut . It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America , a record for any film . The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday , October 1 , 1998 with a final domestic gross of $600,788,188 . Outside North America , the film made double its North American gross , generating $1,242,413,080 and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run . Commercial analysis Before Titanic 's release , various film critics predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office , especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time . When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997 , `` it was with massive forebodings '' since the `` people in charge of the screenings believed they were on the verge of losing their jobs -- because of this great albatross of a picture on which , finally , two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making '' . Cameron also thought he was `` headed for disaster '' at one point during filming . `` We labored the last six months on Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $100 million . It was a certainty , '' he stated . As the film neared release , `` particular venom was spat at Cameron for what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance '' . A film critic for the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` Cameron 's overweening pride has come close to capsizing this project '' and that the film was `` a hackneyed , completely derivative copy of old Hollywood romances '' . `` It 's hard to forget the director on the stage of the Shrine Auditorium in LA , exultant , pumping a golden Oscar statuette into the air and shouting : ' I 'm the king of the world ! ' As everyone knew , that was the most famous line in Titanic , exclaimed by Leonardo DiCaprio 's character as he leaned into the wind on the prow of the doomed vessel . Cameron 's incantation of the line was a giant ' eff off ' , in front of a television audience approaching a billion , to all the naysayers , especially those sitting right in front of him . '' -- Christopher Goodwin of The Times on Cameron 's response to Titanic 's criticism When the film became a success , with an unprecedented box office performance , it was credited for being a love story that captured its viewers ' emotions . The film was playing on 3,200 screens ten weeks after it opened , and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts , jumped 43 % in total sales in its ninth week of release . It earned over $20 million a week for ten weeks , and after 14 weeks was still bringing in more than $1 million a week . 20th Century Fox estimated that seven percent of American teenage girls had seen Titanic twice by its fifth week . Although young women who saw the film several times , and subsequently caused `` Leo - Mania '' , were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all - time box office record , other reports have attributed the film 's success to positive word of mouth and repeat viewership due to the love story combined with the ground - breaking special effects . The film 's impact on men has also been especially credited . Now considered one of the films that `` make men cry '' , MSNBC 's Ian Hodder stated that men admire Jack 's sense of adventure , stowing away on a steamship bound for America . `` We cheer as he courts a girl who was out of his league . We admire how he suggests nude modeling as an excuse to get naked . So when ( the tragic ending happens ) , an uncontrollable flood of tears sinks our composure , '' he said . Titanic 's ability to make men cry was briefly parodied in the 2009 film Zombieland , where character Tallahassee ( Woody Harrelson ) , when recalling the death of his young son , states : `` I have n't cried like that since Titanic . '' In 2010 , the BBC analyzed the stigma over men crying during Titanic and films in general . `` Middle - aged men are not ' supposed ' to cry during movies , '' stated Finlo Rohrer of the website , citing the ending of Titanic as having generated such tears , adding that `` men , if they have felt weepy during ( this film ) , have often tried to be surreptitious about it . '' Professor Mary Beth Oliver , of Penn State University , stated , `` For many men , there is a great deal of pressure to avoid expression of ' female ' emotions like sadness and fear . From a very young age , males are taught that it is inappropriate to cry , and these lessons are often accompanied by a great deal of ridicule when the lessons are n't followed . '' Rohrer said , `` Indeed , some men who might sneer at the idea of crying during Titanic will readily admit to becoming choked up during Saving Private Ryan or Platoon . '' For men in general , `` the idea of sacrifice for a ' brother ' is a more suitable source of emotion '' . Scott Meslow of The Atlantic stated while Titanic initially seems to need no defense , given its success , it is considered a film `` for 15 - year - old girls '' by its main detractors . He argued that dismissing Titanic as fodder for 15 - year - old girls fails to consider the film 's accomplishment : `` that ( this ) grandiose , 3 + hour historical romantic drama is a film for everyone -- including teenage boys . '' Meslow stated that despite the film being ranked high by males under the age of 18 , matching the ratings for teenage boy - targeted films like Iron Man , it is common for boys and men to deny liking Titanic . He acknowledged his own rejection of the film as a child while secretly loving it . `` It 's this collection of elements -- the history , the romance , the action -- that made ( and continues to make ) Titanic an irresistible proposition for audiences of all ages across the globe , '' he stated . `` Titanic has flaws , but for all its legacy , it 's better than its middlebrow reputation would have you believe . It 's a great movie for 15 - year - old girls , but that does n't mean it 's not a great movie for everyone else too . '' Quotes in the film aided its popularity . Titanic 's catchphrase `` I 'm the king of the world ! '' became one of the film industry 's more popular quotations . According to Richard Harris , a psychology professor at Kansas State University , who studied why people like to cite films in social situations , using film quotations in everyday conversation is similar to telling a joke and a way to form solidarity with others . `` People are doing it to feel good about themselves , to make others laugh , to make themselves laugh '' , he said . Cameron explained the film 's success as having significantly benefited from the experience of sharing . `` When people have an experience that 's very powerful in the movie theatre , they want to go share it . They want to grab their friend and bring them , so that they can enjoy it , '' he said . `` They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life . That 's how Titanic worked . '' Media Awareness Network stated , `` The normal repeat viewing rate for a blockbuster theatrical film is about 5 % . The repeat rate for Titanic was over 20 % . '' The box office receipts `` were even more impressive '' when factoring in `` the film 's 3 - hour - and - 14 - minute length meant that it could only be shown three times a day compared to a normal movie 's four showings '' . In response to this , `` ( m ) any theatres started midnight showings and were rewarded with full houses until almost 3 : 30 am '' . Titanic held the record for box office gross for twelve years . Cameron 's follow - up film , Avatar , was considered the first film with a genuine chance at surpassing its worldwide gross , and did so in 2010 . Various explanations for why the film was able to successfully challenge Titanic were given . For one , `` Two - thirds of Titanic 's haul was earned overseas , and Avatar ( tracked ) similarly ... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was no . 1 in all of them '' and the markets `` such as Russia , where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998 , are white - hot today '' with `` more screens and moviegoers '' than ever before . Brandon Gray , president of Box Office Mojo , said that while Avatar may beat Titanic 's revenue record , the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance . `` Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s . '' In December 2009 , Cameron had stated , `` I do n't think it 's realistic to try to topple Titanic off its perch . Some pretty good movies have come out in the last few years . Titanic just struck some kind of chord . '' In a January 2010 interview , he gave a different take on the matter once Avatar 's performance was easier to predict . `` It 's gon na happen . It 's just a matter of time , '' he said . Author Alexandra Keller , when analyzing Titanic 's success , stated that scholars could agree that the film 's popularity `` appears dependent on contemporary culture , on perceptions of history , on patterns of consumerism and globalization , as well as on those elements experienced filmgoers conventionally expect of juggernaut film events in the 1990s -- awesome screen spectacle , expansive action , and , more rarely seen , engaging characters and epic drama . '' Critical reception Titanic garnered mainly positive reviews from film critics , and was positively reviewed by audiences and scholars , who commented on the film 's cultural , historical and political impacts . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 178 reviews , with a rating average of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A mostly unqualified triumph for Cameron , who offers a dizzying blend of spectacular visuals and old - fashioned melodrama . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews , the film has a score of 75 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorably reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to earn the score . With regard to the film 's overall design , Roger Ebert stated , `` It is flawlessly crafted , intelligently constructed , strongly acted , and spellbinding ... Movies like this are not merely difficult to make at all , but almost impossible to make well . '' He credited the `` technical difficulties '' with being `` so daunting that it 's a wonder when the filmmakers are also able to bring the drama and history into proportion '' and `` found ( himself ) convinced by both the story and the sad saga '' . He named it his ninth best film of 1997 . On the television program Siskel & Ebert , the film received `` two thumbs up '' and was praised for its accuracy in recreating the ship 's sinking ; Ebert described the film as `` a glorious Hollywood epic '' and `` well worth the wait , '' and Gene Siskel found Leonardo DiCaprio `` captivating '' . James Berardinelli stated , `` Meticulous in detail , yet vast in scope and intent , Titanic is the kind of epic motion picture event that has become a rarity . You do n't just watch Titanic , you experience it . '' It was named his second best film of 1997 . Almar Haflidason of the BBC wrote that `` the sinking of the great ship is no secret , yet for many exceeded expectations in sheer scale and tragedy '' and that `` when you consider that ( the film ) tops a bum - numbing three - hour running time , then you have a truly impressive feat of entertainment achieved by Cameron '' . Joseph McBride of Boxoffice Magazine concluded , `` To describe Titanic as the greatest disaster movie ever made is to sell it short . James Cameron 's recreation of the 1912 sinking of the ' unsinkable ' liner is one of the most magnificent pieces of serious popular entertainment ever to emanate from Hollywood . '' The romantic and emotionally charged aspects of the film were equally praised . Andrew L. Urban of Urban Cinefile said , `` You will walk out of Titanic not talking about budget or running time , but of its enormous emotive power , big as the engines of the ship itself , determined as its giant propellers to gouge into your heart , and as lasting as the love story that propels it . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described the film as , `` A lush and terrifying spectacle of romantic doom . Writer - director James Cameron has restaged the defining catastrophe of the early 20th century on a human scale of such purified yearning and dread that he touches the deepest levels of popular moviemaking . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented that `` Cameron 's magnificent Titanic is the first spectacle in decades that honestly invites comparison to Gone With the Wind . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine , on the other hand , wrote a mostly negative review , criticizing the lack of interesting emotional elements . Some reviewers felt that the story and dialogue were weak , while the visuals were spectacular . Kenneth Turan 's review in the Los Angeles Times was particularly scathing . Dismissing the emotive elements , he stated , `` What really brings on the tears is Cameron 's insistence that writing this kind of movie is within his abilities . Not only is it not , it is not even close . '' , and later claimed that the only reason that the film won Oscars was because of its box office total . Barbara Shulgasser of The San Francisco Examiner gave Titanic one star out of four , citing a friend as saying , `` The number of times in this unbelievably badly written script that the two ( lead characters ) refer to each other by name was an indication of just how dramatically the script lacked anything more interesting for the actors to say . '' Also , filmmaker Robert Altman called it `` the most dreadful piece of work I 've ever seen in my entire life '' . In his 2012 study of the lives of the passengers on the Titanic , historian Richard Davenport - Hines said , `` Cameron 's film diabolized rich Americans and educated English , anathematizing their emotional restraint , good tailoring , punctilious manners and grammatical training , while it made romantic heroes of the poor Irish and the unlettered '' . Titanic suffered backlash in addition to its success . In 2003 , the film topped a poll of `` Best Film Endings '' , and yet it also topped a poll by Film 2003 as `` the worst movie of all time '' . The British film magazine Empire reduced their rating of the film from the maximum five stars and an enthusiastic review , to four stars with a less positive review in a later edition , to accommodate its readers ' tastes , who wanted to disassociate themselves from the hype surrounding the film , and the reported activities of its fans , such as those attending multiple screenings . In addition to this , positive and negative parodies and other such spoofs of the film abounded and were circulated on the internet , often inspiring passionate responses from fans of various opinions of the film . Benjamin Willcock of DVDActive.com did not understand the backlash or the passionate hatred for the film . `` What really irks me ... , '' he said , `` are those who make nasty stabs at those who do love it . '' Willcock stated , `` I obviously do n't have anything against those who dislike Titanic , but those few who make you feel small and pathetic for doing so ( and they do exist , trust me ) are way beyond my understanding and sympathy . '' Cameron responded to the backlash , and Kenneth Turan 's review in particular . `` Titanic is not a film that is sucking people in with flashy hype and spitting them out onto the street feeling let down and ripped off , '' he stated . `` They are returning again and again to repeat an experience that is taking a 3 - hour and 14 - minute chunk out of their lives , and dragging others with them , so they can share the emotion . '' Cameron emphasized people from all ages ( ranging from 8 to 80 ) and from all backgrounds were `` celebrating their own essential humanity '' by seeing it . He described the script as earnest and straightforward , and said it intentionally `` incorporates universals of human experience and emotion that are timeless -- and familiar because they reflect our basic emotional fabric '' and that the film was able to succeed in this way by dealing with archetypes . He did not see it as pandering . `` Turan mistakes archetype for cliche , '' he said . `` I do n't share his view that the best scripts are only the ones that explore the perimeter of human experience , or flashily pirouette their witty and cynical dialogue for our admiration . '' Empire eventually reinstated its original five star rating of the film , commenting , `` It should be no surprise then that it became fashionable to bash James Cameron 's Titanic at approximately the same time it became clear that this was the planet 's favourite film . Ever . '' In 2017 , on the 20th anniversary of its release , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Titanic Titanic began its awards sweep starting with the Golden Globes , winning four , namely Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song . Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart were also nominees . It won the ACE `` Eddie '' Award , ASC Award , Art Directors Guild Award , Cinema Audio Society Awards , Screen Actors Guild Award ( Best Supporting Actress for Gloria Stuart ) , The Directors Guild of America Award , and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award ( Best Director for James Cameron ) , and The Producer Guild of America Award . It was also nominated for ten BAFTA awards , including Best Film and Best Director ; it failed to win any . The film garnered fourteen Academy Award nominations , tying the record set in 1950 by Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's All About Eve and won eleven : Best Picture ( the second film about the Titanic to win that award , after 1933 's Cavalcade ) , Best Director , Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , Best Visual Effects , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Sound ( Gary Rydstrom , Tom Johnson , Gary Summers , Mark Ulano ) , Best Sound Effects Editing , Best Original Dramatic Score , Best Original Song . Kate Winslet , Gloria Stuart and the make - up artists were the three nominees that did not win . James Cameron 's original screenplay and Leonardo DiCaprio were not nominees . It was the second film to receive eleven Academy Awards , after Ben - Hur . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King would also match this record in 2004 . Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song , as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . The film 's soundtrack became the best - selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time , and became a worldwide success , spending sixteen weeks at number - one in the United States , and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone . The soundtrack also became the best - selling album of 1998 in the U.S. `` My Heart Will Go On '' won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television . The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards , Best Film at the People 's Choice Awards , and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids ' Choice Awards . It won various awards outside the United States , including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year . Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty - seven nominations from various award - giving bodies around the world . Additionally , the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times ' bestseller list for several weeks , `` the first time that such a tie - in book had achieved this status '' . Since its release , Titanic has appeared on the American Film Institute 's award - winning 100 Years ... series . So far , it has ranked on the following six lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Rank Source Notes Thrills 25 A list of the top 100 thrilling films in American cinema , compiled in 2001 . Passions 37 A list of the top 100 love stories in American cinema , compiled in 2002 . Songs 14 A list of the top 100 songs in American cinema , compiled in 2004 . Titanic ranked 14th for Céline Dion 's `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Movie quotes 100 A list of the top 100 film quotations in American cinema , compiled in 2005 . Titanic ranked 100th for Jack Dawson 's yell of `` I 'm the king of the world ! '' Movies 83 A 2007 ( 10th anniversary ) edition of 1997 's list of the 100 best films of the past century . Titanic was not eligible when the original list was released . AFI 's 10 Top 10 6 The 2008 poll consisted of the top ten films in ten different genres . Titanic ranked as the sixth best epic film . Home media Titanic was released worldwide in widescreen and pan and scan formats on VHS and laserdisc on September 1 , 1998 . Both VHS formats were also made available in a deluxe boxed gift set with a mounted filmstrip and six lithograph prints from the movie . A DVD version was released on August 31 , 1999 in a widescreen - only ( non-anamorphic ) single - disc edition with no special features other than a theatrical trailer . Cameron stated at the time that he intended to release a special edition with extra features later . This release became the best - selling DVD of 1999 and early 2000 , becoming the first DVD ever to sell one million copies . At the time , fewer than 5 % of all U.S. homes had a DVD player . `` When we released the original Titanic DVD , the industry was much smaller , and bonus features were not the standard they are now , '' said Meagan Burrows , Paramount 's president of domestic home entertainment , which made the film 's DVD performance even more impressive . Titanic was re-released to DVD on October 25 , 2005 when a three - disc Special Collector 's Edition was made available in the United States and Canada . This edition contained a newly restored transfer of the film , as well as various special features . The two - disc edition was marketed as the Special Edition , and featured the first two discs of the three - disc set , only PAL - enabled . A four - disc edition , marketed as the Deluxe Collector 's Edition , was also released on November 7 , 2005 . Available only in the United Kingdom , a limited 5 - disc set of the film , under the title Deluxe Limited Edition , was released with only 10,000 copies manufactured . The fifth disc contains Cameron 's documentary Ghosts of the Abyss , which was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Unlike the individual release of Ghosts of the Abyss , which contained two discs , only the first disc was included in the set . In 2007 , for the film 's tenth anniversary , a 10th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD , which consists of the first two discs from the three - disc 2005 set containing the movie and the special features on those discs . Titanic was released on Blu - ray as a single disc variant and a 2 disc version featuring special features on September 10 , 2012 . A 4 Disc Blu - ray 3D version was released the same day . A limited Collector 's Edition box set including the Blu - ray 3D , 2D Blu - ray , DVD , a digital copy and a variety of souvenirs was also released exclusively to Amazon.com and other international retailers . With regard to television broadcasts , the film airs occasionally across the United States on networks such as TNT . To permit the scene where Jack draws the nude portrait of Rose to be shown on network and specialty cable channels , in addition to minor cuts , the sheer , see - through robe worn by Winslet was digitally painted black . Turner Classic Movies also began to show the film , specifically during the days leading up to the 82nd Academy Awards . 3D conversion A 2012 3D re-release was created by re-mastering the original to 4K resolution and post-converting to stereoscopic 3D format . The Titanic 3D version took 60 weeks and $18 million to produce , including the 4K restoration . The 3D conversion was performed by Stereo D and Sony with Slam Content 's Panther Records remastering the soundtrack . Digital 2D and in 2D IMAX versions were also struck from the new 4K master created in the process . For the 3D release , Cameron opened up the Super 35 film and expanded the image of the film into a new aspect ratio , from 2 : 35 : 1 to 1 : 78 : 1 , allowing the viewer to see more image on the top and bottom of the screen . The only scene entirely redone for the re-release was Rose 's view of the night sky at sea , on the morning of April 15 , 1912 . The scene was replaced with an accurate view of the night - sky star pattern , including the Milky Way , adjusted for the location in the North Atlantic Ocean in April 1912 . The change was prompted by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson , who had criticized the scene for showing an unrealistic star pattern . He agreed to send film director Cameron a corrected view of the sky , which was the basis of the new scene . An accurate view of the Milky Way was used to replace Rose 's view of the moonless night sky at sea , as in this photo from Paranal Observatory . The view was adjusted to match the North Atlantic at 4 : 20 am on April 15 , 1912 . The 3D version of Titanic premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London on March 27 , 2012 , with James Cameron and Kate Winslet in attendance , and entered general release on April 4 , 2012 , six days shy of the centenary of RMS Titanic embarking on her maiden voyage . Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers rated the reissue 31⁄2 stars out of 4 , explaining he found it `` pretty damn dazzling '' . He said , `` The 3D intensifies Titanic . You are there . Caught up like never before in an intimate epic that earns its place in the movie time capsule . '' Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave the film an A grade . He wrote , `` For once , the visuals in a 3 - D movie do n't look darkened or distracting . They look sensationally crisp and alive . '' Richard Corliss of Time who was very critical in 1997 remained in the same mood , `` I had pretty much the same reaction : fitfully awed , mostly water - logged . '' In regards to the 3D effects , he noted the `` careful conversion to 3D lends volume and impact to certain moments ... ( but ) in separating the foreground and background of each scene , the converters have carved the visual field into discrete , not organic , levels . '' Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post found herself asking `` whether the film 's twin values of humanism and spectacle are enhanced by Cameron 's 3 - D conversion , and the answer to that is : They are n't . '' She further added that the `` 3 - D conversion creates distance where there should be intimacy , not to mention odd moments in framing and composition . '' The film grossed an estimated $4.7 million on the first day of its re-release in North America ( including midnight preview showings ) and went on to make $17.3 million over the weekend , finishing in third place . Outside North America it earned $35.2 million finishing second , and improved on its performance the following weekend by topping the box office with $98.9 million . China has proven to be its most successful territory where it earned $11.6 million on its opening day , going on to earn a record - breaking $67 million in its opening week and taking more money in the process than it did in the entirety of its original theatrical run . The reissue ultimately earned $343.4 million worldwide , with $145 million coming from China and $57.8 million from Canada and United States . The 3D conversion of the film was also released in the 4DX format in selected international territories , which allows the audience to experience the film 's environment using motion , wind , fog , lighting and scent - based special effects . For the 20th anniversary of the film , Titanic was re-released in cinemas in Dolby Vision ( in both 2D and 3D ) for one week beginning December 1 , 2017 . Titanic Live Titanic Live was a live performance of James Horner 's original score by a 130 - piece orchestra , choir and Celtic musicians , accompanying a showing of the film . In April 2015 , Titanic Live premiered at the Royal Albert Hall , London , where the 2012 3D re-release had premiered . The Express said it was `` An absolute triumph , Titanic Live brought the film to life in a beautiful new way . '' See also List of Academy Award records Notes Jump up ^ Although the Titanic hit the iceberg on April 14 , it did not sink until the following day . References ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Film & TV Database . British Film Institute . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TITANIC ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 14 , 1997 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Diane ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Big - budget bang - ups '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Justin ; Vlesmas , Katherine ( 1999 ) . `` The Drama of Recoupment : On the Mass Media Negotiation of Titanic '' : 29 -- 45 . In Sandler & Studlar ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Welkos , Robert W. ( February 11 , 1998 ) . `` The $200 - Million Lesson of ' Titanic ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Dusten ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron And ' MythBusters ' Prove That Jack Had To Die '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . The big ambiguity here is ' is she alive and dreaming ' or ' is she dead and on her way to Titanic heaven ? ' I 'll never tell . Of course , I know what we intended ... The answer has to be something you supply personally ; individually . ^ Jump up to : `` Heart of the Ocean : The Making of Titanic . THE BEST OF '' . 1997 -- 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic . Man overboard ! After a production as lavish and pricey as the doomed ship itself , James Cameron finally unveils his epic film . But will it be unsinkable ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 7 , 1997 . pp. 1 -- 7 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron 's Titanic '' . Media Awareness Network . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Crudup : `` Titanic '' Would 've Sunk My Life `` . Internet Movie Database . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Is Thankful He Did n't Get Titanic Role '' . Internet Movie Database . August 25 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio or Kate Winslet : Which ' Titanic ' Star Has the Better Career ? '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic : Visiting The Grave Of The Real J. Dawson In Halifax '' . Huffington Post . April 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Misses . Nicole Kidman in `` The Reader '' ? Gwyneth Paltrow aboard `` Titanic '' ? How some of the biggest names in Hollywood lost out on some of its biggest roles `` . Forbes . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' Casting : What Other Stars Were Considered For James Cameron 's Masterpiece ? '' . Huffington Post . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warrington , Ruby ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Claire Danes : the secretive starlet '' . The Times . London . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why Rob Lowe Left Brothers & Sisters & The West Wing '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Rick . `` James Cameron tells the astonishing story of Titanic , his breathtaking labor of love '' . industrycentral.net . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' star Gloria Stuart dies '' . Variety . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Titanic myths spread by films '' . BBC News . April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barczewski , Stephanie L. ( 2004 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 434 - 8 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ON A SEA OF GLASS : THE LIFE & LOSS OF THE RMS TITANIC '' by Tad Fitch , J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt . Amberley Books , March 2012 . pp 321 - 323 Jump up ^ Ballard , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Beesley , Lawrence ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the S.S. Titanic . London : Heinemann . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Howells ( 1999 : 31 ) . Jump up ^ Jack , Ian ( September 26 , 1999 ) . `` Further , my god , from thee '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Bevil , J ( October 1999 ) . `` And the Band Played On '' . Southwest Regional Chapter of the American Musicological Society , Rice University . Houston . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nephew angered by tarnishing of Titanic hero '' . BBC News . January 24 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic makers say sorry '' . BBC News . April 15 , 1998 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ James Cameron 's Titanic , p. 129 . Jump up ^ British Wreck Commissioner 's Enquiry : Report . `` Account of the Saving and Rescue of those who Survived : Conduct of Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and Mr Ismay '' . Retrieved 8 / 23 / 12 at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Nigel ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` Letter clears ' blackguard of the Titanic ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynch , pp. 183 -- 185 Jump up ^ `` Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff Gordon at the Titanic Inquiry , '' The Sketch , May 22 , 1912 Jump up ^ `` Conduct of Sir Cosmo - Duff Gordon and Mr. Ismay '' . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved January 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry : Day 6 '' . Titanic Inquiry Project . 1999 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ed W. Marsh ( 1998 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . London : Boxtree . pp. 3 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jon ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) . `` A Titanic Obsession '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Anders Falk ( 2005 ) . Titanic Ship 's Tour ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Marsh and Kirkland , pp. v -- xiii ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron : Playboy Interview '' . Playboy . December 2009 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Realf , Maria . `` An audience with James Cameron . The filmmaker discusses his movies to date and reveals the motivations '' . Eyeforfilm.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bilmes , Alex ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron is a genial raconteur and self - effacing man , says Alex Bilmes '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Deep Dive Presentation ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Landau , Kate Winslet , Gloria Stuart , Victor Garber ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Beverly Fortune ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` Wheel of Fortune '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . That was one of the first questions pitched to 89 - year - old actress Gloria Stuart at a book signing Wednesday night at Joseph - Beth Booksellers ( ... ) ' Yes , Old Rose died . ' ^ Jump up to : Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Ed W. Marsh ( 1997 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ed W. Marsh ( 1997 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Ed W. Marsh ( 2005 ) . Construction Timelapse ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 130 -- 142 Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` Quite a bit of the dialogue is peppered by vulgarities and colloquialisms that seem inappropriate to the period and place , but again seem aimed directly to the sensibilities of young American viewers . '' McCarthy , Todd ( November 3 , 1997 ) . `` '' Titanic '' review by Todd McCarthy `` . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's very slow leak '' . The Washington Post . March 25 , 1999 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/8421218/Topless-drawing-of-Kate-Winslet-in-Titanic-to-sell-for-10000.html ^ Jump up to : Godwin , Christopher ( November 8 , 2008 ) . `` James Cameron : From Titanic to Avatar '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` PCP - laced chowder derails Titanic filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 1996 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Gumbel ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Lights , cameras , blockbuster : The return of James Cameron '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio Interviewed by Joe Leydon for `` Titanic '' `` . YouTube . June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Sarah ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) . `` The Insane True Story Of How `` Titanic '' Got Made `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 147 -- 154 Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , p. 65 Jump up ^ VFX Shot Breakdown ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ VFX How To For First Class Lounge ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ VFX How To Flood A First Class Corridor ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 161 -- 168 Jump up ^ James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Alternate Ending Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Deleted scene commentaries ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Hitchner , Earle ( March 12 , 1998 ) . `` In Titanic 's Wake : A Voice to Remember ... '' The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Parisi , p. 195 Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Hollywood Braces for Likely Delay Of ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big in Japan : ' Titanics premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 14 , 1997 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( November 4 , 1997 ) . `` Arts Abroad ; Harrison Ford 's Not in ' Titanic ' ? Well , No Matter ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cameron does it again as ' Avatar ' surpasses ' Titanic ' '' . Newsday . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Titanic and the Making of James Cameron : The Inside Story of the Three - Year ... - Paula Parisi - Google Books Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic becomes second ever film to take $2 billion '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( April 28 , 1998 ) . `` Why ' Titanic ' Conquered the World ; New Delhi '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Sanjukta ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` To Titanic , the most Bollywood Hollywood movie ever made '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BEST RANKING MOVIES by Weekend Rank , 1982 -- Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Overseas Total '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Billion Dollar film club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Jason ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Love story that won the heart of the Academy : The love story that stole the world 's hearts '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Titanic achievement at the box office '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Willcock , Benjamin . `` Benjamin Willcock takes a look at the long - awaited special edition of Titanic '' . dvdactive.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Will ' Avatar ' Top James Cameron 's ' Titanic ' Box - Office Record ? '' . MTV . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita M. ( 1998 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Was Leonardo Robbed ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Anne - Marie ( January 26 , 1998 ) . `` Riding the Wave '' . People . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hodder , Ian ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Sniff , sniff ... 7 movies that make guys cry '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` A new type of tear - jerker '' . BBC News . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Over the years misty eyes have been generated by the death of Bambi 's mother , the killing of the kestrel in Kes , the ending of Titanic , or Jenny 's death in Love Story . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Boys Can Love ' Titanic , ' Too '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loder , Kurt ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Woody Harrelson brings the laughs in a high - spirited monster mow - down '' . MTV . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlowski , A ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` You talkin ' to me ? Film quotes stir passion '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Jason ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` CNN 's Jason Carroll interviews director James Cameron about his new film `` Avatar . '' ( Video . ) `` . CNN . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Here Come the Cats With Human Boobs . Is Avatar destined to flop ? '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Britt , Russ ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Can Cameron break his own box - office record ? ' Avatar ' unprecedented in staying power , international sales '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jacks , Brian ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : James Cameron Says ' Avatar ' Will Beat ' Titanic ' To Become Biggest Of All Time '' . MTV . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ball , Sarah ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` How ' Avatar ' Can Beat ' Titanic ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Keller ( 2014 ) . James Cameron . Routledge . pp. 73 -- 76 . ISBN 1134700210 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Rosenstone ( 2007 ) . Lights , Camera , History : Portraying the Past in Film . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 115 -- 117 . ISBN 160344503X . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David S. Kidder , Noah D. Oppenheim ( 2008 ) . The Intellectual Devotional Modern Culture : Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently with the Culturati . Rodale , Inc. p. 361 . ISBN 1605297933 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Titanic reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 19 , 1997 ) . `` Titanic Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1997 ) Roger Ebert '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DuPree , Don ( director ) . `` Best of 97 '' ( January 3 , 1998 ) . Television : Siskel & Ebert . Burbank : Buena Vista Television . Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Titanic ( 1997 ) Review '' . At the Movies . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` A Film Review by James Berardinelli '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` James Berardinelli Top 10 of 1997 '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Almar Haflidason ( August 2007 ) . `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) Critical Debates '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` Total Recall : James Cameron Movies . We take a look at the career of the visionary director of Avatar '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 8 , 1997 ) . `` Down , Down To A Watery Grave '' . Time . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( December 19 , 1997 ) . `` Titanic '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lubin , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Barbara Shulgasser ( December 19 , 1997 ) . `` Talk about disasters '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( March 23 , 2002 ) . `` Altman : Titanic Worst Movie Ever '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davenport - Hines , Richard ( 2012 ) . Titanic Lives : Migrants and Millionaires , Conmen and Crew . UK : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ `` Titanic voted ' best ' film ending '' . BBC News . October 15 , 2003 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks in worst film poll '' . BBC News . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , John - Paul ( October 2005 ) . `` Reviewing Symbolic Capital '' . M / C Journal : A Journal of Media and Culture . 8 ( 5 ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titanic '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` He 's Mad as Hell at Turan . James Cameron Gets the Last Word on Our Critic 's ' Titanic ' '' . Los Angeles Times . March 28 , 1998 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Smith . `` Review of Titanic '' . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a ' Field of Dreams ' '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sweeps Golden Globes '' . BBC News . January 19 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 55th Golden Globe Awards '' . BBC . January 17 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic Awards and Nominations '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can Anything Stop the Raising of Titanic on March 23 ? '' . The New York Observer . February 22 , 1998 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 70th Academy Awards ( 1998 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search - 1998 - 41st Annual Grammy Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 41st Annual GRAMMY Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- July 28 , 2009 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 : 1998 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's official PDF of the 1998 and 2007 rankings ( registration required ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Top Ten Epic '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Titanic ( VHS ) ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 7921 - 5171 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Thomas K ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Special editions go full steam ahead '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/31834/titanic-10th-anniversary-edition/ Jump up ^ Titanic , Imports , 2013 - 09 - 17 , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) , Titanic , Paramount , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) - Financial Information '' . Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) , Titanic Collector 's Edition , Paramount , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Titanic '' . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Classic Movies ' Annual 31 DAYS OF OSCAR ( R ) To Go Full Circle with Special 360 ° Edition in February '' . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coming in 60 weeks : ' Titanic ' in 3D version '' . The Times of India . October 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the 3 - D Conversion of ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slam Content - crunchbase '' . www.crunchbase.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` A Preview of James Cameron 's Titanic 3D Rerelease '' . ComingSoon.net ( CraveOnline ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Titanic 3D Blu - ray Review : A classic film earns a stunning 3D conversion '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ian ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Accuracy Tightened by Neil deGrassee Tyson '' . Discovery News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic : Kate Winslet and James Cameron at 3D premiere '' . BBC News . 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet , James Cameron at Titanic 3D premiere '' . Yahoo ! News . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Official Movie Site '' . Paramount Pictures . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Ali ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic ' in 3 - D to set sail two days earlier '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures , Twentieth Century Fox and Lightstorm Entertainment to Set Sail Again with James Cameron 's Oscar - Winning `` Titanic '' with a Worldwide 3D Re-release on April 6 , 2012 '' ( Press release ) . Paramount Pictures . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Reviews - Titanic 3D '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Titanic 3D Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Titanic , TIME and Me '' . Time . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 3 - D ' review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 3D ' leaves port with $4.4 million on Wednesday , so was the 3 - D conversion worth it ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Hunger Games ' Three - peats , Passes $300 Million Over Easter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Titanic 3D ' Ca n't Stop ' Wrath ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Titanic 3D ' Opens to Record - Setting $67 Million in China '' . Box Office Mojo. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 3D ' Has Huge Opening Day in China '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Fans Get to Go Down with the Ship in ' 4DX ' - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 4DX ' : Foreign audiences to smell , feel ship 's sinking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TITANIC to be Re-released in 4DX TM '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron 's ' Titanic ' Floats Again In 2D & 3D December Rerelease '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Live - The Event - Titanic Live '' . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Live sets sail for the Royal Albert Hall - Entertainment Focus '' . www.entertainment-focus.com . Jump up ^ Britt , Hannah ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Titanic Live brings the famous film to life at The Royal Albert Hall '' . Further reading Frakes , Randall ( 1998 ) . Titanic : James Cameron 's Illustrated Screenplay . New York : Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095307 - 1 . Cameron , Stephen ( 1998 ) . Titanic : Belfast 's Own . Ireland : Wolfhound Press . ISBN 0 - 86327 - 685 - 7 . Mireille Majoor ; James Cameron ( 2003 ) . Titanic : Ghosts of the Abyss . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 1 - 895892 - 31 - 7 . Molony , Senan ( 2005 ) . Titanic : A Primary Source History . Canada : Gareth Stevens . ISBN 0 - 8368 - 5980 - 4 . Marsh , Ed W. ; Kirkland , Douglas ( 1998 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . London : Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2404 - 2 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . London : Orion . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 1799 - X . Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn , eds. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2669 - 0 . Ballard , Robert ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . Canada : Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 67174 - 6 . Lynch , Donald ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Madison Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6401 - 0 . Lubin , David M. ( 1999 ) . `` Titanic '' ( BFI Modern Classics ) . London : BFI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 760 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic ( 1997 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Titanic ( 1997 film ) Official website Titanic on IMDb Titanic at the TCM Movie Database Titanic at AllMovie Titanic at Rotten Tomatoes Titanic at Metacritic Titanic at Box Office Mojo Titanic at The Numbers Screenplay of Titanic at imsdb.com/scripts RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Roderick Chisholm Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors ( last living ) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay - Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line David Blair Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS CQD Robert Ballard James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Avatar 2 ( 2020 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 - 3D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Terminator 6 ( 2019 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni Awards for Titanic Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) The Robe ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1940s Life with Father -- Max Steiner ( 1947 ) The Red Shoes -- Brian Easdale ( 1948 ) The Inspector General -- Johnny Green ( 1949 ) 1950s Sunset Boulevard -- Franz Waxman ( 1950 ) September Affair -- Victor Young ( 1951 ) High Noon -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1952 ) On the Beach -- Ernest Gold ( 1959 ) 1960s The Alamo -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) To Kill a Mockingbird -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1962 ) ( 1963 ) The Fall of the Roman Empire -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago -- Maurice Jarre ( 1965 ) Hawaii -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1966 ) Camelot -- Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) The Shoes of the Fisherman -- Alex North ( 1968 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Burt Bacharach ( 1969 ) 1970s Love Story -- Francis Lai ( 1970 ) Shaft -- Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) The Godfather -- Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- Neil Diamond ( 1973 ) The Little Prince -- Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ( 1974 ) Jaws -- John Williams ( 1975 ) A Star is Born -- Kenneth Ascher , Paul Williams ( 1976 ) Star Wars -- John Williams ( 1977 ) Midnight Express -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now -- Carmine Coppola , Francis Ford Coppola ( 1979 ) 1980s The Stunt Man -- Dominic Frontiere ( 1980 ) ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -- John Williams ( 1982 ) Flashdance -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) A Passage to India -- Maurice Jarre ( 1984 ) Out of Africa -- John Barry ( 1985 ) The Mission -- Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor -- David Byrne , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Cong Su ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist -- Maurice Jarre ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid -- Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s The Sheltering Sky -- Richard Horowitz , Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast -- Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Aladdin -- Alan Menken ( 1992 ) Heaven & Earth -- Kitarō ( 1993 ) The Lion King -- Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) A Walk in the Clouds -- Maurice Jarre ( 1995 ) The English Patient -- Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Titanic -- James Horner ( 1997 ) The Truman Show -- Burkhard Dallwitz , Philip Glass ( 1998 ) 1900 -- Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator -- Lisa Gerrard , Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! -- Craig Armstrong ( 2001 ) Frida -- Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Howard Shore ( 2003 ) The Aviator -- Howard Shore ( 2004 ) Memoirs of a Geisha -- John Williams ( 2005 ) The Painted Veil -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2006 ) Atonement -- Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire -- A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Up -- Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s The Social Network -- Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) The Artist -- Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Life of Pi -- Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) All Is Lost -- Alex Ebert ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything -- Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2014 ) The Hateful Eight -- Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) La La Land -- Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water - Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Happy - Go - Lucky ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Fargo ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) In America ( 2003 ) Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) Motion Picture ( 2010 -- present ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land / Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) God 's Own Country / Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal BNE : XX4215298 BNF : cb135090389 ( data ) GND : 4499849 - 1 LCCN : n98012170 SUDOC : 050291661 VIAF : 181971987 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanic_(1997_film)&oldid=852350478 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films Sea adventure films 1990s adventure films 1990s disaster films 1990s romantic drama films 2012 3D films 20th Century Fox films American 3D films American adventure drama films American disaster films American epic films American films American romantic drama films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film Empire Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Drama films based on actual events Films scored by James Horner Films about RMS Titanic Films about social class Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Films directed by James Cameron Films set in 1912 Films set in 1996 Films set on ships Films shot in Mexico Films shot in Nova Scotia Films shot in Vancouver Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award IMAX films Lightstorm Entertainment films Love stories Murder - suicide in films Paramount Pictures films Romance films based on actual events Romantic epic films Screenplays by James Cameron Seafaring films based on actual events Survival films Titanic ( 1997 film ) 3D re-releases Films set in Newfoundland and Labrador Epic films based on actual events Historical romance films United States National Film Registry films Motion capture in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 83 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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